alurice pestle, made of Lansium domesticum, Casuarina or lemon wood, tapering in the middle, and gripped there with the hands (PMP: *qahelu) *qaSelu

ambaaŋlarge mango variety with a strong turpentine odor: Mangifera odorata (PWMP: *qambawaŋ)

amboʔscatter seed, strew (PWMP: *qambuR)

ambundew, morning mist (PWMP: *ambun)

ammaŋput in the mouth and then keep the lips closed (PAN: *qemqem)

ammaʔa unit of measure for gold (LOAN)

ampallaʔFicus semicordata, a type of fig tree with rough leaves used for polishing (PMP: *qa(m)pelas)

ampaʔspread out; mat (PMP: *hampaR) *SapaR

ampaʔ-ispread out on, over, cover with (PMP: *hampaR) *SapaR

ampograndchild (PMP: *ampu) *apu

Tae' (20 / 1026)

ampograndchild (PMP: *empu)

anak daramaiden, young woman; Z (b.s.) (PWMP: *anak daRa) *aNak

anak darasister of a man (PWMP: *da-daRa) *daRa₂

anak muaneB (w.s.) (PMP: *anak ma-Ruqanay, anak (la)laki) *aNak

ananplait, weave (PMP: *añam)

andakstamp the feet (PWMP: *anzak)

andaʔkind of phosphorescent millipede (PWMP: *andap)

anetermite, white ant (PAN: *aNay)

annansix (PAN: *enem)

antaklimp with a painful foot (PWMP: *qantak)

antaʔescort, accompany, take someone to his destination (PMP: *hateD) *SateD

aŋaʔmouth (in the songs of curing rituals); seek, desire, long for (PMP: *qaŋap)

aŋgaup to the end, as far as (PWMP: *haŋga)

aŋinwind; air; climate (PMP: *haŋin)

aŋin-aŋinkind of bluish-white lichen that grows on tree trunks: Usnea barbata; it is sometimes used as a medicine (PWMP: *kahiw haŋin haŋin)

aŋin-aŋin-anbe troubled with wind in the bowels; sickness of chickens in which the skin is said to be swollen as a result of air accumulating between the flesh and the skin (PWMP: *haŋin-an) *haŋin

aŋkar-andeliverance from worry and disaster (PWMP: *aŋkat-an) *aŋkat

aŋkaʔpick up, lift up, raise up; to praise, exalt; promote to (an office or position) (PWMP: *aŋkat)

aŋoʔpungent odor of putrid things, or of something that is burned, as cat feces, odor of urine that has dried in clothing (PAN: *haŋut) *Saŋut

apawhat? what sort of? (PMP: *apa₁)

Tae' (40 / 1026)

apa apawhatever; anything; everything (PMP: *apa apa) *apa₁

apa buaʔwhat does it mean? (PMP: *buaq)

apa-ŋkumine, what is mine (PMP: *apa₁)

apifire (PMP: *hapuy) *Sapuy

apiʔpart of the loom consisting of two wooden slats between which the thread is pinched. It is located in front of the weaver and is bound to the hip yoke with thongs of buffalo hide (PMP: *hapit) *Sapit

appograndchild (child language) (PMP: *empu)

araksummon, call together for an activity or a meeting (PMP: *aRak)

araksummon, call up; call together one's subordinates for collective work, gather (PWMP: *azak)

araʔchest, breast (PMP: *qadep)

arechin (PMP: *qazay)

arrakshout of joy, cheer (PWMP: *erak)

arranto brood, sit on eggs (PWMP: *eden)

arraŋlight, shine, lustre, glitter; to shine, radiate, give out light (PWMP: *edaŋ)

arraʔtight, firm, tightly bound (PMP: *heRet) *SeReC

arruʔscrape, scrape off (PWMP: *aRud)

asagrind, whet, sharpen (PMP: *hasaq) *Sasaq

asa-nwhetstone (PMP: *hasaq-an) *Sasaq

asigive a gift out of affection (PMP: *qasiq)

asudog (PAN: *asu₁)

ataunhusked rice grain left among the husked grains (PWMP: *ataq)

Tae' (60 / 1026)

ataŋto hold, keep hold of, detain (NOISE)

ateliver, in death-songs (PMP: *qatay) *qaCay

attifinish something well, complete something (as a piece of work) (PMP: *qeti₃)

attuʔa moment, in a second (NOISE)

auash (PMP: *qabu)

auinterjection expressing pain or anger (PWMP: *qau)

au-anbecome covered with dust (after sitting long in one place) (PAN: *qabu-an) *qabu

ayunhinder, impede, stand in someone's way so that he cannot move in his work (PWMP: *ayum)

aʔdaʔkind of plant with serrated stem that can cause wounds; the leaves are also very sharp (PWMP: *aqedas)

aʔpanto lure, entice (PAN: *paen)

aʔriricenter post of a house (PMP: *hadiRi) *SadiRi

baabring (PMP: *baba₁)

baaʔto pay (PMP: *bayaD)

bababreadth (PWMP: *babaq₂)

babaopening of a basket, quiver, cooking pot (PMP: *baqbaq)

babotopmost layer of rice that has been cooked; fontanel of a child (PAN: *babaw₃)

baipig (PAN: *babuy₃)

bai alaʔwild pig (PMP: *babuy halas) *babuy₃

bai barras-ana pig with this type of skin affliction (PWMP: *beRas-en) *beRas

bainewoman (PMP: *ba-b<in>ahi) *bahi

Tae' (80 / 1026)

bakalarge carrying basket of woven bamboo with a strap, used mostly by women (PWMP: *bakaq-bakaq)

bakana timber tree, one variety with white wood and another with yellow: Litsea sp. (PWMP: *bakan)

bakkebody of a person killed in battle (PWMP: *baŋkay)

bakke manukfighting cock killed in a cockfight (PWMP: *baŋkay)

bakkukcurved, bent (PMP: *bekuk)

bakkukbent, curved (ROOT)

bakkuʔbasket used to keep all sorts of things, including foods, pounded and cooked rice, etc. (PWMP: *bakul₁) *bakul

balawork wood with an adze (PWMP: *bala₁)

balafence, enclosure (PMP: *bala₂)

balaanvine that is used as a rope (NOISE)

balaorat, mouse (PMP: *balabaw)

balaʔbaʔfrond of the sugar palm the leaves of which are twisted together (NOISE)

balicompanion, mate; partner, whenever two parties oppose each other, as in a cockfight; opponent; answer, oppose resist (PMP: *baliw₁)

balirepay, retaliate (PMP: *baliw₄) *baliw₁

balidaweaver's lath (used to beat in the woof) (PMP: *balija) *baRija

balikturn around; change, alter (PMP: *balik₂)

baliŋ-baliŋspiral around while falling (PWMP: *baliŋ baliŋ) *baliŋ₂

baliraŋsulphur (said to be a loan from Malay or Buginese) (LOAN)

balisarestless (LOAN)

balittuaʔturn upside down; head over heels, tumble over (PWMP: *balin-tuaj)

Tae' (100 / 1026)

baliʔfade, of colors (PMP: *balik₂)

ballakto split, cut open slaughtered animals, the human body (PMP: *belak)

ballak-ballakfish that has been cut open (PMP: *belak)

ballaŋmulticolored, spotted (of pigs that are speckled with white on the belly and sides) (PMP: *belaŋ₂)

ballar-an ampaʔthe unrolling of a mat (PWMP: *bekelaj-en) *bekelaj

ballaʔunroll, roll open (mats, bolts of material, rolls of paper, etc.) (PMP: *bekelaj)

ballukbend; turning back of the fingers; bend the back of the hand inward (PMP: *beluk)

balulaŋskin of men and animals; shield (PWMP: *balulaŋ)

balunwrapping of a corpse (PMP: *balun₅) *baluN

bambanlow tree the bast fibers of which are used as binding material in house construction: Grewia laevigata (PWMP: *banban)

bambaŋcollapse, fall down (PWMP: *baŋbaŋ₄)

bandaŋangoat hair fixed on a bamboo pole, used in feasts (as by the to maʔrandiŋ at the death feast) (PMP: *bandaŋan)

bannaŋthread, yarn (PWMP: *banaeŋ)

bannaŋthread (PWMP: *benaŋ)

bannaŋ laa-laathreads of a spiderweb (PWMP: *benaŋ)

bannaŋ pondanthread from pineapple fibers (PWMP: *benaŋ)

banneseed for planting (PWMP: *benehiq)

banowash, rinse off (PMP: *bañaw)

banuahouse, members of a household (PMP: *banua)

banua ka-busuŋ-an(lit. 'holy house') building that one must treat with respect, as the mosque at Palopo (PWMP: *busuŋ)

Tae' (120 / 1026)

banua suraɁa house decorated with carving (LOAN)

banua tuaan old house; an old lineage house erected for the ancestors that remains a common possession of their descendants (PMP: *tuqah) *tuqaS

baŋaa palm: Metroxylon elatum Mart. (PWMP: *baŋa₁)

baŋunstand up, rise; place upright, erect something (as a house) (PMP: *baŋun₂) *baŋuN

baŋun-anerect, stand something upright (PWMP: *baŋun-an) *baŋuN

baradry (areca nuts, fruits) (NOISE)

baranibrave, daring, courageous (PMP: *baRani)

baraŋparticle that gives the following word an indefinite sense; it is also used independently as a verb (PMP: *baraŋ₁) *baraŋ

baraŋ apaall that belongs to a person, possessions (PMP: *baraŋ₁) *baraŋ

baraʔtwo long beams of the house (PAN: *baRat₁)

baraʔbig, terrific, violent, of rain and wind (PMP: *habaRat) *SabaRat

baririgrass and weeds collected together to burn in firing pots (PMP: *baliji)

baririgrass and weeds collected together to burn in firing pots (PMP: *balizi)

barras-anhave small white pimples on the skin which resemble grains of husked rice (PWMP: *beRas-en) *beRas

barraʔhusked rice (PMP: *beRas)

baruksmall gray fungus on the lower end of the leaf spine of the sugar palm, used in starting a fire; tinder (PMP: *baruk)

b-ar-ukkuʔbend sharply upward, of the horns of a buffalo (PMP: *buŋkuk)

barumbuncock with mottled brown and grey feathers (PWMP: *baRunbun)

basinsmall panpipes with two pipes (LOAN)

bassiiron (LOAN)

Tae' (140 / 1026)

bassikfly out, be sent flying away, splash out, shooting away of small things; leak out, of a secret (PMP: *becik)

bassubear fruit; fruiting, of rice and similar crops; satiated (PAN: *besuR)

bataŋtrunk, log; bar; stalk, stem; fungus on decaying wood that glows in the dark; main point, most important thing in the death ritual (= sacrificial offering of a carabao); corpse, victim (in battle, in encounters with wild animals, of fast-flowing rivers that drown people) (PMP: *bataŋ) *bataŋ₁

bataŋ-iin person (PMP: *bataŋ) *bataŋ₁

bataŋ kalebody, in contrast with the soul (PMP: *bataŋ) *bataŋ₁

bataŋ pelekoʔhandle of a tool (PMP: *bataŋ) *bataŋ₁

bataŋ rabukcorpse (PMP: *bataŋ) *bataŋ₁

bataŋ rabukskeleton of a corpse (PMP: *Rabuk)

bateʔbe given designs in the batik manner (PMP: *batek)

batikgrasshopper (PMP: *batik₂)

batustone, stony (PMP: *batu) *batux

batu papanbroad, flat stone that looks like a plank or wall (PWMP: *batu papan) *batux

batu papanhousepost support (PMP: *batu) *batux

batu pasiʔsandstone (PWMP: *pasiR)

batu tedoŋstone shaped like a small buffalo that was prized as an amulet used to ensure that the buffalo would thrive (PMP: *batu) *batux

bauodor, smell (PMP: *bahu)

baʔbadoor (PMP: *baqbaq)

baʔbakspread the wings (PAN: *bakbak₂)

baʔbaʔcoiling, twisting around, as of a snake; wrap around, bind by wrapping (PMP: *bejbej₂) *bejbej

baʔgipart, portion, share of the property of the (deceased) parents (PMP: *baqagi)

Tae' (160 / 1026)

baʔrunew (PMP: *baqeRu) *baqeRuh

baʔtebake, roast without oil, as in the popping of corn or the roasting of coffee beans (PWMP: *beRtiq)

baʔtikflicking movement of the tongue in speaking; resilient rebound of an object that has been bent down (under tension) when it is released (PWMP: *bala(n)tik)

bémbéʔgoat (LOAN)

benuʔouter husk of the coconut (PMP: *benut₁) *benut

beŋagaping, of the mouth (PMP: *beŋaq)

biasausual, customary; accustomed to (LOAN)

biaʔfruitful, numerous, of offspring; multiply oneself (PWMP: *biak)

bidaŋlength of a piece of material, of a mat, room of a house (PWMP: *bidaŋ)

bidaŋ-an-naseam, where two lengths of material are joined (PWMP: *bidaŋ)

bidaŋ-an-nisew together lengthwise, join together, of two pieces of material (PWMP: *bidaŋ)

bilashort tree used to make hedges; it has large, round fruits that serve as cups in drinking water or palm wine: Aegle marmelos Correma; there is also another type with no fruits and a thorny stem (PMP: *bila₁)

bilantetree with broad heart-shaped leaves: Homalanthus populneus (NOISE)

bilaŋcount, estimate the value of something, esteem (PAN: *bilaŋ₁)

bilaŋ-annumber (PWMP: *bilaŋ-an) *bilaŋ₁

bilaŋ-bilaŋ-an-nanumber of, quantity of, total (PWMP: *bilaŋ-an) *bilaŋ₁

bimbinwrap around, wind something around (NOISE)

bintefly into the feathers, attack in leaping flight (PMP: *bintiq)

biŋkaʔsmall winnowing basket (LOAN)

biŋkuŋadze (PMP: *biŋkuŋ)

Tae' (180 / 1026)

biriŋedge (PMP: *bidiŋ)

biriŋedge (PMP: *biriŋ₁)

biriŋ laŋiʔedge of the sky = horizon (PMP: *bidiŋ)

biriŋ laŋiʔedge of the sky = horizon (PMP: *biriŋ₁)

bisakcleave wood, to split, hit very hard, as one does when splitting wood; throw hard; chip, thick splinter split off in chopping wood (PMP: *biseqak)

bisaraword; reason; subject of discussion; conversation (LOAN)

bisara-italk about something, discuss something (LOAN)

bisikwhisper (PWMP: *bisik₃)

bisikk-iwhisper to (PWMP: *bisik₃)

bissikjump up, splash up; spill all over, as seeds, grains, or drops of water which splashes out (PMP: *bicik)

biteʔtype of Colocasia, tuberous plant with large, broad leaves (NOISE)

bitoksmall red roundworms in the stomach of buffalos; according to others large roundworms in the stomach of humans (PWMP: *bituk)

bitok-ansuffer from roundworms in the intestines (PWMP: *bituk-en) *bituk

bittiʔsmall (PMP: *bitiq₁) *bitiq

biʔbiʔtwist, wrap around (as a snake) (PWMP: *bidibid)

bonakwet, soaking wet (NOISE)

boŋsuyoungest child; also sometimes ‘only child’ (PWMP: *buŋsu)

buafruit, in particular the areca nut; heart (PMP: *buaq)

buakdig up the soil with a digging stick (NOISE)

bua kayufruit of a tree (PMP: *buaq ni kahiw) *buaq

Tae' (200 / 1026)

buaŋthrow away, discard (PMP: *buqaŋ)

buaŋ-an kadaspeech (PWMP: *buaŋ-an) *buqaŋ

buaŋ-ithrow something away (PMP: *buqaŋ)

bua polloʔbuttocks (PMP: *buaq)

bua uranhail (PMP: *quzan buaq) *quzaN

buayacrocodile; used as an exclamation and a curse: my God!, horrible! (PMP: *buqaya)

buaʔuse, sense, meaning (PMP: *buaq)

buaʔthe agricultural new year's feast, ceremonies that are conducted before planting the rice, serving to secure blessings for mankind, and the animal and plant worlds; the ritual community of those persons who jointly celebrate the same buaʔ feast (PWMP: *buhat₁)

buaʔuse, sense, meaning (PMP: *buhat₂)

buaʔ padaŋa small buaʔ feast intended to secure blessings for the rice crop (PWMP: *buhat₁)

bubunsource, well, spring (PMP: *bubun₁) *bubun

bubun bubunfontanelle in the head of a child (PWMP: *bubun bubun) *buNbuN

bubun diraŋkaŋ(lit. 'the well is fenced-in') taboo against the marriage of a woman of higher status (to makaka or puaŋ) with a man of lower status (slave or to makaka) (PMP: *bubun₁) *bubun

bubuŋflattened and folded bamboo which is laid on the ridge of the roof in order to attach the roof covering (PMP: *bubuŋ₁)

bubuŋ-anridge of the roof (PMP: *bubuŋ-an) *bubuŋ₁

bubuŋ-ilay the ridge covering on the roof (PMP: *bubuŋ₁)

bubuʔput in, pour grains into something, pour something out into something else, as rice into the cooking pot (PMP: *buqbuq)

bubuʔbore or drill, bore a hole; a drill (NOISE)

buda tan na-bunohe has killed many people (PMP: *bunuq₂) *buNuq₂

buegreen beans (PMP: *buay₁)

Tae' (220 / 1026)

bukaopen something, loosen something; explain the meaning of words that have a hidden sense (of allusions) (PMP: *buka)

bukkubend over, as a person who is doubled up in vomiting (PMP: *bu(ŋ)kuq)

bukkuʔbent, curved; humped (PMP: *buŋkuk)

bukunode of joint between two segments of bamboo (PMP: *bukuh)

bukubone, pit, seed (PMP: *bukuh)

buku kayuburl on a tree, knob in the place where a branch formerly grew (PWMP: *buŋkul kahiw) *buŋkul

buku taraanklebone (PMP: *tada)

bulaangold; noble, precious, lofty, holy (PAN: *bulaw-an) *bulaw

bulanmoon, month (PMP: *bulan₃) *bulaN

bulanwhite, light in color, albino (PMP: *bulan₂)

bulan ma-piaa good time of the month, a favorable time (PMP: *ma-pia) *pia₂

bulaŋbind an artificial spur to the leg of a fighting cock (PWMP: *bulaŋ)

buliear of grains, bunch of bananas (PMP: *buliR)

bulia tree with red wood that is very useful in house construction, and bast fiber used to make palm wine bitter and to color it red: Bridelia minutiflora (NOISE)

bulilikgray lizard (PAN: *bulilik)

bullecarry something on the shoulder (PWMP: *bulig)

bulokind of slender bamboo with long internodes, used to make flutes (PAN: *buluq₂)

bulo raŋkapanthe handle of the rice-harvesting knife, which is held between the thumb and the other fingers (PAN: *buluq₂)

bulo saŋlampaan internode of slender bamboo; gig. straight as a bamboo internode, righteous, just (PAN: *buluq₂)

bulubody hair, fur, feathers, fibers of something (PMP: *bulu₁)

Tae' (240 / 1026)

bulu-ana fruit, the rambutan: Nephelium lappaceum (PWMP: *bulu-an) *bulu₁

bulu-buluhairy filaments on the underside of the main vein of the sugar palm (PMP: *bulu bulu) *bulu₁

bulu manuk-an(lit. 'covered with chicken feathers') mildewed, of foods, cooked rice, etc. (PMP: *bulu ni manuk) *bulu₁

bulu mataeyelash (PMP: *bulu ni mata) *bulu₁

bulu pondanfilaments of pineapple fiber (for weaving) (PMP: *bulu₁)

bumbunheap or bank up, fill up (PMP: *bunbun)

bumbuŋterm of measurement used to specify the number of large bamboo containers that one takes of a liquid (PWMP: *buŋbuŋ₁)

bunakasoaking wet (NOISE)

bundelarge dip net; basket or hamper of woven bamboo with sharp points on the underside, used to catch fish in the paddy fields, (LOAN)

bunito hide (PMP: *buni₁) *buNi

buni-anhidden for, on behalf of; also used of hiding something from someone so that they will not see it (PWMP: *buni-an) *buNi

bunohit, strike with a sharp object, pointed bamboo slivers, piercing by wood or bamboo splinters; kill (PMP: *bunuq₂) *buNuq₂

buntaŋbrimming with water, of a paddy field (PMP: *buntaŋ)

buntumountain, hill; walk on the top of a mountain or hill (PMP: *buntu) *buntu₂

buŋaflower, blossom (PMP: *buŋa)

buŋa balandaplant with fragrant yellow blossoms and buds eaten as a vegetable (PMP: *buŋa)

buŋa raŋkaʔthe fruits of one's efforts (PMP: *buŋa)

buŋaʔfirst, first-born, beginning (PMP: *buŋas)

buŋaʔ lalanthe one who opens the road, pioneer in opening new rice paddies, the one who plants first (PMP: *buŋas)

buŋinsand (PWMP: *buhaŋin)

Tae' (260 / 1026)

buŋkaʔto open; begin a rice paddy; initiate the work in starting a paddy field (PWMP: *bukaʔ)

buŋkubending of the body, bowing (PMP: *bu(ŋ)kuq)

buŋkuʔwrap, wrap up, wind a cloth around (PWMP: *buŋkus)

buraremedy, medicine (PMP: *buRah) *buReS

bura-burafoam, bubbles, froth, scum, lather (PMP: *bujeq₂) *bujeq

burintiwading bird with stilt-like legs; it can swim, and its meat and eggs are eaten (NOISE)

buriʔspeckled, of chicken hawks, chickens which are light brown with white speckles, or speckled black and white (PWMP: *burik)

burraapparently an intensive form of bura: foam, slimy liquid that has a scum or froth (PMP: *bujeq₂) *bujeq

burruŋsnarl, growl (of cats, dogs) (ROOT)

burukdecayed, rotten, dilapidated (PAN: *buRuk)

buruŋtame dove (LOAN)

buruŋrain cape made of bamboo or pandanus leaves, worn on the back with a cowl covering the head (ROOT)

busoʔcard the seeds from cotton fibers (PMP: *busuR₂)

busuŋinflation of the belly; swelling around the heart of a pig (PWMP: *busuŋ)

busuŋ-ansuffer from an inflated belly; have an inflated stomach, of pigs (PWMP: *busuŋ-en) *busuŋ

butablind; sleep (vulgar) (PMP: *buta₁) *buCa

buta raraŋansee dimly (PMP: *buta₁) *buCa

buta saŋbaliblind in one eye (PMP: *buta₁) *buCa

butotesticle; thick part of the flower spathe of a sugar palm that is beaten before being tapped (PMP: *butuq) *buCuq

buto-icastration of animals (PMP: *butuq) *buCuq

Tae' (280 / 1026)

buttu-buttusmall hill; heap of earth (PMP: *buntu buntu) *buntu₂

buyaŋplaying cards (LOAN)

buʔbukwood worm that attacks wood, bamboo, corn cobs, unhusked rice; the powder that falls out of wood, etc. that is attacked by this insect (PMP: *bukbuk₃)

buʔbuk-anattacked by wood worms (PMP: *bukbuk-an) *bukbuk₃

buʔbuʔpulling out of weeds, chicken feathers (PMP: *butbut₂) *buCbuC

buʔbuʔ-ipull out, pluck (PMP: *butbut-i) *buCbuC

dadachest, breast (PWMP: *dahdah) *daSdaS

dallemaize: Zea mays (PMP: *zelay)

dalle sisikanJob’s tears: Coix lachryma-jobi L., a plant with seed heads like the riceplant that contains numerous oval seeds; it is an edible plant, the seeds of which are pounded and then cooked, and also used as beads (PMP: *zelay)

dao maifrom above (PAN: *um-ai) *ai₃

dapeʔto reach, be able to touch (PMP: *dapet)

dapoʔcooking place, hearth; figuratively: household, wedlock, marriage of man and woman (PMP: *dapuR₁)

daraŋhorse (LOAN)

darunneedle (PAN: *zaRum)

darun lemothorn of a citrus tree (PAN: *zaRum)

daunleaf (PMP: *dahun)

daun taliŋa ~ don taliŋashell of the ear (PMP: *dahun nu taliŋa) *dahun

da(ʔ)negative imperative: don't (PMP: *edaq)

daʔ-duatwo (as a modifier) (PMP: *duha) *duSa

daʔpafathom (PAN: *depah)

Tae' (300 / 1026)

daʔpa-ito measure by fathoms (PWMP: *depa-i) *depah

dedekbeat, pound on rhythmically, as a drum (PMP: *dekdek) *dekdek₁

diin, to, from, toward (PAN: *di)

di-aŋin-ibe dried in the wind (PMP: *haŋin)

diŋincold, cool (PMP: *diŋin)

dio maifrom there (PAN: *um-ai) *ai₃

di-pe-kayu mateplace the body of a dead child in a casket (PMP: *kahiw) *kaSiw

duatwo (PMP: *duha) *duSa

dua-ishare the possession of something with someone else (PWMP: *duha-i) *duSa

duduŋtake or carry on the head (PWMP: *zuŋzuŋ)

duduŋ-anthat which is carried on the head (PWMP: *zuŋzuŋ-an) *zuŋzuŋ

durithorn, spike (PMP: *duRi)

durospecks of shiny oil on water or in a sauce (PMP: *zuRuq)

ellakwalk through something, step between something, as between the rows of rice plants in a paddy field (PMP: *elak)

eloŋcurl up, as a snake; flutter; up and down movement of a flag (PMP: *eluŋ)

endaʔladder (NOISE)

eranladder (PMP: *ezan)

eran bala batustairs made of stones stacked upon one another (PMP: *haRezan na batu) *haRezan

eran batustone stairs; also a place name (PMP: *haRezan na batu) *haRezan

gaaŋgolden kris (PAN: *gayaŋ)

Tae' (320 / 1026)

gannaʔcomplete, full (PWMP: *genep)

gannaʔ-ito complete something (PWMP: *genep-i) *genep

gasiŋspinning top (PWMP: *gasiŋ)

gayaŋstab with a kris (PAN: *gayaŋ)

giliŋto wind, turn, spin, revolve; roll over (figuratively in a pantun, or traditional poem) (PMP: *giliŋ)

giliŋ-iturn something around (PMP: *giliŋ)

gontiŋscissors (LOAN)

goŋgoŋdeep, low (of the voice) (PAN: *guŋguŋ)

ia3sg. (PAN: *ia₁)

iathat then, exactly that (PAN: *qia)

iaʔcount, calculate (PMP: *ihap)

idusob (NOISE)

ikkoʔtail (PAN: *ikuR)

ikkoʔ-ikkoʔa plant with white flowers the shape of a dog's tail, and leaves used in treating skin diseases (PMP: *ikuR ikuR ni asu) *ikuR

i-ko2sg., used with equals and inferiors (PMP: *i-kahu) *kaSu

ilaafraid and regretful on hearing a rebuke, fed up with admonitions (PMP: *ilah)

ilaŋterm used in game of dice: disappear, lose (opposed to ontoŋ 'win') (PMP: *qilaŋ)

iliŋshake the head as a sign of refusal (PWMP: *iliŋ₃)

illiʔflow (PWMP: *qiliR)

iloshine, gleam, sparkle (PMP: *qilaw)

Tae' (340 / 1026)

iloʔ, iludesire something (PMP: *iluR₁)

impia dream (PMP: *hipi) *Sipi

inaaghost; soul; heart; mind (PMP: *nihawa) *NiSawa

indanlend, borrow (PWMP: *hinzam)

indo-ʔmother; as a term of address generally shortened to ndoʔ; indoʔ is often an element in teknonyms, e.g. indoʔ Sampe 'mother of Sampe'; in a number of expressions indoʔ occurs in the sense of 'leader, head, predecessor' (PWMP: *indu-q) *indu

indukthe sugar palm: Arenga saccharifera (PWMP: *izuk)

iŋaʔremember, think about (PMP: *iŋat)

ioparticle of confirmation: yes, good! (PMP: *qio)

iraʔmince, cut, chop to pieces (PMP: *hiras)

iriʔto fan, blow against (PMP: *irid₁)

irus-anpartake of while drinking, as to partake of baked yam tubers while drinking palm wine (PWMP: *hiRup-an) *SiRup

iruʔdrink; also absorb, as a cloth that is immersed in water (PMP: *hiRup) *SiRup

isitooth (PWMP: *isi₁)

issaʔone (PWMP: *isa-q) *isa₁

issicontents, stuffing; the soft parts of a body as against the bones, the soft parts of a fruit as against the pit (PAN: *isi₅)

issoŋwooden rice mortar (PAN: *iŋsuŋ)

iʔbakopen forcefully, as the clenched teeth (< *i-r-bak) (PMP: *ibak)

iʔduksound of a frog (NOISE)

ka- -anmarker of the adversative passive; ka-uran-an ‘caught in the rain’ (cf. uran ‘rain’) (PAN: *ka- -an₁)

ka- -anformative for abstract nouns; ka-mate-an ‘time of death’ (cp. mate ‘die, dead’) (PAN: *ka- -an₃)

Tae' (360 / 1026)

ka-asi-asipitiful, miserable, in need, poor (PMP: *ka-qasiq) *qasiq

kabaninvulnerable, possessing a magical charm that makes one invulnerable so that the point of a lance or a bullet cannot penetrate the body (PWMP: *kabal₂)

kabankind of cloth cover made from pieces of cloth that have been sewed together, used as a blanket or mat (NOISE)

ka-bassu-antime of the fruiting of rice, etc,; thick part of the lower arm (PWMP: *ka-besuR-an) *besuR

kabeʔdraw toward oneself; reach for something; grasp at something; stretch the hand out toward (PWMP: *kabiR)

ka-buaŋa game played with stones (PWMP: *ka-buaŋ) *buqaŋ

ka-buaʔto do, bring about, usually in the sense of performing an action that causes damage to something (PWMP: *ka-buhat) *buhat₂

ka-bumbun-anfilled up, covered over, as a fishpond that has filled with mud (PMP: *bunbun)

ka-buntaŋ-an raramenstruate at lengthy intervals (PMP: *buntaŋ)

ka-busuŋ-anbe in a taboo relationship, be 'holy', so that others must treat one with regard (PWMP: *busuŋ)

ka-buto-butohang, be suspended, like testicles (PMP: *butuq) *buCuq

ka-buʔbur-anmolting, shedding of fur (PWMP: *ka-butbut-an) *buCbuC

kairileft, left side; awkward (PAN: *ka-wiRi) *wiRi

kaka-Ɂolder brother or sister (term of address) (PMP: *kaka₂)

kakaʔto touch, feel, finger; also to have sexual relations with a woman (PAN: *kapkap)

ka-kita-nanvisible (PAN: *kita₂) *kita

kaladitaro, Colocasia antiquorum (PWMP: *kaladi)

kalamata(listed independently and under mata) kind of plaitwork with hexagonal openings (PWMP: *kalamata)

kala-mataplaitwork or weaving with hexagonal openings (PMP: *mata) *maCa

ka-laʔbi-ansuperiority, exceed, be greater than (PMP: *lebiq)

Tae' (380 / 1026)

kalidig (PMP: *kali₂) *kalih

kalikithe papaya: Carica Papaya (PWMP: *kalikiq)

kalu-bambaŋlarge butterfly (PMP: *baŋbaŋ₂)

kalum-piniʔ ~kalup-piniʔswallow; one type will nest anywhere, but the other will only nest on rock ledges (cliff swallow) (PWMP: *pinis)

ka-ma-takur-anbe afraid; fear (PWMP: *ka-takut-an) *takut

ka-mate-anbe affected by a death; dead, the dying of something; time of dying; sensitive part of the body, when one is struck there by a blow; paralyzed, of the hand (PWMP: *ka-m-atay-an) *aCay

kam-biasa-nhabit, custom (LOAN)

kami1pl. excl., we, us (PAN: *k-ami) *ami

kamu2pl., you all; also 2sg. to persons to whom one owes respect (PMP: *kamu₂) *amu

kananright side (PAN: *ka-wanaN) *wanaN

kannabe struck, affected by (PAN: *keNa)

kanukufingernail (PMP: *k<an>uhkuh) *kuSkuS₁

kaŋbark of a dog (PMP: *kaŋ)

karandaŋcarrying basket made of bamboo, wide at the top and narrow at the bottom, used to transport bundles of rice (PWMP: *karanzaŋ)

(ka)-ratu-iarrive at (PMP: *dateŋ)

karraʔhard, as soil (PMP: *keRas)

k-asi-angive a gift out of love or affection (PMP: *ka-qasiq-an) *qasiq

ka-si-turu-sanunanimity (PWMP: *tuRut)

kasorafter, of wood or bamboo (PMP: *kasaw₁)

ka-takuʔbe afraid of something (PMP: *ka-takut) *takut

Tae' (400 / 1026)

ka-tama-nwhere something has gone in; place where something has entered (PWMP: *ka-tama-an) *tama₂

kat-tai ~ tit-taito defecate (PMP: *taqi) *Caqi

ka-tuli-ŋearwax (PMP: *tuli₁) *Culi

ka-uran-anbe caught in the rain (PWMP: *ka-quzan-an) *quzaN

ka-utaŋ-anin debt, have debts (PWMP: *ka-qutaŋ-an) *qutaŋ

kayutree, wood, the hard, woody part of the main root of the cassava (PMP: *kahiw) *kaSiw

kayu buluhigh tree with round, hairy leaves (PMP: *bulu bulu) *bulu₁

kayu saŋbataŋone tree (PMP: *bataŋ) *bataŋ₁

ke-ate-ateliver-like, resembling a liver (PMP: *qatay) *qaCay

ke-issiwell-filled, fruitful or abundant, as a rice crop (PMP: *ka-isi) *isi₅

kelokbent, curved (PWMP: *keluk)

kem-buru ~ kim-burujealous (PMP: *buR(e)hu)

ke-rarato bleed, to menstruate (PAN: *daRaq)

keʔteʔcut off rice ears (PWMP: *ketep₂)

kideforehead (PWMP: *kiday)

kilala-iremember, recollect (PAN: *kilala)

kilaʔlightning (PMP: *kilat₁) *likaC

kiriʔshow a finger to a small child to indicate intent to tickle it and make it laugh (PMP: *kirik)

kissakonomatopoetic for frantic cheeping, as of chickens when a chicken thief is upon them (PWMP: *kicak)

kitawe (plural incl.); also used as a 2nd pers. sg. polite pronoun when speaking to members of the nobility, or to Europeans (PAN: *k-ita) *ita₁

Tae' (420 / 1026)

kitato see (PAN: *kita₂) *kita

kuato say (PWMP: *kua₂) *kua₁

kuajaŋlarge raptorial bird, kind of eagle (NEAR)

kuliʔskin; bark; peeling (PMP: *kulit) *kuliC

k-(um)-a-apaor (marker of disjunction) (PMP: *apa₁)

kumbatough, dry leaf sheath or dried calyx of the areca blossom; it is used to ladle up food into a dish (PMP: *kumbal)

kuniʔthe curcuma plant; the roots are used as a spice, a dye, and to give a yellow tint to cooked rice: Curcuma domestica (PMP: *kunij)

kuraŋslim, slender, not very stout (LOAN)

kurinclay cooking pot (PWMP: *kurin)

kurincooking pot of fired clay (PMP: *kudin)

kurin bassiiron cooking pot (PMP: *kudin)

kuruword by which chickens are called (PMP: *kuru₁)

kutanaask about (PMP: *kutaña)

kutuhead louse (PMP: *kutu₁) *kuCux

kutu-anfull of lice, lousy (PWMP: *kutu-an) *kuCux

kutu manukchicken louse (PMP: *kutu₁) *kuCux

kuyube all ruffled up, of the feathers of a sick chicken or a fighting cock after prolonged combat (PWMP: *kuyu)

laaspider (PMP: *lawaq₂) Tae'

laato check, stop; prevent, oppose (PMP: *laban₂)

labu-ito sink, go down (PWMP: *labuq₁)

Tae' (440 / 1026)

ladaSpanish pepper (PMP: *lajaq)

laia ~ layakind of ginger which has a somewhat musty odor when the main root is very large (PMP: *laqia)

lakkasplit, burst (PMP: *le(ŋ)kaq)

lakotowards, at (PMP: *lakaw)

lako-iin a condition to (PMP: *lakaw)

lalanpath, road (PMP: *zalan)

lalan-ana way; make a hole for, as in boring a hole in order to knock in a dowel; prepare the way (PAN: *zalan-an) *zalan

lalan limaimprint of the hand (PMP: *zalan)

lalatusparks (PWMP: *lalatu₂)

laliʔkind of large fly (PMP: *lalej)

laloŋdauntless, courageous in combat (PMP: *laluŋ)

lammadew, mist (PMP: *lama₁)

lammaʔsoft, weak (PWMP: *lemeq)

laŋathe sesame plant: Sesamum indicum; the seed is used in the preparation of pastries and to flavor rice, and produces sesame oil (PMP: *leŋa)

laŋiʔsky, heaven (PMP: *laŋit) *laŋiC

lasopenis (PMP: *lasuq₂)

lasoʔpenis; boy (PMP: *lasuq₂)

lassunaonion (LOAN)

latukto hit, beat, punch (PWMP: *latuk)

lauʔsouth, downstream (southward, where the Land of the Dead is) (PAN: *lahud)

Tae' (460 / 1026)

laya panaʔkind of ginger that has a sharper taste than others (PMP: *laqia)

layuwilted, withered; to wither something (as by placing it near a fire); a corpse of trifling importance, for which the minimal death ritual is performed; used euphemistically of a corpse that has been interred without first performing the death ritual (PAN: *layu)

laʔbimore (PMP: *labi₁)

laʔbimore (PMP: *lebiq)

laʔbi-nnaexcess, remainder (PMP: *lebiq)

laʔkaʔsticky; to stick to something (PWMP: *leket)

le-latiŋstinging nettle tree, the leaves of which cause severe itching: Laportea spp. (PMP: *la-lateŋ) *laCeŋ

lessaʔstep on, tread on (ROOT)

lessuʔloose, free (PWMP: *lecut)

liaŋrock grave, cut out an opening in the cliff face as a place for burying the dead (PMP: *liaŋ)

liaŋ kayutree trunk hollowed out in the shape of a rice mortar in which the remains of the dead formerly were interred; this coffin was then placed in a rock hollow (PMP: *liaŋ)

libuoblong enclosure, oval (PWMP: *libut)

likotwist, turn; cross one leg over another; be in a curving line, as a mountain range (PAN: *likaw)

likudeep place in a river or lake (PMP: *liku₁)

lilatongue (PMP: *dilaq₁)

lila kilaʔbolt of lightning (PMP: *dilaq₁)

limafive (PAN: *lima)

limboŋwater puddle, pool, large fish pond in the ricefields (PWMP: *limbuŋ)

linoʔearthquake (PAN: *linuR)

lipancentipede, Scolopendra; their bite causes bodily swelling (PMP: *qalu-hipan) *qalu-Sipan

Tae' (480 / 1026)

lissenit, egg of a louse; kind of grass with white fruits that resemble the eggs of lice (PMP: *lisehaq, liseqah) *liseqeS

lokkobent, bent inward (PWMP: *lukuq)

luato vomit; vomitus (PMP: *luaq)

lua-nto vomit out for (someone) (PMP: *luaq)

luaʔspacious, wide (PMP: *luas₁)

lukasplit, cleave (PWMP: *lu(ŋ)ka)

lukato split, cleave (ROOT)

lukkubend, stoop (PWMP: *lu(ŋ)kuq)

lulunroll up; a roll of coarse cloth that remains rolled up until it is used to wrap a corpse (PMP: *lulun) *luluN

lumuʔmoss, mould, mildew (PMP: *lumut)

ma-stative prefix (PAN: *ma-₁)

ma-alait is gotten, it is successful, it is popular, it has a discount (of merchandise) (PWMP: *ma-alaq) *alaq₁

ma-busuŋswelling of the belly as a result of not showing respect or consideration for persons, objects or places guarded by taboo (PWMP: *ma-busuŋ) *busuŋ

ma-daraŋseldom, scarce, infrequent (PWMP: *zaRaŋ)

ma-diŋincold, shivering; very cool, of the wind (PMP: *ma-diŋin) *diŋin

maihither, toward the speaker (PAN: *um-ai) *ai₃

ma-iŋaʔthink about, pay attention, look after (PWMP: *ma-iŋat) *iŋat

ma-issiwell-filled; fleshy, stout (PMP: *ma-isi) *isi₅

ma-karraʔhard, raw, rough (PMP: *keRas)

ma-kuraŋlittle, too little, less (LOAN)

Tae' (500 / 1026)

ma-kuyuʔ-kuyuʔdripping wet (as from having been caught in the rain) (PWMP: *kuyup)

ma-labuto sink, go down, fall to the ground (PWMP: *labuq₁)

ma-launold, kept for a long time (PWMP: *ma-laun) *laun

ma-layuwilted, withered (PMP: *ma-layu) *layu

male maicome here (PAN: *um-ai) *ai₃

ma-maaʔto pay, as a debt (PMP: *bayaD)

ma-mataunripe (of fruits), raw, fresh, still green, unripe, living (PMP: *ma-hataq) *hataq

mam-buni-aŋto hide something (PMP: *buni₁) *buNi

ma-munito hide something (PWMP: *maŋ-buni) *buNi

ma-musoʔcard the seeds from cotton fibers (PWMP: *maŋ-busuR) *busuR₂

man-dalandeep (PMP: *dalem)

manik allaʔgolden beads strung between ordinary ones (PMP: *qelet) *qeleC

manik bura-burawhite beads (PMP: *bujeq₂) *bujeq

ma-nipiʔthin, flat (PMP: *ma-nipis) *Nipis

man-tananto plant, especially rice (PMP: *tanem) *CaNem

man-tananto plant, especially to plant rice (PWMP: *ma-nanem) *CaNem

man-tapadry something over a fire (PWMP: *man-tapa) *Capa

man-tarato shape with an adze, work wood with an adze (PWMP: *ma-naRaq) *taRaq₁

man-tunuto burn, bake; slaughter (sacrificial) animals for one who has died (PMP: *tunu) *CuNuh

manukchicken (PMP: *manuk)

Tae' (520 / 1026)

manuk-manukbird (PMP: *manu(k)-manuk) *manuk

manuk sauŋ-ana fighting cock (PWMP: *sabuŋ₁)

ma-numpiʔshoot with a blowpipe (PWMP: *ma-numpit) *sumpit

maŋ-akuadmit, confess (PWMP: *maŋ-aku) *aku

maŋ-alafetch, take, in the pregnant sense of lending money (PWMP: *maŋ-alaq₁) *alaq₁

maŋ-ananto plait, weave (PWMP: *maŋ-añam) *añam

maŋ-antaʔname of an offering to the gods (also called massuraʔ tallaŋ by which a pig is sacrificed at an offering place using bamboo poles with figures carved in them (PWMP: *maŋ-hateD) *SateD

maŋ-apiʔlie in layers, one on top of the other (PWMP: *apid₂)

maŋ-asu-ihunt with dogs (PWMP: *maŋ-asu) *asu₁

maŋ-indanborrow (PWMP: *maŋ-hinzam) *hinzam

maŋ-ipito dream (PWMP: *maŋ-hipi) *Sipi

maŋ-iruʔto drink, be drinking (PWMP: *maŋ-hiRup) *SiRup

maŋ-issito fill (PWMP: *maŋ-isi) *isi₅

maŋ-kalito dig; to have the occupation of digger (PMP: *ma-ŋali) *kalih

ma-paiʔbitter (as palm wine, certain fish, etc.) (PMP: *ma-paqit) *paqiC

ma-panaʔhot, of the sun (PMP: *ma-panas) *panas₁

ma-pattaŋpitch-dark (PWMP: *peteŋ)

ma-piabeautiful, pretty, good, favorable (PMP: *ma-pia) *pia₂

ma-putewhite (PMP: *ma-putiq) *putiq

maratree with beautiful black wood, of which blowpipes are made (PWMP: *amaRa)

Tae' (540 / 1026)

ma-siasufficiently salted (PWMP: *ma-qasiRa) *qasiRa

ma-siaŋbright, light, daylight as opposed to darkness; morning, the following day (PWMP: *siaŋ)

ma-suliʔrare, scarce; difficult; expensive (PWMP: *sulit₁)

ma-suraɁdrawn; spotted; with markings all over, as the skin of a snake (LOAN)

mataeye; the most important or essential part of something (PMP: *mata) *maCa

mata allosun (‘eye of the day’); place where the sun rises, East (PAN: *mata nu qalejaw) *maCa

mata buriaʔopening of a basket (PMP: *mata) *maCa

mata-itrain the eye on something (PMP: *mata) *maCa

ma-takuʔafraid, frightened (PAN: *ma-takut) *takut

mata lalanmiddle part of a road, most trodden part where no grass grows; also a guide who goes ahead and shows the way to others (PMP: *mata nu zalan) *maCa

mata-matasubordinate to the village head who manages many tasks for him (PMP: *mata-mata) *maCa

mata-nnamain day of a feast, when most guests arrive (PMP: *mata) *maCa

mata pelekoʔplowshare (PMP: *mata) *maCa

mata pisoblade of a knife (PWMP: *mata nu pisaw) *maCa

ma-taransharp (PWMP: *ma-tazem) *Cazem

ma-taran matahave a sharp expression (PWMP: *ma-tazem) *Cazem

ma-tasakripe (PMP: *ma-tasak) *tasak

mata taupupil of the eye (‘person of the eye’) (PMP: *tau nu mata) *maCa

matedie; dead; disastrous, struck by misfortune (PMP: *m-atay) *aCay

mate-an(of a possession) get rid of, damage something so that it becomes worthless (PMP: *m-atay-an) *aCay

Tae' (560 / 1026)

mate deatawhat is meted out by the gods: die a natural death; lose (in playing dice); numb, asleep (of limbs) (PMP: *m-atay) *aCay

mate ki-anakdie in childbirth (PMP: *m-atay) *aCay

mate posodie suddenly (PMP: *m-atay) *aCay

ma-tindoto lie down (PMP: *ma-tiduR) *tiduR Tae'

ma-t<in>uruʔtrust, loyalty; willingly, without thinking, without reservation (PWMP: *tuRut)

ma-tuaold (PMP: *ma-tuqah) *tuqaS

ma-tua indukold as the sugar palm, which has a hard core; very old (PMP: *ma-tuqah) *tuqaS

ma-tunucooked thoroughly, well-cooked (PAN: *ma-tunuh) *CuNuh

ma-ubanhave gray hair (PWMP: *ma-quban) *qubaN

ma-uluhave an exceptionally large head, have a very large handle (PWMP: *ma-qulu) *quluh

maʔ apa-iwhat is wrong with him/her? (PMP: *apa-i) *apa₁

maʔ-api-apiplay with fire (PWMP: *maR-hapuy) *Sapuy

maʔ-baŋun-antake the stacked bundles of rice from the drying place in order to count them, at which time a chicken or pig is slaughtered in offering (PWMP: *maR-baŋun) *baŋuN

maʔ-biasa-asato accustom, get used to (LOAN)

maʔ-bisarato speak, deliberate over (LOAN)

maʔ-bisikto whisper (PWMP: *bisik₃)

maʔ-bukbuksound of a suppressed laugh (PMP: *bukbuk₁)

maʔ-bulan-bulanfor months, months long (PMP: *bulan-bulan₂) *bulaN

maʔ-buŋin-buŋinplay with sand (PWMP: *buhaŋin)

maʔ-buta-butaclose the eyes (PWMP: *buta buta₁) *buCa

Tae' (580 / 1026)

maʔ-gasiŋto spin tops (PWMP: *gasiŋ)

maʔ-gontiŋuse scissors, cut the hair with scissors (LOAN)

maʔ-keʔteʔto harvest rice (PWMP: *ketep₂)

maʔ-kilaʔ-kilaʔlike lightning, meaning very hot, of the sun, very fierce, fiery, of actions; be lucky, luck out (PMP: *kila-kilat) *likaC

maʔ-kurin misahave one’s own household (PMP: *kudin)

maʔ-nanato fester, suppurate (PMP: *nanaq) *naNaq

maʔpe-tumasearch for lice in the clothes (PMP: *tumah) *CumeS

maʔ-ratuʔ-ratuʔby the hundreds (PMP: *Ratus) *RaCus

maʔ-tauna year long (PMP: *taqun)

ma-ʔutaŋbuy on credit, generally of rice (PMP: *ma-qutaŋ) *qutaŋ

me-buta-ito blind, destroy the sight (PMP: *buta₁) *buCa

me-kayulook for firewood (PWMP: *ma-ŋahiw) *kaSiw

me-kotoʔto bite (PMP: *ketep₁)

mem-banowash, rinse off (PWMP: *mam-bañaw) *bañaw

mem-buabear fruit; leave a scar behind (PWMP: *maŋ-buaq) *buaq

mem-bunito take cover, hide oneself (PMP: *buni₁) *buNi

mem-buʔbuʔto moult, shed feathers (PMP: *butbut₂) *buCbuC

me-nanito sing in chorus at the bua’ festival (the agricultural New Year celebration, to ensure the continuing productivity of the rice crop); to sing European songs (this sense borrowed from Malay mə-ñañi) (PWMP: *ñañuy)

men-daunrich in leaves, having leaves (PWMP: *maŋ-dahun) *dahun

men-talloʔlay an egg (PWMP: *mag-qiteluR) *qiCeluR

Tae' (600 / 1026)

men-tallulay an egg (PWMP: *maŋ-qateluR) *qateluR

mentireruŋto shelter (ROOT)

men-turuʔfollow others, follow the majority (PWMP: *ma-nuRut) *tuRut

me-ŋaŋaopened, spread apart, of the mouth of an opening (PMP: *ŋaŋa₂)

me-ŋaŋa buŋgaopen-mouthed in wonder or surprise (PMP: *ŋaŋa₂)

meŋ-giliŋto turn (oneself) around (PWMP: *maŋ-giliŋ) *giliŋ

meŋ-kayu-anbecome hard, of the woody part of the main root of the cassava (PMP: *kahiw) *kaSiw

meŋ-uluwith the head directed toward, of someone who is lying down (PWMP: *maŋ-qulu) *quluh

me-tetemake a plank bridge (PMP: *taytay)

meʔ-batu-batusilent as a stone, utter no word (PMP: *batu-batu) *batux

minaŋamouth of a river (PMP: *minaŋa)

minnakfat, oil, as coconut oil (PMP: *miñak)

misaone, alone, on its own (PMP: *ma-isa) *isa₁

naand (iko na aku ‘you and I/me’) (PMP: *na₅) *Na₁

nanapus (PMP: *nanaq) *naNaq

nanipanegyric, oration praising someone; choral song sung by participants in the la’pa’ festival (major offering feast) (PWMP: *ñañuy)

naŋkaʔjackfruit tree and fruit: Artocarpus heterophylla Linn. (LOAN)

na-pile-ichose, selected, picked out (PWMP: *na-piliq) *piliq

napo-buaʔit was done by, it was brought about through, it happened because of, on account of, through the operation of (PMP: *buhat₂)

naramtame (PAN: *najam)

Tae' (620 / 1026)

nasucook, cooked (PMP: *nasu) *Nasu

natotree with broad leaves; the wood is reddish and is valued as timber for construction (PMP: *ñatuq)

nipathe swamp palm, Nipa fruticans (PMP: *nipaq)

nipiʔthin, flat (PMP: *nipis) *Nipis

nuaŋbush antelope, an antelope with short horns: Anoa depressicornis (PMP: *qanuaŋ) *qaNuaŋ

-ŋku1sg possessive suffix: my (PAN: *-ku)

onisound, noise (PMP: *huni) *Suni

oni manukcry of a cock (PMP: *huni) *Suni

oni oniflute made of a split rice straw (PWMP: *huni huni) *Suni

osokimplant, drive in, as a grave post into the ground; also: erect a hut or house (that is not on houseposts) (PMP: *usuk)

osok-an baruŋ-baruŋthe erection of a hut or house (that is not on houseposts) (PWMP: *usuk-an) *usuk

ossaʔstep on, tread on (ROOT)

otiŋpointed extremity at the base of a knife or machete which is stuck into the hilt (PMP: *utiŋ)

-pastill, yet (PAN: *pa₁)

pa-bunothat which kills, strikes or pricks (PMP: *pa-bunuq) *buNuq₂

pa-buntaŋ-ilet water flow into a paddy field so that it becomes full (PMP: *buntaŋ)

padathe same in size, quantity, quality, shape, etc. (PWMP: *pada)

padaŋearth, ground; field; kind of grass with sharp, needle-like leaves; when young it creeps along the ground with long tendrils (PWMP: *padaŋ)

padaŋ allaʔdeserted stretches between one village or region and another (PMP: *qelet) *qeleC

pada-padaapproximately so; the same, all without distinction (PWMP: *pada pada) *pada

Tae' (640 / 1026)

pa-duduŋ-igive someone something to carry on the head (PWMP: *zuŋzuŋ)

pa-duri-durithorny, spiky (PMP: *duRi)

pa-gannar-anto complete something for (someone) (PWMP: *genep)

pagaʔbamboo fence built, for example, around the base of a tree in order to heap up fertilizer around it (PMP: *pager)

pa-indan-ilend to (PWMP: *hinzam-i) *hinzam

paka-duagrasp something with two hands (PMP: *paka-duha) *duSa

paka-dua-duado something in a hasty fashion (PMP: *duha) *duSa

paka-matainflammation of the eyes, conjunctivitis (PMP: *mata) *maCa

pa-kannaget lucky in gambling (PWMP: *pa-kena) *keNa

paka-takuʔto frighten (PMP: *paka-takut) *takut

pa-katusend (PAN: *pa-kaCu) *kaCu

paketo use; to wear, have on; festival dress, beautiful clothing, adornment (LOAN)

pa-kilalaremember; think about; admonish (PMP: *pa-kilala) *kilala

pa-kilo-kiloto shine, glisten, flicker (PWMP: *kilaw₂)

pa-kitaable to see (PAN: *pa-kita) *kita

pakukind of fern eaten as a vegetable (PWMP: *paku) *paheku

pa-lakotake away, to place, put (PWMP: *pa-lakaw) *lakaw

pa-lalangrow seed; cultivate in order to sow later, of actions; make a model (to prepare the way for some action) (PWMP: *pa-zalan) *zalan

palaŋkaraised floor on the left side of a house. (LOAN)

palapamidrib of palm leaves (PMP: *palaqpaq)

Tae' (660 / 1026)

pala-uranrainy season (PMP: *quzan) *quzaN

palaʔpalm of the hand, sole of the foot (PMP: *palaj₁)

paluhammer; beat with a hammer; also a very common term of abuse for coitus (PMP: *palu) *palu₃

paluŋ-anfeeding trough for pigs and other animals (PWMP: *paluŋ-an) *paluŋ₁

palu-palu-ibeat on with a hammer (PAN: *palu-palu) *palu₃

pa-matedie; kill; numb something, bring under narcosis (PMP: *pa(ka)-m-atay) *aCay

pa-m-burato foam, work up suds (PMP: *bujeq₂) *bujeq

pa-miriŋinclined beams at front and rear of house (PMP: *bidiŋ)

pa-miriŋinclined beams at front and rear of house (PMP: *biriŋ₁)

pa-misak-anto split with (PMP: *biseqak)

pam-mulaŋthe binding of an artificial spur to the leg of a fighting cock; thread used for this purpose (PWMP: *paŋ-bulaŋ) *bulaŋ

pampaŋtransverse, stretched across the breadth of (NOISE)

pa-mulaŋthread with which the artificial spur is bound to the leg of a fighting cock (PWMP: *paŋ-bulaŋ) *bulaŋ

pamunithat which is hidden, that which is kept secret (PWMP: *paŋ-buni) *buNi

pa-muniwhat is hidden (PMP: *buni₁) *buNi

pa-musoʔcarded kapok fibers (PWMP: *paŋ-busuR) *busuR₂

panabow (PAN: *panaq)

pa-naun-anthe Toraja agricultural year (PMP: *taqun)

panaʔheat of the sun; sharp, pungent, of Spanish pepper; Spanish pepper (PMP: *panas₁)

panaʔginger: Zingiber officinale (PMP: *panas₂)

Tae' (680 / 1026)

pandakvery short, very small (PMP: *pandak)

pandanfragrant type of pandanus with thorny leaves (PMP: *paŋedan) *paŋudaN

pandemaster in an art or craft, as a blacksmith (LOAN)

panikilarge bat, flying fox (PMP: *paniki)

paniʔwing (PAN: *paNij)

panoskin disease in which the skin shows light-colored spots: Pityriasis flava (PMP: *panaw₁) *panaw

pan-tananwhat is planted; riceplants that have already been transplanted into the paddy (PWMP: *pa-nanem) *CaNem

paŋ-ala geloŋleader of song group in the maro ceremony (PWMP: *paŋ-alaq) *alaq₁

paŋanbetel chew (PMP: *paŋan)

paŋ-asathat which is sharpened (PWMP: *paŋ-hasaq) *Sasaq

paŋgagaa creeping plant with small, round leaves that are used as a vegetable and boiled for pig fodder: Hydrocotyle asiatica (PWMP: *paŋgaga)

paŋia tree with large round fruits, Pangium edule. The pith of the seeds is dried, pounded, and cooked, and becomes black as a result; it is then used as a vegetable (PWMP: *paŋi)

paŋ-impia dream (PWMP: *paŋ-hipi) *Sipi

paŋ-isisickness in which one urinates only a few drops (PMP: *pa-isi) *isi₅

paŋ-kalia piece of ground that has been dug up for planting, but not yet planted (PWMP: *pa-ŋali) *kalih

paŋkaʔrank, position (LOAN)

paŋ-lu-antime of the solstice, when one cooks the pig fodder (PWMP: *paŋ-qalejaw-an) *qalejaw

paŋ-ululeader, commander (PWMP: *paŋ-qulu) *quluh

paŋ-ure-anreel, implement used to separate and wind up thread or yarn (PWMP: *quray)

paomango (PMP: *pahuq₁)

Tae' (700 / 1026)

pa-onimake a sound or noise, produce a sound (PWMP: *pa-huni) *Suni

paparoof covering, and more specifically one of split round pieces of bamboo (NOISE)

pa-padato make equal (PWMP: *pada)

papa daun niparoof thatch made from the leaves of this swamp palm (PMP: *nipaq)

papanplank (PMP: *papan)

pa-p-ate-ankill (PWMP: *pa-p-atay-an) *aCay

parathe slanting upper portion of the front and rear facades of a house (PAN: *paRa₁)

paradapaint, pigment; also: anything used like paint, as tar (LOAN)

para-pararack in a house where eating utensils are put (PMP: *paRa paRa) *paRa₁

parerice in the field (PAN: *pajay)

pare bulaankind of yellow/golden rice which yields white grains (PAN: *bulaw-an) *bulaw

pare launold rice; rice that is not newly harvested (PWMP: *laun)

pariaclimbing plant with bitter cucumber-like fruit used as a vegetable (PWMP: *paria)

pariamaname of a constellation (PWMP: *pariama)

parrasqueeze out; crude expression for ‘hold onto’ (PAN: *peReq)

paruʔto rasp, grate (PMP: *parud)

pasaŋflood tide (PWMP: *pasaŋ₄)

pasaʔmarket; time between the holding of two markets (LOAN)

pa-sirukto feed with a spoon (PMP: *si(n)duk)

pasiʔsand (PWMP: *pasiR)

Tae' (720 / 1026)

pa-tama-iput something in, fill with (PMP: *tama₂)

pat-aŋfour (in 40, 4,000 (NOT in 400), counting units of time) (PWMP: *pat-aŋ) *Sepat

pa-taŋiʔto make someone cry (PMP: *pa-taŋis) *Caŋis

p-ate-ikill (PMP: *p-atay) *aCay

pa-tindo-anplace to lie down,; sleeping place (PMP: *tiduR)

pa-tindo-an tauplacenta (reclining place for people) (PMP: *tiduR)

patiʔchop off, usually of bamboo (PWMP: *pated)

pattaŋvery dark, pitch-dark (PWMP: *peteŋ)

pa-tuduto point out, give an indication to; teach, lead (PAN: *pa-tuzuq) *tuzuq₁

patuŋ, pattuŋkind of large bamboo: D. flagellifer (PWMP: *patuŋ)

pa-turuʔ-ito follow, go after; also to follow someone’s wish or will (PWMP: *tuRut)

pa-turuʔ-i waifollow something up with water; after having eaten something drink water to wash it down (PWMP: *tuRut)

payuŋparasol, umbrella; exalted, overshadowing others (used in the titles of princes) (PWMP: *payuŋ)

paʔa chisel (PMP: *paqet)

paʔ-baranihero, intrepid fighter, champion (PMP: *baRani)

paʔ-bisik-anspeak of something in a whisper, tell in a whisper (PWMP: *bisik₃)

paʔ-bunoweapon (PMP: *bunuq₂) *buNuq₂

paʔdaŋsword, sabre (LOAN)

paʔdiʔpain, painful (PMP: *hapejis)

paʔdugall (PAN: *qapejux)

Tae' (740 / 1026)

paʔ-duadivide into two, to halve (PMP: *duha) *duSa

paʔ-gasiŋ-anplace where tops are spun, top-spinning ground (PWMP: *gasiŋ)

paʔ-ichisel out, gouge a hole with a chisel; carving done with a chisel (PMP: *paqet)

paʔka-buaʔ-nathrough its action, its performance (PMP: *buhat₂)

paʔ-kayu-anbuilding material of wood for a house or granary (PMP: *kahiw) *kaSiw

paʔ-kunir-anused to tint something yellow with curcuma (PMP: *kunij)

paʔ-kuniʔthat which is tinted yellow with curcuma (PMP: *kunij)

paʔ-kurinsomeone who makes or sells cooking pots (PMP: *kudin)

paʔlakcultivated field, garden (PWMP: *parelak)

paʔpakbark of tree, strip off bark (PWMP: *pakpak₂)

paʔpakk-iremove the bark of a tree (PWMP: *pakpak₂)

paʔ-pile-anthe remainder, residue that has no more value, is of no more use after the valuable or useful part has been chosen (PAN: *piliq)

paʔ-taun-anthe Toraja agricultural year (PMP: *taqun)

pa-ʔuma-nground that has been used to make a rice paddy; paddy field (PAN: *pa-qumah-an) *qumah

pa-ʔutan-anvegetable patch, place where one plants vegetables (PMP: *qutan) *quCaN

pa-ʔutaŋthat which is bought on credit (PWMP: *pa-qutaŋ) *qutaŋ

pe-bisaktool used for splitting (PMP: *biseqak)

pedeʔclose up well, of a hole; pack earth in tightly; press a plug in tightly so that there is no leak (PMP: *pedet)

pe-kalidigging stick (PMP: *kali₂) *kalih

pe-karandaŋput in a carrying basket (PWMP: *karanzaŋ)

Tae' (760 / 1026)

pe-kayu-ancollect wood for something (PMP: *kahiw) *kaSiw

pe-kutu-ito delouse (PMP: *kutu₁) *kuCux

pe-liaŋto place the remains of the dead in a rock grave (PMP: *liaŋ)

pem-biʔbir-anwind around, wrap around (PWMP: *bidibid)

pem-buaŋ-andispose of large objects (PWMP: *paŋ-buaŋ-an) *buqaŋ

pem-buni-anconceal oneself from someone (PMP: *buni₁) *buNi

pempento push, crowd, jostle (PWMP: *penpen₁)

pə-paruʔa rasp, grater (PMP: *parud)

pe-taŋaput something in the middle (PMP: *teŋaq)

piaksplit, cleave; be split, cloven (PWMP: *pihak)

piakto split, cleave; be split apart (PWMP: *piqak)

pile-ichoose, pick out (PAN: *piliq-i) *piliq

piliʔtemple of the head (PWMP: *pilis)

pindato change, of being (intr.); way of changing (PWMP: *pindaq)

pindanplate, dish of earthenware or porcelain (LOAN)

pintaʔtwist or intertwine strands to make a rope, as with fibers of the sugarpalm (PWMP: *pintal)

pirahow much?, how many? (PAN: *pijax)

piranwhen (future) (PMP: *p-ijan) *ijan

pira-ŋ-boŋiʔpreviously, earlier (PAN: *pijax)

pira-pira-kaas many as there are (PAN: *pija pija) *pijax

Tae' (780 / 1026)

pisoknife (PMP: *pisaw)

pituseven (PAN: *pitu₁) *pitu

pitu-ŋ-puluseventy (PMP: *pitu ŋa puluq) *pitu

pitu-ratuʔ700 (PMP: *pitu ŋa Ratus) *pitu

ponnofull; filled (PAN: *peNuq)

ponno-anto fill for (someone); fulness; be full (PWMP: *penuq-an) *peNuq

ponno saecome in throngs, of people; to pour, of rain, rain cats and dogs (PMP: *penuq sakay) *peNuq

poŋ-gilaŋ-gilaŋglitter, sparkle, shine (PWMP: *gilaŋ)

puaŋSir, lord; as title in religious names; also used for those of heavenly origin, the nobility and in particular for the rulers of the regions of Sangallá, Mengkendek and Mákale; God (PMP: *puaŋ)

pulaʔtwist, wring, as to remove the water from clothes that have been washed (PMP: *pules)

puntibanana tree and fruit (several named varieties) (PAN: *punti₁)

punti aukind of banana that is grayish when unripe (PMP: *qabu)

punti baraŋanbanana sp. with fruits that are of medium size and speckled black (PWMP: *baraŋan₁)

punti batukind of banana with hard seeds (PMP: *batu) *batux

punti bulaankind of large banana with fruit that becomes dark yellow when ripe (PAN: *bulaw-an) *bulaw

punti sususmall, tasty kind of banana that was recently introduced (PMP: *susu) *susu₂

puppuʔto pluck (PAN: *putput₁)

pupupull off, tear off, pluck; pick or scrape kernels from a corn cob; pick coffee beans (PMP: *pupu₁)

pusothe heart-shaped inflorescence of the banana plant (PMP: *pusuq₁)

putewhite; white chicken (PMP: *putiq)

Tae' (800 / 1026)

puyoa bird: the quail (PWMP: *puyuq)

rabukphosphorescent fungus on a decaying log (PMP: *Rabuk)

raka pe-turoindex finger (PAN: *tuzuq₁)

rakiʔkind of raft made of four or five planks and used to transport soil to the rice paddies (PMP: *Rakit)

rambufibers; fringe at the edge of a woven fabric; excess fibers that are not included in the weaving (PWMP: *rambu)

rampaʔto rob; be taken captive (PWMP: *Rampas)

rampuncollect, gather, bring together (PMP: *rempun)

randan laŋiʔhorizon (PMP: *laŋit) *laŋiC

raŋkedry (of ground, etc.) (PWMP: *Raŋkay)

rarablood; smear with the blood of a sacrificial animal (PAN: *daRaq)

raraŋbake, roast over a fire, esp. meat; do something quickly, in the blink of an eye (as in retrieving something that is roasting over a fire so that it doesn’t burn) (PMP: *daŋdaŋ₁) *daŋdaŋ

ratucome, arrive (PMP: *dateŋ)

ratuʔhundred (PMP: *Ratus) *RaCus

raʔdaʔlow-growing Indian coral tree, perhaps Erythrina microcarpa (PMP: *dapdap₁)

riasword grass: Imperata cylindrica (PAN: *Riaq)

rimpiʔto clip, pinch, squeeze (PMP: *Ri(m)pit)

rindiŋwall in, surround with walls; wall, partition; side of the ribcage (PMP: *diŋdiŋ₁)

rindiŋ-ito wall in (PMP: *diŋdiŋ₁)

riŋgiʔ buruŋcoin resembling a colonial Rijksdaalder, displaying a bird figure (LOAN)

rumbiaa large Colocasia taro with tall stem; the leaves are cooked as pig fodder (PMP: *Rumbia)

Tae' (820 / 1026)

saaŋpitiable, through which one is moved (to sympathy or compassion); regrettable, deplorable (PWMP: *sayaŋ)

sake-anwilling to be ridden (of a horse or carabao) (PWMP: *sakay-an) *sakay₁

sake-ito ride a horse (PMP: *sakay₁)

salamistake, error, fault; flaw, failing; transgression, offense; inaccurate, wrong; guilty (PMP: *salaq₁)

salaŋkaʔto grope for something, as a blind person (ROOT)

salaʔintensive form of sala (PMP: *salaq₁)

salifloor of a house (PMP: *saleR)

sambakotobacco (LOAN)

saŋaɁbit, metal bar in the mouth of a horse; put a bit in a horse’s mouth (PWMP: *saŋal)

saŋ-apahow long? (PMP: *apa₁)

saŋ-balione side, either member of body parts that come in pairs (PMP: *baliw₁)

sa-ŋ-bulanone month (PWMP: *sa-ŋa-bulan) *bulaN

saŋ-kayu tallaŋa bamboo stool (PWMP: *sa-ŋ-kahiw) *kaSiw

saŋ-kurina cooking pot full of food; spouse, endearing expression by a woman for her husband or a man for his wife (PMP: *kudin)

sa-ŋ-lalanname of the relationship between men whose wives are sisters, or between women whose husbands are brothers (lit. ‘one path’) (PMP: *zalan)

sa-ŋ-puloten (PMP: *ŋa)

saputo sweep, sweep up, slowly pass the open hand over something (as in stroking or wiping) (PMP: *sapu)

sapu-isweep away with a broom (PMP: *sapu)

sapu-i palaɁsweep something away with the palm of the hand, meaning rid oneself of something, curse someone so severely that a relationship with the speaker is no longer possible (PMP: *sapu)

sa-ratuʔone hundred (PMP: *Ratus) *RaCus

Tae' (840 / 1026)

sarrahoarse, broken, of the voice (NEAR)

sarrea grass with deep roots and small bluish-green leaves, used as a condiment: Andropogon nardus Linn. (PWMP: *seray)

sauŋpit cocks against one another (PWMP: *sabuŋ₁)

sawapython (PMP: *sawa)

sepakcut off the leg of an animal at the upper end of the femur (PWMP: *sepak₁) *sepak

sia-isalt something, put salt on (PWMP: *qasiRa-i) *qasiRa

si-balibecome a pair, marry (PMP: *baliw₁)

si-bataŋas big as (PMP: *bataŋ) *bataŋ₁

si-binteattack in leaping flight, of birds and fowls (PMP: *bintiq)

si-bunokill one another (PMP: *bunuq₂) *buNuq₂

si-gannaʔcomplete with (PWMP: *genep)

sikswishing sound, as of something struck with a (PWMP: *cik)

sikrustling of ripe rice ears in the wind (PWMP: *sik)

sika-lammaʔgentle, mild, be friendly to one another (PWMP: *lemeq)

si-kitasee one another (PAN: *kita₂) *kita

sikkuʔnarrow (PWMP: *sikut₂)

sikuelbow; carpenter’s square (< Malay); a measure from the tip of the middle finger to the elbowy); a measure from the tip of the middle finger to the elbow (PAN: *sikux)

si-kututo delouse one another (PMP: *kutu₁) *kuCux

silaʔparry a blow or push; to fence (PWMP: *silat)

si-pem-buni-anhide from one another (PMP: *buni₁) *buNi

Tae' (860 / 1026)

si-piakone half of something in relation to the other (PWMP: *pihak)

si-piakone half of something split in two, as a divided rice paddy (PWMP: *piqak)

sipiʔtongs, pincers (PAN: *sipit)

si-(po)-adibe in a relationship of elder and younger sibling (PWMP: *si huaji) *Suaji

siriwinnow, shake in a winnowing basket to separate the chaff from the grain (PMP: *siji)

sirrinant (PWMP: *sijem)

sirukscoop up with a ladle; wooden spoon, eating spoon (PMP: *si(n)duk)

sissikscale of a fish or a snake, scales on the legs of a chicken; sickness that produces scaly skin, Tinea imbricata; overlap one another like scales (PMP: *siksik₂)

si-tamaget along, be well-disposed toward one another; make peace, be reconciled (PAN: *tama₁)

si-taŋir-anweep for one another (PMP: *taŋis) *Caŋis

si-turuʔfollow one behind the other; in agreement; unanimous (PWMP: *tuRut)

siʔduto hiccup, make a hiccuping sound (PWMP: *siqedu)

suliŋtube, pipe, culvert; flute (PWMP: *suliŋ)

suliŋ patomalithe tubes on both sides, in other words the two ears (PWMP: *suliŋ)

suliŋ rapiɁsame as tulali, a bamboo flute with two small pipes which fit into two larger ones (rapiɁ = ‘twin’) (PWMP: *suliŋ)

suliʔ dadihard to obtain (PWMP: *sulit₁)

sulotorch (PMP: *suluq)

sumaŋaʔsoul, spirit of a living person, life-force (PMP: *sumaŋed)

sumbaŋborder, there, where something stops (PWMP: *sumbaŋ)

s<um>iku-mikuflee by running in a zigzag manner (PAN: *s<um>iku) *sikux

Tae' (880 / 1026)

sumpiʔbamboo blowpipe; shoot a dart at a target with a blowpipe (PMP: *sumpit)

surasharpened spikes of bamboo placed in the ground and used as a mantrap to keep off thieves (PMP: *suja)

suraɁincise figures in something, carving of wood or bamboo; engrave; write; draw or mark (LOAN)

surrikspotted, speckled, not only of the hair, but also of the skin of a pig (PWMP: *curik)

susokind of edible black snail found in rice paddies (PMP: *susuq)

susufemale breast, udder; suck at the breast; also a crude expression for to eat (PAN: *susu₁)

suʔkaʔ (preconsonantal ʔ unexpl.)heavy sobbing (PWMP: *sukak)

taaʔ-ito bargain, haggle over the price (PWMP: *tawaD)

tabeʔword used to excuse oneself, as in leave-taking, etc. (LOAN)

tabuankind of wasp that makes its nest in dry wood (PMP: *tabuqan)

tabuan balowasp with thin midsection and yellow stripes around the body, with a venomous sting (PMP: *tabuqan)

tadiartificial spur for a fighting cock (LOAN)

taé apa apanothing; never mind; whatever (PWMP: *NEG + apa apa) *apa₁

taeʔ paʔdu-nnahe has no understanding, no judgment (lit. 'without gall') (PAN: *qapejux)

taithe waste produced by something; feces; dregs, sediment (PMP: *taqi) *Caqi

tai laliʔwart (lit. ‘fly speck’) (PMP: *taqi nu lalej) *Caqi

tai tuaksediment of palm wine (PMP: *taqi) *Caqi

tai uaygreen duckweed on the surface of water (PMP: *taqi) *Caqi

takoʔcup the two hands together to hold something (PWMP: *takup₁) *takup

ta-kua-kuaas if; so people say (PMP: *kua₁) *kua₂

Tae' (900 / 1026)

takur-ancowardly (PWMP: *takut-an) *takut

takuʔto fear (PAN: *takut)

taliheadband used to hold the hair in place (PMP: *talih) *CaliS

tali-iput on a headband (PMP: *talih) *CaliS

ta-likur-anwaist ‘yoke’ used to support the back of a weaver (who sits to weave on a back loom) (PMP: *ta-likud) *likud

ta-limbuŋgather around, swarm around something (PMP: *limbun)

talim-puruʔwhirlwind (PMP: *-pudus)

taliŋa balao(lit. 'rat's ear') kind of fungus that grows on the underside of a decayed bamboo betuŋ (PMP: *taliŋa) *Caliŋa

tallaŋkind of slender bamboo (PWMP: *telaŋ)

talloʔegg (PMP: *qateluR)

talloʔegg (PMP: *qiteluR) *qiCeluR

talluthree (PAN: *telu)

tallu buli-nnariceplant (lit. 'the three-eared, that which has three ears') (PMP: *buliR)

tamain, into; to the east; to the west (PMP: *tama₂)

ta-mallaŋskin disease which produces white spots on the palms of the hands and soles of the feet (PMP: *belaŋ₂)

tamanaŋsteriile, infertile, childless, of people; to fail to yield fruit, of plantings such as maize (PWMP: *tamanaŋ)

tambagared copper (LOAN)

tambakclean something by pounding it (PMP: *tambak₁)

tambakclean something by pounding it (PWMP: *tabak₁) *tabak

tammiʔchew so as to enjoy the juice and reject the refuse, as when chewing sugarcane (PMP: *tamis)

Tae' (920 / 1026)

tammuto receive, meet, greet guests (PWMP: *temu₂)

tampaŋto check, stop; dam up water (PWMP: *tampeŋ)

tampaʔa blow; give a punch in the mouth (PWMP: *tampar₂)

tanaground, earth, land; world (PMP: *taneq)

tananto plant; also to put, place, erect (PMP: *tanem) *CaNem

tanan-anwhat is planted (PMP: *tanem) *CaNem

tanan-nito plant with (PMP: *tanem) *CaNem

tanan-nito plant (with) (PMP: *tanem-i) *CaNem

tana ToraaToraja country (PMP: *taneq)

tannunto weave; threads for weaving (PAN: *tenun)

tannun-anweave for someone (PAN: *tenun)

taŋamiddle (as of a village, middle of the night), half, half-way (PMP: *teŋaq)

taŋiʔweeping, crying; lamentation, funeral dirge (PMP: *taŋis) *Caŋis

taŋiʔ-ito cry over, initiate a lamentation for the dead (PMP: *taŋis-i) *Caŋis

taŋ ka-layu-anof an entire family, not affected by the death of someone in his youth (used in the supplication for long life) (PAN: *layu)

taŋ lakonot come (PMP: *lakaw)

tapa-ihang up to smoke, leave to dry over a fire, of meat, fish, paddy (PMP: *tapa₁) *Capa

tapa-nplace where anything is dried over a fire, in particular the rack over the hearth where the firewood is stored (PWMP: *tapa-an) *Capa

taranatural cockspur (PMP: *tada)

tarato rough hew, shape with an adze (PAN: *taRaq₁)

Tae' (940 / 1026)

tarimato receive, accept (LOAN)

taruksprout from a tree or plant, shoot, bud; descendant, progeny (PWMP: *taruk)

tarunindigo plant, Indigofera; its extract is used to dye clothes blue; blue in color (PMP: *taRum)

tarun-tarun-anbluish; bright blue, as translucent water (PMP: *taRum)

tasakripe (PMP: *tasak)

tasiksea (PMP: *tasik)

tasik mapuluʔthe safe sea, where no catastrophes occur (lit. ‘sea of glue’) (PMP: *tasik)

tauperson, human being (PMP: *tau₁) *Cau

taunthe time that the rice needs to grow from seed to mature plant (PMP: *taqun)

tau pandaka very short person (PMP: *pandak)

taʔbusugarcane (PMP: *tebuh₁) *tebuS

tetea small bridge, plank bridge; walk over a plank bridge (PMP: *taytay)

ti-ampaʔspread out, as a mat; dispersed, as a multitude of people (PMP: *hampaR) *SapaR

timbaŋto consider, deliberate, discuss; to weigh (this meaning said to be from Malay) (PWMP: *timbaŋ)

t<in>arandart of a blowpipe; blowpipe (PWMP: *t<in>azem) *Cazem

tindodream that one no longer recalls, dream that has a certain significance (PMP: *tiduR)

to buriʔ penaanna(metaphorical) someone whose heart is 'speckled', whose intentions are not honorable or whose character is bad (PWMP: *burik)

to ma-saaŋsomeone who is to be pitied (PWMP: *ma-sayaŋ) *sayaŋ

to matedeceased person, corpse; worthless (PMP: *m-atay) *aCay

to ma-tuaold as the sugar palm, which has a hard core; very old (PMP: *ma-tuqah) *tuqaS

Tae' (960 / 1026)

to pa-bali-anassistant, helper; the slave who stands at the side of the to mebalun (funeral director) at the performance of the death ritual (PMP: *baliw₁)

to pa-p-ate-anmurderer (PWMP: *pa-p-atay-an) *aCay

to ratuguest (PMP: *dateŋ)

tuaa creeper the roots of which are pounded fine to yield a sap used to stun fish; to stun fish with this poison, Derris elliptica (PAN: *tubah)

tuaold (PMP: *tuqah) *tuqaS

tuaʔturn around, turn upside down (PWMP: *tuad)

tudaplant by making holes with a dibble stick (PWMP: *tuzaq)

tulalibamboo flute with two small pipes that fit into two larger ones that are bound together; according to some the tulali is a short flute with four holes on the upper side that are played with the index and middle fingers, and two holes on the underside that are played with the thumbs (PMP: *tulali) *tulani

tulicarry along in its downward course (of something falling, striking other objects and carrying them along with it) (PWMP: *tuluy₃)

tumaclothes louse (PMP: *tumah) *CumeS

tuma-nhave clothes lice (PMP: *tumah) *CumeS

t<um>annunto weave (PAN: *t<um>enun) *tenun

t<um>aŋiʔto weep, to cry (PAN: *C<um>aŋis) *Caŋis

tumbiriŋlie on one's side (sub biriŋ) (PWMP: *tumbiriŋ)

tumbukstrike hard against, punch, pound against something (PMP: *tumbuk)

tunuto burn, roast, broil, bake; slaughter animals (PMP: *tunu) *CuNuh

tunu kuliʔroast over a fire in the skin, as tubers (PMP: *tunu) *CuNuh

turoto point out, show, indicate (PAN: *tuzuq₁)

turopoint out, show, demonstrate (PMP: *tuzuq₂) *Cuzuq

turunto descend, go down; follow one after another in multitudes (PMP: *tuRun₁)

Tae' (980 / 1026)

turuʔto follow, go after (PWMP: *tuRut)

tutuŋput in the fire; burning of wood, etc. (PMP: *tutuŋ)

tutuŋ-ito put something close to a fire so that it will ignite (PMP: *tutuŋ)

tuʔtukto pound fine (as foods) (PAN: *tuktuk₃)

uexclamation, used as an answer when one is called (PMP: *qu₁)

uani, wanikind of bee which nests in trees or rock grottoes (PMP: *wani)

uaŋ, waŋarchaic coin; used today for money in general (LOAN)

uaʔsound of belching, sound of one about to vomit (PMP: *uak₂)

ubangray hair (PMP: *quban) *qubaN

uban-angray, of hair (PWMP: *quban-en) *qubaN

ubaʔgunpowder (LOAN)

uditest, examine (PWMP: *uzi)

uduan exclamation of grief (PMP: *uduq₁)

uerattan (PAN: *quay)

ue arruʔrattan that has already been scraped (PWMP: *aRud)

uituber, yam (PMP: *qubi)

ukiʔengrave, draw, write (PMP: *ukir)

ulaʔsnake (PMP: *hulaR) *SulaR

ulliʔworm, maggot, caterpillar (PMP: *qulej)

uluhead; beginning; upper part (PMP: *qulu) *quluh

Tae' (1000 / 1026)

uluʔlower something (PMP: *huluR) *SuluR

umawet rice field, rice paddy (PMP: *quma) *qumah

um-ballukdance while bending the fingers (PMP: *beluk)

umba na-kuahow? what sort of? (PMP: *kua₁) *kua₂

unaʔpith of plants and young trees (PMP: *qunej)

undifollow from behind; after, later (PMP: *udehi)

uŋ-kita isin-nahave prophetic foresight, see into the future (lit. ‘see its teeth’) (PAN: *kita₂) *kita

upuʔat an end, used up, finished (PMP: *upus)

urayoung (PMP: *upus)

uranrain (PMP: *quzan) *quzaN

uraŋshrimp (PAN: *qudaŋ)

uraʔmuscle; tendon; sinew; vein; nerve of a leaf, grain of wood (PMP: *uRat) *huRaC

uraʔ palaʔlines in the palm of the hand (PMP: *uRat i lima) *huRaC

ureloosen, undo, untie; disentangle thread or yarn that will be used in weaving (PWMP: *quray)

urruŋbuzzing of bees, growling of an angry dog (PMP: *huRuŋ)

uruʔrub or massage with the hands (PMP: *quRut)

utakbrain; marrow (PMP: *hutek)

utanvegetables, greens (PMP: *qutan) *quCaN

utaŋdebt (PMP: *qutaŋ)

uyungather long objects into a bundle (PWMP: *uyun₁)

Tae' (1020 / 1026)

waiwater (PMP: *wahiR)

wai matatears (PWMP: *wahiR ni mata) *wahiR

wai matatears (PMP: *mata) *maCa

wakaʔroot (PMP: *wakat)

waseaxe, adze (PWMP: *wasay)

wase-iwork with an axe or adze (PWMP: *wasay)

Tagabili (397) WMP. see: Tboli

Tagakaulu Kalagan (55) WMP. see: Kalagan

686. Tagalog (3999) WMP (Panganiban 1966, English 1986) [tgl] Philippines

abáemphatic denial; sudden reproach; simple surprise; hail! (PWMP: *abá)

abah-íntake notice of someone (PWMP: *abá)

abakáhemp (PPh: *abaká)

abálainconvenience; bother; trouble; interruption; disturbance (PPH: *abála)

abáŋperson asked to wait and watch for someone or some vehicle to come or pass by (PMP: *abaŋ₁)

abat-ánwaylay or ambush (someone) (PMP: *qambat)

ábaybest man in a wedding; maid-of-honor; escort (PPH: *abay)

abóashes (PMP: *qabu)

abókthin dust; cinder; powder (PMP: *qabuk)

ábotovertaken, abreast with (PPH: *qábut)

abótreach; within reach, the extent or distance of reaching; power; capacity; range; distance a gun can shoot (PPH: *qábut)

ábuh-anash-tray, ashcan, table stove (PAN: *qabu-an) *qabu

abuh-ínclean (something) with ashes; ashy, gray or grayish (PWMP: *qabu-en) *qabu

abúloyaid; help; alms; contribution; donation; offering (PPH: *abúluy)

ábuluy-ánmutual aid (PPH: *abúluy)

abulúy-anto give a specific person, persons or cause some help (PPH: *abúluy)

abúsoabuse; an evil custom; maltreatment (LOAN)

ábut-ábotcontinuous (as chain smoking) (PPH: *qábut)

abut-ánto hand someone something (PPH: *qábut-an) *qábut

abut-into reach for; overtake (someone) or find (someone or something) upon reaching a place (PPH: *qábut-en) *qábut

Tagalog (20 / 3999)

ágaearliness (PPH: *ága)

agáh-anbreakfast (PPH: *ága)

ágawsudden snatching away; deprivation (of property or the like); interposition in conversation (used in narratives) (PAN: *qaRaw)

agaw-ánsnatching (things) away from each other; competition (PAN: *qaRaw)

ágiwsoot (PPH: *ágiw)

ágoŋgong (LOAN)

ágosflow of liquid, or direction of current (PMP: *qaRus)

agtáshort black people, Negritos (PMP: *qaRta)

agtásan opening that is a possible path in dense forests (ROOT)

agúhoa tree: Casuarina equisetifolia (PMP: *aRuhu)

agúhoa tree: Casuarina equisetifolia (PMP: *qaRuhu)

agwásmullet (when still spawning) (PMP: *qaRuas)

ákin1sg oblique (PAN: *aken₁)

akláhaʔcry of monkeys (PMP: *akerahaq)

akó1sg. nominative pronoun: I (PAN: *aku)

alagádfollower; disciple; apostle; minister; helper; public servant (LOAN)

álakwine, liquor; distillate, alcohol (LOAN)

alámbrewire (LOAN)

alaŋ-alaŋregard; respect; esteen; consideration (as for the elderly) (PPH: *alaŋ-alaŋ₂) *alaŋ

álaŋan-indoubtful; uncertain; hesitant; undecided; perplexed (PPH: *alaŋ-án) *alaŋ

Tagalog (40 / 3999)

alievil influence; demoniac or diabolic urge (NOISE)

alik-abókdust (rising and falling upon surfaces) (PPh: *alik-qabuk) *qabuk

alikabókdust (rising and falling on surfaces) (ROOT)

alílaʔservant; houseboy; housemaid; domestic (PPH: *alílaq)

alima shrub or tree: Melanolepis multiglandulosa (Madulid 2001) (PPH: *álem)

alimáŋolarge crab (PMP: *qali-maŋu)

alimísfurtive (PWMP: *qali-meqes)

alim-puyowhirlwind, eddy (PWMP: *puyu₂)

aliŋawŋáwechoing sound (PAN: *qali-)

alípinslave; serf; a person who is the property of another (PPh: *qadipen)

alipín-into treat as a slave (PPh: *qadipen)

alísdeparture (PPH: *qalís)

alis-ánto divest or strip someone of something (PPH: *qalis-an) *qalís

alis-ínto remove (PPH: *qalís)

alitaptapfirefly (PMP: *qali-petpet)

ali-taptápfirefly (PMP: *teptep)

álogpool of water on a lowland (PMP: *qaluR₂) *qaluR

alókproffer, offer (PWMP: *e(n)zuk)

álonwave; waviness of surface (PMP: *qalun)

alsáa rising, as of dough; strong protest (LOAN)

Tagalog (60 / 3999)

aluhipancentipede (PMP: *qalu-hipan) *qalu-Sipan

alulóŋdistant howling or barking of dogs (PMP: *aluluŋ)

alún-alónwavy; curly (PWMP: *qalun qalun) *qalun

alupagthe rambutan, Nephelium lappaceum L. (PAN: *qalupaR)

alupag kalabawthe dragon eye, or longan fruit: Dimocarpus longan Lour. (PAN: *qalupaR)

amáfather, progenitor; founder (PAN: *amax)

amá-ŋ(in some localities) elder person (PMP: *amá-ŋ) *amax

ambáʔthreatening gesture (NEAR)

ambáʔuncle (NOISE)

ambíʔeaves, gable end (PWMP: *ambiq)

ambónshower, drizzle (PWMP: *ambun)

ambuwáŋlarge beetle (PMP: *abuqaŋ)

amihannorth wind, northeast wind; breeze from the mountains going to the lowlands (PMP: *qamihan) *qamiS

ámin1pl ex oblique (PAN: *amen)

amísoppressed (being the subject of spite or condescension) (LOAN)

ámomaster; employer; boss (LOAN)

ampáwpuffed rice or corn (PMP: *ampaw)

ampíasrain entering through open or cracked windows, doors, walls, etc. (PWMP: *ampias)

-anthe -an suffix usually functions as the affix that focuses attention on the person or object or place toward which the action is directed or where the action is being carried out. Usually the actor focus counterpart of the -an suffix is -um-: b-um-ilí kamí sa kaniyá 'we bought from her (actor focus construction)', b-in-ilh-án namín siyá 'we bought from her (locative focus construction) (Ramos 1981:63) (PAN: *-an)

anáhawfan palm: Livistona spp. (PMP: *qanahaw)

Tagalog (80 / 3999)

anákoffspring; son, daughter (PMP: *anak) *aNak

anák anak-anfoster child (PWMP: *anak anak-an) *aNak

anak-ínadopt (x) as one's own child; act as sponsor, godparent to (x) (PWMP: *anak-en) *aNak

anák sa lígawbastard (PMP: *anak) *aNak

ánaywhite ants, termites (PAN: *aNay)

andá1jostle, push (LOAN)

andáptwinkling (of light); spurt of low flame before extinction (PWMP: *andap)

andásbier with shafts; pedestal or stand for statues of saints (LOAN)

ániharvest (PMP: *qanih) *qaniS

ánimsix (PAN: *a-enem) *enem

ánim-ansix for each; in groups of six (PPh: *enem-an) *enem

ánim-ánimin groups of six (PMP: *enem enem) *enem

anináwvisible through a haze (PPh: *qaninaw)

anínoshadow; reflection (on shiny surface, as mirror, etc.) (PMP: *qaninu) *qaNiŋu

ánitscalp (PMP: *qanit) *qaNiC

anítshaved close (PMP: *qanit) *qaNiC

anítoidolatry, superstitious custom (PMP: *qanitu) *qaNiCu

a-nówhat? (PMP: *a-nu) *-nu₁

ánodflotsam; spread of water (PAN: *qañud)

antárancid odor or taste (of oil, lard, etc.) (PWMP: *qanta)

Tagalog (100 / 3999)

antabáyslowing down in order to wait (PPh: *antábay)

antaladelay; procrastination; hindrance (LOAN)

antáywait for (something or someone) (NOISE)

antíŋ-antíŋamulet (LOAN)

antóksleepiness (PWMP: *qantuk)

anuliŋtree with yellowish leaves, used as spinach (PMP: *añuliŋ)

an(u)wáŋcarabao (PMP: *qanuaŋ) *qaNuaŋ

anyáyaʔaccident; mishap; injury; misfortune (LOAN)

áŋalprolonged cry, expressing pain, complaint, or opposition (PPh: *áŋal)

aŋgópeculiar odor of fermenting milk or like substances (PAN: *qaŋeRu)

aŋhítpeculiar odor issuing from goats and armpits (PAN: *qaŋeSit)

aŋhítpeculiar odor issuing from goats and armpits (PAN: *qaŋeliC)

aŋíaromatic odor of overcooked or oversteamed rice (PWMP: *aŋi₁)

aŋispeculiar repulsive odor of human excreta or putrefied food (NOISE)

aŋkásriding with someone in the same vehicle or on horseback or bicycle; getting or having a lift (PPH: *aŋkás)

aŋkátconsignment of merchandise (PWMP: *aŋkat)

aŋʔáŋstammering, stuttering (PAN: *qaŋqaŋ)

á-patfour (PMP: *a-epat) *Sepat

ápat-ánfour by four (PWMP: *epat-an) *Sepat

ápat-ápatfour at a time (PMP: *epat epat) *Sepat

Tagalog (120 / 3999)

apdóbile; gall; (fig.) bitterness (PAN: *qapejux)

apískind of rattan (PWMP: *apis)

apískind of rattan (NOISE)

apógrandchild (PMP: *ampu) *apu

ápoglime (PAN: *qapuR)

apóyfire, flame (PMP: *hapuy) *Sapuy

ápo-ʔpatriarch; mogul (PPh: *apu-q) *apu

apúlaʔchecking or stopping the progress (as of swelling, sickness, revolt, or the like, before it worsens) (NOISE)

ápuy-anstove, fireplace; matchbox, tinderbox; lighter (PWMP: *hapuy-an) *Sapuy

apyánopium (LOAN)

árawsun; day (PMP: *qalejaw)

aráyouch! (said e.g. when feeling the pain of an injection) (PPH: *aráy)

áriʔproperty (NOISE)

ásahope (LOAN)

ásalbehavior, manners; custom, habit (LOAN)

asámfeeling of anticipation (NOISE)

asáwaespouse (PAN: *qasawa)

ásimsourness, acidity (PWMP: *qalesem)

asínsalt (PAN: *qasiN)

ásodog (PAN: *asu₁)

Tagalog (140 / 3999)

asósmoke (PMP: *qasu₃)

asódsuccessive blows (usually in a smithy or in pugilistic encounters) (PPh: *qasúd)

ásur-ananvil (PPh: *qasud-án) *qasúd

asuwáŋ, aswáŋfolkloric evil creature capable of assuming diverse forms, but specially human form with horse feet (LOAN)

átaprepositive pronoun: our, ours; yours and mine (addressed to a familiar) (PAN: *ata)

atábcovering, roofing, or siding of palm leaves (PMP: *atab) *aCab

atábcovering, roofing or siding made of palm leaves (NOISE)

átagpersistently, repeatedly (PWMP: *atag)

átagdigging and levelling (said of roadbuilding and the like) (PWMP: *ataR)

átaŋraising of a load to someone's head or shoulders (PWMP: *ataŋ₂)

átaŋ-átaŋscorpion (PPh: *átaŋ átaŋ)

ata-ŋ báhay, báhay n-ataour (incl.) house (PAN: *ata)

atáyliver; arch of the sole of the foot (PMP: *qatay) *qaCay

átessugar apple, sweetsop (LOAN)

átinour, ours (incl.); us (object of preposition) (PMP: *aten) *iten

átinour, ours, of us (incl.) (PWMP: *aten₃) *ita₁

átin1pl in oblique (PMP: *aten) *iten

atíproof, roofing (PMP: *qatep)

atipuokind of breadfruit: Artocarpus altilis (Madulid 2001) (PPH: *qatipulu)

átistree that bears very sweet fruit called custard apple (LOAN)

Tagalog (160 / 3999)

átistree that bears very sweet fruit called custard apple (LOAN)

atp-ánplace of thatching (PWMP: *qatep-an) *qatep

awáŋinterval of space (PMP: *awaŋ)

awásdismissed, dispersed (of students or office workers at dismissal time); deducted, subtracted, discounted (NOISE)

áwatpacification or separation of quarreling people; weaning of a baby (PPH: *awat₂)

awatweaning; withdrawal or reduction of fuel or fire (NOISE)

áwayquarrel; dispute; fight; a noisy quarrel (PPH: *áway)

awayquarrel, dispute (NOISE)

away-ánenmity; hostile state between two enemies (PPH: *áway)

awáy-into quarrel or fight with someone (emphasis on person quarreled with) (PPH: *áway)

awʔawbarking of a yearling canine (PAN: *qawqaw)

ayinterjection: ay! alas! (PAN: *ai₂)

aylinker copula, corresponding to forms of 'to be' (NOISE)

ayligature used instead of a comma (NOISE)

áyamdog (PWMP: *qayam₂)

ayam-íntoy (PWMP: *qayam₃)

ayaw pa-kítato be unwilling to show oneself; to keep in the background; to keep out of sight (PAN: *pa-kita) *kita

áyonagreeable; in agreement; in conformity (PPH: *áyun)

áyonagreement (LOAN)

áyosorder; arrangement; condition, shape; tidiness; neatness (PPH: *áyus)

Tagalog (180 / 3999)

ayún-anto agree with; to accede to; to approve; to give in to; to humor (PPH: *áyun)

ayúnoa fast; fasting; abstaining from food (LOAN)

ayús-into settle; to put in order; to arrange; to straighten up; to straighten out (PPH: *áyus)

bainterjection (short for abá) expressing disgust or surprise (PMP: *ba₂)

bainterrogative particle (PWMP: *ba₅)

babácarried on back or piggy-back (as Eskimos and Japanese carry their babies); coitus of quadrupeds (PMP: *baba₁)

bábadstaying to soak (PPh: *bábad)

ba-bálaʔportent, as of storm; warning notice (PMP: *baraq)

ba-basag-ínfragile; easily broken, as glassware (PPH: *basag)

bábawshallowness, lack of depth (PWMP: *babaw₂)

bábaʔlowness (physical); humbleness (PMP: *babaq₁)

ba-báʔewoman, lady; female; mistress, paramour (PAN: *ba-bahi) *bahi

ba-baʔi-hintake a woman as mistress (PPh: *ba-bahi-en) *bahi

babuy-anpiggery (PAN: *babuy-an) *babuy₃

bágaglowing coal (PMP: *baRah)

bágalslowness to act (PMP: *bagal)

bagáŋ, bagʔáŋmolar tooth (PMP: *bageqaŋ)

bágayappropriate; suitable; fit; applicable; becoming; apropos; fitting; nice; proper; qualified (PWMP: *bagay)

bágayobject; thing; anything that can be seen or touched; matter; affair; article; item (PPH: *bágay)

bágaybecoming, proper, fit (LOAN)

Tagalog (200 / 3999)

bagáy-anto look becoming in a certain dress or situation; to act properly or in harmony with someone or some situation (PPH: *bagáy-an) *bagay

bágay-bágaycircumstances; conditions; terms; particulars (PPH: *bágay-bágay) *bágay

bágay sawith regard to; regarding; concerning; apropos of (PPH: *bágay)

bágaʔlung (PAN: *baRaq₁)

bagáʔabscess, tumor (PAN: *baReq)

bagbágbroken up (soil, rock); shipwrecked (PWMP: *baRbaR)

bagbágbroken up, as soil or rock; shipwrecked (PPH: *bagbág)

bagbag-inthe place undermined or worn away by water (PPH: *bagbag-en) *bagbág

bágonew, recent(ly) (PMP: *baqeRu) *baqeRuh

bagótexasperated; in a state of ennui or impatience (NOISE)

bagsáka sudden fall, drop or crash (PPH: *bag(e)sák)

bagtáspassage or trail across wilderness (ROOT)

ba-gtíŋtaut (PWMP: *geteŋ)

bagtíŋtaut (ROOT)

bagyóstorm (PAN: *baRiuS)

bahágG-string, loincloth with a part pulled between thighs (PMP: *bahaR)

báhawleft-over food, especially boiled or steamed rice (PMP: *bahaw) *baSaw

báhayhouse (PMP: *balay)

baháʔflood (PMP: *bahaq₂) *baSaq

bahína sneeze (PPH: *bahén)

Tagalog (220 / 3999)

bahógbroth mixed with some rice; food diluted with water or other liquid (PWMP: *bahuR)

báhoʔa bad odor or smell, stench; stink; a very bad smell (PMP: *bahuq)

bahug-áncontainer for left-over food (PWMP: *bahuR-an) *bahuR

baí ~ báyiʔroyal lady; lady of the court; princess (PMP: *bahi)

bákaliron (PPH: *bákal)

bakáʔperhaps; maybe; might (PPH: *bakáq)

bakbákdetached, decorticated; remove the bark or thick skin (of something) (PMP: *bakbak₁)

bakbak-ánremove the bark or thick skin of something (PWMP: *bakbak-an) *bakbak₁

bakládfish corral (PWMP: *bakelad)

baklar-ánplace where fish corrals are set (PWMP: *bakelad)

bakláʔan effeminate or homosexual man; being effeminate (LOAN)

bákola round, shallow basket generally carried on the head of vendors selling fish, vegetables, etc. (PWMP: *bakul₁) *bakul

bakoŋspider lily, Crinum asiaticum L. (PAN: *bakuŋ₁)

balawhatever, whichever, whoever (PMP: *bala₃)

balawhatever, whichever, whoever (PWMP: *bara₃)

balábaʔpulpy leaf or joint of plants such as the banana (NOISE)

baláea parent of one's son- or daughter-in-law (PPh: *balaqih)

balagbágcrossbeam; placed or lying crosswise (PPh: *bala(R)báR)

balakáŋhips (PWMP: *balakaŋ)

balakílanrafter; crossbeam or crosspiece of a house (PPH: *barakílan)

Tagalog (240 / 3999)

balániʔmagnetism (LOAN)

bálaŋlocust (PWMP: *balalaŋ₁)

baláŋaycommunity of families; local branch or lodge of a society or fraternity; boat with 12 to 16 rowers (PWMP: *baraŋay)

balaŋáʔwide-mouthed earthen cooking pot (PAN: *balaŋa)

balaráwdirk, dagger (PWMP: *baladaw)

baláscrystallized syrup; coarse granulated sugar (PMP: *badas)

balátoŋmung or mongo bean, green gram bean: Phaseolus aureus Roxb. (PWMP: *balatuŋ)

balaw-baláwfermented anchovies on boiled rice (NOISE)

b-al-awbáwoverfull (PMP: *bawbaw)

bálaʔthreat (PMP: *baraq)

bálaʔthreat (PMP: *bajaq₂) *bajaq

balíkreturn, restoration; return something to someone, restore (PMP: *balik₂)

balíkatshoulder (PWMP: *balikat)

baliláhairtail fish: Trichiurus haumela (PWMP: *balida)

balílian aquatic grass: Panicum stagninum (PMP: *baliji)

balílian aquatic grass: Panicum stagninum (PMP: *balizi)

balilíŋphysiologically twisted (of the neck) (PWMP: *baliliŋ)

balimbíŋa small tree whose edible fleshy fruit has five longitudinal angular lobes: Averrhoa carambola Linn. (PWMP: *baliŋbiŋ)

balin-tatáopupil of the eye (PMP: *tau tau) *Cau

balintawáktype of native woman's dress (LOAN)

Tagalog (260 / 3999)

balintuwádbottom-up, upside down (PWMP: *balin-tuaj)

báliŋturn or inclination of the head (PWMP: *baliŋ₂)

balisáanxious, restless (LOAN)

b-al-isbis-ansplash board, rain gutter (PMP: *bisbis)

balisóŋfan-knife made in Batangas (LOAN)

balítaʔnews; renowned, famous (LOAN)

balíteʔa tree like a fig tree with which are associated certain folkloric superstitions (NOISE)

balítiʔtype of fig tree (PPh: *balítiq)

balitókgold ore (PPH: *balitúk)

balíwcrazy, demented (PMP: *baliw₂)

baliwískind of wild duck (PWMP: *baliwis)

baliwískind of wild duck (PWMP: *bariwis)

báliʔfracture, break along the length; fractured, broken (PMP: *baliq)

bálowidow(er) (PMP: *balu₄)

bálokmembraneous covering structure of plants, fruits, or nuts (NOISE)

báloŋspring of fresh water; flow of liquid from some hidden source; to spring forth, flow (PWMP: *baqeluŋ)

bálotcovering, wrapping (PWMP: *balut₂)

balótcovered, wrapped (PWMP: *balut₂)

bálotcovering, wrapping (PWMP: *barut)

bálotcovering, wrapping (ROOT)

Tagalog (280 / 3999)

baluktótcurved, bent (LOAN)

balúlaŋportable chicken coop made of bamboo splints or palm leaves (PPh: *balúlaŋ)

balúŋossnout of a fish (ROOT)

bambáninner follicle (of fruits); a plant: Donax cannaeformis (PWMP: *banban)

bambáŋcanal, ditch (PMP: *baŋbaŋ₃)

bambaŋinflame-colored snapper fish: Lutjanus fulvus (PWMP: *bambaŋen)

banabádeciduous tree cultivated for its beautiful flowers; its timber; the tannin from its fruit, leaves and bark: Lagerstroemia speciosa Linn. (PPh: *banabá)

bánakadult large-scaled mullet fish, known as agwás when still spawning and taliloŋ when still immature: Mugil waigensis (PWMP: *balanak)

banálholy; belonging to God; virtuous; good; righteous; devout; pious (LOAN)

banasia tree: Planchonella obovata (PPH: *banisah)

bánata strike, sock, box, or stroke to hit something (PWMP: *banat)

bánata pull to stretch (PWMP: *bañat)

banáttaut, stretched (PWMP: *bañat)

banáʔagsoft ray, glimmer (PMP: *banaqaR)

bania tree: Pongamia pinnata (L.) Merr., Fabaceae (Madulid 2001) (PPH: *bani₂)

bániladhering dirt on neck (NOISE)

banlátpig pen; fish corral in rivers (PWMP: *banelat)

banláwfirst rinsing (PPh: *bal(e)ñáw)

banlíkslime or mud left by ebbing of water (PWMP: *banelik)

banóyeagle (the larger of the Philippine variety) (PPh: *banúR)

Tagalog (300 / 3999)

bánoyeagle (NEAR)

banságsurname, family name; the name by which one is popularly known but which is different from one’s real name; to boast; famous (PPH: *ban(e)sag)

bansíʔa native flute (LOAN)

bantáʔthreat; suspicion, surmise (PWMP: *bantaq)

bantógfamous; very well-known; celebrated; distinguished; shining (PPH: *bantug)

banuaŋa tree: Octomeles sp. (PWMP: *banuaŋ)

banyágaʔforeign (LOAN)

baŋawbotfly (PAN: *baŋaw)

baŋáʔa native earthen jar with a narrow mouth for holding water (smaller than tapáyan) (PPH: *baŋaq₂)

baŋgákfoolish (said of young women) (PWMP: *bagak)

baŋgáʔcollision (LOAN)

baŋíbroiling (PMP: *baŋi₂)

baŋísferocity, wildness (PMP: *beŋis₁)

baŋkáycorpse; remains; a dead body (PWMP: *baŋkay)

baŋkáʔnative boat or canoe, both small and large, with and without a sail (PMP: *baŋkaq)

baŋkaʔ-ínto make use of a small boat in crossing a river or lake, or for other purposes (PMP: *baŋkaq)

baŋkúroMorinda citrifolia L. (Madulid 2001) (PWMP: *baŋkudu)

báŋonrising from a lying position (PMP: *baŋun₂) *baŋuN

baŋósmilkfish (PPH: *baŋús)

báog ~ baógsterile, barren, unproductive (as a woman who cannot bear children) (PPH: *báqug)

Tagalog (320 / 3999)

baóltrunk or clothes chest (LOAN)

báonsupply of provisions in victuals or money, away from home (PWMP: *balun₂)

bároʔdress for upper part of body (LOAN)

básaga crack in glassware, chinaware, earthenware and the like (PPH: *basag)

baságcracked, broken (as a cup) (PPH: *basag)

basáʔwet (PMP: *baseq)

basbásblessing, benediction; absolution (PWMP: *basbas₄) *basbas₂

básigcaponed, castrated (PWMP: *baciR)

básigcaponed, castrated (PWMP: *basiR)

bátakpull towards oneself; the thing pulled (PWMP: *batak)

bataŋ-ánoutrigger of boat (PWMP: *bataŋ-an) *bataŋ₁

bátaʔchild, young (PWMP: *bataq)

batíkspot, stain, blemish (PWMP: *batik₁)

batíŋtrap made of rope or wire to catch animals by the legs (PPH: *batiŋ) *baq(e)tiŋ

batiŋ-ínto set a leg-trap for animals (PPH: *batiŋ) *baq(e)tiŋ

bátiʔgreeting, greetings (LOAN)

batóstone, rock; gem, jewel (PMP: *batu) *batux

batókidney (PMP: *batu₂)

bátoknape of the neck (PWMP: *batuk₂)

bató-ŋ b-in-úboʔconcrete stone or cement (NOISE)

Tagalog (340 / 3999)

batuk-anhit or strike someone on the nape of the neck (PWMP: *batuk₂)

bauk-anbewhiskered rooster (Laktaw 1914) (PWMP: *bauk)

báwalprohibited, forbidden, taboo (LOAN)

báwasdiscount; reduction (PPH: *bawas)

bawás-anto reduce; to decrease; to make less (PPH: *bawas)

bawí-anto be dispossessed; to be deprived of possession (PPH: *báwiq)

báwiʔrecovery; retraction (PPH: *báwiq)

bayabasguava (LOAN)

báyadpayment, compensation (PMP: *bayaD)

bayádpaid, settled (of accounts) (PMP: *bayaD)

bayáni(probably an early Kapampangan loan) hero; cooperation (PMP: *baRani)

bayanih-ánmutual aid (PMP: *baRani)

bayaŋ bayaŋan edible plant: Amaranthus spinosus (PWMP: *bayaŋ)

bayáwbrother-in-law (PWMP: *bayaw)

bayáwakmonitor lizard, iguana (PWMP: *bayawak)

báyaʔto allow or tolerate a situation; to let someone alone; to leave undisturbed; dereliction; neglect of duty (PPH: *bayáq)

báyaʔallow or tolerate (a situation); leave someone alone (NOISE)

baybáyborder, edge, shore (PPh: *baybáy)

baynátrelapse (PPh: *beRnát)

bayópounding; pounded, crushed by pounding (PAN: *bayu)

Tagalog (360 / 3999)

bayóŋbag or sack made of woven buri palm leaves (LOAN)

baysána parent of the spouse of one's offspring; the relation between parents of a married couple (PWMP: *baisan)

baysan-anbetrothal party held by parents of bride and groom (PWMP: *baisan-an) *baisan

baʔáksplit, halved (PMP: *baqak₁)

baʔítkindness; prudence; sense; a clear or sound state of mind; senses; mind (PWMP: *bait₁)

béŋutawry, out of line (NOISE)

bíbikind of duck (LOAN)

bibígmouth (PMP: *bibiR) *biRbiR

bibig-ánlarge or wide-mouthed; hit (someone) on the mouth (PMP: *bibiR) *biRbiR

bi-biŋkárice cake with coconut milk cooked with fire above and below (LOAN)

bídatale, story; main character in a story, as hero or heroine (LOAN)

bidbídHawaiian ten-pounder (soft-rayed fish) (PWMP: *bedbed)

bidbídtwine and spool on which it is rolled (PMP: *bejbej₂) *bejbej

bidbir-ánspool (PWMP: *bejbej-an) *bejbej

bigácoarse erect plant up to two meters high, with stout trunk. Stems and corms of the plant are used as substitute food: Alocasia macrorrhiza (PWMP: *biRaʔ)

bigáshulled grains of cereal, especially rice (PMP: *beRas)

bígas-anrice mill, rice huller (PAN: *beRas-an) *beRas

bigátheaviness, weight; gravity, authoritativeness (PMP: *beReqat)

bigáwstunned (by great noise); thunderstruck (PWMP: *begaw)

bigáwstunned (by great noise); thunderstruck (PWMP: *biRaw)

Tagalog (380 / 3999)

bigaw-ínstun someone with deafening noise (PWMP: *begaw)

bigaw-ínto stun (someone) with deafening noise (PWMP: *biRaw)

bigáygift; something given for any reason (PMP: *beRay)

bígay-anmutual exchange of gifts (PMP: *beRay)

bigkísabdominal band, girdle; a bundle, packed by tying together; union (PWMP: *beRkis)

bigkísabdominal band; girdle; a bundle, packed by tying together; (fig.) union (PMP: *beRkes)

bigkís naŋ káhoyfaggot, bundle of firewood (PMP: *beRkes)

bigláʔsudden, suddenly; abrupt, abruptly (PPh: *big(e)láq)

bigláʔ-ansudden, at the instant, impromptu (PPh: *big(e)láq)

biglaʔ-ínsurprise or astound (someone) with a sudden act; do (something) all at once and suddenly (PPh: *big(e)láq)

bigtásunstitched (PMP: *be(R)tas)

bigtásunstitched (ROOT)

bigtíŋtongs; forceps; pliers (PWMP: *biR(e)tiŋ)

bíhagcaptive (PWMP: *bihaR)

bihásaaccustomed, used to (LOAN)

bikakaʔwide apart (said of legs while standing with feet wide apart) (PMP: *bikaq₂)

bikaŋkáŋopen (forced) at one end (PWMP: *bikaŋkaŋ)

bíkasposture, body form, dressiness; graceful, of body movements (PWMP: *bikas)

bíkatscar on the face (PPh: *bik(e)lát)

bikígbikíg a piece of bone, usually fishbone, stuck in the throat (PWMP: *bekeR₁) *bekeR

Tagalog (400 / 3999)

bikóʔbent; to bend, as a pipe (PMP: *bikuq)

bikóʔbent; to bend (as a pipe) (ROOT)

biládexposed to the sun (PWMP: *belaj)

biládexposed to the sun (PMP: *bilaj)

bílaŋnumber; count (PAN: *bilaŋ₁)

bílaŋas; in the capacity of; by way of (PPH: *bilaŋ₂)

bilaŋgóʔprisoner, captive (LOAN)

bílaŋgu-anprison (LOAN)

biláocircular shallow basket-tray made of split bamboo (NOISE)

bilásthe husband of one's sister-in-law (WZH); the wife of one's brother-in-law (HBW) (PWMP: *biras₂)

bilásthe husband of one’s sister-in-law or the wife of one’s brother-in-law (NEAR)

biláwcircular shallow basket-tray made of split bamboo (NOISE)

biláʔhalf (PAN: *belaq)

bílaʔocircular shallow basket-tray made of split bamboo (PPh: *bijaqu)

bilbíldropsy, hydropoesia (PMP: *belbel₂)

bilh-ánto buy (from someone) (PWMP: *beli-an) *beli

bilh-ínto buy (a thing) (PWMP: *beli-en) *beli

bilípurchase price; purchase (PMP: *beli)

bilíbidtwine, cord or the like tied around several times (PWMP: *bidibid)

bilíbidtwine, cord or the like, tied around several times (ROOT)

Tagalog (420 / 3999)

bilígcataract in the eye (PMP: *bileR)

bilígcataract in the eye (PWMP: *biliR)

bilíkextension porch; annex; temporary shed between two houses for a party (PMP: *bilik)

bílinerrand asked to be done; order; request; counsel, advice (PWMP: *bilin)

bilíŋrestless turning around; lost (in a sense of direction) (PMP: *biliŋ)

bilísspeed (LOAN)

bilógroundness, rotundity; circle; round, circular (LOAN)

bílogroundness, rotundity; circle (NOISE)

bilóground, rotund, circular (NOISE)

bílotsmall roll or pack (ROOT)

b<in>abáehermaphrodite; an effeminate man (PPh: *b<in>a-bahi) *bahi

binbínforced delay (by bad weather, or by manipulation of others) (LOAN)

binhíʔseed (chosen for the nursery) (PMP: *binehiq) *bineSiq

b-in-ilíwas bought by someone (PWMP: *b<in>eli) *beli

bíntasmall swift sailboat (LOAN)

bintíʔcalf of the leg (PWMP: *betiq₁)

bintíʔcalf of the leg (PMP: *bintiq)

binuaŋa tree: Octomeles sumatrana Miq. (PWMP: *binuaŋ)

b-in-undókterrapleined (PMP: *bunduk)

biŋídeaf; (fig.) unproductive, sterile (PMP: *beŋel)

Tagalog (440 / 3999)

bíŋitedge, rim (PPh: *beŋet₁)

biŋkágforced, broken (said of locks and the like) (PMP: *be(ŋ)kaR)

biŋkáŋarched wide (said of shanks, legs, fork or the like) (PMP: *be(ŋ)kaŋ)

biŋkáŋarched wide (said of shanks, legs, fork, or the like) (PWMP: *bi(ŋ)kaŋ)

biŋkásunwoven, unravelled (PMP: *beŋkas) *beŋkas₄

biŋkásunwoven, unravelled (PMP: *biŋkas)

biŋkúŋ-ana species of hammerhead shark (PMP: *biŋkuŋ)

biŋóthare-lipped (said of persons); notched, dented (said of chinaware, glassware, earthenware, ceramics, or the like) (NOISE)

biŋwítpole, hook, line and sinker for fishing (PPh: *beŋuit)

biráviolent stroke (PWMP: *bida)

bíraŋkerchief, usually used as a head covering (LOAN)

bíraysmall armored ship or sailboat (LOAN)

bíriʔwild saffron, also known as kasubháʔ or kasumba, parrot seed, safflower, used as food coloring and dye (LOAN)

bísaʔefficacy, potency; force (LOAN)

bitákcrack, cleft (usually on fruits or wood due to heat) (PMP: *betak)

bitbítcarried danging from fingers or hands (PMP: *bitbit₂) *bitbit

bítinsomething held dangling; favors (in a game so called) hung during Maytime festivals; hanging by the neck (PPh: *bítin)

bitúkaintestines (PMP: *bituka) *biCuka

bitúʔinstar (PAN: *bituqen)

biyákcleaved, halved (PMP: *biqak)

Tagalog (460 / 3999)

biyáyaʔgrace; favor; blessings, bounty (LOAN)

biʔás, biásinternode (on cane or cane-like structures); a joint (of bone) with or without meat (PWMP: *biqas)

biʔás, biyásinternode (on cane or cane-like structures); a joint (of bone) with or without meat (LOAN)

bóbosimpleton (LOAN)

bodégawarehouse (LOAN)

bólaball, game of baseball (LOAN)

bómbawater pump; air blower (LOAN)

bóto(government) vote; (ecclesiastical) vow (LOAN)

buágdemolished; dissolved, disbanded (said of societies and groups) (PPh: *buág)

buálfallen flat on the ground (said of elongated matter) (PPh: *buál)

buánmonth, moon (PMP: *bulan₃) *bulaN

búan-anmonthly, by the month (PWMP: *bulan-an) *bulaN

buán-buánevery month, each month (PMP: *bulan-bulan₂) *bulaN

buáyacrocodile; tricky (PMP: *buqaya)

búbofish trap (PAN: *bubu₂)

búboclown (LOAN)

bubóŋroof (PMP: *bubuŋ₁)

bubóŋ na matáeyelid (PMP: *bubuŋ₁)

búboywhite silk cotton tree producing stuffing cotton known as kapok (PPh: *buybuy)

búboywhite silk cotton tree producing stuffing cotton known as kapok (NOISE)

Tagalog (480 / 3999)

bubóʔoverflowing; pouring out (said of liquids) (PMP: *buqbuq)

búboʔsmelting, casting, fusing (NOISE)

bu-buán-inlunatic (PWMP: *bulan bulan-en) *bulaN

bubuŋ-ánroof (PMP: *bubuŋ-an) *bubuŋ₁

budbódsprinkling of particles of powdered substances as salt, pepper, etc. (PWMP: *bujbuj)

budbódsprinkling of particles of powdered substances as salt, pepper, etc.; distribution of little quantities to many (PMP: *budbud₁)

bugáact of forcing out something from the mouth by sudden blow of air; bellowing or hissing snort (as steam forced out in spurts); game similar to the game of marbles but using seeds of the kalumbibít vine, commonly forced out of the player's mouth by sudden blowing; medical treatment given by quack doctors in which some chewed substance is mixed with the saliva and strongly spat upon the ailing part of the patient's body (PMP: *buRah) *buReS

búgawloud shooing away of fowls and animals; pimp, go-between (PAN: *buRaw)

búgaʔpumice (PPh: *búgaq)

bugbógnoisy clubbing or pounding (PWMP: *bugbug)

bugh-ánblow or spit some liquid or smoke upon (a rooster or some ailing part of a patient's body) (PMP: *buRah-an) *buReS

bugókrotten (said of eggs) (PAN: *buRuk)

bugósa tree: Acalypha amentacea Roxb. (PPH: *beRus)

bugtóŋlone; the only one; sole (as an only child) (PPH: *buR(e)túŋ)

bugtóŋlone; the only one; sole (PPh: *bug(e)túŋ)

buháŋinsand (PWMP: *buhaŋin)

búhaŋin-ansandy tract or space (PWMP: *buhaŋin)

búhatlifting (PMP: *buhat₃)

búhat noónfrom that time, thence; since then (PMP: *buhat₃)

búhat safrom, originating from; coming from (PMP: *buhat₃)

Tagalog (500 / 3999)

buhókhair (PMP: *buhek) *bukeS

buhóŋsly, cunning, deceitful; villain (LOAN)

búhospouring; baptism (PWMP: *buhus)

búhoʔbamboo sp. (PAN: *buluq₂)

buhuk-ánhairy (PMP: *buhek) *bukeS

buhúk-buhuk-anfalse hair (PWMP: *buhek buhek-an) *bukeS

bukáopen (as of mouth, of flowers); apart at one end, as when spreading the legs (PMP: *buka)

bukálspring of fresh water with continuous flow (PMP: *bukal₁) *bukal

bukaŋkáŋopen (forced) at one end (ROOT)

bukásopen (not closed) (PMP: *bu(ŋ)kas) *bukas

bukbókboll weevil (said of plants and grains); wood borer, wood tick; decay (teeth) (PMP: *bukbuk₃)

búkidcountry outside of towns and cities, farm, field under cultivation (PAN: *bukij)

bukónode, esp. on cane-like plants (PMP: *bukuh)

búkolswelling, bump; tumor (PMP: *buŋkul)

bukoŋ-bukóŋankle (PMP: *beŋkuŋ)

bukóthunchback (PMP: *bukut)

buks-ánto open (something closed, as doors, windows, cans, etc.) (PMP: *bu(ŋ)kas) *bukas

buktóthumpback (PWMP: *beketut)

buktótwicked, perverse, depraved; hunchback (PPh: *buk(e)tút)

bulaPhilippine mahogany: Shorea albus Foxw. (PMP: *bulah) *buleS

Tagalog (520 / 3999)

buladórkind of kite; skyrocket; small-scaled flying fish (LOAN)

búlagblinding membrane or state of blindness (PAN: *bulaR₁)

bulágblind (PAN: *bulaR₁)

bulak-lákflower (PWMP: *bujak)

bulalákawshooting star, meteor, St. Elmo's fire (PPh: *bulalákaw₂)

bulátiearthworm; ascaris, intestinal worm (PMP: *bulati)

buláwreddish; reddish-gold; golden orange (said of young pigs and roosters); suckling pig (PAN: *bulaw)

buláʔfoam, bubble; soapsuds (PMP: *bujeq₂) *bujeq

buláʔfoam, bubble; soapsuds (PMP: *budaq₁)

búlaʔfib, untruth (LOAN)

buláʔ-anfibbing, untruthful (LOAN)

bulbókbubbling or gushing of liquids (ROOT)

bulbólhair in armpits, pubic hair (PPh: *bulbúl)

bulíburi palm, Corypha elata Roxb. (PMP: *buri₁)

búlipolish (substance) (NOISE)

bulígmedium-sized mudfish (LOAN)

buliglíginflammation of the eyes (of fowls and animals) (LOAN)

búlikwhite and black (said of the feathers of roosters) (PWMP: *burik)

bulilíttiny, dwarfish (PPh: *bulilít)

búlofloss (of fruits, leaves, or stems of plants) (PMP: *bulu₁)

Tagalog (540 / 3999)

búlogvirility (PPH: *bulug)

bulóŋwhisper (LOAN)

búlosblow or gust of air (PWMP: *bulus)

búlossecond helping or ration of food (PWMP: *burus₂)

búlossecond helping or ration of food (NOISE)

bulóʔcalf (of cattle) (LOAN)

bulúg-ana boar kept for breeding purposes (PPH: *bulug)

bululósdiarrhoea (ROOT)

búluŋ-buluŋ-anrumor, gossip (LOAN)

bulús-anbellows (PWMP: *bulus-an) *bulus

bulúsoksudden sinking of a foot into soft, deep mud (ROOT)

bulyáwloud or shouted rebuke or reproach; angry and sudden shout to drive away fowls and animals (LOAN)

b<um>ágayto suit; to be becoming; to become; to tone with; to be in harmony; to comport; to conform; to agree (PWMP: *bagay)

b<um>agsákto crash; to fall with force (PPH: *bag(e)sák)

b<um>ahínto sneeze (PPH: *bahén)

b<um>atóto stone, throw stones at (PWMP: *b<um>atu) *batux

b<um>áwiʔto recover or retain (e.g. health); to recoup; to make up for; to recant; to take back formally or publicly; to recall; to cancel; to withdraw (PPH: *b<um>áwiq) *báwiq

bumbóndam of branches and twigs to attract fish in rivers and lakes (PMP: *bunbun)

bumbóŋcylindrical container (usually a length of bamboo or rolled cardboard, but can be of metal or any other material) (PWMP: *buŋbuŋ₁)

bumbún-ancrown or top of head, esp. of babies when still soft (PWMP: *bunbun-an₁) *buNbuN

Tagalog (560 / 3999)

bundókmountain (PMP: *bunduk)

búniherpes, ptyriasis (PMP: *buqeni)

bunótcoconut husk (PMP: *bunut₁)

búnotto pull up; to pull out by the roots; to uproot (PPH: *búnut)

búnotunsheathing, uprooting, pulling out (LOAN)

bunóʔwrestling (PMP: *bunuq₂) *buNuq₂

bunsóthe youngest child; the youngest one (PWMP: *buŋsu)

bunsóʔyoungest (said of offspring); endearing term (LOAN)

buntíspregnant (PPh: *buq(e)tis)

buntónheap, mound (LOAN)

buntóttail; the last part or point at the rear (PMP: *buntut₁) *buntut

bunút-into uproot; to tear up by the roots; to pull out; to extract; to pluck (as the eyebrows) (PPH: *bunút-en) *búnut

búŋafruit; result, effect, consequence; areca palm and nut (PMP: *buŋa)

buŋáltoothless (i.e. without the incisors) (LOAN)

buŋáŋaʔgullet (of large animals); mouth or opening (as of cannons, rivers, tunnels, caves, etc., and big mouths (PPh: *buŋáŋaq)

buŋa-ŋ batóblack coral (PMP: *buŋa na batu) *buŋa

búŋa-ŋ káhoyfruit tree (PMP: *buŋa na kahiw) *buŋa

búŋiʔhaving a notched or jagged tooth; having a tooth or teeth missing (PPH: *buŋiq)

buŋkaldug out, said of stones and soil; tilled (said of soil) (PWMP: *buŋkal)

buŋkáldug out (said of stones and soil); tilled (said of soil) (NOISE)

Tagalog (580 / 3999)

buŋkósbundle, package (PWMP: *buŋkus)

buŋótbeard (PWMP: *buŋut)

buŋóʔskull (PPH: *buŋuq)

buŋóʔskull (NOISE)

buŋulana species of sweet-smelling banana (PPH: *buŋuran)

búropickled or salted (LOAN)

busálmuzzle; a cover put over an animal’s mouth to keep it from biting (LOAN)

busbósperforated; incised (surgically) (PMP: *busbus)

busínasounding horn (LOAN)

busógsatisfied, satiated (after eating) (PAN: *besuR)

busógbow (for shooting arrows) (PMP: *busuR₂)

busóldoor knob; something hard underneath felt from a comparatively soft surface (LOAN)

busónmailbox (LOAN)

búsoŋungrateful (PWMP: *busuŋ)

buta buta ~ butatree which thrives in salt or brackish water like the milky mangrove (English 1986) (PWMP: *buta buta₂) *buta buta

buta buta ~ butaa tree: Excoecaria agallocha L. (Madulid 1999) (PWMP: *buta buta₂) *buta buta

butákaʔorchestra seat (in a theatre or showhouse) (LOAN)

bútasperforation, hole; loophole (PWMP: *butas₂)

butásperforated (PWMP: *butas₂)

butás-butásfull of holes (PWMP: *butas₂)

Tagalog (600 / 3999)

butáwpitting roosters against each other in cockfighting (LOAN)

butbótminute search inside bundles or containers (PMP: *butbut₂) *buCbuC

butbótsong of the kuwago or baháw (owl) (PWMP: *butbut₁)

butétespecies of globelike fish: Tetrodon lunaris; large-bellied (PWMP: *butiti)

butikíʔhouse lizard (PPh: *butikíq)

bútilgrain, kernel, seed (PWMP: *butil)

bútilgrain, kernel, seed (PWMP: *butir)

butlígwen, little cyst-like growth on the skin (PMP: *buteliR)

butópip; a hard seed; stone of certain fruits (PMP: *butequl)

butólprotrusion on surface of skin, breaking smoothness (PMP: *butequl)

butónbutton switch (LOAN)

buwágdemolished; dissolved, disbanded (said of societies and groups) (NOISE)

buwígbunch of fruits (as bananas); cluster of fruits (as lansones) (PMP: *buliR)

buyóinduced; seduced (LOAN)

buʔáwempty inside (PWMP: *buqaw)

buʔáyweakness of structure; unsteadiness (PMP: *buqay)

buʔólankle (PPh: *buqel)

buʔótrabbit (PAN: *buhet)

buʔóʔwhole, entire, complete (NEAR)

dáan ~ daánroad, street, thoroughfare; way, passageway; track, trail, path (PMP: *zalan)

Tagalog (620 / 3999)

daan-ánaccess; the way of approaching or reaching a place or person (PAN: *zalan-an) *zalan

daán-an ~ daan-ánto pass by a certain place; to drop in at someone’s place with intention of bringing that person with you (PAN: *zalan-an) *zalan

dábawfording or wading place (across a river, narrow lake, etc.) (ROOT)

dabdabglow; glitter; lustre; shine (NOISE)

dádodice (used in gambling) (LOAN)

dagaaunt, older woman (NOISE)

dágatsea, ocean; bay, gulf; lake (PMP: *daRat)

dágoshurried and sudden departure in dissatisfaction or anger; sudden hurried movement toward something (PPH: *dágus₁)

dagtáʔsap, resin (ROOT)

dáhakeffort to gather phlegm in the throat in order to expectorate (PWMP: *dahak)

dáhanslowness of movement or action; weakness or lack of intensity; softness as contrasted with aggressiveness (NOISE)

dáhan-dáhanslowly; in a slow manner (NOISE)

dáhilcause of action, reason or motive for action; justification, excuse; point, reason; the why (PWMP: *dalih)

dahil-áncause of action, reason or motive for action; justification, excuse; point, reason; the why (PWMP: *dalih-an) *dalih

dáhonleaf of a plant or book; sheet of paper (PMP: *dahun)

dahópin want (especially of money or necessities of life) (NOISE)

dáiŋjerked fish salted and dried in the sun (LOAN)

daiŋ-into jerk fish (LOAN)

daítplaced so close as to be touching; united, fastened, attached (PMP: *zaqit)

dakípcatching, holding onto (PAN: *dakep)

Tagalog (640 / 3999)

dakóta handful, a graspful (PAN: *dakuC)

dakóthandful, graspful (PAN: *za(ŋ)kuC)

dakp-ínto catch, capture, arrest (PAN: *dakep-en) *dakep

dalágmudfish (PPH: *dalág)

da-lágayoung, unmarried woman from adolescence up; maiden (not common) (PWMP: *da-daRa) *daRa₂

dálaga-hínsaid of a girl who is at the beginning of puberty (PWMP: *da-daRa) *daRa₂

dalaga-ŋ ináan unwed mother (PWMP: *da-daRa) *daRa₂

dalág dágatsergeant fish (PPH: *dalág)

dalaŋbright (NOISE)

dalásfrequency; rapidity (PPH: *darás)

dalas-ánto make more frequent (PPH: *darás)

dalás-dalásvery hurriedly or quickly (PPH: *darás)

dálawvisitor, guest; a visit (PPH: *dálaw)

da-lawá ~ da-lwátwo; couple; dual; double (PMP: *da-duha) *duSa

dalawah-ántwo-by-two, in pairs (PMP: *da-duha) *duSa

dalawah-ínto double or make two of something (PMP: *da-duha) *duSa

dalaw-into visit someone (PPH: *dálaw)

daldálgossip; gossiping; jabber; chattering; loquacious, talkative (PPH: *daldál)

daldál-anexchange of gossip (PPH: *daldál)

daldal-ánto gossip to someone (emphasis on person to whom gossip is relayed) (PPH: *daldál)

Tagalog (660 / 3999)

dálego ahead! (LOAN)

dali-ánto make or do something faster; to speed up something (PPH: *dalíq)

dalimapomegranate: Punica granatum L. (Madulid 2001) (LOAN)

dalíriʔfinger (LOAN)

dalísaypure; unadulterated; not mixed with other things (PPH: *dalísay)

dálitaʔtorment, suffering (LOAN)

dalíʔquickness; promptness; ease; facility (PPH: *dalíq)

dalupániʔfish sp.: wily slipmouth (PPH: *dalupániq)

dalúpaŋa shrub, the fibers of which are used in the manufacture of coffee sacks, cordage or strong paper (PPH: *dalúpaŋ)

dámagame of checkers; draughts (LOAN)

damah-áncheckerboard (LOAN)

dámaysympathetic aid; helping sympathetically (PWMP: *damay)

damítgarment; dress; clothes; to wear clothing (PPH: *damít)

dampáʔhut, hovel, cabin (poor and small) (NOISE)

dampóldye of dark tan color from the bark of a certain tree (NOISE)

dampótact of picking up with the hand from the floor or ground (LOAN)

damput-anplace from which something is picked up (LOAN)

dánawlagoon; pond (PAN: *danaw)

dáŋanwere it not for; if it were not that (PWMP: *zaŋan₂)

daŋdáŋ ~ dandáŋwarming, heating or toasting by exposing to fire or glowing coals (PMP: *daŋdaŋ₁) *daŋdaŋ

Tagalog (680 / 3999)

daŋkálunit of measurement from tip of thumb to tip of outstretched middle finger (PWMP: *zaŋkal)

daópjoined or closely touching together (as hands or end surfaces) (PPH: *daup₂)

dápatshould; ought to; had better; must (PPH: *dapat₄)

dapat sisih-inblameworthy; ought to be blamed (PWMP: *selsel₂)

dapat sund-ínauthoritative; ought to be obeyed (PPH: *sunúd)

dapáʔlying face down; lying on one’s stomach (LOAN)

dapdápIndian coral tree (PMP: *dapdap₁)

dapílosskidding, stumbling (PPH: *dapílus)

dapíta solemn religious ceremony in which a dead body is conducted from the house to the church by a priest and acolytes (PWMP: *dapit)

daplíshitting on a tangent; just missing; grazing; glancing off (PPH: *dap(e)lis)

dapógan open fire (PMP: *dapuR₁)

dápugthick, black smoke from damp firewood (PMP: *dapuR₁)

dapug-ánfireplace, hearth; a stove in the open, using firewood (PWMP: *dapuR-an) *dapuR₁

dapúg-anto build a fire in the open (PWMP: *dapuR-an) *dapuR₁

daráŋexposing something to the heat of flames or glowing coals (PMP: *daŋdaŋ₁) *daŋdaŋ

daraŋ-án ~ daráŋ-anlive coals or open fire used for heating or drying something (PAN: *daŋdaŋ-an) *daŋdaŋ

daraŋ-ínbe exposed to live coals or open fire in order to heat or dry (PWMP: *daŋdaŋ-en) *daŋdaŋ

datíŋarrival; act of arriving (PMP: *dateŋ)

datn-ánto visit; to come upon; to catch someone in the act; to find someone or something upon arrival; to have menstruation (PWMP: *dateŋ-an) *dateŋ

datn-ínto reach, attain, or experience (PWMP: *dateŋ-en) *dateŋ

Tagalog (700 / 3999)

dáto-ʔhigh priest (Laktaw 1914); tribal chief in pre-Christian days (Panganiban 1966) (PMP: *datu)

dáwamillet, Setaria italica (Madulid 2001) (PAN: *zawa₂)

dáwaywire tied to the fishhook (LOAN)

dáyaŋprincess; noble woman; lady (LOAN)

dayaŋdáŋlarge tree from which is derived a poison (abuwab) for arrow tips (PPH: *dayaŋdáŋ)

dáyaplime tree, also known as bilulo, the fruit of which makes pleasant ale: Citrus aurantifolia (PAN: *dalayap)

dáyapa small lime tree, the fruit of which is used as a substitute for lemon (PPH: *dayap)

dáyaʔdeceit; fraud; dishonest dealing; dodge; a trick to cheat or deceive (LOAN)

dáyoforeigner, alien (PPH: *dáyu)

dayuh-anforeigner, alien (PPH: *dáyu)

d-ianthere (PWMP: *ian₃)

dibdíbchest, breast (PAN: *debdeb)

didálthimble (LOAN)

dikdíkpulverized (from pounding) (PMP: *dekdek) *dekdek₁

di-kilalánameless; having no name; unknown; not well known; strange; not known, seen or heard of before; unfamiliar (PAN: *kilala)

dikína circular mat made of braided strips of rattan, bamboo, or other material, and placed under cooking pots and drinking glasses (PPH: *dikén)

dikítpaste; glue (PMP: *deket₁) *dekeC

dikítact of kindling; a setting on fire (PWMP: *deket₂) *deket₁

dikít-anhand-to-hand, close together (PMP: *deket₁) *dekeC

dikít-dikítadhered or joined to each other in series or layers (PWMP: *deket deket) *dekeC

Tagalog (720 / 3999)

diklápsparkle (ROOT)

díla-ŋ ma-tigása tongue not easily adaptable to pronouncing certain sounds in speech (lit. ‘hard tongue, rigid tongue’) (PMP: *dilaq₁)

dílatact of opening of the eyelids (ROOT)

diláwyellow (noun and adjective); root crop used in dyeing food and clothing (= turmeric) (PPH: *diláw)

dílaʔtongue; the power of speech (PMP: *dilaq₁)

diláʔ-anto stick out or poke out one’s tongue at someone (PMP: *dilaq₁)

dilímdark; darkness; gloom; deep shadow; dim light (PMP: *delem)

dilíscord for guitar or bow (PAN: *deles)

dílislong-jawed anchovy (PPH: *dilis)

di-ma-súnúr-indisobedient; obstinate (PPH: *sunúd)

diníhere (PAN: *di-ni) *-ni

d<in>ugu-ána dish made with pig's or cow's blood (PMP: *zuRuq)

diŋdíŋwall (of room or house), partition between rooms (PMP: *diŋdiŋ₁)

diŋígaudible; can be heard (PMP: *deŋeR)

dipáthe length of both arms stretched out; a fathom (PAN: *depah)

dipah-ínto measure something by stretching out the arms (PWMP: *depa-en) *depah

dírifeeling of loathing for what is foul or filthy (PWMP: *zizi)

ditáʔmilky pine, the bark of which yields an alkaloid used as substitute for quinine: Alstonia scholaris L. (PMP: *ditaq)

dítaʔpoison applied to arrows (PPH: *dítaq)

di-timbáŋone-sided; uneven; unequal; not fair (PWMP: *timbaŋ)

Tagalog (740 / 3999)

d-itóhere (PWMP: *di-tu) *-Cu

diʔnot (diɁ ma-ganda ‘not beautiful’, etc.) (PPh: *diq)

dugóʔblood (PMP: *zuRuq)

dugu-ánbloody, covered with blood (PMP: *zuRuq)

dugu-ínto have a hemorrhage (PMP: *zuRuq)

dukdókcrushed flat (PPH: *dukduk₂)

dúkitcarving made by sharp-pointed instrument; cavity or hole made on some surface with fingers or some instrument (NOISE)

dúkota pull; drawing out from a pocket, bag or the like (PPH: *dúkut)

dukút-anto be pickpocketed (PPH: *dúkut)

dukwíttaken out or off by a hooked tool (ROOT)

dúlaŋlow dining table (PPH: *dulaŋ)

dúlaŋlow dining table (LOAN)

duldólshoving or thrusting something with some force into something else, e.g. food into the mouth, a pen into an ink bottle, etc. (PPH: *duldúl₁)

duldólshove or thrust (something) with force into another, as pen into ink bottle, food into mouth, etc. (ROOT)

dulíŋcross-eyed; cock-eyed; having both eyes turned toward the nose (PWMP: *zuliŋ)

dúloend, terminal, extremity; result; boundary; tip, end, point (NOISE)

dulókdigging out and burning sticks and rubbish in a kaingin [swidden], or a burning off (NOISE)

dulóŋlake goby or anchovy fry (PWMP: *zuluŋ)

dúlotto offer; offering (PPH: *dúlut)

d<um>aánto drop in (for a short visit); pass through; to pass, pass through or over; to go by (PWMP: *z<um>alan) *zalan

Tagalog (760 / 3999)

d<um>áhakto clear the throat and spit; to hawk; to cough forcibly; to expectorate (PWMP: *dahak)

d<um>akípto catch, capture, arrest (PAN: *d<um>akep) *dakep

d<um>alágayoung female animal that has not yet borne any young (PWMP: *d<um>aRa) *daRa₂

d<um>álawto visit, to call; drop in, pay a visit (PPH: *dálaw)

d<um>ámayto sympathize; to show compassion for (PWMP: *damay)

d<um>atíŋto arrive (PWMP: *d<um>ateŋ) *dateŋ

d<um>ikítto adhere; to stick to (intransitive) (PWMP: *d<um>eket) *dekeC

d<um>iláwto yellow; to become yellow (PPH: *diláw)

d<um>ipáto open the arms wide; to stretch out the arms (PWMP: *d<um>epa) *depah

d<um>úkitto make holes on some surface by fingers or some instrument (NOISE)

d<um>úkotto draw or pull out something from a pocket or the like; to kidnap someone (PPH: *dúkut)

dúnoŋknowledge, wisdom (PPH: *dunuŋ)

duwákretching (NEAR)

duwálgas expulsion from the stomach (NEAR)

dúyancradle; hammock; synonym kúna, hamáka, álúyan (dúyan can be used even by an adult, while kúna and álúyan are for babies only; dúyan or hamáka may also mean “hammock”; swing; a seat hung from ropes on which one may sit and swing (PPH: *dúyan)

dúyoŋa species of sea cow (PMP: *duyuŋ₂)

gabínight, evening (PMP: *Rabiqi)

gábitaro; tuberplant; a starchy rootplant (PPH: *gabi)

gabí-gabínightly, happening every night (PAN: *Rabi-Rabi) *Rabiqi

gabih-ana taro plantation (PPH: *gabi)

Tagalog (780 / 3999)

gabóksettled dust; dust or ash particles (PMP: *Rabuk)

gábotuprooting, pulling up by the roots (PMP: *Rabut) *RabuC

gagáusurpation; seizure by force and tying up; rape of a woman (NEAR)

gakgákidle talk or babbling; babbler, idle talker (PWMP: *gakgak)

gala-galathe almasiga tree: Agathis celebica (Koord.) (Madulid 2001) (PPH: *gala)

gálaŋreverence; a feeling of deepreverence mixed with wonder, fear and love; respect; honor; esteem (PPH: *gálaŋ)

galáwmovement; motion; circulation; stir; activity; handling, touching, moving or disturbing unnecessarily; stealing; thieving; theft; joke, jest (PPH: *garáw)

galaw-ínto move, touch, handle or disturb something; to displace something (PPH: *garaw-en) *garáw

galíssarna, dhobie itch (PMP: *garis)

galis-ínbecome infected with sarna (PMP: *garis)

galís-ínprone to suffer from sarna infection (PMP: *garis)

gálosslight scratch on the skin or similar surface; a small cut (PMP: *garus)

galuŋgóŋbig-bodied round scad (LOAN)

galus-anto be scratched or scraped (PMP: *garus)

gambilvery fresh (LOAN)

gámituse; the act of using; putting to use; applying; application (PPH: *Rámit)

gámituse; the act of using; putting to use; applying; application (PPH: *gámit)

gamótmedicine; anything given in the treatment or cure of diseases; cure; remedy; antidote (PMP: *Ramut₁)

gámút-anthe process of treating a patient; place where treatment is given (PMP: *Ramut₁)

gamut-ínto doctor; to cure; to get rid of an ailment or bad habit; to treat; to deal with in order to relieve or cure (PMP: *Ramut₁)

Tagalog (800 / 3999)

gamut-ínto doctor (PPH: *gamut-en) *gamut

gánotto pull out hair, grass, plants or the like (but more commonly for hair) (PPH: *gánut)

ganso ~ gantsohook (LOAN)

gantirequital, return; reward; retribution (PWMP: *ganti)

gantírequital; return; reward; retribution; a deserved punishment; a return for evil done, or sometimes for good done (LOAN)

gantih-ánto reward; to give a reward to (PWMP: *ganti-an) *ganti

ganút-into pull out hair, grass, plants, etc. (PPH: *ganút-en) *gánut

gáodoar; a long pole with a flat end used in rowing; a paddle (PPH: *gáqud)

gápascutting or mowing of grass, rice stalks, etc. (PPH: *gápas)

gapókrotten inside, hollowed out by weevils or termites or the like (said of wood) (ROOT)

gáposmanacle; rope tied around the arms or hands; a prisoner’s bonds (PMP: *Rapus)

gapósmanacled, tied up by the arms (PMP: *Rapus)

gapóʔdecayed, rotted (PWMP: *Rapuq₁)

gapús-into bind; to tie up a person; to manacle or tie up by the arms (PWMP: *Rapus-en) *Rapus

gásagauze; arm band; mantle (of a lamp) (LOAN)

gásaŋsmall pieces of stone; chips of seashells (PPH: *gásaŋ)

gasáŋ-ancoral reef (PPH: *gásaŋ)

gasgásabrasion; the part where something (esp. skin) has been scraped off; worn-out by friction (PMP: *gasgas)

gátasmilk (PMP: *Ratas₂)

gatas-ándairy; milker; animal from which milk is taken (PMP: *Ratas₂)

Tagalog (820 / 3999)

gatáʔcoconut milk (PMP: *Rataq)

gatáʔcoconut milk extracted from coconut meat (PWMP: *gateq)

gataʔ-ánto extract the milk from coconut meat (PWMP: *gateq)

gatósOld Tagalog for one million, but now means one billion (PMP: *Ratus) *RaCus

gawgáwstarch from arrowroot or cassava plants (LOAN)

gáyaddragging of a skirt or train of a dress along the ground or floor (LOAN)

gayákprepared; ready; intended; having a plan (PPH: *gayák)

gáyatthin slice or cut of meat, bread, etc. (PPH: *gáyat)

gayátsliced (PPH: *gáyat)

gayúmalove charm; unusual attraction; magic; charm (LOAN)

gaʔánlight in weight (PMP: *Raqan)

gibáʔdemolished, destroyed; wrecked, fallen down (PAN: *RibaS)

gibáʔdemolished; destroyed; wrecked; fallen down; in a shambles (PPH: *gebáq)

gígiltrembling due to suppressed anger or pleasure (PWMP: *girgir)

gihóʔlumber producing tree of the first group: Shorea guiso (PWMP: *Rihuq)

gikgiksardonic laughter; grunting of young pigs (PMP: *gikgik)

gilgílcutting something while applying pressure on the cutting instrument (PPH: *gelgél)

gilírolling something with the hand or fingers; rolled with the fingers to make round, as in making pills (NEAR)

gílidedge; border; rim; margin; side (PPH: *gílij)

gíliŋgrinding, milling (PMP: *giliŋ)

Tagalog (840 / 3999)

giliŋ-angrinder; mill; grindstone; millstone (PWMP: *giliŋ-an) *giliŋ

gilítincision, cut (PAN: *gereC)

gi-nháwaease; comfort; prosperity; wealth; freedom from pain, poverty, trouble, etc.; life of ease; convenience; consolation received, rest, respite, quiet; freedom from anything that tires, troubles, disturbs or pains (PMP: *nihawa) *NiSawa

g<in>íliŋmeal; ground grain (PPH: *g<in>iliŋ) *giliŋ

gipítwanting or lacking in space (PMP: *Ri(m)pit)

gipíthard; severe; causing pain, trouble or worry; in difficult or narrow circumstances; wanting or lacking in space, cornered; pressed (for time) (PMP: *gipit)

gipósreduced to a stub; extinguished (ROOT)

gitatáʔsticky with moist dirt (ROOT)

gitgítgnashing the teeth (PWMP: *getget₁)

gitgítwelt or indented mark left on the skin or soft surface by tight binding material, such as string, wire or the like; notch (PPH: *getget₂)

gi-tnáʔcenter, middle (PMP: *teŋaq)

giʔíkthreshing of rice (PAN: *iRik)

giʔíkthreshing of palay (rice) (PAN: *Riqek)

gúgoʔa large tree the bark of which is a source of a kind of shampoo; the shampoo bark itself: Ganphyllum falcatum Bl. (PPH: *gúguq)

guháma severe form of skin eruptions on the body; a kind of mange or itch (PMP: *guham) *guSam

gulámangelatin extracted from seaweed = agar-agar (PPH: *guláman)

gúlaŋage; old, of age (PAN: *Rudaŋ)

guláŋ-anto take advantage of someone who has not had much experience yet (PAN: *Rudaŋ)

gúlayvegetable (PWMP: *gulay)

gulay-anvegetable garden (PPH: *gulay-an) *gulay

Tagalog (860 / 3999)

guláy-into cook something as a vegetable dish (PPH: *gulay-en) *gulay

gulay-ínplants, leaves, fruits or rootstocks that can be cooked as vegetables (PPH: *gulay-en) *gulay

gúlisclaw marks on the skin; slight scratch on a surface (PPH: *gúlis)

gulódisorder, confusion, tumult (PMP: *guru)

gúlpi ~ gólpea hit or strike (LOAN)

gulpi-h-into beat up; to beat to helplessness; to pummel (LOAN)

g<um>abíto be or become evening or nighttime (PPH: *R<um>abiqi) *Rabiqi

g<um>ámitto use; to exert (PPH: *Rámit)

g<um>ámitto use; to exert (PPH: *gámit)

g<um>amótto treat or cure a sickness or patient (PMP: *Ramut₁)

g<um>átasto milk; to draw milk from cow, goat, etc. (PMP: *Ratas₂)

g<um>áyatto slice; to cut into thin pieces (PPH: *gáyat)

gumíbeard (PMP: *gumi)

g<um>íliŋto grind; to crush into powder; to mill or grind rice or corn (PWMP: *g<um>iliŋ) *giliŋ

g<um>i-tnáʔto go to the middle or center (PMP: *teŋaq)

g<um>úlaŋto become mature; become older (PAN: *Rudaŋ)

guntíŋscissors (LOAN)

guntiŋ-íncut something with scissors (LOAN)

guramia species of freshwater fish (LOAN)

gúsiʔlarge china vase or jar; Chinese burial jar (LOAN)

Tagalog (880 / 3999)

gusótcrumpled, entangled, confused (PWMP: *gusut)

gúyodthick rope or cable used in hauling (PWMP: *guyud₃)

guʔáŋ ~ guáŋhollow, empty inside; a gap, hole, crevice or hollow (PWMP: *Ruqaŋ)

hainterrogative particle meaning: what is it? or what do you mean?; interrogative particle meaning: do you understand?; exclamatory interrogative particle with the element of surprise or reproach: is that so? (PMP: *ha₁) *ha

habágatwest or southwest wind; monsoon (PMP: *habaRat) *SabaRat

hábascallosity in the mouth (of horses, etc.) (PPh: *hábas)

habhábnoisy manner of eating and gobbling up large chunks (as by dog or pig) (PPH: *habhab)

hábitexture of fabric, woven pattern on fabric (PPH: *habél)

habídentangling obstacle (PWMP: *habed)

habídentangling obstacle (PPH: *la(m)béj)

habídentangling obstacle (ROOT)

habih-ánloom (PPh: *habel-án) *habél

habih-ínthings to be woven, orders for weaving (PWMP: *habel-en) *habél

háboŋtemporary shed or shelter made of leaves, grass, cloth or canvas; hovel; an open shed for sheltering cattle, etc. (PPH: *hábuŋ)

hagdánstairs, ladder (PMP: *haRezan)

hagdáŋ batóstone steps, stone stairs (PMP: *haRezan na batu) *haRezan

hágoksnore; sound of snoring (PWMP: *haguk)

hagpósgentle rubbing with the hand (PPh: *hapRus)

hákaʔsupposition, idea, notion; suspicion (NOISE)

hákotload, loading (in quantity); act of carrying or loading away, or transporting away (PMP: *hakut) *SakuC

Tagalog (900 / 3999)

halagáprice (LOAN)

h-al-akhákloud laughter (PWMP: *hakhak)

halígipost, pillar (PMP: *hadiRi) *SadiRi

halíkto kiss (PMP: *hajek) *Sajek

halik-ánkiss someone (PPh: *hajek-an) *Sajek

h-al-ikhíkoutburst of pent-up laughter (cp. h-al-akhak) (PWMP: *hikhik)

hamákahammock (LOAN)

hambógboastful, proud, vain (PPh: *hambúg)

hamógdew, moisture condensed from the air (PMP: *lamuR)

hamógdew, moisture condensed from the air; vapor, the moisture in the air that can be seen (LOAN)

hamóg (< earlier *lamog)dew (PWMP: *dahemuR)

hámokhand-to-hand fight (PMP: *hamuk)

hampilapproach, put near; place beside or against (Laktaw 1914) (PWMP: *hampir)

hampólapex of the path of anything thrown upward; highest tip of a wave (PWMP: *hampul)

hamug-ánplace covered with dew (LOAN)

hantádexposed, in full view (PWMP: *hantaD)

haŋgá-nfarthest limit or boundary (PWMP: *haŋga)

háŋinair, wind, breeze (PMP: *haŋin)

háŋosout of breath due to hurry or excitement (PWMP: *haŋus₁)

hapdíʔsmarting, excruciating pain (PMP: *hapejiq) *Sapejiq

Tagalog (920 / 3999)

hápitpressing tight between two hard objects (PMP: *hapit) *Sapit

hapíttight-fitting (said of dresses or the like); taut, tense (PMP: *hapit) *Sapit

hapit-ánpressing or tensing apparatus or machine (PWMP: *hapit-an) *Sapit

haplítstroke with a lash or whip (PPh: *hap(e)lít)

háponafternoon; roosting of fowls (PPh: *hápun)

hapóʔtired (NOISE)

hapun-ansupper, dinner (PPH: *hapun-an) *hápun

haráŋa bar; a barrier; an obstacle (LOAN)

haraŋ-into hold up; to stop by force and rob (LOAN)

haráp ~ haráp-anfront; foreground; facade (LOAN)

hárasFoeniculum vulgare: local name for anís (Eng. 'fennel'), the seeds of which are used for flavoring (PWMP: *hadas)

hásaŋgills (PMP: *hasaŋ)

hásaʔwhetting, sharpening (PMP: *hasaq) *Sasaq

hasaʔ-ánwhetstone (PMP: *hasaq-an) *Sasaq

hasíksowing (PMP: *hasek₁)

hatídconduction, accompaniment; person conducting or convoying or taking something or someone to a destination (PMP: *hateD) *SateD

hatolsentence pronounced by a judge in court; counsel; medical prescription for an ailment (LOAN)

háwanclearing (in a forest), or produced by the removal of a crowd; or, in the sky, by disappearance of clouds (PWMP: *hawan)

hawáncleared (PWMP: *hawan)

hawháwrinsing (said of clothes) (PMP: *hawhaw) *SawSaw

Tagalog (940 / 3999)

háyogo! go ahead! (LOAN)

háyopanimal; a beast (PPH: *háyup)

hiásgem, precious stone; jewelry; ornament, decoration (LOAN)

hibásreduced in intensity (said of fever or storm), low tide (PPh: *hebás)

hibíkpleading, supplication; sob (PWMP: *he(m)bek)

hibíksob (ROOT)

higábyawn (NOISE)

higáʔlying down; fallen flat on the back (PPh: *hideRáq)

hígiŋtone, cue to start singing; something heard vaguely and not well understood (PMP: *heReŋ)

higit-ínbe pulled until taut or tight (PWMP: *heRet-en) *SeReC

hígopsip (PMP: *hiRup) *SiRup

higpíttightness; strictness, severity; restriction, limitation (PPh: *hig(e)pít)

hígup-ansipping tube (PWMP: *hiRup-an) *SiRup

hikafbyawn (NOISE)

híkawearrings (LOAN)

hikáw-anto put earrings on someone (LOAN)

hílapull; drag; tow, towing; the thing pulled; a cartload or carload as a unit of measure; attraction, invitation (PWMP: *hilah)

hílaa type of boat song or rowing song (NOISE)

hílabspasm; a convulsive action causing pain in the abdomen (PPH: *hilab)

hílascutting off of palm leaf-blades from rib, or of banana stem segments from trunk (PMP: *hiras)

Tagalog (960 / 3999)

hílatstretching of an opening (as by pulling down the eyelid) (PMP: *hilat)

hílatstretching of opening (as by pulling down the eyelid) (ROOT)

hilawuncooked; green, unripe; raw (PPh: *hiláw)

híliginclination, leaning position; propensity, tendency (PPh: *hírig)

hilíginclined (PPh: *hírig)

híligliking; appetite; a desire; inclination; predilection (LOAN)

hilíksnore, snoring (PPh: *helek)

hílodizziness, giddiness, vertigo (PWMP: *hilu)

hílodscrubbing of skin to remove dirt (PPh: *hírud)

hílotmidwife; massaging (PPh: *hílut)

hiluh-ínto make someone dizzy (PWMP: *hilu)

himanmáncomprehension of and learning what is taught; rest, relief (LOAN)

hímatovercarefulness (LOAN)

himatóngiving of directions to find the way to a place; information, news, or instructions sent over (PPh: *himatún)

himílidle tapping with the point of the fingers, doodling (PWMP: *hemel)

hímokenticement, beguilement (NOISE)

himúkasremoval of small fish stuck in net (ROOT)

hin-prefix indicating removal, cleaning or the like (PMP: *hin-) *Sin-

hina-nakítumbrage; resentment; suspicion that one has been slighted or injured; feeling offended; grudge, ill will; a sullen feeling against (PMP: *sakit)

hináwwashing of hands or feet (PMP: *hiñaw) *Siñaw

Tagalog (980 / 3999)

hínaw-anwash-bowl (PMP: *hiñaw-an) *Siñaw

hindíkcontinuous and agonizing hard breathing; last agonizing breath of the dying (PPh: *hendek)

hindíkcontinuous and agonizing hard breathing (ROOT)

hindíʔno, not (PWMP: *hediq)

hinógripe (usually said of fruits) (PPH: *hinuR)

hintáywait! (PWMP: *hintay)

hin-tu-túroʔindex finger (PAN: *tuzuq₁)

hípagsister-in-law (PMP: *hipaR₁) *hipaR

híponshrimp (PPh: *hípun₂)

hípoʔtouch, palpation (PPh: *hipuq)

hirámborrowing (PWMP: *hinzam)

hirámborrowed; adapted (PMP: *hezam) *Sezam

híram-anperson from whom or place from which one may borrow something (PWMP: *hinzam-an) *hinzam

hiram-ínto borrow (a thing) (PWMP: *hinzam-en) *hinzam

hir(a)m-ínto borrow (a thing) (PPh: *hedam-en) *Sezam

hírapdifficulty, suffering (PWMP: *hidap)

hiráptired, weary; up against much difficulty (PWMP: *hidap)

hírawwhite-feathered rooster with green or greenish spots or edgings (PWMP: *hizaw)

hísoʔcleaning of teeth by rubbing (PMP: *hisuq)

Tagalog (1000 / 3999)

hítaʔthigh (PPh: *hitaq)

hítoʔa species of edible freshwater catfish (PMP: *hituq)

híwaʔcut, incision; slice (of fish, meat, cake, etc.); wound (caused by a cutting instrument) (PPh: *híwaq)

hiwídawry, out of line (PMP: *hiwid) *Siwid

hiwídtwisted; dislocated; awry; out of line; not aligned; out of joint; oblique; slanting (NEAR)

hiyáʔ, híyaʔshame (PMP: *heyaq) *Seyaq

hoyinterjection: an answer to a call; an exclamation of warning or calling attention (PMP: *huy)

hubádundressed from the waist up (PPh: *hubád)

húgaswashing (PMP: *huRas) *SuRas

hugás-anwash something (PWMP: *huRas-an) *SuRas

hugas-ánwashing tub or basin (PWMP: *huRas-an) *SuRas

hugóŋhumming in the ear (PMP: *huRuŋ)

hugótpulling or withdrawing (from); unsheathing (PAN: *SuRut)

huhóʔflowing off of grains or pieces of things (PMP: *huhuq) *SuSuq

hukáyexcavation; grave in the ground (PWMP: *hukay)

hukay-índig or excavate a certain place, dig out (something buried) (PWMP: *hukay)

hukómjudge (LOAN)

hukótstooped; round-shouldered (PMP: *hekut) *SekuC

hukótbent-backed (ROOT)

húkum-ancourt of justice (LOAN)

Tagalog (1020 / 3999)

hulílate, tardy; last; tail-end; position behind (PMP: *udehi)

húlogfall; failure in examinations; capture; installment payment (PMP: *huluR) *SuluR

h<um>ágokto snore (PWMP: *haguk)

h<um>amógto form dew (LOAN)

humbákhollow, concave (of cheeks, stomach or the like) (PWMP: *humbak)

h<um>igítpull until taut or tight (PMP: *h<um>eRet) *SeReC

h<um>unósto get a share of the crop being harvested (PPH: *húnus)

húnichirping or hooting of birds or fowls; song, murmur (PMP: *huni) *Suni

hunósskin peelings, molt, as of reptiles (PMP: *huñus)

húnosskin peeling; molt or molting, as of reptiles (PMP: *hunus) *SuNus

hunóstithe; share of the crop being harvested (PPH: *húnus)

huŋótcoconut shell used as a dipper or container for drinking water (not common) (PPH: *húŋut)

húpawmoney-belt (Chinese) (LOAN)

hutókbending by force of weight; flexion (PWMP: *hutuk)

hutuk-ínto flex (a branch or stick) (PWMP: *hutuk)

i-marker of instrumental focus verbs (formed by prefixing i- to an instrumental adjective: Schachter and Otanes 1972: 319) (PMP: *i-) *Si-₁

i-abótto hand something to another (PPH: *qábut)

i-abótto hand something to another (PPH: *i-qábut) *qábut

iákcry (with tears), sob (PMP: *iak)

iánthat (near the person addressed) (PWMP: *ian₃)

Tagalog (1040 / 3999)

i-anákgive birth to (an offspring) (PPH: *i-anak) *aNak

ibáother, another; different, distinct (PMP: *ibah) *ibaS

ibáother, another; different, distince' (NOISE)

i-bábawupper crust or surface (PAN: *i babaw) *babaw₃

i-babáʔunder part, lower part (PMP: *babaq₁)

i-báhawto set aside food so that it becomes “left-overs” (PMP: *bahaw) *baSaw

íbaygiddiness or intoxication caused by overchewing betel nut (NOISE)

ibígwish, want, desire; objective; whim; darling, beloved; dream, ideal (PMP: *ibeR)

ibíg-inlove or desire someone or something (PWMP: *ibeR-en) *ibeR

íbonbird; íbun-an aviary (PPh: *ibun)

ibún-anaviary (PPh: *ibun)

ibusthe gebang or cabbage palm: Corypha utan Lam. Arecaceae (Madulid 2001) (PWMP: *ibus₁)

i-buyóinduce someone to be or to do something (LOAN)

i-daráŋexpose something to live coals or open fire in order to heat or dry (PPH: *i-da(ŋ)dáŋ) *daŋdaŋ

i-dikítto attach, stick or affix something specific; to seal, to close by sticking; to mount, to fix in proper setting, backing, or support (PPH: *i-deket) *dekeC

i-dipáto open the arms wide; to stretch out the arms (PPH: *i-depa) *depah

i-gálaŋto defer; to show respect to (PPH: *i-gálaŋ) *gálaŋ

i-galáwto move; to change the position of (PPH: *garáw)

i-gamótto administer a specific medicine; to give something as medicine or treatment (PMP: *Ramut₁)

igáŋdried up, dehydrated (PWMP: *egaŋ)

Tagalog (1060 / 3999)

ígatblack eel (PPh: *ígat)

i-gisáto sauté or stew (LOAN)

i-gi-tnáʔto place in the center or middle (PMP: *teŋaq)

igkásbeing set off or freed or let go, as a spring suddenly let loose or a trigger discharged (ROOT)

igtíŋtightness (of tie or knot); tautness (PWMP: *iReteŋ)

igtíŋtaut (ROOT)

íhiʔurine (PMP: *ihiq) *iSiq

ihíʔsuffer from frequent urination (PMP: *ihiq) *iSiq

ika-prefix for ordinal numerals (PMP: *ika-) *Sika-

ika-ánimsixth (PMP: *ika-enem) *enem

ika-ápatfourth (PPh: *ika-epat) *Sepat

ika-labi-m-pitóseventeenth (PAN: *pitu₁) *pitu

ika-lawásecond (PMP: *ika-duha) *duSa

(i)ka-limáfifth (ordinal numeral) (PMP: *ika-lima) *lima

íkaŋslight gap formed between joints or junctures (PWMP: *iŋkaŋ)

i-kápitto stick, paste or glue something onto something else (stress on the object) (PMP: *kampit)

ika-pitóseventh (PMP: *ika-pitu) *pitu

ika-pitu-n-puʔseventieth (PAN: *pitu₁) *pitu

ika-sa-m-púʔtenth (PMP: *ika-puluq) *puluq

i-ka-sayáto make glad; to cause to rejoice (LOAN)

Tagalog (1080 / 3999)

ika-tlóthird (PMP: *ika-telu) *telu

ika-tuwáʔto cause or make one pleased, happy, etc.; to make one rejoice (PWMP: *tuaq)

i-káwyou (sing.) (PMP: *i-kahu) *kaSu

i-ka-walóthe eighth (PMP: *ika-walu) *walu

i-kíliŋto incline; to cause to incline or to lean sideways (PWMP: *keleŋ₂)

ikómclosed (said of flowers and buds) (ROOT)

íkotrevolving; turning around; to turn; motion like that of a wheel (PPH: *íkut₃)

ikóttheft (NOISE)

i-kulóŋto cage; to shut up in a cage; to impound; to shut up in a pen or pound; to shut or keep in (PWMP: *kuruŋ)

i-kurápto wink or blink the eyes (PWMP: *kezap)

ílagdodging; avoidance, evasion (PWMP: *qilag)

i-lahókto add, to mix (PPH: *i-lahúk) *lahuk

i-lakádto use something in walking (PPH: *i-lákaj) *lakaj

i-lálimbottom; space just below a surface (not necessarily the bottom space) (PMP: *i dalem) *dalem

iláŋopen, unhabited space beyond a town or forest (PMP: *qelaŋ)

i-lápitto take or put something near something or someone else (PMP: *rapet)

ílawlight; lamp, torch, i.e. anything that is used to give light (PMP: *qilaw)

i-láyainterior part of a territory; upper part of a town; the northern part of a place (PAN: *daya)

i-layláycause to droop or sag (PPH: *layláy)

ilih-ánshelter against wind or rain; mountain retreat (PMP: *qilih)

Tagalog (1100 / 3999)

ilíŋshaking of the head in denial or disapproval (PWMP: *iliŋ₃)

i-lislísto lift up the skirt or dress (PPH: *lesles₁)

i-lislísto lift up the skirt or dress (PPH: *lislís)

ílitusurpation of someone else's property, either by force or trickery; confiscation of property for debt or obligation (LOAN)

ílogriver (PAN: *iluR₂)

ilóŋnose (PMP: *ijuŋ)

ilug-ilug-anrivulet (PAN: *iluR₂)

i-luhódto genuflect, to bend the right knee in reverence (PPH: *luhúd)

i-lulónto roll up (PMP: *lulun) *luluN

i-luwásto export; to send out of the country for sale in another (PPH: *luás)

imá-ʔmother (PMP: *ema-q) *ema₁

im-bábawsuperficially (PAN: *i babaw) *babaw₃

impísshrunken, deflated (PWMP: *impes)

impísshrunken, deflated (PMP: *i(m)pes)

impísshrunken, deflated (PPh: *qepés)

impítpressed, compressed (PMP: *qipit)

impógrandmother (PMP: *empu)

impógrandmother (PMP: *impu₂)

-indirect passive; also used in imperatives; e.g. Bibilh-in mo ba iyon para sa akin? Will you buy that for me? (Schachter and Otanes 1972:454); Kudkur-in mo aŋ niyog Grate the coconut (Schachter and Otanes 1972:297) (PAN: *-en)

-in-marker of perfective aspect (PAN: *<in>) *-in-

Tagalog (1120 / 3999)

ináM (PMP: *ina)

inah-ínhen or mother animal (PWMP: *ina-en) *ina

iná-ŋappellation for iná, mother (PMP: *iná-ŋ) *ina

in-asn-ánsalted (PAN: *qasiN)

inátstretching one’s arms and legs, esp. after waking up (PWMP: *iñat)

iná-yM (addr.) (PMP: *iná-i) *ina

indákjig, dance; gambol; skip and dance; tap dancing (PWMP: *enzak)

indákjig dance; gambol; skip and dance; tap dancing (PMP: *inzak)

inísasphyxia; disgust, exasperation (NOISE)

ínitheat, warmth; temperature; excitement, enthusiasm; anger, wrath (PWMP: *qinit)

inómact of drinking (PMP: *inum)

inum-índrinking water; to drink (something) (PWMP: *inum-en) *inum

ínum-inbeverage (PWMP: *inum-en) *inum

inút-inótby dints of little work or effort (PWMP: *qinut)

inút-inótlittle by little (PWMP: *inut)

i-ŋálanto use a term as name for something (PWMP: *i-ŋajan(-an)) *ŋajan

i-ŋaŋáto open one’s mouth (PMP: *ŋaŋa₂)

iŋasa tree: Litsea glutinosa (Lour.) (PWMP: *iŋas)

íŋatcarefulness; something taken care of for safekeeping (PMP: *iŋat)

iŋgítenvy, spite, grudge (PWMP: *i(ŋ)git)

Tagalog (1140 / 3999)

iŋgítenvy; discontent or ill will at another’s good fortune (PPH: *iŋgit)

iŋgítenvy, spite, grudge (ROOT)

íŋilgrowl, snarl (PPh: *íŋel₂)

íŋilto growl, snarl (PMP: *eŋer)

íŋilgrowl, snarl (NOISE)

iŋkáŋunbalanced (in walking) (PWMP: *eŋkaŋ)

iŋkáŋunbalanced (in walking) (PWMP: *iŋkaŋ)

iŋkóŋappellation for grandfather or very old man (LOAN)

íŋʔiŋsound of the violin (PPh: *iŋqiiŋ)

iŋʔíŋsound of the violin (PPh: *qeŋqeŋ)

ióyour, yours (PMP: *iu₃) *iSu

iókshriek of poultry (PMP: *qiuk)

ipa-verbal prefix meaning to cause (something) to be done by someone else (PPh: *ipa-)

ipáchaff of rice, grains obtained by pounding (ground chaff coming out of a rice mill is darak) (PWMP: *qepah)

i-padpádto be driven by current or wind (PPH: *padpád)

i-pag-dúyanto swing somebody in a cradle, hammock or swing (PPH: *dúyan)

i-pag- líhimkeep something a secret (PWMP: *lihim)

i-pag-línisto clean something for, or on behalf of someone (PPH: *línis)

i-pag-pa-síkatto sport; to display, etc., in order to attract attention (PPH: *sikát)

i-páhidto spread; to put on in a thin layer (PWMP: *pahid)

Tagalog (1160 / 3999)

ipa-hirámto lend (something) (PPh: *ipa-hedám) *Sezam

ipa-kilalato introduce; to make known; to present; to reflect; to reproduce; to show; to betray; to reveal; to signify; to make known by signs, words or actions (PAN: *kilala)

ipa-kítato show; to bring forward; to produce; to indicate; to make known; to demonstrate; to show openly (PPH: *i-pa-kita) *kita

ipa-líhato get someone to apply sandpaper on something (LOAN)

ipa-matáto open a person’s eyes; to make one see what is really happening (PMP: *mata) *maCa

ipa-ŋálanto call, to name, to give a name (PMP: *i-pa-ŋajan) *ŋajan

i-paráto compare; to liken to (PPH: *i-pada) *pada

ipa-táwagto page; to try to find a person at a hotel, etc., by getting someone to call his name (PWMP: *tawaR₂)

i-pa-túroʔto order the teaching of a particular subject (PMP: *tuzuq₂) *Cuzuq

ípilhardwood tree used in house construction (PMP: *qipil)

i-pílitto impose; to force or thrust on another; to insist; to keep firmly to some demand, statement or position (PPH: *pílit)

i-píliʔto choose what is good for someone else (PPH: *i-piliq) *piliq

ípiscockroach (PMP: *ipes) *Sipes

ípitclip, clasp; hairpin (PMP: *qipit)

ipónaccumulation, heap, collection, deposit (PMP: *qi(m)pun)

ipu-ípowhirlwind (LOAN)

i-púnasto use something to wipe with (PMP: *punas)

írapglare, sullen glance (PAN: *qijap)

írapglare, sullen glance (PWMP: *idap)

iríthis (PMP: *i-di) *-di

Tagalog (1180 / 3999)

irokthe sugar palm: Arenga saccharifera (PWMP: *izuk)

isáone; another (PAN: *isa₁)

isa-alaŋ-alaŋto consider; to take into account (PPH: *alaŋ-alaŋ₂) *alaŋ

i-sabítto hang something on a nail, hook, stand or rack (PPH: *i-saqebít) *saqebit

i-sábitto hang something on a nail, hook, stand or rack (PWMP: *sabit)

i-sábogto disseminate; to scatter like seed; to spread about; to plant seeds by scattering them (PMP: *saq(e)buR)

i-sáboŋto pit a gamecock against another; to use for betting in a cockfight (referring to a certain amount of money) (PWMP: *sabuŋ₁)

i- sagádto sink something down to the hilt or the bottom (PWMP: *saRad)

i-sagótto give as an answer to a person or to question; to give as a security, pledge or guarantee (PPH: *sagút)

i-sahógto add as an ingredient to a mixture (PPH: *sahuR)

isa isaone by one, one each time (PAN: *isa isa) *isa₁

i-sáligto base on (PMP: *sandiR)

i-sálinto translate; to change from one language to another; to render (PWMP: *salin)

i-salítto intersperse (PPH: *i-salét) *salét

i-sálokto use something for scooping up water or any liquid; to fetch water from a well or the like for someone (PMP: *saruk)

i-sáloŋto sheathe a sword; to lower one’s weapon as a sign of surrender (PWMP: *saruŋ)

i-sampáyto hang clothes (laundry) on a line, etc. (PMP: *sampay₁) *sapay

i-sandígto cause one to lean on something; basis; to base on something (PMP: *sandiR)

i-saŋkálanto use as a block for cutting or chopping meat, etc.; to place on a block, referring to something to be cut or chopped (PWMP: *saŋkalan)

i-sapínto use something as an underlayer (especially for protection) (PPH: *sapín)

Tagalog (1200 / 3999)

isa-púsoʔto engrave in the heart (PMP: *pusuq₁)

ísawsmall intestine; blind intestine (PWMP: *isaw)

i-saysáyto attest; to declare; to give testimony; to give an account of (PPH: *sáysay)

isdáɁfish (PPH: *sedaq)

isdáʔfish (PPh: *sidáq)

i-sígito go ahead in doing some particular thing (LOAN)

i-sigito go ahead in doing some particular thing (LOAN)

i-siksíkto cram or force into; to stuff; to assert; to put oneself forward; to jam; to push or thrust a thing hard into a place; to pack; to press or crowd closely together; to wedge; to thrust or pack in tightly (PPH: *i-seksek) *seksek₁

i-síloŋto take or bring animals or things to shelter, against the sun, rain or storm (PWMP: *siduŋ)

i-síŋitto tuck; to thrust into some narrow space or into some retired place; to insert; to set in (PPH: *i-síŋit) *síŋit

ísipthought, understanding, judgment, sense; criterion, opinion; discernment; idea; plan, intend (PPh: *ísip)

ísip-inthink (of something) (PPh: *isip-en) *ísip

isip-ínmatter for thought; things to be thought of (PPh: *isip-en) *ísip

i- sípiŋto put beside, or by the side of someone or something (PPH: *sípiŋ)

isís, isʔísshrub the leaves of which have a sandpaper-like surface; scrubbing (NOISE)

i-sisito blame; to put the blame for something on another person; to impute (PWMP: *selsel₂)

ísodact of moving up or away in position (PMP: *icud)

ísodact of moving up or away in position (PMP: *isud)

i-súkato throw up; to spew; to vomit (PPH: *suka₂)

i-sukátto try on; to put on (e.g. shoes or clothes in order to test the size, fit, etc.) (PWMP: *sukat)

Tagalog (1220 / 3999)

i-súlatto write (down) something (LOAN)

i-sumpáʔto condemn; to express strong disapproval (PPH: *i-sumpaq) *sumpaq

i-tábasto use something for cutting out a dress, etc., according to a pattern (PWMP: *tabas₂)

i-tágoʔto hide; to conceal (PMP: *taRuq)

i-tahánto take someone to reside with oneself in a certain place (PMP: *tahan) *taNaS

itákshort, wide bolo with long handle (PPh: *eták)

i-tákalto use some kind of measure for measuring liquids or grains (LOAN)

i-tambákto dump; to empty out or throw down so as to make a pile or heap; to dump into a place (PMP: *tambak₂)

i-tanímto plant, to put in the ground to grow; to implant (morally), to inculcate (PPH: *i-tanem) *CaNem

i-táŋisto weep over, to mourn (PMP: *taŋis) *Caŋis

i-taŋóʔto cause the head to nod (PPH: *taŋuq)

i-tápakto set or put one’s foot down on something (PWMP: *tapak₁)

i-tapónto use something as a cork or stopper (LOAN)

i-táwadto offer as a price for (PWMP: *tawaD)

i-táwagto call or summon a doctor, priest, etc. for someone (PWMP: *tawaR₂)

i-tayáʔto put up some specific amount as a bet in gambling (PPH: *i-tayáɁ) *tayáq

i-taʔánto reserve something for future use (PWMP: *taqan₂)

i-taʔónto do or make at the same time with; to make coincide (PMP: *taqun)

ítiksp. of duck which produces eggs made into balót (PWMP: *itik₂)

itímblack (PMP: *qitem)

Tagalog (1240 / 3999)

i-timbáŋto weigh something, e.g. food (sugar, meat, etc.) on behalf of some buyer; to use a counterbalance; to give something as an equivalent (PWMP: *timbaŋ)

i-tindígto stand; to set upright (PMP: *ti(n)zeg)

i-tiŋaláʔto turn the face upward; to raise the side or end of something partially; to tilt or tip upward (with a lever) (PWMP: *tiŋadaq)

i-tiŋínto look for something on behalf of someone else (PPH: *tiŋén)

itlógegg (PMP: *qiteluR) *qiCeluR

itothis (PAN: *i-Cu) *-Cu

i-tugtógto play a musical piece for someone (PWMP: *tugtug)

i-túladto conform; to make like; to liken, to compare (PWMP: *tulad)

i-túlakto push, to shove, to repel; to propel; to drive or push on or forward (PMP: *tulak)

i-tumpókto make a small heap (e.g. of grains, beans, etc.) (PWMP: *tumpuk)

i-tuntónto guide someone or something at the start; to help to begin (PWMP: *tuntun)

i-túroʔto instruct; to teach (emphasis on subject taught) (PWMP: *i-tuzuq) *tuzuq₁

i-túroʔto instruct; to teach (emphasis on subject taught) (PMP: *tuzuq₂) *Cuzuq

i-uwíʔtake something home; turn ( a processs, conversation or the like) into something not expected (PPh: *i-uliq) *uliq₁

íwasavoidance, evasion (PPh: *iwas)

kapronoun, the postpositive form of ikáw, you (singular) (PMP: *ka₄)

ka- -anformative for abstract nouns; ka-takút-an ‘fear’ (cp. ma-tákot ‘to be afraid’) (PAN: *ka- -an₃)

ka-ának-anlast embryonic stage during which birth is expected; month of child delivery (PWMP: *ka-anak-an) *aNak

ka-áwayenemy, foe (PPH: *áway)

kabápalpitation of the heart or pulse; twitter; an excited condition; to feel nervous; to have a premonition of something (PPH: *kabá)

Tagalog (1260 / 3999)

kábaggas pain; flatulence (PPH: *kábag)

ka-bahuʔ-anfoulness of odor, fetidness (PWMP: *ka-bahu-an) *bahu

kabála potion, charm or talisman supposed to render one invulnerable against knives, daggers, bullets, etc. (PWMP: *kabal₂)

kabál sa sakítimmunity; reistance to disease, poison, etc (PWMP: *kabal₂)

kabánchest or trunk, esp. one for clothes (PWMP: *kaban₂)

kabáncavan; a Philippine measure of 75 liters or 25 gantas (LOAN)

ka-bantúg-an ~ ka-bantug- ánfame; renown; glory; eminence; note; greatness (PPH: *bantug)

kabáŋmulti-colored; varicolored; spotted; white patch of skin on face or arms (used in some areas) (PPH: *kabáŋ)

kabáoŋcoffin, casket (LOAN)

kabatétethe Javan cucumber, a gourd-bearing liana belonging to the pumpkin family: Alsomitra macrocarpa Roem. Cucurbitaceae (PPH: *kabatíti)

ka-batu-hánstony or rocky place (PWMP: *ka-batu-an) *batux

ka-baug-ansterility, barrenness (PPH: *báqug)

ka-bawál-anrestriction; a limiting condition or rule (LOAN)

ka- báʔít-ankindness; goodness; humaneness; friendliness; leniency; prudence, good sense (PWMP: *bait₁)

kábigact of drawing or pulling towards oneself; vassal, subject, follower (PWMP: *kabiR)

ka-bigaw-ánstupefaction due to loud noise (PWMP: *biRaw)

ka-bigláʔ-an-anastonishment due to something sudden (PPh: *big(e)láq)

kabítconnected; attached; fastened; united (PAN: *kabit₁)

kabítmistress, paramour (colloquial) (LOAN)

kabit-kabaga vine: Caesalpinia bonduc (PPH: *kabit₃)

Tagalog (1280 / 3999)

kablíŋa species of aromatic herb (PPH: *kab(e)liŋ)

ka-buan-ánmaturity of pregnancy (said of women); by extension maturity month for certain acts or events, as of loans, ripeness, readiness for harvest, etc. (PPh: *ka-bulan-an) *bulaN

ka-bukír-ancountry outside towns and cities (PPh: *ka-bukij-an) *bukij

ka-buntis-ánpregnancy (PPh: *buq(e)tis)

ka-dalagá-hangroup of unmarried women (PWMP: *ka-daRa-an) *daRa₂

ka-dalas-ánfact or state of rapidity or frequency; frequent occurrence (PPH: *darás)

ka-daldál-ancompanion in gossiping (PPH: *daldál)

ka-daldal-ánhabit of gossiping (PPH: *daldál)

kadáŋ-kadáŋa fatal disease of coconut trees (LOAN)

ka-dugóʔblood relation, one who is related by blood (PMP: *zuRuq)

ka-gabílast night (PMP: *ka-Rabiqi) *Rabiqi

ka-gabíyesterday (cp. gabí ‘night, evening’) (PAN: *ka-₁)

ka-gamit-ánapparatus; appliance (PPH: *Rámit)

ka-gamit-ánapparatus; appliance (PPH: *gámit)

ka-gámút-anapplicable cure, remedy or relief (PMP: *Ramut₁)

ka-gamut-ánspecific cure or medicine (PMP: *Ramut₁)

kagáta bite; sting, a prick or wound by a bee (PMP: *kaRat) *kaRaC

kagat-ánto bite a piece off something (PMP: *kaRat) *kaRaC

kagat-ínto bite; to seize, cut into or cut off with the teeth (PPH: *kaRat-en) *kaRaC

kágawa mite or very small insect that causes itch (PWMP: *kaRaw₂)

Tagalog (1300 / 3999)

kagódgrating sound, as that of a coconut against the coconut grater (PMP: *kaRud)

ka-guláŋ-anmaturity (PAN: *Rudaŋ)

ka-harápopposite; in the front of; face-to-face (LOAN)

kahélspecies of orange tree and its fruit, usually sweet, but sometimes sour (LOAN)

káhigscratching loose soil (as fowls do); inciting two roosters to fight but holding them back by the tail, thus causing them to scratch the soil (PWMP: *kahiR)

kahigstir up a fire (NOISE)

ka-hiluh-andizziness, giddiness, vertigo (PWMP: *hilu)

kahóywood; lumber (PMP: *kahiw) *kaSiw

kahúy-anwoodland, woods (PWMP: *kahiw-an) *kaSiw

ka-íbig-íbigdesirable, lovable (PWMP: *ka-ibeR ibeR) *ibeR

ka-i-lálim-anthe very bottom; uttermost depth; the lowest point (PMP: *i dalem) *dalem

ka-ilánwhen? (PAN: *ijan)

kaíŋbasket of woven bamboo with wide mouth and two opposite handles, generally used for fruit (PPH: *kaqiŋ)

kaká-Ɂelder sibling or cousin (PMP: *kaka₂)

kakakcackling, quacking (of hens, ducks, etc.) (PMP: *kakakₐ) *kakak

ka-kampially; one who cheers for a team, etc., rooter, fan (PPH: *kampi)

ka-kaʔin-ínsweets; tidbits; dainties (PAN: *ka-kaen-en) *kaen

ka-kilaláan acquaintance (PAN: *kilala)

kálatortoise; tortoise shell (NOISE)

Tagalog (1320 / 3999)

kalabalower section of a beehive (PPH: *kalába)

kalabáwwater buffalo, carabao (LOAN)

kalabíttouching with the tip of the fingers; strumming of a stringed instrument (ROOT)

ka-laguŋ-anbase or low-pitched (of the voice) (NEAR)

ka-lahókparticipant in a contest; ingredient in a mixture (PPH: *ka-lahúk) *lahuk

ka-lakáda companion in taking a walk (PMP: *lakaj)

ka-lakas-ánvitality; strength; virility (PMP: *lakas)

kalakatia tool like small shears for cutting betel nuts (LOAN)

ka-lákip ~ ka-lakípenclosure, as in a letter (NOISE)

ka-lalakih-angroup of men or males; manhood; men; mankind (PWMP: *ka-(la)laki-an) *laki₁

kalalaŋnarrow-necked water jug (PWMP: *kalalaŋ)

ka-lálim-anprofundity, depth (PMP: *dalem)

kalamansíʔcitrus tree bearing small acidic fruit: Aldonisis (PPH: *kalamansíq)

kalámaya sweet conserve made from cornmeal, rice flour or cassava flour, and cooked with coconut milk and sugar (PWMP: *kalamay)

kalánstove (LOAN)

kalandábier, stretcher (LOAN)

kalapátidove; pigeon (LOAN)

k<al>apáyfin of a fish (PMP: *kapay)

ka-lapítperson or place nearby, neighbor; nearby, neighboring (PMP: *dapet)

ka-lapíta person or place nearby; neighbor (PMP: *rapet)

Tagalog (1340 / 3999)

ka-lapit-annearness, contiguity (PMP: *rapet)

kalapnítspecies of small bat (LOAN)

kalásagemblem, coat-of-arms; shield; a piece of armor carried on the arm to protect the body in battle (PWMP: *kalasag)

kalaság-anto provide someone with an emblem, coat-of-arms, or shield (PWMP: *kalasag)

kalatkátspreading out by climbing or creeping (as vines) (PPH: *kalatkat)

kálawhornbill (PMP: *kalaw₁)

kaláwaga species of shrub; a plant with a yellowish juice which is used to color food (LOAN)

ka-lawíg-ana long duration of time (PPH: *lawig)

kalawithook, drag hook, grapnel (PWMP: *kalawit)

k<al>aykayfootprint (NOISE)

kalayoa tree: Lepisantheses rubiginosa (PWMP: *kalayu)

kalbítlight touch with the finger to draw the attention of someone; plucking of the strings of a musical instrument (PPH: *kal(e)bit)

kalbit-ínto touch lightly with the finger; to pluck the strings of a musical instrument (PPH: *kal(e)bit-en) *kal(e)bit

ka-ligtas-ánredemption; salvation (PPH: *lig(e)tas)

ka-liklik-ándigression (PPH: *liklík)

ka-linís-anclearness, cleanliness; neatness, being neat; purity, chastity, freedom from moral evil; innocence (PPH: *línis)

kaliŋsteering handle of a rudder, tiller; door latch, bolt of a lock (NOISE)

k<ál>iŋkiŋ-anlittle finger, little toe (PWMP: *k<al>iŋkiŋ) *kiŋkiŋ₃

káliŋkiŋ-anlittle finger; little toe (PWMP: *kaliŋkiŋ)

kálissword, sabre (LOAN)

Tagalog (1360 / 3999)

kalkálscratching or scraping off with the fingernails; scraped or scratched off (PAN: *karkar)

kálosstrickle; grain leveller used when measuring grain (NOISE)

kalótnude (NOISE)

kalúbanscabbard; a sheath or case for the blade of a sword, dagger, etc. (PPH: *kaluban)

kalúban ng barilholster (PPH: *kaluban)

k<al>ubótwrinkle; ridge; fold; wrinkled (NOISE)

ka-lugih-ánloss in a commercial venture (LOAN)

k<al>ugkogsound of grating (NOISE)

ka-luhúh-anluxuriousness (LOAN)

ká-lu-luwásoul, spirit; vital principle (PPH: *ka-du-duhá) *duSa

kalumpáŋa wild almond tree (Sterculia foetida) the flowers of which have a rather offensive odor, while the fruit yields an oil that can be used for illumination purposes (PMP: *kalumpaŋ)

ka-maka-lawáthe day before yesterday (PMP: *da-duha) *duSa

kamállarge handful; kneading (of dough, etc.) (PMP: *kemel)

kamáligwarehouse, storehouse, shed; barn; granary; building where grain is stored (PMP: *kamaliR)

kamandágvenom; the poison of snakes, spiders, etc. (PPH: *kamandag)

kamansíʔa kind of tree of the breadfruit family (PPH: *kamansiq)

kamansíʔa kind of tree of the breadfruit family (NOISE)

ka-matáhaving the same type of eyes; fig., having the same viewpoint; seeing eye-to-eye (PMP: *ka-mata) *maCa

ka-mátay-andeath (PWMP: *ka-m-atay-an) *aCay

kamátisthe tomato plant itself, or the tomato fruit (LOAN)

Tagalog (1380 / 3999)

kamatís-anto add tomatoes to some dish (LOAN)

kámatis-an, kámatis-ána tomato patch (LOAN)

kamáyhand (PAN: *kamay)

kambáltwin; twins; double (LOAN)

kambáŋthe gradual opening of the petals of flowers (LOAN)

kambíŋgoat (LOAN)

kamkámappropriation of things for self; usurpation; claiming or taking something without right (PWMP: *kamkam)

kamkam-ínto take for oneself, excluding others; to claim or take without right (PPH: *kamkam-en) *kamkam

kampítaking the side of someone in a conflict; biased; favoring one side too much (PPH: *kampi)

kampih-analliance (PPH: *kampi)

kampí-kampíbeing on the same side in a conflict, etc. (PPH: *kampi)

kampilanlong, straight sabre broadening toward the point; a cutlass (LOAN)

ka-murah-ancheapness; inexpensiveness (LOAN)

ka-muraʔ-angreenness, state of unripeness; immaturity (PPH: *kampi)

kamyáspecies of herb which bears fragrant flowers (PPH: *kamiá)

kam-ʔáw ~ kamáwreddish earthen pan or bowl (PPH: *kam(e)qáw)

kanawaa small tree: Ehretia acuminata (Madulid 2001:348) (PMP: *kanawah) *kaNawaS

kandílaʔcandle (LOAN)

kandóŋheld on the lap (as a mother holding her child) (PWMP: *kanduŋ)

kanduŋ-anlap (PWMP: *kanduŋ)

Tagalog (1400 / 3999)

kani-kaniyá, kanyá-kanyáeach his own (PPH: *kaniá)

kán-inrice (boiled or steamed) (PAN: *-en)

kaniyá ~ kanyáhis; her; hers (PPH: *kaniá)

kaniyah-ínto appropriate something for himself or herself (PPH: *kaniá)

kansíŋgold brooch (LOAN)

ka-ŋálannamesake (PWMP: *ka-ŋajan(-an)) *ŋajan

kaŋkáŋprolonged yelping of dogs, crying of babies or loud gossiping of people (PAN: *kaŋkaŋ₂)

kapálthickness (PAN: *kaS(e)pal)

kapálthickness; thick, the thickest part; legion, a great many; wealth, riches (PWMP: *kapal)

ka-pa-náligfriend, ally (PMP: *sandiR)

kapáʔgroping (PPH: *kapaq-kapaq)

ka-pilay-anlameness (PAN: *piNay)

ka-píliʔa companion in making a choice (PWMP: *ka-piliq) *piliq

kapísshells obtained from certain mollusks (Placuna placenta) used for small window panes (PWMP: *kapis)

ka-pisán-anclub; association; society; a group of persons united by a common purpose or interest; fraternity (PWMP: *pisan)

kápithold, grasp; hand-hold (PPH: *kapét)

kápithold; grasp; hand-hold (PMP: *kapit)

kápit ~ kapítadhering; sticking; stuck; glued (PMP: *kampit)

kapit-ánholder; handle; railing (PPH: *kapét)

kapit-ánholder; handle; handlebar; railing (PMP: *kapit)

Tagalog (1420 / 3999)

kapít-anto stick or glue onto something (stress on the place) (PMP: *kampit)

kapkápfeeling or frisking (the pockets) (PAN: *kapkap)

kápokkapok; the silky fibers from the seeds of the cotton tree used to fill pillows, mattresses, etc. (said to be from English) (PWMP: *kapuk)

kapoteraincoat (LOAN)

ka-pulaw-ánloneliness (PPH: *pulaw)

ka-pulu-ánarchipelago; a group of many islands (LOAN)

ka-pulúŋ-anassembly, a lawmaking group (PAN: *puluŋ)

ka-punu-nánwhat is still lacking and must be added to make something full or complete (PWMP: *ka-penuq-an) *peNuq

ka-purih-ánhonor; credit; praise (LOAN)

ka-puti-ánwhite (the color); whiteness; lightness in color (PWMP: *ka-putiq-an) *putiq

ka-pútola fragment, a piece broken off (PMP: *putul) *putun

káraface or head side of a coin (LOAN)

ka-ramdam-andisorder, illness, ailment (PWMP: *damdam)

ka-ramút-anstinginess; meanness (PWMP: *dámut)

káraŋawning; small shed; nipa or bamboo roofing for native boats or barges (PMP: *kazaŋ₂)

ká-ratn-ánpossible result (PWMP: *ka-dateŋ-an) *dateŋ

ka-runúŋ-anknowledge, wisdom; erudition; learning; knowledge gained by study; education (PPH: *dunuŋ)

ka-sabáysimultaneous; occurring at the same time; in conjunction with (PPh: *ka-sabáy) *sabay₁

ka-sabay-ínto have a person accompany oneself (PPh: *ka-sabáy) *sabay₁

ka-sabik-áneagerness; longing; to eagerly desire; to long for (PPH: *sab(e)lék)

Tagalog (1440 / 3999)

ka-ságút-ansolution; answer; key; a sheet or book of answers to questions, puzzles, etc.; a person with whom another is engaged in an argument (PPH: *sagút)

ka-sahóga person such as a visitor who is included in the preparation of food in a home (PPH: *sahuR)

ka-sakim-ánavariciousness; rapacity; greed; selfishness (PPH: *sakém)

ka-sakit-ánpainfulness; soreness (PWMP: *ka-sakit-an) *sakit

ka-saksífellow witness; co-witness (LOAN)

ka-salat-ánprivation; lack of the comforts or necessities of life; lack; scarcity; insufficiency (PWMP: *sadat)

ka-salítreferring to a person or thing placed alternately with another (PPH: *salét)

ka-sámacompanion; partner; associate; companion, as on a trip; person living with another in a house; anything included, attached, or enclosed with something; something mixed with another or others in a mixture; portion or part of something (PWMP: *sama)

ka-samah-áncompanion in a group or company; colleague; an associate; fellow member of an official body (PWMP: *sama)

ka-samah-into take someone along as a companion; to live with someone as a common law spouse; to get along well with others (PWMP: *sama)

ka-saŋáreferring to that which has branched out from something else (PMP: *saŋa₁)

ka-saŋkápsaid of any material used in combination with another or others (PPH: *saŋkap)

ka-saŋkótinvolved, implicated (PWMP: *saŋkut)

ka-sápiɁmember; one who belongs to a group (PWMP: *sapiq)

ka-sawáʔ-ansatiety; surfeit; loss of interest in something; to feel satiated or tired of, referring to food, drink, etc.; to lose interest in (PWMP: *saweqaq)

ka-sayáh-ancheerfulness; gaiety; merriment (LOAN)

ka-saysay-ánhistory; a record of past events, esp. of the life of a nation; history, meaning a statement of what has happened; value; worth; use (PPH: *sáysay)

ka-sikat-ánheyday; period of greatest renown; notoriety; being widely known (PPH: *sikát)

ka-sindák-sindákawesome; causing awe; dreadful; fearful; terrible; startling (NOISE)

ka-sipág-anindustriousness; diligence; hard work; industry; steady effort (PPH: *sipag)

Tagalog (1460 / 3999)

kaskásscraped off, rasped off (PMP: *kaskas₂)

kaskas-into scrape something off (a surface) (PMP: *kaskas₂)

kasóycashew tree and nut (LOAN)

ka-sukátproportional; in the proper proportion (PWMP: *sukat)

ka-sulat-áncorrespondent; person who exchanges letters with another; pen pal (LOAN)

ka-sulát-andeed; a written statement containing a grant; paper; document (LOAN)

ka-sunódthe one following; after; later; following; next; nearest; subsequent; later (PPH: *sunúd)

ka-suŋít-anharshness; sternness (PPH: *suŋit₃)

ka-tabaʔ-áncorpulence; fatness; obesity;stoutness; richness; abundant condition, as of soil (PWMP: *ka-tabeq-an) *tabeq

ka-takut-anto fear or be afraid of something or someone; a state of being afraid; fear, dread (PWMP: *ka-takut-an) *takut

ka-tákut-tákotterrible, terrifying (PMP: *ka-takut) *takut

ka-táloantagonist; adversary or competitor in argument, debate, etc. (PMP: *talu₂)

katámplane; a carpenter’s tool with a blade for smoothing wood (LOAN)

ka-támár-anlaziness (PPH: *tamád)

ka-tamar-ánto feel lazy about a given task, and to pay no attention to it, or do nothing about it (PPH: *tamád)

ka-támár-anlaziness; idleness; indolence; sloth (LOAN)

ka-tambuk-anchubbiness; bulkiness (PWMP: *tambuk)

katam-ínto plane; to smooth wood or metal with a plane (LOAN)

katáŋsmall freshwater crab (PPH: *kataŋ)

katápaŋa tree: Lithocarpus jordanae (Laguna) Rehd. Fagaceae (PMP: *katapaŋ)

Tagalog (1480 / 3999)

ka-tapáŋ-anbravery; courage; valor (PPH: *tapaŋ₂) *tapaŋ

ka-ta-tawa-n-ansomething humorous, laughable (PMP: *ta-tawa) *Cawa

ka-tauh-anpersonality (PMP: *ka-tau-an) *Cau

ka-tawag-anterm; terminology; a word or group of words used in connection with some special subject; nomenclature; a set or system of names or terms (PWMP: *tawaR₂)

ká-taʔónincidental, occurring by chance (PMP: *taqun)

kátilow tide, low ebb (PWMP: *keti)

kátilow tide, low ebb; land not covered by sea (PWMP: *ka-qati) *qaCi

kátigoutrigger of a small boat (PMP: *katiR)

katíg-anto support, endorse (PMP: *katiR)

ka-timbáŋequal in weight; of the same weight; equivalent; commensurate; having the same measure, size or value (PWMP: *ka-timbaŋ) *timbaŋ

ka-timug-anthe southern region; south wind (PMP: *timuR)

ka-tínigconsonant; a letter that is not a vowel (PWMP: *teneR)

ka-tiníŋ-ancalmness; composure; placidity (PWMP: *ka-teneŋ-an) *teneŋ

ka-tipir-ánconservation, avoiding waste (LOAN)

ka-tipún-anassemblage; a group of persons gathered together; federation or congregation; organization; society; union; name of a secret revolutionary society founded during the Spanish regime in the Philippines (PPH: *típun)

katíʔdecoy; any person or thing used to entice or lure (PPH: *kátiq)

katóksharp knock; rap (PMP: *katuk)

ka-túladlike, similar to something (PWMP: *tulad)

ka-turu-ánlesson; main lesson; principal meeting (PWMP: *ka-tuzuq-an) *tuzuq₁

Tagalog (1500 / 3999)

ka-tuwáŋa partner in some enterprise; a helper in some effort; co-sponsor in a baptism, confirmation, wedding or the like (PPH: *ka-tuaŋ) *tuaŋ₂

káwadwire; made of wire (LOAN)

káwalsoldier; warrior; follower; disciple; troops; soldiers (LOAN)

kawáliʔfrying pan; skillet (LOAN)

káwaŋapart, detached, unhinged; fissure, crack (PWMP: *kawaŋ)

kawáywaving of the hand to call or signal someone (PMP: *kaway₁)

kawáyanbamboo (PAN: *kawayan)

kawayan-ánbamboo grove (PAN: *kawayan)

kawílfishhook (PAN: *kawil₁)

káwithook; a fastener (as on a necklace); hasp, fastener for a door, window, box; a pole with a curved knife on the end for cutting down coconuts or other fruits (PAN: *kawit)

kawít-anto hook up something; to hook onto something (stress is on place of hooking) (PWMP: *kawit-an) *kawit

kawít-inget or take something with a hook (PWMP: *kawit-en) *kawit

kawit-kawithinge (PWMP: *kawit-kawit) *kawit

ka-yoblique case marker for personal nouns (PAN: *ka₃)

káyaability; capability; power; competence; capacity; aptitude; facility, the power to do anything easily, quickly and smoothly; attainment; an accomplishment; special skill, power to do something easily; resources; skill in meeting difficulties, getting out of trouble; wherewithal; the means, supplies or money needed; power; ability to do or act (PWMP: *kaya)

kayáh-into afford; to have the means, strength or time (PWMP: *kaya)

kayóyou (pl.) (PPH: *ka-yú) *iSu

káʔinconsumption of food; consumption of any supply, e.g. fuel (PAN: *kaen)

káʔín-aneating together (whether persons or animals) (PAN: *kaen-an) *kaen

kaʔín-into eat (PAN: *kaen-en) *kaen

Tagalog (1520 / 3999)

kibítslight but sudden jerky motion (Dempwolff 1938 gives ‘Runzel’ = ‘wrinkle, pucker’) (NOISE)

kibóta quick jerk of some part of the body; a twitching; throb; pulsation; palpitation; slight movement of the closed lips (LOAN)

kibóta quick jerk of some part of the body (NOISE)

kidlátlightning (PWMP: *kidelat)

kiláblustre, resplendence (PMP: *kilab)

kiláblustre, resplendance (PWMP: *kizab)

kilaláfamiliar; well-known; known to all; proverbial; known (PAN: *kilala)

kilala-n-ínto acknowledge; to recognize; to consider; to reckon, to judge; to identify; to recognize as being a particular person or thing (PAN: *kilala)

kilalá-ŋ-kilaláwidely known; in the public eye (PAN: *kilala)

kílayeyebrow (PWMP: *kiray)

kilígshiver, shudder (PWMP: *kilig)

kilígshiver, shudder (PWMP: *kirig)

kílikcarried on the hip (supported by the arm) (PWMP: *kilik₂)

kili-kíliarmpit (PPH: *kili-kíli)

kilík-into carry on the hip, as a small child (PWMP: *kilik-en) *kilik₂

kililíŋa small bell; tinkle of a small bell (PPH: *kililíŋ)

kíliŋinclination towards a side (PMP: *kiliŋ)

kíliŋinclination, or leaning towards the side; (fig.) partiality, bias (PWMP: *keleŋ₂)

kilíŋinclined, tilted; twisted, referring esp. to the neck; (fig.) partial, biased (PWMP: *keleŋ₂)

kilíŋa species of flexible bamboo (PPH: *kilíŋ₂)

Tagalog (1540 / 3999)

kilíŋ-anto favor someone; to be one-sided or partial (PWMP: *keleŋ₂)

kilóʔbent; crooked; curved (PMP: *kiluq)

kimíspressed or squeezed in the fist; one who is under the complete power of someone else (PMP: *kemes)

kimkímheld in the fist (PWMP: *kemkem₁)

kimpállump, clod (PWMP: *gempal)

kimpállump (as of earth or sugar); clod (PWMP: *kimpal)

kimpállump, clod (POC: *ke(m)pal)

kimpál-kimpálin lumps (PWMP: *kimpal kimpal) *kimpal

kimpal-kimpal-into form something into lumps or clods (POC: *ke(m)pal)

k<in>a-lunís-anon the Monday following (LOAN)

kináŋshine; shininess; lustre (PWMP: *kiñaŋ)

kináŋshininess, lustre (ROOT)

k<in>á-padpar-ánplace where the tide carried shipwrecked persons or things (PPH: *padpád)

kindátwink (of the eye) (PWMP: *kindat)

kindat-ánto wink at someone (PWMP: *kindat)

kinígwhat is or was heard (PAN: *kiŋeR)

kiníglisten to (someone, or a sound) (ROOT)

k<in>í-kilalatitular; in title or name only (PAN: *kilala)

k<in>-í-kitáphantasmagoria; phantom; apparition (PAN: *kita₂) *kita

kipíl ~ kípilcompressed or molded in the hand (PWMP: *kepel)

Tagalog (1560 / 3999)

kipkípcarried under the arm or armpit (PMP: *kepkep)

kípotnarrowness; the narrows; the narrow part of a river, valley or pass; strait; a narrow channel connecting two large bodies of water (PMP: *kiput)

kipút-anto take in; to make smaller or narrower (PMP: *kiput)

kiróta sharp or stinging pain (NOISE)

kísameceiling (LOAN)

kisápblink, wink (PWMP: *ki(n)sap)

kisápa blink, a wink (PWMP: *kesap)

kísawruffling of water surface due to some movement below (PPH: *kisaw)

kisígspasmodic twitching of a muscle or muscles; convulsive spasm (PMP: *kiseg)

kislápsparkle; glitter; flash; spark; twinkle (PPH: *kis(e)láp)

kislápsparkle (ROOT)

kítaseen; can be seen; visible; obvious; easily seen or understood (PAN: *kita₂) *kita

kítaŋfishing line or net with many hooks (PPH: *kitáŋ)

kitígpulsation; palpitation; throb (PWMP: *keteg)

kitílcut off (said of stems of plants, flowers, fruits) (PAN: *ketil)

kiwálsinuous movement, like that of a snake (PPH: *kiwal)

-kopronoun, my; mine (postpositive form of ákin) (PAN: *-ku)

kompás ~ kumpásthe beat or time in music; the act of beating time (LOAN)

kubkóbinclosed; hedged or fenced in; closely surrounded; besieged; blockaded (PPH: *kubkub₁)

kubkub-ínto lay siege to; to besiege; to beleaguer; to blockade (PPH: *kubkub-en) *kubkub₁

Tagalog (1580 / 3999)

kublíhidden from sight; hidden, unknown (PPH: *kub(e)li)

kubli-hánrefuge; shelter; protection (PPH: *kub(e)li)

kúboa hut shaped like a cube; a one room country dwelling (PMP: *kubu)

kubóŋshort mantle used to cover head and shoulders; blanket, shawl or cloth used as a covering; anything, such as a newspaper, banana leaf, etc. used to protect the head from sun or rain (PPH: *kubuŋ₂)

kubótwrinkle (e.g. of the skin); rumple; corrugation; fold (NOISE)

kudkódgrated (PMP: *kuDkuD)

kudkur-ínto grate (coconuts or the like) (PPH: *kudkud-én) *kuDkuD

kúgona species of tall grass (PMP: *guRun)

kúhitextraction or act of extracting, with the index finger or some slender tool, a portion of something sticky such as paste or glue, or even of cake, etc. (PWMP: *kuhit)

kuhóla species of edible snail (PWMP: *kuhul)

kukófingernail, toenail; hoof; claw; talon (PMP: *kukuh) *kuSkuS₁

kukókcackling of fowls; gobble, the noise a turkey makes (PWMP: *kukkuk)

kulabóʔfaded in color; hazy, cloudy, blurred (as water, glass, atmosphere, etc.). (LOAN)

kulambóʔmosquito net (LOAN)

kulambu-ánto cover someone with a mosquito net (LOAN)

kúlaŋinadequate; not so much as required; deficient: insufficient: lacking; short; not having enough of (LOAN)

kulaŋotdried mucus in the nose (PPH: *kulaŋut)

kulapósea perch; a species of grouper (PWMP: *kurapu)

kulásia tree: Scyphiphora hydrophyllacea Gaertn. f. (NEAR)

kulasísismall green parrot; fig. and colloq., mistress, paramour (PPH: *kulasísi)

Tagalog (1600 / 3999)

kúlat ~ kulat-kúlata kind of fungus (PMP: *kulat₂) *kulaC

kulátabutt of a rifle or firearm (LOAN)

kulatá-ninto hit someone or something with the butt of a rifle (LOAN)

kúlaycolor; hue; tint (PWMP: *kuray)

kulilíŋsmall bell; tinkle of a small bell (PPH: *kuliliŋ₂)

kulitiscommon weed, the tender tops of which are used as a substitute for spinach; nettle (PPH: *kulitis)

kulkólshallow digging; poking the earth with a pointed stick or similar tool (PAN: *kurkur)

kulógthunder (LOAN)

kulóŋsurrounded; encircled; imprisoned; jailed; interned; caged (PWMP: *kuruŋ)

kulósrustling sound (PWMP: *kerus₂)

kulótcurl; a curled lock of hair; curly, wavy (PMP: *kulut)

kulótcurl; a curled lock of hair; curly, wavy (PMP: *kurut)

kulótcurl; a curled lock of hair (NOISE)

kúlúb-anpressure cooker (PWMP: *kulub-an) *kulub₂

kulubóŋwrap; a covering for the head (used by women) (PWMP: *kulubuŋ)

kulúmotjamming of a crowd upon something or someone (PWMP: *gurumut)

kulúŋ-an ~ kuluŋ-áncorral; pen; cage; prison (PWMP: *kuruŋ-an) *kuruŋ

kulut-ínto make curly (PPH: *kulut-én) *kulut

kulut-ínto make curly (NOISE)

k<um>agátto bite; to seize, cut into or cut off with the teeth (PMP: *k<um>aRat) *kaRaC

Tagalog (1620 / 3999)

k<um>ampíto ally; to unite or join by alliance; to follow; to cheer for; to take the side of (PPH: *k<um>ampi) *kampi

k<um>apáʔto search; to explore thoroughly in order to find something concealed (PPH: *kapaq-kapaq)

k<um>ápitto hold on; to cling to (PPH: *kapét)

k<um>ápitto hold on, cling to; to hand on, hold tight (PMP: *kapit)

k<um>ápitto adhere or stick (PMP: *kampit)

k<um>átigto support, endorse; be in favor of, to back or second (PMP: *katiR)

k<um>áʔinto eat (PAN: *k<um>aen) *kaen

k<um>ilaláto respond; to react; to act in answer (PWMP: *k<um>ilala) *kilala

k<um>ílikto carry on the hip (PWMP: *kilik₂)

k<um>ililíŋto cause a small bell to tinkle (PPH: *kililíŋ)

k<um>íliŋto incline, to tilt; to be partial or biased (PWMP: *keleŋ₂)

k<um>ilóʔto turn (as a car making a turn) (PWMP: *k<um>iluq) *kiluq

k<um>imkímto clench; to hold something in the closed hand (PWMP: *kemkem₁)

k<um>ináŋto glitter; to sparkle (PWMP: *kiñaŋ)

k<um>indátto wink the eye (PWMP: *kindat)

k<um>ípotto narrow; to decrease in width; to become narrow (PMP: *kiput)

k<um>irótto smart, to feel sharp pain (NOISE)

k<um>isápto blink, to wink; to shine with an unsteady light; to twinkle (PWMP: *kesap)

k<um>isígto twitch, have spasms (PMP: *kiseg)

kumkómheld against the chest (PWMP: *kumkum)

Tagalog (1640 / 3999)

kumkum-ínto hold something against the chest (PWMP: *kumkum)

kumpáyfodder; grass or coarse food for horses and cattle (PPH: *kumpáy)

kumpay-ánto feed; to feed an animal with fodder (PPH: *kumpáy)

kumpísdeflated (reduced from swelling or bulge) (< *-pes?) (ROOT)

kumpólbunch, cluster; a bunch of leaves (when in cluster); clump; knot; a group or cluster of persons or things (PWMP: *kumpul)

k<um>ubkóbto lay siege to; to besiege; to beleaguer; to blockade (PPH: *k<um>ubkub) *kubkub₁

k<um>úhitto extract with the index finger (PWMP: *kuhit)

k<um>ulilíŋto tinkle; to make sounds like a little bell (PPH: *kuliliŋ₂)

k<um>ulógto thunder; to give forth thunder (LOAN)

k<um>upásto become faded; to discolor (PPH: *kúpas)

k<um>úpitto pilfer; to filch; to steal in small quantities (PPH: *kúpit)

k<um>upkópto take care of and protect (PWMP: *k<um>upkup) *kupkup₃

k<um>uráp-kurápto keep blinking (PWMP: *kezap)

k<um>urótto nip; to pinch with the thumb and finger, or with the nails (PPH: *k<um>ezut) *kezut

kúnatresiliency; ductility; flexibility; pliability (PPH: *kúñat)

kúnatductility, resiliency (ROOT)

kundímanmuslin (textile) with blood-red color (LOAN)

kundólwhite gourd melon used in making sweet preserve (PWMP: *kundul)

kunóit is said; so they say; as it was heard around (PMP: *kunu₂)

kuntia plant: black nightshade, Solanum nigrum (LOAN)

Tagalog (1660 / 3999)

kuntíluvula; tip of hanging palate; protruding wart or fleshy growth on the skin (PWMP: *kutil)

kúpaŋa species of large tree bearing long, dark-colored pods (PPH: *kúpaŋ)

kupásfaded; discolored (PPH: *kúpas)

kupíŋirregularly shaped (said of ears) (PWMP: *kupiŋ)

kúpitpilfering, filching (PPH: *kúpit)

kupíʔfolded, doubled (< *-picii) (ROOT)

kupkópkept and protected under one’s care (literally as a hen covers her chicks); held against one’s breast or chest, as a mother holding a child (PMP: *kupkup₃)

kurápwink of an eye; blink; blinking; flicker; shimmer; a faint gleam or shine (PWMP: *kezap)

kurípotniggardly; miserly; stingy; mean about money; close (LOAN)

kurótpinch (PWMP: *kuzut)

kuróta pinch; a squeeze between the thumb and the forefinger (PWMP: *kezut₂) *kezut

kurut-ínto pinch someone (PWMP: *kedut-en) *kezut

kusótrumpled (PWMP: *kusut)

kusótsawdust, wood shavings (LOAN)

kuta-anto fortify; to protect a place against attack; to strengthen with forts, walls, etc. (LOAN)

kútaʔfort; bulwark; rampart; citadel; fortress; fortification (LOAN)

kútiscomplexion; general appearance of the skin (LOAN)

kútolouse; a small, wingless insect that infests the hair or bodies of people (PMP: *kutu₁) *kuCux

kutógthrob; pulsation (NOISE)

kutúh-into be lousy, infested with lice (PWMP: *kutu-en) *kuCux

Tagalog (1680 / 3999)

kuwánan expression of indefiniteness very much used to fill up a gap in speech; equivalent to the English “so-and-so”, some person not named, or “what do you call it” for something not named (PWMP: *kua-n) *kua₁

kuwánan expression of indefiniteness very much used to fill up a gap in speech, equivalent to the English “so-and-so”, some person not named, or “what do you call it” for something not named (PWMP: *kuan₂)

labáwashing of clothes; laundry (LOAN)

labágagainst; contrary to; violating (PPH: *labag)

labágagainst; contrary to; violating (NOISE)

lábanfight, conflict (PMP: *laban₂)

laban-ánfight, conflict; clash (PMP: *laban-an) *laban₂

labanósradish; a small, crisp root used as a relish (LOAN)

labásexterior, outside (NOISE)

lábaya skein, a hank (of woolen yarn or thread) (PWMP: *labay₁)

labáʔincrease, growth; usurious interest (NOISE)

labí-labísmall freshwater turtle (in some areas) (PWMP: *labi-labi)

labíʔremains; what is left; surplus; excess (PAN: *labiq)

labnáwthinness or diluted condition of liquids (PPH: *lab(e)náw)

labnótplucked out (PWMP: *ranebut)

labnóta tweak; a sharp pull and twist; plucking out hair, weeds, etc.; pulling up by the roots; plucked out; pulled up by the roots (PPH: *rab(e)nút)

labnut-ínto tweak; to pull; to seize and pull with a sharp jerk and twist (PPH: *rab(e)nut-en) *rab(e)nút

lábogturbidity of liquid due to muddiness or colloidality (PWMP: *la(m)bug₂)

laboliron (= what is melted) (NOISE)

labóŋtender and edible bamboo shoots (PPH: *rabuŋ)

Tagalog (1700 / 3999)

labóŋtender and edible bamboo shoot (LOAN)

lábotpulling out seedlings, plants or weeds, not firmly rooted (PWMP: *raq(e)but)

labúyowild chicken; cockfighting rooster (PPH: *labúyuq)

labúyoʔwild chicken (PPH: *labúyuq)

lagáriʔcarpenter’s saw (LOAN)

lagáya bribe, tip; a bet in gambling (LOAN)

l<ag>ayláyhanging or drooping, as palm leaves (NOISE)

lagaʔ-ánboiler, boiling utensil (PMP: *la(ŋ)gaq)

l-ag-islísnoise of falling branches from high in a tree, passing through other branches (PWMP: *risris)

lagitíkcreak, creaking (<*-tek₁?) (ROOT)

lagkítstickiness (ROOT)

lagóʔluxuriant growth (PPH: *lagúq)

l-ag-uslóssound of trickling water over rough surface (PWMP: *rusrus₁)

lagutókshort, sharp sound (as of end-bones -- carpal or tarsal -- snapping upon being stretched on hand or fingers) (ROOT)

laharvolcanic ash (PWMP: *lahar)

lahókmixture; something added to a mixture; participation or entry in a contest (PWMP: *lahuk)

lahuk-ánmixed; to mix something with something else (PPH: *lahuk-án) *lahuk

lákadwalk; gait; running condition of motors, machines, etc.; headway; a motion forward; march; start; a beginning to go; progress or current situation of some project, event, etc.; trend; manner of acting; mission; errand; goods for sale being carted around or peddled (PMP: *lakaj)

lakádbarefooted; walking, not riding; on foot (PMP: *lakaj)

Tagalog (1720 / 3999)

lakár-anto walk on something (PPH: *lakáj-an) *lakaj

lakar-ánplace to walk on (PPH: *lakáj-an) *lakaj

lakár-into walk a certain distance or to a certain place (PPH: *lakaj-en) *lakaj

lakar-ínwalk, meaning the distance to walk; to tread; to be underway or in motion (PPH: *lakaj-en) *lakaj

lakásstrength, vigor; efficacy; vehemence; healthiness (PMP: *la(ŋ)kas)

lakásstrength; vigor; force; power; might; loudness of volume; intensity of an attack of sickness or the like; brunt, the main force; vehemence; efficacy; hardiness; endurance; stamina; backbone; energy; power to work or act; fury; violence or strength, as of a storm (PMP: *lakas)

lakatána well-known species of banana (PPH: *lakatán)

lákitspread by contiguity (Panganiban 1966) (NEAR)

lákoʔgoods being pedalled (LOAN)

laktáwskipping over; by-passing; omitting (PPH: *lak(e)táw)

laktaw-ánto skip; to pass over; to omit (PPH: *lak(e)táw)

lálato weave (PWMP: *laja)

lalálalá (PWMP: *laja)

laláh-into weave, to form strips, reeds or the like, into something; to interlace; to arrange strips so that they go over and under each other (PWMP: *lalah-en) *laja

laláki, lalákeman, an adult male; male, masculine (PWMP: *la-laki) *laki₁

laláŋcreation; creature; created (PPH: *laláŋ)

laláŋcreation; creature (NOISE)

lalaŋ-ínto create (PPH: *laláŋ)

laláygradually sloping; soft or unstressed, as in pronunciation (PWMP: *la(n)day)

lálimdepth; drop; a distance down (PMP: *dalem)

Tagalog (1740 / 3999)

láloʔmore; increasingly (PWMP: *laluq)

láloʔ ~ lalúʔmore, increasingly (LOAN)

lamánmeat; flesh; the part of something that can be eaten; kernel; the inside part of a fruitstone, nut, etc.; body; substance; density; contents (PPH: *lamán)

laman-ánto fill; to put something into a container; to pack full; to stuff (PPH: *lamán)

lámaŋalone; only; just; merely (PPH: *lámaŋ)

lámascombat; hand-to-hand fighting or battle (PPH: *ramas)

lámasmussing or crushing with the hand (PPH: *rámas)

lámaynight vigil for the dead; a wake (PPH: *lámay)

lámay-ánwake in honor of the dead (PPH: *lámay)

lamay-ínto keep working overtime on something or into the night without sleep (PPH: *lámay)

lambanógwine made from coconut or palm juice (PPH: *lambanug)

lambanógwine made from coconut or palm juice (LOAN)

lambóŋshroud; something that covers, conceils or veils; a veil used by one in mourning; a mourning mantle (PPH: *lambuŋ)

lambótweakness (ref. to body) (PWMP: *lembut)

lambuŋ-ánto cover something with a mantle (PPH: *lambuŋ)

lamígcold; coldness; iciness; low temperature (PPH: *lamíg)

lamlámsoftness or weakness of light; gloominess or dimness of light; languidness of the eyes (PWMP: *lamlam₂)

lamókmosquito (PMP: *lamuk₂)

lámonvoracious eating; devouring; gorging; gormandizing (PPH: *lamun₂)

lampásomop, floor mop (LOAN)

Tagalog (1760 / 3999)

lampasú-hinto mop; to clean with a mop (LOAN)

lampínbaby’s diaper; baby’s swaddling clothes (PWMP: *lampin)

lampin-ínto use something as a diaper (PWMP: *lampin)

lamun-ána sesssion of gormandizing (PPH: *lamun-an) *lamun₂

lamún-into eat voraciously; to devour; to gobble up; to eat fast and greedily (PPH: *lamun-en) *lamun₂

lánaoil of sesame (PMP: *laña)

lánawpool, small lake; lagoon (ROOT)

landáyshallowness of the concavity of plates or dishes, etc. (NEAR)

lantákviolent attack, onset or onslaught (LOAN)

lantikgraceful curve of eyelashes, hips, etc. (PWMP: *lentik)

lantíkgraceful curve of eyelashes, hips, etc. (LOAN)

lantík ~ ka-lantik-ángraceful curve of eyelashes, hips, etc. (PPH: *lantik)

laŋáswash off (LOAN)

láŋawhousefly (PMP: *laŋaw)

laŋawhousefly (ROOT)

laŋáw-inbe infested or covered with flies (PAN: *laŋaw-en) *laŋaw

laŋísoil; lubricant oil; unction, the oil for anointing (NOISE)

láŋitsky (PMP: *laŋit) *laŋiC

láŋit-láŋitpallium; canopy; vault roofing (PWMP: *laŋit laŋit) *laŋiC

Tagalog (1780 / 3999)

laŋkáwelongated and thin (said of legs or neck) (PMP: *laŋkaw)

laŋkáʔjackfruit (LOAN)

laŋótipsy (PAN: *laŋu)

laŋóyswimming (PWMP: *laŋuy)

laŋuy-ínto swim a certain distance, or to a certain place, etc. (PWMP: *laŋuy)

laónlong time; old, said of rice of a previous harvest, or wine of old vintage; antique (PWMP: *laun)

laóssour or fermented because of being overripe; no longer productive; impotent; past the prime; obsolete (PPH: *laqús)

lapádflat and wide (PWMP: *de(m)paD)

lapáŋa big piece or hunk of meat; a quarter piece; hunk; a big lump, or piece of anything else (besides meat); slab (PWMP: *la(m)paŋ)

lápáʔ-anslaughterhouse; place for butchering (PAN: *lapaq)

lápisstone slab; flagstone (< Span.) (PMP: *lapis)

lápispencil; graphite, black lead (LOAN)

lapítnearness, contiguity; proximity; closeness (PMP: *dapet)

laplápdecortication; excoriation; skinning (PPH: *lapláp)

lapókrotten or decayed (said of , wood or bamboo) (PMP: *lapuk)

lápotthickness of liquids; viscosity (PPH: *lap(e)qut)

lápotthickness of liquids, viscosity (PPH: *lap(e)qút)

lapút-anto thicken; to make thick, as a liquid (PPH: *lap(e)qut)

lapút-anto thicken, make thick, as a liquid (PPH: *lap(e)qút)

lasáwthawed (PPH: *lásaw)

Tagalog (1800 / 3999)

lasáʔdestroyed, demolished (NOISE)

lásoribbon (LOAN)

lásoʔinflammation of mouth or lips (esp. among children); blister on the tongue (PAN: *lasuq₁)

látatin; any box, pan or pot made of tin; can; a container (LOAN)

látagsomething spread on the floor or ground, as a carpet, mat, rug, etc. (PPH: *latag)

látakresidue; dregs; lees; sediment; deposit (of liquids) (PWMP: *latak₂)

látakresidue; dregs; lees; sediment; deposit liquids); solid bits of matter that settle at the bottom of a liquid (LOAN)

latáʔsoftness, flabbiness (NOISE)

látigó ~ látikówhip; horsewhip; lash; quirt (LOAN)

latíkscum of coconut milk or meat after cooking and extracting the oil; coconut preserve (LOAN)

látiʔswamp’ to ‘marsh; swamp; soft wet land; quagmire; a muddy place (PWMP: *latiq)

latundána variety of banana (LOAN)

lawa-lawáspiderweb; species of spider (PWMP: *lawa₂)

láwaysaliva, spittle; spit (PPH: *láway)

lawáy-anto wet something with saliva (PPH: *láway)

láwaʔpool, lake (PWMP: *rawaq)

lawáʔana species of tree producing lumber of the third group (PPH: *lawaqan)

lawítail feather of roosters (PMP: *lawi₁)

láwisa sickle-like cutter attached to the top of a long pole, for picking coconuts (PPH: *ráwis)

lawitsickle, hook (PMP: *lawit₁)

Tagalog (1820 / 3999)

lawláwplay by immersing hands or feet in liquid (PAN: *rawraw)

lawlawdefeat (NOISE)

láyagsail of a boat (PAN: *layaR)

láyasGo away! Begone! Depart! (PPH: *layas₁)

layásvagabond; suffering from wanderlust (PPH: *layas₁)

layas-anto abandon someone by going or running away (PPH: *layas₁)

layláyhanging; drooping (PPH: *layláy)

libákmockery; derision; ridicule; insult (PPH: *libák)

libídcoiling (PWMP: *libej)

libíŋburial; act of burying; interment (PAN: *lebeŋ₁)

libíŋ-angrave, tomb (PAN: *lebeŋ₁)

libolrice soup (ROOT)

líbotsurroundings, environment (PWMP: *libut)

ligáwstrayed, lost (PWMP: *regaw)

lígidrevolution; a moving around some point in a circle or a curve; surroundings (PWMP: *ligid)

ligísground, milled, made into grist (PWMP: *li(ŋ)gis)

ligtássaved; freed; free; out of danger; redeemed; exempt; safe; free from harm or danger (PPH: *lig(e)tas)

ligwánkind of honey bee (< *qali-Ruan) (PMP: *qani-Ruan)

líhasandpaper (LOAN)

lihá-into sandpaper; to smooth, clean, or polish with sandpaper (LOAN)

Tagalog (1840 / 3999)

líhimsecret (PWMP: *lihim)

lihíyacaustic soda, lye (LOAN)

líkawcoil; roll; a ring or series of rings formed by winding; hank, a coil (PAN: *likaw)

likaw-ínto coil, to wind into a coil, but not around any object (PPH: *likáw-en) *likaw

likáw-likáwformed into coils (PPH: *likáw-likáw) *likaw

likódthe back of the body of man or animal; back, meaning the reverse side, the part opposite the front (PAN: *likud)

likóʔa curve, a bend on a road; winding, bending, turning; detour, turning, deviation; change of direction (PMP: *likuq)

liksíquickness, agility (LOAN)

likú-likóʔcrooked, twisted, curved; zigzag (PWMP: *liku-likuq) *likuq

likur-ánback, meaning the space at the back (PAN: *likud-an) *likud

lílimshade (PWMP: *lidem)

lilimshade; a partly dark place not in the sunshine; shadow, partial darkness (PPH: *ledem)

lílipa hem on cloth, a dress, etc. (PPH: *lílip)

lilíp-anto put a hem on something (PPH: *lílip)

limáfive (PAN: *lima)

limáh-anquintet, quintuplet, a group of five (PWMP: *lima-an) *lima

limá-limáin groups or bunches of five, five by five (PMP: *lima-lima) *lima

lima-m-poʔfifty (PMP: *lima ŋa puluq) *lima

limásact of bailing out water from a small boat, a pond or pool (PMP: *limas)

limas-into bail out water from a small boat, a pond or pool (PWMP: *limas-en) *limas

Tagalog (1860 / 3999)

limátikleech, blood-sucker (PWMP: *qali-matek) *-matek

limbóaureola; a circle of light appearing sometimes around the moon (NOISE)

limlímimpending darkness (PAN: *lemlem)

limlímimpending darkness (in late afternoon) (PAN: *demdem₂)

limlímbody warmth; heat or temperature of a brooding hen; incubation (PAN: *demdem₁)

linábgreasy or fatty scum on the surface of liquids (PWMP: *liñab)

linábgreasy or fatty scum on the surface of liquids (PPH: *lanéb)

l<in>álawoven material or textile (PPH: *l<in>ága) *laja

l<in>aláŋcreature; created (PPH: *laláŋ)

línawclearness of liquids (PMP: *linaw)

lindólearthquake; quake (PWMP: *lindur)

linís-into clean; to free from dirt, soil, or impurities (PPH: *linis-en) *línis

linsáddislocated; disjointed; out of joint (NOISE)

lintáʔleech; a worm living in ponds or streams that sucks the blood of animals; a bloodsucker, a usurer (PWMP: *qali-metaq) *-meCaq

l<in>úgawrice porridge; rice cooked with much water (PPH: *l<in>ugaw) *lúgaw

liŋásesame; a herb of East Indian origin, the seeds of which are a source of oil (PMP: *leŋa)

líŋawshouting, clamor (PWMP: *liŋáw)

liŋáwbewildered, confused (PWMP: *liŋáw)

liŋáwbewildered, confused (NOISE)

liŋigfear, anxiety (LOAN)

Tagalog (1880 / 3999)

liŋiganxiety, fear (NOISE)

liŋkístightly bound by something wound around and around (PMP: *likes)

líŋosact of looking from side to side (PWMP: *liŋus)

lipádflight, flying (PPH: *lepad)

lipar-ínto fly to or towards something (PPH: *lepad)

lipáslapsed (referring to a designated time); out of style or fashion (as clothes or some practice); old-fashioned; out of date; obsolete; antiquated; archaic; old; no longer potent (as drugs or the like); faded (as a scent or a color); stale (of food, wine, etc. that has lost its good taste (PWMP: *lepas)

lipaslapsed (referring to a designated time); out-of-style or fashion (as clothes or some practice); old-fashioned, antiquated; no longer potent (as drugs); stale (of food, wine, etc. that has lost its good taste) (PAN: *lipas)

lipaʔspecial soil like asphalt used to harden the floor of houses (used in some areas) (NOISE)

lipólextinction; suppressing; wiping out; destruction; annihilation (PWMP: *ripur)

lisáʔnit, egg of a louse (PMP: *lisehaq, liseqah) *liseqeS

lislíslifted up, raised up, or blown up (said of skirt or dress) (PPH: *lesles₁)

lislíslifted up, raised up, or blown up (said of skirts or dress) (PPH: *lislís)

lislis-ánto be lifted or blown up (said of the skirt or dress) (PPH: *lesles₁)

lislis-ánto be lifted or blown up (said of the skirt or dress) (PPH: *lislís)

lísosimple; plain; unadorneed; all of one color (LOAN)

listóna hat band; ribbon; tape; shoelace (LOAN)

litáwvisible; easily seen or noticed; obvious; jutting out; embossed; emerging; coming into the open so as to be seen; to arise; come up (PWMP: *le(n)taw)

lítidligament; tendon; sinew; a band of bodily tissue which connects muscle to bone, or holds parts of the body in place (PPH: *lítid)

litsíaslychee fruit (LOAN)

litsónroast pig (Spanish lechon means a live suckling pig, but in Tagalog usage lechon (litsón) means a pig barbecued or roasted on a spit or in an oven (LOAN)

Tagalog (1900 / 3999)

líwagslowness in acting (PPH: *liwag)

liwánaglucidity; clearness, especially of thought, expression, perception, etc. (LOAN)

liʔígneck (PAN: *liqeR)

liʔig-ánhaving a large or long neck (PAN: *liqeR)

lólagrandmother (LOAN)

lólograndfather (LOAN)

lónacanvas (LOAN)

loóbinterior; inside; inner surface or part (PPH: *luqúb)

lubáka hollow, depression, or pothole in the ground, in a road, or on the surface of a road, etc. (LOAN)

lubák-lubákrough (as a bumpy road); potholed (LOAN)

lubógsubmerged (PWMP: *lebuR)

lubósconsummate; complete; perfect; exhaustive; thorough; out-and-real; plenary; entire; absolute (PPH: *lubús)

lúgawrice porridge; rice cooked with much water; gruel, a thin, almost liquid food made by boiling oatmeal, etc. in water or milk (PPH: *lúgaw)

lúgifinancial loss in a business deal (LOAN)

luglógrinsing clothes by shaking them in clean water; shaking the contents of a bottle or other container (PMP: *luglug)

luglug-ínto rinse clothes; to shake the contents of a bottle or container (PMP: *luglug)

lugótwilted and falling (said of leaves and petals) (NOISE)

lugoʔdrizzle, trickle (NOISE)

lúhaʔa tear (PMP: *luheq) *luSeq

luhaʔ-ántearful (PPH: *luheq-an) *luSeq

Tagalog (1920 / 3999)

lúholuxury (LOAN)

luhódact of kneeling (PPH: *luhúd)

lúhogimploring, fervent supplication (NOISE)

lukásuncovered, without roofing (Panganiban 1966) (PMP: *lu(ŋ)kas)

luklúk-anseat of honor (PWMP: *dukduk₃)

lukóbsheltered; protected (PPH: *lukúb)

lukóbgouge; a chisel with a curved blade (LOAN)

lukóŋconcavity (of plates, basins, etc.) (PMP: *leŋkuŋ)

luktónyoung locust (still wingless) (PPH: *luktun)

luktónyoung locust (still wingless) (PPH: *luk(e)tún)

lukuŋ-ánto make something concave (PMP: *leŋkuŋ)

lúlanload, cargo; capacity or accommodation (of a vehicle) (PMP: *lujan)

lulódshin, the front part of the leg from the knee to the ankle (PAN: *luluj)

lúlogtinder; a flammable substance used for kindling (PWMP: *lulug)

lulóna roll of paper, carpet, matting, etc. (PMP: *lulun) *luluN

lu--luŋú-luŋóstruggling and in convulsions when on the point of being drowned (NOISE)

l<um>abágto go against; to violate (as a law) (PPH: *labag)

l<um>abágto go against; to violate (NOISE)

l<um>adládto become unfurled or unrolled (PPH: *ladlád)

l<um>agóʔto develop; to flourish; to prosper; to thrive (PPH: *lagúq)

Tagalog (1940 / 3999)

l<um>ahókto compete; to take part in a contest (PPH: *l<um>ahúk) *lahuk

l<um>ákadto walk, to go on foot (PPH: *l<um>ákaj) *lakaj

l<um>ákad-lákadto pace; to walk with regular steps; to keep on walking (PPH: *l<um>ákaj) *lakaj

l<um>akásto become stronger, increase in strength; to recuperate; to recover from sickness, exhaustion or loss; to swell (as the voice), to grow louder (PMP: *lakas)

l<um>álato weave; to interlace (PPH: *l<um>aja) *laja

l<um>aláŋto create (PPH: *laláŋ)

l<um>álimto deepen, become deeper (PMP: *dalem)

l<um>amígto become cold (PPH: *lamíg)

l<um>amlámto soften, to become less glaring (PWMP: *lamlam₂)

l<um>aŋóyto swim (PWMP: *l<um>aŋuy) *laŋuy

l<um>ápaʔto butcher, to dress meat (PAN: *lapaq)

l<um>apítto approach; to draw near; to come close (PMP: *dapet)

l<um>ápotto condense; to become condensed; to congeal (PPH: *lap(e)qut)

l<um>áwigto protract; to draw out; to prolong (PPH: *lawig)

lumáylove potion, aphrodisiac, love charm (PPH: *lumay)

l<um>áyasto run away (PPH: *layas₁)

l<um>ayláyto sag; to droop; to hang down (PPH: *layláy)

lúmaʔsecond-hand; not new; used already by someone else; old; much worn by age; worn; stale; not fresh; former (PPH: *lúmaq)

lumbá-lumbádolphin (LOAN)

lumbáʔgallop of a horse (LOAN)

Tagalog (1960 / 3999)

lumbóya species of native blackberry (PPH: *luŋ(e)búy)

l<um>ikóʔto detour, make a detour; to swerve, turn aside; to turn from a course; to curve (PMP: *likuq)

l<um>imásto bail out water from a small boat, a pond or pool (PMP: *limas)

l<um>imlímto get dark; to darken (said of late afternoon) (PAN: *demdem₂)

l<um>ínisto become clean or clear (PPH: *línis)

l<um>iŋkísto twine or coil around (as a boa does to kill its prey); to bind around tightly (as with a rope); to embrace tightly (PMP: *likes)

l<um>ipádto fly (PPH: *lepad)

l<um>ipásto elapse; to pass; to slip away; to lapse; to pass away; to roll by; to pass by; to be transient, passing or fleeting (PWMP: *lepas)

l<um>ipólto exterminate; to destroy completely (PWMP: *ripur)

lumóextreme physical weakness (PWMP: *lemu)

lúmotgeneral term for all kinds of algae, edible or inedible, although the more common term for edible algae is gulaman; moss; very small, soft, green plant that grows close together like a carpet on the ground, on rocks, on trees, etc.; lichen (PMP: *lumut)

lumpiáʔa Chinese dish consisting of meat, shrimps and vegetables rolled in a rice starch wrapper (LOAN)

lumpiyáʔa Chinese dish consisting of meat, shrimps and vegetables rolled in a rice starch wrapper (LOAN)

lumpóka sheaf, bundle, or pile of stalks ready for threshing (PMP: *lumpuk)

l<um>ubógto submerge, sink (PWMP: *lebuR)

l<um>úhaʔto cry; to shed tears; to weep (PPH: *l<um>uheq) *luSeq

l<um>uklókto sit on a throne (PWMP: *dukduk₃)

l<um>úlosto pass through a difficult place or situation without delay (NOISE)

l<um>undágto jump or leap (PWMP: *lunzag)

l<um>uráʔto spit, to expectorate (PAN: *l<um>udaq) *ludaq

Tagalog (1980 / 3999)

lúmút-inmossy, covered with moss (PWMP: *lumut-en) *lumut

l<um>uwálto come out, issue forth; to be born; exterior; outside; exposed (PMP: *luqar)

l<um>uwáŋto become wide or wider; to become loose or too big in size (PPH: *luaŋ₂)

l<um>uwásto go or travel to the city from the country (PPH: *l<um>uas) *luás

l<um>uwáʔto belch out; to disgorge; to throw out from the mouth or throat (PMP: *luaq)

lunasbottom of a vase, jar, etc.; basin; hold; the lowest part of a ship’s interior; keel of a boat (PWMP: *lunas)

lúnawsoft mud, watery mud (PWMP: *lunaw)

lúnawsoft mud (PWMP: *luñaw)

lundágjump, leap; act of jumping or leaping (PWMP: *lunzag)

lundag-ánhurdle; a framework to be leaped over in racing; to leap over, to jump over (PWMP: *lunzag)

lundáycanoe; a small boat moved by paddles (PPH: *lunday)

LúnesMonday (LOAN)

lúnur-into drown someone; to kill by keeping under water (PPH: *lúnud)

luŋkótsorrow; sadness; grief (NOISE)

lúokbay (PWMP: *luquk)

lupasáysitting on one’s haunches (PPH: *lupasáy)

lupaypáyprostrate; weak due to tiredness; lackadaisical; languid; with drooping wings due to weakness (said of birds) (PPH: *lupaypáy)

lupíŋlarge and drooping (said of ears and also applied to large, drooping rim of a hat); dog-eared or turned down at the corner (said of the page of a book) (PPH: *lupíŋ)

lupíʔfold, folding; cuff (of trousers); hem (PWMP: *lupiq)

luráʔsputum, spit, spittle (PMP: *ludaq)

Tagalog (2000 / 3999)

luraʔ-ánto spit on something or someone (PMP: *ludaq)

lúsakmud, slush (PWMP: *lucak)

lúsakmire; slush; slime; a soft sticky mud or something like it (PPH: *lusak)

lusáwmelted; diluted; liquefied; fluid; liquid (NOISE)

luslóshernia, rupture; fallen; hanging down (PMP: *luslus)

lusóŋwooden mortar for pounding rice or corn (PMP: *lesuŋ)

lusótpassing through or able to pass through a narrow place (PPH: *lusút)

lusótpassing through, or able to pass through a narrow place (PWMP: *lucut)

lútaŋbuoy (PWMP: *lutaŋ)

lutoksnapping or cracking sound such as made by breaking a stick or a branch of a tree (PWMP: *lutuk₂)

lútoʔsomething cooked (PWMP: *lutuq)

luwágspaciousness; looseness (PWMP: *ruqag)

luwágspaciousness; convenience; ease; comfort; looseness; slackness; leniency; laxity; want of strictness (PMP: *luqaR)

luwáŋwidth (PPH: *luaŋ₂)

luwása trip from the country to the city (PPH: *luás)

luwáʔthat which is belched or disgorged from the mouth (PMP: *luaq)

luwáʔprotruding; bulging; sticking out (PWMP: *luqaq)

luylóyloose and hanging, as skin or flesh; flabby, physically flabby (PPH: *luylúy)

ma-prefix forming adjectives denoting (a) a certain quality, e.g. magandá ‘beautiful’, (b) having much of something, e.g. mabató ‘stony (full of stones)’; prefix to root word forming verbs denoting capability of doing something voluntarily or intentionally, e.g. makíʻa ‘to be able to see something’ (PAN: *ma-₁)

ma-ágaearly (PPH: *ága)

Tagalog (2020 / 3999)

ma-alónhaving many waves (PWMP: *ma-qalun) *qalun

ma-anákhaving many offspring (PMP: *ma-anak) *aNak

ma-apóyfiery (PWMP: *ma-hapuy) *Sapuy

ma-bahógbe mixed with broth or other liquid (PWMP: *bahuR)

ma-báhoʔfoul, smelly (PWMP: *ma-bahuq) *bahuq

ma-bantógto become famous; to make one’s mark; to become well-known; to succeed (PPH: *bantug)

ma-batórocky, full of rocks, stony (PWMP: *ma-batu) *batux

ma-baʔítkind, kindly; friendly; kind-hearted; good-hearted, good-natured; benevolent; good; virtuous; indulgent; making allowances; not too critical; mild; benign; amiable; affable; gently; kindly; friendly (PWMP: *bait₁)

ma-bigátheavy, weighty (PMP: *ma-beReqat) *beReqat

ma-bigáwbecome stunned or stupefied (PWMP: *biRaw)

ma-bíkasof attractive figure; attractively or finely dressed (PWMP: *ma-bikas) *bikas

má-bikígto have something (as a fishbone) stuck in the throat (PWMP: *bekeR₁) *bekeR

ma-buhókhairy (PWMP: *ma-buhek) *bukeS

mabúlotree with hard dark-colored wood and edible fruit (LOAN)

ma-búsoŋget what an ungrateful person deserves (PWMP: *ma-busuŋ) *busuŋ

ma-dáhonleafy, having many leaves (PWMP: *ma-dahun) *dahun

ma-dakípable to catch or arrest (PAN: *dakep)

ma-dalásfrequently; rapidly, quickly (PPH: *darás)

má-dapilosto skid or stumble accidentally (PPH: *ma-dapílus) *dapílus

ma-dikítto contact or touch accidentally (PPH: *ma-deket) *dekeC

Tagalog (2040 / 3999)

ma-diláwyellow; having a yellowish color (PPH: *diláw)

ma-gabih-ánbe late in the evening, be overtaken by nightfall (PPH: *ma-Rabi-an) *Rabiqi

ma-gabókdusty (PMP: *Rabuk)

ma-gabuk-ánbecome dusty, become dirtied by dust (PMP: *Rabuk)

mag-alaŋánto hesitate; to vacillate; to scruple; to be left in an ambiguous or doubtful position (PPH: *alaŋ-án) *alaŋ

má-galáwto be moved, stirred or disturbed (PPH: *garáw)

ma-galáwconstantly moving (PPH: *garáw)

ma-gáloscovered with scratches on the skin surface (PMP: *garus)

mag-anákact as sponsor or godparent in baptism, confirmation or wedding; give birth (PMP: *maR-anak) *aNak

mag-aŋkásto ride together (PPH: *aŋkás)

ma-gasgásto be chafed; to be made sore by rubbing (PMP: *gasgas)

ma-gátashaving plenty of milk (PMP: *Ratas₂)

mag-áwayto quarrel or fight (either in words or in action) (PPH: *áway)

mag-ayúnoto fast; to go without food or to eat very little (LOAN)

mag-bahógeat rice mixed with broth (PWMP: *maR-bahuR) *bahuR

mag-baʔítto try to be good; to try to be prudent or sensible (PWMP: *bait₁)

mag-bu-bukídfarmer (PAN: *bukij)

mag-dáhonto grow or sprout leaves (PWMP: *maR-dahun) *dahun

mag-daítto be very close to another or others so as to be touching one another (PMP: *zaqit)

mag-dalagáto grow into a teenage girl (PWMP: *da-daRa) *daRa₂

Tagalog (2060 / 3999)

mag-dámato play checkers (LOAN)

mag-daópto clasp or join (esp. the hands) (PPH: *daup₂)

mag-daráŋexpose something (as banana leaves) to an open fire in order to heat or dry it; to roast, make hot, singe, parch (PPH: *maR-daŋdaŋ) *daŋdaŋ

mag-dáyaʔto cheat, defraud (LOAN)

mag-dikítto gum or stick things together with gum (PMP: *deket₁) *dekeC

mag-dúlotto offer (PPH: *dúlut)

mag-gamótto try to cure oneself; to treat oneself (PMP: *Ramut₁)

mag-húnosto molt; to shed skin, as a snake (PMP: *hunus) *SuNus

mag-inátto stretch; to extend one’s body or limbs (PWMP: *iñat)

mag-inút-inótto do something little by little; to inch along (as a crawling worm); to wade through; to make one’s way little by little with difficulty (PWMP: *inut)

mag-ka-áwayantagonistic; opposite; conflicting (PPH: *áway)

mag-ka-ka-sunódconsecutive (for three or more); following without interruption (PPH: *sunúd)

mag-kálosto level grains with a strickle (NOISE)

mag-kamátisto plant, use or eat tomatoes (LOAN)

mag-ka-pílakto happen to have or get some money (LOAN)

mag-ka-písanstaying or living together (PWMP: *pisan)

mag-ka-sakítto fall ill, to become sick (PMP: *sakit)

mag-ka-siŋ-gúlaŋall of the same age (PAN: *Rudaŋ)

mag-ka-sunódone after the other (for two); one following another (PPH: *sunúd)

mag-ka-sunódto set; to arrange; to fix for others to follow (PPH: *sunúd)

Tagalog (2080 / 3999)

mag-káwitto hook, fasten with a hook (as a dress) (PWMP: *maR-kawit) *kawit

mag-káʔinto eat frequently (PAN: *kaen)

mag-kilaláto become acquainted (PAN: *kilala)

mag-kubóŋto cover the head with something as protection against sun or rain (PPH: *kubuŋ₂)

mag-kúlobto braise; to cook meat long and slowly in a covered pan (PWMP: *kulub₂)

mag-kutkótto scratch, pick or dig out something with the paws or the fingers (PWMP: *kutkut₁)

mag-lágaʔto boil; to cook by boiling (PMP: *la(ŋ)gaq)

mag-lákadto engage in trade or some form of business (PPH: *maR-lákaj) *lakaj

mag-lakádto walk; to tramp; to go on foot (PPH: *maR-lákaj) *lakaj

mag-lakád-lakádto pace; to walk with regular steps; to keep on walking (PPH: *maR-lákaj) *lakaj

mag-lalákito act the role of a man (in a play or movie) (PWMP: *la-laki) *laki₁

mag-laŋóyto swim (PWMP: *laŋuy)

mag-látagto spread, to lay (PPH: *latag)

mag-látakto form a residue or sediment (LOAN)

mag-láwayto dribble, to drool (PPH: *láway)

mag-láyagto sail, set sail (PWMP: *maR-layaR) *layaR

mag-libíŋbury, lay to rest (PAN: *lebeŋ₁)

mag-lílipto put a hem on something (PPH: *lílip)

mag-limá-limáto gather in groups of five (PWMP: *maR-lima) *lima

mag-línisto clean; to free from dirt, soil, or impurities (PPH: *línis)

Tagalog (2100 / 3999)

mag-lubáŋto plant root crops such as sweet potatos or yams (PPH: *lubaŋ₂)

mag-luklókto set on a throne (PWMP: *dukduk₃)

mag-lu-lúhaʔto weep or cry very much; to weep continuously (PMP: *maR-luheq) *luSeq

mag-lútoʔto cook (PWMP: *lutuq)

mag-luwáʔto belch out; to disgorge; to throw out from the mouth or throat (PMP: *luaq)

mag-mamáʔto chew betel nut (PMP: *mamaq)

mag-múltato pay a fine (LOAN)

mag-muraŋ kamátisto eat green tomatos, but now used only figuratively of an old man who is courting a very young girl (LOAN)

mag-nánaʔto suppurate, form pus (PWMP: *maR-nanaq) *naNaq

mag-ŋitŋítto feel anger but to be suppressing it (PMP: *ŋitŋit₂) *ŋiCŋiC

mag-ŋuyáʔto chew; to masticate; to crush or grind with the teeth (PWMP: *ŋuyaq)

mag-pa-gamótto consult a doctor; to get someone as a physician; to cure one’s ailment (PMP: *Ramut₁)

mag-pa-hunósto give a share of the crop to those harvesting (PPH: *húnus)

mag-paka-sáwaʔto indulge; to give way to one’s pleasure; to gratify (PWMP: *saweqaq)

mag-pa-kilalato make known; to reveal; to show; to attest; to infer; to indicate; to imply; to denote; to be a sign of; to stamp; to show to be of a certain quality or character (PAN: *kilala)

mag-pálato shovel (LOAN)

mag-pa-lákadto run, to make go (as a business) (PMP: *lakaj)

mag-pa-likú-likóʔto meander, to wind; to twist in and out; to curve; to bend; to zigzag, to move in a zigzag way (PWMP: *liku-likuq) *likuq

mag-pa-lúhaʔto make someone cry or weep or burst into tears (PMP: *luheq) *luSeq

mag-pa-matáto disabuse; to free from deception; to open the eyes to (PMP: *mata) *maCa

Tagalog (2120 / 3999)

mag-pa-rikítto set alight; to start a fire; to kindle (PWMP: *deket₂) *deket₁

mag-pásaŋto wedge; to put in a wedge (PWMP: *pasaŋ₂)

mag-pásaŋto wedge; to put in a wedge (NOISE)

mag-pa-subuk-súbokto sneak; to move in a stealthy way (PWMP: *subuk₁)

mag-pa-súsoto nurse, give milk to (PAN: *susu₁)

mag-pa-táwadto give a discount to a buyer (PWMP: *tawaD)

mag-pa-tulóyto provide lodging for (NOISE)

mag-páyoŋto use an umbrella (PWMP: *payuŋ)

mag-paypáyto fan (PPH: *paypáy)

mag-páʔinto bait, to set a bait for; to lure or attract with bait (PAN: *paen)

mag-pílitto try or strive hard (as to enter a locked building) (PPH: *pílit)

mag-piŋkíʔto produce fire or flame by rubbing two hard objects or flints together (PPH: *piŋkíq)

mag-pipíʔto shape clay (as in pot-making or ceramics) (PWMP: *pipiq)

mag-pukólto toss, throw, hurl, cast or fling something (stress on the thing thrown); to pelt; to throw things at (PWMP: *pukul₁)

mag-púnasto wipe up something with a cloth; to mop; to wipe the dirt off someone or something; to dry; to dry by wiping with a handkerchief, cloth, etc.; to take or give a sponge bath (PMP: *punas)

mag-puyátto stay awake, as in watching at night; to keep vigil; to sit up or stay up late instead of going to bed (PPH: *púyat)

mag-sabáyto go, do, act, etc. together at the same time; to have or get someone to accompany oneself (PWMP: *sa(m)bay) *sabay₁

mag-sábogto scatter; to throw loosely about; to throw here and there; to strew; to splash water on; to mix one liquid with another (PMP: *saq(e)buR)

mag-sábogto scatter; to throw loosely about; to throw here and there (PMP: *sabuR)

mag-sáboŋto go to a cockfight (PWMP: *sabuŋ₁)

Tagalog (2140 / 3999)

mag-salátto be in want; to be in need of clothing, etc., to be very poor (PWMP: *sadat)

mag-sáligto base something on; to make or have something as the basis of (PMP: *sandiR)

mag-salsálto masturbate (PPH: *salsál)

mag-saŋáto branch; to put out branches, as trees; to radiate, to branch out from a central point (PMP: *saŋa₁)

mag-saŋkótto involve; to implicate; to drag into; to entangle; to get someone involved or entangled; to incriminate; to charge or connect with a crime; to link; to be linked or connected with; to unite or connect (PWMP: *saŋkut)

mag-sapínto use a protective underlayer; use a protective holder for handling hot objects like a pot, kettle, etc. (PPH: *sapín)

mag-sapólto start at the very beginning (PPH: *sapul)

mag-sápotto cover with a shroud; to conceal; to veil (PMP: *saput₁)

mag-sibákto chop or split wood (PWMP: *sibak)

mag-sigáɁto burn garbage, weeds, etc.; to make a bonfire (PMP: *siRaq)

mag-siksíkto squeeze into; to force into place by pressure (PWMP: *maR-seksek) *seksek₁

mag-sílaɁto sit on the floor with legs crossed at front (LOAN)

mag-silábto build and start a bonfire (PPH: *sil(e)qáb)

mag-simbáto go to church (LOAN)

mag-simótto scrape together or collect anything and everything left over (PPH: *simut)

mag-siŋitplace or insert matter in chinks, slits, or interstices (PMP: *siŋ(e)qit)

mag-sisito repent; to be repentant; to deplore; to feel sorry for sin and seek forgiveness; to atone for; to make atonement (PWMP: *selsel₂)

mag-súboɁput some food in the mouth (PPH: *súbuq)

mag-súgúr-anto stampede; to make a general rush (PPH: *sugud)

mag-súkaɁto make into vinegar (LOAN)

Tagalog (2160 / 3999)

mag-súkolmeasure from top to bottom or bottom to top (Panganiban 1966) (PMP: *sukul₃)

mag-sulátto write much; to write continuously or repeatedly (LOAN)

mag-súloŋto push; to push along or forward (PWMP: *suruŋ)

mag-suntuk-ánto box; to fight one another with the fists (PPH: *suntúk)

mag-súpotto put in a bag (PPH: *súput)

(mag)-súroʔto eat with a spoon (PWMP: *suduq)

mag-susónto double; to fold over (PMP: *susun) *susuN

mag-tábanhold onto something with one’s hand or hands (PWMP: *maR-taban) *tabaN

mag-tábasto cut out cloth according to a pattern (PWMP: *tabas₂)

mag-tábiŋto screen; to shelter, protect, or hide with a screen (PWMP: *tabiŋ)

mag-tágoʔto hide; to hide oneself; to lurk; to hide something; to keep something secret; to save or put away for the future; to put something away in its proper place (PWMP: *maR-taRuq) *taRuq

mag-tahípto winnow (cereals, as rice) on a flat basket by throwing the grains up for the chaff to be blown away by the wind and catching them back with the basket as they fall (PMP: *tahep) *tapeS

mag-tálaŋto playfully throw up something in the air (e.g.. a small child) (PWMP: *talaŋ₂)

mag-talaúk-anto crow together (as roosters) (PPH: *taraquk)

mag-táloto engage in debate with each other (Panganiban 1966) (PWMP: *talu₁)

mag-tambákto make a heap or pile of sand, soil, stones, etc. (PMP: *tambak₂)

mag-tandis-anto have a definite understanding about something (PWMP: *tandes)

mag-taŋgólto defend; to stand up for; to take the part of; to support (PWMP: *taŋgul)

mag-tapákto walk barefoot (PWMP: *tapak₁)

mag-tapíʔto wear an apron; to cover one’s body (e.g. with a towel) from the waist down (PWMP: *tapiq₂)

Tagalog (2180 / 3999)

mag-tapónto cork; put a cork or stopper in (LOAN)

mag-taʔéto have loose bowels, to have diarrhea (PMP: *taqi) *Caqi

mag-tipídto economize; to cut down expenses (LOAN)

mag-típonto collect; to bring together; to gather (something); to gather; to come together; to form into a group (PPH: *típun)

mag-titísto flow or drip continuously (as perspiration, wax from lighted candles, etc.) (PMP: *titis)

mag-tubóto plant sugarcane (PMP: *tebuh₁) *tebuS

mag-tugtug-ánto play together (said of players of musical instruments) (PWMP: *tugtug)

mag-túkodto support; to hold up; to keep from falling (PWMP: *maR-tuked) *tuked

mag-túlakto push, shove, or propel; to force someone to do something undesirable; to push, to shove, to boost (PWMP: *maR-tulak) *tulak

mag-túliʔto circumcise (PPH: *turiq)

mag-tuŋkódto use a walking stick (PWMP: *maR-tuked) *tuked

mag-tuŋkódto use a walking stick (PAN: *tukud)

mag-tupíʔto tuck; to put tucks in; to sew a fold in a garment for trimming or to make it shorter; to fold; to pleat (PPH: *tupíq)

mag-túroʔto teach; to give lessons; to act as a teacher (PAN: *tuzuq₁)

mag-túroʔto teach (PMP: *tuzuq₂) *Cuzuq

mag-túsokto pierce; to penetrate; to impale (PAN: *tusuk)

mag-tuwáŋto be partners (in a dance, etc.); to help one another in carrying a load (PPH: *tuaŋ₂)

ma-gúlaŋparent, father or mother; mature, of age, full-grown (PAN: *Rudaŋ)

mag-ulíʔrevert to a former state (PPh: *maR-uliq) *uliq₁

mag-usísaʔto inquire; to ask questions (LOAN)

Tagalog (2200 / 3999)

mag-u-ulánrain continuously (PWMP: *maR-quzan) *quzaN

mag-walísto sweep (PPH: *walís)

mag-wisíkto spray or sprinkle liquid on something (PPH: *wisik)

ma-hamógdewy, wet with dew (LOAN)

ma-háŋinwindy (PPh: *ma-haŋin) *haŋin

ma-hinógto ripen; become ripe; to mature; to mellow (PPH: *ma-hinuR) *hinuR

ma-hirámable to borrow (something) (PPh: *ma-hedám) *Sezam

ma-íbigbecome loved or desired; what is to be, or is being desired (PWMP: *ma-ibeR) *ibeR

ma-itímblack (PMP: *ma-qitem) *qitem

ma-i- túladto be able to compare one thing with another (PWMP: *tulad)

maka-prefix to root word forming verbs expressing ability to do something (PWMP: *maka-)

maka-ánimsix times (PAN: *maka-enem) *enem

maka-dalawáable to get or obtain something twice; do a thing twice (PMP: *maka-duha) *duSa

má-kagátto be bitten, to be stung (PMP: *ma-kaRat) *kaRaC

maká-káʔinedible, can be eaten (PPh: *maka-kaen) *kaen

maká-káʔinto join others at a meal (PPH: *maki-kaen) *kaen

maká-kítato see; to be able to see; to have the power of sight; to see, meaning to catch sight of; to spy (PWMP: *maka-kita) *kita

maka-lákadto be able to walk (PMP: *lakaj)

maka-lawáthe day after tomorrow (PMP: *maka-duha) *duSa

maká-lawátwice; two times (PMP: *maka-duha) *duSa

Tagalog (2220 / 3999)

maka-limáto happen to get or obtain five of a kind (PAN: *maka-lima) *lima

maká-limáfive times (PAN: *maka-lima) *lima

maka-lúmaʔantique; old-fashioned; keeping to old ways, ideas, etc. (PPH: *lúmaq)

ma-kamandágpoisonous, venomous (PPH: *kamandag)

ma-kapálthick (PWMP: *ma-kapal) *kaS(e)pal

maká-pitóseven times (PAN: *maka-pitu) *pitu

maka-pukawto provoke; to stir up; to excite; to wake; to enkindle; to excite; to inspire; to cause or awaken thought or feeling (PWMP: *pukaw₃)

maka-ratíŋto be able to arrive at (PWMP: *maka-dateŋ) *dateŋ

maka-sagótable to answer; to recite; to say part of a lesson; to answer a teacher’s question (PPH: *sagút)

maka-sakítto hurt; to cause injury or pain to (physically) (PMP: *sakit)

maka-sambótto be able to catch something; to be able to recover, e.g. one’s capital in an investment (PWMP: *sambut₂)

máka-saŋkótto be involved or implicated in an affair (PWMP: *saŋkut)

maka-sáwaʔto cloy; to make weary by too much of something pleasant (PWMP: *saweqaq)

ma-ka-saysay-áneventful; full of events; historic; historical; famous in history; memorable; especially happy (PPH: *sáysay)

maka-sílawto glare; to shine strongly or unpleasantly; to shine so as to hurt (PMP: *silaw)

maka-súgatto wound (PWMP: *maka-suRat) *suRat

maká-sukáto sicken; to make sick; to nauseate (PPH: *suka₂)

maka-sumpóŋto stumble on; to come upon or find by accident or chance (LOAN)

maka-tabláto draw; to tie; to break even (LOAN)

maká-tápakto happen to step on (PWMP: *tapak₁)

Tagalog (2240 / 3999)

maká-tatlóthrice, three times (PWMP: *maka-telu) *telu

maká-taʔónto fortunately find someone or something one needs very badly (PMP: *taqun)

maka-timbáŋof equal weight, referring to persons or things; of equal importance or value (PWMP: *timbaŋ)

maka-timbólfloating (PWMP: *timbul)

maka-tiyádable to stand on one’s toes (PPH: *tiqad)

maka-túladto be able to imitate or copy (PWMP: *tulad)

maka-túlogable to sleep (PPH: *maka-tuduR) *tuduR

máka-tulógto fall asleep (PPH: *maka-tuduR) *tuduR

maka-tulóyable to continue or proceed (PMP: *tuluy₁)

maka-tulóyable to continue or proceed (NOISE)

maka-uwiʔable to go home (PPh: *maka-uliq₂) *uliq₁

maka-walóeight times (PAN: *maka-walu) *walu

má-káʔinto be eaten; to have something to eat; to happen to eat something (PAN: *ma-kaen) *kaen

maki-prefix for verbs meaning ‘to join in company’ or ‘to join in an act’ (PPH: *maki-)

maki-kampíto join an alliance (PPH: *kampi)

má-kilalato know; to be acquainted with; to have knowledge of a person; to know someone; to be characterized; to be distinguished; to pick out or recognize someone or something from surroundings; to recognize; to know again; to discern; to know (PWMP: *ma-kilala) *kilala

ma-kináŋbrilliant; luminous; shining (by its own light); lustrous, having lustre (PWMP: *kiñaŋ)

ma-kinígto listen (PAN: *kiŋeR)

ma-kípotnarrow; close; with little space (PMP: *kiput)

ma-kirótaching, painful (NOISE)

Tagalog (2260 / 3999)

maki-sabáyto go or leave at the same time with another or others (PWMP: *sa(m)bay) *sabay₁

maki-sámato unite; to join with others (PWMP: *sama)

maki-sápiɁto join as a member (PWMP: *sapiq)

má-kítato be seen; to see; to sight; to catch sight of; to appear; to be able to be seen; to find; to be found (PWMP: *ma-kita) *kita

makópaMalay rose apple tree and its fruit (PPH: *makúpa)

ma-kubkóbto be besieged (PPH: *kubkub₁)

ma-kúnatductile; resilient; bending without breaking; flexible; pliable; stingy; mean (PPH: *kúñat)

ma-lágoŋbass; having a deep, low sound (NEAR)

ma-lagóʔluxuriant; lush, growing thick and green (PPH: *ma-laguq) *lagúq

ma-lákadto be within walking distance; to be able to get something by negotiating or by using influence (PMP: *lakaj)

ma-lakásstrong; physically strong; having much force, power, etc.; powerful; tough, hardy; hard; boisterous; violent; wild; rugged, sturdy; potent, strong; forceful, vigorous; hearty, strong and well; loud, not quiet or soft; making a great sound (PMP: *lakas)

ma-lálimdeep, as a river; deep, meaning hard to understand; profound (PAN: *ma-dalem) *dalem

ma lamánfleshy; having much flesh (PPH: *lamán)

ma-lambótlimp; soft; slack (PWMP: *lembut)

ma-lamígcold, having a low temperature (PPH: *lamíg)

ma-lamlámlifeless; languid; indisposed, a little unwell (PWMP: *lamlam₂)

ma-landáyshallow (of dishes) (NEAR)

ma-laŋóyto be able to swim over something (PWMP: *laŋuy)

ma-laónto take or last a long time (PWMP: *ma-laun) *laun

ma-látiʔmarshy; soft and wet land (PWMP: *latiq)

Tagalog (2280 / 3999)

malia plant: Leea indica (Madulid 1999) (PMP: *mali)

malik-mátaʔmirage; an optical illusion; phantasm; a supposed appearance of an absent person dead or living (PMP: *mata) *maCa

maliláŋsulphur (PMP: *maliraŋ)

malílaŋsulphur; gunpowder (LOAN)

ma-línisclean; without dirt; pure; clear; sanitary; free from dirt and filth; hygienic; healthful; neat; tidy (PPH: *línis)

ma-lisáʔfull of nits (as the hair) (PMP: *lisehaq, liseqah) *liseqeS

ma-lislis-ánto have one’s skirt or dress lifted up or blown up (PPH: *lesles₁)

ma-lugmókto collapse; to fall down through weakness; to be overcome by grief (PPH: *lug(e)múk)

ma-luhaʔ-íneasily moved to tears; crying easily (PMP: *luheq) *luSeq

ma-lúhoepicurean; pleasure-loving; luxurious (LOAN)

ma-lukóŋconcave; hollow and curved; bowl-shaped, cup-shaped (PMP: *leŋkuŋ)

ma-lúmotmossy, covered with moss (PMP: *lumut)

ma-lundágto clear; to jump over without touching (PWMP: *lunzag)

ma-lunís-anto have an unpleasant experience on a Monday (LOAN)

ma-lúnodto drown; to be drowned (PPH: *ma-lúnud) *lúnud

maluŋgáyhorseradish tree; a small tree, the leaves and seeds of which are used as a vegetable (PPH: *maruŋgay)

ma-lusáwto melt, to become liquefied (NOISE)

ma-luwáŋspacious, containing much space; roomy (PPH: *luaŋ₂)

ma-máhawto eat left-over food (PMP: *bahaw) *baSaw

ma-m-al-isbisfor water to run down the rain gutter (PMP: *bisbis)

Tagalog (2300 / 3999)

má-ma-matayassassin (PMP: *m-atay) *aCay

ma-maŋkáʔto go boating (e.g. for diversion) (PMP: *baŋkaq)

má-mata-ʔánto light upon; to see by chance; to be spotted, meaning to be recognized or seen (PMP: *mata) *maCa

máma-ygrandfather (PMP: *mama) *mamah

ma-máyoŋto use an umbrella (PWMP: *ma-mayuŋ) *payuŋ

máma-ʔterm used in referring to, or in addressing a man unknown to the speaker (PMP: *mama) *mamah

mam-ba-báʔeto fool around with women (PPh: *ma-ba-bahi) *bahi

ma-mílitto compel, to force (PPH: *pílit)

ma-míliʔto choose (PWMP: *ma-miliq) *piliq

ma-múkotto fish with a deep-sea dragnet (PWMP: *ma-muket) *puket₁

ma-mutíʔto become white; to whiten, to bleach (PWMP: *ma-mutiq) *putiq

manalthough; even if; even though; also; anything, at all; at least (PPH: *man)

mánaheritage, inheritance (PWMP: *mana₁)

mánaheritage, inheritance (PWMP: *maña)

manag-dar-darásrestless; lively; hyperactive (PPH: *darás)

ma-naghóyto lament; to mourn; to wail (LOAN)

ma-nagótto assume responsibility for; to take upon oneself; to answer for (PPH: *sagút)

ma-nakítto hurt or injure others (physically or morally); to pain, to ache; to be aching all over (PWMP: *ma-ñakit) *sakit

ma-nákotto scare people, to intimidate, to threaten with harm (PWMP: *ma-nakut) *takut

ma-nalabáto gather oysters (PPH: *talabá)

Tagalog (2320 / 3999)

ma-na-náwada bidder: a person to offers to pay a certain price at an auction (PWMP: *tawaD)

ma-náŋisto lament; to wail; to cry loud and long because of grief or pain (PMP: *ma-naŋis) *Caŋis

ma-naʔíŋalisten (PMP: *taliŋa) *Caliŋa

man-dílaʔto stick out or poke out one’s tongue at someone (PMP: *dilaq₁)

mani-bughóʔjealous (PMP: *buRehuʔ)

ma-nigásto become hard, referring to parts of the body such as jaws, arms, legs, etc.; to be or become petrified; to become paralyzed with fear, horror, or surprise (PMP: *teRas)

mánikbeads of mother-of-pearl; any beads or beadwork (LOAN)

manikítto adhere (PMP: *deket₁) *dekeC

ma-niksíkto crowd out; to press against in a crowd (PWMP: *ma-ñeksek) *seksek₁

ma-níloʔto catch with a noose; to snare (PPH: *ma-ñiluʔ) *síluq

ma-nimpánto be thrifty; to save; to economize; to guard carefully (LOAN)

máni-nípaɁa kicker (said of horses that are prone to kick) (LOAN)

ma-niŋalá-ŋ pugadto start courting girls (said of boys just entering puberty) (PWMP: *tiŋadaq)

ma-nipísthin (as cloth, clouds in the sky); flimsy; light and thin (PMP: *ma-nipis) *Nipis

ma-nisito chide, to blame (PWMP: *selsel₂)

maníʔpeanut (LOAN)

man-lalákito take a common-law husband (PWMP: *la-laki) *laki₁

man-lupaypáyto wilt; to droop; to lose strength and vigor (PPH: *lupaypáy)

manókfowl, chicken (PMP: *manuk)

ma-núbokto spy; to keep secret watch; to skulk; to move in a stealthy, sneaking way (PWMP: *subuk₁)

Tagalog (2340 / 3999)

ma-núgaŋson-in-law, daughter-in-law (PPH: *ma-nuRaŋ) *tuRaŋ

manúk-anpoultry yard (PWMP: *manuk-an) *manuk

manuk-ínsponsor someone in a game or undertaking (PPh: *manuk-en) *manuk

ma-núlatto write professionally (LOAN)

ma-numpáʔto depose; to swear to (PWMP: *sumpaq)

ma-nuntókto punch; to hit with the fist (PPH: *suntúk)

má-nu-nugtógmusician; player of a musical instrument (PWMP: *tugtug)

má-nu-nunogincendiary; arsonist; person who maliciously sets fire to property (PMP: *sunuR)

má-nu-nupotin folklore, a creature who is supposed to catch children who go wandering about and put them in a bag and carry them away (PPH: *súput)

máŋaprenominal plural marker (PMP: *maŋa₁)

ma-ŋahóyto gather firewood (PWMP: *ma-ŋahiw) *kaSiw

ma-ŋamátisto become red and swollen (figurative sense) (LOAN)

maŋánayto deliver one’s first child (PPH: *paŋánay)

ma-ŋapáʔto grope around (PPH: *kapaq-kapaq)

ma-ŋápitto hug; to cling firmly or fondly to (PMP: *kapit)

maŋ-ásohunt for game (PWMP: *maŋ-asu) *asu₁

ma-ŋáʔinto eat small things or pieces of things one after another (PMP: *ma-ŋaen) *kaen

maŋgáthe mango tree and its fruit (LOAN)

maŋ-ga-gamótphysician; a doctor of medicine (PMP: *Ramut₁)

maŋ-ga-gátasmilkman; a man who sells or delivers milk to customers (PMP: *Ratas₂)

Tagalog (2360 / 3999)

maŋgah-ánmango plantation (LOAN)

maŋ-gamótto practice medicine; to follow the profession of a doctor (PMP: *Ramut₁)

maŋ-gígilto tremble or thrill because of emotion (PWMP: *ma-gigil) *gigil

maŋ-hirámborrow (PPh: *maŋ-hedam) *Sezam

maŋ-i-lálimto be present underneath; to be underlying; to be deep-seated (PMP: *i dalem) *dalem

ma-ŋilóto feel one’s teeth on edge; to feel a tingling sensation on the edge of one’s teeth while eating green fruit such as mangoes (PAN: *ma-ŋilu) *ŋilu

maŋ-itímbecome black or dark (PWMP: *maŋ-qitem) *qitem

maŋ-itlóglay an egg (PWMP: *mag-qiteluR) *qiCeluR

maŋkókbig bowl or saucer (LOAN)

maŋ-úbosto eat, consume or use up all without leaving anything for others (PPH: *ubus)

ma-ŋurótto nip; to pinch with the thumb and finger, or with the nails (PWMP: *ma-ŋezut) *kezut

mapa-dikítto contact or touch accidentally (PMP: *deket₁) *dekeC

ma-pag-puyáthaving the habit of staying up late at night (PPH: *púyat)

ma-pa-lákadto be able to get someone to walk or take a trip, to leave or to depart (PMP: *lakaj)

mapa-mintásprone to fault-finding (PPH: *pintás)

mápa-sabitto happen to be delayed at a neighbor’s place (PMP: *saqebit)

mápa-saŋítto be stopped from falling by hanging or hooking onto something (PPH: *saq(e)ŋit)

ma-pásoʔto be burnt, scalded or injured by burning; to be seared (as by a hot iron) (PPH: *ma-pásuq) *pásuq

mapa-taŋóʔto happen to nod the head; to be forced to nod the head (PPH: *taŋuq)

mápa-taʔónto happen to coincide with a certain event or happening (PMP: *taqun)

Tagalog (2380 / 3999)

ma-pa-túlogto be put to sleep (PAN: *tuduR)

ma-paʔítbitter (PMP: *ma-paqit) *paqiC

ma-pílakhaving plenty of money, rich (LOAN)

ma-pílitinsistent; compelling attention or notice; pressing; urgent (PPH: *pílit)

ma-pilit-anto be obliged, to be compelled; to be forced (PPH: *pílit)

má-piliʔto be chosen; to be eligible (PAN: *piliq)

ma-píliʔable to be chosen or selected; be able to pick; fussy, choosy (PMP: *ma-piliq) *piliq

ma-pintóʔto be at the door; to impend; to be ready to happen (LOAN)

ma-písanto converge; to be brought together (PWMP: *pisan)

ma-pisílto be squeezed (PAN: *pisel)

ma-pítakhaving many divisions or compartments (PWMP: *pitak₂)

ma-puláred (PMP: *pula₁)

ma- púnitto be torn, ripped or rent (PPH: *punit)

ma-punóʔto be filled, become full (as a well) (PMP: *ma-penuq) *peNuq

ma-puróldull (PMP: *pudul)

ma-pusúʔ-anto be enamored of (PMP: *pusuq₁)

ma-pútolto be cut off; fig., to be disrupted (PMP: *putul) *putun

ma-rámotmean; stingy (PWMP: *dámut)

má-sábitto lodge; to get caught or stay high up in a place (e.g. a tree) without falling (as a kite) (PMP: *saqebit)

má-ságapto happen to inhale; to happen to pick up any news or information circulating around (PPH: *saRap)

Tagalog (2400 / 3999)

ma-sahógwith or having many ingredients, esp. in a dish of food (PPH: *sahuR)

ma-sakímavaricious; covetous; greedy; avid; greedy; rapacious; selfish; caring too much for oneself (PPH: *sakém)

ma-sakítsore; painful; hurting; tender, sensitive (physically or morally); nasty, hurting; hurtful, hurting (morally); biting; bitter; sharp; cutting; mordant; acrimonious, sarcastic; incisive; cutting; sharp; penetrating; hard (as words); unpleasant to the feelings (PMP: *ma-sakit) *sakit

ma-sákít-insickly, delicate; prone to sickness; susceptible or subject to sickness; unhealthy, not possessing good health, not well; infirm, feeble (PMP: *ma-sakit) *sakit

má-saksi-hánto be witnessed; to be seen (LOAN)

ma-sakt-ánto be hurt (morally); to be sore or offended; to be injured; to be hurt (physically) (PMP: *ma-sakit) *sakit

ma-sakt-ánto be hurt (morally) (PWMP: *sakit-an) *sakit

má-sáligto be based on; to be deduced from (PMP: *sandiR)

ma-salitánto be interspersed (PPH: *saletán) *salét

má-samsámto be confiscated (PPH: *samsám)

ma-saŋáfull of branches; with or having many branches (PMP: *ma-saŋa) *saŋa₁

ma-saŋhídrank, having a strong, disagreeable odor (PWMP: *saŋ(e)hid)

má-saŋkótto be entangled, to be involved (PWMP: *saŋkut)

ma-sa-sakt-ínsickly, delicate; prone to sickness; unhealthy; not possessing good health; infirm, feeble (PMP: *ma-sakit) *sakit

ma-sáwanto be slightly dizzy (because of height); to be slightly afraid or discouraged, as when faced with some big task (PWMP: *sawan)

ma-sáyaŋto atrophy; to waste away (in the moral sense); to become useless; to be wasted (PWMP: *ma-sayaŋ) *sayaŋ

ma-síbaɁgreedy for anything (PPH: *sibáq)

ma-sikípcrowded (PWMP: *sikep₂)

ma-silábto catch on fire, to blaze (PPH: *sil(e)qáb)

ma-sílawto be dazzled or dazed; to be made to feel inferior (PWMP: *ma-silaw) *silaw

Tagalog (2420 / 3999)

ma-sindákto be terrified; to be stunned; to be shocked (NOISE)

ma-sinsínthick; thick-set; close (PPH: *sensén)

ma-sípagindustrious; diligent (PPH: *sipag)

ma-sisito be culpable or blameworthy (PWMP: *selsel₂)

má-sísito be blamed (PWMP: *selsel₂)

maskí (na)even if, even then, even though (LOAN)

másomallet; a heavy wooden hammer; a maul; sledge hammer (LOAN)

ma-sukólto be surrounded, cornered, or enclosed; to be driven into a corner (PMP: *sukul₂)

ma-súnogto burn; to be on fire; to catch fire; to be ablaze (PMP: *sunuR)

ma-súŋitdour-faced; sullen; sulky; cross; ill-tempered (PPH: *suŋit₃)

ma-súwáy-indefiant; disobedient; insubordinate (PPH: *suay)

matáthe eye; the organ of vision; sight; the power of seeing; sight, meaning here a way of looking or thinking; regard; eye, fig., meaning, core, center (PMP: *mata) *maCa

ma-tábasto be able to cut out; to be cut out (PWMP: *tabas₂)

ma-tabáʔto be fat, fleshy (PWMP: *ma-tabeq) *tabeq

ma-tagtágbumpy; jolty; jerky; to be jolted or bumped around in a vehicle; to be dismissed from employment (PPH: *ma-tagtág) *tagtag

mata-hánbig-eyed (PPH: *mata-an) *maCa

mata-hínto be critical of; to look at with a critical eye (PPH: *mata-en) *maCa

ma-tákotafraid, scared; apprehensive, worried or anxious (PAN: *ma-takut) *takut

ma-talímsharp (PWMP: *ma-tazem) *Cazem

ma-talósto penetrate; to see into; to comprehend; to understand perfectly; to learn (PPH: *tarús)

Tagalog (2440 / 3999)

má-tambákto be put aside in some place so as to form a big heap or mound, as garbage, old papers, etc.; to be or become piled up, as official papers requiring action, or as goods, etc. (PWMP: *ma-tambak) *tambak₂

má-tambak-ánto be encumbered; to be filled or blocked up; to be oversupplied; to be glutted; to be overwhelmed; to be snowed under (PMP: *tambak₂)

ma-tambókbulging, convex (PWMP: *tambuk)

ma-tamíssweet; dessert, sweets (PMP: *taq(e)mis)

ma-tamn-ánto be able to be planted in (PWMP: *ma-tanem) *CaNem

má-tampálto be slapped (PWMP: *tampar₂)

matá na pigsáthe core of a boil (PWMP: *mata nu piRsa) *maCa

ma-tanímto be engrafted; to be implanted; to be instilled, to be put in little by little; well-planted, covered with plants, having plenty of plants growing (PWMP: *ma-tanem) *CaNem

ma-taŋáto stare or gape at; to look at with amazement (PMP: *taŋa) *taŋa₁

ma-táŋospointed; prominent (referring to the nose) (PPH: *táŋus)

ma-tápaŋbrave; gallant; audacious; chivalrous; daring; fearless; courageous; bold; manly; plucky; spirited (PPH: *tapaŋ₂) *tapaŋ

ma-tapátdevoted; loyal; faithful; sincere, genuine; real; honest; staunch; steadfast, loyal (LOAN)

ma-tapátdevoted; loyal; faithful; sincere; genuine; real; honest (LOAN)

ma-taríkabrupt, steep (as the side of a hill or mountain) (PWMP: *tazek)

ma-táwadto be able to get a discount or reduction in buying something (PWMP: *tawaD)

ma-taʔástall (PWMP: *ma-atas) *aCas

ma-táʔocrowded with people (PPh: *ma-tau) *Cau

má-taʔónto happen at the same time as something else (PMP: *taqun)

má-taʔun-ánto happen to meet someone by chance (PMP: *taqun)

ma-tíbaystrong, morally strong, materially strong (LOAN)

Tagalog (2460 / 3999)

ma-tigáshard; firm; not yielding to touch; iron; strong; stern; not yielding; firm; tough, leathery; rigid; not bending; stalwart; firm; steadfast; indomitable; unconquerable; hard; not pleasant; harsh; ugly; unbending (PMP: *ma-teRas) *teRas

ma-tigtígto be jerked or jogged; jerky (PAN: *teRteR)

ma-timbáŋto be weighed; to be able to balance; weighty; heavy; very significant or important (PWMP: *timbaŋ)

ma-tíniŋquiet; calm; tranaquil (PWMP: *teneŋ)

ma-tiŋaláʔto happen to look upward (PWMP: *tiŋadaq)

ma-túlogto sleep; to slumber (PMP: *ma-tuduR) *tuduR

ma-tulóybe able to, have the chance to, continue (PMP: *tuluy₁)

ma-túnawto melt, to dissolve, to liquefy (PPH: *túnaw)

ma-túroʔto be pointed out, as a suspect (PAN: *tuzuq₁)

ma-úbangray-haired (PWMP: *ma-quban) *qubaN

ma-úhawbecome thirsty (PAN: *ma-quSaw) *quSaw

ma-ulánrainy (PAN: *ma-quzaN) *quzaN

ma-úliŋfull of charcoal, sooty (PPh: *ma-qujiŋ) *qujiŋ

ma-usísaʔcurious, inquisitive (LOAN)

máyageneric for different species of sparrow (PPH: *máya)

ma-yámanrich; wealthy (LOAN)

ma-ʔásimsour (PWMP: *ma-qalesem) *qalesem

mikmíkfinely powdered; very small, tiny (PPH: *mikmik)

mínsanonce; on a single occasion; one time; sometimes, at times (PPH: *minsan)

-mo2sg. possessor, your (PMP: *-mu)

Tagalog (2480 / 3999)

mudmódto press down on a surface with the hands, keep down (data from April Almarines) (PPH: *mudmúd)

muhónlandmark; a stone or other object that marks the boundary of a piece of land (LOAN)

mukháʔface (LOAN)

mulátopen (said of eyes) (ROOT)

muláʔsource; the place from which anything comes or is obtained (LOAN)

mulmólparrot fish (PPH: *mulmúl)

múltafine, penalty, mulct (LOAN)

múmoparticles of cooked rice falling off the plate or table during a meal (PPH: *muhmuh)

múŋotfrown, sour face (ROOT)

múracheap, inexpensive (LOAN)

murádopurple, violet (LOAN)

m-úraʔunripe; immature; fresh; young coconut (PPH: *muhmuh)

muraʔunripe; immature; fresh; young coconut (PAN: *mudaq)

músaŋa wild cat (PMP: *musaŋ)

mustásamustard (LOAN)

mútaʔgummy secretion of the eyes (PWMP: *muteq)

mutóna pulley, pulley block (LOAN)

mutyáʔamulet; charm; pearl; jewel; darling (LOAN)

nalinker between heads and attributes: ma-tákaw na táo 'a greedy person' = 'greedy LINK person' (Schachter and Otanes 1972:118) (PAN: *na₂)

nanow; already; soon; about to (PMP: *na₄) *Na₂

Tagalog (2500 / 3999)

nágaspecies of the narra-tree family (PMP: *naRah)

naka-handáʔready, prepared (LOAN)

naka-hiwísaslant (NEAR)

naka-ká-sukádisgusting; offensive (PPH: *suka₂)

naka-ladládunfurled; unfolded (PPH: *ladlád)

naka-ligpítput away, kept in an orderly manner (PPH: *lig(e)pít)

naka-lugmókprostrate and helpless (PPH: *lug(e)múk)

naka-ŋaŋáopen-mouthed; agape, gaping with mouth wide open in wonder or surprise (PMP: *ŋaŋa₂)

naka-suksókinserted in a scabbard (PAN: *suksuk)

(naka)-sumpíŋcarried on or behind the ear, as a pencil or a cigarette (in some areas) (PWMP: *sumpiŋ₂)

naka-taŋáopen-mouthed; gaping with a somewhat stupid look (PMP: *taŋa) *taŋa₁

nákawstolen, pilfered; thing stolen or pilfered (PMP: *nakaw)

namnám ~ linamnámsavor; taste (PAN: *ñamñam)

nánaʔpus, matter (PMP: *nanaq) *naNaq

na-niktíkto spy; to find out or try to find out by careful observation (PPH: *tiktík₃)

ná-padpádcarried by the tide (said of persons or things from a shipwreck); cast adrift (PPH: *padpád)

ná-paka-nipísvery thin; sheer; almost transparent (PMP: *ma-nipis) *Nipis

na-píliʔchoice, select (as choice food) (PWMP: *na-piliq) *piliq

náraa tree: Pterocarpus spp. (PMP: *nara)

n-átinour, ours (incl.); us (object of preposition) (PPH: *n-aten) *iten

Tagalog (2520 / 3999)

nipreposition used before a person’s name or names to connote possessive case; may also indicate the doer of a certain action [after a non-actor voice verb] (PAN: *ni)

nikniktiny blood-sucking insect (PMP: *ñikñik)

nikníkthis term has different meanings for different localities: 1. a species of blood-sucking insect; 2. gnat; gnat, a small, two-winged insect or fly, 3. a species of fly with a painful bite, 4. horsefly (PMP: *ñikñik)

nilátheir, theirs (PWMP: *ni ida) *ida

ni-lágaʔboiled (PMP: *la(ŋ)gaq)

ni-lambáldoubled (e.g. of thread) (LOAN)

niŋníŋbrilliance, sparkle (PMP: *niŋniŋ)

nipísthinness (as of a slice of cheese) (PMP: *nipis) *Nipis

nipis-ánto make something thin (PMP: *ma-nipis) *Nipis

nítoʔsp. of forest vine with strong fibers used for hatmaking, basketmaking, etc. (PMP: *nituq)

ni-yá3sg. agent and possessor (PAN: *ni-a) *-a₂

niyáhis, her, hers, its (PAN: *ni-ia) *ia₁

niyógcoconut palm tree and fruit (PMP: *niuR)

niyug-áncoconut plantation (PMP: *niuR)

n<um>ipísto become thin (PMP: *ma-nipis) *Nipis

ŋabŋábbite off (meat from bones) (PAN: *ŋabŋab)

ŋadyiʔ, paŋadyiʔprayer (LOAN)

ŋálanname; reputation; denomination, a name, especially for a class of things (PMP: *ŋajan)

ŋalán-anto name, give someone or something a name (PWMP: *ŋajan-an) *ŋajan

ŋalŋálprone to grumble and sob; wailing; loudly lamenting; weeping aloud (PPH: *ŋalŋál)

Tagalog (2540 / 3999)

ŋáŋaʔprepared buyo or betel nut ready for chewing (PPH: *ŋaqŋaq₂)

ŋípintooth (PAN: *ŋipen)

ŋísia grin, snicker, giggle, grimace, snigger, smirk; a broad smile (PMP: *ŋisi)

ŋisŋíscontinued opening of the mouth in grinning, showing teeth (PMP: *ŋisŋis₁)

ŋitŋítrage; fury; suppressed rage or fury; intensity (PAN: *ŋeCŋeC)

ŋitŋítrage, fury; suppressed rage or fury; intensity (PMP: *ŋitŋit₂) *ŋiCŋiC

ŋ<um>atŋátto gnaw; to bite and wear away (PWMP: *ŋatŋat)

ŋusŋóstip of nose (ROOT)

ŋúsoʔthe snout of animals; muzzle; the nose, mouth and jaws of an animal; the trunk of an elephant; the snout of a pig; by extension, the part that stands out, especially the bow of a ship or boat (PAN: *ŋusuq)

ŋusúʔ-anto express dislike of someone by pursing the lips (PAN: *ŋusuq)

ŋutŋótwhimper (PWMP: *ŋutŋut₁)

ŋutŋótnoise of gnawing such as that made by mice or rats (PMP: *ŋutŋut₄)

ŋuyáʔchewing, masticating (PWMP: *ŋuyaq)

ŋuyaʔ-ínto chew, to masticate (PWMP: *ŋuyaq)

ŋuyŋóyprolonged sulky weeping of a child; crying of a child with the tantrums (PPH: *ŋuyŋuy)

pamore; still; even; yet; up to now, up to a certain time; further; else (PAN: *pa₁)

pa-causative prefix (PAN: *pa-₂)

pa-bigáygift sent (PAN: *pa-beRay) *beRay

páboturkey (LOAN)

pag-prefix forming verbal nouns: act of. 1. Followed by the simple root word if derived from an um verb, as um-alis 'to depart': pag-alis 'departure'. 2. Followed by the root word with the first syllable reduplicated, if derived from a mag- verb, as mag-alis 'to remove', pag-a-alis 'removal, act of removing' (PWMP: *paR-) *paR-₁

Tagalog (2560 / 3999)

págastorage loft made of bamboo attached to ceiling (PAN: *paRa₁)

pagákhoarse and broken (said of the voice) (PMP: *paRaek)

pagálfatigue; assumed work or trouble or hardship for s.o. else (PWMP: *pagel)

pa-gamótto allow oneself to be cured or treated (PMP: *Ramut₁)

pá-gamut-andispensary; infirmary; clinic (PMP: *Ramut₁)

pag-anákact or moment of parturition (PWMP: *paR-anak) *aNak

pagátpattree found in mangrove swamps: Sonneratia caseolaris (Merrill 1954) (PWMP: *paRatpat)

págawhoarseness of voice (PAN: *paRaw)

pagáwhoarse (PAN: *paRaw)

pag-dágitswooping and seizing while in flight, as when a hawk or an eagle snatches its prey (PPH: *daRit)

pag-dálawa visit, a call (PPH: *dálaw)

pag-dalawah-ínto form or make into two (PMP: *da-duha) *duSa

pag-du-dulókdigging out and burning sticks and rubbish in a kaingin (swidden) (PPH: *duluk)

pag-gamóttreatment; the act or process of treating an illness (PMP: *Ramut₁)

pag-gíliŋgrinding, milling (PMP: *giliŋ)

págiray fish (PMP: *paRih) *paRiS

pag-inómact of drinking (PWMP: *paR-inum) *inum

pag-isah-ínto combine (many things) into one (PAN: *paR-isa-an) *isa₁

pag-ka-ká-sálintranslation; having been translated (PWMP: *salin)

pag-ka-kilaláprestige; reputation; distinction; influence (PAN: *kilala)

Tagalog (2580 / 3999)

pag-ká-kilalaknowledge of a person; recognition; a being recognized (PAN: *kilala)

pagka-lalákimanhood; masculinity; virility; manliness (PWMP: *la-laki) *laki₁

pagka-lásawthawing; liquefying (PPH: *lásaw)

pagka-lúnoddrowning (PPH: *lúnud)

pag-ka-matáydeath (PMP: *m-atay) *aCay

pag-káyasact of shaving off a stick or length of wood with a knife, a spokeshave or the like (PPH: *káyas)

pag-ki-kilalamutual knowledge of each other; meeting; becoming acquainted (PAN: *kilala)

pag-kilalaacknowledgement; receiving, admitting, thanking, recognizing an obligation or debt, etc.; informing about the receipt of something; answering; identification; view; a way of looking at or considering a matter; opinion; recognition; recognizing (PAN: *kilala)

pag-kubkóbsiege; the surrounding of a fortified place to capture it (PPH: *kubkub₁)

pag-kúlobproducing more heat or higher temperature by covering so as to make airtight; hermetical cooking (PWMP: *kulub₂)

pag-lahuk-ínto mix two things together (PWMP: *lahuk)

pag-lákadmanner of walking (PMP: *lakaj)

pag-lámayovertime work at night (PPH: *lámay)

pag-laŋóyswimming (PWMP: *laŋuy)

pag-li-liklíkbeating around the bush; digressing (PPH: *liklík)

pag-lipádflight; flying (PPH: *lepad)

pag-lipáspassage, passing (as of time) (PWMP: *lepas)

pag-lípotgoing over an obstacle; going from one town or country to another; transferring (PMP: *liput₁)

pag-lúkobact of sheltering, as a bird does with its young (PPH: *lukúb)

pag-luksóa jump; leap; a spring off the ground; a jumping contest; a hurdle (PPH: *luk(e)súh)

Tagalog (2600 / 3999)

pag-lu-luwásexport; exporting; exportation (PPH: *luás)

pag-lúnoyact of fording or wading through a river (not above one’s depth) (PPH: *lunuy)

(pag)-ŋaŋáact of opening the mouth (PMP: *ŋaŋa₂)

pag-ŋísito grin, snicker, giggle, grimace, etc. (PMP: *ŋisi)

pag-ŋulŋólsulking and grumbling; bursts of loud crying with intermittent gasps for breath (PWMP: *ŋulŋul₂)

pagóŋturtle (PPh: *pag(e)qúŋ)

pag-pa-pa-kilalaa making known; an expression; demonstration; a showing of emotion; introduction (PAN: *kilala)

pag-pa-paspásdusting (by sweeping, fanning or flicking action) (PWMP: *paspas₂)

pag-pili-anto choose something from a number of things (PAN: *piliq)

pag-píliʔchoice, the act of choosing (PPH: *paR-piliq) *piliq

pag-pútolthe act of cutting; amputation (PMP: *putul) *putun

pag-saklótto grab; grabbing or snatching (PPH: *sak(e)lút)

pag-saksákstuffing; cramming; tight packing (PPH: *saksák)

pag-samsámconfiscation; seizing of property (PPH: *samsám)

pag-síkatrising (as of the sun, moon or stars); splendor, brilliance (PPH: *sikát)

pag-sísiddiving headfirst into water; dive; a downward plunge of an airplane; swimming under water (PWMP: *sesed)

pag-si-sílimbecoming dark; nightfall (PWMP: *selem₂)

pag-si-sílimbecoming dark; nightfall (PWMP: *silem)

pag-si-sisiregret; repentance; sorrow for wrongdoing; contrition (PWMP: *selsel₂)

pag-sitsítgossip; detraction; backbiting (PMP: *sitsit) *sitsit₁

Tagalog (2620 / 3999)

pag-súloŋadvance; development; advancement; progress; improvement (PWMP: *suruŋ)

pag-sumpáʔact of cursing (PWMP: *sumpaq)

pag-suŋsóŋgoing against the current or wind; old name for China; north of the monsoon (according to an old Chinese belief, Lusóng (Luzón) refers to the island south of China, or “south of the monsoon”, the opposite of suŋsóŋ “north of the monsoon” (PWMP: *suŋsuŋ₁)

pag-su-súboɁact of feeding or putting into the mouth (PPH: *súbuq)

pag-su-suksókshuffling of playing cards; weaving in the repair of mats or nipa roofing; sheathing a weapon (PAN: *suksuk)

pag-suwáydisobedience (PPH: *suay)

pag-tahánact of residing, living or dwelling in a place (PMP: *tahan) *taNaS

pag-tahánact of ceasing or stopping (as from crying, joking, scolding or the like) (LOAN)

pag-talíkthe artistic movement of the hands, as in folk dancing (PPH: *tadék)

pag-talíkartistic movement of the hands, as in folk dancing (NOISE)

pag-táʔethe act of moving one’s bowels (PMP: *taqi) *Caqi

pag-timtímtasting without swallowing (PPH: *timtim)

pagti-tiʔíssuffering; bearing trials or hardships (PPH: *tiqís)

pag-tular-anto use as a model, copy from (PWMP: *tulad)

pag-túliʔcircumcision (PPH: *turiq)

pag-tulóy(in some areas) staying temporarily in a place as a guest (PMP: *tuluy₁)

pag-tulóy(in some areas) staying temporarily in a place as a guest (NOISE)

pagukpóksound of strokes or knocks from a distance (PPH: *p<aR>ukpuk) *pukpuk

pag-úpasremoving leaves of plants (esp. sugarcane) (PPH: *upas₂)

pag-yagyágto trot; trotting; the motion of a trotting horse (PPH: *yagyág)

Tagalog (2640 / 3999)

paháma very learned person; a genius; very learned; erudite (LOAN)

paháma very learned person, a genius; very (LOAN)

páhidwiping off; a light wiping; smearing on, anointing (PWMP: *pahid)

páhidwiping off; a light wiping (LOAN)

pahin-túlotpermission; approval; consent; assent; sanction; a permission with authority (NOISE)

pa-hirámthing lent (PAN: *pa-hinzam) *hinzam

pa-hirámthing lent (PAN: *pa-Sezam) *Sezam

pa-hiram-ínlend something to someone (PAN: *pa-hinzam) *hinzam

pa-hir(a)m-ínto lend something to (someone) (PPh: *pa-hedam-en) *Sezam

pahír-anto coat; to cover something with a layer (PWMP: *pahid)

pahír-into rub off; to remove by rubbing; to brush; to wipe away (PWMP: *pahid)

páhoʔa small, sour species of mango (PMP: *pahuq₁)

pa-kapít-into get someone to hold onto someone else or to something (PMP: *kapit)

pa-kaskásmolasses candy made from the juice of coconut gratings and packed in buri leaves; sugar from buri palm (PMP: *kaskas₂)

pákawnose ring (for cattle); clasp for earrings (PWMP: *pakaw)

pa-kaʔínfood (PAN: *kaen)

pa-kaʔínration of food (PAN: *pa-kaen) *kaen

pa-kaʔín-into feed someone (PAN: *pa-kaen-en) *kaen

pa-kiŋg-ánto hear; to listen to (PAN: *kiŋeR)

pa-kítademonstration; a sample; to allow oneself to be seen (PAN: *pa-kita) *kita

Tagalog (2660 / 3999)

pakiyáw ~ pakyáwwholesale buying (LOAN)

pákoʔnail; spike, a sharp-pointed piece or part (LOAN)

pakpákwing (PAN: *pakpak₁)

paksíwfish or meat cooked in vinegar fish or meat cooked in vinegar with salt and garlic added (LOAN)

pálashovel, spade (LOAN)

paláso, so then (NOISE)

pa-labnaw-ínto dilute or thin out (PPH: *lab(e)náw)

páladpalm of the hand; fate, fortune, luck (PMP: *palaj₁)

palákaʔfrog (LOAN)

palákaʔfrog (NOISE)

palakólaxe (LOAN)

palakpákapplause, sound of applause (PPH: *p<al>akpak) *pakpak₁

p<al>akpákapplause (PAN: *pakpak₁)

pa-la-lambíŋcaress; showing fondness, affection or tenderness (LOAN)

palamatábracelet made of glass beads; fancy jewelry (LOAN)

pa-lamig-ínto chill; to make cold; to cool (PPH: *lamíg)

pa-lamun-into give someone too much to eat (PPH: *lamun₂)

palantík-aneaves (PWMP: *palantik)

paláŋflat-nosed bolo (LOAN)

palaŋkálever, pole for carrying a weight (LOAN)

Tagalog (2680 / 3999)

pa-laŋóyswimming party (PWMP: *laŋuy)

pala-pálagangplank (PWMP: *pala pala₁)

pala-palagangplank; temporary shed; trellis, arbor (LOAN)

palápaʔpulpy leaf of plants like the banana (PMP: *palaqpaq)

paláslopped off; levelled (PWMP: *paras₁)

palásanthick rattan used in making canes and furniture (PPH: *parásan)

palásanunsplit rattan, often used as a walking stick (LOAN)

pala-siŋsiŋ-ánring finger (LOAN)

palatákclacking of tongue or smacking of lips (ROOT)

palatpátlong, striped bamboo (NOISE)

palawaga tree: Terminalia citrina (Madulid 2001) (NEAR)

paláwanlarge plant with stout trunk, found in ravines along streams, but also cultivated for its edible corms or as ornamental plant; has big, hastate leaves, large, stout petioles, and large rootstocks which are edible: Cyrtosperma merkush Schott. (PWMP: *parawan)

palawanlarge plant with stout trunk: Cyrtosperma merkush Schott. (NOISE)

pálayrice plant (PAN: *pajay)

palay-anrice paddy, rice field (PAN: *pajay)

palayók, palyókearthen pot for cooking (PAN: *pariuk)

paldákhardened or flattened by repeated treading or trampling (ROOT)

pa-líbotsurroundings, environment (PWMP: *pa-libut) *libut

p<al>igpígshaking of the body by birds or animals to get rid of dust or water (PWMP: *piRpiR₂)

pa-likódbackwards, toward the back (PAN: *pa-likud) *likud

Tagalog (2700 / 3999)

palikpíksoft slender fin (PPh: *p<al>ikpik) *pikpik

pa-likú-likóʔserpentine, winding; tortuous, sinuous, full of twists, turns, or bends; erroneous, not right; not proper (PWMP: *liku-likuq) *likuq

pá-likur-antoilet (especially a public one) (PAN: *likud)

pali-manókJavan cow-nosed ray (PMP: *paRih manuk) *paRiS

pá-limlim-anbrooder (PAN: *demdem₁)

páliŋslope, inclination (PMP: *paliŋ)

palíŋinclined sideward, tilted; person with the head physically turned sideward (PMP: *paliŋ)

pálisCallicarpa formosana Rolfe: Shrub with lanceolate leaves ... and rounded, fleshy (berry) fruit (NOISE)

pálisleveler; straight-edged tool for leveling grains to the mouth of measuring devices; sweeping off or away (NOISE)

palítchange, exchange, substitute (PPh: *palit)

palíʔspleen (PAN: *paliq₁)

pálopole; mast of a boat (LOAN)

páloŋa rooster’s comb; cockscomb (PPH: *páluŋ)

páloŋrooster’s comb (NOISE)

páloʔstroke with the hand or a stick, usually in castigation (PMP: *palu) *palu₃

paltíkhomemade gun (PWMP: *paletik)

paltíkhomemade gun (PWMP: *pale(n)tik)

palupoʔrack, stand, frame (NOISE)

pa-máhidointment; medicine used on the skin to heal or to make soft and white (PWMP: *pahid)

pa-matátenants fee paid to a landlord for being allowed to work on first-class land; a form of reproach by demonstration; what is shown to others (PPH: *pa-matá) *maCa

Tagalog (2720 / 3999)

pami-míliʔchoosing or selecting (PAN: *piliq)

pá-miŋgan-anrack or shelf for plates and other kitchen utensils (LOAN)

p<am>itpitcrusher of nuts, garlic, etc. (PWMP: *petpet₁)

pampáŋriver bank (PWMP: *paŋpaŋ)

pam-pitóseventh (PAN: *pitu₁) *pitu

pa-múkawincitement; a thing that urges, stirs up or rouses (PWMP: *pukaw₃)

pa-múnaswiping rag (PMP: *punas)

pa-mutasperforator (PWMP: *butas₂)

pa-nadtádchopping or mincing knife (PWMP: *tadtad)

panag-inipdeep dream (not easily remembered in detail) (PAN: *qinep)

pa-nákotscarecrow (PWMP: *pa-nakut) *takut

pa-na-nalátlack of supplies; financial crisis; depression (PWMP: *sadat)

pa-nanímreferring to seeds or seedlings used for planting and for propagation (PWMP: *pa-nanem) *CaNem

pa-náŋisa wail; a long cry of grief or pain, or a similar sound (PWMP: *pa-naŋis) *Caŋis

pánawdeparture; disappearance; death (PMP: *panaw₂) *paNaw

pánaʔarrow (PAN: *panaq)

pandákshort (referring to stature) (PMP: *pandak)

pandákshort (referring to stature) (LOAN)

pandánPandanus odoratissimus (PMP: *paŋedan) *paŋudaN

pandátcrammed, packed, squeezed in (PWMP: *pa(n)det)

Tagalog (2740 / 3999)

pandáy bakalblacksmith (LOAN)

panday-ínto forge; to heat metal very hot and then hammer it into shape (LOAN)

pandibanner, ensign (LOAN)

pan-dikítpaste; glue (PMP: *deket₁) *dekeC

pandóŋanything, such as paper, cloth, banana or palm leaf, used as head covering for protection against the sun or rain (PPH: *panduŋ)

pandóŋanything such as paper, cloth, banana or palm leaf used as head covering for protection against the sun or rain (NOISE)

panduŋ-ánto put a head covering on someone (PPH: *panduŋ)

panduŋ-ánto put a head covering on someone (NOISE)

panduŋ-ínto use something (e.g. a banana leaf or newspaper) as a head covering (PPH: *panduŋ)

panhíkgo up the stairs (PMP: *panahik)

pani-bughóʔjealousy (PMP: *buRehuʔ)

pa-nimbáŋbalance; a condition of not falling over in any direction; steadiness (PWMP: *timbaŋ)

pa-nimbaŋ-ánto try to get along with someone (PWMP: *timbaŋ)

pa-nipis-ínto cause something to become thin (PMP: *ma-nipis) *Nipis

pa-nípittongs; a tool for seizing, holding or lifting; tweezers; pincers (PPH: *pa-nípit) *sipit

pa-nípola whistle (LOAN)

pa-ni-sisireproach; reprimand; censure; blame; finding fault; odium (PWMP: *selsel₂)

panítexcoriated, skinned (PWMP: *panit)

pan-lalákimanly; suitable for a man; masculine; in grammar, of the gender of male names (PWMP: *la-laki) *laki₁

pantal-ánwooden or bamboo pier (PMP: *pa(n)tar₂)

Tagalog (2760 / 3999)

pantalánwooden or bamboo pier; quay; wharf (LOAN)

pantássage; wise person; a specialist in a particular line of academic knowledge; scholarly; learned; erudite (LOAN)

pantasbench in front of the house door (Laktaw) (LOAN)

pantáyof the same height or level (PWMP: *pantay)

pan-timbáŋthe actual weights used in weighing (PWMP: *timbaŋ)

pantóksummit, top (PPH: *pantuk)

pan-tupíʔan apparatus or machine used for folding (PPH: *tupíq)

pa-núnawlaxative; digestion; the power of digesting (PPH: *túnaw)

pa-núnogincendiary; causing fires (as incendiary bombs) (PMP: *sunuR)

pa-nuroʔpointer, indicator; lesson, instruction, teaching, guidance (PWMP: *pa-nuzuq) *tuzuq₁

pa-núroʔspoon (PWMP: *suduq)

paŋ-prefix forming nouns or adjectives denoting instruments, special usages or the like (PWMP: *paŋ-)

paŋájaw, jawbone (PAN: *paŋa₁)

paŋájaw; the lower part of the face; jawbone (PPH: *paŋah)

paŋa-lawásecond; assistant; substitute; a person second in rank (PMP: *da-duha) *duSa

paŋánayfirst-born child (PPH: *paŋánay)

pa-ŋa-ŋapáʔact of fishing by groping with the bare hands (PPH: *kapaq-kapaq)

paŋ-asódheavy hammer (PPh: *qasúd)

paŋátfish cooked in vinegar and salt (LOAN)

paŋát ~ p<in>aŋátfish cooked in water with vinegar and salt added (PWMP: *paŋat)

Tagalog (2780 / 3999)

paŋ-gamótmedicinal; healing; curative (PMP: *Ramut₁)

paŋgáŋbroiled or toasted to crispiness (PWMP: *paŋgaŋ)

paŋ-gi-gígiltremble or thrill from some irrepressible emotion (PMP: *gigil)

paŋ-gúyodthick rope or cable used in hauling (PWMP: *guyud₃)

pa-ŋi-ŋilóputting the teeth on edge; nerve pain at edge of a tooth (PAN: *ŋilu)

paŋkálprotruding or visible above the ground (said of surface roots of trees) (PWMP: *paŋkal)

paŋkátsection; a division of a book; a portion; segment; batch, group of people; unit (as in the army); any group of persons or things considered as one (LOAN)

paŋkóarmful; as much as one or both arms can hold; carried in the arms (PWMP: *paŋku)

paŋ-ma-matádisdain (PMP: *mata) *maCa

paŋ-ŋálannoun, substantive, the name of a person or thing (PWMP: *paŋ-ŋaran) *ŋajan

paŋ-ŋuyáʔmolar; suitable for grinding (PWMP: *ŋuyaq)

páoshoarseness, roughness or raucousness of voice (LOAN)

paóshoarse, rough or raucous (referring to the voice) (LOAN)

pápaga low bamboo bed (PPH: *papag)

páraas though; as if; only; same as; like; similar; just like; such as one would expect (PWMP: *pada)

pa-raánway; a way of doing something; method; a course of action or conduct; tactics; resource; any means of achieving success or getting out of trouble; style (PWMP: *pa-zalan) *zalan

pa-raan-ánto pass over something; to allow someone to pass over or through a certain place (stress on the place) (PWMP: *pa-zalan-an) *zalan

parákstamping of feet (ROOT)

páraŋmeadow, prairie; a large piece of level or rolling land with grass but not trees; field; uncultivated land (PWMP: *padaŋ)

paráwlarge passenger and cargo sailboat (PWMP: *padaw)

Tagalog (2800 / 3999)

párisa pair; a set of two: two that go together; a couple; like; as; in the same way as; as well as (LOAN)

pasána load or burden on the shoulders; burden; what is carried; a load (of things, care or work in physical or moral sense) (PMP: *pasaqan) *pasaqaN

pa-sandígslanted; tilted; leaning; reclining; by reclining or leaning on something (PMP: *sandiR)

pasan-ínto carry on the shoulder (PMP: *pasaqan) *pasaqaN

pásaŋa well-adjusted wedge (PWMP: *pasaŋ₂)

pásaŋa well-adjusted wedge (NOISE)

pa-saŋáslip; cutting from a plant (PMP: *saŋa₁)

pa-sawáʔ-into make someone lose interest in something because of being already satiated by such (PWMP: *saweqaq)

pásiga river that flows into the sea; sandy bank of a river (PWMP: *pasiR)

pasig-ansandy bank of a river (PWMP: *pasiR-an) *pasiR

pa-síkata showing off; a show (PPH: *pa-sikat) *sikát

pa-sikut-sikotroundabout, sinuously (PMP: *sikut₁)

pa-siluŋ-into allow someone to take shelter; to give shelter to (PPH: *pa-siduŋ-en) *siduŋ

pásokentry; entrance; act of entering; admission; infiltration (PAN: *pasuk)

pásoʔa scald; a burn; injury caused by fire or heat; burnt; scalded; seared (PPH: *pásuq)

pasóʔflowerpot; earthen vessel used as a food container (LOAN)

paspásspurt or burst of speed, activity or effort (PPH: *paspás₄)

pa-sulíbsecretly (PWMP: *suleb)

pa-susú-hinto nurse, give milk to (PAN: *pa-susu-en) *susu₁

pa-susu-hínsuckling; not yet weaned; sucking (PAN: *pa-susu-en) *susu₁

Tagalog (2820 / 3999)

pasúʔ-into burn slightly, e.g. the skin of a person or animal (PPH: *pasúq-en) *pásuq

pátageven; level; flat (PWMP: *pataR₂)

pa-tágoʔsomething given to another for safekeeping (PMP: *pa-taRuq) *taRuq

pa-tagóʔcovert; secret; hidden; disguised (PMP: *pa-taRuq) *taRuq

pa-talímsharp cutting instruments (PWMP: *pa-tazem) *Cazem

patániʔlima bean (PPH: *patániq)

pa-tápakto allow oneself to be stepped on by someone (PWMP: *tapak₁)

pátawballast; a buoy (PPH: *patáw)

pa-táwada discount given to a buyer (PWMP: *tawaD)

pa-táwagto allow itself to be called by a certain name or appellation; a call; a summons sent; an order to appear at a certain place (PWMP: *tawaR₂)

p-atáydead; dead person (PMP: *p-atay) *aCay

patay-pataydilatory, sluggish (PMP: *p-atay) *aCay

pa-taʔan-ánto allow; to make allowance (PWMP: *taqan₂)

patíincluding; also; moreover; too; likewise (PPH: *patí)

ṕati-anakgoblin (PWMP: *m-atay anak) *aCay

patianakgoblin (LOAN)

patídto cut, cut off (PWMP: *pated)

patíkpick-axe (PWMP: *pa(n)tik)

pa-tínigvowel (PWMP: *teneR)

pa-tiŋalaʔ-ínto get someone to look upward; to cause one end of something to tilt upward (PWMP: *tiŋadaq)

Tagalog (2840 / 3999)

patíssauce made from salted fish or shrimps (LOAN)

pa-tiyádstanding on tiptoe (PPH: *tiqad)

patláŋinterval; space between; gap; a break in continuity (PWMP: *patelaŋ)

patlaŋ-ánto put a space between two things (PWMP: *patelaŋ)

pátoŋlayer; one thickness; one fold; one thing placed over another; interest on a loan or debt (LOAN)

patugoa cycad: Cycas rumphii (PMP: *patuRu)

pa-tuluʔ-anto have medicinal drops put in one’s eyes, ears, etc. (PAN: *tuduq)

pa-tupiʔínto fold something (PPH: *tupíq)

pa-túroʔdemonstrative; pointing out (PAN: *pa-tuzuq) *tuzuq₁

pa-ulan-ánexpose to the rain intentionally (PAN: *pa-quzaN) *quzaN

pa-uwíʔhomeward bound (PMP: *pa-uliq) *uliq₁

páwidnipa palm, the leaves of which are used for making thatched roofs (LOAN)

pawíkantortoise; the large turtle that lives more in the sea (PPH: *pawíkan)

páyoadvice, an opinion about what should be done; counsel; to preach, to recommend or advise strongly (PWMP: *payu)

páyoŋumbrella, parasol (PWMP: *payuŋ)

paypáya fan (PPH: *paypáy)

paypay-ánto fan someone or something (PPH: *paypáy)

payúŋ-anto hold an umbrella over someone (PWMP: *payuŋ-an) *payuŋ

páʔa ~ paʔáfoot, leg; hoof, paw (PAN: *paqa₁)

paʔa-hánhaving large feet (PAN: *paqa₁)

Tagalog (2860 / 3999)

páʔinbait for catching fish, rats, etc. (PAN: *paen)

páʔin-anto bait, to set a bait for; to lure or attract with bait (PPH: *paen-an) *paen

páʔisfish or meat roasted or broiled and wrapped in leaves; steamed or boiled fish, usually small, wrapped in leaves, esp. banana leaves (PWMP: *paqis)

paʔítchisel (in carpentry) (PMP: *paqet)

paʔítbitterness; bitter taste; bitterness in the moral sense; harshness, disagreeableness (PMP: *paqit₂) *paqiC

paʔit-ánto make bitter (PPh: *paqit-an) *paqiC

paʔódyoke (for oxen, carabao, etc.) (PWMP: *paqud)

piaŋaa tree: Ganua obovatifolia.(Merr.) (PPH: *piaŋa)

pigáʔsqueezing out liquid by pressure (e.g. juice from fruits, or water from clothes) (PAN: *peReq)

pigíspressed or squeezed out (as juice extracted from fruits or water wrung out from wet clothes) (PAN: *peRes)

pigsáboil; a red painful swelling on the body (PPH: *peRsa)

pikítclosed (said of eyes) (PMP: *pikit)

pikopickaxe; a heavy tool with a sharp point for breaking up dirt, rocks, etc. (LOAN)

pikóʔchildren’s game called hopskotch (PPH: *pikuq₂)

pikpíksoft caressing pats (on infants when being put to sleep) (PAN: *pikpik)

pílaclay for making earthenware (PPH: *píla)

pílaksilver; money (LOAN)

pílakwhitish growth in the eye causing blindness (NOISE)

pilák-anto cover something with silver or silver plate (LOAN)

pilák-into make money out of something; to turn any goods or one’s work into money (LOAN)

Tagalog (2880 / 3999)

pilansíkspatter, splash (of liquid) (ROOT)

pilantíkslight jerk at the end of a whip (PWMP: *pilantik)

pílata scar; cicatrix; a scar or a physical blemish (PWMP: *pilat)

pílaylimp; a lame step or walk; sprain; a dislocation of a bone or joint (PAN: *piNay)

piláylame; sprained; (fig.) at a disadvantage; a cripple; a lame person (PAN: *piNay)

pili-ánchoosy (PMP: *piliq-an) *piliq

pilikeyelash, eyelashes (PPH: *pidek₂)

pilikvibration (Laktaw) (NOISE)

pílit ~ pilítforced; strained; not natural; labored, done with difficulty (PPH: *pílit)

píliʔchoice, selection (PAN: *piliq)

pilíʔchosen; select; picked out (for excellence); outstanding (PAN: *piliq)

piliʔ-into choose, to select (PWMP: *piliq-en) *piliq

pilóktwisted (referring to arm, ankle or foot) (PAN: *piluk₁) *piluk

pilpílcompressed, pressed flat (PWMP: *pilpil)

pilpílcompressed, pressed flat (PWMP: *pelpel)

p<in>áʔisfish or meat roasted or broiled and wrapped in leaves; steamed or boiled fish, usually small, wrapped in leaves, esp. banana leaves (PWMP: *p<in>aqis) *paqis

pindótsqueezing or pressing with the fingers (PWMP: *pizet)

pínidto close (door, window) (PMP: *pened₁)

p<in>íliʔchoice, select (as choice food); chosen (PWMP: *p<in>iliq) *piliq

pínsancousin (PPH: *pinsan)

Tagalog (2900 / 3999)

pinsancousin (PWMP: *pisan)

pinta-kasimutual aid, esp. in certain rural tasks (LOAN)

pintálwarp; a bend or twist (PWMP: *pintal)

pintásfault, flaw, defect (PPH: *pintás)

pintóʔdoor (LOAN)

p<in>únoʔofficer, official (PMP: *puqun)

piŋgándish; plate (LOAN)

piŋgan-ana set of plates or dishes (LOAN)

piŋkáwcrooked or twisted (said of the arm) (PMP: *piŋkaw)

piŋkíʔstriking a flash or fire by friction between two hard objects (PPH: *piŋkíq)

piŋkíʔ-anfriction; (fig.) a conflict (PPH: *piŋkíq)

pipíspressed or flattened thin (PMP: *pipis₂) *pipis₁

pipítnative sparrow (Panganiban) (PWMP: *pipiqit)

pí-pitóseven only (PAN: *pitu₁) *pitu

pipíʔflat, flattened (PWMP: *pipiq)

piralíʔlime (calcium carbonate) (LOAN)

pirasoa bit, a piece; fragment; a piece of something broken; portion (LOAN)

píritsmall bird (Panganiban1966) (NEAR)

písanstaying or living together under one roof or establishment (PWMP: *pisan)

pisán-anto join someone under one roof (emphasis on person) (PWMP: *pisan)

Tagalog (2920 / 3999)

písawa long, thin, narrow kind of bolo (PMP: *pisaw)

pisáʔcrushed, pressed, compressed; hatched, of eggs (PMP: *peceq₂) *peceq

pisílsqueezing with the hand (PWMP: *pecel)

pisíla squeeze or tight pressure with the hand (PAN: *pisel)

pisil-ínto squeeze or press with the hand (PPH: *pisel-en) *pisel

pisŋícheek (PPH: *pis(e)ŋí)

písoone peso; one hundred centavos (LOAN)

pisónsteamroller (LOAN)

pisun-ínto make flat or smooth with a roller (LOAN)

pítaka division, section or compartment in a bookcase; a shelf, box or other kind of compartment; part, portion; pigeonhole (PWMP: *pitak₂)

piták-pitákdivided into small sections (PWMP: *pitak₂)

pitíkfillip; sound of starting combustion (of wood, coal, etc.) (PAN: *peCik)

pitíka flick or toss with the finger and thumb; spark of fire or light; the sudden tensing, tautening, tightening or jerking of a rope, cord, rein, etc., or the flicking of a whip, rope, etc.; a carpenter’s line for marking; to flip; to toss or move by the snap of a finger and thumb (PMP: *pitik₁) *pitik

pitóseven (PAN: *pitu₁) *pitu

pítowhistle; the instrument for making a whistling sound; also the sound itself; blast of a siren; flute; toy flute; pipe; a musical instrument with a single tube into which the player blows (LOAN)

pitpítflatten by pounding (PWMP: *petpet₁)

piyáksquawk; sudden cry of fowls when frightened (PAN: *piak)

pósashandcuff; manacle; shackle (LOAN)

poʔhonorific: "sir", "madam", answer to the call of a superior or elder (PWMP: *pueq)

pudpódworn out at the point or ends (as a pencil, toes or heels of shoes); stubby; short, stiff and thick, as a beard (PPH: *pudpud)

Tagalog (2940 / 3999)

pudpur-ínto blunt; to wear at the point or ends (PPH: *pudpud)

púgadnest; a place that swarms, usually with something bad, as a ‘nest’ of thieves (PPH: *pugad)

púgadnest (LOAN)

pugótdecapitated; headless (PWMP: *pugut)

púgoʔquail (ornith.) (PAN: *puRuq)

púhagdestruction of a beehive (PWMP: *puhaR)

puhonsolicit (NOISE)

púkifemale genitals (PAN: *puki)

pukóla toss; a throw; tossing; throwing; hurling; shot; something like a shot; hitting one thing with another end on end or head to head, as in the egg-breaking game (PWMP: *pukul₁)

púkotdragnet for deep-sea fishing (PMP: *puket₁)

pukpóka bang; a banging, rapping, hammering, beating or pounding (PAN: *pukpuk)

pukpuk-ínto bang, beat, hammer or pound; to beat by pounding with a stone, hammer or heavy piece of wood (PWMP: *pukpuk-en) *pukpuk

púkúl-anhitting one thing with another (PWMP: *pukul₁)

puláredness (PMP: *pula₁)

puládfeather vane attached to the end of an arrow; sprouting of feathers of a bird (PPH: *pulád)

puláwwatching at night over a sick person (PPH: *pulaw)

púlireplacement (for persons); by extension, replacement of mechanical parts (PPH: *puli)

pulítradition; inherited custom (PPH: *pulí)

pulih-anto replace someone or something (PPH: *pulih-an)

pulínroller placed under heavy objects to help move them (PPH: *pulin)

Tagalog (2960 / 3999)

púloŋmeeting (PAN: *puluŋ)

púlotpick up from the floor (PWMP: *pu(n)zut)

pulótmolasses; treacle; a sweet syrup obtained in the process of making sugar from sugarcane; honey (PMP: *pulut)

pulóʔisland (PPH: *pujuq)

pulóʔisland (LOAN)

púlunact of winding or coiling (rope, string, thread, yarn, tape, etc.) (PMP: *pudun) *puduN

pulúŋ-into converse with someone; to hold a meeting with someone (PAN: *puluŋ)

p<um>álato shovel (LOAN)

p<um>aŋkóto carry in one’s arms; to cuddle; to hold close and lovingly in one’s arms or on one’s lap (PWMP: *paŋku)

p<um>ásaŋto go or enter through a narrow passage (PWMP: *pasaŋ₂)

p<um>ásaŋto go into or enter through a narrow passage (NOISE)

p<um>ásoʔto burn slightly (PPH: *pásuq)

p<um>ílatto form a scar (PWMP: *pilat)

p<um>íliʔto choose, to select (PAN: *p<um>iliq) *piliq

p<um>intálto warp, to become twisted (PWMP: *pintal)

p<um>intásto find faults in others; to adversely criticize (PPH: *pintás)

p<um>ísanto live together under one roof; to live together without the benefit of marriage (PWMP: *pisan)

p<um>isílto squeeze or press with the hand (PAN: *pisel)

p<um>iyákto squawk; to make a loud, harsh sound (PAN: *piak)

p<um>únitto tear; to rip; to rend; to tear apart, as a garment or paper; to slit; to cut or tear along a line (PPH: *punit)

Tagalog (2980 / 3999)

p<um>útolto cut down; to fell; to lop off, to shorten by cutting off the extremities; to prune, to cut off, to cut; to sever, to cut apart; to amputate; to cut off (PMP: *putul) *putun

púnasa sponge bath (PMP: *punas)

púnita tear, a rent (as in a dress); rip; a torn place or part; slit; a straight narrow cut or opening (PPH: *punit)

púno-ŋ abalahost, master of ceremonies (PMP: *puqun)

púno-ŋ gúroʔchief teacher, principal teacher (PMP: *puqun)

púno-ŋ kahoytree (PMP: *puqun nu kahiw) *puqun

púnoʔchief; trunk (of tree); beginning, source, origin (PMP: *puqun)

punóʔfull, filled, rife (PAN: *peNuq)

punsóanthill; mound; a hillock (PWMP: *puŋsu)

púntoaccent; intonation; tone; a particular way of speaking (LOAN)

puntókcone; apex of a cone (PWMP: *puntuk)

púnú-anfully loaded, as a passenger vehicle (PWMP: *penuq-an) *peNuq

punu-ánto add to something what is necessary to complete it or fill it (locative stress) (PWMP: *penuq-an) *peNuq

punyálponiard; dagger (LOAN)

puŋgókwith tail feather absent, lacking or cut off (PWMP: *puŋguk)

pupólpicking or cutting flowers (PWMP: *pulpul₁)

púri ~ pa-púripraise; fame; honor; name; reputation (LOAN)

purókdistrict; locality; neighborhood; place; area (LOAN)

puróldullness, lack of sharpness (PMP: *pudul)

púsaʔcat (LOAN)

Tagalog (3000 / 3999)

pusítsquid (PPH: *pusít)

puslítspurt, squirt; uninvited guest, gate-crasher; contraband; smuggled goods (PPH: *pus(e)lít)

puslit-anto escape or run away secretly from; to smuggle something from (PPH: *pus(e)lít)

púsodnavel; the hollow in front of the abdomen; hub, the center of activity; the deepest part of a river or ocean (PMP: *pusej)

pusónabdomen; lower part of the belly (PPH: *pus(e)qun)

púsoʔheart; center; heartily, with a good will; in good spirits; to take to heart (PMP: *pusuq₁)

puspósreplete; full; full to overflowing; thorough; all-out (PWMP: *puspus₁)

puspus-ánto complete; to make complete (PWMP: *puspus₁)

pusún-inhaving a large abdomen (PPH: *pus(e)qun)

pusun-ínto suffer from abdominal pain (PPH: *pus(e)qun)

putata tree: Barringtonia acutangula (Madulid 2001) (PMP: *putat)

putháwhatchet; a small axe (LOAN)

puthaw-ínto cut, chop or hack with a hatchet (LOAN)

putíʔwhite (the color); whiteness; lightness in color (PMP: *putiq)

putiʔ-ánwhitish, somewhat white; to color something with white coloring (stress on the object) (PWMP: *putiq-an) *putiq

pútoa kind of white cake made from rice flour (LOAN)

pútola cut; a cutting; a piece cut off (PMP: *putul) *putun

putólcut off, severed; blind, closed at one end (as a street) (PMP: *putul) *putun

putótcut short, very short; shorts, short pants (PWMP: *putut₂)

putúl-anto cut down; to fell; to lop off (PMP: *putul) *putun

Tagalog (3020 / 3999)

putúl-into cut down; to fell; to lop off (PMP: *putul) *putun

puwáŋgap; space between; blank; a space for fitting in an answer; opening; way; a space for passing or going ahead (NOISE)

puwítbuttocks, backside; rump; the hind part of the body of an animal, where the legs join the back (PWMP: *puet)

púyatwant of sleep; insomnia (PPH: *púyat)

puyáttired or exhausted for want of sleep (PPH: *púyat)

puyat-ándevotional night watch or vigil (PPH: *púyat)

puyat-ínto keep someone up (awake) late at night, or all night (PPH: *puyat-en) *púyat

puyówhirl; eddy; vortex; whirling motion; cowlick; a small tuft of hair that will not lie flat (PWMP: *puyu₂)

puyódtopknot (PPH: *puyud)

rímasbreadfruit sp. (LOAN)

sato; at; in; against; between; by; during (PAN: *sa₂)

sabáspecies of banana, generally cooked before eating (PWMP: *sabeqa)

sabádinterruption of the conversation of others (NOISE)

sa báhayat the house (PAN: *sa₂)

sabalásNortheast; Northeast wind (NOISE)

sabáŋintersection or crossing of streets, railroad, etc. (PWMP: *cabaŋ)

sabasamoderate-sized shrub found in mangrove forests or sandy beaches: Scyphiphora hydrophyllacea (Madulid 2001) (PWMP: *sabasaq)

sabáwbroth (PWMP: *sa(m)baw)

sabáyat the same time; simultaneous (PWMP: *sa(m)bay) *sabay₁

sabáy-sabáyconcurrent; occurring together (PWMP: *sa(m)bay) *sabay₁

Tagalog (3040 / 3999)

sabídhindrance, obstacle around (PWMP: *sabeD)

sabíkkeen; eager; solicitous, desirous (PPH: *sab(e)lék)

sabítanything hanging from a peg or hanger; hooked or caught, esp. in the moral sense (PMP: *saqebit)

sábitanything hanging from a peg or hanger; hooked or caught, esp. in the moral sense (PWMP: *sabit)

sabit-ánhanger; a thing on which something else is hung; a hook, a stand or a rack for hanging things on (PPh: *saqebit-án) *saqebit

sabít-anto use a hook, nail, etc. for hanging something on (PPh: *saqebit-án) *saqebit

sábogscattering, dispersing; planting of seeds by scattering them; explosion; eruption, as of a volcano; dispersion, as of light; things scattered around (PMP: *saq(e)buR)

sabógscattered; dispersed; widely separated from each other, as members of a family (PMP: *saq(e)buR)

sábogscattering; dispersing; planting of seeds by scattering them; explosion, loud bursting; eruption, as of a volcano; dispersion, as of light; things scattered around (PMP: *sabuR)

sabógscattered; dispersed; widely separated from each other, as members of a family (PMP: *sabuR)

sáboŋcockfight (PWMP: *sabuŋ₁)

sabsábthe way pigs and dogs eat (PAN: *sabsab)

sabsab-ánfeeding trough for pigs; a box in a barn or stable for horses and cows to eat from (PAN: *sabsab)

sabsab-ínto hog, eat like a hog (PPH: *sabsab-én) *sabsab

sabúg-anto sprinkle; to scatter in drops or tiny bits; to cause a place to be strewn with things; to have a field sown with seeds (PMP: *sabuR)

sabuŋ-áncockpit; cockfighting gallery (PWMP: *sabuŋ₁)

sabúŋ-into attack with the feet and beak, as a fighting cock attacking another (PWMP: *sabuŋ₁)

sagádsunk to the hilt (as a sword or dagger in its scabbard or sheath); down to the bottom; to the limit, having reached the limit, as of one’s self-control (PWMP: *saRad)

sagálagirl in a special costume joining in a religious procession (LOAN)

ságapsomething scooped or skimmed from the surface of water or a liquid (PPH: *saRap)

Tagalog (3060 / 3999)

sagapsomething scooped or skimmed fromthe surface of water or a liquid (NOISE)

sagáp-anto clear water or liquid of scum floating on the surface by skimming or scooping off (PPH: *saRap)

sagapsáptasteless, insipid (PPH: *sagapsap)

sagípsave (from drowning or danger) (PMP: *saRep)

s<ag>itsíthissing, whizzing, sizzling or fizzing sound; to fizz, hiss, sizzle, whizz (PWMP: *citcit)

ságodrip, leak, exudation (from wounds, sores, rotting meat or fish) (PWMP: *saRu₂)

sagóthe sago palm tree and its white globular seeds used in making puddings (PMP: *sagu₁)

ságodrip; dripping of saliva or mucus; suppurating; exuding (PWMP: *sagu₂)

sagótanswer, reply (PMP: *saRut)

sagótanswer; reply to a question; key; the answer to a puzzle or problem; reply; response; rejoinder; an answer by word or act; assumption of another’s responsibility (PPH: *sagút)

sagságbroken lengthwise (said of canes, wood, tubes, etc.) without being entirely so (PWMP: *sagsag₁)

sáhaŋthe strength of alcoholic drinks (NOISE)

sahígfloor (PMP: *saleR)

sahig-ánto floor, put a floor on or in (PMP: *saleR)

sahig-ínflooring material ready for use (PMP: *saleR)

sáhiŋa species of tree also known as pilì (almond nut); a white, sticky resin or pitch obtained from this tree (PAN: *saleŋ)

sáhiŋtree sp.; a white sticky resin or pitch obtained from this tree (NOISE)

sahógmixture; secondary ingredients in a mixture (PPH: *sahuR)

sáholdeficiency; lack of something;; state of being subdued or defeated (NOISE)

sahólsubjugated; subdued; wanting; lacking (NOISE)

Tagalog (3080 / 3999)

sahotvow (NOISE)

sahug-ánto add something to a mixture (stress on the mixture) (PPH: *sahuR)

sákafarming, raising crops (NOISE)

sakálchoked, strangled (PMP: *cekel)

sakálchoked; strangled; very tight (as a collar) (PAN: *sakal)

sakáŋbandy-legged; bowlegged; having the legs curved outward; state of being bowlegged; a bowlegged person (PMP: *sakaŋ)

sakáypassenger; load (PMP: *sakay₁)

sakítdisease; sickness; illness; complaint; ill, malady; illness; pain, suffering (emotional pain or suffering is sákit, while hapdî and kirót could be either physical or emotional) (PMP: *sakit)

sákitconcern; solicitude; interest; devotion; dedication to a purpose and expressing such in earnest service (PMP: *sakit)

sákit-ínsickly, prone to sickness (PWMP: *sakit-en) *sakit

sakláyyoke; light shawl; sling; a hanging loop of cloth fastened around the neck to support a hurt arm (PPH: *sakeláy)

saklut-ínto snatch; to ravish; to carry off by force; to whisk; to take away something quickly (PPH: *sak(e)lut-en) *sak(e)lút

sakmála snap; a quick, sudden bite or snatch; held tightly in the mouth (PPH: *sak(e)mál)

sakmal-ínto snap; to snap at; to snap up; to seize suddenly (PPH: *sakmal-én) *sak(e)mál

sákopsubject; a person who is under the power, control or influence of another; vassal (PPH: *sakup₂)

sakópsubject; under some power, influence or jurisdiction (PPH: *sakup₂)

saksakblinding white (NOISE)

saksieyewitness; seeing or witnessing some incident; a witness; one who testifies in a court trial; a member of a certain religious sect (LOAN)

saksi-hánto testify (LOAN)

saláɁbroken or dislocated (referring to bones) (PWMP: *salaq₂)

Tagalog (3100 / 3999)

sálabsingeing; scorching (PPH: *sárab)

salábsinged; scorched (PPH: *sárab)

salab-nto singe or scorch (PPH: *sárab)

sálak(among Tinguians) separation of a married couple as a form of punishment for cause (Panganiban 1966) (PWMP: *sarak)

sálak(among Tinguians) separation of a married couple as a form of punishment for cause (Panganiban 1966) (LOAN)

salakábfishtrap shaped like a basket and made wider at the bottom than at the top (usually used for catching mudfish) (PPH: *salakeb)

salambáwfishing net supported by bamboo crosspieces, and mounted on a raft (PWMP: *salambaw)

salampáyneckerchief; muffler; light scarf worn round the neck (PWMP: *salampay)

salapáŋharpoon; a spear with a rope tied to it for catching whales, etc.; trident: a three-pronged spear (PWMP: *sarapaŋ)

salapaŋ-ínto harpoon; to strike, catch or kill with a harpoon (PWMP: *sarapaŋ)

salátin want; in need; poor, needy; scarce, scanty (PWMP: *sadat)

salátansouthwest; southwest wind (opposite of amihan, northeast wind) (PWMP: *salatan)

sáligbased on; deduced from; foundation; keynote; the basic idea (PMP: *sandeR)

sáligbased on; deduced from; foundation; keynote; the basic idea (PMP: *sandiR)

salig-ánorganic; fundamental; basic (PMP: *sandiR)

sálinpouring of liquid, grain or the like from one container to another; translation; copy; copying (PWMP: *salin)

salítinterspersing; alternately putting something in betwee; alternating (PPH: *salét)

salítinterspersion (ROOT)

salitánto intersperse (PPH: *saletán) *salét

salít-salítalternate, interspersed (PPH: *salét-salét) *salét

Tagalog (3120 / 3999)

sálogpool or puddle of water after heavy rain (PWMP: *saluR)

sáloksmall deep net in spoonlike structure, for catching fish by dipping into water within a fenced-in enclosure (Panganiban 1966) (PMP: *saruk)

sáloŋreplacing a sword or knife in sheath or scabbard, or a revolver in its holster (PWMP: *saruŋ)

salópa ganta; three liters dry measure (PPH: *salúp)

salsáldull or blunt at the end; not pointed (NOISE)

salugsógthorn or sliver in the hand or foot; detailed search or investigation (PPH: *salugsúg)

saluk-ana well or spring from which people fetch water (PMP: *saruk)

s<al>uksóktucked in or inserted at the waist, as a revolver, knife, etc.; careful searching, probing (PWMP: *s<al>uksuk) *suksuk

salup-ínto measure grains by the ganta (PPH: *salup-en) *salúp

sambáworship; homage; veneration; sacred reverence; adoration (NOISE)

sambótcatching with the hand something falling or thrown (PWMP: *sambut₂)

sampáloka tropical tree and its fruit: tamarind (LOAN)

sampáyclothes (laundry) hanging on a line, etc. (PMP: *sampay₁) *sapay

sampay-anclothesline (PMP: *sampay-an) *sapay

sa-m-púʔten (PMP: *sa-ŋa-puluq) *puluq

sa-m-puʔ-ínmake ten times as much, be multiplied by ten; divide into ten equal parts (PWMP: *puluq-en) *puluq

samsam-ánto deprive someone of his or her property by confiscation (PPH: *samsám)

sandátfull, replete, satiated (after eating) (PWMP: *sa(n)det)

sandígleaning; reclining; a depending or relying on someone; basis (PMP: *sandiR)

sandíg-anback of a seat; person upon whom one “leans” or relies for help; basis (PMP: *sandiR)

Tagalog (3140 / 3999)

sandig-ánto recline; to depend or rely on for support (PMP: *sandiR)

sandókladle or scoop made of coconut shell (PWMP: *sanduk)

santána shrub with white, red or pink flowers (PPH: *santán)

santáncoconut milk and molasses mixed and cooked together (LOAN)

santólsandor tree and its fruit (LOAN)

saŋábranch; bough; limb (of a tree); offshoot of a plant; fork; a diverging branch (as of a river); branch of a business firm (PMP: *saŋa₁)

saŋa-h-ánto cut off a branch or branches from a tree or plant (locative focus); to put forth branches, as a plant or tree does (PMP: *saŋa₁)

saŋgáprotective obstruction (to prevent falling off or being hit) (PWMP: *saŋga)

sa-ŋ-gatósOld Tagalog for one million, but now means one billion (PMP: *sa-ŋa-Ratus) *RaCus

saŋhídstrong disagreeable odor (PMP: *seŋ(e)hij)

saŋhídstrong, disagreeable odor (PWMP: *saŋ(e)hid)

saŋkálanchopping block used in the kitchen; (fig.) scapegoat, one made to bear the blame for the mistakes or sins of others (PWMP: *saŋkalan)

saŋkalán-anto make use of a chopping block (PWMP: *saŋkalan)

saŋkápcomponent part; element (PPH: *saŋkap)

saŋkótimplication; involvement; being implicated or involved (PWMP: *saŋkut)

sápaɁbrook; rivulet; small stream (shallow, and may have water only during rainy season) (PAN: *sapaq₁)

sapádflat; flattened; having irregular flatness (said of things that are expected to be more rounded) (PWMP: *sapaD)

sápaksplit something lengthwise, esp. along the grain, break off (said of tree branches) (PMP: *sapak)

sápalof no match; having no chance to win against a superior opponent (PPH: *sapal)

sapátample; enough; adequate; decent; sufficient; enough; as much as is needed (PPH: *sapát)

Tagalog (3160 / 3999)

sápiɁmembership, act of becoming a member; joining, uniting (PWMP: *sapiq)

sapínpad; padding; cushion (PPH: *sapín)

sapínpad, padding (NOISE)

sapin-án ~ sapn-ánto put a protective underlayer or undercloth on something (PPH: *sapín)

sapin-ín ~ sapn-ínto use something as a protective underlayer (PPH: *sapín)

sapín-sapínlayer upon layer (PPH: *sapín)

sapi-sápiɁa type of kite (LOAN)

sapóka straight box in the face (PWMP: *sa(m)puk)

sapólat the very beginning; at the very root; since; ever since; straight or direct (PPH: *sapul)

sápotblack shroud for the dead (PMP: *saput₁)

sapsápa species of slipmouth fish (PPH: *sapsáp)

sapúpoheld, sustained or supported by the palms of the hands (PPH: *sapúpu)

sapút-anto cover with a shroud (PWMP: *saput-an) *saput₁

sapyáwa sack-like fishing net dragged by a boat (LOAN)

sari-sáriʔassorted; different kinds; various, sundry (LOAN)

sasánipa palm (PMP: *sasah)

sa-sabúŋ-inrooster for cockfighting; gamecock (PWMP: *sabuŋ₁)

sásag ~ saságsplit bamboo used for walls (PWMP: *sasag)

sa-sawan-ínprone to dizziness; prone to heart ailments (PWMP: *sawan-en) *sawan

sawáboa, boa constrictor; python; a large snake that crushes its prey (PMP: *sawa)

Tagalog (3180 / 3999)

sáwaɁsatiety; a disgust caused by excess; satiated; fed up (PWMP: *saweqaq)

sawáliɁwoven strips of split bamboo used for simple walls in native houses (PWMP: *sawaliq)

sawáliʔwoven strips of split bamboo used for simple walls in native houses (LOAN)

sáwandizziness; vertigo (because of heights); dizziness and sometimes convulsions in infants because of indigestion, fear, etc.; heart disease in adults; greenish stool of infants; slight fear (PWMP: *sawan)

sáwaŋdepth, profundity; by extension, perspective or three-dimensional effect (Panganiban 1966) (PWMP: *sawaŋ₂)

sawáʔsick; weary or tired of; fed up with (LOAN)

sáyaskirt (LOAN)

sáyadbottom of a skirt, slip, etc. that drags on or touches the ground, the floor, or anything horizontal (LOAN)

sayah-ánto do s.t. in a cheerful manner (LOAN)

sáyaŋtoo bad! hard luck! what a pity!; wasted or uselessly spent (PWMP: *sayaŋ)

sayáŋ-into consume or spend uselessly; to waste time, money, etc. (PPH: *sayáŋ-en) *sayaŋ

sayáwdance (PWMP: *sayaw)

sayótepear-shaped vegetable (LOAN)

saysáystatement; assertion; declaration; testifying; relating or telling, e.g. a story (PPH: *sáysay)

siarticle used in the nominative case before names of persons (PAN: *si₁)

siá3sg. (PAN: *si ia₁) *ia₁

síbaɁgluttony; greediness; voraciouslness (PPH: *sibáq)

sibákchopping or splitting wood with an axe or bolo (PWMP: *sibak)

sibsíbsunset; to set (referring to the sun) (PPH: *sebseb)

sigáɁblaze, esp. from burning rubbish, grass, etc.; a bonfire (NOISE)

Tagalog (3200 / 3999)

sigaɁ-ánto burn garbage, weeds, etc.; to make a bonfire (PMP: *siRaq)

sigáŋplacing cooking utensils on a stove or fire prior to cooking something (PPH: *sigáŋ)

sígayshell of small snails; cowrie (PWMP: *sigay)

sígaʔblaze, especially from burning rubbish, grass; a bonfire (PMP: *siRaq)

síge!go on! go ahead! (LOAN)

Sige!Go on! Go ahead! (LOAN)

sigíh-anto go ahead and do something; to go on doing something (LOAN)

sigi-sigecontinuously; unhesitatingly (LOAN)

signóssign; fatal sign; omen (LOAN)

sigókhiccough; hiccup (PWMP: *seguk)

sigókhiccough, hiccup (PWMP: *ceguk)

sigsíga torch made of split bamboo or a bundle of grass or reeds put together (NOISE)

sikadenergy, force, potency (PWMP: *sikaD)

síkadkick; a back kick; energy; force; potency; kick; recoil of a gun (PPH: *síkad)

síkaŋcrosspiece between posts of a house; anything like a wedge put crosswise into an opening to prevent it from closing in; keeping the eyes open to prevent falling asleep (PWMP: *sikaŋ)

síkapdiligence, zeal (PWMP: *sikap₂)

sikár-anto kick someone (PPH: *sikád-an) *síkad

sikar-ánto kick one another (PPH: *sikád-an) *síkad

sikátbrilliant; at the zenith (PPH: *sikát)

sikígtight-fitting around necck or under the armpits (PWMP: *cekig)

Tagalog (3220 / 3999)

sikílpushing and jostling, esp. with the elbows and shoulders; oppression, ill-treatment (PPH: *sikil)

sikíptightness (of clothing); congestion; to become overcrowded or full, as a vehicle (PWMP: *sikep₂)

síkothe elbow (PAN: *sikux)

sikóa nudge, a slight jog with the elbow (PAN: *sikux)

sikólcrooked, twisted (said of arms) (PMP: *siŋkul)

siksíktightly packed; crammed; thick-set; thick in form or build; compact (PAN: *seksek₁)

sikuh-ínto elbow; to push, nudge or jog with the elbow; to put someone in an embarrassing situation (often through criticism) (PWMP: *siku-en) *sikux

siláthey (PMP: *si ida) *ida

silábblaze of burning garbage; fire, conflagration (PWMP: *sirab)

silábblaze (especially from burning garbage); fire, conflagration (PPH: *sil(e)qáb)

silab-ánto set on fire (PPH: *sil(e)qáb)

siláŋmountain pass; narrow path along mountain sides (Panganiban 1966) (NOISE)

siláŋ-aneast; the direction of the sunrise (PWMP: *siraŋ)

silátslit or open crack between the strips of bamboo forming the floor of a room, or between any two boards of a floor, wall, etc. (PWMP: *selat)

sílawglare from a bright light; a feeling of inferiority (PMP: *silaw)

siláwdazzled, blinded by the glare of light; having an inferiority complex (PMP: *silaw)

sílegreen pepper, chili (LOAN)

silísift; sieve (Laktaw 1914) (PMP: *siji)

sílipepper; chili; green pepper (Spanish chile) (LOAN)

sílimdusk (PWMP: *selem₂)

Tagalog (3240 / 3999)

sílimdusk (PWMP: *silem)

sílippeep; a secret or furtive look; peeping (PPH: *siq(e)rip)

silip-ánpeephole (PPH: *siq(e)rip)

silip-ínto peep at something; to take a peep at (PPH: *siq(e)rip-en) *siq(e)rip

síloɁloop; the shape of a curved string, ribbon or bent wire that crosses itself; noose; loop with a slipknot that tightens as the string or rope is pulled (NOISE)

síloŋground floor; basement; the lowest storey of a building; downstairs; under the house (PWMP: *siduŋ)

síloʔloop; the shape of a curved string, ribbon or bent wire that crosses itself; noose; look with a slipknot that tightens as the string or rope is pulled; lariat, lasso; a long rope with a noose for catching horses, cattle, etc.; net; a trap or snare (PPH: *síluq)

silu-into ensnare; to catch in a snare; to entrap (PPH: *siluʔ-en) *síluq

siluŋ-ánshelter; something that covers or protects from rain or the heat of the sun; haven, place of shelter and safety (PPH: *siluŋ-an) *siduŋ

símaʔbarb; a side point on a spear or fishhook (PPH: *símaq)

simbah-ánchurch (LOAN)

simótentirely consumed; completely used up; pickded up to the last grain, piece or item of things on the ground, floor, table or dish (PPH: *simut)

simpánthrift; saving (especially money, but also valuables) (LOAN)

simsímtaking a little of something to try the taste; enjoying something pleasant (PPH: *simsím)

simut-ínto pick up; to scrape up (PPH: *simut)

sínagray of light from the sun, moon, stars, a lamp, etc.; a gleam, a beam, a ray of light (PMP: *sinaR) *siNaR

sínag-anto beam or shine on (PMP: *sinaR) *siNaR

s<in>ápupu-n-ánbosom; lap; womb (PPH: *sapúpu)

sindákterror; fright; awe; a great fear with sudden wonder (NOISE)

s<in>igáŋa stew of either fish or meat with plenty of broth and condiments (PPH: *sigáŋ)

Tagalog (3260 / 3999)

sí-nowho? (PPh: *si-nu) *-nu₁

sí-no mananyone, whoever (PPh: *si-nu) *-nu₁

sinsíndensity or thickness (referring to growth); closeness (esp. referring to weave) (PPH: *sensén)

sintáka game of toss and catch such as jackstones; pulling at or out with a jerk; the jerky, shaking motion in separating milled rice from the unmilled on a flat basket or sieve; a kind of fishing pole and line used especially by Visayan fishermen; pulsation of the heart (PWMP: *sintak)

s<in>ukólenclosed; surrounded; cornered; driven into a corner; driven to the wall (PMP: *sukul₂)

siŋámucus expelled from the nose (PWMP: *seŋa₁)

siŋáploss of breath, gasping for breath (PWMP: *ciŋap)

siŋáwfumes; vapor; the steam from boiling water; bad-smelling fumes; waft; a breath or puff of air; skin eruption around the corners of the mouth; rath; red spots on the skin (PWMP: *seŋ(e)qaw)

síŋáw-anexhaust; a means or way out for used steam, etc.; vent; outlet for gases (PPH: *seŋaw-án) *seŋ(e)qaw

siŋaw-ánto steam; to cook, soften or freshen by steam (PPH: *seŋaw-án) *seŋ(e)qaw

siŋílprice quoted; charge; collection of payment for a debt (PWMP: *siŋir)

siŋitchink, slit, tight corner (PMP: *siŋ(e)qit)

síŋitgroin; the hollow on either side of the body where the thigh joins the abdomen (PPH: *síŋit)

siŋkamásan edible, turnip-like tuber (LOAN)

siŋkítslanting (referring to the eyes) (PPH: *siŋkít)

siŋsíŋring (LOAN)

sípaɁa kick; a striking with the foot; a game using a rattan ball and consisting of an exchange of kicks to keep the ball aloft (LOAN)

sipáɁ-into kick (LOAN)

sipákrent; split; cracked (PWMP: *sipak)

Tagalog (3280 / 3999)

sipátlooking over a surface, a line or a row to see if it is level or straight; act of sighting or aiming (e.g. by means of the sights on a rifle) (PWMP: *sipat)

sipat-ánsight or sights; a device to guide the eye; the sights of a rifle (PWMP: *sipat)

sípiŋseated or lying down next to each other, or side by side (PPH: *sípiŋ)

sípitclaws, pincers or nippers of crabs, lobsters, etc. (PAN: *sipit)

sípit naŋ Intsíkchopsticks (lit’ ‘Chinese pincers’) (PAN: *sipit)

sípolwhistling; the sound of a whistle or siren (LOAN)

sipóna cold (PPH: *sip(e)qun)

sipsípsip; a very small drink (PAN: *sipsip)

sipúl-anto whistle someone (LOAN)

sipun-ínto have or suffer from a cold (PPH: *sip(e)qun)

síraɁto break, damage; a tear; the torn place (PMP: *siraq₁)

síritsizzling sound; gurgling sound of a liquid; hiss, a hissing sound; squirt of a liquid (PWMP: *cirit)

síritsquirt of a liquid (PWMP: *ciderit)

sírokspoon, ladle (PMP: *si(n)duk)

sisipto feign, pretend (NOISE)

sisír-into dive for something (as a ring at the bottom of a swimming pool) (PWMP: *sesed)

sitsítgossip; the sound made in calling someone by repetition of the ‘s’ sound: "pssst!" (PMP: *sitsit) *sitsit₁

siwáŋslit, crevice; gap; a break or opening; a slight opening, e.g. of a door or window; rift; cleft; break; a tear (PMP: *siwaŋ)

siyápchirping of birds, chicks or certain insects (PWMP: *ciap)

siyókfrightened cry of chickens (PMP: *siuk)

Tagalog (3300 / 3999)

siʔída special kind of trap for catching catfish (PPH: *siqid)

siʔíloppressed (PWMP: *siqir)

siʔítsmall, thorny branches of the bamboo (PWMP: *siqit)

subóseething (as when boiling over), tempering (of metal) by immersing in water after having been fired (PMP: *sebuh) *sebuS

súboɁsmall amount of food sufficient for a mouthful; a morsel (PPH: *súbuq)

súboɁsmall amount of food sufficient for a mouthful; a morsel (NOISE)

subókexperiment; a trial or test to find out something; probation; a trial or test of conduct, character or qualifications; test; trial; trying and testing; try; an attempt (PPH: *subuk₂)

subsóbhead bent down and touching some surface (PWMP: *subsub)

subú-anto feed someone; to put into the mouth of someone (stress on person) (PPH: *subuq-an) *súbuq

subúk-anto spy on someone with intent to catch red-handed; to snoop; to about in a sneaking, prying way; to prowl; to spy (PWMP: *subuk₁)

sudsódplowshare; the blade of a plow; that part that cuts the soil (PPH: *sudsud₂)

sudsur-anmutual, verbal accusation; an angry quarrel (PPH: *sudsud₃)

súgatwound; a hurt or injury caused by cutting, stabbing, shooting, etc.; any hurt or injury to feelings, reputation, etc.; a cut; sore; a painful place on the body where the skin or flesh is broken or bruised (PWMP: *suRat)

sugbóto dive head first; to douse; to pour water on a fire (PPH: *sug(e)bu)

súgoɁa delegate; messenger; envoy (PAN: *suRuq₂) *suRuq

súgoddash; plunge; rush; sudden advance (PPH: *sugud)

sugsogfollow after (NOISE)

sugúɁ-inbe sent off to some place for some purpose, to be delegated (PWMP: *suRuq-en) *suRuq

súhaɁa species of grapefruit or pomelo (PPH: *suháq)

suɁit-ínto uproot or dislodge with the tip or end of a leverlike tool (Panganiban 1966) (PWMP: *suqit)

Tagalog (3320 / 3999)

súkavomit, spew, the substance thrown up from the stomach (PPH: *suka₂)

súkaɁvinegar (LOAN)

sukaɁ-ánto put vinegar on something (LOAN)

sukab-ínopen oysters with the point or edge of a knife (PMP: *su(ŋ)kab)

súkalrubbish; garbage; dirt; flotsam; scattered weeds (NOISE)

súkatmeasurement; dimension; size; one of a series of measures; gauge; a standard measure; tract; an area (PWMP: *sukat)

sukátmeasured (PWMP: *sukat)

sukat-ánmodel or sample used for measuring; (PWMP: *sukat)

sukbítthing placed or kept under one’s belt, or at the waist, or under the top of skirts, trousers, etc. (LOAN)

súkiɁan old or regular customer or client (LOAN)

suklíʔchange of money; money returned to a person when he has given a larger amount than the price of what he buys (LOAN)

súkotto cower, go away with head bowed in shame or humiliation (ROOT)

súkoʔsurrender; the act of surrendering (PPH: *suku₂) *sukuq

sukul-ínto surround, corner or enclose; to drive into a corner (PMP: *sukul₂)

sukúl-inmeasure from top to bottom or bottom to top (PMP: *sukul₃)

suláksimmering; near the boiling point (LOAN)

súlamdesign or embroidery on mats, fabrics, etc. (PMP: *sulam)

sulambíeaves; the lower projecting edge of a roof; small annex to a house (PWMP: *surambi)

sulambíʔeaves; the lower projecting edge of a roof; small annex to a house (PWMP: *surambiq)

súlatwriting; handwriting; letter (correspondence); epistle (religious term) (LOAN)

Tagalog (3340 / 3999)

sulát-anto write to; to write on; to fill a form or blank (LOAN)

sulat-ánmaterial on which writing is done; exchange of letters; writing; used for writing (LOAN)

sulát-into write out a topic or something definite; to write down; to put down in writing (LOAN)

sulat-ínthings still to be written down (LOAN)

sulíbspace between foot of wall and floor, or between double-wallings or under the bed; secret compartment in furniture (PWMP: *sulib)

sulíbsecret compartment in furniture (PWMP: *suleb)

súlidflax for a spinning wheel (PPH: *sulid)

sulígiɁdart, small spear or lance (LOAN)

sulígiɁdart; a small spear or lance (LOAN)

súlir-anspinning wheel; spindle; spool (PPH: *sulid)

sulitexplanation; an account or report; accounting for, reporting; exam, test (PWMP: *sulit₁)

súlitreturning something that was borrowed (PPH: *sulit₂)

sulít narecovered (referring to invested capital) (PPH: *sulit₂)

súlokcorner, nook (PWMP: *celuk)

súlokcorner, nook (PWMP: *seluk)

súlokcorner (of a room, shed, etc.); angle (PWMP: *seruk)

súloŋgo ahead! go away!; push forward (PWMP: *su(n)duŋ)

súloŋGo ahead! Forward! Move! (PWMP: *suruŋ)

sulóʔa lighted torch, a light to be carried about or stuck in a holder (PMP: *suluq)

sulsólinstigation, prodding or urging on to do something evil or some improper act; incitement; stirring up or rousing; egging on (LOAN)

Tagalog (3360 / 3999)

s<um>abádto break in on a conversation, to interrupt (NOISE)

s<um>abítto be attached to something above; to be suspended; to get hooked on something in passing; to ride on the running board of a vehicle (PWMP: *s<um>abit) *saqebit

s<um>ábogto explode; to burst and scatter (as a bomb) (PWMP: *s<um>abuR) *sabuR

s<um>ágapto scoop off, e.g. fat from the top of broth; to scoop up; fig. to scoop up news (PPH: *s<um>aRap) *saRap

s<um>akítto ache; to become painful; to hurt; to suffer or feel pain (PWMP: *s<um>akit) *sakit

s<um>akmálto snap; to snap at; to snap up; to seize suddenly; to grab; to snatch with the mouth (of dogs) (PPH: *sak(e)mál)

s<um>ákopto occupy; to take possession of, e.g. by an enemy; to seize, to capture (PPH: *sakup₂)

s<um>aksíto testify; to give evidence under oath, especially in court; to depose; to bear witness to (LOAN)

s<um>álokto draw; to take out or get, as water from a well or jar (PMP: *saruk)

súmanrice cake made from the glutinous variety of rice and wrapped in banana or palm leaves (PPH: *súman)

s<um>andígto recline; to depend or rely on for support (PWMP: *s<um>andiR) *sandiR

s<um>aŋáto branch; to fork; to divide (as a road) (PMP: *saŋa₁)

s<um>aŋkótto involve oneself in a quarrel; to become involved or embroiled in a quarrel (PWMP: *saŋkut)

s<um>áwaɁto eat or drink to excess; to surfeit; to sate; to become fully satisfied even to the point of disgust; to get tired of; to lose interest; to be sick of; to be weary of; to be fed up with (PWMP: *saweqaq)

s<um>áwaʔto eat or drink to excess; to surfeit; to sate; to become fully satisfied even to the point of disgust (PPh: *s<um>aweqaq) *saweqaq

s<um>ayáto become happy (LOAN)

sumbólight of a candle or lamp (LOAN)

sumbóŋaccusation, complaint (PPH: *sumbuŋ)

sumbóŋaccusation, complaint (LOAN)

s<um>ibákto chop or split wood (PWMP: *sibak)

Tagalog (3380 / 3999)

s<um>ígeto go ahead (LOAN)

s<um>igeto go ahead (LOAN)

s<um>íkadto kick; to recoil (as a gun) (PPH: *síkad)

s<um>ikóto elbow; to push, nudge or jog with the elbow (PAN: *s<um>iku) *sikux

s-um-íloŋtake shelter (PWMP: *ci(n)duŋ)

s<um>imótto pick up; to scrape up (PPH: *simut)

s<um>ínagto gleam, to beam, to shine (PMP: *sinaR) *siNaR

s<um>iŋáwto evaporate; to turn into vapor; to give off an aroma; to steam; to give off steam; to radiate; to come forth, as heat, vapor or fumes; to escape; to issue or emit from (PPH: *s<um>eŋaw) *seŋ(e)qaw

s<um>iŋílto collect, demand or exact payment; to charge; to ask as a price; to put a price on (PWMP: *siŋir)

s<um>ípiŋto be beside (PPH: *sípiŋ)

s<um>ípitto nip; to pinch, as crabs do (PWMP: *s<um>ipit) *sipit

s<um>ípolto whistle (LOAN)

s<um>ipsípto sip; to drink little by little; to suck (as on an orange); to draw something into the mouth; to soak up; to sop up; to drink; to absorb (PAN: *sipsip)

s<um>ísidto dive; to dive headfirst; to plunge into water (PWMP: *sesed)

s<um>í-siŋáweruptive; breaking out in a rash (PPH: *s<um>eŋaw) *seŋ(e)qaw

s<um>itsítto gossip; to detract; to backbite (PMP: *sitsit) *sitsit₁

s<um>iyápto chirp (PWMP: *ciap)

sumpála stopper; a plug; a gag (PWMP: *sumpel)

sumpáʔoath; a solemn promise or statement that something is true, which God is called on to witness; vow, solemn promise; curse; imprecation; malediction (PWMP: *sumpaq)

sumpítblowgun; popgun; enema apparatus (PMP: *sumpit)

Tagalog (3400 / 3999)

sumpóŋwhim, caprice, sudden change of mind without any reason; mild mania; a kind of insanity characterized by great excitement (PPH: *sumpuŋ)

sumpóŋwhim; caprice; sudden change of mind without any reason; mild mania; a kind of insanity characterized by great excitement; surge of mild lunacy; spasmodic; having to do with spasm; resembling a spasm (LOAN)

sumpuŋ-íncranky; moody; grumpy; disgruntled; ill-humored; capricious; fickle; guided by one’s fancy (LOAN)

s<um>úboɁput some food in the mouth (PPH: *s<um>úbuq) *súbuq

s<um>úgoɁto send off to some place for some purpose; to dispatch; to delegate, to send as a representative (PAN: *suRuq₂) *suRuq

s<um>úgodto rush, dash, or plunge forward; to advance or push into a forward attack; to advance; to move forward; to lunge; to make a sudden forward movement (PPH: *s<um>ugud) *sugud

s<um>úkato throw up; to spew; to vomit (PPH: *suka₂)

s-um-úloŋto progress (PWMP: *su(n)duŋ)

s<um>úloŋto develop; to make progress; to advance; to progress (PWMP: *suruŋ)

s<um>ulópto penetrate, permeate (Panganiban 1966) (PMP: *surup₁)

s<um>ulsólto foment; to cause, promote or foster trouble, rebellion, etc. (LOAN)

s<um>umpáʔto curse; to call down a judgement, calamity or curse on someone (PWMP: *sumpaq)

s<um>unódto obey; to comply with; to conform; to act according to law or rule; to follow, meaning to obey; to follow, meaning to go or come after; to take the place of; to ensue; to follow (PPH: *s<um>unúd) *sunúd

s<um>únogto incinerate, to reduce to ashes (PMP: *sunuR)

s<um>unúd-sunódto tag after; to follow closely; to tail; to follow close behind (PPH: *sunúd-sunúd) *sunúd

s<um>uŋkítto pick fruit by means of a hook attached to a pole; to pick food particles from between the teeth (PMP: *su(ŋ)kit)

s<um>úsoto suck milk from a mother, to suckle; to suck at the breast or a bottle (PAN: *s<um>usu) *susu₁

sund-ánto follow someone; to follow up an application, request, etc. (PPH: *sunúd)

sundáŋdagger; a short machete; a heavy knife (LOAN)

sundáŋdagger; short machete; a heavy knife (LOAN)

Tagalog (3420 / 3999)

sund-ínto obey; to pursue; to follow; to abide by, keep faithful to; adhere to (PPH: *sunúd)

sunódthe one following; the next; the continuation; the successor; sequence; something that follows; result (PPH: *sunúd)

súnogfire; a destructive burning, as of a building (PMP: *sunuR)

sunógburnt (PMP: *sunuR)

suntóka blow, punch or hit with the fist (PPH: *suntúk)

sunúd-sunódchronological; arranged in order of time; successive; following in order (PPH: *sunúd-sunúd) *sunúd

sunúd-sunúr-anpliable; easily influenced; yielding; subservient; servile; slavishly polite and obedient (PPH: *sunúd-sunúd) *sunúd

sunúg-into burn; to set on fire (PPH: *sunúg-en) *sunuR

sunug-íncombustible; capable of taking fire and burning (PPH: *sunúg-en) *sunuR

suŋálhaving the upper lip or teeth protruding over the lower (PWMP: *suŋar)

súŋayhorn of cattle, sheep, deer, etc. (PPH: *súŋay)

suŋay-ánhorned; horny; having a horn or horns (PPH: *súŋay)

súŋay na usáantler, horn of a deer (PPH: *súŋay)

suŋká ~ suŋkáʔa native game played (in some areas) by two people using something like a small, flat wooden boat with scooped-out holes in the deck containing small shells used in the game (LOAN)

suŋkáldigging or uprooting with the snout; nuzzling, pressing with the nose (PWMP: *suŋkal)

suŋkíthook attached to a pole and used for picking fruit (PMP: *su(ŋ)kit)

súŋkithairpin (Laktaw 1914) (PMP: *suŋkit)

suŋkit-ínto pick fruit by means of a hook attached to a pole; to pick food particles from between the teeth (PPH: *su(ŋ)kit-en) *su(ŋ)kit

suŋkóla stroke, knock or blow with the knuckles, the point of the elbow, or with the end or corner of a thing (PWMP: *suŋkul)

suŋótantenna; the feelers on the head of an insect, spider, lobster, etc.; pointed end of certain unhusked grains (PWMP: *suŋut₃)

Tagalog (3440 / 3999)

súpotbag (made of paper, cloth, plastic, etc.); pouch (PPH: *súput)

suriɁfold, pleat, crease (LOAN)

súroʔspoonful (PWMP: *suduq)

súsobreast (PAN: *susu₁)

susónextra layer; reinforcing layer (PMP: *susun) *susuN

susón-susónlayer on layer; one on top of another (PMP: *susun) *susuN

susóʔriver snail with cornucopia-like shell (PMP: *susuq)

susú-hanto suck the breast or nipple for milk (PAN: *susu₁)

susú-hinto suck milk from a mother, to suckle; to suck at the breast or a bottle (PAN: *susu₁)

sutsótsibilant sound used to call someone or urge silence (PWMP: *cutcut)

sutsóthiss; the sound made when trying to attract the attentionof someone or when calling for silence; hiss, a whistling sound (PPH: *sutsut₃)

suwiplant shoot (Laktaw 1914) (PMP: *suli₁)

súyodfine nit comb; comb with very fine teeth; harrow for farm work; a heavy frame with iron teeth or upright disks (LOAN)

suʔótwearing apparel; clothes (PPH: *suq(e)lút)

tabádvenesection, process of bloodletting (PMP: *tabad)

tabákcutlass; a kind of bolo or large knife (PPH: *tabák)

tabákcutlass, kind of bolo or large knife (NOISE)

tabákotobacco (LOAN)

tábalexcessively leafy so that a plant or tree has become fruitless or sterile (NOISE)

tabán-anto hold onto; to hold something to keep it or oneself from falling (PWMP: *taban-an) *tabaN

Tagalog (3460 / 3999)

tabáŋinsipidity; tastelessness; want of appetite; want of interest; fresh; not salty (as water); fresh water; of or living in water that is not salty (PWMP: *taq(e)baŋ)

tabáŋinsipidity, tastelessness; want of appetite; want of interest; fresh; not salty; fresh-water (of or living in water that is not salty) (PWMP: *taq(e)baŋ)

tabaŋagGlochidion sp., Euphorbiaceae (Madulid 2001) (LOAN)

tabáscut down; lopped off (PWMP: *tabas) *tabas₁

tábascut; style of apparel (PWMP: *tabas₂)

tábascut down, lopped off (LOAN)

tabáʔfat; a white or yellow oily substance formed in the body of animals; lard; grease; soft animal fat; fatness; obesity (PWMP: *tabeq)

tábiŋcurtain; screen; a covered frame that hides, protects, or separates; veil; anything that screens or hides (as a veil of clouds); shade; something that shuts out light (PWMP: *tabiŋ)

tabíŋcurtain; screen; a covered frame that hides, protects, or separates; veil; anything that screens or hides (PWMP: *tabeŋ)

tábiŋcurtain; screen; a covered frame that hides, protects, or separates; veil; anything that screens or hides (as a veil of clouds); shade; something that shuts out light (NOISE)

tabládrawn; tied (LOAN)

tabláboard; a broad, thin piece of wood (LOAN)

tábona heap used for filling up a hole; a dyke of earth between fishponds (PMP: *tabun₂)

táboʔscoop or dipper made from coconut shell; any empty can used as a scoop or dipper; mug (in some areas) a drinking vessel made from coconut shell (PMP: *tabuq)

tabsíksplash of liquid produced by something rolling, as a wheel or a ball rolling upon a pool of water (ROOT)

tabtabhew, trim, chip off by hewer or chipping tool (of wood, stone or the like) (PAN: *CabCab)

tabtábthe act of hewing or trimming wood, stone, etc. (PWMP: *tabtab₁)

tadtádchopped to pieces; minced (PWMP: *tadtad)

tadtar-ánchopping block (PPH: *tadtad-án) *tadtad

tadtar-ínto hack; to chop roughly into small pieces (for meat, vegetables, etc.); to mince; to chop up into very small pieces (PPH: *tadtad-én) *tadtad

Tagalog (3480 / 3999)

taga-a prefix joined to the name of the place to connote ‘native of’, ‘resident of’, ‘hails from’, ‘comes from’ (PPH: *taga-)

tága-prefix joined to the name of the place to connote “native of,” “resident of,” “hails from,” “comes from”; also used to express occupation (LOAN)

taga-búkidperson from the country (PAN: *bukij)

taga-gíliŋgrinder; a person who grinds (PMP: *giliŋ)

tagállength or duration of time; length (referring to time taken) (PWMP: *tagal)

taga-láŋitheavenly; of or in heaven (PMP: *laŋit) *laŋiC

taga-pag-pa-kilalatoastmaster (PAN: *kilala)

taga-sálintranslator; interpreter (PWMP: *salin)

taga-sampáya person whose job it is to dry clothes by hanging them on a clothesline (PMP: *sampay₁) *sapay

taga-sunódfollower; a person who follows the ideas or beliefs of another; satellite; a follower or attendant upon a person of importance; hanger-on (PPH: *sunúd)

tágaya toast (in drinking wine) (PPH: *tágay)

tagáya toast (in drinking wine) (LOAN)

tagáy-ana wine glass (PPH: *tágay)

tagay-ánwine glass (LOAN)

tagáʔfishhook (LOAN)

taghóylament, lamentation; mourning; wailing (LOAN)

taghuy-ánto lament or mourn someone or something (LOAN)

taghuy-íngiven to wailing, mourning or lamenting (LOAN)

t<ag>iktíkpatter; a series of quick taps, or the sound they make; ticking of a clock or watch (PMP: *tiktik₁)

t<ag>iktíkpatter; a series of quick taps, or the sound they make; ticking of a clock or watch (PAN: *tiktik₁)

Tagalog (3500 / 3999)

tagiktíkpatter; a series of quick taps, or the sound they make (as the patter of rain on the roof); ticking of a clock or watch (PPH: *tagiktik)

tagiktíkpatter; a series of quick taps, or the sound they make (as with the patter of rain on the roof) (PPH: *taRiktík)

t<ag>intiŋtinkling or jingling sound (PMP: *tiŋtiŋ)

tagósgoing through the whole width, thickness or length; reaching as far as the other side or end (PMP: *taRus)

tagóʔhidden; kept out of sight; inconspicuous, not visible; obscure, hidden from view; secret, occult; latent, hidden, concealed (PMP: *taRuq)

tagpásslashed; cut down (esp. referring to overhanging objects) (PPH: *tag(e)pás)

tagpas-ínto slash; to cut with a slashing downstroke (PPH: *tag(e)pás)

tagpísfineness, sveltness, thinness (PWMP: *taRpis)

tag-tanímplanting season (PWMP: *taR-tanem) *CaNem

tagu-ána place for hiding or keeping things (as money); harbor; covert; any place of shelter; children’s game of hide-and-seek (PWMP: *taRuq-an) *taRuq

t<ag>uktókclack; a short, sharp sound like that produced by heels of shoes on a pavement or hard floor (PAN: *tuktuk₃)

TahánStop! (said to one who is crying) (LOAN)

tahán-anhome; dwelling; abode (PMP: *tahan) *taNaS

táhawclearing in a forest; open-air; exposed to view (PMP: *tahaw) *CaSaw

tahípup and down movement of rice grains being winnowed on a flat basket (PMP: *tahep) *tapeS

táhip-anthe flat basket used in winnowing (PMP: *tahep-an) *tapeS

tahíʔsewing, stitch; cloth to be sewn (manaN-, paN- -an) (PMP: *tahiq) *CaqiS

tahíʔ-antailoring shop or millinery (PMP: *taqih-an) *CaqiS

tahótea made from ginger (LOAN)

tahóChinese sweet dish made of soybean meal mixed with syrup (LOAN)

Tagalog (3520 / 3999)

táibhigh tide (PWMP: *taeb)

takádstamping of feet in anger or protest (PPH: *takad)

tákalmeasurement by volume of liquids and of grains such as rice, wheat and sugar, and also powders, etc. (LOAN)

takáploud, insulting language (LOAN)

tákawgreediness (PMP: *takaw₁) *Cakaw

takípcover; cover of any container (PPH: *takíp)

takíp sílimtwilight; the faint light reflected from the sky before the sun sets (PWMP: *selem₂)

takip-sílimtwilight; the faint light reflected from the sky before the sun sets (PWMP: *silem)

taklóbcover; covering (PWMP: *tak(e)lub)

tákoba thin covering, surface covering (PMP: *takub)

tákoba thin covering, surface covering (PMP: *ta(ŋ)kub)

tákotfear (PAN: *takut)

takótafraid, frightened, feeling fear; nervous, timid, tremulous (PAN: *takut)

takót na takótvery frightened; panic-stricken; demoralized by fear (PAN: *takut)

taktákact of shaking out the contents of a container by pounding the open mouth against some hard object (PAN: *taktak₁)

takúriʔtea kettle (LOAN)

takut-ínto frighten, to make afraid, to scare; to intimidate; to bluff; to threaten (PWMP: *takut-en) *takut

talatear up (NOISE)

talábeffective (said of medicine, advice, etc.) (LOAN)

talabáoyster (PPH: *talabá)

Tagalog (3540 / 3999)

tálaba-h-anoyster bed (PPH: *talabá)

talagáarrant; thoroughgoing; out-and-out; practical; engaged in actual practice or work; virtual; real; being something in effect, though not so in name; ultimate; underlying; basic; elemental; expressing surprise; resolute; determined (PPH: *talagá)

talágaʔwell, spring (LOAN)

talakitoka species of cavalla fish (PPH: *talakituk)

tálaŋspecies of tree also known as mabolo or mabulo, having edible fruit: Diospyros spp. (PPh: *talaŋ₁)

tálaŋred sky or red clouds at dawn or at sunset (LOAN)

talároʔscales; a balance for weighing; a weight; a piece of metal used in weighing (LOAN)

tálaʔbright star, planet (PMP: *talaq₁)

taláʔlist, entry; thing written or printed in a book (LOAN)

taláʔokcockcrow; crowing of a rooster (PPH: *taraquk)

ta-likur-ánto turn one’s back on (PMP: *ta-likud) *likud

talímsharpness of edge; blade; steel edging; penpoint (PMP: *tazem) *Cazem

talínuma plant: Talinum paniculatum (Madulid 2001) (PPH: *talínum)

talisaya species of shade tree: Terminalia catappa (PMP: *talisay)

táloa defeat; a beating; a having been beaten or overthrown; loss; upset; defeat in sports (PMP: *talu₂)

talónjump; leap; plunge; a jump or dive into water; waterfall (LOAN)

talóŋeggplant (LOAN)

talóscomprehended; perfectly understood; known; informed (PPH: *tarús)

talsíksplash of liquid; sudden flight or leap or splinters, sparks, etc.; dismissal from office (PPH: *tal(e)sík)

taltálloud dispute, verbal battle (PWMP: *taltal₂)

Tagalog (3560 / 3999)

taluloŋthe Chinese honeysuckle, Quisqualis indica (PPH: *taluluŋ)

taluntónline; row; path; rule; regulation; precept (PPH: *taluntún)

talus-into get information about; to learn (PPH: *tarús)

tamádlazy; idle; indolent; sluggish; slothful; truant; neglecting duty through laziness (PPH: *tamád)

tamádlazy; idle; indolent; sluggish; slothful (LOAN)

támaʔcorrect, right; hitting the mark (PMP: *tamaq₁)

tambákembankment, terrace; mound; a bank or heap of earth, stones, sand, etc.; pile; a mass like a hill or mound; the piling up, e.g. of official papers not acted upon (PMP: *tambak₂)

tambák-ana dump; a dumping place (PWMP: *tambak-an) *tambak₂

tambak-ánto fill up a place by dumping sand, earth, stones, rubbish, etc. (PWMP: *tambak-an) *tambak₂

tambánfish like a herring or sardine (PWMP: *tamban)

tambáŋambush, an attack from an ambush; the act or condition of lying in wait; a person waiting and watching from a vantage point for wild game, or in warfare, for the enemy (PPH: *tambáŋ)

tambógloud splash of something falling flat on water (PPH: *tambúg)

tambókbulge; protuberance; convexity; swelling; a swollen part (PWMP: *tambuk)

tambóʔkind of tall grass with a hollow stalk that grows in wet places, and is used in making brooms (PPH: *taŋ(e)buq₁)

tambóʔreed; a kind of tall grass with a hollow stalk that grows in wet places, and used in making brooms (NOISE)

tamíssweetness; a sweet quality; pleasure, sweetness (PMP: *taq(e)mis)

tamn-ánto plant in (emphasis on place); to have a place planted with (PAN: *tanem-an) *CaNem

támoa plant: Curcuma zedoaria (Berg.) (PWMP: *tamu₂)

tampálto slap with the open hand (not so strong as sampál) (PWMP: *tampar₂)

tampípiʔa native clothes trunk or chest made of bamboo, rattan or a certain kind of palm leaves (PPH: *tampipiq)

Tagalog (3580 / 3999)

tampókelevated or exalted place or position; exaltation; elevation (PWMP: *tampuk₂)

tampókstem of fruits, stalk of flowers (PWMP: *tampuk₃)

tanánall; everybody; everyone (PPH: *tanan)

tandáŋrooster; a male fowl (LOAN)

tandáʔsign; any mark, thing or motion used to mean, represent, or point out something (LOAN)

tándís-ancertain, sure, definite (PWMP: *tandes)

tanímplant (PMP: *tanem) *CaNem

taním-anplace for planting, plantation (PAN: *tanem-an) *CaNem

tániŋlimit; fixed time; time limit; to fix a time limit for a certain work (LOAN)

tánodguard, sentinel (PPH: *tánud)

tanóŋquestion; interrogation; inquiry (LOAN)

taŋádolt; a dull, stupid person; blockhead; gawk; an awkward, stupid person (PMP: *taŋa) *taŋa₁

taŋádolt; a dull, stupid person; blockhead; to gawk; an awkward, stupid person; dumb; stupid; dull; asinine; silly (PPH: *taŋah)

taŋan-taŋancastor oil plant (PWMP: *taŋan-taŋan)

táŋan-táŋancastor oil plant: Ricinus communis (LOAN)

taŋáycarried away by wind, current, bird of prey, animal or by emotion (PPH: *taŋay₂)

taŋay-ínto sweep away, to remove with a sweeping motion; to carry off; to snatch and bear away (PPH: *taŋay-en) *taŋay₂

táŋaʔpotato bug or worm; clothes moth a small insect that destroys clothes (PWMP: *taŋaq₃)

taŋgálunfastened; dismantled; detached; dismissed from employment (PWMP: *taŋgal)

taŋgápaccepted, admitted, received (PWMP: *taŋgap)

Tagalog (3600 / 3999)

taŋgíŋgiSpanish mackerel (PWMP: *taŋgiRi)

taŋgóldefense; act of defending (PWMP: *taŋgul)

taŋíliʔspecies of Philippine mahogany (PPH: *taŋíliq)

táŋisweeping, crying; mourning, lamenting (PMP: *taŋis) *Caŋis

taŋis-anto weep over, to mourn, to lament; to bemoan, to express grief by moaning (PMP: *taŋis-an) *Caŋis

taŋkabto fall, hurting one's lip or chin (PWMP: *taŋkeb) *taŋkeb₂

taŋkábfall, hurting one's lip or chin (ROOT)

taŋkálcoop; hencoop; chicken coop (PPH: *taŋkal)

taŋkílannex to a building with its own roofing; roofing put on the frame of a building before the walls are constructed; a small barn or granary (in some areas) (PWMP: *taŋkir)

taŋ-kulokraincoat (LOAN)

táŋoscape; promontory; peninsula; physical prominence, e.g. of forehead or pointedness of nose (PPH: *táŋus)

taŋóʔnod, nodding or bowing of the head as a sign of assent (PPH: *taŋuq)

taŋtáŋcontinuous, jerky pulling of a rope or the like (NOISE)

tápajerked beef or pork (PMP: *tapa₁) *Capa

tapásmoked, exposed to smoke (PMP: *tapa₁) *Capa

tápakfootstep; tread of feet (PWMP: *tapak₁)

tapákbarefooted (PWMP: *tapak₁)

tapak-ántreadle; a lever worked by the foot to impart motion to a machine (PWMP: *tapak₁)

tápalmending patch (of cloth); poultice, plaster (PMP: *tapel) *Capel

tápalmending patch (of cloth); poultice, plaster (PWMP: *tapal)

Tagalog (3620 / 3999)

tápasdehusking of coconuts; lopping of trees (PWMP: *ta(m)pas)

tapáslopped or cut off evenly (PWMP: *ta(m)pas)

tapas-ánto cut off the husk of a coconut; to lop or cut off the top evenly (PWMP: *ta(m)pas)

tápaydough (PWMP: *tapay)

tapáy-ana large earthenware jar (generally used for water) (PWMP: *tapay-an) *tapay

tapíklight tap with the hand or just the fingers (PMP: *tapik)

tapíklight tap with the hand or just the fingers (LOAN)

ta-pilókto stumble and trip, thereby causing one to twist and sprain the foot or ankle (PWMP: *ta-piluk) *piluk

ta-pilókto stumble or trip, thereby causing one to twist or sprain the foot or ankle (pilók ‘twisted, referring to arm, ankle or foot’) (PMP: *ta-₂)

tápisapronlike cloth worn over skirt of mestiza dress (PAN: *tapis₁)

tapíʔapron; any piece of cloth used by women to cover the body in bathing, working or washing (PWMP: *tapiq₂)

tapóncork; plug; stopper (LOAN)

táposend; conclusion (PAN: *tapus)

tárakto stab with a knife, dagger or the like, and leave the weapon sticking in the victim (LOAN)

taríksteepness; pitch; the amount of slope (PWMP: *tazek)

táriʔbladed spur attached to the leg of a fighting rooster; gaff (LOAN)

tarócalm (of the wind) (NOISE)

tarúgowooden peg for fastening a door or window (LOAN)

tásaa drinking cup (LOAN)

tásiksaltwater filtered through sand in the process of salt-making; brine; very salty water (PMP: *tasik)

Tagalog (3640 / 3999)

tastásrip; a seam burst in a garment; run; a place where stitches have slipped out or become undone; unstitched; detached; undone; ripped (PAN: *tastas)

tátag, tatágestablishment; security; stability; solidity (NOISE)

tátalchips or splinters of wood; wood shavings (PWMP: *tatal)

ta-taŋga-nthe Indian cork tree: Millingtonia hortensis (PMP: *taŋga₂)

tatlóthree (PAN: *ta-telu) *telu

ta-tlú-hanin groups of three; in threes (PWMP: *telu-an) *telu

ta-tlu-hínto triple; to make or become three times as much (PWMP: *telu-en) *telu

taú-tauh-aneffigy, marionette, mannikin (PMP: *tau tau) *Cau

táwalaughter (ka-REDUP) (PMP: *tawa₁) *Cawa

táwaddiscount; bargaining; asking for a discount; haggling over prices (PWMP: *tawaD)

táwagcall; summons; term; name; a word that means any object, or any one of a group of objects; request; reminder (PWMP: *tawaR₂)

tawag-ánthe act of calling each other by certain names; the name itself used in calling each other; the act of calling each other by telephone, telegram, etc. (PWMP: *tawaR₂)

tawag-into call; to summon (PWMP: *tawaR₂)

tawar-ánthe common price offered by the majority of buyers (PWMP: *tawaD)

táwasalum (LOAN)

tawás-into burn alum together with some small article belonging to a sick person to determine (superstitiously) the origin or nature of his illness (LOAN)

tayáʔa bet; a wager; stake; the money risked; what is staked (PPH: *tayáq)

táyonswinging movement, like that of a pendulum (PWMP: *tayun)

taytáybamboo plank or bridge (PMP: *taytay)

tayu-basiiron filings (LOAN)

Tagalog (3660 / 3999)

taʔán, táʔana reserve; a reservation for future use (PWMP: *taqan₂)

taʔán ~ táʔankind of fish trap used for catching fish on coral reefs (PAN: *taqan₁)

taʔásheight; physical stature (esp. of human body); eminence, nobility (PMP: *atas) *aCas

taʔe ~ taʔiexcrement; waste matter expelled from the body (PMP: *taqi) *Caqi

taʔe naŋ bituʔínshooting star; meteor (PWMP: *taqi nu bituqen) *Caqi

taʔíŋaear, ears (PMP: *taliŋa) *Caliŋa

táʔohuman being, person (PMP: *tau₁) *Cau

taʔómortal (maka-, mag-pa-ka-, ma- -an, pag-REDUP, paN-, paN- -an, paN- -in, -an, -in, -um-) (PMP: *tau₁) *Cau

taʔóla disease of infants or small children causing convulsions (PPH: *taqul) *taqúl

taʔónyear; per annum, per year; for each year (PMP: *taqun)

táʔún-anyearly; annual; once a year (PMP: *taqun)

táʔun-ínto do or make at the same time with; to make coincide (PMP: *taqun)

táʔún-táʔónannually; yearly; each year; every year (PMP: *taqun)

tianakfolkloric elf or goblin (LOAN)

tibágcutting, an excavation through high ground; landslide from a hill; erosion of soil from a river bank; excavated, quarried; demolished; crumbled, broken up (PPH: *tebág)

tibágcutting; an excavation through high ground; landslide from a hill; erosion of soil from a river bank; excavated, quarried (NOISE)

tíbaymaterial or structural strength; vitality; power to endure (PPH: *tíbay)

tibáʔcutting down a banana plant for its fruits (PMP: *tebah) *tebaS

tibáʔto cut down a banana plant, or to cut off a bunch of the fruit (PPH: *tebáq)

tibíconstipation, costiveness (PPH: *tebel₁)

Tagalog (3680 / 3999)

tibíga tree: Ficus benguetensis Merr., etc., Moraceae (Madulid 2001) (PPH: *tebéR)

tibókthrob, pulsation (PAN: *tibuk)

tigábweak gasp of one dying (PMP: *teRab) *CeRab

tigáŋextremely dry, said of soil (PMP: *tegaŋ)

tigáshardness; rigidity; firmness; resistance; stiffness; tautness; inflexibility; being hard, firm or unyielding; resolution; the power of holding firmly to a purpose (PMP: *teRas)

tigíboverburdened; full to overflowing; fraught, loaded, filled (with grief, terror,. etc.) (PMP: *teReb)

tígispouring of liquid from one container to another (PMP: *tiRis)

tigis-ánreceptacle or container into which a liquid is poured (PWMP: *tiRis-an) *tiRis

tigis-ánreceptacle or container into which a liquid is poured (PMP: *tiRis)

tigóksound produced in the throat by swallowing (PMP: *teguk)

tigtígjerkiness; jerking; shakiness; shaking or jogging, esp, with up and down movement of a vehicle (PWMP: *tiRtiR₂)

tigtígjerkiness; jerking; shakiness (PAN: *teRteR)

tikáltiredness and sometimes bruising of the feet because of too much walking (PPH: *tíkal)

tikáʔact of limping (LOAN)

tikbálaŋ ~ tigbálaŋa fabulous creature in Philippine folklore supposed to have the body of an ordinary person but the feet of a horse, and is supposed to cause people to lose their way, esp. in forests or mountains (LOAN)

tikína bamboo pole for propelling boats in shallow streams (PMP: *teken)

tikin-ánto punt (PMP: *teken)

tikíson purpose; intentionally; knowingly (PPH: *tikís)

tiklópa fold; a layer of something folded; folded by doubling (PPH: *tik(e)lúp)

tiktíkticking (of watches, etc.) (PMP: *tiktik₁)

Tagalog (3700 / 3999)

tiktíkdetective; plainclothesman; secret agent; a spy (PPH: *tiktík₃)

tilabsíkspatter (of hot liquid) (ROOT)

tílicontinued stay; staying on in a place (LOAN)

tiltíladding sauce as a relish to cooked rice (PPH: *teltel)

timbáŋweight; balanced, of the same weight (PWMP: *timbaŋ)

timbáŋ-anbalance; scale or scales for weighing (PWMP: *timbaŋ-an) *timbaŋ

timbaŋ-ánto give the equivalent or equal of what another has given or done; to give someone something in return for what has been received (PWMP: *timbaŋ-an) *timbaŋ

timbaŋ-ínto weigh; to find out how heavy a thing is; to weigh in the balance; to judge; to make equal in weight (PWMP: *timbaŋ-en) *timbaŋ

timbáwsomething extra added to a container already full, or to fill it if not yet full; what is added to one side of a scale to balance the other (PWMP: *timbaw₁)

timbóna pile of earth, garbage, old clothes, etc. (PWMP: *timbun)

timbul-ana float, lifesaver (PWMP: *timbul)

tímogsouth, south wind (PMP: *timuR)

timónrudder; a movable flat piece at the end of a boat, airplane or ship by which it is steered (LOAN)

timpáŋsomewhat bow-legged (PMP: *timpaŋ)

timpúhoʔseated or squatting on one’s heels or haunches (PWMP: *timpuhuq)

t<in>ágoʔhidden (as money) (PWMP: *t<in>aRuq) *taRuq

t-in-apásmoked, exposed to smoke; exposed to embers; smoked fish (PMP: *t<in>apa) *Capa

t<in>ápaybread of any kind (PWMP: *tapay)

t<in>a-tlótripartite, divided into three parts (PPH: *t<in>elu) *telu

tináwclear, transparent liquid from which the impurities or precipitates have settled down (PPH: *tenaw)

Tagalog (3720 / 3999)

tináwclear, transparent liquid from which the impurities or precipitates have settled down (PPH: *tin(e)qaw)

tínaʔdye (LOAN)

tindígdeportment; bearing; posture; pose (PMP: *ti(n)zeg)

tínigvoice (PWMP: *teneR)

tiníkthorn, spine (PAN: *Cenek)

t<in>uyóʔdried, as fish or meat (LOAN)

tiŋáforeign matter lodged between the teeth (PMP: *tiŋah) *CiŋaS

tiŋaláʔtilted upward; with uplifted face; looking up (PWMP: *tiŋadaq)

tiŋalaʔ-ínto look up, as to something worthy of respect or veneration (PWMP: *tiŋadaq-en) *tiŋadaq

tiŋgáʔlead (the metal) (PWMP: *timeRaq)

tiŋínlook; sight; view; glance; viewpoint; opinion; diagnosis; judgement based on what has been seen (PPH: *tiŋén)

tiŋínlook; sight; view; glance; view; viewpoint; opinion; respect; esteem; appreciation (LOAN)

tiŋíʔretail selling; the selling of goods in small quantities at a time (LOAN)

tiŋkábforced open (said of locks, fasteners, etc.) (PPH: *tiŋkáb)

tiŋkábviolently opened or dislodged; forced open (Also Hiligaynon tikafb 'open one's mouth') (ROOT)

típasescape; evasion; detour; diversion (PWMP: *tipas)

tipáscut off at one stroke; cut off at the base (PPH: *tiq(e)pas)

tipídconservation; avoiding waste; saving; way of saving money, time, etc.; thrift; thriftiness; absence of waste (LOAN)

tipíŋsavor at the tip of the tongue (PMP: *tepeŋ₁)

típoncollection, accumulation; act of saving money for the future; compilation or collection, as of literary works of an author or authors; a small group or gathering of persons (PPH: *típun)

Tagalog (3740 / 3999)

típoʔhaving a tooth or teeth missing (PPH: *tipuq)

tiráleftover; remaining; something set aside for someone who is not present (PMP: *tida)

tírikbuild, erect, construct, put upright (PMP: *tenzeg, te(n)dek) *tenzek

tiríkstraight upward (PMP: *tenzeg, te(n)dek) *tenzek

tírikto build; to erect; to construct; to set or stand something upright (PPH: *tendek₁)

tiríscrushing (of lice) between thumbnails (PWMP: *tedis)

tiríscrushing of lice between thumbnails (PMP: *tindes)

tísachalk (LOAN)

tistísoperated on surgically; lancing or opening up a boil or the like (PWMP: *testes)

tistísoperated on (surgically); lancing or opening up a boil or the like; to trim or pare wood, bamboo, palm leaves, etc. into long strips (LOAN)

tiwaŋwáŋwide open; completely exposed to wind, sun, etc. (PPH: *tiwaŋwáŋ)

tiwáshaving the rear end higher than the front (instead of being level) (NOISE)

tiyánabdomen; the belly; paunch (PMP: *tian) *tiaN

tiyan-ínto suffer from stomachache (PMP: *tian) *tiaN

toŋpercentage cut taken by a gambling house from the winnings of a gambler (LOAN)

tóyoʔsoybean sauce; a Chinese and Japanese sauce made from soybeans (LOAN)

túbaa species of shrub from the seeds of which croton oil is extracted; this oil is used for medicinal purposes and also as a fish poison (PAN: *tubah)

túbigwater (NOISE)

tubósugarcane (PMP: *tebuh₂) *CebuS

tubósugarcane (PMP: *tebuh₁) *tebuS

Tagalog (3760 / 3999)

tubógpool of water (PMP: *tebuR)

tubóga pool of water (PMP: *tubuR)

túboʔa sprout; a shoot of a plant; growth; what has grown or is growing (PMP: *tubuq, tumbuq) *Cubuq

tubuh-ánsugarcane plantation (PMP: *tebuh₁) *tebuS

tubúʔ-anto be overgrown; to grow on or over something; to sprout or grow out from; to put forth (PWMP: *tubuq-an) *Cubuq

tugíʔa species of yam; a kind of vine or its starchy roots grown for food in warm countries (PPH: *tugíq)

tugtógsound of music; playing on a musical instrument; ringing (of bells or alarm clocks); stroke of the hour (PMP: *tugtug₂) *CugCug₁

tugtógsound of music; playing on a musical instrument; ringing of bells, of alarm clocks, or chiming clocks; stroke or striking of the hours, etc.; touch; the act or manner of playing a musical instrument (PWMP: *tugtug)

tugtug-ínto play a musical instrument; to ring (a large church bell) (PPH: *tugtug-én) *tugtug

túhodknee (PMP: *tuhud) *tuduS

túhoga stringing together of things, piercing through them to hold them (PMP: *tuhuR) *CuSuR

tukillength of bamboo (used as container); bamboo tube (PWMP: *tukil)

túkodsupport; bracket; brace; prop (PAN: *tukud)

túkodsupport; bracket; brace; prop; prop or support in the figurative sense (PAN: *tuked)

tukóloverripe rice grains that are still unharvested (PAN: *tukul)

túkoŋtailless bird, fowl or animal (PWMP: *tukuŋ)

túkopcovered (referring to genital organs while the rest of the body is naked) (PWMP: *tuŋkup)

tuktóktop, tip (of head, mountain, etc.) (PAN: *tuktuk₂)

tukúr-anto prop up; to hold up by placing a support under or against (PAN: *tuked)

túladimitation; similarity; likeness; act of copying or imitating; comparing, comparison (PWMP: *tulad)

Tagalog (3780 / 3999)

túlakpush, shove; forced by circumstances (PMP: *tulak)

tulíkblack and white; multicolored, varicolored (PMP: *turik)

tulik-ánrooster or blanket of many colors (PMP: *turik)

tulíŋanedible fish of the tuna species (PPH: *tuliŋan)

tulisánhighway robber; brigand; bandit; outlaw (LOAN)

tulíʔcircumcised (PPH: *turiq)

túlogsleep; rest; slumber; stagnant, not active; sluggish; dull; torpid (PAN: *tuduR)

tulógasleep, sleeping (PAN: *tuduR)

túloŋhelp, assistance, aid; financial help; support; relief; something that lessens or frees from pain, burden, or difficulty; lift; helping hand; backing; favor (PMP: *tuluŋ)

túlosstake; picket; a stick or post pointed at one end for driving into the ground (PMP: *turus)

tulóycome in, go on (PMP: *tuluy₁)

túloʔdrip; dripping; drop; dropping (of liquid); leak; leakage; leaking; trickle, a small flow or flowing (PAN: *tuduq)

tulúg-anto sleep in or on something (PAN: *tuduR)

tulug-ánroom or place to sleep (PWMP: *tuduR-an) *tuduR

tulús-anto stake out a place; to mark with stakes (PMP: *turus)

túmaclothes louse (PMP: *tumah) *CumeS

t<um>ábanto hold onto; to hold something to keep it or oneself from falling (PMP: *taban) *tabaN

t<um>abásto chop; to cut down; to lop off (branches, excess growth, etc.) (PWMP: *tabas) *tabas₁

t<um>adtádto hack; to chop roughly into small pieces (for meat, vegetables, etc.) (PWMP: *tadtad)

t<um>ágayto toast, to drink to the health of someone (PPH: *tágay)

Tagalog (3800 / 3999)

t<um>aghóyto lament; to cry, as one in pain (LOAN)

t<um><ag>iktíkto patter, to make rapid taps (as rain striking a roof); to tick, as a clock or watch (PMP: *tiktik₁)

t<um><ag>iktíkto patter, to make rapid taps (as rain striking a roof); to tick, as a clock or watch (PAN: *tiktik₁)

t<um>agiktíkto patter; to make rapid taps (as rain pattering on the roof) (PPH: *taRiktík)

t<um>ágoʔto hide; to hide oneself; to lurk (PWMP: *t<um>aRuq) *taRuq

t<um>ákotto frighten, to alarm, to scare (PMP: *t<um>akut) *takut

t<um>alábto take or have effect (LOAN)

t<um>a-likódto turn one’s back (PMP: *ta-likud) *likud

t<um>alónto jump or leap (generally, but not necessarily downward) (LOAN)

t<um>aluntónto trace; to follow the course or origin of; to follow a rule, precept, etc. (PPH: *taluntún)

t<um>antánto stop; cease or desist (PPH: *tantán)

t<um>an-tánto stop, cease or desist (PWMP: *taqan₂)

t<um>aŋá-taŋáto gawk; to look around stupidly in a gawking manner (PMP: *taŋa) *taŋa₁

t<um>áŋisto mourn; to weep; to grieve (PAN: *C<um>aŋis) *Caŋis

t<um>apíkto tap; to pat with the palm of the hand or fingers (PMP: *tapik)

t<um>apíkto tap; to pat with the palm of the hand or fingers (LOAN)

t<um>áwadto bid; to propose a price for something, esp. at an auction (PWMP: *tawaD)

t<um>awagto call, to summon; to hail; to call or signal to; to term; to name; to style (PWMP: *tawaR₂)

t<um>ayáʔto bet; to bet on (PPH: *tayáq)

t<um>áʔeto move the bowels (PMP: *t<um>aqi) *Caqi

Tagalog (3820 / 3999)

t<um>aʔónto take advantage of the opportune time (PMP: *taqun)

tumbágacopper and gold alloy (LOAN)

tum-balíkupside-down, wrong end up (PMP: *balik₂)

tumbalíkupside-down; inverted; ironical; expressing one thing and meaning the opposite (PPH: *tumbalik)

tumbókhit dead center; directly hit; struck with a pointed object; struck or hit in passing, e.g. a standing vehicle hit by a passing car; in billiards, a hit by a second ball (PMP: *tumbuk)

tumbóŋrectum, the lowest part of the large intestine; swollen anus; piles (PWMP: *tumbuŋ₁)

tumbóŋinner apple formation or kernel of a coconut (PWMP: *tumbuŋ₂)

t<um>igásto harden; to become hard; to set; to become fixed; to become firm or hard; to stiffen; to become stiff (PMP: *teRas)

t<um>ikínto punt; to propel a boat by thrusting with a pole against the bottom of a shallow stream (PMP: *teken)

t<um>imbáŋto weigh; to have as a measure by weight (as in stating one’s body weight) (PWMP: *t<um>imbaŋ) *timbaŋ

t<um>indígto stand up (PMP: *ti(n)zeg)

t<um>iŋaláʔto look up (PWMP: *t<um>iŋadaq) *tiŋadaq

t<um>ípasto avoid meeting someone by taking another way (PWMP: *tipas)

tumpáŋcarried on the head or shoulders: two things, one over the other (Panganiban 1966) (PWMP: *tumpaŋ₁)

tumpókheap; mound; mass (as of rubbish) (PWMP: *tumpuk)

t<um>ugtógto play a musical instrument; to render; to play music; to ring; to have a ringing sound (PWMP: *tugtug)

t<um>úlakto push, to shove, to boost; to propel, to drive forward (PMP: *tulak)

t<um>úlogto sleep; to slumber (PAN: *tuduR)

t<um>úloʔto drip, to dribble; to leak, to fall in drops; to trickle; to stream; to seep, (PPh: *t<um>uduq) *tuduq

t<um>umbákto accumulate or pile up (PWMP: *t<um>ambak) *tambak₂

Tagalog (3840 / 3999)

t<um>uŋkábto dislodge forcibly; to force out of place (PWMP: *tu(ŋ)kab)

t<um>uwáŋto help (another) in carrying a load (PPH: *tuaŋ₂)

tunáwmelted; liquid, liquefied; digested (said of food); molten, dissolved (PPH: *túnaw)

túnaytrue; correct; exact; meaningful; rightful; lawful; real; genuine; substantial; actual; factual; positive (PWMP: *tunay₂)

tundáʔto fish with fishhooks (not with a net) (PPH: *tundaq)

tundáʔto fish with fishhooks (not with a net) (LOAN)

tundókpiercing meat with a skewer (PWMP: *te(n)duk)

tuntóngiving guidance or direction, esp. at the start or beginning (PWMP: *tuntun)

tuŋáwa tiny red insect, like a mite or small tick, whose bite causes itchiness (PWMP: *tuŋaw₁)

tuŋawa plant: Astronia spp. (PPH: *tuŋaw₂)

tuŋaw-ínto become infested with mites (PWMP: *tuŋaw₁)

tuŋkábforced open; forced out of position (PWMP: *tu(ŋ)kab)

tuŋkiʔpoint; extremity; tip (as of the nose) (NOISE)

tuŋkódcane; walking stick; staff (PAN: *tuked)

tuŋkódcane; walking stick; staff (PAN: *tukud)

tuŋkólduty; responsibility; concern; obligation (PPH: *tuŋkúl)

tuŋkósbouquet of flowers; something wrapped up in cloth, paper or leaves; bundle of things tied together (PWMP: *tuŋkus)

tuŋkóʔtripod, three stones in an open fireplace roughly forming a kind of tripod to hold pots or other cooking containers (LOAN)

tuŋʔólpennant, banner, streamer (LOAN)

tuódstump (of tree), part of root left in soil (PAN: *tuqed)

Tagalog (3860 / 3999)

tupádact of fulfilling a duty, promise, etc.; compliance; accomplishment of what is required; pursuance; a carrying out (PPH: *tupád)

tupíʔfold; tuck; pleat or plait (a narrow fold in cloth) (PPH: *tupíq)

tupíʔfold, plait (< *-pici) (ROOT)

turókbe pierced (by a pointed instrument, as a pin, needle or the like) (PWMP: *te(n)duk)

túroŋnative hat made of nipa leaves (PMP: *tuduŋ)

túroʔinstruction; teaching; education; lesson; guidance; pointing at something or someone with finger, stick, or the like; act of directing someone to the place he wants to go; to direct; to indicate; to identify; to point out (PAN: *tuzuq₁)

túroʔinstruction; teaching; education (PMP: *tuzuq₂) *Cuzuq

turu-anto instruct in; to teach (emphasis on person); to educate; to enlighten; to school; to train; to discipline (PWMP: *tuzuq-an) *tuzuq₁

turu-túroʔa restaurant in which you point out what you desire from already cooked dishes (PMP: *tuzu-tuzuq) *tuzuq₁

túsokpiercing or perforating (PAN: *tusuk)

tútolearning; gaining knowledge or skill (LOAN)

tútokaim of a weapon; direction in which a weapon is pointed (PPH: *tútuk)

tútolobjection; protest; protestation; representation; an argument against some object or proposal; complaint; an appeal (in law) (PMP: *tutur₁)

tutóŋburnt rice sticking to the bottom of a pot (PMP: *tutuŋ)

tutópcovered with the hand; caught in the act, caught red-handed (PMP: *tutup₁)

tu-tulíearwax (PMP: *tuli₁) *Culi

tuwádbent down with head low and buttocks up or higher than head; upside-down (PWMP: *tuad)

tuwáŋsupported on both sides; carried by two, one on each side (PPH: *tuaŋ₂)

tuwáŋ-tuwáŋin pairs, as partners (PPH: *tuaŋ₂)

tuwásunbalanced; having one end heavier than the other (PWMP: *tuas)

Tagalog (3880 / 3999)

tuwas-ánto provide a weight on something equal to the weight of the other side to balance something (PWMP: *tuas)

tuwáʔjoy; gladness; happiness (PWMP: *tuaq)

tuwídstraight (PWMP: *tuq(e)lid)

tuwi-tuwia tree: Radermachera gigantea (Madulid 2001) (PWMP: *tui₂)

tuyóʔdry; not wet; arid (of land); dry, referring to weather; dried-up; withered, as leaves and flowers (LOAN)

tuʔáyleader of a group in a social function (Panganiban 1966) (PWMP: *tuqay)

úbakbark of tree (PWMP: *ubak)

úbangray hair (PMP: *quban) *qubaN

uban-into have gray hair (PWMP: *quban-en) *qubaN

úbispecies of yam, a root-crop, with flesh of violet color (PMP: *qubi)

úbodshoot of plants, palms, etc., as in ubod ng niyog shoot of coconut tree; core, the very center; the innermost or utter depths (PMP: *qubuj)

ubósall eaten, consumed or used up; all disposed of (PMP: *qubus)

úbosact of using up or consuming by eating, drinking, spending, etc. (PPH: *ubus)

udtónoon, noontime, midday (PPh: *ugtu)

ugákfoolish, stupid (ROOT)

ugáliʔpersonal conduct or behavior; habit; custom; tradition (PWMP: *ugaliq)

ugátroot; artery; vein; origin (PMP: *uRat) *huRaC

ugáʔact of shaking (a tree, house or some structure) (PWMP: *ugaq)

ugókrumbling sound (from the stomach or the bowels) (PMP: *e(ŋ)guk)

ugóŋroaring sound, hum, resonance (PWMP: *quRuŋ)

Tagalog (3900 / 3999)

úhawthirst (PMP: *quhaw) *quSaw

uháwthirsty (PMP: *quhaw) *quSaw

úhaystem of grain, stalk of rice (PPh: *quhay)

uháʔcry of the new-born infant (PWMP: *uhaq)

úhodcaterpillar, grub (PMP: *qulej)

úkaŋslow movements peculiar to the aged and the infirm (PWMP: *ukaŋ)

ukóʔwith head bowed low in decrepitude (PWMP: *ukuq)

ukóʔwith head bowed low in decrepitude (ROOT)

úlakreel, spool (PWMP: *ulak)

úlamwhat is eaten together with kánin: 'boiled rice', in the form of meat, fish or vegetables; viand; flesh, meat (PWMP: *qulam)

ulánrain (PMP: *quzan) *quzaN

uláŋlobster (PAN: *qudaŋ)

úlawdisturbed movement of upset stomach or intestines due to dizziness (seasickness or the like) or to unfavorable climate (PAN: *ulaw)

úlayintestinal worm, tapeworm (PWMP: *ulay₁)

úlayintestinal worm; tapeworm (NOISE)

ulayana tree: Lithocarpus spp. (Madulid 2001) (PPH: *ulayan)

uli-áneccentric (at dotage) (PWMP: *uliq-an) *uliq₁

ulik-ulikhesitant; uncertain; perplexed (NOISE)

ulílaorphan (PWMP: *ulila)

úliŋcharcoal; dirt (PAN: *qujiŋ)

Tagalog (3920 / 3999)

úlitrepetition, renewal of action (PWMP: *ulit)

ulíʔagain, once more (PMP: *uliq₁)

ulíʔ-ulíʔnext time (when the next opportunity comes round again) (PMP: *uliq uliq) *uliq₁

úlohead; principal part; top, tip of anything; front part (PMP: *qulu) *quluh

úlobflame that reaches up high (PWMP: *urub)

-um-verbal infix "used to express simple, single or general acts. (a) simple or single performance: bumása, to read; sumúlat, to write. (b) general acts, like the functions of nature and the natural acts of the human body: umulán, to rain; bumagyó, to storm; umáraw, (the sun) to shine; or tumiŋín, to look; sumakít, to become painful; tumakbó, to run; lumákad, to walk, to go." (Panganiban 1966). "verbs like bumagyó, formed with bases that designate natural conditions (cf. bagyó 'storm'), occur in topicless sentences ... Many of the bases that occur in intransitive -um- verbs also occur as the bases of ma- adjectives and the verbs, which may be called -um- VERBS OF 'BECOMING,' denote the acquisition of the quality expressed by the adjective." (Schachter and Otanes 1972:310). (PMP: *<um>) *-um-

um-abótto attain; to arrive at; to reach (PPH: *q<um>-ábut) *qábut

um-ágamorning (PPH: *ága)

um-agáh-into be overtaken by morning (PPH: *ága)

um-amínto own up; to confess (LOAN)

um-anákgive birth (PWMP: *um-anak) *aNak

umíspeechless due to shyness or embarrassment, shame, fear, etc. (PMP: *umel)

úmogto beat (a person) to helplessness (NOISE)

umpísdeflated (said of balloons or air-filled sacs) (PWMP: *umpis)

umpísdeflated (said of balloons and air-filled sacs) (< *-pes?) (ROOT)

umpóksmall group of persons, usually engaged in conversation (PWMP: *umpuk)

umpúk-ansmall group of persons, usually engaged in conversation (PWMP: *umpuk-an) *umpuk

um-ulánto rain (PMP: *q<um>uzan) *quzaN

um-uwíʔgo home (PMP: *um-uliq) *uliq₁

únafirst, prior; earliest (PMP: *unah)

Tagalog (3940 / 3999)

únafirst; foremost; coming before all others; earliest (PAN: *(q)uNah)

ún-anpillow (PMP: *qulun-an) *qulun₂

únatstraighten, smooth out, stretch out (something) (PPh: *uñat)

unat-ínstraightened, stretched out (PPh: *uñat-en) *uñat

undótact of falling back suddenly in surprise or fear (PWMP: *unzet)

unósvery strong wind with strong rain (PMP: *qunus)

untáytwisted (as is done to a rope) (PWMP: *quntay₂)

uŋásstupid, ignorant; ignoramus, nitwit (LOAN)

uŋáʔlowing of cattle (NOISE)

uŋkátact of recalling or bring up again (PWMP: *uŋkat)

úŋolgrumble, growl (PPh: *úŋur)

uŋósupper lip; proboscis (PWMP: *uŋus)

uŋótmumbling (PWMP: *uŋut)

úpakhusk, bark (of trees); sheathing (of banana plant) (PWMP: *upak₁)

úpawbaldness (PPH: *upaw)

upáwbald (PPH: *upaw)

úpawbald (NOISE)

upósconsumed down to the butt (as candles, cigarettes, cigars, or the like); down to the bottom; butt or stub (of candle, cigar, cigarette or the like) (PMP: *upus)

uráliʔdeceptive incitement, intrigue (PWMP: *udaliq)

usádeer, stag (PWMP: *uRsa)

Tagalog (3960 / 3999)

úsapconversation; conference, meeting; case in court, litigation; request for a favor; counsel, admonition, gossip, scandal (LOAN)

úsigpersecution; assiduous inquiry; who one is after (PAN: *qusiR)

usísaʔinquiry; investigation (LOAN)

úsoŋcarrying of a load by two or more persons at the same time (PMP: *qusuŋ)

usuŋ-áncooperative undertaking (PWMP: *usuŋ-an) *qusuŋ

útakbrain (LOAN)

útaŋdebt, account; indebtedness; loan (PMP: *qutaŋ)

utáscompletely terminated; dead; completely crazy (about something) (PWMP: *qutas)

utóŋteat (of breast); nipple (of milk bottle) (PWMP: *utuŋ)

útoscommand; order; mandate; edict; ordinance; law (PWMP: *utus₂)

utótflatus (PMP: *qetut)

utótwind from the anus, flatulence (PMP: *qutut)

útut-inone prone to expel wind from the anus frequently (PMP: *qetut)

utúʔ-utóʔsimpleton (NOISE)

uwákcrow, raven (PMP: *uak₁)

uwáya species of rattan (PAN: *quay)

uwi-ángo home to (a place or someone); take (something) home to (PWMP: *uliq-an) *uliq₁

uwíʔreturn home; to turn (a process, conversation or the like) into something unexpected (PMP: *uliq₁)

uysay! (an expression of admiration) (PMP: *uy)

uyótdisequilibrium (PWMP: *uyut₂)

Tagalog (3980 / 3999)

washoo! (to drive off pigs, etc.) (PAN: *ua₁)

washoo! (used in driving away pigs and other animals) (NOISE)

wagáspure; perfect; faithful, sincere (NOISE)

wagwágspecies of rice grain (PPh: *wagwág₁)

wagwágto dry (wet cloth) by shaking up; shake the dust off (clothes, mats, floor rugs, curtains, etc.); clean (cloth or the like) of dust, dirt, or soapsuds by shaking in water without rubbing (PPh: *wagwág₂)

wakásend; conclusion; finish (PPH: *wakas₂)

waksíget rid of something by jerking away the hand, foot, or body; renounce (PPh: *waksí)

walaŋ káyahelpless; not able to help oneself (PWMP: *kaya)

wala-ŋ-paŋ-ŋálannameless, having no name (PWMP: *paŋ-ŋaran) *ŋajan

wala-ŋ púsoʔheartless, merciless, unfeeling; cruel (PMP: *pusuq₁)

wálatbe destroyed (NOISE)

walátdestroyed (NOISE)

wálayseparate from; wean (a baby) from mother's breast (PAN: *waray)

waláʔnone, nothing; absent (PWMP: *wada-q) *wada

walísbroom (PPH: *walís)

walóeight (PAN: *walu)

wáluh-aneight for each; in groups of eight (PPh: *walu(h)-an) *walu

wasíwasflourish or wave to and fro (as a flag or the like) (PPh: *wasíwas)

waswásrinse (cloth) as finishing part of washing (PPh: *waswás₁)

wátawatflag, standard (PAN: *watawat)

Tagalog (4000 / 3999)

wáwaʔmouth of a river, delta (PPh: *wáqwaq)

wáwaʔmouth of a river, delta (NOISE)

wisíksprinkling or spraying of liquid (PPH: *wisik)

witwítwarning sign by means of shaking the index finger (PPh: *witwít₂)

yakála tree producing lumber of the first group: Hopea flagata (PPH: *yakál)

yámanwealth; riches; treasure (LOAN)

y-aríthis (PMP: *a-di) *-di

yáriaffair; event, an important happening; incident; occurrence (LOAN)

yátabsmall, short hand sickle for cutting rice stalks (PPH: *yátab)

yódoiodine (LOAN)

yokóʔa bending of the head or body; inclination; bending; bowing (PPH: *yukúq)

yukósbent (as a branch of a tree laden with fruit) (PPH: *yukús)

y<um>ugyógto shake up and down (esp. branches of trees) (PPH: *yugyúg)

yuŋyóŋto hang the head, look downward (PPH: *yuŋyúŋ)

Tagbanwa (177) WMP. see: Kalamian Tagbanwa

Tagol (41) WMP. see: Murut

687. Tahitian (4) OC [tah] French Polynesia

pariside (POC: *bali₇) *baliw₁

pariside (PCEMP: *pali₁) *pali

(v)au1sg. nominative pronoun: I (PAN: *aku)

ʔamuto eat (POC: *kamu₃) *kamu₂

688. Tajio (20) WMP (Himmelmann 2001) [tdj] Indonesia (Sulawesi)

asorafter (PMP: *kasaw₁)

bakecorpse (PWMP: *baŋkay)

fafipig (PAN: *babuy₃)

fuʔu nu usuʔ-rib (PAN: *Rusuk)

gimbaldrum (PWMP: *gimbal)

mo-nindesto crush lice (PMP: *tindes)

mu-luŋgurslack, loose (LOAN)

ntamato enter, go inside (PMP: *tama₂)

paŋga-lafaspider (PMP: *lawaq₂)

pasigsandbank (PWMP: *pasiR)

po-sabuŋto fight cocks (with artificial spurs) (PWMP: *sabuŋ₁)

puputo pick, pluck (PMP: *pupu₁)

saasnake (PMP: *sawa)

salubrook, stream (PWMP: *saluR)

si-ami1pl. excl., we (PAN: *ami)

si-itawe (plural incl.) (PAN: *k-ita) *ita₁

si-miu2pl., you all (PMP: *kamu-yu) *amu

sumpitblowgun (PMP: *sumpit)

tonuŋto weave cloth (PAN: *tenun)

tuutto follow (PWMP: *tuRut)

Takbanuad Bunun (2) Form.. see: Bunun (Takbanuad)

689. Takia (56) OC (Blust n.d. (1975)) [tbc] Papua New Guinea

aitree (POC: *kayu) *kaSiw

aiawbanyan (PEMP: *qayawan)

aŋarcanarium almond (POC: *kaŋaRi)

a-saufar (POC: *sauq₁) *zauq

a-sau-sauvery far (POC: *sauq sauq) *zauq

bolpig (POC: *boRok) *beRek

busonavel (POC: *pusoc) *pusej

dalpath, way, road (POC: *jalan) *zalan

dala-blood (POC: *draRaq) *daRaq

fudbanana (POC: *pudi) *punti₁

fu-fucough (POC: *pukuR)

fulbetel pepper: Piper betle (POC: *pu-pulu) *bu-bulu

fulbetel pepper: Piper betle (POC: *puqulu)

-g1sg possessive suffix; my (POC: *-gu) *-ku

isisismile, grin (NOISE)

karag-araga light southeast wind which appears as part of the initial development of the southeast trade in April (POC: *karak₁)

karakto creep, crawl (POC: *kaRaka)

kassmoke (POC: *kasu)

kaulime for betel chew (PMP: *kapuR)

kukshellfish: Anadara sp,; cockle shell (POC: *kukur) *kuDkuD

Takia (20 / 56)

ladcoral (POC: *laje)

lak nahigh up (na = local postposition) (POC: *laka₁)

la-tamadfood for a journey (la = ‘move away from speaker; go around the island’) (POC: *tamaji)

lomflood (POC: *loma)

lu-totfirefly (POC: *totop) *teptep

madalbandicoot (POC: *mwajar) *mansar

malreef, a chain of rocks, coral, or a ridge of sand at or near the surface of water (POC: *mwaloq)

malaeye (PMP: *mata) *maCa

mariroast on a fire (POC: *mwaRi)

motsnake (POC: *mwata)

nanpus (PMP: *nanaq) *naNaq

nattall timber tree with edible fruit (PMP: *ñatuq)

ŋudu-nose (PAN: *ŋusuq)

-padalgo astray, disappear (POC: *pajale)

-parstep, pace, tread on (POC: *paRas)

patstone (POC: *patu) *batux

pat-pathard, firm (POC: *patu₃) *patu₂

peinwoman (POC: *papine) *bahi

saokind of long tom (POC: *sao)

sarwagsea urchin (POC: *saRawaki)

Takia (40 / 56)

soklarge insect, prickly, with six legs, eaten (POC: *sakwa)

suilcockatoo sp. (POC: *supiri)

sultorch (PMP: *suluq)

ta-we (plural incl.), subject prefix (PAN: *ita₁)

tanearth, soil (POC: *tanoq) *taneq

tokquiet (POC: *toka₃) *tekas

tousugarcane (POC: *na topu) *tebuS

toulconch shell trumpet (POC: *tapuRi) *tabuRi

tuluknee (POC: *tapuRi) *tabuRi

tuluknee (PCEMP: *turu₁)

ulbreadfruit (PMP: *kuluR)

uritoctopus (PMP: *kuRita) *guRiCa

utlouse (PMP: *kutu₁) *kuCux

u-tolthree (PEMP: *tolu) *telu

wakpandanus (POC: *pakum)

wogcanoe (POC: *waga) *waŋka

Takituduh Bunun (39) Form.. see: Bunun (Takituduh)

690. Takuu (44) OC

ahifire (POC: *api) *Sapuy

aituspirit, ghost taxon (PMP: *qanitu) *qaNiCu

ateliver (PMP: *qatay) *qaCay

haistingray (POC: *paRi) *paRiS

hatustone (POC: *patu) *batux

hirito choose, select (PAN: *piliq)

hutibanana (POC: *pudi) *punti₁

ikafish (PEMP: *ikan) *Sikan

ilabirthmark (PMP: *qila)

kaito eat (POC: *kani) *kaen

kai taeexclamation of frustration or contempt: Eat shit! (POC: *taqe₂) *taqay

kaosmall thin wading bird resembling a heron (POC: *kao)

kau te natuedible fruit of this tree [natu] (PMP: *ñatuq)

kiepandanus species used for conducting ritual and decorative ornaments (POC: *kiRe) *kiRay

kiriskin (POC: *kulit) *kuliC

kivibird taxon: Pacific Golden Plover [Pluvialis fulva]; Mongolian Plover [Charadrius mongolia]; Wandering Tattler [Tringa incana] (POC: *kiwiwi)

kurubreadfruit tree and fruit (PMP: *kuluR)

lalobelow, underneath, down (POC: *ralom) *dalem

lanisky; weather (PMP: *laŋit) *laŋiC

manacrisp sounding thunder (as in an electrical storm) (POC: *mana₂)

Takuu (20 / 44)

mataeye, face; front; point, blade (PMP: *mata) *maCa

mataraw, uncooked (PMP: *ma-hataq) *hataq

mateto die; death; corpse (PMP: *atay) *aCay

motu(of a cord) severed, cut short, cut off; (POC: *motus)

natua tree in wide use for making paddles, and also stools: Madhuca obovata (PMP: *ñatuq)

nihotooth (POC: *nipon) *nipen

nuicoconut (PMP: *niuR)

rimafive (PAN: *lima)

ruatwo (POC: *rua) *duSa

siviChalcopsitta cardinalis (POC: *sipi)

suisucceed to a position, replace, change (POC: *suRi₂)

taeexcrement, feces, shit (POC: *taqe₂) *taqay

taisea, tide, sea water (PMP: *tasik)

tarotaro (general term) (POC: *talos) *tales

tautuporcupine fish (PMP: *taRutuŋ)

tukito pound (taro, etc.) (POC: *tutuk₂) *tuktuk₃

tunuto cook on hot coals, to roast (PMP: *tunu) *CuNuh

tuu taeink of an octopus or cuttlefish, sepia (POC: *taqe₂) *taqay

uarain (POC: *qusan) *quzaN

uaneck (POC: *Ruqa)

Takuu (40 / 44)

uhiyam (PMP: *qubi)

umuearth oven (PMP: *qumun)

uufemale breast (PAN: *susu₁)

vakacanoe (POC: *waga) *waŋka

691. Talantang Dusun (1) WMP [aka: Dusun (Talantang)]

dooblique case marker for common nouns (PMP: *daₐ) *da₁

692. Talaud (36) WMP (Sneddon 1984) [tld] Indonesia (Sulawesi)

akkesword grass:Imperata cylindrica (PMP: *eRiq)

alappato get, fetch (PAN: *alap)

alloday (PMP: *qalejaw)

allo mata (< *əluq)tears (PMP: *luheq) *luSeq

ammericeplant, rice in the field (PMP: *hemay) *Semay

anaʔachild (PMP: *anak) *aNak

annumasix (PAN: *enem)

aŋinnawind (PMP: *haŋin)

apawhat? (PMP: *apa₁)

appatafour (PMP: *epat) *Sepat

arechin (PMP: *qazay)

assaone (PAN: *esa)

ateliver (PMP: *qatay) *qaCay

atupparoof (PMP: *qatep)

avaʔabody (PMP: *hawak) *Sawak

avuash (PMP: *qabu)

bakkunew (PMP: *baqeRu) *baqeRuh

bisittacalf of the leg (PMP: *bities)

daḷannapath, road (PMP: *zalan)

liʔuddaback (PAN: *likud)

Talaud (20 / 36)

nipithin (PMP: *nipis) *Nipis

raḷummadeep (PMP: *dalem)

roŋŋaleaf (PMP: *dahun)

sampeto hang on rope (PMP: *sampay₁) *sapay

sipittato nip, pinch (PAN: *sipit)

sužudato push (PPH: *suRud)

talluthree (PAN: *telu)

tallukaegg (PMP: *qateluR)

timbulasmoke (PWMP: *timbul)

tutubbato close (of door, etc.) (PMP: *tutub)

tužutato follow, obey (PWMP: *tuRut)

utuhead louse (PMP: *kutu₁) *kuCux

užasato wash hands (PMP: *huRas) *SuRas

vavinwoman (PMP: *ba-b<in>ahi) *bahi

žamissato knead, massage (PAN: *Rames)

žamuttaroot (PMP: *Ramut₁)

693. Talise (28) OC (Tryon and Hackman 1983) [tlr] Solomon Islands

ča sa-ŋ-atuone hundred (PMP: *sa-ŋa-Ratus) *RaCus

γalat-iato bite (POC: *kaRati) *kaRaC

garaŋinear (POC: *karaŋi)

γeli-ato dig (PCEMP: *keli)

gusuverat (POC: *kusupe)

i-seiwho? (PMP: *i-sei) *

lamu-naroot (PMP: *Ramut₁)

laŋirain (PMP: *laŋit) *laŋiC

laospider (PMP: *lawaq₂)

lavabig (POC: *lapat₁)

maand (PAN: *maS)

maiand (PMP: *mai)

mailileft side (POC: *mawiRi) *wiRi

manaand (POC: *mana)

ma-tipithin (PMP: *tipis)

mbinahornbill (POC: *binam)

ndaniday (POC: *raqani) *daqaNi

ŋutulouse (POC: *ŋutu)

pila-pilalightning (POC: *bila₂)

pukato fall (POC: *puka)

Talise (20 / 28)

sau-nafar (POC: *sauq₁) *zauq

savawhat? (PMP: *sapa)

tinae-guts (PMP: *t<in>aqi) *Caqi

tovusugarcane (POC: *na topu) *tebuS

tualiold (of things or persons) (POC: *tuaRi)

vaolu-nanew (PEMP: *baqoRu) *baqeRuh

vučibanana (POC: *pudi) *punti₁

vuruto burn (POC: *pururuŋ)

694. Talur (42) CMP (Taber 1993)

ai-hua-nfruit (PMP: *buaq)

ai-mahusmoke (PCMP: *masu)

ai-ronleaf (PCEMP: *daun) *dahun

ai-rui-nthorn (PMP: *duRi)

ai-ʔamotroot (PMP: *Ramut₁)

ai-ʔuntree (PMP: *puqun)

alasforest (PMP: *halas) *Salas

aninwind (PMP: *haŋin)

asudog (PAN: *asu₁)

atusone hundred (PMP: *Ratus) *RaCus

gamiwe (excl.) (PAN: *k-ami) *ami

g-aʔuI (PAN: *aku)

gitawe (incl.) (PAN: *k-ita) *ita₁

goyou (PMP: *kahu) *kaSu

hatustone (PMP: *batu) *batux

heni-nnight (PMP: *beRŋi)

hulanmoon (PMP: *bulan₃) *bulaN

ilivillage (PMP: *hili)

i-limafive (PAN: *lima)

in-haʔatfour (PMP: *epat) *Sepat

Talur (20 / 42)

i-ruatwo (PMP: *duha) *duSa

i-teluthree (PAN: *telu)

iʔanfish (PMP: *hikan) *Sikan

iʔu-ntail (PAN: *ikuR)

lelosun (PMP: *qalejaw)

lorsea (PCEMP: *laur) *lahud

manubird (PMP: *manuk)

manu-telu-negg (PMP: *qateluR)

meared (PCEMP: *meRaq) *ma-iRaq

metanblack (PCEMP: *ma-qitem, ma-qetem) *qitem

namumosquito (PMP: *ñamuk)

nococonut (PMP: *niuR)

nusaisland (PMP: *nusa₁)

obamboo (PMP: *qauR)

panashot (PMP: *panas₁)

p-lahomouse, rat (PAN: *labaw₁)

reaearth (PAN: *daReq)

tunuto burn (PMP: *tunu) *CuNuh

uarattan (PAN: *quay)

usanrain (PMP: *quzan) *quzaN

Talur (40 / 42)

utulouse (PMP: *kutu₁) *kuCux

wewater (PCEMP: *waiR) *wahiR

Tamako Sangir (2) WMP. see: Sangir (Tamako)

Tamalakaw Puyuma (220) Form.. see: Puyuma (Tamalakaw)

695. Tamambo (7) OC (Tryon 1976)

dono-mito swallow (POC: *toñom)

harahato crawl (of child) (POC: *kaRaka)

hatouhermit crab (POC: *katou)

sulatiearthworm (POC: *sulati)

voja-ito strike, slap (POC: *pwajaR)

vovo-mbofirefly (regarded as little devils, and avoided) (POC: *qali-popot) *qali-petpet

vulu-vulu i mataeyelashes (POC: *pulu qi mata) *bulu₁

696. Tambotalo (5) OC (Tryon 1976) [tls] Vanuatu

iko2sg., you (POC: *iko) *kaSu

natuaright hand (PMP: *ma-taqu₂) *taqu

sal-salefloat (POC: *sale sale)

sa-ŋa-vuluten (PMP: *sa-ŋa-puluq) *puluq

uariroot (PEMP: *wakaR-i) *wakaR

697. Tambunan Dusun (2) WMP [aka: Dusun (Tambunan)]

d-aton1pl in oblique (Jason Lobel p.c.) (PMP: *aten) *iten

d-atoʔ1dl in oblique (Jason Lobel p.c.) (PWMP: *ateq)

698. Tami (8) OC [tmy] Papua New Guinea

gala-galringworm (POC: *karak₂)

jojoŋa cork; to cork (POC: *joŋjoŋ) *seŋseŋ

ka-marker of edible possession (POC: *kana-)

kapigrose apple, Syzygium malaccense (POC: *kapika)

maŋiŋsour, acetous (POC: *maŋiŋi)

toŋto swallow (POC: *toŋol)

tuka-tukbone (POC: *tuqa₂)

y-alipcanarium almond (POC: *(q)alipa)

699. Tamuan (2) WMP (Hudson 1967) [xdy] (Malayic Dayak) Indonesia (Kalimantan)

ba-liŋkouto turn (PAN: *likaw)

bawi bnuadomesticated pig (PMP: *babuy banua) *babuy₃

Tanan Rukai (11) Form.. see: Rukai (Tanan)

Tandai (29) OC. see: Ghari

700. Tanga (106) OC (Bell 1977) [tgg] (Tangga) Papua New Guinea [aka: Tangga]

an uta louse (PMP: *kutu₁) *kuCux

asaname, either personal or common; who? (POC: *acan) *ajan

aːsemthe Lygodium creeper; a circlet of this creeper was placed around a widow's ankle and called pan-ta:m-en-bo 'leaf-which makes taboo-the eating of-pig'; a belt of the vine, worn by women; a double bow was made at the hip and within each loop of the bow a bundle of scented leaves was placed, and the two loops were pulled tight (POC: *qasam) *qaRsam

atofthe leaf of the sago palm, principally used as roofing material (POC: *qatop) *qatep

atunlarge fish, too large to catch with ordinary fishing gear (POC: *qatun)

auwood, timber (POC: *kayu) *kaSiw

balpigeon (POC: *baluc) *baRuj

balbelly, abdomen (NOISE)

bekthe flying fox (Pteropus), the totem animal of the Pulim clan (POC: *bweka)

beushark (POC: *bakewak)

bopig (POC: *boRok) *beRek

buareca nut (POC: *buaq)

buamons veneris (NOISE)

buelmountain (NOISE)

bulutbirdlime (POC: *bulut) *pulut

bumburub the areca nut along the teeth; lit. to paint with an areca nut (POC: *bubu₅)

butohis umbilicus (POC: *buto)

buto-ŋmy umbilicus (POC: *buto)

bututrump portion of a cooked pig (POC: *buntut₂) *buntut

daanwater (POC: *ranum) *daNum

Tanga (20 / 106)

ef-eflate afternoon (PAN: *Rabi-Rabi) *Rabiqi

ento eat; feast (POC: *kani) *kaen

eteliver or solar plexus, the seat of the emotions (PMP: *qatay) *qaCay

fa:susto nurse a baby, give the breast to (PAN: *pa-susu) *susu₁

fa:tstone; piece of dead coral; generic for certain discs of clam shell which the Tanga make and use as tokens of value (POC: *patu) *batux

faapandanus (POC: *padran) *paŋudaN

faaflower part (POC: *papaq₃) *babaq₁

festingray (POC: *paRi) *paRiS

fiwild taro (POC: *piRaq₂) *biRaq₁

fifin ~ fifin-fuwoman, adult female (POC: *papine) *bahi

filbuy, pay for (POC: *pili) *bili

fiscanoe paddle, paddle stroke (POC: *pose) *beRsay

fitkunai grass: Imperata cylindrica (POC: *pitu₂) *bitu

fitolto hunger; in a state of hunger; hungry (POC: *pitolon)

fukthump (noise made by a falling body) (POC: *puk₁) *buk

funsea turtle, turtle shell (POC: *poñu) *peñu Tanga

fusto shoot, as with a sling (POC: *pusuR) *busuR₂

futfish poison derived from the seed of the Barringtonia asiatica (POC: *putun₁) *butun

iffire (POC: *api) *Sapuy

ifaː-kalikWB, ZH (m.s.), MBS (m.s.), FZS (m.s) (POC: *ipaR-) *hipaR

Tanga (40 / 106)

ifa-ŋHZ, BW (w.s.), FZD (w.s.) (POC: *ipaR-) *hipaR

imtall shrub with many stalks, the leaves of which provide wrapping material for a corpse prior to burial (PCEMP: *ima₂)

iuspear (POC: *iu₂)

iutwo (NOISE)

k’-tulthree (PEMP: *tolu) *telu

k’-tul-‘n-samfulthirty (POC: *tolu-ŋa-puluq) *telu

kam(u)2pl., you all (PMP: *kamu₂) *amu

kataluegg; testicle (POC: *qatoluR) *qateluR

kekeleg, foot (POC: *qaqe) *qaqay

kel-totfirefly (POC: *totop) *teptep

kem1pl. excl., we, us (PAN: *k-ami) *ami

kemem1pl. excl., we all, all of us (POC: *kamami) *ami

kinwhite sand (POC: *qone) *qenay

kinitcorpse; bush spirit or ghost (PMP: *qanitu) *qaNiCu

kipillarge hardwood tree (PMP: *qipil)

k-siunine (PMP: *siwa) *Siwa

kukacrayfish; ritual form of the ordinary word for crayfish (POC: *kuka)

kulufully grown drinking coconut (POC: *kulu₂)

kum-lawspiderweb (PMP: *lawaq₂)

kwitcuttlefish, small octopus (PMP: *kuRita) *guRiCa

Tanga (60 / 106)

laeginger, Zingiber officinale (PMP: *laqia)

liksmall, little (POC: *rikit) *dikit

lotabscess (POC: *loto₂)

-m2sg. possessor, your (PMP: *-mu)

maand, conjunction; sometimes expressed as ‘m’; always used as a substantival connective, never used between verbs (PAN: *maS)

ma:liplace, dancing square within the confines of every village settlement (POC: *malaqe)

ma:tukfully developed adult male who has reached years of discretion, not an old man, not a youth; husband (POC: *matuqa) *tuqaS

ma:tuk suksukvery old man or woman (POC: *matuqa) *tuqaS

malbark cloth, and especially the inner bark of the breadfruit tree, beaten and used as cloth, although many other species are used; mourning band of bark cloth worn around the neck or on the upper arm by female mourners (PCEMP: *malaw)

mal-malshoulder sling for carrying a baby, made of bark cloth (PCEMP: *malaw)

mangeneric term for all species of birds; totem species, either bird or animal (POC: *manuk)

mataeye; face; the front of anything; the pointed end of anything (as a spear); forehead; leader (of a raiding party); center of an exterior surface, not the interior of anything (PMP: *mata) *maCa

metdie; affix with a superlative adverbial effect: completely, very, utter, too much (POC: *mate) *aCay

-mu2dl. possessor, the two of your’s (PMP: *-mu)

na:ffathom, length (POC: *ŋapa₁)

nima-hand (PAN: *qalima)

oyou, thou, 2sg. (POC: *ko) *kaSu

olohair (NOISE)

oŋto hear (POC: *roŋoR) *deŋeR

pāthunder (POC: *parara)

Tanga (80 / 106)

palsmall house or shed; canoe shed; storehouse for ritual gifts of food (POC: *pale) *balay

palalbald; baldness; a bald-headed man (POC: *palala)

parurpalolo worm: Palolo viridus (LOAN)

pillightning (POC: *pilak₂) *bilak₁

pillightning (POC: *bila₂)

pisto emit wind (POC: *pisi₂)

pokto cut down or cut off (something), and by extension to ‘construct’ (something) with that which has been cut off (POC: *poki)

pok palaŋto clear clumps of bamboo and other low scrub from a garden site (POC: *poki)

sawhat? (PMP: *sapa)

samoutrigger (float) (POC: *saman) *saRman

sewho?, what? (PMP: *sei) *

sisicicada (POC: *sisi(rR))

sulto cook, to singe (POC: *sulu₁)

sus(u)breasts (PAN: *susu₁)

tabunritually restricted (used in reference to the immediate environs of a funeral house of a certain clan --- only members of that clan may walk on this ground) (POC: *tabuna)

taŋto weep, cry (PMP: *taŋis) *Caŋis

tessaltwater (PMP: *tasik)

tibu-grandparent (listed only in the English index) (POC: *tibu₂) *impu₂

tina-M (ref.) (PMP: *t-ina) *ina

tureal, actual (PMP: *tuqu₂)

Tanga (100 / 106)

tuaback (of a human being or any large animal) (POC: *tuqa₁)

tufsugarcane (POC: *na topu) *tebuS

tulalflute, made from a special type of bamboo (funfis), and played by both sexes (PMP: *tulali) *tulani

tun-tunhot (water, weather) (POC: *tunu tunu) *CuNuh

ura:tspecies of tall tree (one type grows in the bush and another on the beach); the root gives a strong red dye (POC: *kurat)

waŋoutrigger canoe of dugout type (POC: *waga) *waŋka

Tangga (106) OC. see: Tanga

701. Tangoa (16) OC (Tryon 1976) [tgp] Vanuatu

alosun (POC: *qalo₁)

asusmoke (PMP: *qasu₃)

atuhither (PMP: *a-tu) *-Cu

huriskin (POC: *kulit) *kuliC

inuto drink (PMP: *inum)

m̈atedie; dead (POC: *mate) *aCay

mo-toluthree (PEMP: *tolu) *telu

ŋ-isawhen? (PMP: *ŋa-ijan) *ijan

rixi-rixismall (POC: *rikiq) *dikiq

salefloat (POC: *sale sale)

taun-iyear (PMP: *taqun)

te-excrement (POC: *taqe₂) *taqay

tine-guts (POC: *tinaqe) *taqay

turuto stand (POC: *turu₂)

vuhotomorrow (POC: *puko)

xiteto see (PAN: *kita₂) *kita

Tanimbili (2) OC. see: Utupua

702. Tanjong (2) WMP (Ray 1913) [kxn] (Melanau, Kanowit-Tanjong) Malaysia (Sarawak)

balatbanana (NEAR)

balatbanana (NOISE)

703. Taokas (24) Form. [bzq] (Babuza) Taiwan

ahaone (PAN: *asa₁) *asa

ayamother (PAN: *aya₂)

banuncypress tree (PAN: *baŋun₁) *baŋun

ianto sit (PAN: *ian₂)

mapusantwenty (PAN: *ma-puSaN) *puSaN

masaeye (PAN: *maCa)

ma-tanared (PAN: *taNah)

ma-tanared (LOAN)

m-uhato go, leave (PAN: *um-uSa) *uSa

pig-ianto sit (PAN: *ian₂)

putanavel (PAN: *puja)

ruatwo (PAN: *duSa)

saninaear (PAN: *Caliŋa)

shupafour (PAN: *Sepat)

takishsword (PAN: *takis)

tamatiron (PAN: *Namat)

tavid//tavitfar (PAN: *dawiN)

taxablood (PAN: *daRaq)

temadato hear (PAN: *tumaNa)

timusalt (PAN: *timu)

Taokas (20 / 24)

um-anto eat (PAN: *k<um>aen) *kaen

vukushbeard (PAN: *bukeS)

yoorange (PAN: *iuk)

yuŋaymonkey (PAN: *uŋay)

Tape (4) OC (Tryon 1976)

n-etree (POC: *kayu) *kaSiw

nə-xārətstinging nettle (POC: *karat₂)

ni-saɣbanana (POC: *saku₃)

vedo, make, cause (POC: *pait) *bait₂

704. Tapuh (2) WMP [sdo] (Bidayuh, Bukar-Sadong) Malaysia (Sarawak)

bebaʔmouth (PMP: *beqbeq)

emaŋfather (PMP: *amá-ŋ) *amax

705. Tarakan (11) WMP (Beech 1908) [tid] (Tidong) Indonesia (Kalimantan)

atudknee (PMP: *tuhud) *tuduS

ba-bakagroot (PMP: *wakaR)

buyubetel pepper (PWMP: *buyuq)

i-akaelder sibling (PWMP: *aka)

ka-sabayto arrive (Beech 1908:61) (PWMP: *sabay₂)

kulanpot (PAN: *kuden)

milito choose (PWMP: *ma-miliq) *piliq

ŋ-atadsend (PWMP: *maŋ-hateD) *SateD

padauboat (PWMP: *padaw)

panohfull (PAN: *peNuq)

taunforest (PMP: *tuqan)

Tarikukuri (7) OC. see: Vaghua

Taroko, Truku (41) Form.. see: Seediq

706. Tarpia (28) OC [tpf] Indonesia (Papua)

danwater (POC: *ranum) *daNum

dauleaf (PEMP: *raun) *dahun

kaitree (POC: *kayu) *kaSiw

kamyou (plural) (PMP: *kamu₂) *amu

kuruskin (POC: *kulit) *kuliC

kuruʔoctopus (PMP: *kuRita) *guRiCa

kuʔlouse (PMP: *kutu₁) *kuCux

-maito come (POC: *maRi) *aRi

manbird (POC: *manuk)

matasharp tooth (PMP: *mata) *maCa

-panto shoot (PAN: *panaq)

piki-vagina (PAN: *puki)

pooar, paddle (POC: *pose) *beRsay

porpig (POC: *boRok) *beRek

-punto kill (POC: *punuq₃) *buNuq₂

purufeather (POC: *pulu₃) *bulu₁

rimfive (PAN: *lima)

tama-father (PMP: *t-amax) *amax

tarni-ear (POC: *taliŋa) *Caliŋa

tawahusband (PAN: *qasawa)

Tarpia (20 / 28)

taya-name (POC: *acan) *ajan

torthree (PEMP: *tolu) *telu

tormountain (POC: *solos)

wairiver (PCEMP: *waiR) *wahiR

wakaroot (PMP: *wakaR)

warrope (POC: *waRoc) *waRej

yapfire (POC: *api) *Sapuy

yate-dauliver (PMP: *qatay) *qaCay

707. Tasiriki (3) OC (Tryon 1976)

komam1pl. excl. focal and object, we, us (POC: *kamami) *ami

lo-lososwim (POC: *loso-loso)

seiwho? (PMP: *sei) *

708. Tasmate (5) OC (Tryon 1976)

-ku1sg possessive suffix: my (POC: *-gu) *-ku

n-iko2sg., you (POC: *iko) *kaSu

pituseven (PAN: *pitu₁) *pitu

seiwho? (PMP: *sei) *

tsiwanine (PMP: *siwa) *Siwa

Tasmate (21) OC. see: Cape Cumberland

709. Tatana (23) WMP

abuash (PMP: *qabu)

aki ~ yakigrandfather (PAN: *aki)

aladwing (PMP: *qelad₂)

apuyfire (PMP: *hapuy) *Sapuy

batiscalf of the leg (PAN: *beties)

daanbranch (PMP: *daqan₁) *daqan

daaʔblood (PAN: *daRaq)

dioblique case marker for singular personal names (PAN: *di)

ina-yaunt (PMP: *iná-i) *ina

i-saywho? (PMP: *i-sai) *sai

kumutblanket (PWMP: *kumut)

likudback (of the body) (PAN: *likud)

ma-gayobig (PAN: *Raya)

manukbird (PMP: *manuk)

mo-ŋokotto bite (PWMP: *ketket)

nugenitive case marker for common nouns (PAN: *nu₃)

pa(m)-piŋilankle (PWMP: *piŋil)

piakbaby chick (PAN: *piak)

poothigh (PAN: *paqa₁)

ributwind (PMP: *ribut)

Tatana (20 / 23)

sudaycomb (PWMP: *sunday)

titiʔfemale breast (PMP: *titiq)

utokbrain (PMP: *hutek)

710. Tau’t Batu (1) WMP

dugyandurian, Durio graveolens Becc. (PWMP: *duRi-an) *duRi

711. Tausug (790) WMP (Hassan, Ashley and Ashley 1994) [tsg] Philippines

abata mild illness caused by evil spirits or dead people (usually a headache with fever that is cured by simply uttering some magic verses to drive away the evil spirits) (PPh: *abat₂)

akkalintellect, intelligence, wisdom, ability (LOAN)

akkal-unto use one’s mind, wisdom, intellect (to do something) (LOAN)

akuh1sg. nominative pronoun: I (PAN: *aku)

alimatukleech-like creature that lives on mangrove trees (PWMP: *qali-matek) *-matek

aluma bruise (black and blue spot on the body) (PMP: *alem)

ambawrat, mouse (NOISE)

anadtrained, accustomed to (PPH: *anad)

andumcloud (dark) (ROOT)

apa payhusk of rice (PMP: *qapah)

atisAnnona squamosa, sweetsop, sugar apple (LOAN)

atissweetsop, sugar apple: Annona squamosa (LOAN)

awayan emphatic refusal (to do something); no! (shouted by someone who is very angry) (PPH: *áway)

ayaterm of respect for male nobility (sultan, datuq) of the same generation as one's father (including father); hence: father, uncle (PMP: *aya₂)

ba-baia woman, female (applies particularly to humans, but is sometimes used of animals or plants) (PAN: *ba-bahi) *bahi

bāgunvine (PWMP: *balaRen)

bahugimmerse cooked food in liquid, as cooked rice in soup, gravy, milk or water (PWMP: *bahuR)

bahug-animmerse cooked food in liquid (PWMP: *bahuR-an) *bahuR

bahuʔbad odor, stench, smell (PMP: *bahuq)

bakaʔ-bakaʔa deep, wide-mouthed, oval-shaped basket made of rattan or similar material, with a string fastened on the sides and with a cover, usually carried on the back by a harvester (PWMP: *bakaq-bakaq)

Tausug (20 / 790)

bakkawRhizophora spp., mangrove (PWMP: *bakehaw)

bakula big basket with a cover (PWMP: *bakul₁) *bakul

balaʔmisfortune, affliction, plague (PMP: *bajaq₂) *bajaq

balunuga tree: Buchanania arborescens (Bl.) Anacardiaceae (Madulid 2001) (PMP: *balunuR)

balunutMangifera caesia Jack ex Wall. Anacardiaceae (Madulid 2001) (NEAR)

bantaenemy, foe, adversary (PWMP: *bantaq)

baŋkaya corpse, (dead human) body (PWMP: *baŋkay)

baŋkaʔa one-piece dugout canoe with or without outriggers (PMP: *baŋkaq)

baŋkaʔ-unto ride in a canoe, travel by canoe (PMP: *baŋkaq)

baŋkuduMorinda bracteata Roxb. (Madulid 2001) (PWMP: *baŋkudu)

bapaʔUncle, Dad, Sir (respectful term of address for an uncle, stepfather but not one’s own father, and any man appropriately a generation older than the speaker (LOAN)

bastuna cane (for support in walking) (LOAN)

bātlarge sea cucumber, trepang (PPh: *balát)

bataŋtrunk of a tree, log, stalk of a plant (PMP: *bataŋ) *bataŋ₁

bataŋ-ancrosspiece fastened across a canoe to support and balance the outriggers (PWMP: *bataŋ-an) *bataŋ₁

batustone, rock, pebble (PMP: *batu) *batux

batu-hunto stone something (PWMP: *batu-en) *batux

bayada payment (PMP: *bayaD)

bayad-anto pay (a debt of money, gratitude, etc.) (PMP: *bayaD)

buboga tall forest tree: Sterculia foetida (PMP: *bubuR₃)

Tausug (40 / 790)

buggusa tree: Acalypha amentacea Roxb. (PPH: *beRus)

buhaŋinsand (PWMP: *buhaŋin)

bukuga bone (PWMP: *bekeR₁) *bekeR

bukunnegator of nominals (PWMP: *beken)

bulan puasafasting month for Muslims (LOAN)

buliʔbuttocks (PMP: *buliq₂)

busaywaterfall (PWMP: *besay)

buta-butaa tree: Excoecaria agallocha L. (Madulid 1999) (PWMP: *buta buta₂) *buta buta

buudmountain (PMP: *bulud₃) *buled₁

buudmountain (PWMP: *bulud₂)

daanold (in the sense of worn, out-of-date, out of fashion, as of cloth, clothes, shoes, books, or houses) (PMP: *daqan₂) *daqaN

daan-unto cause something to be old or worn out (esp. by constant wearing, as clothes or shoes) (PMP: *daqan₂) *daqaN

dāgamaiden girl, adolescent girl in puberty stage (may also be spoken of some animals) (PWMP: *da-daRa) *daRa₂

dagatsea, ocean, ocean water (PMP: *daRat)

dahuna leaf (of plants and trees) (PMP: *dahun)

dalimaʔpomegranate: Punica granatum L. (LOAN)

daliŋflange; buttress of a tree; comb (of a cock) (PWMP: *daliŋ)

dānway, road, trail, street, path (PMP: *zalan)

dān-anthe cause (of something), course of events leading up to (something) (PMP: *zalan)

daŋdaŋto broil or roast something (as fish) on the embers, as meat or fish (PMP: *daŋdaŋ₁) *daŋdaŋ

Tausug (60 / 790)

daŋdaŋ-unbe broiled or roasted on the embers (PWMP: *daŋdaŋ-en) *daŋdaŋ

dapit(pertaining to direction) at the side of (PWMP: *dapit)

dapit(pertaining to direction) at the side of (PWMP: *dapít)

datagflat, level (as a piece of land) (PAN: *dataR)

datuŋto arrive (PMP: *dateŋ)

datuŋ-anto be a recipient, be attacked or beset (by something, as a disease, fear, laziness); place where someone stays upon arrival (as a house, hotel, or apartment); a person or body to which a (court) case is brought or referred (PWMP: *dateŋ-an) *dateŋ

datu-ʔprince, any male member of a royal family; a rank bestowed on certain people (PMP: *datu)

dawamillet, a cereal grass grown in Jolo and available in the market; Italian millet (Setaria italica) (PAN: *zawa₂)

daʔpugto set fire to (speech of the interior) (PMP: *dapuR₁)

dilaʔtongue (PMP: *dilaq₁)

diʔno, not; negates predicates which have not begun aspect verbs as heads (DiɁ aku ma-bayaɁ kay-mu ‘I don’t like you’, etc.) (PPh: *diq)

dugua corner, a place behind (something); to do something in secret, in a corner (PWMP: *zuRu)

duguʔblood; one's life; a blood relative (PMP: *zuRuq)

duguʔ-unto experience menstruation (PMP: *zuRuq)

dukutburnt rice (at the bottom of the rice pot) (PMP: *deket₁) *dekeC

dukut(for a flammable substance) to ignite or be ignited (PWMP: *deket₂) *deket₁

dulaŋa tray laden with food (PPH: *dulaŋ)

dulaŋa tray laden with food (LOAN)

dulawturmeric, an East Indian herb of the ginger family: Curcuma longa (PPH: *dulaw)

dūmnight (as opposed to day) (PMP: *delem)

Tausug (80 / 790)

d<um>agitfor a bird of prey to seize or snatch something (PPH: *daRit)

dūm-anto be overtaken by the night (PMP: *delem)

d<um>apugto set fire to, ignite (something) (PPH: *d<um>apuR) *dapuR₁

d<um>atuŋto arrive; to appeal a court case (PWMP: *d<um>ateŋ) *dateŋ

d<um>ukutto stick to and get burnt; (for ink, pencil lead) to adhere to a surface (PWMP: *d<um>eket) *dekeC

d<um>uŋugto listen, hear, pay attention to or take heed (by listening) (PWMP: *d<um>eŋeR) *deŋeR

d<um>uwato ride on the same conveyance with another person (PPH: *d<um>uhá) *duSa

duŋugto listen, hear, pay attention to or take heed (by listening) (PMP: *deŋeR)

duŋug-unto listen (PPH: *deŋeR-en) *deŋeR

dupaan armspan (a measure of length or depth) (PAN: *depah)

duruʔbreast (PWMP: *duduq)

duwatwo (PMP: *duha) *duSa

duwa-ruwaundecided, vacillating (PMP: *duha duha₂) *duSa

duwa-unto be in twos, (do something) in twos, use two (of something) (PMP: *duha-en) *duSa

duyuŋa large, somewhat whale-like tropical mammal; mermaid (PMP: *duyuŋ₂)

gabukrotten, crumbling, turned to dust (as wood eaten by termites) (PMP: *Rabuk)

gabuk-unto rot, crumble (PMP: *Rabuk)

gabuncloud (PMP: *Rabun)

gakitbanded with continuous winding with overlapping ends not joined together (PMP: *Rakit)

gamuta root (of a tree or plant) (PMP: *Ramut₁)

Tausug (100 / 790)

gapus-unto tie, bind (as a cow to be butchered; grasp (someone) and hold firmly, esp. one who resists (PWMP: *Rapus-en) *Rapus

gasathe mantle (of a pressure lamp or an Aladdin lamp) (LOAN)

gataŋ-gataŋa plamt: Spilanthes iabadicensis (LOAN)

gatasmilk (PMP: *Ratas₂)

gatas-unfor a woman to begin to lactate (PMP: *Ratas₂)

gataʔemulsion of coconut (a liquid preparation resembling milk obtained by soaking fresh grated coconut in water and then squeezing out the juice) (PWMP: *gateq)

gatusa hundred; hundreds (PMP: *Ratus) *RaCus

gatus-anby the hundreds, in terms of hundreds (PWMP: *Ratus-an) *RaCus

gayaŋa bladed weapon (similar to a bolo, having a long blade) (PAN: *gayaŋ)

gayuŋa small vessel made of coconut shell, bamboo or tin, used to scoop up water (LOAN)

gidgidto rub something vigorously against something else, rub something off (PPH: *gidgíd)

gi-gisgisa toothbrush (PAN: *gisgis₁)

gilafrantic with delight, wildly excited, delirious, enthusiastic (usually with sexual connotation) (PMP: *gila)

giliŋ-ana grinder (PWMP: *giliŋ-an) *giliŋ

giliŋ-unto crank something, keep something revolving or turning; to grind something, as coffee or corn (PWMP: *giliŋ-en) *giliŋ

gi-nhawathe inner part of a person, spirit, the thinking, feeling part of a person (as distinguished from the body); mind, intellect; dignity, self-esteem (PMP: *nihawa) *NiSawa

gu-gutguta bow (of a violin) (PPH: *getget₂)

gulamayfinger, toe, tentacles of octopus (PPH: *gulamay)

gulisthe lines of the palm (of the hand) (PPH: *gúlis)

g<um>abukto rot, crumble (PMP: *Rabuk)

Tausug (120 / 790)

g<um>agato exercise authority over, discipline, restrain, or control someone (NEAR)

g<um>amutto develop roots; to become settled or established (PMP: *Ramut₁)

g<um>untiŋto cut something (with scissors or an instrument resembling scissors) (LOAN)

g<um>utgutto fiddle (something, as a violin) (PPH: *getget₂)

guntiŋscissors (LOAN)

gusuka rib (the bone) (PAN: *Rusuk)

guyud-unto drag, pull (something); to abduct someone (often a girl, in order to marry her) (PPH: *gúyud-en) *guyud₃

habaʔ dilaʔtalkative (lit. ‘long tongue’) (PMP: *dilaq₁)

halgaʔprice, cost (of something); value (LOAN)

ha-ŋ-puʔten (PMP: *ŋa)

haʔu-nuhwhen? (PAN: *-nu₁)

hika-pituseventh (PMP: *ika-pitu) *pitu

hinug(of fruit) ripe (PPH: *hinuR)

hubaduntie, unlash (PPh: *hubád)

huguttightness (as of a knot, tie, lid, door); firmness (PMP: *heRet) *SeReC

hukasundress (PWMP: *hukas)

hukaʔ-anloosen something, as of tie or knots, bracelet, lid, tourniquet, or wound dressing (PAN: *hukaq)

hukuman dapitone-sided judgment (PWMP: *dapit)

hulasperspiration, sweat (PPH: *hulas)

hulilast, end, rear (PMP: *udehi)

Tausug (140 / 790)

(h)ulih-anbehind, as of a person that follows in a line (PWMP: *udehi-an) *udehi

hulugfall or drop, as from a height (PMP: *huluR) *SuluR

h<um>ugutto become tight or tighter (PMP: *h<um>eRet) *SeReC

huŋsuytobacco pipe (LOAN)

hurusslipped down, slid down (PWMP: *hurus)

i-kaw2sg. topic pronoun, you (sg.); the emphatic second person sg. pronoun (PMP: *i-kahu) *kaSu

iklug (< D)egg (PMP: *qiteluR) *qiCeluR

ikug matathe outer eyelid (‘tail of the eye’) (PMP: *mata) *maCa

ikutselfishness, stinginess (PPH: *ikut₂)

ilukarmpit (PWMP: *ilek)

inaʔ-unaunt (PWMP: *ina-en) *ina

inut-inutslowly, one by one, step by step, little by little (PWMP: *inut)

ipuntooth (PMP: *ipen)

irasa kinship term referring to the relationship between Ego and the brother-in-law or sister-in-law of his/her spouse (PAN: *idas₁)

iruʔa dog (PPH: *qiduq)

iruʔdog; a derogatory term for a person, often used in anger to children who disobey or are hard to manage (NEAR)

jatiʔteak (LOAN)

ka-nominalizer indicating the manner of doing an action: ka-kadtu ‘his getting there’ (cp. kadtu ‘go or take something to a place’) (PWMP: *ka-₆)

ka-bahu-anto smell a bad smell (PMP: *bahuq)

ka-bakkaw-anmangrove swamp (PPH: *ka-bakaw-an) *bakehaw

Tausug (160 / 790)

kabana closed coffin (PWMP: *kaban₂)

kabaŋspotted, piebald (of animals, fish, material, etc.) (PPH: *kabáŋ)

ka-batuh-anrocky area (PWMP: *ka-batu-an) *batux

kablitto touch (something) with a flicking motion of the finger, to strum (a guitar) (PPH: *kab(e)lít)

ka-bukug-anto have a bone stuck in one’s throat (PWMP: *bekeR₁) *bekeR

kabuslacking, incomplete, deficient, premature (PMP: *kabus₁)

kabus-kabus(of a person) abnormal, mentally handicapped (PMP: *kabus₁)

kabus-unto be lacking in, be short of, run out (of something) (PMP: *kabus₁)

ka-duguʔ-anto bleed (PMP: *zuRuq)

kagaŋcrab (generic) (PMP: *kaRaŋ) *gaRaŋ

kagawsmall vermin found in sores, germs, microbes (PWMP: *kaRaw₂)

kahapunyesterday (PAN: *ka-₁)

ka-hulih-anbehind, as of a person that follows in a line; at the last, as of a series of things; rear (PWMP: *ka-udehi-an) *udehi

kahuywood, tree, lumber, timber (PMP: *kahiw) *kaSiw

kahuy-unto use something as firewood (PWMP: *kahiw-en) *kaSiw

ka-kahuy-anan area covered with trees, woody place (PWMP: *ka-kahiw-an) *kaSiw

kakakthe quack of a duck; a loud, coarse, burst of laughter (PMP: *kakakₐ) *kakak

ka-katul-anto be or become itchy (PMP: *gatel) *gaCel

ka-kaunfood, meal (PAN: *kaen)

ka-kilā-h-anfor people to be acquainted or familiar with each other (PWMP: *ka-kilala-an) *kilala

Tausug (180 / 790)

kamaliga (private) storehouse for harvested grain (PMP: *kamaliR)

ka-mata-hanto see with the eyes (PMP: *mata) *maCa

kami1pl. excl. topic pronoun, we, to us, for us (PAN: *k-ami) *ami

kampila woven container of coconut leaves used for keeping fruit or raw or cooked provisions (PWMP: *kampil)

kampilana long, two-handed, bladed weapon (rarely seen or used in recent times) (LOAN)

kamu2pl. topic pronoun, you all (PMP: *kamu₂) *amu

kamuta handful (PMP: *kamet)

ka-npossessive plural of personal names (Yamada and Tsuchida 1983) (PAN: *ka₃)

kanuusa large squid (PWMP: *kanuqus)

ka-paraŋ-anground covered with grass, pastureland (PWMP: *padaŋ)

kapaya propeller (of a boat or ship) (PMP: *kapay)

kapay-anto provide a propeller (for a boat or ship) (PMP: *kapay)

kapínremainder, balance, leavings, remnant, ruins, leftovers (as food or clothes) (PWMP: *kapin)

kapukCeiba pentandra Tree cotton, kapok (PWMP: *kapuk)

ka-puliŋ-anto catch dust or any tiny particle in one’s eye (PWMP: *puliŋ₂)

ka-pūʔ-pū-anarchipelago (LOAN)

k-arito come (to the speaker or somewhere near the speaker, as in kari kaw ‘come here!’) (PWMP: *ari)

k-ari-anto give or hand something over to someone (PWMP: *ari)

ka-sā-ana fine for touching an unmarried girl (PWMP: *ka-salaq-an) *salaq₁

kasawa purlin for a roof, horizontal cross-piece of a roof (PMP: *kasaw₁)

Tausug (200 / 790)

katama plane (the carpenter’s tool used for smoothing wood) (LOAN)

katam-anto plane (something) (LOAN)

ka-tanum-anto be planted on (a plot of land) (PAN: *ka-tanem-an) *CaNem

ka-tiŋuga sound (PPH: *tiŋeR)

katulitchiness (as of skin disease, lice, or prickly heat) (PMP: *gatel) *gaCel

ka-tuput-anroom, space available (PWMP: *tepet₁)

kauneat (PAN: *kaen)

kaun-unbe eaten by someone (PAN: *kaen-en) *kaen

kawatwire (as for conducting electric current, stringing musical instruments, barbed wire fence, snares) (LOAN)

kawaʔa large, round-bottomed cauldron (of different shape and larger than the kawaliɁ) (PWMP: *kawaq)

kawillarge fishhook used for trolling (PAN: *kawil₁)

kayaenergy, force, vigor, strength; wealth, riches, means (PWMP: *kaya)

kayah-unto have energy, force, vigor, strength; have resources, available wealth, or means (PWMP: *kaya)

kayama tree: Inocarpus fagifera (PMP: *gayam)

kigkigsandpaper, anything (such as shark skin) used to polish or smooth a rough surface (PAN: *kiRkiR)

kilārecognition (PAN: *kilala)

kilata (slight) streak of lightning without thunder; heat lightning; any flash of light (PMP: *kilat₁) *likaC

kilayeyebrow (PWMP: *kiray)

kilayeyebrow (PWMP: *kiday)

kiŋkiŋlittle finger (PMP: *kiŋkiŋ₃)

Tausug (220 / 790)

kiputnarrowness (in size or space) (PMP: *kiput)

kiskisto brush one’s teeth (PAN: *kiskis)

-kupronoun: first person singular non-topic actor, causer, and possessor pronoun; I, my, mine, by me (PAN: *-ku)

kubalcallus (PWMP: *kubal)

kubal-anto form or develop calluses (PWMP: *kubal)

kugitaoctopus (PMP: *kuRita) *guRiCa

kukkufingernail, toenail, claw; hoof (PMP: *kukuh) *kuSkuS₁

kukuh-anhaving long fingernails or toenails (PMP: *kukuh) *kuSkuS₁

kuliika shriek, whinny; sharp, shrill outcry (from a person or animal, usu. in pain) (PWMP: *kuliqik)

kullukbent (as a twig), curved, warped (PWMP: *keluk)

kulluk-unto bend, curve (something) (PWMP: *keluk)

kulluswithered (PPH: *keles)

kuluŋa curl, ringlet (as of hair) (PWMP: *keluŋ₁)

k<um>amutto scoop (something) with the hand (PMP: *kamet)

k<um>atulto scratch (esp. with fingers) (PWMP: *g<um>atel) *gaCel

k<um>aunto eat (PAN: *k<um>aen) *kaen

k<um>awinto solemnize a marriage (NOISE)

k<um>ikikto giggle (PMP: *kikik)

k<um>indatto raise an eyebrow, wink at someone (PWMP: *kindat)

k<um>ullusto wither; for a swelling or bump to subside; for a person or animal to lose weight; for a tire, balloon, etc. to lose air (and so get smaller) (PPH: *keles)

Tausug (240 / 790)

k<um>utikto snap two fingers together, making a sound (PWMP: *ketik)

kunuʔquotative particle for indirect speech, he/she says, they say, according to (disclaims responsibility for speech reported); euphonic particle for politeness (PPH: *kunuq)

kuŋkuŋbent over, curled up (from illness, age, fear, or joy; thus fearful, trembling, cowering) (PMP: *kuŋkuŋ₂)

kuppisthin, lacking thickness, empty (as of the stomach, a pillow, tire, balloon, or sack of rice) (PWMP: *ke(m)pis)

kuriputmean in spending or giving money, stingy (LOAN)

kusugstrength, power, vigor (PAN: *keseR)

kusutwrinkled, not smooth, not pressed, not tidy (as of clothing and the like) (PWMP: *kusut)

kutaʔa fort, stone wall, fortifications (LOAN)

kutíŋa cat (PWMP: *kutiŋ)

kutkuta bite (PWMP: *ketket)

kutkut-unto bite (something) (PWMP: *ketket)

kutuflea, louse (as on human hair or animal’s flesh) (PMP: *kutu₁) *kuCux

kutuh-anto delouse someone (PWMP: *kutu-an) *kuCux

kuwanthingamajig, thingamabob, what’s-it (a word used for whatever one cannot immediately or exactly express, but is usually understood) (PWMP: *kua-n) *kua₁

laaktrochus, top shell (Pallesen 1985:323) (PMP: *lalak)

lakar-anto step over something (PPH: *lakáj-an) *lakaj

lakar-unto step from one place to another (PPH: *lakaj-en) *lakaj

lampasua coconut husk used for scrubbing the floor; a mop (LOAN)

lanuswilted, withered (generally of leaves; also of coconuts, coffee and grains of corn) (PPH: *lanés)

laŋawbotfly, a species of large fly (PMP: *laŋaw)

Tausug (260 / 790)

laŋaw-unbe infested with laŋaw (botflies) (PAN: *laŋaw-en) *laŋaw

laŋitthe sky (PMP: *laŋit) *laŋiC

laŋpasplunder, rob (PMP: *raŋ(e)pas)

laŋuy-unto swim out to something (PWMP: *laŋuy)

lapatclosed, stopped, plugged (as a hole, leak, opening) (PPH: *lapat₂)

lassunpoison (LOAN)

lāsua ribbon (LOAN)

latagwidespread, prevalent (PPH: *latag)

latigua whip with a rod and an lash attached at one end (LOAN)

lawaʔspider (PMP: *lawaq₂)

layaga sail (the square sail used on small boats) (PAN: *layaR)

layug(of a coconut tree or a person), very tall (PPH: *láyug)

layuʔdistance (PPH: *adayúq)

libatcross-eyed (PPH: *libat)

libuttwist, as a jar lid (PWMP: *libet)

likupan iron tool used for making holes in bamboo, wood, leather, and the like; gimlet, auger (PPH: *likup₂)

li-limasa scoop for bailing (usually a coconut shell) (PMP: *limas)

li-liʔug-anhaving a collar (as a dress) (PAN: *liqeR)

limafive (PAN: *lima)

limas-anto bail, remove water from a boat with a bail (PWMP: *limas-an) *limas

Tausug (280 / 790)

lindumdarkness, deficiency of light (PWMP: *lidem)

linugearthquake (PAN: *linuR)

liŋgaŋto rock or sway (something), roll (something) back and forth, as a boat rocking in the water (PWMP: *liŋgaŋ)

lisaʔa nit, the egg of the human louse (PMP: *lisehaq, liseqah) *liseqeS

liyu-lumutmossy (PMP: *lumut)

liʔugneck; neckline, collar (PAN: *liqeR)

liʔug-anput a collar on something (PAN: *liqeR)

lubaŋa depression, pit, hole or deep furrow in the ground; ditch, trench (PMP: *lubaŋ₁)

lubbaka wide depression or hole in the ground, a hollow on the head (as caused by a blow), a depressed scar on the skin (PWMP: *lebak₂)

lubida rope made of intertwisted strands of fiber (often hemp) (PPH: *lúbid)

lubir-unto braid something (PPH: *lubid-en) *lúbid

lubug(of a liquid) turbid, muddied (PWMP: *lebug)

l<um>abtikto flap (as of a spring, rubber, or the tongue) (PWMP: *labetik)

l<um>akadto step to (a place with big steps) (PPH: *l<um>ákaj) *lakaj

l<um>ampasuto scrub a floor with a coconut husk; to mop a floor (LOAN)

l<um>anayfor candy, butter, lard, soap, tablet, etc. to melt (PPH: *lanay₁)

l<um>antikfor a person or animal’s torso or limb to bend in the opposite direction from usual; (for an object) to bend, curl (LOAN)

l<um>anusto wither (PPH: *lanés)

l<um>aŋuyto swim (to a destination) (PWMP: *l<um>aŋuy) *laŋuy

l<um>ayuʔto get far away from (something) (PPH: *d<um>ayuq) *adayúq

Tausug (300 / 790)

lumbaʔ-lumbaʔporpoise (LOAN)

lumbiyasago flour (a starchy foodstuff derived from the soft interior of the sago palm) (PMP: *Rumbia)

l<um>ikuʔto turn (PMP: *likuq)

l<um>imasto bail, remove water from a boat with a bail (PMP: *limas)

l<um>iŋkuŋto coil (something) (PWMP: *likuŋ)

l<um>ubidto braid something (PPH: *lúbid)

l<um>ūdcome down from higher ground, travel downhill (PAN: *lahud)

l<um>unukbecome soft, tender; for a person to become receptive, for a person’s heart to soften (PWMP: *lunek₁)

l<um>uraʔto spit or eject saliva from the mouth (PAN: *l<um>udaq) *ludaq

l<um>uslusto become loose and slide down (PPH: *lesles₁)

lumus-unto drown (someone or an animal) (PWMP: *lemes-en) *lemes

lumutmoss (PMP: *lumut)

lumut-unbecome covered with moss (PWMP: *lumut-en) *lumut

l<um>uyluyto wither, wilt (PPH: *luylúy)

lūnwrap something by turning it over and over, to roll up (PMP: *lulun) *luluN

lunuksoftness (as of a mattress); weakness (of the body) (PWMP: *lunek₁)

lupayto become weary, fatigued (PPH: *lupaypáy)

lupisthe outer layer of the abaca plant (usually used as string) (PPH: *lupis₂)

lupiʔa folded part of something, a line or mark made by folding, crease (as of trousers) (PWMP: *lepiq)

luraʔsaliva (PMP: *ludaq)

Tausug (320 / 790)

lūr-unslope, embankment, downhill area, falling ground (PAN: *lahud)

luslusloose and about to fall down, as of pants (PPH: *lesles₁)

lutiʔa flash of lightning and the accompanying thunder, thunderbolt (PWMP: *letiq)

lutupa blister from friction (as on the hands from rowing) (PWMP: *letup)

luwa-anbe ejected from the mouth (PMP: *luaq)

luyluywithered, wilted (as of flowers or leaves) (PPH: *luylúy)

ma-bahuʔstinky, odorous, smelly (PWMP: *ma-bahuq) *bahuq

ma-bukugbony (as a fish) (PWMP: *bekeR₁) *bekeR

ma-gabuncloudy (PMP: *ma-Rabun) *Rabun

mag-abʔabto eat or drink voraciously (derogatory, connotes criticism or anger) (PPH: *qabqab)

mag-aŋkasto give someone a ride behind one, as on a horse, scooter, or bicycle (PPH: *aŋkás)

mag-bansagto feel proud of something; to have or show a proper pride in oneself (PPH: *ban(e)sag)

mag-bantaoppose one another (PWMP: *bantaq)

mag-bugtuʔto break (something, as rope, thread, wire, string, etc.) (PPH: *buR(e)tuq)

mag-dahunto develop leaves (PWMP: *maR-dahun) *dahun

mag-daŋdaŋbroil or roast something on the embers (as meat or fish) (PPH: *maR-daŋdaŋ) *daŋdaŋ

mag-dapitto side with or favor someone (PWMP: *dapit)

mag-daplisfor something to scrape, scratch, or graze something else in passing (PPH: *dap(e)lis)

mag-dapugto set fire to, ignite (something) (PMP: *dapuR₁)

mag-duguʔto bleed (PMP: *zuRuq)

Tausug (340 / 790)

mag-dukutto stick to and get burnt (PMP: *deket₁) *dekeC

mag-dupato extend one’s arms to the side (PPH: *maR-depa) *depah

mag-duwato ride on the same conveyance with another person; in two, into two (parts) (PWMP: *maR-duha) *duSa

mag-duʔgasto repound rice in order to clean it more thoroughly (PPH: *deR(e)qas)

mag-gamutto develop roots; to become settled or established (PMP: *Ramut₁)

mag-gapusto tie, bind (as a cow to be butchered; grasp (someone) and hold firmly, esp. one who resists (PMP: *Rapus)

mag-gatasto add milk to (something) (PMP: *Ratas₂)

mag-giliŋto crank something, keep something revolving or turning; to grind something, as coffee or corn (PMP: *giliŋ)

mag-gi-nhawato have or behave with dignity (PMP: *nihawa) *NiSawa

mag-guyudto drag, pull (something) (PWMP: *guyud₃)

mag-halhalto protrude, hang out (as the tongue from exhaustion, heat, thirst) (PPH: *halhál)

mag-haŋadto look up (as into a tree) (PPH: *háŋad)

mag-hipusto be or become quiet (implies an end, cessation or discontinuance of noisy activities, as of household chores, traffic, quarrel or fight, or cannonade) (PPH: *hipes)

mag-ikutto become selfish or stingy (PPH: *ikut₂)

ma-gilato become frantic with delight, wildly excited, delirious (PWMP: *ma-gila) *gila

mag-iŋsudto move something a little, budge something (PMP: *isud)

mag-iyutto copulate, have sexual intercourse (vulgar, often used in foul language and cursing) (PPH: *iut₂)

mag-kagudto scrape, remove something by scraping (PMP: *kaRud)

mag-kakakto quack like a duck; to laugh boisterously (PMP: *kakakₐ) *kakak

mag-ka-pagasto develop a hoarse voice (PPH: *pagas)

Tausug (360 / 790)

mag-ka-sakitto develop sickness, get sick (PMP: *sakit)

mag-ka-tawato laugh (PWMP: *maR-ka-tawa) *Cawa

mag-katikto drum (with a small stick or fingers) (PMP: *katik)

mag-katulto scratch (esp. with fingers) (PMP: *gatel) *gaCel

mag-kaunto eat (PPH: *maR-kaen) *kaen

mag-kawinto solemnize a marriage (NOISE)

mag-kigkigto smooth or polish a rough surface (esp. wood) (PAN: *kiRkiR)

mag-kilatfor a flash of lightning to occur (PWMP: *maR-kilat) *likaC

mag-kuluŋto curl (someone’s hair) (PWMP: *keluŋ₁)

mag-kutaʔto build a fort or stone wall, fortify (a place) (LOAN)

mag-kutupto bite or take a nip of something (usually hot chili peppers) (PMP: *ketep₁)

mag-lakadto step to (a place with big steps) (PPH: *maR-lákaj) *lakaj

mag-laŋuyto swim (to a destination) (PWMP: *laŋuy)

mag-lassunto commit suicide by taking poison (LOAN)

mag-latagto cover an area thoroughly; for information, gossip, sickness, etc. to spread, diffuse (PPH: *latag)

mag-launto let the marriageable age pass by, become too old to get married (PWMP: *laun)

mag-lawagto find, seek, search, look for (something) (PPH: *lawag)

mag-layagto sail (to a place) (PWMP: *maR-layaR) *layaR

mag-liadto slant (something), bend (the body); (for an object) to lean, be slanting (PWMP: *liad)

mag-likusto enclose something, confine something by or as by binding (PMP: *likes)

Tausug (380 / 790)

mag-likuʔto turn (PMP: *likuq)

mag-linugfor an earthquake to occur (PAN: *linuR)

mag-liŋat-liŋatto look quickly here and there (as of someone astounded or on guard) (PPH: *liŋát)

mag-liŋkuŋto coil up, as a snake (PWMP: *likuŋ)

mag-lubakto beat, whip, spank someone (PWMP: *lebak₁)

mag-lubaŋto make a depression, hole or pit in the ground (PWMP: *maR-lubaŋ) *lubaŋ₁

mag-lublubfor people or animals to wallow in the mud; for vehicles to get stuck in the mud (PMP: *lebleb₂)

mag-lugusto force, compel (someone) (PPH: *luges)

mag-luklukto hide or lay (something) away (PPH: *lukluk)

mag-lumbaʔto race, compete in a contest of speed (LOAN)

mag-luraʔto spit or eject saliva from the mouth (PMP: *ludaq)

mag-luwaʔto eject something from the mouth (PMP: *luaq)

mag-nanaʔto have or develop pus (PWMP: *maR-nanaq) *naNaq

mag-nipisto become thin or thinner (PMP: *nipis) *Nipis

mag-ŋawŋawto utter such a sound, mumble, mutter, grumble (PAN: *ŋawŋaw)

mag-pa-guntiŋto have one’s hair cut (LOAN)

mag-pakayto adopt something (as an idea, practice, or behavior) (LOAN)

mag-paŋkatto place something heavy over something else; to pile, heap into a pile (as plates, books or pillows) (LOAN)

mag-paspasto get rid of by brushing off; to brush off (something) (PWMP: *paspas₂)

mag-paspasto put forth a sudden burst of speed, exert physical effort (PPH: *paspás₄)

Tausug (400 / 790)

mag-pikuʔto bend (something, as iron or rattan) (PAN: *pikuq₁)

mag-pipisto crush or press (something so that it becomes fine or soft, as peanuts, pepper, or grains of rice) (PMP: *pipis₂) *pipis₁

mag-pītuto blow a whistle (LOAN)

mag-pīʔto choose, select, pick out; to remove unhusked rice or other particles (from cooking rice) (PWMP: *maR-piliq) *piliq

mag-pugadto make a hideout (as thieves) (PPH: *pugad)

mag-pukawto wake up (someone) (PWMP: *pukaw₃)

mag-pukpukto hammer, pound (something); strike something with something else (PAN: *pukpuk)

mag-puŋpuŋto grasp or clutch things together (PWMP: *puŋpuŋ₂)

mag-putputto puff, blow (PMP: *putput₂)

mag-pututo prepare this confection (LOAN)

mag-sabitto cross an object over a like object, as one leg over the other, the ends of rope or thread, pieces of rattan, or grass used in weaving (PMP: *saqebit)

mag-sablayto hang or drape something (as a garment) to dry; to wear a sablay blouse (PPH: *sab(e)láy)

mag-sakitto become painful, sore (PMP: *sakit)

mag-saŋládfor a vessel to run aground (PPH: *saŋ(e)lád)

mag-saŋlagto toast or roast (food in a pan, without oil or water) (PMP: *saŋelaR)

mag-sāʔto commit a mistake, error or fault, have a flaw; err, miss the mark, be wrong (PWMP: *maR-salaq) *salaq₁

mag-sikadto stretch out the legs (PPH: *maR-síkad) *síkad

mag-sikito walk, go by foot, hike; a foot (either the standard measurement or the length of a person’s foot) (PPH: *sikí)

mag-siŋalto put a wedge in (something), shim (something) (PPH: *siŋal)

mag-subaŋ(for the moon) to rise (PPH: *sebaŋ)

Tausug (420 / 790)

mag-sukayto look for (and kill) lice in the hair, one by one (PPH: *sukáy)

mag-sukiɁto take someone as a regular customer (LOAN)

mag-sumpit(for a liquid) to squirt, (for a gas) to escape rapidly; to blow (something out with force), spray a liquid; to shoot something with a blowgun (PMP: *sumpit)

mag-sunsunto tighten the weaving (of nipa or coconut leaf shingles or woven material such as a mat or basket) (PPH: *sunsun)

mag-suntukto box or sock (someone), hit (someone) with one’s fist (PPH: *suntúk)

mag-suruɁto feed (someone) with a spoon (PWMP: *suduq)

mag-suysuyto tell, report a rumor, converse on general subjects; give an account of or story about (something) (PPH: *suysuy)

mag-sūʔto light or kindle (PMP: *suluq)

mag-tabanto capture property, loot, plunder; (usually for many people) to strive to get a share of something (PWMP: *maR-taban) *tabaN

mag-tālaŋto toss coins (for heads or tails) (PWMP: *talaŋ₂)

mag-tamanaŋto become sterile (PWMP: *tamanaŋ)

mag-tambakto level (a low place), fill in (ground); pile stones (often over a grave) (PMP: *tambak₂)

mag-tanumto plant (something), as vegetables (PWMP: *maR-tanem) *CaNem

mag-taŋisto cry or weep, shed tears (PMP: *taŋis) *Caŋis

mag-taŋkayto provide a handle (PMP: *taŋkay)

mag-taul(for dogs) to howl (PPH: *taqul) *taqúl

mag-taunto set (a fish trap, as a bubu basket trap); something (especially money) risked in a game of chance, bet (PMP: *taqen)

mag-taytayto cross a bridge (to a place) (PMP: *taytay)

mag-timbaŋto weigh something with a scale or balance (PWMP: *timbaŋ)

mag-tudivide into three equal parts (PWMP: *maR-telu) *telu

Tausug (440 / 790)

mag-tuaŋto pour a liquid from one container to another (PWMP: *tuaŋ₁)

mag-tugunto fix a date (for something) (PWMP: *tuRun₂)

mag-tugutto allow, give permission, concede; to play out string, let something out further (e.g. a kite) (PWMP: *tuRut)

mag-tuhugto string (something, as fish or beads) (PMP: *tuhuR) *CuSuR

mag-tunawto dissolve, melt (something); to digest (something) (PPH: *túnaw)

mag-tuŋaʔto divide something in half (PMP: *teŋaq)

mag-tupuŋto measure (a volume, as of grain, cooking oil, or kerosene) (PAN: *tepeŋ₃)

mag-tuwadto bend over with the buttocks raised (PWMP: *tuad)

mag-tūʔto drip (PAN: *tuduq)

mag-uyunto agree with (another’s opinion); for two or more opinions to agree (PPH: *uyun₂)

ma-hinugto become ripe; (of a cold) at the stage at which mucus comes out freely when the nose is blown (PPH: *ma-hinuR) *hinuR

ma-hugutfirm, fast, tight, tightly closed; (of one’s faith) strong; (of one’s inner being) not overly emotional or unstable, calm (PMP: *ma-heRet) *SeReC

ma-hukaʔloose, not tight (PAN: *hukaq)

maka-minsanone time, one time only (PPH: *minsan)

ma-kusugstrong, vigorous, powerful (of rain, coughing), heavy (PAN: *ma-keseR) *keseR

ma-lantikdouble-jointed (LOAN)

ma-lanusto be or become a spinster or an old bachelor (PPH: *lanés)

ma-layuʔfar (PPH: *ma-adayuq) *adayúq

ma-limunto be entirely covered, out of sight, submerged (PMP: *limun)

ma-lindumdark, having very little light (PWMP: *lidem)

Tausug (460 / 790)

ma-liŋgaŋto be or become tipsy (PWMP: *liŋgaŋ)

ma-lubugto become turbid or muddied (PWMP: *lebug)

ma-lumusto lose consciousness due to water in the lungs or lack of air in the lungs (death does not always result), drown (PPH: *ma-lemes) *lemes

ma-lumutmossy (PMP: *lumut)

ma-lunudto sink, submerge, capsize (PPH: *ma-lúnud) *lúnud

ma-lunuksoft (as hair); (of the body) weak (PWMP: *lunek₁)

mamaʔa prepared betel nut chew (PMP: *mamaq)

mamaʔ-unto chew betel nut (PWMP: *mamaq-en) *mamaq

ma-mutiʔto turn pale (PWMP: *ma-mutiq) *putiq

manika bead; a type of amulet in the form of a number of chained beads worn usually around the waist, making the wearer invulnerable (LOAN)

ma-nipisthin (as person, book, pad of paper); (of cloth) flimsy, sleazy (PMP: *ma-nipis) *Nipis

mantaa full-size blanket (LOAN)

manukdomestic chicken (PMP: *manuk)

manuk-manukbird; flying insect (PMP: *manu(k)-manuk) *manuk

manuk-uninduce someone to fight with someone else, stir up, instigate (PPh: *manuk-en) *manuk

maŋaoptional particle used to indicate plurals (with some nouns refers to that one and his associations or companions) (PMP: *maŋa₁)

ma-ŋahuyto gather firewood (esp. in the woods) (PWMP: *ma-ŋahiw) *kaSiw

maŋ-akkalto fool, trick, dupe, deceive (someone) (LOAN)

ma-ŋapkapgrope for a woman in the dark (for illicit sexual intercourse) (PAN: *kapkap)

maŋgaMangifera indica, the common Cebu mango (yellow when ripe) (LOAN)

Tausug (480 / 790)

maŋ-gisgisto brush (one’s teeth) (PAN: *gisgis₁)

maŋ-guyudto abduct (someone, often a girl in order to marry her) (PWMP: *guyud₃)

maŋ-hi-luraʔto spit so as to show contempt or scorn (PMP: *ludaq)

ma-ŋilāto look at (something) in order to recognize it or see whose it is, to identify something; to claim something; to shy away from (someone, especially spoken of a baby) (PWMP: *ma-ŋilala) *kilala

maŋ-pīʔto choose, select, pick out (PAN: *piliq)

ma-paitbitter (as medicine) (PMP: *ma-paqit) *paqiC

ma-pasuʔhot, warm (weather, body temperature); unlucky (of a day or month; e.g. for planting) (PPH: *ma-pásuq) *pásuq

ma-pilayto become lame (PMP: *ma-pilay) *piNay

ma-pīʔchoosy, fastidious, hard to please, discriminating (PMP: *ma-piliq) *piliq

ma-puasto be settled (PWMP: *puas)

ma-pundulblunt (PMP: *pudul)

ma-putiʔwhite (PMP: *ma-putiq) *putiq

m-arito come (to the speaker or somewhere near the speaker) (PWMP: *um-ari) *ari

ma-rukuthaving or producing a heavy mark, dark shade (as of pencil, ballpen, color) (PPH: *ma-deket) *dekeC

ma-sagsag(for something) to break off, as branches from a tree after a strong wind (PWMP: *sagsag₁)

ma-sakit(with atay) bitter against, hateful (toward someone) (PMP: *ma-sakit) *sakit

ma-sanamoccupied or filled with ants (as a house) (PWMP: *sanam)

ma-saplacoarse, rough to the touch; (esp. of dry food on the tongue); coarse (in texture); unpleasant (to the ear) (PWMP: *sapela)

ma-sāʔcommit a mistake; to suffer dislocation (of a nerve or bone), sprain oneself (PWMP: *ma-salaq) *salaq₁

ma-sipatto imagine; describe, express, explain (PWMP: *sipat)

Tausug (500 / 790)

māsusledge hammer (LOAN)

ma-sumbiŋto become nicked (PWMP: *sumbiŋ)

mataeye (as an organ of sight); anything circular that is essential to that in which it is contained (as a burner of a stove, the heart of a boil); the holes of a sieve (PMP: *mata) *maCa

mata-ana group of things having a common source or similar features, family group under one head (PPH: *mata-an) *maCa

mata-mataa spy (< Malay?) (PMP: *mata-mata) *maCa

ma-taŋtaŋto come part, be dismantled, come off or out of something (PPH: *taŋtáŋ₂)

ma-tubigwatery, (of fruit) juicy (NOISE)

ma-tūgto sleep (PMP: *ma-tuduR) *tuduR

ma-tuyuʔseriously interested and enthusiastic (in doing something so as to attain something desired) (PPH: *tuyuq)

minsan(to do something) at one sitting (PPH: *minsan)

mutiʔto become white, as cloth that is bleached (PWMP: *ma-mutiq) *putiq

nasignals the arrival of the time of an expected event or the attainment of an expected state: now; signals the occurrence of an event or the attainment of a state sooner than expected: already (PMP: *na₄) *Na₂

nanaʔpus (PMP: *nanaq) *naNaq

na-pilaywas made lame (PPH: *na-pílay) *piNay

nipaʔnipa palm: Nipa fruticans (used for roofing and walling) (PMP: *nipaq)

nipisthinness, flimsiness, sleaziness (PMP: *nipis) *Nipis

nipis-anto make (something) thinner, take away some thickness (PMP: *nipis) *Nipis

niyugCocos nucifera, the coconut tree (not included semantically under generic kahuy); five growth stages of the coconut fruit are terminologically recognized (PMP: *niuR)

n<um>ipisto become thin or thinner (PMP: *nipis) *Nipis

ŋāna name (of something) (PMP: *ŋajan)

Tausug (520 / 790)

ŋān-anto name something (PWMP: *ŋajan-an) *ŋajan

ŋawŋawa muttering, mumbling, grumbling; low unintelligible sound in the throat (PAN: *ŋawŋaw)

ŋiluthe uncomfortable feeling at the edge of one’s teeth felt when hearing a scratchy sound, eating something sour (PAN: *ŋilu)

ŋ<um>ilu(for one’s teeth) to have such feeling (PAN: *ŋilu)

okabto open (PWMP: *e(ŋ)kab)

pasignals the continuance of an event already occurring or of a state already existing; still, more, yet (PAN: *pa₁)

paathigh (PAN: *paqa₁)

pagasvoiceless (as from a cold); hoarse (PPH: *pagas)

pag-kaunfood, meal (PAN: *kaen)

pag-linug-anfor an earthquake to occur (PAN: *linuR)

pag-subaŋ-unto be or become crazy, be mildly affected now and again by times of lunacy (PPH: *sebaŋ)

pag-taulthe howling of a dog (PPH: *taqul) *taqúl

pag-timbaŋa ceremonial weighing of a newborn child (PWMP: *timbaŋ)

paitbitterness (PMP: *paqit₂) *paqiC

pa-kaun-unto feed (as children); cooked rice (PAN: *pa-kaen-en) *kaen

pakayto wear something (as clothes, jewelry, or a belt) (LOAN)

pakay-ancostume, formal dress, good clothes (LOAN)

paksiyufish or meat cooked in vinegar, garlic, ginger and salt (LOAN)

paligsurgeonfish (PMP: *qapaliR)

paliyamaa good or abundant harvest (PWMP: *pariama)

Tausug (540 / 790)

pa-nagatto hunt for shellfish, edible plants or other edible animals along the shore at low tide (PMP: *daRat)

pa-nanumplants, that which has been planted, a crop (PWMP: *pa-nanem) *CaNem

paŋ-akkal(someone) prone to fool people; one who tricks, dupes, or deceives people (LOAN)

pa-ŋirama strong and sudden craving for a particular kind of food (during the early stages of pregnancy) (PWMP: *kidam)

paŋkatlineage; a story (of a building) (LOAN)

paraŋgrass (PWMP: *padaŋ)

pasala market (LOAN)

pasaŋa pair, set (of material things) (PMP: *pasaŋ₁)

pasaŋ-unto put things together into sets or groups (PMP: *pasaŋ₁)

paspas-ibrush it off (imper.) (PWMP: *paspas₂)

paspas-ispeed up! (imper.) (PPH: *paspás₄)

pasuʔheat, warmth, high temperature; anger, temper (PPH: *pásuq)

pasuʔ atayhot temper, short temper (PPH: *pásuq)

pasuʔ-unto heat (something) (PPH: *pasúq-en) *pásuq

patuŋbamboo (PWMP: *patuŋ)

pikpikwing (of bird or plane) (PAN: *pikpik)

pikukcrippled (by having the arm bent, not from birth) (PMP: *pi(ŋ)kuk)

pikutthe common housefly (PWMP: *piket₁)

pilahow much?, how many? (PAN: *pijax)

pilaksilver (the metal); money, pesos (LOAN)

Tausug (560 / 790)

pilaylame (PAN: *piNay)

pintalthe main string attached to a kite (that holds it firmly in balance) (PWMP: *pintal)

piŋgana bowl, concave container for food (LOAN)

piŋkithaving six (or more) fingers on one hand (PMP: *pikit)

písawa small knife (esp. used in preparing a betel nut chew) (PMP: *pisaw)

pisŋi ~ pisnicheek (PPH: *pis(e)ŋí)

pituseven (PAN: *pitu₁) *pitu

pītuan instrument for making whistling sounds, a whistle (LOAN)

pīʔ-anto remove unhusked rice or other particles (from cooking rice) (PMP: *piliq-an) *piliq

pīʔ-unto choose, select, pick out (PWMP: *piliq-en) *piliq

puasfree (from some obligation) (PWMP: *puas)

puas-anto untie something; (of a matter or problem) settled (PWMP: *puas)

pudpuda stub, a part (of something) left after the main part is gone or used up (PPH: *pudpud)

pugada nest (PPH: *pugad)

pugad-anto settle in a nest (PPH: *pugad-an) *pugad

pugaʔpress or squeeze a liquid (out of something, as juice from a fruit, coconut milk from coconut meat, pus from a wound) (PAN: *peReq)

pugusto roll or knot the hair (PPH: *pugus)

pukpuk-unbe hammered, pounded (PWMP: *pukpuk-en) *pukpuk

pukulhaving an amputated leg, arm, finger, or toe (PPH: *pukul₂)

pukuta large fishing net, seine (PMP: *puket₁)

Tausug (580 / 790)

pukut-unto fish with a seine (PWMP: *puket-en) *puket₁

pulared (PMP: *pula₁)

pula-pulaa newborn infant (PMP: *pula₁)

puliŋdust or tiny particle that lodges in one’s eye (PWMP: *puliŋ₂)

puntuktop, apex, peak, summit (as of a mountain or building) (PWMP: *puntuk)

punudnot hollow, solid (of a body), sturdy (PMP: *pened₁)

puŋluʔa bullet (LOAN)

pusashandcuffs (LOAN)

púsudnavel, umbilical cord (PMP: *pusej)

pusuʔthe flower of the banana (used as a vegetable) (PMP: *pusuq₁)

pūta kind of tree whose sap is flammable, and is a medicine for certain diseases (PMP: *pulut)

pūt-ansticky rice (a variety of rice that becomes sticky when cooked) (PMP: *pulut)

putiʔwhite (PMP: *putiq)

putiʔ mataa coward (lit. ‘white eyes’) (PWMP: *putiq mata) *putiq

putiʔ-unto make something white (PWMP: *putiq-en) *putiq

putput-anchimney, smoke shaft, flue, funnel (as of a steamship) (PWMP: *puput-an) *putput₂

putua confection made by steaming grated cassava (LOAN)

puuncause; origin, source, beginning; the first wife (of multiple wives); a tree, trunk (of a tree); money invested, capital investment (PMP: *puqun)

puun-aninvest money, have capital (PWMP: *puqun-an) *puqun

pūʔisland (PPH: *pujuq)

Tausug (600 / 790)

pūʔisland (LOAN)

sabit ~ saʔbita hook (anything used to snag something else) (PMP: *saqebit)

sabit-anto use a hook (especially for fishing); a cloth money belt (usually used by older men along with loose-fitting cotton trousers) (PPh: *saqebit-án) *saqebit

sablaya long, loose, collarless blouse reaching below the hips with long, loose sleeves (PPH: *sab(e)láy)

sagsag-unto break (something) off, destroy or damage (something) (PPH: *sagsag-en) *sagsag₁

sakapready, prepared (PPH: *saŋkap)

sakitsickness, illness, pain, soreness, ache (PMP: *sakit)

sakit atayanger, hatred, bitterness of feeling (PMP: *sakit)

sakit babaivenereal disease (PMP: *sakit)

sanaman ant (PWMP: *sanam)

sanam-unto get ants (in something), attract ants (as sugar on a plate) (PWMP: *sanam)

saŋkalana (kitchen) chopping board (PWMP: *saŋkalan)

sapaʔa small river, stream (PAN: *sapaq₁)

saputa shroud, white cloth used to wrap a corpse for burial (PMP: *saput₁)

sawaliʔsplit bamboo woven into sheets (used for walling) (LOAN)

sawanconvulsions (can be fatal in children) (PWMP: *sawan)

sawan-unto be affected by a convulsion (PWMP: *sawan-en) *sawan

sāʔmistake, fault, error, flaw (PMP: *salaq₁)

siah3sg. (PAN: *si ia₁) *ia₁

sibíta claw (of a crab, etc.) (PWMP: *cibit)

Tausug (620 / 790)

sigi-sigigoing on in rapid succession, happening over and over again, repeated often, continually (LOAN)

sikar-anto stretch out the legs (in reclining or relaxing) (PPH: *sikád-an) *síkad

sikifoot (PPH: *sikí)

sikuelbow (the belief of the old people is that if someone gives something to someone and then takes it back, his elbow will rot) (PAN: *sikux)

simudmouth (PWMP: *simuj)

sinagbrightness, radiance (PMP: *sinaR) *siNaR

siŋala wedge, shim (PPH: *siŋal)

siŋawa leak (of air), the sound made by leaking air (PPH: *siŋaw)

siŋkaŋcharacterized by spread legs (PWMP: *sikaŋ)

sipaka part or half of something, a split section (PWMP: *sipak)

sipata physical sense, natural power or faculty (of a person); sight, hearing, taste, smell; type; manifrestaion, evidence; appearance, attribute, quality (PWMP: *sipat)

sipiɁa hand of bananas (PPH: *sipíq)

sipita peg, clothespin, hairpin (PAN: *sipit)

sipit-sipitan earwig (PAN: *sipit)

siyamnine (PPH: *siám)

s<iy>aŋlaggrated cassava roasted in a pan (PMP: *s<in>aŋelaR) *saŋelaR

subaŋ-anthe waxing of the moon; the number of days in the month since the new moon; a day; the direction east (PPH: *sebaŋ)

sudsudname given to several sedges (grow on riverbanks and in swamps) (PWMP: *sedsed₁)

sukavomit (ejected matter from the stomach via the mouth) (PPH: *suka₂)

Tausug (640 / 790)

sukiɁa regular customer or purchaser (LOAN)

sukuta demand for payment; demand from the spirits for an offering (PPH: *sukut)

suliŋa flute, fife (usually made of bamboo) (PWMP: *suliŋ)

s<um>abitfor something to hook, catch, or snag on something else (PWMP: *s<um>abit) *saqebit

s<um>akitto become painful, sore (PWMP: *s<um>akit) *sakit

s<um>aŋládfor a vessel to run aground (PPH: *s<um>aŋ(e)lád) *saŋ(e)lád

s<um>aŋsaŋto go against (a current of water or wind) (PPH: *saŋsáŋ)

s<um>apato swear (an oath), take an oath (PWMP: *sapaq₂)

s<um>āʔto commit a mistake, error or fault, have a flaw; err, miss the mark, be wrong (PWMP: *s<um>alaq) *salaq₁

sumbiŋjagged, dented, notched, nicked (as of the edges of cutting tools); hare-lipped (PWMP: *sumbiŋ)

s<um>ipiɁto cut a stalk of bananas into hands (PPH: *sipíq)

s<um>ipitto catch something between two fingers, pincers, etc.; pinch something; to clip something, as paperclip clips paper, a clothespin clothes, or a hairpin hair; to carry something under the arm (PWMP: *s<um>ipit) *sipit

sumpitsquirting, spurting (PMP: *sumpit)

sumpit-anan instrument used for blowing a pointed missile (bawang) with the aid of a wad of kapok or cotton, blowgun (made of bamboo or a material with the same texture as bamboo; has a sight at the end away from the mouth opening) (PMP: *sumpit)

s<um>ubaŋ(for the moon) to rise (PPH: *sebaŋ)

s<um>ukato vomit, throw up (PPH: *suka₂)

s<um>uliŋto play such an instrument (PWMP: *suliŋ)

s<um>uŋitto put food into one’s (or someone’s) mouth, either by hand or with a spoon; to feed someone (PPH: *suŋit₂)

suntuka blow (as with the hand or fist) (PPH: *suntúk)

suŋawa leak of air (PWMP: *seŋ(e)qaw)

Tausug (660 / 790)

suŋkaʔan indoor game usually played by two people on a wooden block shaped like a boat, and having shallow holes along the sides where shells, pebbles, or any counters are dropped by each player (LOAN)

suŋsuŋChina (PWMP: *suŋsuŋ₁)

suŋutasthma (PPH: *seŋet-seŋet)

suŋut-unto contract or be afflicted with asthma (PPH: *seŋet-seŋet)

suputa paper bag (PPH: *súput)

suruɁa spoon (PWMP: *suduq)

suruɁ-unto take or eat something with a spoon (PWMP: *suduq)

suysuyrumor, hearsay, reports not based on definite knowledge, general conversation (PPH: *suysuy)

sūʔlight (of a torch, candle, etc.) (PMP: *suluq)

tabaka single-legged (brass, silver, or in folktales gold) tray, esp. used by royalty (LOAN)

tabidtwisted, not straight, out of shape (PWMP: *tabid)

tabid-tabida rope-shaped confection made of flour or pounded cassava (PWMP: *tabid)

tablaeven, equal, tied (as in a game or contest) (LOAN)

tabuna type of quail a little smaller than a chicken, which lays eggs in sandy holes it digs (PPH: *tabun₁)

tag-andakstamp the feet (PWMP: *anzak)

tagar-anthat which one is waiting for (PPH: *taRad-an) *taRad

taklaʔthe sound made by flapping the tongue against the roof of the mouth, a clicking of the tongue (PPH: *tak(e)laq)

talama brass tray (without legs) (LOAN)

talawexcessive fear (PAN: *talaw)

talaw-ancowardly, excessively fearful (PAN: *talaw)

Tausug (680 / 790)

tamanaŋ(of people or animals) barren, sterile (PWMP: *tamanaŋ)

tambiluka sea worm that lives on trees, logs, and sides of wooden ships (PWMP: *tambiluk)

tambukcorpulence, fatness, obesity, plumpness, chubbiness (PWMP: *tambuk)

tampípiʔa (double telescoping) basket made of coconut leaves (PPH: *tampipiq)

tanudthread (PPH: *tanúd)

tanugthe volume (of a sound or voice); famous, well-known (PPH: *tanúR)

tanumto plant (something); to bury (something) (PMP: *tanem) *CaNem

tanum-anto plant something (PAN: *tanem-an) *CaNem

taŋaʔ(of speech) stammering (PPH: *taŋaq₁)

taŋkaya stem, stalk (of a plant); handle (of a ladle, cup, pan, etc.) (PMP: *taŋkay)

tasaa drinking cup (with a handle, made of metal) (LOAN)

tastastorn on the seam (PAN: *tastas)

tawmpaʔshoe (LOAN)

taytay-ana bridge (usually made of bamboo or wood) (PWMP: *taytay-an) *taytay

taʔwonder (softens the tone of a question) (PPH: *taq₂)

tikaŋa step, pace (as in walking) (PWMP: *tikaŋ)

tikuʔ(of an object) crooked (PWMP: *tikuq₁)

ti-lawas-ana segment or section, including one node (of bamboo, sugarcane, etc.) (PAN: *lawas₃)

timbaŋ-ana scale, balance (for weighing); to make (one’s love, treatment, etc. of people) equal; be equaled (PWMP: *timbaŋ-an) *timbaŋ

timbaŋ-unto consider something (in making a choice) (PWMP: *timbaŋ-en) *timbaŋ

Tausug (700 / 790)

tiŋuga human voice (PPH: *tiŋeR)

tiruŋa covering for the head (to protect from the heat of the sun or from rain) (PWMP: *tiduŋ)

tiyanstomach, belly (PMP: *tian) *tiaN

tūthree (PAN: *telu)

tubigwater, juice (of a fruit), (with mata) tears (NOISE)

tubusugarcane (PMP: *tebuh₁) *tebuS

tubulconstipation (PPH: *tebel₁)

tubul-unto be constipated (PPH: *tebel₁)

tudluʔforefinger, index finger (PPh: *tulduq)

tūgsleep (PAN: *tuduR)

tūg-ana place to sleep (PWMP: *tuduR-an) *tuduR

tugub(of a truck or boat) deeply laden, overloaded (PMP: *teReb)

tugundate, appointment; something ordered or arranged, word sent; a matter (to speak about to someone) (PWMP: *tuRun₂)

tukulhammer (LOAN)

tukuna pole used to propel a small boat in shallow water (PMP: *teken)

tukun-anto propel a small boat with a pole in shallow water (PMP: *teken)

tuldaa tarpaulin, tent (LOAN)

t<um>abidto twist or wring something; to wring the water out of something (PWMP: *tabid)

t<um>agadto wait for something (PPH: *taRad)

t<um>alusto continue, finish (doing something, esp. something already started) (PWMP: *tarus)

Tausug (720 / 790)

t<um>andakto stamp one’s feet (PWMP: *tanzak)

t<um>anudto thread (a needle or sewing machine) (PPH: *tanúd)

t<um>anumto plant something (PAN: *t<um>anem) *CaNem

t<um>aŋisto cry or weep, shed tears (PAN: *C<um>aŋis) *Caŋis

t<um>aŋtaŋto take off, remove (something from something else, as buttons or other detachable objects); take something apart (PPH: *taŋtáŋ₂)

t<um>apukto hide or conceal (something) (PWMP: *tapuk₃)

t<um>astasto cut or tear stitches so as to open a seam, hem, etc. (PWMP: *t<um>astas) *tastas

t<um>aul(for dogs) to howl (PPH: *taqul) *taqúl

t<um>aytayto cross a bridge (to a place) (PMP: *taytay)

tumbagabrass, copper, bronze (LOAN)

tumbuŋthe end of the spinal cord above the buttocks (where a tail would grow) (PWMP: *tumbuŋ₁)

t<um>imbaŋto weigh something with a scale or balance; consider something (in making a choice) (PWMP: *t<um>imbaŋ) *timbaŋ

t<um>iŋugto sound like (someone’s voice) (PPH: *tiŋeR)

tumpuka group (of persons or things) (PWMP: *tumpuk)

tumpulblunt, dull, not sharp (PMP: *tumpul)

t<um>udluʔto point at or point out (something with the finger) (PPh: *tulduq)

t<um>ugunto order (something to be brought by someone else), send word (to someone) (PWMP: *tuRun₂)

t<um>ukunto propel a small boat with a pole in shallow water (PMP: *teken)

t<um>uputto fit, be just right, enough (PWMP: *tepet₁)

t<um>ūʔfor a liquid or the surface it is on to drip (PPh: *t<um>uduq) *tuduq

Tausug (740 / 790)

tunaw(of ice or a tablet) dissolved, melted; (of food) digested (PPH: *túnaw)

tunaw-unto dissolve, melt (something); to digest (something) (PPH: *tunaw-en) *túnaw

tunuka thorn, spine (of plants and fish) (PAN: *Cenek)

tuŋawsmall red tick (lives in rotten wood) (PWMP: *tuŋaw₁)

tuŋaʔhalf (PMP: *teŋaq)

tuŋaʔ-anmiddle (PMP: *teŋaq)

tupuŋ-ana container used to measure (by volume) (PAN: *tepeŋ₃)

tuputenough, just right (PWMP: *tepet₁)

tutub-anamnion, the sac in which a baby lies during pregnancy, bag of waters (PMP: *tutub)

tutuyclitoris, the female organ homologous to the male penis (PPH: *tutuy)

tuyuʔzeal, ernestness (PPH: *tuyuq)

tuyuʔ-unto be earnest, zealous in doing something; strive hard (for something) (PPH: *tuyuq)

tūʔa drop (of liquid); a dripping or leak (from a faucet or a wound) (PAN: *tuduq)

tūʔ-anto drip (PAN: *tuduq-an) *tuduq

tuʔuright hand, right side (PMP: *tuqu₁)

ūhead (PMP: *qulu) *quluh

ubangray hair on an older person (PMP: *quban) *qubaN

ubudleaf-bud or heart of palm trees, used as a vegetable (PMP: *qubuj)

ubuŋridgepole (PMP: *ubuŋ)

ubusfinished, completed, done (PMP: *qubus)

Tausug (760 / 790)

ūdworm, grub, maggot (PMP: *qulej)

ugamsimple stomatitis (characterized by the formation of tiny ulcers on the mucosa of the mouth) (PMP: *guham) *guSam

ugam-unto be or beome afflicted with stomatitis (PWMP: *guam-en) *guSam

ugatvein, nerve, artery, tendon (PMP: *uRat) *huRaC

ugbussprout (of a plant) (PPH: *ugbús)

ugbus-anto remove the new shoots from a plant (PPH: *ugbús)

ugisan albino person (PPh: *quRis)

ugtunoontime, mid-day, whe the sun is at its zenith (PPh: *ugtu)

ūh-antip, top or front part of something; chief of a group (PMP: *qulu-an) *quluh

uhawthirsty (PMP: *quhaw) *quSaw

ukabto be open or about to open (PWMP: *hu(ŋ)kab)

ukkilnative sculpture, carving (PMP: *ukir)

ulak-anshuttle, as in weaving (PWMP: *ulak-an) *ulak

ulaŋyell (PMP: *quŋal)

umacultivated field or farm, rice field (PMP: *quma) *qumah

umawdumb, unable to speak (PPH: *umaw)

umpanbait for animals or fish (PMP: *qumpan)

unago ahead or before (PMP: *unah)

unah-anfront; forward (PPh: *unah-an) *unah

untuŋprofit, gain (LOAN)

Tausug (780 / 790)

u-nuhwhat? (PAN: *-nu₁)

upawbald on the crown of the head; bald pate (PPH: *upaw)

usukpole, post, stake (ROOT)

usuŋcarry someone in a litter or by interlacing the hands to form a seat (PMP: *qusuŋ)

utantaro when the leaves are not yet open (eaten as a vegetable) (PAN: *utan)

utaŋdebt (PMP: *qutaŋ)

utascut something apart, sever something (PWMP: *qutas)

utukbrain (PMP: *hutek)

uwiʔcome or go home (PMP: *uliq₁)

yakala tree: Shorea gisok (PPH: *yakál)

712. Tawala (51) OC (Capell 1943, Ezard 1985) [tbo] Papua New Guinea

ah-ahejawbone, chin (POC: *qase) *qazay

ataour (inclusive) (PAN: *ata)

atulefish that swims in large schools (PMP: *qatulay)

babaunder (POC: *papaq₃) *babaq₁

baba-base, underneath, bottom (POC: *baban) *papan

binamahornbill (POC: *binam)

bua buasmall tree fern, used for spears (POC: *bual bual)

bubusand (NOISE)

buiturn over; reverse; translate; reverse course or direction (POC: *pui₂) *bui₃

bui-buicyclone (POC: *pui pui) *bui₃

bune-bunepigeon (POC: *bune bune) *punay

bune-tutupigeon type, similar to Fisher’s fruit dove (POC: *bune) *punay

dikokingfisher (PMP: *sikek)

dikokingfisher (POC: *siko₂)

hopudescend, go down (westward) (POC: *sobu) *sombu

kahipearl shell (POC: *kasi)

kile-kilepandanus type (POC: *kiRe-kiRe) *kiRay

kulitaoctopus (PMP: *kuRita) *guRiCa

labiyasago (POC: *Rabia) *Rambia

maconjunction: and, with, but, also (PAN: *maS)

Tawala (20 / 51)

manuwabird (POC: *manuk)

mataeye; point; source of (river, wind), mouth of bay (PMP: *mata) *maCa

mata babanareason (PMP: *mata) *maCa

mata kwelinacoconut eye (PMP: *mata) *maCa

matoutato fear, be frightened (POC: *matakut) *takut

mona-monafat, grease (POC: *moña-moñak) *meñak

natu-child (PEMP: *natu)

niwotooth (POC: *nipon) *nipen

numahouse (PAN: *Rumaq)

numa hinemamaenamarriage bond (PAN: *Rumaq)

pagaa sore (POC: *pwasa)

patotospikes (vertical) on outrigger (PEMP: *patoto)

pilifold clothing, wind fishing line (PMP: *pirit)

pulibundle, bunch (POC: *puliR) *buliR

sapi-sapiear-ring (POC: *sabi-sabi)

tawe (incl.) (POC: *-da₁) *ta-₁

tabuforbidden (said to be a Suau loan) (POC: *tabu) *tambu

tala-blood (POC: *draRaq) *daRaq

talirope to hold pig net up (POC: *tali₁) *CaliS

tanogarden; clearing around house (POC: *tanom) *CaNem

Tawala (40 / 51)

tetestairs, steps; bridge; to cross a bridge, branch, etc. (POC: *tete) *taytay

tomsugarcane (POC: *na topu) *tebuS

tunu-yashine a light, light up (PMP: *tunu) *CuNuh

wagoplant by pushing into the ground; to strike a cutting (POC: *pasok) *pasek

wa-icarry, get, select, take (POC: *pa-i) *pa₂

watalashelf (PMP: *pataR₁)

wawinewoman; female (POC: *papine) *bahi

wilito roll (POC: *piliŋ) *biliŋ

woepaddle (of boat) (POC: *pose) *beRsay

yatusago chopper, adze for chopping sago (POC: *qatu)

yawalatarain (light) from southwest during dry season (PMP: *habaRat) *SabaRat

713. Tboli (397) WMP (Awed, Underwood and van Wynen 2004) [tbk] Philippines [aka: Tagabili]

abatto dig out, as a sliver or thorn; for the sick to go to a traditional healer to remove a curse or sickness encountered (PPH: *abat₄)

amaka masticatory composed of betel nut or tree bark mixed with lime and wrapped in ikô [Piper betle] leaves; to chew betel nut (PMP: *mamaq)

asayaxe (PWMP: *wasay)

atulplan; idea; decision (LOAN)

awamignorant, uneducated; poor (LOAN)

baduŋa bolo with a curved wide blade, used for work, cutting wood (PPH: *baduŋ)

bagaʔlung (PAN: *baRaq₁)

bakmouth (PMP: *bahaq₁) *bahaq

bakbark of a dog (PMP: *bak₁)

balaembers (PMP: *baRah)

balasupporting poles for a house (PMP: *bara₂)

bálaʔreply, respond (PMP: *bajaq₂) *bajaq

balispoiled, soured, rotten (PMP: *baRiw)

banalthorny plant, the sap of which is used as medicine for pimples (PMP: *banaR₁) *baNaR

basakpuddle on table or floor where liquid has been spilt; rice paddy; irrigated rice (PWMP: *bacak)

basalclearness, pleasantness, as the sound of a gong, bell or anvil (PPH: *basal)

bataŋkind of pig trap made from string, wood and small, sharpened bamboo stakes placed in a small, fenced, planted area. (PPH: *batéŋ)

batunto be transported from earth to heaven (mythology) (PPH: *batun)

bawikto come back to life; to revive (PPH: *báwiq)

bayadpayment (PMP: *bayaD)

Tboli (20 / 397)

bayugk.o. small bamboo used for tying and building houses (PPH: *bayug)

bedakface powder made by pounding rice into a fine powder. After a little water is added it is pounded again. Then it is formed into small, marble-sized balls, dried in the sun, and stored in a tightly covered container for a time before using (LOAN)

bekesstrip of abaca, vine, ribbon, etc. used for tying (PMP: *beRkes)

bekl-ento choke on something, as a bone (PWMP: *bekeR₁) *bekeR

bekuta bend or fold (PMP: *bekut) *bekuC

belaŋguʔprisoner (LOAN)

belatheavy (also of emotions, hence "sad") (PMP: *beReqat)

belatikspring-spear trap for wild pigs (PWMP: *bala(n)tik)

belaygive (PMP: *beRay)

belekmale pig (PAN: *beRek)

belesvengeance; to take revenge, to pay back a bad deed or insult (PPH: *beles)

belibuy (PMP: *beli)

be-loyosag, droop (PWMP: *luyu)

bénékkernel or seed rice (PMP: *binehiq) *bineSiq

benesgrass (PWMP: *benes)

benonto sneeze (PMP: *beñan)

beŋwall (PMP: *embeŋ)

beŋwall (ROOT)

beŋetwhiskers (PPh: *beŋet₂)

Tboli (40 / 397)

beŋ ketidam (PMP: *embeŋ)

beséka tear, crack or split (PMP: *besiq)

betolstraight, as straight hair (LOAN)

betuʔbreak open, as an egg; open, as a tin can; break, as a dish (PMP: *betu₂)

beyabasguava (LOAN)

biguwinnowing basket (NOISE)

bilaŋfair; honest; accurate (PAN: *bilaŋ₁)

bilaʔa taro plant having very large leaves and an edible root stalk (PWMP: *biRaʔ)

bilaʔpal, friend; friendship name used by two people living in different areas (PPH: *bilaq₂)

bilaʔfriend made through a contract. The two men concerned agree upon an exchange of property. If for some reason one cannot pay, the contract will not be completed, and he will become ill. But if the property is exchanged, the contract is completed by the following ceremony. An egg is put in a pot; the two concerned hold a length of rattan across the top. A third person hits the rattan with a bolo. If he cuts the egg in two the contract is completed, and the two will be friends always (LOAN)

bitekhookworm; any type of thread or abaca already threaded in a needle (PPh: *bitek)

bitilhungry (PMP: *bitil₁)

bkutto bend or fold something up, as the legs of a table (PMP: *bekut) *bekuC

blubua large hardwood tree which produces clusters of small, green, round edible nuts; the wood is used for houseposts (PPH: *baRubu)

b<n>otustony, full of rocks (PWMP: *b<in>atu) *batux

bótóŋfallen log; main part, point of something (PMP: *bataŋ) *bataŋ₁

bótóŋ iluŋbridge of the nose (PWMP: *bataŋ qijuŋ) *bataŋ₁

boturock, stone (PMP: *batu) *batux

bufishing net made from the hard central stem of the coconut leaf (PWMP: *buʔu)

budasto fade (as colors in clothes) (NEAR)

Tboli (60 / 397)

buduksores on a baby's head, commonly called 'cradle cap' (PWMP: *buduk)

bukolknee (PPh: *buqel)

bulbody hair, fur, feather (PPh: *bulbúl)

bulaʔball, may be made by weaving strips of coconut leaves into a circular form (LOAN)

buliŋspotted, mottled; print with many figures (PWMP: *budiŋ)

bulokbubbling up (PMP: *bujeq₂) *bujeq

bulolcataract, a white substance covering the eye, hindering vision (PAN: *bulaR₁)

bulonmoon, month (PMP: *bulan₃) *bulaN

bululmountain (PMP: *bulud₃) *buled₁

bululmountain (PWMP: *bulud₂)

buluŋmedicine (also taken to increase abilities or produce physical results by magical means, as medicine which confers the ability to play a guitar, medicine which makes a horse run faster, medicine which drives away the rain, etc.) (PMP: *buluŋ₂)

bunito keep something secret, hidden (PMP: *buni₁) *buNi

busawspirit, probably the spirit of the dead; many stories are told about Bong Busaw ('Big Spirit'), who is greatly feared by the people (PMP: *busaw)

butélwart, any growth on the skin (PMP: *buteliR)

buutbark of the coconut palm, often used for a torch (PMP: *buʔut)

dalumneedle (PAN: *zaRum)

danaʔa pressure mark, imprint; to imprint, make a mark on (PPH: *danáq₁)

datala plain; a flat area; level place; flat, level; ironed out, as a problem (PAN: *dataR)

datu-ʔa traditional leader over a group of people living in a particular geographical area … it was expected that the position would be passed on from father to son (PMP: *datu)

dawaalibi, excuse (PPH: *dawa)

Tboli (80 / 397)

dketto pin down (PWMP: *d<um>eket) *dekeC

dyoto bathe (PAN: *diRus)

dilaktongue (PMP: *dilaq₁)

dilak kukuʔan edible mushroom that grows on dry wood and looks like a cat’s tongue (PMP: *dilaq₁)

dilofflame (PWMP: *dilap₂)

dilósspleen (PPH: *dilas)

dketa sticky substance; glue; tape; to stick or tack something together; to pin down (PMP: *deket₁) *dekeC

dloŋa large, soft-wood tree with beautiful grain, good for house building (PMP: *deRuŋ₂)

d<m>alumneedle-like (as young rice plant) (PAN: *zaRum)

d<m>ulakto spit (PMP: *dulaq)

dobuŋedible bamboo shoots (PPH: *dabuŋ)

dolilroot of a tree, problem; to take root, of plants (PMP: *dalij)

doloŋa groan, moan; to groan, moan from sickness (PMP: *deReŋ)

doun(of trees, plants) leaf; to leaf out (PMP: *dahun)

dulakto spit (PWMP: *zulaq)

duluŋthe front end, bow of a ship, boat; tip end of the roof on a house (PWMP: *duluŋ)

dumucompanion, other part of something; relatives; to be a relative or a companion to someone (PAN: *duma)

dyoto take a bath, including washing one’s hair (PAN: *diRus)

è ec’mon, come on! (PAN: *ai₃)

eteddeliver (PMP: *hateD) *SateD

Tboli (100 / 397)

fatfour (PMP: *epat) *Sepat

filakmoney; silver; tin; coins (LOAN)

fólthickness; thick, heavy, as cloth; difficult, having deep meaning, as riddles; abundant, as branches (PPH: *kepal)

fun(of land, fields, houses, possessions, bamboo, slaves) the owner (PMP: *puqun)

gbaʔ(of inanimage objects) be destroyed (PPH: *gebáq)

g<(e)m>iliŋto wind something onto a spool, as thread; to mill, as rice or corn (PWMP: *g<um>iliŋ) *giliŋ

ge-tluthird (PMP: *ika-telu) *telu

g-hitu-henseventh (PAN: *pitu₁) *pitu

giliŋto wind something onto a spool, as thread; to mill, as rice or corn (PMP: *giliŋ)

gulukhunting knife, dagger; a short double-bladed knife that a man carries in his pocked or tucked in his waist for defense (PWMP: *guluk)

guntiŋscissors (LOAN)

h- ~ he-causative prefix (PAN: *pa-₂)

hahathigh of person or animal; lap of a person (PAN: *paqa₁)

haitminnow, a certain freshwater fish (PWMP: *paqit₁) *paqit

halasuspended platform above the firetable, used to dry wood, corn, tobacco, etc. (PAN: *paRa₁)

halasappearance (PWMP: *paras₂)

halayOryza sativa. Rice, unhusked, a staple food of the Philippines (PAN: *pajay)

hanakarrow with small metal point (PAN: *panaq)

haŋabranch of a tree; antlers (PAN: *paŋa₁)

h-ataykill (PMP: *p-atay) *aCay

Tboli (120 / 397)

he-betuʔshoot off, as a firecracker (PPh: *pa-betu) *betu₂

hedéksting; smart (as salt in an open wound) (PMP: *hapejiq) *Sapejiq

héétbitter, salty (PMP: *paqit₂) *paqiC

hnokto fill up (PWMP: *p<um>enuq) *peNuq

hendemthink, ponder (ROOT)

hificheek (PMP: *pihpih) *piSpiS

hiluhow many?, how much? (PAN: *pijax)

hisaa boil (PWMP: *pi(R)sa)

hitasto tear open, as a hole; (of a hole) torn open, as in the earlobe caused by heavy earrings (PWMP: *pi(n)tas)

hituseven (PAN: *pitu₁) *pitu

h<m>ulutto set a sticky trap for birds (PMP: *pulut)

hnokto fill up (as a glass with water); full (as a sack full of corn) (PAN: *peNuq)

hnokto fill up (as a glass with water) (PAN: *peNuq)

hnok-enfill it! (PWMP: *penuq-en) *peNuq

hololpalm of the hand (PMP: *palaj₁)

hosoʔheart (PMP: *pusuq₁)

hosoʔ tithe calf of a person’s leg (PMP: *pusuq₁)

huhedumbilicus, navel; core of the ocean (PMP: *pusej)

huketa large net used for fishing in deep water (PMP: *puket₁)

huloʔred (PMP: *pulaq)

Tboli (140 / 397)

hulutglutinous (sticky) rice or corn; sticky tree sap used to trap birds (PMP: *pulut)

husekto enter (PPH: *pusek)

ibamistake, blunder (PPh: *iba₂)

ikoŋtail (PMP: *ikuŋ)

iluorphan (PWMP: *ilu)

iluŋnose (PMP: *ijuŋ)

inalthin ray of light; dim light, tiny spark (PPH: *inaR)

inutto economize; to use little by little; gradually, bit by bit, little by little (PWMP: *inut)

iwolsaliva; to want something very much, i.e. to drool over, to desire (PMP: *ibeR)

kabaŋto make something spotted, speckled black and white (PPH: *kabáŋ)

kafachaff; empty husks (PMP: *qapah)

kafusto lack, be deficient, needing; to run out of something before everyone has received some (PPH: *kapus)

kaŋatoothless; gaps, as when several teeth are missing (PMP: *kaŋa)

katayliver (PMP: *qatay) *qaCay

kawitto cling to something, as bats in a cave holding on to one another as links in a chain; to make a chain; to link together (PAN: *kawit)

keif (PAN: *ka₂)

kebegGreater Philippine short-nosed or dog-faced fruit bat: Ptenochirus jagorii (PPH: *kabég)

kebelsmoke, steam (PAN: *qebel)

kedawsun; day (PMP: *qalejaw)

kedutpull out (ROOT)

Tboli (160 / 397)

keliŋbamboo of small circumference (PWMP: *qeliŋ)

kelottight (PMP: *qeRut)

kukubbe put in jail or an enclosure (PPH: *k<um>ubkub) *kubkub₁

k-em-ulonto rain (PMP: *q<um>uzan) *quzaN

kenfood; to eat; to swallow up; to consume, as by fire, debt; to beat an opponent, as in a game (PAN: *kaen)

kenaluma tree; black dye for the abaca fiber is obtained by boiling its leaves (PMP: *kanarum)

kenilawtree used for building, as medicine for conjunctivitis (obtained by squeezing the skin just under the bark), and for a chewing mixture (PMP: *qanilaw)

ketefroof (PMP: *qatep)

ketelto itch (as scabies) (PMP: *gatel) *gaCel

ketel sigusaid of someone who gives something to someone and then partakes of it also (lit. ‘itchy elbow’) (PAN: *sikux)

ketidried up; water absorbed (PWMP: *keti)

ketidried up, water absorbed (PMP: *qeti₁)

ketolucaterpillar, about six inches long, smooth skin, bright green color with red markings (PMP: *katadu)

ketolucaterpillar, about six inches long, smooth skin, bright green color with red markings (PWMP: *qantatadu)

kiaʔexpression of contempt or satisfaction at the punishment of another (PAN: *qia)

kigúʔcrooked; winding, as a road (PWMP: *kikuʔ)

kilaypandanus sp. (PMP: *kiRay)

kiliŋsound of brass anklets with little metal balls in them (PPH: *kilíŋ₁)

kilokto tickle; ticklish (PPH: *giruk)

k-ilónwhen? (PAN: *ijan)

Tboli (180 / 397)

kilularge spoon or ladle; shell of a coconut with an attached handle (PAN: *qiduS)

kimaseashell, the horse conch (the Tboli believe that a piece of this shell placed in the middle of a rice field will give a better harvest) (PMP: *kima)

kimuproperty; material (LOAN)

kitaybridge (PWMP: *kitey)

klathe calling sound of a monkey or young hornbill (PPH: *keraq)

klifenslave; servant; to enslave someone (PPh: *qadipen)

klifótto forget, not remember something, as in sleep (PPH: *lipat)

klifuswhirlwind; cowlick (PMP: *qali-puspus)

k-lihalice eggs (PMP: *lisehaq, liseqah) *liseqeS

klutaya plant similar to the banana or abaca plant, with inedible fruit (PPH: *qaRutay)

kmatiʔtomato: Lycopersicon lycopersicum (LOAN)

k<n>-lihainfested with lice eggs (PMP: *lisehaq, liseqah) *liseqeS

knugufingernail (PMP: *k<an>uhkuh) *kuSkuS₁

koloncogon grass, a tall wild grass used for roofing: Imperata cylindrica (PMP: *guRun)

konulcarried by water (PAN: *qañud)

kooŋmushroom, similar to guwong, but darker in color (PMP: *quhuŋ) *quSuŋ

kotuknod (the head) (PWMP: *kantuk)

kotuknod (the head) (PWMP: *qantuk)

koyutree; wood (PMP: *kahiw) *kaSiw

kukubjail; pen; enclosure; to put in jail or an enclosure (PPH: *kubkub₁)

Tboli (200 / 397)

kuledworm; any insect (PMP: *qulej)

kulenpot of earth or metal (PAN: *kuden)

kulonrain (PMP: *quzan) *quzaN

kulótCookeina, Octospora, or Sarcosoma, an edible fungus found on fallen logs (PMP: *kulat₂) *kulaC

kuluhead; beehive (PMP: *qulu) *quluh

kunilturmeric: Curcuma domestica (PMP: *kunij)

kutuPediculus humanus, head lice; flea; to have head lice or fleas (PMP: *kutu₁) *kuCux

kutu élaquatic bug; black, tiny, fast backswimmer with a painful bite (PMP: *kutu₁) *kuCux

kuyaglife; inherent characteristics, one's abilities (PPh: *quyag)

laanlightness, as in weight, mood (PMP: *Raqan)

labatfence; to put a fence around something (PPH: *labat)

labatfence (PPH: *alabat)

labukthe bottle gourd: Lagenaria siceraria (PWMP: *labuq₂)

labutinvolvement or part in something; to get involved, be a part of an activity, argument (PPH: *labut)

lafaŋwalk around (PMP: *lampaŋ)

lafito fold up, turn over (PPH: *lapi)

lafinlayer, as layers of clothing, sheet of paper, as a page in a book; to add another layer (PWMP: *lampin)

lafiʔfold up (< *-pi) (ROOT)

lakufto include, be a part of, as an area (PAN: *lakup)

lakunto coil up, as a rope, or as a snake coils up; to fold something, as abaca fiber (PPH: *lakun)

Tboli (220 / 397)

lanpath, way, road; area worked on; handiwork; to pass through, follow a path (PMP: *zalan)

lanabhigh tide (PWMP: *lanab)

lanawlake (PAN: *danaw)

lanutto reject strands of abaca fiber that are smaller and softer than the rest (PPH: *lánut)

lasaŋmoulting fowls; dry, dead tree without leaves (PWMP: *lasaŋ₁)

latatin can, usually referring to a 5 gallon kerosene can (LOAN)

latuthe cardinal number 100 (PMP: *Ratus) *RaCus

lawaa friendly visit (PWMP: *lawa₃)

lawitto cry in mourning and at the same time tell what the dead person is remembered for (from the time a person dies until the time of the funeral) (PPH: *lawit₂)

layukdistance; to be a long way off; to go away (PPH: *adayúq)

lebolto make turbid, murky or muddy, rile up (PWMP: *lebuR)

le hilu hean expression meaning ‘It isn’t that much, a little is enough’ (PAN: *pijax)

lekakasquickly (PWMP: *lekas₂)

lekasto use something (as a lever) to open something up; to give something in order to obtain what one wants; to get a separation from one’s spouse (PMP: *lekas₁)

lafinto apply an additional layer, one on top of the other (PWMP: *lampin)

latua hundred (PMP: *Ratus) *RaCus

lemeksoft spot on the head of a newborn, a portion above the forehead where the bone formation is not yet completed; to soften by cooking (PWMP: *lemeq)

linolto tremble, shake, of the earth (PAN: *linuR)

lemkaʔtake off, open forcibly (ROOT)

le-m-kefhug, embrace (ROOT)

Tboli (240 / 397)

lemtubblister (PWMP: *lem(e)tub)

lenawthe color green; the green part of something; green, immature, young (of rice) (PPH: *luh(e)naw)

letaka big crack, as in a glass or wood (PWMP: *Retak)

letaka big crack, as in a glass or wood (PPH: *Retaq)

letekthunder (PWMP: *letiq)

letubto blister, puff up (PWMP: *letub)

lewi nawaundecided (lit. ‘to have two breaths’) (PMP: *duha) *duSa

lewuthe cardinal number two; second in a series (PMP: *duha) *duSa

leʔiyeginger, Zingiber officinale (PMP: *laqia)

libedto wind rope or anything around something (PWMP: *libej)

libutsurround, around (PWMP: *libut)

liholthroat, neck (PAN: *liqeR)

liketthe stickiness of a thing; to make something sticky; to stick to (PMP: *liket)

limbasfile, hack saw, fingernail file (PWMP: *liŋ(e)bas)

limesto drown (PPH: *limes)

límufive (PAN: *lima)

limunto cover something up with cloth, leaves; cover something by payment of a fine (PMP: *limun)

linolearthquake (PAN: *linuR)

liŋumistake, error (PWMP: *liŋu)

liŋuwrong, disordered, disarranged (PWMP: *liŋu)

Tboli (260 / 397)

lobuncloud; fog; cloudy (PMP: *Rabun)

logiman, boy, male; brother, a male sibling (PMP: *laki₁)

loguŋdeep rumble of thunder (ROOT)

lohokrib (PAN: *Rusuk)

loŋitsky, heaven (PMP: *laŋit) *laŋiC

lufithin, as paper, cloth, skin; to make something thin; to simplify, of questions and riddles so that they can be understood easily (PWMP: *lupis₁)

lufitpincers; hair clip, bobby pin (PMP: *luqepit)

lululshin (PAN: *luluj)

lulunto roll something up in cylindrical form, as a mat or a body for burial (PMP: *lulun) *luluN

lumakscabbard; sheath for sword or dagger; put a bolo into a scabbard; to sheathe; to wear a sheath around the waist (PAN: *Rumaq)

lumutalgae; moss on rocks in a river, on a clay water jar (PMP: *lumut)

man-tageven if, even so, even then, even when (PPH: *man)

mataeye (PMP: *mata) *maCa

mata hisathe eye of a boil that has to be opened (PWMP: *mata nu piRsa) *maCa

mata kdawsun (‘eye of the day’) (PAN: *mata nu qalejaw) *maCa

mata kudaʔankle joint/bone (‘eye of a horse’) (PMP: *mata) *maCa

m-ataydie (PMP: *m-atay) *aCay

mayadto pay (PMP: *bayaD)

maʔfather (PMP: *ama-q) *amax

ma-ʔfather, used in teknonyms with reference to the eldest child (PMP: *ema-q) *ema₁

Tboli (280 / 397)

m-ebedtie knots, wind about (PWMP: *embej)

m-edomborrow (PMP: *hezam) *Sezam

m-ekikcry (PMP: *e(ŋ)kik)

meloy (< *l-um-aRiw)run (PAN: *laRiw)

melusloosen, come off (ROOT)

me-nagawsteal (PWMP: *ma-nakaw) *Cakaw

metekleech (PWMP: *qali-matek) *-matek

meyakshy, ashamed (PMP: *ma-heyaq) *Seyaq

m-eyufto blow, as with one's breath (PMP: *heyup) *Seyup

m-fólthick (PPH: *kepal)

mi(h)sweet (PMP: *hemis)

m-nawato breathe (PMP: *ma-ñawa) *NiSawa

mógówcome, go (PWMP: *makaw)

m-onukto have many chickens (PMP: *manuk)

m-sɨfsuck (PAN: *q<um>esep) *qesep

mutoksolidified matter in the corner of the eyes (PWMP: *muteq)

m-yakashamed (PMP: *ma-heyaq) *Seyaq

nanakpus; to have a core, as a boil; to be full of pus; a pocket of pus (PMP: *nanaq) *naNaq

natuka kind of tree producing first class wood; its bark is used for chewing (PMP: *ñatuq)

nawabreath; spirit; character; feelings (PMP: *nihawa) *NiSawa

Tboli (300 / 397)

neand (PMP: *na₅) *Na₁

nemsix (PAN: *enem)

ŋaŋato open one’s mouth wide (PMP: *ŋaŋa₂)

ŋayaw(of people) to raid at night, to kill and take things (PMP: *ma-ŋayaw) *ŋayaw

ofifire (PMP: *hapuy) *Sapuy

ohudog (PAN: *asu₁)

oluŋshadow, reflection (PMP: *aluŋ)

onukchicken, fowl; bird (PMP: *manuk)

ɔʔuh1sg. nominative pronoun: I (PAN: *aku)

sabut(of abaca) waste from the stripping (PWMP: *sabut)

sadabto roast meat, corn, bananas or tubers in the flame of the fire rather than the coals (PWMP: *sadab)

salanest (PMP: *salaR)

salaʔmistake, error; sin; missing the mark, as an arrow (PMP: *salaq₁)

saŋayto harmonize, blend well together, as gongs (PWMP: *saŋay)

sefelmake a dam in a stream, using rocks, leaves, as when looking for small fish, in the river bed (PPH: *sáRep)

swólto root, as pigs (PMP: *sual)

seŋeksnuffle (PWMP: *seŋek)

se-soluto face each other; to confront, as in an issue; facing each other, as one’s feet or pupils of the eyes (PPH: *saru)

sfuta natural spring; to spring, burst out, as a spring of water (PWMP: *seput)

sigolcrooked, curved (PMP: *siŋkul)

Tboli (320 / 397)

siguelbow (PAN: *sikux)

silólburi palm, the leaves of which are used for weaving baskets, mats and hats (PPH: *silaR)

sinaŋto shine, as polished glass or dazzling white clothes (PWMP: *sinaŋ)

siŋkamasPachyrrhizus erosus, yam bean (from Tagalog) (LOAN)

sledeŋspotted sambar deer: Cervus alfredi (PMP: *saladeŋ)

s-logito be a brother or a male relative to other females (PMP: *laki₁)

s<m>uŋetmoody (PPH: *suŋet)

soluthe front of something or someone; to face toward; to be facing something as a responsibility (PPH: *saru)

sowupython, boa constrictor (PMP: *sawa)

sufittongs, usually a piece of bamboo about 8-10in. long bent in half and used as kitchen tongs or by a blacksmith in moving coals of fire, kettle lids; crab pincers; to use tongs to get or move something; to carry something under the arm by squeezing it’; to get stuck or caught between something, as one’s finger pinched in a door, lid of a trunk (PWMP: *supit)

sukuba lid of something, usually bigger than what is covered (PWMP: *suŋkub)

suliʔ(of plants such as banana, abaca, ginger, pineapple, bamboo) new shoots (PMP: *suli₁)

suludcomb; to comb one’s hair (PWMP: *sulud₁)

sumuŋlips (PWMP: *mu(n)cuŋ)

suntukboxing, fistfight; to fistfight (PPH: *suntúk)

suŋmortar made from hollowed-out log (PMP: *esuŋ)

suŋetto snap at anyone (PPH: *suŋet)

suʔalthorn (PAN: *suqaR)

swólrooting, as by pigs (PMP: *sual)

syómnine (PPH: *siám)

Tboli (340 / 397)

taboŋ galaga plant: Ixora bartlingii Elm., Rubiaceae (PWMP: *tabuŋ)

tagadto wait (PPH: *taRad)

tánudto take care of, to watch (PPH: *tánud)

tanulanything that serves as thread; to thread a needle (PPH: *tanúd)

taŋbass gong, a large gong emitting a deep, somber sound (used for transmitting calls to someone in the field, or calling a meeting) (PMP: *taŋ)

taŋguŋto use a pole to carry water or something very heavy (PWMP: *taŋguŋ)

taŋkisdenial; to deny, as charges made against one; to be dissenting (PWMP: *taŋkis)

taŋkuŋ ~ tlaŋkuŋswamp cabbage, a smooth, widely-spreading vine with stems trailing on mud or floating on stagnant pools; young leaves and stems are eaten as a leafy vegetable: Ipomoea aquatica (PPH: *taŋkuŋ)

tawala potent medicine used to remove the poison of snakebites (PWMP: *tawaR₁)

tawala potent medicine used to remove the poison of snakebites (PWMP: *tabaR)

tbaga washout in the middle, center of a field (PPH: *tebág)

tdesto crush, as head lice between fingernails (PWMP: *tedes)

tdokfinger, pointer; to point out, point at (PAN: *tuzuq₁)

tebekfork; any sharp instrument (PAN: *tebek)

tebuga stagnant pool of water, carabao wallow (PPH: *tebug)

tebulcontinuous trickle of water, as a spring (PMP: *tebuR)

tedokfinger, pointer (PPh: *tulduq)

tekokthe sound produced when one gags (PPH: *tekuk₂)

tedokto point (PPh: *tulduq)

tikebdoor (PWMP: *ti(ŋ)keb)

Tboli (360 / 397)

tikebgate, door (ROOT)

tikedheel (PMP: *tiked)

tiŋkukbump, hit against (PMP: *tiŋkuq)

tkakhen’s cackle after she lays an egg; loud laughter (PWMP: *tekak)

tkento press or weigh something down; to hold or put something heavy on top of something else to keep it from moving (as a paperweight) (PMP: *teken)

tlucardinal number 3 (PAN: *telu)

t<m>onokto walk, hike; to be dirty from the soil (PPH: *t<um>aneq) *taneq

t<m>uludto push (PAN: *s<um>ulud) *sulud₂

tonokearth, ground, soil; land as distinguished from sea or sky (PMP: *taneq)

toolthread on which beads are strung; to string beads into a necklace (PMP: *tuhuR) *CuSuR

toulthe howl or whine of a dog, as when he wants out (PPH: *tahúl)

tudaʔthrow (PMP: *tudaq)

tud bukolkneel down to show humbleness; descendants, strength of supporting relatives, grandchildren; supporter (bukol = knee) (PMP: *tuhud) *tuduS

tuhodtree stump; stubble; roots of teeth (PAN: *tuqed)

tuludpush (PAN: *sulud₂)

tutulstory; account; to tell a story (PMP: *tutur₁)

tuwilany instrument used in prying off a lid (PWMP: *tuil)

t-woliyounger sibling, relative, friend of the same sex (PMP: *ta-huaji) *Suaji

-uI, me, my, mine (PAN: *-ku)

ubatbullet (LOAN)

Tboli (380 / 397)

ubekrice husks (PWMP: *ubek)

ubi koyucassava (PWMP: *qubi kahiw) *qubi

ufukto flap (as wings), clap (PWMP: *upuk)

ulalgeneral term for snake (PMP: *hulaR) *SulaR

ulatvein of body (PMP: *uRat) *huRaC

ulékreturn; repetition; regrowth (PMP: *uliq₁)

umewmute, dumb (PPH: *umaw)

unafscale of fish (PMP: *quhenap) *quSeNap

uninoise (PMP: *huni) *Suni

unsuytobacco pipe (LOAN)

uŋkulgood luck; fortunate (LOAN)

usiŋdirt, charcoal (PPH: *usiŋ)

utekbrain; bone marrow (PMP: *hutek)

waka bird similar to the crow (PMP: *uak₁)

waka bird similar to the crow (PPh: *wáak)

woguuncultivated abaca, usually not good to strip (PPh: *abaká)

yónto sit down on something; to ride on; to take office; to be seated as an elected official; to rule as a leader (PAN: *ian₂)

Teanu (10) OC. see: Buma

714. Teluti (36) CMP (Wallace 1869 (1962)) [tlt] Indonesia (Maluku)

ama-colofather (PAN: *amax)

ana-nchild (PMP: *anak) *aNak

daunleaf (PCEMP: *daun) *dahun

faifour (PCEMP: *pat-i) *Sepat

falarice (PAN: *pajay)

fiagood (PMP: *pia₂)

fituseven (PAN: *pitu₁) *pitu

heŋkutroll up loosely (ROOT)

hilipost (PCEMP: *adiRi) *SadiRi

hua-nfruit (PMP: *buaq)

hulawanogold (PAN: *bulaw-an) *bulaw

i-hinawoman (PCEMP: *b<in>ai) *bahi

isi-coloflesh (PAN: *isi₅)

limafive (PAN: *lima)

luatwo (PMP: *duha) *duSa

maito come (PAN: *um-aRi) *aRi

manuofowl (PMP: *manuk)

mata-coloeye (PMP: *mata) *maCa

me-colotongue (PCEMP: *maya)

meteblack (PCEMP: *ma-qitem, ma-qetem) *qitem

Teluti (20 / 36)

miketsticky (ROOT)

nifarsnake (PMP: *nipay)

ni-hinawife (PCEMP: *b<in>ai) *bahi

nuelococonut (PMP: *niuR)

nusaisland (PMP: *nusa₁)

siwanine (PMP: *siwa) *Siwa

toithree (PAN: *telu)

tupaspear (PMP: *tumbak)

ufukflap (as wings), clap (ROOT)

umahouse (PAN: *Rumaq)

utulouse (PMP: *kutu₁) *kuCux

wagueight (PAN: *walu)

wasudog (PAN: *asu₁)

welowater (PCEMP: *waiR) *wahiR

yafofire (PMP: *hapuy) *Sapuy

yanofish (PMP: *hikan) *Sikan

715. Tenis (1) OC

tova-belly (POC: *tobwa₂)

716. Teop (12) OC [tio] Papua New Guinea

anito eat (POC: *kani) *kaen

ihu-nose (POC: *icuŋ) *ijuŋ

ino atovoroof, thatch (POC: *qatop) *qatep

kohocough (POC: *koso)

kororohoneybee, honey; ear wax (POC: *kororo)

pesa tree: Pongamia pinnata (POC: *pesi)

pos-ito wring, squeeze (POC: *popos) *pespes

sigelame (POC: *tige)

sige-sigeto limp, hop (POC: *tige)

tamariprepared food (POC: *tamaji)

toasmall water fowl (POC: *toqa)

toto-kururuFearful owl: Nesasio solomonensis (POC: *kururu₂)

Tetum (503) CMP. see: Tetun

717. Tetun (544) CMP (Morris 1984) [tet] Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara) (dialects: Luka 1, Dili 40) [aka: Tetum]

ahifire (PMP: *hapuy) *Sapuy

ahi funanspark (PMP: *buŋa ni hapuy) *buŋa

ahulime, calcium (PAN: *qapuR)

ai fua-nfruit; floor beams (PMP: *buaq ni kahiw) *buaq

ai hane-ka tree from which plates are made, and whose bark is used as an antifebrile: Alstonia scholaris (PMP: *panay)

ai-laranforest (‘in/among the trees’) (PCEMP: *kayu) *kaSiw

ai-nleg, foot (PAN: *qaqay)

ai narosewood tree (Pterocarpus indicus?), a good timber for furniture (PMP: *naRah)

ai-n fua-ntoes (PMP: *buaq)

ai-n fuku-nankle bone (PCEMP: *buku ni qaqay) *bukuh

ain kabuncalf of leg (PCEMP: *kampuŋ)

ai-n kabu-ncalf of leg (PMP: *kambu)

ain lulurshin (of leg), the front part between knee and ankle (PAN: *luluj)

ai-n mate-kpins and needles in the leg (PCEMP: *matay₁) *aCay

ai sana-ka branch, bough, or fork of tree, a spar or pole (PMP: *saŋa₁)

ai sulua torch (PMP: *suluq)

alasforest, woods, thicket of scrub (PMP: *halas) *Salas

ama-nfather, FB (PAN: *amax)

aman tuakgrandfather, grand uncle (aman = ‘father’) (PMP: *tuqah) *tuqaS

ami1pl. excl., we (PAN: *k-ami) *ami

Tetun (20 / 544)

ami1pl. excl., we (PAN: *ami) Dili

aninwind (PMP: *haŋin)

asudog (PAN: *asu₁)

asudog (PAN: *asu₁) Dili

ataslave, servant; shepherd, herdsman (PMP: *qaRta)

ate-nliver (PMP: *qatay) *qaCay

atushundred (PMP: *Ratus) *RaCus

atushundred (PMP: *Ratus) *RaCus Dili

atus hitu700 (PMP: *pitu ŋa Ratus) *pitu

aubamboo (PMP: *qauR)

au fuku-nknot or internode of bamboo (PCEMP: *buku) *bukuh

au funanbamboo flower (PMP: *buŋaŋ)

bato, in, at, on; where the sense is "arriving" at, on, or to (contrasts with iha, where the sense is "being" at, on or to) (PMP: *ba₃)

bago, proceed (PCEMP: *ba₆)

bai, bai-nday (PAN: *waRi₁)

bai lorosummer, the dry season (PAN: *waRi₁)

bakattree of the seashore (PMP: *wakat)

balabusee dimly (PMP: *balabuR)

balabuto see dimly, to appear dimly or indistinctly (PCMP: *balabu)

Tetun (40 / 544)

balasrepay, recompense (LOAN)

balitreat, cure, give or apply a remedy (NOISE)

baliransulphur (LOAN)

baninfather-in-law or mother-in-law (NOISE)

batarmaize (PMP: *batad)

batar fosdehusked maize (PMP: *beRas)

batar fuli-na cob of maize (PMP: *buliR)

batar fuukbeard of maize cob (PCEMP: *buek) *bukeS

belarlevel, flat, even, broad; to spread, strew, multiply (PMP: *bekelaj)

belitviscous, gluey, sticky (PMP: *belit₃)

belitviscous, gluey, sticky (ROOT)

besiiron (LOAN)

beticlick the fingers; fillip (PAN: *betik₁) *betik

betikclick the fingers, fillip (ROOT)

betunvariety of thick bamboo (PAN: *betuŋ₁)

bibi atagoatkeeper (PMP: *qaRta)

bibi fulu-nwool of sheep, hair of goats (PMP: *bulu-n) *bulu₁

bidak matanto wink the eye (PMP: *bidak)

bikanplate (LOAN)

binatanstock, domestic animals (LOAN)

Tetun (60 / 544)

biolaviolin, guitar (LOAN)

birublue (LOAN)

bitukmake an edge or border; to fold, bend or double strips of palm leaf when weaving so that it is neat and tidy (ROOT)

biʔitremove with the points of the fingers; lift up suspended in the paw or claw (PCMP: *biqit)

bobarto wind (into skeins), to reel, roll up, coil (PMP: *bejbej₂) *bejbej

bobubuffoon, clown (LOAN)

bosusatisfied, full, sated; to sate (PAN: *besuR)

botovow (LOAN)

botumake the noise of breaking or bursting (PMP: *betu₂)

buabetel nut, areca: Areca catechu (PMP: *buaq)

bubul, bubura tree of the Eucalyptus family (NOISE)

budu, budunto pickle (LOAN)

budu tabakuplace tobacco in a heap so that after the necessary ingredients are added it may assume the desired color, strength, and aromatic flavor; sour conserves, pickles budu-an an unwashed strong-odored body, or to stay at home (LOAN)

buhungive food or drink repeatedly (NOISE)

busacat (LOAN)

butanbutton; to button (LOAN)

dadapull, haul, drag (PCMP: *dada₁)

dada iis(the last breath) to cause agony (PCMP: *dada₁)

dai fuli-nweights of the net (PMP: *buliR)

dalanroad, track, path (PMP: *zalan)

Tetun (80 / 544)

dedekgive successive or repeated knocks (as on a door) (PCEMP: *dədək) *dekdek₁

didinwall of a house, both internal and external (PCMP: *dindiŋ₁) *diŋdiŋ₁

diʔa-kgood, well (NOISE)

diʔa-ntamed, domesticated (NOISE)

doo-kfar, distant, remote (PMP: *zauq)

dorosslippery (ROOT)

dorusto slide (ROOT)

dutgrass (PMP: *dukut₂)

ema ate-n boot(lit. 'person with big liver') a brave person (PMP: *X₁ + qatay) *qaCay

ema rii-nan upright person, tall and straight (PCEMP: *adiRi) *SadiRi

fa-faluna cover or envelope (PCEMP: *balun₃) *baluN

fahaclasp in the arms (NOISE)

fahipig, swine (PAN: *babuy₃)

fahi fulu-npig bristles (PMP: *bulu ni babuy) *bulu₁

fahoto weed or harrow (rooting out the growth with the hands or a hoe) (PMP: *babaw₄)

faliagain, another time; go back, return; to vomit (PMP: *balik₂)

faliagain (PMP: *bali₅) Dili

falu-kwidowed, deprived (PMP: *balu₄)

falu(n)packet, parcel, bundle; wrap up, bag up; to shroud a corpse (PCEMP: *balun₃) *baluN

falurvariety of large grey pigeon (PMP: *baluj) *baRuj

Tetun (100 / 544)

fanunto awaken (anyone asleep) (PMP: *baŋun₂) *baŋuN

faseto wash (PMP: *baseq)

fatustone, rock (PMP: *batu) *batux

fatu-kpebble (PMP: *batu) *batux Dili

fatuk laliʔanthe stones of the fireplace (PMP: *dalikan)

faua tree with stringy bark for making strong rope: Hibiscus tiliaceus (PMP: *baRu)

felarunfold, open (PMP: *bekelaj)

felittie up, fasten together by putting a tie around a bundle or parcel (bamboo, sticks, etc.) (PMP: *belit₂)

fe-nwife (PCEMP: *bai) *bahi

festafestival (LOAN)

fetikto flick, flip with the finger, or any similar action; pulsate, flutter; pulse (of veins) (PAN: *betik₁) *betik

fetikflick something away with the fingers (ROOT)

fetowoman; feminine (when joined to the names of persons and plants): oan feto daughter; ai dilo feto a female pawpaw (one which produces fruit); tasi feto the sea on the north coast which is generally much milder than the sea on the south coast, known as tasi mane (PMP: *betaw)

fetowoman (PMP: *betaw) Dili

feto-nsister, cousin (PMP: *betaw)

fiaa variety of yam. It is edible, but care must be taken in cooking or it will irritate the mouth and tongue and cause swelling (a member of the Arum family) (PMP: *biRaq₁)

filuto wrap (PCMP: *bilu₂)

filu-npacket, parcel, bundle; to pack (PCMP: *bilu₂)

finiseed (grain for sowing) (PMP: *binehiq) *bineSiq

firuthrow away, cast away (NOISE)

Tetun (120 / 544)

firu-na sling (NOISE)

fisito open wide (pushing to one side), e.g. a wound, the eyes, the mouth, etc.; release, unfasten (NOISE)

fisulabscess, boil (PMP: *bisul)

fitiscalf of the leg (PMP: *bities)

fitunstar (PAN: *bituqen)

fitun loro teenevening star (Venus) (PAN: *bituqen)

fitun rai naromamorning star (Venus) (PAN: *bituqen)

fitun suarcomet (PAN: *bituqen)

fiʔitlift by the fingers; take a pinch (as of tobacco); grasp (as a hawk grasps a chicken) (PCMP: *biqit)

fiʔuto bend, to fold, to double, fold back, turn over (PMP: *bikuq)

fiʔuto bend, to fold, to double, fold back, turn over (PMP: *biŋku)

fiʔu suratfold back the corner of the page; to wrinkle, to twist up (PMP: *bikuq)

fiʔu suratfold back the corner of the page; to wrinkle, to twist up (PMP: *biŋku)

fogive, grant, deliver (PMP: *beRay)

fo bagive to (PMP: *beRay)

fohomountain, hill, mountain range (PMP: *bawbaw)

foho-nthe upper part, the top part; upon, on top of (PMP: *bawbaw)

fo lailend (PMP: *beRay)

folanswallow or gulp (anything whole without chewing) (PCEMP: *belen)

foli-nprice, cost, value; objects for barter (PMP: *beli)

Tetun (140 / 544)

foli-n hirawhat cost? (PAN: *pijax)

fo maideliver to (PMP: *beRay)

fosuncooked dehusked rice (PMP: *beRas)

fotato split open (PMP: *betak)

fotakbe split, open (PMP: *betak)

fotana variety of millet (PMP: *beteŋ₁) *beCeŋ Luka

fotana variety of millet (PMP: *betem)

fuado (PMP: *buhat₂)

fua-bfruit; heart (PMP: *buaq) Dili

fua-nfruit (plants and trees); heart (of persons or living things) (PMP: *buaq)

fuhukweevil which eats grain; wormy, weevily (PMP: *bukbuk₃)

fuhu-rfontanel (PMP: *bubu₄)

fuipour liquids, pour out, to empty, pour water upon, to water, to irrigate (PCEMP: *buqi₂)

fui modoirrigate or water vegetables (PCEMP: *buqi₂)

fuku-nknot (of trees, ropes, etc.); knuckle, joint (of limbs) (PCEMP: *buku) *bukuh

fulanmoon, lunar month, the period between the new moons (PMP: *bulan₃) *bulaN

fuli-nhead of grain, rice (PMP: *buliR)

fulu-khairy, shaggy (PCEMP: *bulu₁)

fulu-nhair, the outer body covering (PMP: *bulu-n) *bulu₁

funanflower, bloom (PMP: *buŋaŋ)

Tetun (160 / 544)

funuwar (PMP: *bunuq₂) *buNuq₂

funuwar (PMP: *bunuq₂) *buNuq₂ Dili

funu malunenemy, foe (PMP: *bunuq₂) *buNuq₂

fura-ksavory, tasty, delicious, pleasant (PCMP: *bura₁)

furucreeper with leaves similar to the betel pepper (PMP: *burun)

fusuan arched comb used for carding cotton (PMP: *busuR₂)

futiwarts (PCEMP: *butiR) *buteliR

fuukhair of the head (PCEMP: *buek) *bukeS

fuʔapull out roots and dirt together (PCEMP: *buqal)

ha-causative prefix (said to be a contraction of halo ‘do, make’, but his may be a historically secondary rationalization) (PAN: *pa-₂)

ha-causative prefix (PAN: *pa-₂)

ha-folito fix a price or value on anything to be purchased (PMP: *pa-beli) *beli

ha-hanasto heat (PCEMP: *pa-panas) *panas₁

hak-causative prefix to verbs (also forms verbal nouns and adjectives) (PAN: *pa-ka-) *pa-₂

hak-latukthresh maize (ROOT)

hak-mimisto suck up, to imbibe (PMP: *mismis₂)

ha-laiflee, run away (PMP: *pa-laRiw) *laRiw

halaito run away, flee (PMP: *pa-laRiw) *laRiw Dili

ha-lihundam up (PMP: *limbun)

Tetun (180 / 544)

halo funuto wage war (PMP: *bunuq₂) *buNuq₂

ha-lua-kto enlarge, to become open, to widen (PMP: *luqaR)

hanato fire or shoot an arrow (PAN: *panaq)

(ha)-nanato open (PMP: *ŋaŋa₂)

hanasto warm or heat (as water) (PMP: *panas₁)

hane-kwooden plate (PMP: *panay)

harerice (plant and unhusked grain) (PAN: *pajay)

hasancarry on the shoulders (PMP: *pasaqan) *pasaqaN

hátfour (PMP: *epat) *Sepat Dili

ha-tuduto show, to indicate, to point out, to direct (PAN: *tuzuq₁)

ha-tuduto show, to indicate, to point out, to direct (PMP: *tuzuq₂) *Cuzuq

ha-tudu dalanto teach or show the way (PMP: *zalan)

ha-tudu dalanto give directions (PAN: *tuzuq₁)

h-au1sg., I (PAN: *aku) Dili

haʔi lutanburning brand (PMP: *aluten)

hilito pick up from the ground; to arrange (PAN: *piliq)

hilito choose (PAN: *piliq) Dili

hirahow much?, how many? (PAN: *pijax)

hirahow much/how many? (PAN: *pijax) Dili

hituseven (PAN: *pitu₁) *pitu

Tetun (200 / 544)

hituseven (PAN: *pitu₁) *pitu Dili

hitu-n-uluseventeen (PAN: *pitu₁) *pitu

hobungather, collect, as flies on a wound (ROOT)

hodi mourisbe lively or energetic (PMP: *ma-qudip) *qudip

hosuto break wind, to fart (PCMP: *pesu₂)

hudibanana (PAN: *punti₁)

hulasto twist (PMP: *pules)

hulistwist, as a wet towel to wring it out (PMP: *pulis)

hulis nutwist coconuts off the stem (PMP: *pulis)

hunbase, foot, bottom, the lower part of flank; beginning, source; trunk of tree (PMP: *puqun)

hununa bunch of flowers from some palms; many flowers or fruit on the same branch (PMP: *puŋun) *puŋuN

hurunwind up thread (PMP: *pudun) *puduN

husarumbilicus, navel (PMP: *pusej)

huublow on (NOISE)

huu ahu(to blow lime) an animist practice for putting people to sleep, who do not wish to be clairvoyant (possibly hypnosis) (PAN: *qapuR)

huʔi-nfemale genitalia (PAN: *puki)

ida (< *insa)one; a (PAN: *isa₁)

ida idaone by one, each one (PAN: *isa isa) *isa₁

ihuna little fish which is crushed to make a type of pickle (PMP: *hipun₁)

ikanfish (PMP: *hikan) *Sikan

Tetun (220 / 544)

ikan fulana bright white fish (PMP: *bulan-bulan₁) *bulan-bulan

ikan rui-nfish bones (PMP: *duRi)

ikuthe last, the latest (PAN: *ikuR)

iku-ntail, buttocks; final (PAN: *ikuR)

iku-slast, final, behind (PAN: *ikuR)

imiyou (pl.) (PCEMP: *imi) *Simu

imi-niayour (PCEMP: *imi) *Simu

ina-ama-nname by which some important kingdoms are known, mostly those with special privileges (PMP: *ina ama) *ina

ina-kfemale (of animals) (PCEMP: *ina)

ina-nM, MZ; female (of animals) (PCEMP: *ina)

inurnose, trunk, snout (PMP: *ijuŋ)

isi-nbody or torso, the product, the internal part, the contents, the useful part, a layer; a keen cutting edge of a knife, etc. (PAN: *isi₅)

isi-n fuku-njoints in general (PCEMP: *buku) *bukuh

isi-n onasaid when plants have produced tubers, or when fruit is nearing maturity (PAN: *isi₅)

itawe, us (plural incl.) (PAN: *k-ita) *ita₁

iularge shark (PAN: *qiSu)

-k1sg possessive suffix (in the construction au-X-k): my (PAN: *-ku)

kabu fuanfetus (PCEMP: *kampuŋ)

kabu-nstomach, abdomen (of humans) (PMP: *kambu)

kabungroup (of people), grove (of trees) (ROOT)

Tetun (240 / 544)

kabun ~ kabustomach, abdomen (of humans) (PCEMP: *kampuŋ)

kabu-n morasstomach ache (PMP: *kambu)

kabu-teekpot-bellied (an insult) (PMP: *kambu)

kafe mata-n idaa coffee plantation (PMP: *mata) *maCa

kaitcurved in the form of a hook; to gather fruit with a hook (PAN: *kawit)

kalannight (PMP: *kalem)

kamiia tree with oily fruit, the candlenut: Aleurites Moluccana (PMP: *kamiri)

kanedokladle, spoon (ROOT)

ka-sikukbent, of a tree or beam (PCEMP: *si(ŋ)kuk₂) *ci(ŋ)kuk

ka-sikukbent, of a tree or beam (PMP: *si(ŋ)kuk₁) *si(ŋ)kuk

kati asuto call the dogs (PAN: *kati₁)

katimuna tree with medicinal bark (PMP: *katimun)

katuasa venerable old man (a respectful title); advanced in years, ancient (refers to animals and men only) (PWMP: *ka-tuqah) *tuqaS

kebitscratch lightly with the nails; touch lightly so as to draw attention (PMP: *kebit)

kela-betikclick beetle (PAN: *betik₁) *betik

kelenthigh, the largest part of the leg, the ham (PCMP: *kelen)

kikito shiver, to quiver (with cold, fever, or fright) (PMP: *gigil)

kikito scale fish (PAN: *kiskis) Dili

kilata gun, firearm of any type (PMP: *kilat₁) *likaC

kilat fua-nbullet (PMP: *buaq)

Tetun (260 / 544)

kilat letenthunder (PMP: *kilat₁) *likaC

kilito tickle (PMP: *kilik₁)

kímasea shell (PMP: *kima)

kitito tickle (PMP: *kitik₁)

kiwpeep, chirp (PMP: *kiuk)

kohe luluna tobacco pouch (PMP: *lulun) *luluN

koito scrape, to scratch; to scrape with a cutting instrument (PMP: *kerit)

kokokstammer, stutter ha-kokok to cackle (like fowls) (PMP: *ke(k)kek)

konato happen; to pass by; to pass in a particular direction; to go to a place (Morris 1984); exact, correct (Mathijsen 1906) (PAN: *keNa)

kontas fua-nrosary beads; placed between some nouns and numerals as a classifier, e.g. manu tolun fuan haat 'four eggs' (PMP: *buaq)

kotaa fortress, or fortified city (LOAN)

kotuk rui-nbackbone, spine (PMP: *duRi)

kuda atagroom (PMP: *qaRta)

kuda isi-n mate-ka quiet horse (easy to ride) (PCEMP: *matay₁) *aCay

kuku-nnail, claw, hoof (PMP: *kukuh) *kuSkuS₁

kulabudark grey (LOAN)

kulatmushrooms, edible fungi (PMP: *kulat₂) *kulaC

kulitskin, hide, pelt, bark (PMP: *kulit) *kuliC

kulufruiting trees in various types of Artocarpus genus (PMP: *kuluR)

kumansmall white maggots sometimes found swarming in chickens nests (Mathijsen 1906); a caterpillar, the common inch worm (Morris 1984) (PMP: *kuman)

Tetun (280 / 544)

kunira plant; also, the color yellow (PMP: *kunij)

kuritto scratch (as a thorn against the skin, a match in lighting) (PMP: *kur(e)qit)

kurutwrinkled, rough, curled (PMP: *kurut)

kwanaright; right side (PAN: *ka-wanaN) *wanaN

laa-nsails (of boat) (PAN: *layaR)

lahahunger (PMP: *lapaR₁)

lahoa rat (rodent) (PAN: *labaw₁)

laho tilunan edible mushroom (lit. ‘rat’s ear’) (PAN: *labaw₁)

laku-botupopgun (toy) (PMP: *betu₂)

lalarhousefly (PMP: *lalej)

lalinto change, to transfer (PMP: *lalin)

lalin-anto come or go (a respectful term to superiors) (PMP: *lalin)

lalira wart-like protuberance growing on the trunks of some trees (PMP: *dalij)

laliʔanfireplace (PMP: *dalikan)

lanuto intoxicate, to inebriate, to be drunk; to poison (PAN: *laŋu)

lanu-kintoxicated, drunk (PAN: *laŋu)

laoto walk (PMP: *lakaw) Dili

laranin, inside (PMP: *dalem) Dili

lasa-npenis, male genitals (PMP: *laseR)

lasa-n fua-ntestes (PMP: *laseR)

Tetun (300 / 544)

latuto snuff out, to remove the charred part of (wick, cigarette, etc.) (PMP: *latu)

laʔoto walk, travel on foot, to go (PMP: *lakaw)

laʔo bobarwalk around an object, not go directly (PMP: *bejbej₂) *bejbej

lebato carry or transport any object from the ends of a pole with the center supported by the shoulder (PCMP: *lemba)

lenasesame: Sesamum indicum (PMP: *leŋa)

lesi(k)an overabundance; he who has things in overabundance (i.e. a noble or lord) (PCMP: *lesi)

lesunmortar (PMP: *lesuŋ)

letinterval, gap, the space between two things (in time or place) (PMP: *qelet) *qeleC

lette-nabove (PCMP: *letay₁)

lia fua-nword, term (PMP: *buaq)

lia-nvoice, the sound of the voice; the sound made by anything; language; noise (PCEMP: *liqə)

lia nia sikuna word’s meaning (PAN: *sikux)

lihundam or pond; small body of still water (PMP: *limbun)

lihundam, pond, small body of still water (NEAR)

lilinwax (PMP: *lilin)

limafive (PAN: *lima)

limafive (PAN: *lima) Dili

lima-n fua-nfingers (PMP: *buaq ni lima) *buaq

lima-n fuku-nwrist (PCEMP: *buku ni lima) *bukuh

lisa-knit, egg of a louse (PMP: *lisehaq, liseqah) *liseqeS

Tetun (320 / 544)

liusurpass, be better than, be larger than; when placed after a verb translates as: before in time, past, or ago (PMP: *liu₁)

lorlow-lying ground, the tidal regions, seaside (PCEMP: *laur) *lahud

lorosun (PMP: *qalejaw)

loro-loro-ndaily, every day (PMP: *qalejaw-qalejaw) *qalejaw

loro mata-nthe disc of the sun (‘eye of the day’) (PAN: *mata nu qalejaw) *maCa

loro-nday, the time between sunrise and sunset (PMP: *qalejaw)

luarfree, without responsibility, unrestricted (PMP: *luqar)

luhato forget (PMP: *lupa)

lukayaws (PMP: *luka)

lulunto roll up, to wrap up (PMP: *lulun) *luluN

lumutslime, and some varieties of moss; green, the color of slime (PMP: *lumut)

luu-ntears (PMP: *luheq) *luSeq

ma-stative prefix (fossilized, as in manas ‘hot’ < *ma-panas), or metan ‘black’ < *ma-qetan) (PAN: *ma-₁)

maito come; prepostion: to, for, here (PAN: *um-ai) *ai₃

maito come (PAN: *um-aRi) *aRi Dili

mai bebut, however (PAN: *um-ai) *ai₃

ma-kaʔasstrong, durable, resistant, sturdy (PMP: *keRas)

makerikcolorful; dappled, of a horse (ROOT)

makkitto bite (PMP: *um-a(ŋ)kit) *a(ŋ)kit

mamaa wad of bua (betel nut, betel pepper, and lime) which is put in the mouth for chewing (PMP: *mamaq)

Tetun (340 / 544)

manbird (PMP: *manuk) Dili

manashot, warm, burning; pungent, caustic, hot to the taste (PMP: *ma-panas) *panas₁

manashot (PMP: *ma-panas) *panas₁ Dili

manubird, fowl (of any kind) (PMP: *manuk)

manu fulu-nbird's feather (PMP: *bulu ni manuk) *bulu₁

manu lai-nthe long tail feathers of a rooster (PMP: *lawi₁)

manu lianthe voice of a bird (PCEMP: *liqə)

manu tolu-nhen's egg (PMP: *qateluR)

masinsalt (PCEMP: *maqasin) *qasiN

masin fatukrock salt (PCEMP: *maqasin) *qasiN

masin midarsugar (PCEMP: *maqasin) *qasiN

mata dalanto show the way (PMP: *mata nu zalan) *maCa

mata fatu-ka sea-shell (PMP: *mata) *maCa

mata-kgreen, still growing, immature; raw (not cooked), new, fresh (not stale); inexperienced (PMP: *ma-hataq) *hataq

matakleech (PAN: *-matek)

mata-nthe eyes (PMP: *mata) *maCa

matan bidakblind (PMP: *bidak)

mata-n doo-ka seer or fortune-teller (lit. ‘distant eyes’) (PMP: *zauq)

mata-n fua-neyeball (PMP: *buaq)

mata-n fuku-neyebrow (PCEMP: *buku) *bukuh

Tetun (360 / 544)

matan kulabufaulty vision (LOAN)

matedie; extinguish (fire); wither, die (plants); stop or cease (machinery); dead, stopped (PCEMP: *matay₁) *aCay

mateto die (PMP: *m-atay) *aCay Dili

mate-kdead, dormant, without life; dry (of plants) (PCEMP: *matay₁) *aCay

mate-nany animal (or bird) which is the loser in a fight, and by custom is condemned to death (PCEMP: *matay₁) *aCay

mate-rkill, slay (PCEMP: *matay₁) *aCay

méa-krusty, rust-colored, reddish (PCEMP: *meRaq) *ma-iRaq

méa-nred (all shades) (PCEMP: *meRaq) *ma-iRaq

m-ehito dream (PMP: *hepi) *Sepi

m-etanblack (PCEMP: *ma-qitem, ma-qetem) *qitem

m-ihi-ndream (PCEMP: *mipi) *Sipi

mihisthin, slender (slices, etc.) (PMP: *mipis)

mihisthin, slender (ROOT)

missa-kalone, one (PMP: *ma-isa) *isa₁

mota tuna flooded river (PMP: *tuRun₁)

mo-uri-slive, be alive, exist, be born (PMP: *ma-qudip) *qudip

mutato vomit (PCEMP: *mutaq) *utaq

naa-nbrother, cousin (only used by women to their brothers and male cousins) (PMP: *ñaRa)

na-iM, MZ, FZ (Lebar 1972) (PMP: *iná-i) *ina

namo-nbay, harbor (PMP: *namaw)

Tetun (380 / 544)

nanito swim; to climb (of plants) (PMP: *naŋuy) *Naŋuy

naranname (PMP: *ŋajan)

naranname (PMP: *ŋajan) Dili

naran buatanyone (PMP: *ŋajan)

naran idawhoever (PMP: *ŋajan)

naru-klong, lengthy; tall, lofty (PMP: *anaduq)

nasucooking of meat, vegetables, etc. (PMP: *nasu) *Nasu

natarrice paddy, a field (usually covered with water) (PMP: *natad) *NataD

naʔo-ksteal (PMP: *nakaw)

nehan asucanine tooth (PAN: *asu₁)

nénsix (PAN: *enem) Dili

nenu-ka tree (Morinda tinctoria) from which red dye is extracted (PCEMP: *ñəñu)

nia3sg., he. she (PAN: *ni-ia) *ia₁

nikithe generic term for bats (PMP: *paniki)

ninika small mosquito with a painful sting (PMP: *ñikñik)

nukaulcer, atrophic sore (difficult to heal, possibly due to poor nutrition) (PMP: *nuka) *Nuka

nuklitsticky (ROOT)

nura-kyoung, of trees, plants and fruits (PMP: *ŋuda)

nusaisland (PMP: *nusa₁)

oyou (singular) (PMP: *kahu) *kaSu

Tetun (400 / 544)

o2sg., you (PMP: *kahu) *kaSu Dili

oan missa-konly child (PMP: *ma-isa) *isa₁

oda mata-na door (PMP: *mata) *maCa

oihoy! (an exclamation to attract attention) (PMP: *uy)

osan funaninterest on a loan (PMP: *buŋaŋ)

raatseashore, beach at the edge of the sea (PMP: *daRat)

raiearth, soil, ground (PAN: *daReq)

rai ahufog (PMP: *hapun₁) *hapun

rai sikuna cape or promontory (rai = ‘land’) (PAN: *sikux)

rai utu-nearthworm (‘earth louse’) (PMP: *kutu₁) *kuCux

rakutpull, grab, snatch away (PAN: *dakuC)

ra-n ~ rablood (PAN: *daRaq)

rihu-nthousand (PMP: *Ribu) Dili

riicolumn, pillar, post, pier, or stake (PCEMP: *adiRi) *SadiRi

rohafathom, the length of the extended arms (PAN: *depah)

ro laa-nsail a boat (PAN: *layaR)

ronato hear, to listen, to pay attention to (PMP: *deŋeR)

ruatwo (PMP: *duha) *duSa

ruatwo (PMP: *duha) *duSa Dili

Tetun (420 / 544)

rua-ruatwo by two, two at a time (PMP: *walu walu) *walu

rua-stwo (of something); both (PMP: *duha) *duSa

rui-nbone, bones of the skeleton (PMP: *duRi)

rui-nbone (PMP: *duRi) Dili

saɁeto climb on, to mount (as a horse) (PMP: *sakay₁)

saɁeto rise up; to ascend (as the sun) (PMP: *sakay₄)

saeto climb, ascend (PMP: *sakay₄) Dili

salato err, to make a mistake, to be wrong, to be in error, to sin; error, mistake, sin, crime, blame; wrongly, erroneously, etc. (PMP: *salaq₁)

salawrong, in error (PMP: *salaq₁) Dili

sala maluto disagree with each other (PMP: *salaq₁)

sanato stand with the legs apart; to straddle, to encircle with the legs (as in mounting a horse) (PMP: *saŋa₁)

sana mata-na pot lid (PMP: *mata) *maCa

sanuluten (PMP: *sa-ŋa-puluq) *puluq Dili

sepronoun, who, do (PMP: *sei) *

sianine (PMP: *siwa) *Siwa

sianine (PMP: *siwa) *Siwa Dili

siku ~ sikunelbow; corner, angle; to strike with the elbow (PAN: *sikux)

sira3pl., they, them (PMP: *si ida) *ida Dili

sonato roast; to fry (PMP: *saŋelaR)

sona-nbaked, fried, or roasted (PMP: *saŋelaR)

Tetun (440 / 544)

sos fospolished rice (PMP: *beRas)

sukitto remove, to extract (with any tool or instrument) (PMP: *su(ŋ)kit)

sulito flow (ROOT)

sunuto burn (PMP: *sunuR) Dili

suratpaper, letter, note, book, journal, or any document (LOAN)

surithave diarrhoea (ROOT)

susuto suckle, to suck with the mouth (PAN: *susu₁)

susufemale breast (PAN: *susu₁)

susuka stitch; a pain in the side, mostly said as sa-susuk; a mosquito (PAN: *suksuk)

susu-nbreast (of women), udder (of animals) (PAN: *susu₁)

susu-n mata-nnipple, teat (PMP: *mata nu susu) *maCa

taato be cut by hitting, to make a blow with a cutting implement (PAN: *taRaq₁)

taa ahito strike a flint (PAN: *taRaq₁)

taa ulu-nto cut off a head, to decapitate (PAN: *taRaq₁)

taiswoven material, cloth, clothing (PAN: *tapis₁)

tais fuku-na seam in cloth (PCEMP: *buku) *bukuh

ta-kmiurinate (PMP: *kemiq)

talasan aroid plant with highly-prized edible tubers (PMP: *tales)

talas isi-n, uhi isi-nyam roots or sweet potatoes (PAN: *isi₅)

talirope, cord, string (PMP: *talih) *CaliS

Tetun (460 / 544)

tali-kof or like rope; to coil around or entwine (PMP: *talih) *CaliS

tali-nrope, cord, string; yoked together, paired (PMP: *talih) *CaliS

tamato enter, to introduce, to penetrate (PMP: *tama₂)

tamato enter, to introduce, to penetrate (PMP: *tamaq₂)

tama-kimpertinent, brash, not timid (PMP: *tama₂)

tama-kimpertinent, brash, not timid (PMP: *tamaq₂)

tamatitomato, Lycopersicon esculentum (< Port. tomate) (LOAN)

tamistaste, savor (PMP: *taq(e)mis)

tamisto taste, to savor (by chewing) (PMP: *tamis)

tanaa-tto look up at anything on a higher elevation; to look closely at someone expecting to be given something (PCMP: *tanaRa)

tanisto cry, to weep tears (PMP: *taŋis) *Caŋis

tanisto cry (PMP: *taŋis) *Caŋis Dili

tanutukhammer (ROOT)

taraa sharp blade tied to a cock’s spur for cockfighting (PMP: *tara)

tasakripe (PMP: *tasak)

tasisea, ocean (PMP: *tasik)

tasi raatseashore (Mathijsen 1906) (PMP: *daRat)

tasi sikuna bay or gulf (tasi = ‘sea’) (PAN: *sikux)

ta-tukargiven in exchange (LOAN)

Tetun (480 / 544)

tauto place, to put, to set (PMP: *taRuq)

tau morasto apply ointment to cure an ailment; to entrust with (valuables, etc.) (PMP: *taRuq)

tauna bush (Indigofera) whose leaves are used for making a blue dye for cloth (PMP: *taRum)

teto defecate (a vulgar word) (PMP: *taqi) *Caqi

teknoise of weaving (PMP: *tek)

tekigecko (PAN: *tekiq)

tetuncoastal plain (PCMP: *tetun)

tilu-near (PMP: *tilu)

timirbeard, whiskers, chin (PMP: *timid) *timij

titianclogged up, blocked up, obstructed (ROOT)

tohichip off little pieces (PMP: *tebiq) *Cebiq

tohi ahistrike a spark (with a flint) (PMP: *tebiq) *Cebiq

tohusugarcane, Saccharum officinarum (PMP: *tebuh₁) *tebuS

tolanto swallow (PMP: *telen)

toluthree (PAN: *telu)

toluthree (PAN: *telu) Dili

tolu-negg (PMP: *qateluR)

tolu-negg (PMP: *qateluR) Dili

toshard, durable; stiff, difficult to open; subborn (PMP: *teRas)

toʔos atagardener or farmer (PMP: *qaRta)

Tetun (500 / 544)

tudathrow (PMP: *tudaq)

tuduto indicate, designate or nominate (PAN: *tuzuq₁)

tuduto indicate, designate or nominate (PMP: *tuzuq₂) *Cuzuq

tudu liman bato point the finger at (PAN: *tuzuq₁)

tudu liman bato point the finger at (PMP: *tuzuq₂) *Cuzuq

tuhaa creeping plant whose bark and roots are put into water to stun fish (PAN: *tubah)

tuito scratch a line; to scratch with a fingernail or any similar object (PMP: *turis₂) *Curis

tui-ka line, scratch, score, or mark (PMP: *turis₂) *Curis

tulunto help, to assist, to aid, to succour (PMP: *tuluŋ)

tumawhite mite which attacks clothes (PCEMP: *tuma) *CumeS

tunto descend; to lower; go downwards (PMP: *tuRun₁)

túnto descend, go down (PMP: *tuRun₁) Dili

tunaa conger eel, Congidae spp. (PMP: *tuna) *tuNa

tunuto roast, to bake (in an oven or over a fire) (PMP: *tunu) *CuNuh

tunu ahumake quicklime (PMP: *tunu) *CuNuh

tunu ahucook or make lime (PAN: *qapuR)

tunu fahisinge a pig (to scrape off hair and skin) (PMP: *tunu) *CuNuh

tunu-nbaked in an oven (PMP: *tunu) *CuNuh

turknee (PMP: *tuhud) *tuduS

turia tree whose flower is used as a vegetable: Sesbania grandiflora (PMP: *tudiq)

Tetun (520 / 544)

tur sanato sit with the legs apart (PMP: *saŋa₁)

turuto drip, to fall in drips or drops (as tears) (PAN: *tuduq)

tututo peck (birds); to prod with the end of an object (PAN: *tuktuk₁)

tututo peck (birds); to prod with the end of an object (PAN: *tutuh)

tutuntop, summit, extremity (PMP: *tuŋtuŋ₂)

tuuthe spike of a fish's dorsal fin, any sharp object capable of pricking the skin; to prod, to poke, to touch with the point of a finger, or any other object for prodding (PMP: *tuhuR) *CuSuR

uatvein, artery; nerve; tendon (PMP: *uRat) *huRaC

uaʔi tuaklate or slow growth, of children (PMP: *tuqah) *tuqaS

udanrain (PMP: *quzan) *quzaN

ue mata-na spring (of water) (PMP: *mata nu wahiR) *maCa

ue mata-n musana lid, cover, or cap (PMP: *mata) *maCa

ularworm, caterpillar, larva (PMP: *qulej)

ulu-kformerly, before, in times past (PCEMP: *qulu) *quluh

ulu-nhead (of anything); upper part; a position of leadership, a leader (PCEMP: *qulu) *quluh

ulu-n fatu(-k)skull, bones of the head (PMP: *batuk₃)

ulu-n tosrough, coarse, rude, stupid (‘hard head’) (PMP: *teRas)

umahouse, dwelling place, lair (of animals), coccoon (of insects) (PAN: *Rumaq)

umahouse (PAN: *Rumaq) Dili

unarpith of plants (Mathijsen 1906) (PMP: *qunej)

utinpenis (PMP: *qutin) *qutiN

Tetun (540 / 544)

utulouse (PMP: *kutu₁) *kuCux

walueight (PAN: *walu)

walueight (PAN: *walu) Dili

wani, wani-nhoney bee (PMP: *wani)

Tetun (Dili) (40) CMP

ami1pl. excl., we (PAN: *ami) Dili

asudog (PAN: *asu₁) Dili

atushundred (PMP: *Ratus) *RaCus Dili

faliagain (PMP: *bali₅) Dili

fatu-kpebble (PMP: *batu) *batux Dili

fetowoman (PMP: *betaw) Dili

fua-bfruit; heart (PMP: *buaq) Dili

funuwar (PMP: *bunuq₂) *buNuq₂ Dili

halaito run away, flee (PMP: *pa-laRiw) *laRiw Dili

hátfour (PMP: *epat) *Sepat Dili

h-au1sg., I (PAN: *aku) Dili

hilito choose (PAN: *piliq) Dili

hirahow much/how many? (PAN: *pijax) Dili

hituseven (PAN: *pitu₁) *pitu Dili

kikito scale fish (PAN: *kiskis) Dili

laoto walk (PMP: *lakaw) Dili

laranin, inside (PMP: *dalem) Dili

limafive (PAN: *lima) Dili

maito come (PAN: *um-aRi) *aRi Dili

manbird (PMP: *manuk) Dili

Tetun (Dili) (20 / 40)

manashot (PMP: *ma-panas) *panas₁ Dili

mateto die (PMP: *m-atay) *aCay Dili

naranname (PMP: *ŋajan) Dili

nénsix (PAN: *enem) Dili

o2sg., you (PMP: *kahu) *kaSu Dili

rihu-nthousand (PMP: *Ribu) Dili

ruatwo (PMP: *duha) *duSa Dili

rui-nbone (PMP: *duRi) Dili

saeto climb, ascend (PMP: *sakay₄) Dili

salawrong, in error (PMP: *salaq₁) Dili

sanuluten (PMP: *sa-ŋa-puluq) *puluq Dili

sianine (PMP: *siwa) *Siwa Dili

sira3pl., they, them (PMP: *si ida) *ida Dili

sunuto burn (PMP: *sunuR) Dili

tanisto cry (PMP: *taŋis) *Caŋis Dili

toluthree (PAN: *telu) Dili

tolu-negg (PMP: *qateluR) Dili

túnto descend, go down (PMP: *tuRun₁) Dili

umahouse (PAN: *Rumaq) Dili

walueight (PAN: *walu) Dili

Tetun (Luka) (1) CMP

fotana variety of millet (PMP: *beteŋ₁) *beCeŋ Luka

718. Thao (543) Form. (Blust 2003) [ssf] Taiwan

alinking particle, ligature, mark of lexical, phrasal, or clausal attribution or modification (PAN: *a₅)

akigrandfather (PAN: *aki)

amafather (PAN: *amax)

apacarry on the back (PAN: *apa₂)

a-pia-kuza-nwhat, how? (PAN: *kuja)

apugrandparent (PAN: *apu)

apuyfire (PAN: *Sapuy)

araget it! (PAN: *ala) Thao

atudog (PAN: *asu₁)

awakan area of the body corresponding roughly to the waist; vulnerable areas of the side and back between the rib cage and the pelvic bone (PAN: *Sawak)

ayaztermite (PAN: *SayaN)

az-azakchild (PAN: *aN-aNak) *aNak

bunazsand (LOAN)

ca-capubroom made of bamboo (PAN: *Ca-Capuh) *Capuh

ca-cawalaugh (PAN: *Ca-Cawa) *Cawa

cakawgreed; you are greedy! (PAN: *Cakaw)

canitto cry (PAN: *Caŋis)

canit-anbe mourned, be wept over (PAN: *Caŋis-an) *Caŋis

caqifeces, excrement (PAN: *Caqi)

cawperson, human being (PAN: *Cau)

Thao (20 / 543)

c-icu3sg; he, she, it (PAN: *i-Cu) *-Cu

c<m>anitto cry, to mourn (PAN: *C<um>aŋis) *Caŋis

c<m>apusweep (PAN: *C<um>apu) *Capuh

cumaythe Formosan black bear: Selenarctos thibetanus formosanus (Swinhoe) (PAN: *Cumay)

danarlarge deadfall log trap traditionally used to catch wild pig and barking deer (LOAN)

di<sh>lumgreen, blue (ROOT)

fa-finshiqseed used for planting (PAN: *bineSiq)

fafuydomesticated pig (PAN: *babuy₃)

fakunCrinum asiaticum L., fam. Amaryllidaceae, a shore plant which grows in sandy soil and reaches a height of slightly over one meter; it has lanceolate leaves and a small fruit, and is distinguished by its white lily-like blossoms with six slender elongated petals (PAN: *bakuŋ₁)

falhuzthe cuckoo dove, fam. Columbidae (PAN: *baRuj)

fanuzwake someone, rouse someone from sleep (PAN: *baŋuN)

faqƚunew (PAN: *baqeRuh)

fariwind (PAN: *bali₃)

fariwind (LOAN)

fariwbuy (PAN: *baliw) *baliw₃

fatustone; testicle (PAN: *batux)

fazaqremember; know; understand; think; have the opinion that (PAN: *bajaq₁) *bajaq

fciqgermination of a seed; explosion, shot of a gun (NOISE)

finshiqto sow, scatter seed in planting (PAN: *bineSiq)

fizfizbanana (PAN: *beNbeN)

Thao (40 / 543)

fkataction of going off, of a spring-set trap (PAN: *bekas₁)

flhusha plant with erect yellowing flowerets and dark green leaves that are used to cover the rice during the fermentation stage of wine-making : Rhus semialata Murr. var. roxburghiana DC (PAN: *beRuS)

fuarspring, source (PAN: *bual₁) *bual

fuar a sazumspring of water (PAN: *bual₁) *bual

fukishhair of the head (PAN: *bukeS)

funushbush knife, machete; knife with a blade that is 25-30 cm. long and slightly curved at the tip. It is taken to the fields, on hunting trips, etc. (PAN: *bunuS)

furazmoon, month (PAN: *bulaN)

hulusclothing (LOAN)

hurhurto bark, of a dog (PAN: *hulhul₁)

huyathat (NOISE)

ianrefuge, shelter, sanctuary, asylum (PAN: *ian₂)

ian-anbe sheltered, enclosed within; be settled on, of land; be pregnant (‘sheltered within, of a child’) (PWMP: *ian-an) *ian₂

-in-marker of perfective or completive aspect; formative for deverbal nouns (PAN: *<in>) *-in-

inamother (PAN: *ina)

i-nayhere, this, these (PAN: *nay)

in-tutuz-inwere piled up by someone (PAN: *susuN)

itawe (incl.), nominative (PAN: *ita₁)

i-tana-sayalocated uphill from the speaker (PAN: *daya)

ka-prefix of uncertain function: k-acay ‘Drop dead!’ (a curse expressed in anger; cp. m-acay ‘die, be dead’) (PAN: *ka-₂)

ka- -anformative for nouns of location; ka-kalhus-an ‘sleeping place’ (cp. kalhus ‘to sleep’) (PAN: *ka- -an₂)

Thao (60 / 543)

k-acaya curse expressing anger toward someone: Drop dead! Go to Hell! (PAN: *ka-aCay) *aCay

k-acay-anlose someone through death, be bereaved (PAN: *ka-aCay-an) *aCay

kacubring (PAN: *kaCu)

ka-fazaqthink, know, remember (PAN: *ka-bajaq) *bajaq

kaizawhen? or else (PAN: *kaija)

ka-kan-infood; be fed by someone (PAN: *ka-kaen-en) *kaen

ka-kashkashrake or hoe used to remove weeds from the garden (PAN: *kaSkaS)

ka-kaushladle for dipping up water (PAN: *kahuS)

ka-kaushwater scoop, ladle for dipping up water (PAN: *kauS)

ka-kilhkilhrasp, file for filing wood (PAN: *kiRkiR)

ka-kishkishrazor, scraper (PAN: *kiSkiS)

ka-klhitscythe, harvesting knife with a curved blade about half a meter long; the stalks are pulled toward oneself up against the blade (PAN: *keRet)

ka-kulhia rake (PAN: *ka-kuRi) *kuRi

ka-kushkushtool of wood or metal used to scrape rice from the bottom of the pot (PAN: *kuSkuS₂)

kalhansmall freshwater crab found in creeks (PAN: *gaRaŋ)

kaneat!, lets eat! (PAN: *kaen)

kan-inbe eaten by someone; food (PAN: *kaen-en) *kaen

karaweyebrow (PAN: *kalaw₂)

karidig up or out, as tubers (PAN: *kalih)

kari-anbeing dug up, of a place (PAN: *kalih)

Thao (80 / 543)

ka-tarawbe cool toward someone, not feel friendly impulses toward a person (PAN: *talaw)

katkatstitches, zipper (PAN: *katkat₂)

kau-kaushscoop repeatedly, make repeated scooping movements (PAN: *kauS)

kaushscoop up, ladle up (PAN: *kahuS) Thao

kawashyear, season (PAN: *kawaS₁)

kawiwood, stick; tree; wood stop for a door latch (PAN: *kaSiw)

kawkawturn over harvested crops to allow them to dry in the sun (PAN: *kawkaw₁)

(kay) p-acay-inbe beaten, be killed (PAN: *p-aCay-en) *aCay

kikulhvagina, vulva (PAN: *kikuR)

kilhimsearch, look for (PAN: *kiRim)

kilhim-inbe looked for by someone (PAN: *kiRim-en) *kiRim

k<in>acuwas brought (PAN: *k<in>aCu) *kaCu

k<in>an-anwas eaten by someone; what was eaten by someone (PAN: *k<in>aen-an) *kaen

k<in>an sumawas eaten by someone (PAN: *k<in>aen) *kaen

ki-naynext to, by; stay by (PAN: *nay)

k<in>uzawhat was said (to cause someone to react)? (PAN: *k<in>uja) *kuja

ki-rikus-anget a pain in the back (PAN: *likud)

kishkishto shave, cut (hair) (PAN: *kiSkiS)

ki-tiaz-anhave a stomach ache (PAN: *tiaN)

kit-kucu-nto have lice in the hair (PAN: *kuCux)

Thao (100 / 543)

kit-nazaqbe purulent, full of pus (PAN: *naNaq)

klhitcut something slender (as miscanthus) (PAN: *keRet)

klhit-inbe cut by someone (PAN: *keRet-en) *keRet

klhiwhemp plant; hemp; rope (PAN: *keRiw)

k<m>acuto bring (PAN: *k<um>aCu) *kaCu

k<m>anto eat food, to chew betel nut, to smoke tobacco (PAN: *k<um>aen) *kaen

k<m>arito dig, as in loosening the soil with a pick (PAN: *k<um>ali) *kalih

k<m>ashkashto hoe, as in weeding; scratch up, as a chicken scratching up the soil (PAN: *kaSkaS)

k<m>a-tiaz-anbe hit in the stomach (PAN: *tiaN)

k<m>aushscoop up, ladle up (PAN: *k<um>ahuS) *kahuS

k<m>aushto scoop up, ladle up (PAN: *k<um>auS) *kauS

k<m>ay pa-pakpakclap the hands; flap the wings (PAN: *pakpak₁)

k<m>ay takuto scoop up water, as when irrigating the fields (PAN: *taku₂)

k<m>ilhimsearch for someone or something (PAN: *k<um>iRim) *kiRim

k<m>ulhito rake (PAN: *k<um>uRi) *kuRi

k<m>uzawhat are you saying? (PAN: *k<um>uja) *kuja

ktirpinch with a twisting motion (threat to a misbehaving child) (PAN: *ketil)

ktuncut rope or thread (PAN: *ketun)

kuawa black or dark brown bird with wing span of 70-80 cm. which feeds on lizards and snakes: the serpent eagle, Spilornis cheela hoya Swinhoe (PAN: *kuaw)

kucuhead louse, chicken mite (PAN: *kuCux)

Thao (120 / 543)

kukufingernail; talon of raptorial birds (PAN: *kuSkuS₁)

kulhirake (something) (PAN: *kuRi)

kumishpubic hair (PAN: *kumiS)

kumishpubic hair (PAN: *kumeS)

kum-pshiqsquirt under pressure; splash (PAN: *peSiq)

k<um>ushkushto scrape out, as rice that sticks to the pot; scratch up with backward movements, as a dog scratching up the ground (PAN: *k<um>uSkuS) *kuSkuS₂

kun-canitto suddenly burst into tears (PAN: *Caŋis)

k<un>lhitcut something slender, as rice stalks in a paddy, sword grass, a rope, etc. (PAN: *k<um>eRet) *keRet

kun-lhuribe suddenly deafened, as by a very loud noise (PAN: *Culi)

kun-tanaopen suddenly or spontaneously (PAN: *taŋa₂) *taŋa₁

k<un>tirto pinch (PAN: *ketil)

k<un>tunto cut rope or thread (PAN: *k<um>etun) *ketun

kun-turu-zdo something three times (PAN: *telu)

kun-tushadivide into two (PAN: *duSa)

kuskusfoot, leg; hoof (PAN: *kudkud)

kutivulva, vagina (PAN: *kuti)

kuza-nwhat? (PAN: *kuja)

kuzkuzthe Formosan hill partridge: Arborophila crudigularis (Swinhoe), fam. Phasianidae (PAN: *kuNkuN)

la-kuzaamount, quantity (PAN: *kuja)

lalaycicada (LOAN)

Thao (140 / 543)

la-pizahow much? how many? (PAN: *pijax)

la-tushatwo, in counting objects (PAN: *duSa)

la-tusha-tushahave two each (PAN: *duSa duSa) *duSa

lhalhathe Formosan maple, fam. Aceraceae (PAN: *daRa₁)

lha-lhaushdip net; strainer or filter (PAN: *Ra-RauS) *RauS

lhalhumneedle (PAN: *zaRum)

lhamicroot of tree or grass (PAN: *RameC)

lharitaro: Colocasia esculenta (PAN: *Cali)

lhashunambush, attack (PAN: *RaSuŋ)

lhaush-into be scooped up, dipped out of a container (PAN: *RauS)

lhimzasword grass, a dominant opportunistic colonist of former farmland traditionally used as roofing material on houses and granaries: Imperata cylindrica (PAN: *Rimeja)

lhin-turu-z-injdivide something into three parts (PAN: *telu)

lhin-tusha-inbe divided into two, as portions of food (PAN: *duSa-en) *duSa

lhizashlong feathers of a bird or fowl, whether wing pinions or tail feathers (PAN: *RiNaS)

lhizash-anthe male of Swinhoe’s blue pheasant, a chicken-sized bird with blue and white tail feathers and a red face: Lophura swinhoii Gould (PAN: *RiNaS-an) *RiNaS

lh<m>ashunstalk, follow with intent to ambush; shoot at something from a position of concealment (PAN: *RaSuŋ)

lh<m>aushto scoop up with a dip net, etc. (PAN: *RauS)

lh<m><im>fawawas swollen (PAN: *Ribawa)

lhmirgrass, weeds, herbs; medicine (PAN: *Cemel)

lh-tukuswalking stick, cane (PAN: *tukud)

Thao (160 / 543)

lh-tukuswalking stick, cane (PAN: *sukud)

lh<um>fawaswollen from contusion (not water retention) (PAN: *Ribawa)

lhun-turu-zdo something three times (PAN: *telu)

-m-marker of actor focus (PAN: *<um>) *-um-

ma-stative prefix (PAN: *ma-₁)

ma-prefix marking the future in actor voice verbs (PAN: *ma-₂)

macaeye (PAN: *maCa)

ma-cacawato laugh (PAN: *Ca-Cawa) *Cawa

ma-cakawgreedy for food, gluttonous; tending to take things without permission; to steal (PAN: *Cakaw)

maca wa cawpupil of the eye (lit. ‘person of the eye’) (PAN: *Cau nu maCa) *maCa

m-acaydie, be dead (PAN: *ma-aCay) *aCay

ma-fariwindy (PAN: *ma-bali₁) *bali₃

ma-fazaqto know, remember (PAN: *ma-bajaq) *bajaq

ma-i-numafor what reason? (PAN: *nema)

ma-kanwill eat; eat (irrealis) (PAN: *ma-kaen) *kaen

maka-pituseven units of physical measurement (PAN: *maka-pitu) *pitu

maka-ruzapaddle a boat (PAN: *aluja)

maka-ukalose something one cannot find (PAN: *uka₁) *uka₂

maki-arapluck rice heads between the thumb and index finger in harvesting (PAN: *ala)

ma-kilhimwill look for, will search for (PAN: *ma-kiRim) *kiRim

Thao (180 / 543)

ma-kilhkilhwill file (PAN: *kiRkiR)

makim-pizahave several of something (PAN: *pijax)

makin-tutuzto gather together, collect in one place (as baby chicks under a hen’s wing) (PAN: *susuN)

makit-pizado something several times (PAN: *pijax)

maki-tuqa-tuqashto be old (of people) (PAN: *tuqaS)

makit-ziwangradually become tall and slender, as a sapling (PAN: *Niwaŋ)

mak-shna-shnawbreathe; fontanelle; temple (PAN: *Seŋaw)

mak-shnawto breathe; mean something sincerely, speak ‘from the heart’ (PAN: *Seŋaw)

mak-za-zamzamchew betel nut, chewing gum, or other substances that one does not intend to swallow (PAN: *ñamñam)

ma-lhictight, constricting, as a belt; firmly in place (PAN: *ma-SeReC) *SeReC

malhim-panaqfight in war; throw something at a target (PAN: *panaq)

malhka-ka-numado what? perform what? (PAN: *nema)

malh-tukususe a walking stick or cane (PAN: *tukud)

malh-tukusto walk with a walking stick or cane (PAN: *sukud)

ma-lhurihard of hearing, deaf (PAN: *Culi)

mana-rausgo downstream, go downhill, go toward the sea (PAN: *lahud)

mana-sayago upstream, go uphill; climb a hill or mountain (PAN: *daya)

ma-numa-numasomething, anything (PAN: *nema)

m-apacarry on the back, as a load of wood or a child (PAN: *apa₂)

ma-panaqfight with each other (PAN: *panaq)

Thao (200 / 543)

mapa-sakupplay tag, play a game of catching one another (PAN: *dakep)

mapa-siraqkiss one another (PAN: *dilaq₁)

mapa-ushaleave, go (of many at once) (PAN: *uSa)

ma-pitu-ʔunseventy (PAN: *pitu₁) *pitu

ma-pizpizclosely spaced, of objects (as the bars of an iron fence that are set close together); crowded, of people filling a space (PAN: *ma-pizpiz) *pijpij

ma-pukawhaving dim vision, especially nyctalopia (PAN: *ma-pukaw) *pukaw₁

ma-pushaztwenty (PAN: *ma-puSaN) *puSaN

ma-puziwhite (PAN: *ma-puNi) *puNi

ma-qalhiwdry (as clothes that have been washed, a riverbed, etc.) (PAN: *qaRiw) Thao

ma-qaqutilhwill pursue, will follow, will track down (PAN: *qusiR)

ma-qa-quyashto sing (PAN: *quyaS)

maqawLitsea cubea (Lour.) Pers., fam. Lauraceae, a plant with long branching stems and pale yellow blossoms (Taiwanese ‘sand camphor’, ‘spicy camphor’) (PAN: *maqaw)

ma-qusazwill rain (PAN: *ma-quzaN) *quzaN

ma-qusumblack (PAN: *qudem)

m-arato get, fetch, take (PAN: *um-ala) *ala

ma-rima-zfifty (PAN: *ma-lima-N) *lima

ma-rumrumdim (because of insufficient light) (PAN: *lemlem)

masha-na-rikusturn the back toward someone or something (PAN: *likud)

ma-shapiqslightly flattened on the sides, of roundish objects (as a citrus fruit that has been pressed in on the sides) (PAN: *Sapiq)

masha-riku-rikusbe back to back (PAN: *likud)

Thao (220 / 543)

mashin-tazamto weigh something on a hand balance (PAN: *tañam)

mashi-pituseven, in counting units of future time (?) (PAN: *pitu₁) *pitu

mashi-tan-tuqashto be older than another person (PAN: *tuqaS)

mashi-tuqashelder sibling, father’s elder brother; elder person in general (PAN: *tuqaS)

ma-shizuqwear something around the neck, as when money is put in a garland around the neck of a sick person (PAN: *SiNuq)

ma-shnawhold the breath (PAN: *Seŋaw)

ma-shua-shuawto yawn (PAN: *ma-Suaw) *Suaw

ma-talawbe unfriendly, cool or distant toward others (PAN: *ma-talaw) *talaw

ma-talhaqwill adze, will shape with an adze (PAN: *taRaq₁)

ma-tanawill open (PAN: *ma-taŋa) *taŋa₁

mataqazcarry on a shoulder pole (PAN: *pasaqaN)

matashto write (PAN: *p<um>ataS) *pataS

ma-tuqa-tuqashold, elder (PAN: *ma-tuqaS tuqaS) *tuqaS

ma-turu-zthirty (PAN: *telu)

mat-zukawounded; swollen, of a boil or other subcutaneous infection (PAN: *Nuka)

ma-zamzamgreedy, of one who likes to eat, gluttonous (PAN: *ñamñam)

ma-ziwanslender, long and thin (as bamboo) (PAN: *ma-Niwaŋ) *Niwaŋ

mia-kuzawhat, how? (PAN: *kuja)

mia-mumuclose the eyes (PAN: *mumu)

mi-lha-lhilhistand, be standing (stative) (PAN: *diRi)

Thao (240 / 543)

mi-lhilhito stand (active), stand up, get up, rise, as from sleeping (PAN: *diRi)

mim-pizabe several; take several (PAN: *pijax)

mim-puzibecome white (PAN: *puNi)

m<in>acaygrave, burial place (PAN: *m<in>aCay) *aCay

min-farito blow, of the wind (PAN: *bali₃)

min-hulusmake clothes, as in weaving (LOAN)

min-numabecome what? (PAN: *nema)

min-qusumget black, become black (as a child’s dirty face or hands) (PAN: *qudem)

min-sasazbecome old, of material objects (PAN: *dadaN)

min-sazumdissolve, melt (PAN: *daNum)

min-shapiqbecome flattened, of a round or other three-dimensional object (PAN: *Sapiq)

min-tushabecome two; do together, do as a pair or couple (PAN: *duSa)

mi-nuwhy? (PAN: *-nu₁)

m<in>utunwas broken, as a rope that snapped in two and then was spliced together again (PAN: *putun₂) *putun

miŋ-qalhiwbecome dry, dry up (PAN: *qaRiw)

m-itaour, ours (incl.) (PAN: *ita₁)

mi-talhawait for someone (PAN: *taRah)

mi-ta-tushado something with someone else, perform an action with another person (PAN: *mi-da-duSa) *duSa

m-iupto blow (with breath) (PAN: *Seyup)

m-rishrishweed the crops (PAN: *riSriS)

Thao (260 / 543)

mu-movement prefix (taipak ‘Taipei’, mu-taipak ‘go to Taipei’, pruq ‘earth; down’, mu-pruq ‘descend, go down’, sazum ‘water’, mu-sazum ‘enter the water’, taun ‘house’, mu-taun ‘enter a house, go home’) (PAN: *mu-)

m-ukahave nothing (PAN: *uka₁) *uka₂

mu-katkatto come undone, of stitches (PAN: *katkat₂)

mumuFormosan blind mole: Talpa micrura insularis (Swinhoe); a dark grayish to black purblind mammal with projecting snout, strong forelimbs, and atrophied rear limbs that forages for worms by burrowing in the ground with its strong forelimbs (PAN: *mumu)

mumuthe Formosan blind mole: Talpa micrura insularis (Swinhoe) (NEAR)

mu-naycome (PAN: *nay)

mun-tarawto pour, of heavy rain; to rain ‘cats and dogs’ (PAN: *salaw)

mu-pitudo something seven times (PAN: *pitu₁) *pitu

mu-pizado how many times? (PAN: *pijax)

mu-pushaztwice (PAN: *puSaN)

mu-qazusto drift away, be carried off, as by a current (PAN: *qañud)

mu-quaysearch for rattan, go to collect rattan (PAN: *quay)

mu-sarango out onto the road; take out onto the road (PAN: *zalan)

mu-sazumenter the water, immerse oneself (PAN: *daNum)

m-ushato go, walk away (PAN: *um-uSa) *uSa

mut-ukabe less, be reduced in amount (PAN: *uka₁) *uka₂

mutunto break, as a rope; be severed, as a limb (PAN: *putun₂) *putun

mu-turu-zthree times (PAN: *telu)

muzinnose (PAN: *mujiŋ)

m-yupto blow (with breath) (PAN: *S<um>eyup) *Seyup

Thao (280 / 543)

m-zamzamlick one’s lips (PAN: *ñamñam)

nalinker between heads and attributes used to signal emphatic attribution (in contrast with a, linker between heads and attributes used to signal neutral or unmarked attribution) (PAN: *na₂)

nazaqpus (PAN: *naNaq)

nicnicshow an unhappy face (PAN: *ŋiCŋiC)

nipintooth (PAN: *nipen)

numawhat? why? (PAN: *nema)

numawhat? why? (PAN: *numa)

nuzushblood from the nose (PAN: *ŋuSuN)

pa-causative of dynamic verbs (PAN: *pa-₂)

pa-cacawato smile (PAN: *Ca-Cawa) *Cawa

pa-canitto make someone cry; let someone continue crying (PAN: *pa-Caŋis) *Caŋis

p-acayto beat, kill (PAN: *pa-aCay) *aCay

pa-i-tushadivide into two (PAN: *duSa)

pa-kacuto send (PAN: *pa-kaCu) *kaCu

pa-kanto feed (as children or domesticated animals); to serve, as food or drink to a guest or honored person (PAN: *pa-kaen) *kaen

pa-kan-inis being fed by someone (PAN: *pa-kaen-en) *kaen

pakin-tutuzto stack up, pile up in stacks (as cups, wood, stones) (PAN: *susuN)

pakpakclap (PAN: *pakpak₁)

pak-rushaqto shed tears (PAN: *luSeq)

pak-rusha-rushaqfor tears to keep flowing; for the eyes to water continuously (PAN: *luSeq)

Thao (300 / 543)

pak-tushá-nbe divided into two by someone (PAN: *duSa)

pa-lhaygive someone freedom to do something, let someone do something (PAN: *pa-beRay) *beRay

pa-lhay cicuLet him do it! (PAN: *pa-beRay) *beRay

pam-punuqput something on the head, as a head decoration (PAN: *punuq₁) *punuq

panafork of a branch; bifurcation; branch (PAN: *paŋa₁)

panaqthrow something at an object to hit it, as in throwing a stone at a target; shoot with a weapon (PAN: *panaq)

pan-na-sa-sumavarious others (PAN: *duma)

pa-p-acayto fight (PAN: *pa-p-aCay) *aCay

pa-pa-pituseven at a time, seven-by-seven (PAN: *pitu₁) *pitu

pa-pitpitto massage with pinching motions (PAN: *pitpit₂)

pa-pitpitto massage with pinching motions (PAN: *pa-pespes) *pespes

pa-pituseven (of humans) (PAN: *pa-pitu) *pitu

pa-pizahow many? (of people) (PAN: *pa-pija) *pijax

pa-pshiqspray water from mouth; splash water (PAN: *peSiq)

pa-qusazstand in the rain (PAN: *pa-quzaN) *quzaN

parshi-antaboo (PAN: *paliSi-an) *paliSi

paruto hammer, to beat someone up (PAN: *palu₃)

paru-anbe hammered; be beaten up by someone (PAN: *palu₃)

paru-parua hammer; to hammer; the action of ceremonially striking out the teeth (PAN: *palu-palu) *palu₃

paru sa nipintraditional ceremony of tooth extraction, performed at puberty to ensure the health and vigor of young adults (consists of knocking out the top incisors with a hammer-like instrument) (PAN: *palu₃)

Thao (320 / 543)

pa-ruzaboat, canoe; a canoe paddle (PAN: *pa-aluja) *aluja

pa-sansanto roast; to heat by direct exposure to a fire (PAN: *daŋdaŋ₁) *daŋdaŋ

pash-kawi-anany place where wood is stored (PAN: *kaSiw)

pash-lhalhum-anpincushion; place to keep needles (PAN: *zaRum)

pash-tuzá-nkind of wicker eel cage suspended in the water next to a boat and used to keep one’s catch alive until returning to shore (PAN: *tuNa)

pataqazshoulder pole (one person, two loads) (PAN: *pasaqaN)

patashwrite, writing (PAN: *pataS)

patash-anwhat is written: letter, book, word (PAN: *pataS-an) *pataS

pa-tilhazexpose to the sun, put something in the sun, as to dry it (PAN: *siNaR)

pa-tmazacause someone to hear something, make someone listen; read to someone (PAN: *pa-tumaNa) *tumaNa

pa-tmazamake someone listen; read to someone (PAN: *timaNa) *timaNa

pat-rikuscome from behind, come after someone (PAN: *likud)

pa-tutunurse a child, give the breast to (PAN: *pa-susu) *susu₁

pa-tutu-annurse him! (e.g. crying child) (PAN: *susu₁)

pa-tutu-nbe nursed, of a child at the breast (PAN: *pa-susu-en) *susu₁

pazawto go, walk (PAN: *paNaw)

pazayrice with husk adhering; rice in the field; riceplant (PAN: *pajay)

pazishenemy; one of the names for the Atayal and Seediq (PAN: *pajiS)

pi-causative of location; pi-nay ‘put something here’, pi-lhilhi ‘help someone who has fallen get up’ (PAN: *pi-)

pia-fazaqmake knowledgeable, give someone understanding (PAN: *pa-bajaq) *bajaq

Thao (340 / 543)

pia-lhictighten a binding, etc., make tighter (PAN: *SeReC)

pia-tarawbehave in an unfriendly manner (PAN: *talaw)

pia-ziwanmake something more slender, as by shaving or whittling (PAN: *Niwaŋ)

pilhashroe, eggs of fish or crab (PAN: *piRaS)

pilhash-anbe laden with roe, have eggs, of fish or crab (PAN: *piRaS-an) *piRaS

pi-lhilhihelp someone up when they have fallen (PAN: *diRi)

p<in>a-kanwas fed by someone (PAN: *p<in>a-kaen) *kaen

p<in>anaqwas thrown at, was hit by something thrown (PAN: *p<in>anaq) *panaq

p<in>itpitwas pinched or massaged with pinching motions (PAN: *pitpit₂)

p<in>itpitwas pinched, or massaged with pinching motions (PAN: *p<in>espes) *pespes

pin-tushamake into two parts (PAN: *pin-duSa) *duSa

pish-mumublink (PAN: *mumu)

pitpit-ímassage (in dehortatives) (PAN: *pespes-i) *pespes

pitpit-inbe squeezed or massaged with pinching motions (PAN: *pitpit-en) *pitpit₂

pitpit-inbe squeezed or massaged with pinching motions (PAN: *pespes)

pituseven (PAN: *pitu₁) *pitu

pizahow much? how many?; several (PAN: *pijax)

pizpizclosely spaced, of objects; crowded, of people filling a space (PAN: *pijpij)

pizpiz-anto crowd, press against (PAN: *pijpij)

pshiq-anbe splashed (PAN: *peSiq)

Thao (360 / 543)

pu-prefix marking the causative of motion verbs; pu-lhilhi ‘to erect something’, pu-taun ‘put in a house’, pu-caqi ‘to defecate’ (PAN: *pu-)

pu-caqito defecate (PAN: *pu-Caqi) *Caqi

pu-katkatto remove stitches from a sewn article of apparel (PAN: *katkat₂)

pu-lhalhumto thread a needle (PAN: *zaRum)

pu-lhilhimake something stand, erect something (PAN: *diRi)

punuqhead (PAN: *punuq₁) *punuq

pu-sazumto water, irrigate (PAN: *pu-daNum) *daNum

p-ushato let go; send away (PAN: *pa-uSa) *uSa

pusuztangled ball of thread (PAN: *puduN)

pu-tazamto try or test something (PAN: *tañam)

putun-ikI am breaking it (PAN: *putun₂) *putun

puzanavel (PAN: *puja)

puziwhiteness (PAN: *puNi)

qainterrogative particle, as in ma-cuaw ihu ma-ania qa (very-2s-intelligent-ip) ‘Are you really so smart?’ (PAN: *qa₂)

qalhiwdryness (PAN: *qaRiw)

qalhumpangolin, scaly anteater: Manis pentadactyla (PAN: *qaRem)

qa-qpittongs for picking up hot coals; scissors; clamping or gripping trap that seizes the leg of an animal (used especially for the Formosan serow, the leopard cat, and wild boars) (PAN: *qepit)

qariwazwazrainbow (PAN: *qali-)

qarufknee (PAN: *qaleb)

qcipasoft-shelled turtle: Amyda sinensis (PAN: *qaCipa)

Thao (380 / 543)

qirqirbite; grind the teeth (PAN: *qelqel)

qiur-anbe wiped, of the anus (PAN: *qiluS)

q<m>a-qutilhpursue, chase something or someone (PAN: *qusiR)

q<m>iurwipe the anus (PAN: *qiluS)

qmusticky rice; sticky rice cake (PAN: *qemu)

q<m>usazto rain (PAN: *q<um>uzaN) *quzaN

qnúːwandeer, carabao (PAN: *qaNuaŋ)

qpitpinch, press, as in holding a book between arm and side (PAN: *qepit)

qpit-inbe pinched by someone or something(as to get one’s hand caught in the door) (PAN: *qepit)

qrushousepost (PAN: *qelud)

qtiLasalt (PAN: *qasiRa)

quayrattan (generic) (PAN: *quay)

q<um>pitpinch between arm and side (as a purse); cut with scissors (PAN: *qepit)

qunedible mushroom with brownish cap and white interior (PAN: *quSuŋ)

qusazrain (PAN: *quzaN)

qusaz-into rain, be rained on (PAN: *quzan-en) *quzaN

qushzapscales of a fish (PAN: *quSeNap)

ranawhousefly, black fly common in houses (PAN: *laŋaw)

ranaw-inbe covered with flies (PAN: *laŋaw-en) *laŋaw

ra-rimafive (people) (PAN: *la-lima) *lima

Thao (400 / 543)

rausdownhill, downstream; in a downward direction from the mountains (PAN: *lahud)

rikishmosquito (PAN: *likeS)

riku-rikusto follow after (someone) (PAN: *liku-likud) *likud

riku-rikus-anto catch up with someone who has gone ahead (PAN: *liku-likud-an) *likud

rikusback (anatomical) (PAN: *likud)

rimafive (PAN: *lima)

r<in>ishrishwas weeded (PAN: *riSriS)

rucunthe Formosan rock monkey: Macaca cyclopis, a light gray, long-tailed monkey with triangular salmon-colored face (PAN: *luCuŋ)

rukcawthe Formosan clouded leopard: Neofelis nebulosa brachyurus (Swinhoe) (PAN: *lukeNaw)

rushaqtears (PAN: *luSeq)

ruzaboat, canoe (PAN: *aluja)

sakp-inbe caught (as fish, animals, people) (PAN: *dakep-en) *dakep

sakup ~ sapukto catch, as a runaway pig (PAN: *dakep)

samuqdew (PAN: *damuq₂)

sansanto warm, to heat (PAN: *daŋdaŋ₁) *daŋdaŋ

sapazsole of the foot; footprint (PAN: *dapaN)

saranpath, road (PAN: *zalan)

saran-anwalk on or across something; place where one is walking or going (PAN: *zalan-an) *zalan

sasazold, of things (as a house, clothes) (PAN: *dadaN)

sa-suadiyounger sibling (PAN: *Suaji)

Thao (420 / 543)

sayauphill, upstream, in an uphill direction (PAN: *daya)

sazumwater (PAN: *daNum)

shakisha tree with light wood traditionally used for canoe hulls: camphor laurel (PAN: *dakeS)

shamaqlow-lying plant with purple berries and long soft leaves that are boiled and eaten for their antifebrile properties: Lactuca indica (PAN: *Samaq)

shanaqriver otter (PAN: *Sanaq)

shan-quyash-inbe chanted over; be cursed through shamanistic chanting (PAN: *quyaS)

shan-talhaq-anbe adzed by someone, be shaped or worked by someone with an adze (PAN: *taRaq₁)

shaqishface (PAN: *daqiS)

shaqishsew (PAN: *CaqiS)

shawikithe betel palm, Areca catechu; the nut of this palm, commonly chewed as a refreshment (PAN: *Sawiki)

sh<in>aqishwas sewn by someone (PAN: *C<in>aqiS) *CaqiS

shinaw-anwash objects other than clothing (PAN: *Siñaw-an) *Siñaw

shin-tirtirto shiver, as with cold (PAN: *tirtir₁)

shi-raustyphoon (PAN: *lahud)

shi-raustyphoon (PAN: *Si-lahud) *lahud

shi-sasazfor a long time, from the remote past; always (PAN: *dadaN)

shizuq-anput something around the neck; necklace (PAN: *SiNuq)

shkishthe slenderest type of bamboo, sometimes used as a buffalo whip, or with hook attached as a fruiting pole (PAN: *CekeS)

sh<m>apshapfeel for something without seeing it; grope (PAN: *SapSap)

sh<m>aqishto sew (PAN: *C<um>aqiS) *CaqiS

Thao (440 / 543)

sh-m-inawto wash (PAN: *Siñaw)

sh<m>i-pituseven days ago (?) (PAN: *pitu₁) *pitu

sh<m>i-pizahow many?, how long has it been? (PAN: *pijax)

shnawheart, breath; character (PAN: *Seŋaw)

shuawyawn (PAN: *Suaw)

shu-lhicpull something that is slack until it becomes tight (PAN: *SeReC)

shum-pazawto depart, walk away (PAN: *paNaw)

shupilhto count; read, study, learn (PAN: *SipuR)

s<in>aran-anplace where one walked or went; passageway made by walking through (PAN: *zalan-an) *zalan

siraqto kiss, lick (PAN: *dilaq₁)

sisinative wild goat, the Formosan serow: Capricornis crispus swinhoei Gray; domesticated goat (PAN: *Sidi)

s-m-akupcatch, seize, grasp in the hands or arms (PAN: *d<um>akep) *dakep

s<m>iraqto kiss, to lick (as a child licking candy) (PAN: *d<um>ilaq) *dilaq₁

suksukginger: Zingiber officinale (PAN: *dukduk₁)

sumaother; other people; someone; someone’s; sometimes; elsewhere (PAN: *duma)

taftafmake a loud slurping noise in eating, like a pig (PAN: *sabsab)

taftafmake a loud slurping noise in eating, like a pig (PAN: *tabtab₂)

tainafemale, of mammals other than man (PAN: *taina)

takicmuntjac, barking deer (PAN: *sakeC)

talhaqchips from adzing wood (PAN: *taRaq₁)

Thao (460 / 543)

talhaq-iAdze it! (PAN: *taRaq-i) *taRaq₁

talhuqantemporary hut used when spending extended periods in the fields for agricultural work (PAN: *taRuqan)

tamazunmale bird or chicken (LOAN)

tamuhunround sun hat, shaped like a shallow cone, used when working in the fields (PAN: *tamuhuŋ)

tanaopen (PAN: *taŋa₂) *taŋa₁

tana-tuqashelders, ancestor, forefathers (PAN: *tuqaS)

tapishwinnowing (PAN: *tapeS)

tapsh-iwinnow it! (PAN: *tapeS)

taqtaqchopping of wood; to chop wood (NOISE)

tarinpine tree, traditionally an important source of firewood (PAN: *saleŋ)

ta-takuwooden dustpan-shaped water scoop used to lift water up from its source to put in the fields (PAN: *taku₂)

ta-tanaqa tiny plant with thorny stem and dark green pointed aromatic leaves that are used both as seasoning in cooking and as medicine in the treatement of fevers, colds and respiratory problems: Aralia decaisneana (PAN: *tanaq)

ta-taqtaqadze used to hollow out canoe hull, etc. (NOISE)

ta-ta-tushatwo at a time (PAN: *duSa)

ta-tiktik-ancutting board used to chop pig fodder, etc. (PAN: *tektek₁)

ta-tiktik-ancutting board used to chop pig fodder, etc. (PAN: *tiktik₁)

ta-tmazalisten in on someone, eavesdrop (PAN: *pa-tumaNa) *tumaNa

ta-tmazaeavesdrop, listen secretly (PAN: *timaNa) *timaNa

ta-tnun-anback loom (PAN: *ta-tenun-an) *tenun

ta-turuthree, of humans (PAN: *ta-telu) *telu

Thao (480 / 543)

ta-tushatwo, of people (PAN: *da-duSa) *duSa

tau-kawito carry wood (PAN: *kaSiw)

tazamto taste, to try (PAN: *tañam)

tipersonal article, marker of personal names or kin terms used as personal names (ti ama ‘Father’, ti ina ‘Mother’, etc.) (PAN: *si₁)

ti amafather (ref.) (PAN: *si amax) *amax

tiazupper abdomen, abdomen above the navel (PAN: *tiaN)

tiksound of tapping, flicking finger against wood, etc. (given as '/tik, tik, tik/') (PAN: *tik₁) *tik

tiktik-inbe chopped, of meat or vegetables; chop it up (PAN: *tektek-en) *tektek₁

tiktik-inbe choped, of meat or vegetables; to chop (imper.) (PAN: *tiktik₁)

tikulhata dark brown, sparrow-size bird with a long tail that is much prized for its meat (called ‘bamboo chicken’ in Taiwanese). It is gregarious and calls out loudly when feeding in flocks. The male has an additional toe which is used in fighting. (PAN: *tikuRas)

tilhayesterday (PAN: *siRa₁)

tilhazsun (PAN: *siNaR)

t-imawho?, which one? (PAN: *si-ima) *ima

t<in>iktikwas chopped up (PAN: *t<in>ektek) *tektek₁

tnunwas woven; what was woven, weave (PAN: *t<in>enun) *tenun

t<in>usuqdripped, has dripped (PAN: *t<in>uduq) *tuduq

tish-qusum-inbe darkened by the sun, be blackened, as the skin (PAN: *qudem)

titupuppy, young dog (PAN: *titu)

t<m>alhaqto shape a log by hewing it with an adze (PAN: *t<um>aRaq) *taRaq₁

t<m>apishto winnow (PAN: *tapeS)

Thao (500 / 543)

t<m>aqtaqto chop or adze something (NOISE)

t<m>aqtaqto split bamboo (NOISE)

tmazato hear, listen (PAN: *tumaNa)

tmazahear, listen (PAN: *timaNa) *timaNa

t<m>iktikchop meat or vegetables with a cleaver (PAN: *t<um>əktək) *tektek₁

t<m>iktikto chop meat or vegetables with a cleaver (PAN: *tiktik₁)

t<m>ukusto walk with a walking stick or cane (PAN: *tukud)

t<m>ukusto walk with a walking stick or cane (PAN: *sukud)

t<m>usuqto instruct, lecture, speak to someone in a manner intended to convey useful advice (PAN: *t<um>uzuq) *tuzuq₁

t<m>ututo nurse at the breast, of a child (PAN: *s<um>usu) *susu₁

tnunweaving (abstract stem) (PAN: *tenun)

tnun-inbe woven (PAN: *tenun-en) *tenun

tufúshsugarcane: Saccharum officinarum (PAN: *tebuS)

t<un>mazato hear, listen, understand (a language) (PAN: *t<um>umaNa) *tumaNa

t<un>mazato hear, listen, understand (a spoken language) (PAN: *t<um>imaNa) *timaNa

tnunto weave (usually cloth) (PAN: *t<um>enun) *tenun

tuqashprimary forest, with large trees; wilderness (PAN: *tuqaS)

tuqa-tuqasholder people (PAN: *tuqaS tuqaS) *tuqaS

tuq-tuqashparent-in-law; elders; senior in age, of people (PAN: *tuqaS)

turuthree (PAN: *telu)

Thao (520 / 543)

tushatwo, in serial counting (PAN: *duSa)

tusuqa leak, as in a roof or a container for liquids; dripping water (PAN: *tuduq)

tusuqstand up and speak, as a person at a meeting; to instruct, lecture (as to correct someone’s behavior); mediate a conflict (PAN: *tuzuq₁)

tusuq-indrip, of water from a leaking roof, be leaking (PAN: *tuduq-en) *tuduq

tusuq-inbe instructed, be given pointers (PAN: *tuzuq-en) *tuzuq₁

tutubreast (PAN: *susu₁)

tututa greenish sparrow-sized bird that makes the sound ‘tut-tut’; traditional belief holds that anyone who imitates the sound will suffer from stomach problems (PAN: *tutut)

tuzageneric for eels apart from the paddy eel (fraq); marine eels are unknown (PAN: *tuNa)

ukanegative existential: not have, not exist; so as not to (PAN: *uka₁) *uka₂

ulhzasnow, ice, frost (PAN: *SuReNa)

un-lha-nuzush-anhave a nosebleed (PAN: *ŋuSuN)

un-taraw-inbe caught in a downpour (PAN: *salaw)

upuplarge edible bullfrog with smooth green skin (PAN: *upup)

urumcloud (PAN: *Sulem)

ushago (PAN: *uSa)

wazishthe Formosan wild boar: Sus scrofa taivanus (Swinhoe) (PAN: *waNiS)

y-akin1sg accusative and absolute possessive pronoun (PAN: *aken₁)

y-aku1sg. nominative pronoun: I (PAN: *i-aku) *aku

yamin1pl ex accusative and absolute possessive pronoun (PAN: *i-amen) *amen

zifunest (of bird, termite), beehive (PAN: *Nibu)

Thao (540 / 543)

ziwanslenderness (PAN: *Niwaŋ)

Ziwanmale name (‘Slim’) (PAN: *Niwaŋ)

zukapurulent swelling under the skin; boil; wound (PAN: *Nuka)

719. Tialo (30) WMP [txm] (Tomini) Indonesia (Sulawesi)

añamweaving of a mat (PMP: *añam)

ateliver (PMP: *qatay) *qaCay

ate buraheart (PMP: *qatay) *qaCay

bagalungs (PAN: *baRaq₁)

barayto pay (PMP: *bayaD)

bauypig (PAN: *babuy₃)

ina-inaaunt (addr.) (PWMP: *ina ina) *ina

jalantrail, track (PMP: *zalan)

jaʔanto boil, cook (in pot, water) (PMP: *zakan)

lindugEearthquake (PMP: *linduR)

loíaginger (PMP: *laqia)

loŋohear, listen to (PMP: *deŋeR)

looŋleaf (PMP: *dahun)

m-ami1pl. excl. genitive, our (PMP: *m-ami) *ami

mata nu ogospring (PMP: *mata nu wahiR) *maCa

mem-boostink, smell bad (PMP: *bahu)

me-ñaato breathe (PMP: *ma-ñawa) *NiSawa

mo-nabuŋto fight cocks (PWMP: *sabuŋ₁)

mo-naputo sweep (PWMP: *ma-ñapu) *sapu

moŋ-añamEweave a mat (PWMP: *maŋ-añam) *añam

Tialo (20 / 30)

ñaasoul, spirit (of a living being) (PMP: *nihawa) *NiSawa

ontolugEegg (PMP: *qateluR)

sapu-ito sweep (PMP: *sapu)

suuncarry on the head (PAN: *suquN)

tondagto roast (in ashes) (PMP: *saŋelaR)

tonunto weave cloth (PAN: *tenun)

ulagEsnake (PMP: *hulaR) *SulaR

umaŋEland snail, slug (PAN: *qumaŋ)

uŋachild (PWMP: *uŋaq)

utañato ask (PMP: *utaña)

720. Tiang (1) OC [tbj] Papua New Guinea

lio-tooth (POC: *lipon) *lipen

Tidong (3) WMP. see: Tidung

721. Tidung (3) WMP (Beech 1908, Lobel 2016) [tid] (Tidong) Indonesia (Kalimantan) [aka: Tidong]

bekaŋkaŋsquat, hunker down (PWMP: *bikaŋkaŋ)

bekaŋkaŋsquat, hunker down (PWMP: *bukaŋkaŋ)

-ku1sg genitive pronoun (PAN: *-ku)

722. Tidung Bengawong (2) WMP

dioblique case marker for singular personal names (PAN: *di)

nimarker of the genitive case of singular personal names (PAN: *ni)

723. Tidung Malinau (1) WMP (Lobel 2014)

tumbidheel (PWMP: *tumbid)

724. Tidung Mensalong (1) WMP

ñaboyto arrive (PWMP: *sabay₂)

725. Tidung Sumbol (1) WMP

munuŋbeak (PWMP: *munuŋ)

726. Tifu (35) CMP (Stresemann 1927)

botiwhite (PMP: *ma-putiq) *putiq

daiinland, toward the interior (PAN: *daya)

eflawangold (PAN: *bulaw-an) *bulaw

əkitaoctopus (PMP: *kuRita) *guRiCa

ə-smaŋe-nsoul of a living person (PMP: *sumaŋed)

fafupig (PAN: *babuy₃)

fahatwest (PMP: *habaRat) *SabaRat

fetasister (man speaking) (PMP: *betaw)

fifi-nlip (PMP: *bibiR) *biRbiR

fulanmoon (PMP: *bulan₃) *bulaN

haabig (PAN: *Raya)

ikanfish (PMP: *hikan) *Sikan

kamiwe (excl.) (PAN: *k-ami) *ami

kanto eat (PAN: *kaen)

kauwood (PCEMP: *kayu) *kaSiw

kere-kto stand (PMP: *kedeŋ)

kotolouse (PMP: *kutu₁) *kuCux

kurenclay cooking pot (PAN: *kuden)

kurənclay cooking pot (PAN: *kuden)

lāhsail (PAN: *layaR)

Tifu (20 / 35)

lipancentipede (PCEMP: *qalipan) *qalu-Sipan

masisaltwater (PCEMP: *maqasin) *qasiN

nipidream (PCEMP: *nipi) *Sipi

ŋaa-nname (PMP: *ŋajan)

ŋisi-ntooth (PMP: *ŋisi)

palarice (PAN: *pajay)

pilahow much/how many? (PAN: *pijax)

polotbreadfruit sap (PMP: *pulut)

saŋa-nbifurcation, fork of a branch (PMP: *saŋa₁)

taŋito weep, cry (PMP: *taŋis) *Caŋis

tefusugarcane (PMP: *tebuh₁) *tebuS

wagacanoe (PCEMP: *waŋka)

waiwater (PCEMP: *waiR) *wahiR

wakatmangrove tree (PMP: *wakat)

yako1sg., I/me (PAN: *i-aku) *aku

727. Tigak (75) OC (Beaumont 1979) [tgc] Papua New Guinea

aarticle: a, the (PMP: *a₁)

aaexclamation: ah! (PMP: *a₃)

(a)mau(a)tomorrow (POC: *mapua)

asanname (POC: *acan) *ajan

igenitive marker (before proper nouns and kinship nouns) (PMP: *qi₂)

i-aitree (POC: *kayu) *kaSiw

ienfish (PEMP: *ikan) *Sikan

inumdrink (PMP: *inum)

isa-name (POC: *isa₂)

isu-nose (POC: *icuŋ) *ijuŋ

-k1sg possessive suffix; my (POC: *-gu) *-ku

kagatto bite (PMP: *kaRat) *kaRaC

kulit(-i-na)body (POC: *kulit) *kuliC

kuru-nusaisland (PMP: *nusa₁)

lakgo up, enter (POC: *lako) *lakaw

lakto rise (of the sun) (POC: *laka₁)

lak-liksmall (POC: *liki)

lamansea (POC: *laman)

laŋfly (insect) (POC: *laŋo) *laŋaw

laŋitrain (PMP: *laŋit) *laŋiC

Tigak (20 / 75)

lapaklightning (POC: *LapaR₂) *lapaR₂

liŋ-voice (PMP: *liŋ₂)

loin, into, to, on (POC: *lom) *lem

loŋokobey, listen (POC: *roŋoR) *deŋeR

-m2sg. possessor, your (PMP: *-mu)

man-manukanimal (POC: *manu-manuk) *manuk

manu-ibird (POC: *manuk)

matdie (POC: *mate) *aCay

matreef (POC: *maqati) *qaCi

mata-eye; entrance (PMP: *mata) *maCa

mimikurinate (POC: *mimiq) *miqmiq

muatasnake (POC: *mwata)

naarticle before proper and kinship nouns (PMP: *na₁)

nakI (POC: *naku) *aku

natu-child (PEMP: *natu)

nikcoconut tree and fruit (PMP: *niuR)

ŋutlouse (POC: *ŋutu)

palpart (POC: *balaŋ₄) *balaŋ₂

pasalto go, walk; come to (POC: *pajale)

patu-head (POC: *batuk) *batuk₃

Tigak (40 / 75)

pepebutterfly (POC: *bebe)

polokto grow (POC: *polok)

polok-onovergrown (POC: *polok)

potoshort (POC: *boto)

po-tulthree (PEMP: *tolu) *telu

pukato fall (POC: *puka)

punukkill (POC: *punuq₃) *buNuq₂

putmountain (POC: *putur) *buntud

putmountain (POC: *putul₁) *buntul

putmountain (POC: *puntu) *buntu₂

raulabird sp. (POC: *(dr,d)aula)

salanpath, road (POC: *jalan) *zalan

salikto flow (PMP: *saliR)

sa-ŋa-ulu-ŋten (PMP: *ŋa)

si-nmeat (PMP: *hesi) *Sesi

tama-father (PMP: *t-amax) *amax

tapholy (POC: *tabu) *tambu

tara ~ tara-ito see (POC: *tadra)

tusugarcane (POC: *na topu) *tebuS

tukto stand (POC: *tuqur₁) *tuqud

Tigak (60 / 75)

tuncook (PMP: *tunu) *CuNuh

ua-ifruit (POC: *puaq) *buaq

uayacrocodile (POC: *puqaya) *buqaya

ulanmoon (POC: *pulan₃) *bulaN

umagarden (PMP: *quma) *qumah

unsea turtle (POC: *poñu) *peñu

urbanana (POC: *pudi) *punti₁

usanrain heavily (POC: *qusan) *quzaN

uti-penis (POC: *na qutin) *qutiN

utunspecies of small tree that grows on the beach (POC: *putun₁) *butun

vogopig (POC: *boRok) *beRek

volobundle (NOISE)

vua-ibetel nut (POC: *puaq) *buaq

vuŋnight, evening (POC: *buŋi)

yatliver (PMP: *qatay) *qaCay

Tigwa Manobo (17) WMP. see: Manobo (Tigwa)

728. Tikopia (15) OC

kakatito bite (POC: *kakat-i) *gatgat

karāpusishrubs, Acalypha hispida and Macaranga spp. (POC: *kalaqabusi)

kasibivalve mollusc, Asaphis violascens, and possibly other related bivalves; shell used as cutting or scraping implement (POC: *kasi)

kavecarry, bear off (POC: *kawe)

kesagreen, yellow-green, with suggestion of off-color; greyish-green (POC: *keja)

manathunder (POC: *mana₂)

manavato breathe (POC: *mañawa) *NiSawa

manifi-fithin (PMP: *ma-nipis) *Nipis

papakito slap (POC: *papak-i) *pakpak₁

sao-saojuvenile Sphyraena sp. (POC: *sao)

saputuLethrinus kallopterus (POC: *sabutu)

siku-sikutail (POC: *siku)

siviTrichoglossus haematodus (POC: *sipi)

taŋograb (POC: *taŋop)

taŋof-i-ahave hands laid upon (POC: *taŋop)

Tina Sambal (28) WMP. see: Sambal (Tina)

Tingalan (23) WMP. see: Tinggalan

Tingalan (East) (2) WMP

aka-Ɂsibling (PWMP: *aka-q) *aka East

tulaŋbone (PWMP: *tuqelaŋ) East

729. Tingalan (West) (25) WMP (dialects: East 2) [aka: Tinggalan, Tingalan]

a-jiuʔto bathe (PMP: *ziuq)

aka-Ɂsibling (PWMP: *aka-q) *aka East

a-laatbad (PMP: *zaqat)

aŋ-kinogto hear (PAN: *kiŋeR)

a-paitbitter (PMP: *paqit₂) *paqiC

awakwaist (PMP: *hawak) *Sawak

buyuʔbetel leaf (PWMP: *buyuq)

daanbranch (PMP: *daqan₁) *daqan

duotwo (PMP: *duha) *duSa

duo-ŋa-puluhtwenty (PMP: *ŋa)

ma-ayobig (PAN: *Raya) West

m-aŋitangry (PMP: *haŋit)

nugenitive case marker for common nouns (PAN: *nu₃)

nu-laasday after tomorrow (PAN: *nu-)

nu-nsuabtomorrow (PAN: *nu-)

o-podosspicy (PMP: *hapejes)

pag-aka-Ɂsibling (PWMP: *aka-q) *aka

puntibanana (PAN: *punti₁)

raraʔblood (PAN: *daRaq)

siapchick (PAN: *siap)

Tingalan (West) (20 / 25)

tabusugarcane (PMP: *tebuh₁) *tebuS

taluthree (PAN: *telu)

titiʔfemale breast (PMP: *titiq)

tulaŋbone (PWMP: *tuqelaŋ) East

utokbrain (PMP: *hutek)

Tinggalan (23) WMP. see: Tingalan (West)

Tinggalan (Eastern) (2) WMP. see: Tingalan (East)

730. Tinputz (14) OC (Hostetler 1975) [tpz] Papua New Guinea

àsìmúcucumber (POC: *qatimun)

βɔ̀.nvillage (POC: *panua) *banua

βɔ̀sstone (POC: *patu) *batux

ìànfish (PEMP: *ikan) *Sikan

ìhù-nnose (POC: *icuŋ) *ijuŋ

mè.à-ntongue (POC: *maya)

ɔhsmoke of a fire (PMP: *qasu₃)

oranglowing embers (POC: *koran)

pwènnight (POC: *boŋi) *beRŋi

sìnàʔmother (PMP: *t-ina) *ina

tè.nà-near (POC: *taliŋa) *Caliŋa

toàʔchicken (POC: *toqa)

ùhònrain (POC: *qusan) *quzaN

yo1sg. nominative pronoun: I (PAN: *i-aku) *aku

731. Tiruray (751) WMP (Schlegel 1971, Reid p.c.) [tiy] Philippines

baan emphatic particle, with the sense of 'really' (PMP: *ba₂)

babuydomesticated pig (PAN: *babuy₃)

baduŋan all-purpose bolo (PPH: *baduŋ)

bagaʔlung (PAN: *baRaq₁)

bagiʔluck, fate (LOAN)

bakawa mangrove tree found in virgin swamps, Rhizophora candellaria DC, Rhizophora mucronata Lam. (PWMP: *bakehaw)

bakbaka hammer; to hammer, pound (PAN: *bakbak₂)

bakula small basket used by salt water fishermen to store their line and hook (PWMP: *bakul₁) *bakul

balato shape roughly, as wood, prior to smooth or detail finishing (PWMP: *bala₁)

balbala rigid instrument used to strike something; to strike with a balbal (PAN: *balbal₁)

baleŋ-anpockmarked (PWMP: *baleŋ₁)

balesto finish in detail, to smooth finish, as of wood (PMP: *bales₂)

baliworth (as to be worth ... ) (LOAN)

baliw-ana replacement; to replace (PPh: *baliw-an) *baliw₂

baluʔstick for beating gongs; strike a gong (PMP: *baluq)

banarkind of vine, Smilax sp. (PMP: *banaR₁) *baNaR

banbangeneral term for arrowroot: Maranta arundinacea (PWMP: *banban)

baniyagaʔslave (LOAN)

bantiŋa bell (ROOT)

baŋbaŋnotch (PWMP: *baŋbaŋ₇)

Tiruray (20 / 751)

baŋgalaʔmanioc variety (LOAN)

baŋkestie things into a bundle (ROOT)

baraembers (PMP: *baRah)

barasgive some reward for past efforts, beyond any agreed compensation (PWMP: *baras)

baratthe rainy season (PMP: *habaRat) *SabaRat

basakland made into rice paddies (PWMP: *bacak)

bataŋ-ancrossbar attaching outriggers to a canoe (PWMP: *bataŋ-an) *bataŋ₁

batewstone; testicle (PMP: *batu) *batux

batunto raise; to put something into a house (PMP: *bantun)

batunto raise; to put something into a house (PPH: *batun)

bawerthe tension spring of a snare-type trap (PMP: *baquR)

bawerthe tension spring of a snare-type trap (PPH: *baweR)

bayada payment; a debt; to pay (PMP: *bayaD)

bayug rebukk.o. bamboo: Dendrocalamus merrillianus (Elm.) Elm. (PPH: *bayug)

bedaka face powder purchased in block form (LOAN)

bekah(of a spring trap) to spring (PAN: *bekas₁)

bekahopen one's eyes; spread out a sleeping mat (PMP: *beŋkas) *beŋkas₄

bekennot (PWMP: *beken)

beker-anhaving something stuck in one's throat (PWMP: *bekeR₁) *bekeR

beker-anhaving something stuck in one’s throat (PPH: *bekeR-an) *bekeR

Tiruray (40 / 751)

beketina piglet (PPH: *baketin)

bekulcurved, as a carabao's horn (PMP: *bekul₁)

bekuthunchbacked (PMP: *bekut) *bekuC

bekuthunchbacked (Also TAGA bekut 'a bend or fold') (ROOT)

belanaka mullet: Mugil spp. (PWMP: *balanak)

belaʔiparent-in-law (probably a Maranao loan) (PPh: *balaqih)

beleybuy (PMP: *beli)

beloylose a skill because of long lack of practice (PWMP: *beluy)

belukbend something (PMP: *beluk)

b-én-enéʔbundles or rice panicles, made at harvest time (PMP: *binehiq) *bineSiq

benesovergrown with dense grass (PWMP: *benes)

bénéʔa seed, selected and saved for planting (PMP: *binehiq) *bineSiq

b-en-itinhusked rice, placed in small bags and hung from the house rafters during wedding ceremonies, to be purchased by the man's side (PPh: *bítin)

benuwoŋa tree: Endospermum peltatum Merr. (PWMP: *banuaŋ)

benuwoŋa tree: Endospermum peltatum Merr. (PWMP: *benuaŋ)

beŋaŋin awe (PMP: *beŋaŋ₁)

beŋaŋin awe (PMP: *beŋaŋ₂)

beŋaʔopen one's mouth (PMP: *beŋaq)

beŋéhforce the lips open, (of the penis) having the tip showing slightly through the end of the foreskin (PMP: *beŋis₂)

beŋéhforce the lips open (ROOT)

Tiruray (60 / 751)

berawarlay something across something else or between two points (PPh: *bala(R)báR)

beretikfreckle-like spots on any surface (ROOT)

berikistie all over so that the one tied cannot move (ROOT)

beruwowa tree bearing edible fruit: Diplodiscus paniculatus (PPH: *baRubu)

besorfull, after eating (PAN: *besuR)

besur-enpot-bellied (PWMP: *besuR-en) *besuR

betewblister, callus (PMP: *betu₃) *beCu

betéʔrice or corn seeds which split open during roasting (PWMP: *beRtiq)

betiʔ(taboo) the vulva, external parts of female genitalia (PMP: *betiq₂)

betugostomach (PMP: *bituka) *biCuka

betukbulging; to set a bowstring (PMP: *bentuk)

betusburst something open, as a boil or loaded sack (PMP: *betus)

betutanal eructation; to eruct, break wind (PWMP: *bentut)

béwérlip (PMP: *bibiR) *biRbiR

béwérthe edge of an open grave (PMP: *birbir₁)

bibitcarry by hand (PMP: *bitbit₂) *bitbit

bilaŋcount, enumerate something (PAN: *bilaŋ₁)

bilaʔa trade partner in the trade system between Maguindanao and Tiruray (PPH: *bilaq₂)

bilaʔa trade partner, in the trade system between Maguindanao and Tiruray (LOAN)

binasadestroy, damage something (LOAN)

Tiruray (80 / 751)

binataŋa subdivision of the animal world that includes all four-legged, warm-blooded animals, including monkeys (LOAN)

biŋkitfence made of tied rails (PPh: *biŋkit)

biŋkitfence made of tied rails (Also Maranao bikit 'tie up, bind') (ROOT)

biraʔelephant's ear, Alocasia macrorrhiza (Linn.) Schott. (PMP: *biRaq₁)

bisapoisonous; a poison (LOAN)

bisutemporary impairment of hearing caused by sudden noise or a blow on the ear bisu-nen temporarily deaf due to a sudden noise or a blow on the ear (LOAN)

bitila period of scarcity of food prior to harvesting (PMP: *bitil₁)

bitinhang something (PPh: *bítin)

bitoroa large cycas: Cycas rumphii Miq. (NEAR)

bohora bow (PMP: *busuR₂)

bonoʔkill in revenge, raid with intent to kill (PMP: *bunuq₂) *buNuq₂

bualuproot a tree (PPh: *buál)

buaŋto loosen, to release something (PPH: *buaŋ)

buayacrocodile (PMP: *buqaya)

bubukrice husk; road dust (PMP: *bukbuk₃)

bubulall body hair except on head and face (PPh: *bulbúl)

bubutbase; buttocks; euphemism for vulva (ROOT)

budiʔunfertilized fish eggs (PPh: *bujiq)

bugeŋ-bugeŋmurmuring ( < *-geŋ?) (ROOT)

bugisringworm (PWMP: *bugis)

Tiruray (100 / 751)

bugis-enafflicted with ringworm (PWMP: *bugis)

buhaʔa cough; to cough (LOAN)

buhaʔa cough; to cough (NOISE)

buhaʔ-ensick with a cough (LOAN)

buhaʔ-ensick with a cough (NOISE)

buisa propitiatory offering of food, betel, etc. to appease a malevolent being; to offer buis; a tax (PWMP: *buhis) *buhís

bukaʔwide, or (when speaking of a piece of land) large (PWMP: *bukaʔ)

bulaŋa short, edged blade tied to the leg of a fighting cock during combat (PWMP: *bulaŋ)

bulogwhite opaque growth near the pupil of the eye, resulting from being struck by a foreign object (PPh: *bulág)

bulonmoon (PMP: *bulan₃) *bulaN

bulowa small tree: Litsea sp. (NOISE)

bunbun-antop of the head (PWMP: *bunbun-an₁) *buNbuN

buneyto hide (PMP: *buni₁) *buNi

buntud(in general) a mound; specifically) a termite mound; make a mound (PMP: *buntud)

buntusbreak a string or rope by putting too much tension on it (PMP: *butus)

buntusbreak a string or rope by putting too much tension on it (ROOT)

buŋa(taboo) the vulva, external parts of the female genitalia (PMP: *buŋa)

buŋkalto open a container full of food or produce (PWMP: *buŋkal)

buraʔwhite parrot: Cacatua haematuropygia PLS. Müller (PMP: *budaq₃)

buriŋcharcoal; mark something with charcoal (PWMP: *budiŋ)

Tiruray (120 / 751)

buriŋa fish (PWMP: *buriŋ)

buriŋ-anmarked with charcoal (PWMP: *budiŋ)

burosa euphemism for the genitals of either sex (NOISE)

bururhill (PMP: *bulud₃) *buled₁

burura hill (PWMP: *bulud₂)

busawone of two tribes of giant spirits. In Tiruray cosmology the busaw live to the west, and are characteristically cruel, hunting people with dogs and eating their souls (PMP: *busaw)

butérwart (PMP: *buteliR)

butér-anhaving warts (PPh: *buteliR-an) *buteliR

butitispecies of globe-like fish: Tetradon lunaris Bl. (PWMP: *butiti)

butiti-ʔen(of children) emaciated, but with a distended belly (PWMP: *butiti)

buwatrestore to life from death, by superhuman power (PMP: *buhat₃)

dafetto share a single blanket (PMP: *dapet)

dagdagto drop something (PPH: *dagdag)

dalemthe insides, the middle; any plant seed that develops inside some covering of plant tissue; (taboo) the clitoris (PMP: *dalem)

dalewjealousy (PWMP: *dalu₂)

damarto work after dark, either in the dark or by some light (PAN: *damaR₁)

damarto work after dark, either in the dark, or by some light (PPH: *damaR₂)

daŋananhandle of a kris (PWMP: *daŋanan)

daŋketadhere to something (PMP: *da(ŋ)ket)

Tiruray (140 / 751)

daraʔblood; to bleed (PAN: *daRaq)

darira root or rootlet; to produce roots (PMP: *dalij)

darita hawk: Spilornis cheela holospilsus (Latham) (PPH: *daRit)

darumneedle (PAN: *zaRum)

datarflat land, a plain; (of land) level or flat (PAN: *dataR)

datu-ʔa Moslem nobleman; a male leader among superhuman beings (PMP: *datu)

dayewpraise; to praise (PPH: *dáyaw)

daʔuna leaf; to produce leaves (PMP: *dahun)

dedelto drive an animal into or away from something (PPH: *deldel)

deketa paste or glue; to paste or glue (PMP: *deket₁) *dekeC

dekitside-by-side (PMP: *de(ŋ)kit)

delem-onthe waning of the moon, the dark of the moon; the dark of night (PMP: *delem)

derafeeling uncared for, sulky as a manifestation of hurt feelings rather than real anger (PWMP: *zeRa)

difarthe other side, in the sense of the side facing the speaker (PWMP: *di hipaR) *SipaR

dilaʔtongue; lick with the tongue (PMP: *dilaq₁)

dilosthe spleen (PPH: *dilas)

dilus(of a surface) water-repellant (ROOT)

dobuŋbamboo shoot (PPH: *dabuŋ)

dogota body of saltwater, an ocean; to resemble an ocean, as a huge lake (PMP: *daRat)

dolonroad, highway, path, trail (PMP: *zalan)

Tiruray (160 / 751)

domona shelter made of grasses by wild pigs for protection from rain; to make a domon (PPH: *dug(e)mún)

dudulto drive someone away (PPH: *duldúl₁)

dumo-na partner, a companion; a kinsman of one’s own generation, a cousin (PAN: *duma)

duŋduŋa temporary shade for a day or an overnight stay out in the open; to build a duŋduŋ (PMP: *duŋduŋ)

fafaka wing (PAN: *pakpak₁)

fafak-ana large saltwater fish (PAN: *pakpak₁)

fafana sawed board, lumber; to make lumber or boards by hand (PMP: *papan)

fag-aful-anthe lime container in a brass betel box (PWMP: *paR-qapuR-an) *qapuR

fag-ayamcare for a domesticated animal (PWMP: *qayam₂)

fagewan edible fern: Athyrium esculentum Copel (PWMP: *paku) *paheku

fagutasgame in which contestants cut through a bundle of reeds with one stroke of a bolo (ROOT)

fakerbrace, support (ROOT)

falascolor, form, appearance; a face (PWMP: *paras₂)

falascolor, form, appearance; a face (LOAN)

falaʔfageneral term for spice or condiments; to add all the necessary spices and condiments to a dish (PWMP: *palapaq)

faliŋblinded in one eye because of wounds from fighting (refers to animals only) (PPh: *paq(e)liŋ)

faliʔa wound (PPh: *paq(e)liŋ)

faliʔa wound (PWMP: *paliq₂)

fanaʔshoot an arrow with a bow (PAN: *panaq)

fantadthe ground, earth, land; patched with mud; hike along a beach (PWMP: *pantad)

Tiruray (180 / 751)

fantaylevel (PWMP: *pantay)

faŋatto preserve fish for several hours by partially boiling it with salt (PWMP: *paŋat)

faŋatto preserve fish for several hours by partially boiling it with salt. (LOAN)

faraŋaya personal habit (LOAN)

fareya general term for rice, Oryza sativa Linn. (PAN: *pajay)

fasaŋ-ana set of five Tiruray tuned gongs (PMP: *pasaŋ₁)

fasfasto hurry something; quick, speedy (PPH: *paspás₄)

fatut(of the way one does something), in the morally correct way (LOAN)

fayaʔdifficult, oppressive, taxing (PWMP: *payaq)

fayuin agreeement where different parties’ interests are concerned (PWMP: *payu)

fayuŋumbrella; to use an umbrella (PWMP: *payuŋ)

faʔitthe various barbs (Cyprinidae) spp. (PWMP: *paqit₁) *paqit

fedewbile; feelings, of an intellectual sort as contrasted with ʔena (visceral feelings) (PAN: *qapejux)

fedéʔ(of a wound) smarting; (of the stomach) feeling hunger pangs (PMP: *hapejiq) *Sapejiq

fe-diyohto bathe (PAN: *diRus)

fe-diyoh-onbathing place, bathroom (PAN: *diRus)

feg-akarto trick (someone) (LOAN)

feg-arurto ride a raft (PWMP: *alud)

feg-aturtake responsibility for some specific task (LOAN)

feg-ebelgive off smoke (PAN: *qebel)

Tiruray (200 / 751)

feg-eraŋa song of victory sung after a successful raid for blood revenge (PWMP: *qeraŋ)

feg-ituŋa thought, to think (PWMP: *qituŋ)

feg-onoklay an egg; bear fruit; deliver a baby (PWMP: *paR-anak) *aNak

fekadisconnect; get rid of (PMP: *peka)

feketa sap (PMP: *peket)

fekuʔbend (PMP: *pekuq₁)

fe-lagey-lagey(of men) dressed up in one’s best clothes and ornamentation (PMP: *laki₁)

felakulWestern-style axe (LOAN)

fe-libu-libun(of women) dressed up in one’s best clothes and ornamentation (NOISE)

feliyosa charm that causes any projectile aimed at the owner to miss him (LOAN)

felukto bend something (PMP: *peluk)

filiʔto select, to choose (PAN: *p<um>iliq) *piliq

fe-nakawsteal (PMP: *pa-nakaw) *Cakaw

fenoʔto be full (PAN: *peNuq)

feŋayawinvade, attack another tribe or country (PWMP: *pa-ŋayaw) *ŋayaw

fe-rareyrun away, escape or flee (PMP: *pa-laRiw) *laRiw

fere-nawaa hypostatized life force that causes life, hence breath (PMP: *nihawa) *NiSawa

fere-nawa-nanwork that has been interrupted while the worker pauses for a short rest (PMP: *nihawa) *NiSawa

feriyaʔa vine, Trichosanthes quinquangulata A. Grey, Momordica charantia L. (PWMP: *pariaq)

ferusgetting loose from being held or tied (PAN: *perus)

Tiruray (220 / 751)

fe-tagadWait a minute! (PPH: *taRad)

fe-ʔuléʔreturn something (PMP: *pa-uliq) *uliq₁

fifeycheek (PMP: *pihpih) *piSpiS

filaksilver (the metal); money, a peso (LOAN)

finsaa boil or abscess (PWMP: *pi(R)sa)

finsa-nanafflicted with boils (PWMP: *pi(R)sa)

fisaʔto break (PWMP: *pisaq)

fisekto have one eye permanently closed as a result of injury (PWMP: *picek) *picek₁

fitewseven (PAN: *pitu₁) *pitu

fitew foloʔseventy (PAN: *pitu₁) *pitu

fitfita bird: Monticola solitaria philippinensis (Linn.) (PWMP: *pitpit₁)

fitua whislte; to blow a whistle, to whistle through one’s fingers loudly (LOAN)

fiyaka chick (PAN: *piak)

fukasrelease animal from yoke (PWMP: *pukas₂)

fulifiscowlick (PWMP: *pulipis)

fuliʔto recover from one’s investment, of whatever, a return at least equal to the original outlay (PWMP: *puliq)

funiyala kind of dagger (LOAN)

furutto pick up (PWMP: *pu(n)zut)

fusedan umbilical cord, the navel (PMP: *pusej)

fusuŋheart (PMP: *pusuŋ₂)

Tiruray (240 / 751)

fusuʔa banana blossom; an ear of corn; (of a cornstalk) to produce an ear (PMP: *pusuq₁)

futeʔwhite (PMP: *putiq)

fuyu-fiyua climbing perch (PWMP: *puyu-puyu) *puyu₁

fuʔunancestor; beginning; root or base (PMP: *puqun)

gaduŋblue (LOAN)

gaduŋ belatuŋa mongo bean (PWMP: *gaduŋ)

galuŋshade o.s.; in the shade (ROOT)

gamakhold, grip (PWMP: *gamak)

gantito substitute for someone (PWMP: *ganti)

garutitchy (PMP: *garut) *garuC

gataʔcoconut milk (PWMP: *gateq)

gataʔcoconut milk (ROOT)

gefolthick (PPH: *kepal)

ge-liwetall around (PWMP: *liwet)

geraʔan affliction, a widespread loss of life because of famine, epidemic, etc. (PWMP: *geraq)

geruŋa variant of the call of the omen-bird lemugen; to make the geruŋ call (PWMP: *geRuŋ)

getuwanknowing something (PWMP: *ka-taqu-an) *Caqu

ge-utuhnoontime (PPh: *ugtu)

giliŋto grind, to mill (PMP: *giliŋ)

giliŋ-ana rice mill, a grinder (PWMP: *giliŋ-an) *giliŋ

Tiruray (260 / 751)

gilolo-nrecognizable (PAN: *kilala)

gisgisto scratch or scrape something (PAN: *kiskis)

gito-nvisible (PAN: *kita-en) *kita

guntiŋa pair of scissors (LOAN)

guyuda sled (PWMP: *guyud₃)

guyuda nonglutinous rice (PPH: *guyud₂)

kabigthe extent (geographical or social) of a leader's following, jurisdiction or authority (PWMP: *kabiR)

kadaʔdaʔa sickness involving vomiting and diarrhea, believed to be caused by sorcery (PWMP: *kadaqdaq)

kafetto cling, to attach oneself to something (PPH: *kapét)

kafuka silk cotton tree: Ceiba pentandra (Linn.) Gaerlin (PWMP: *kapuk)

kafuna castrated animal; to castrate (LOAN)

kagaŋtype of edible crab, found in swamps (PWMP: *kapuk)

kakawa general term for cacao: Theobroma cacao Linn. (LOAN)

kaket(of rust) to adhere to a rusted object (ROOT)

kamaŋkisa general term for tomato: Lycopersicum esculentum Mill. (LOAN)

kan-aa guest or visitor; to serve food to visitors (PMP: *kaen-a) *kaen

kaŋabtake a large bite out of something (ROOT)

katia bird put out as a lure to trap a wild bird in a snare; to lure (PPH: *káti)

kawaʔa large kettle or vat with no handle (PWMP: *kawaq)

Tiruray (280 / 751)

kawila large barbed hook for catching eels; to hook something with any sort of hook (PAN: *kawil₁)

kawiŋto perform the wedding ceremony on a couple (PWMP: *kawiŋ)

kawiŋto perform the wedding ceremony on a couple (NOISE)

kayewwood, firewood, a tree (PMP: *kahiw) *kaSiw

kebelan occult capacity to resist being wounded; to deflect striking weapons; to be able to withstand hot weather without be impervious to heat (PWMP: *kebel)

kebel-animpervious to wounds (PWMP: *kebel)

kebitto touch, to call attention; to pull the trigger (PMP: *kebit)

ked-ironwhen? (PAN: *ijan)

kefelto hold by encircling an object with thumb and forefinger (PWMP: *kepel)

kefoʔcatch a loose animal, catch and restrain a violent person, apprehend an outlaw (PWMP: *kepuq)

ke-lagey-anthe persons on the man’s side in a legal dispute (PWMP: *ka-(la)laki-an) *laki₁

ke-lawaʔ-lawaʔany kind of spider that makes a web (PMP: *ka-lawaq) *lawaq₂

kelaʔa crack (PMP: *kelaq)

kelaʔ-anhaving cracks in the soles of one's feet (PMP: *kelaq)

keluŋa long, narrow shield decorated with rows of shells, used for fighting and dancing (PPH: *keluŋ₂)

keluŋkuŋan owl, Otus sp. (PAN: *kaluŋkuŋ)

keluŋkuŋowl (ROOT)

kemaseybreadfruit (PPH: *kamansi)

kemikind of saltwater suckerfish, remora (PMP: *kemi)

kenugewclaws, fingernails, toenails or hooves; to trim the nails (PMP: *k<an>uhkuh) *kuSkuS₁

Tiruray (300 / 751)

kenuwessquid (PWMP: *kanuqus)

kenuwes-ona place where squids may be found, hence used to mean very far out to sea, over very deep water (PWMP: *kanuqus)

kereguŋthunder, thundering (ROOT)

kesewrafter (PMP: *kasaw₁)

ketasto cut something with a knife (PWMP: *ketas)

ketilow tide (PWMP: *keti)

ketusbreak a string or rope due to excess tension (< *-tes?) (ROOT)

kidkida rasp, a file with raised points for cutting; to file with a rasp (PMP: *kiDkiD)

kilayeyebrow (PWMP: *kiray)

kilayan eyebrow; to shave someone’s eyebrows to a desired shape (PWMP: *kiday)

kilota lightning flash; (of lightning) to flash (PMP: *kilat₁) *likaC

kirommiss something, long for something remembered (PWMP: *kidam)

kisek(of a chick) to cry in pain or fear (PWMP: *kicek)

kitekto tickle (PWMP: *kitek)

kiyakthe cry of a chick for its mother; (of a chick) to cry for its mother (PMP: *kiak)

kiyoka chicken’s cry in defeat; (of a chicken) to cry in defeat (PMP: *kiuk)

kiyuʔsexual intercourse (PMP: *kiuq)

kulitthe outer covering, skin, rind, bark; to remove this (PMP: *kulit) *kuliC

kulit-anafflicted with ringworm (PMP: *kulit) *kuliC

kulota general term for mushroom; a mushroom, Polyporus sanguineus Linn. (PMP: *kulat₂) *kulaC

Tiruray (320 / 751)

kumaŋa general term for crabs (PMP: *kumaŋ)

kuntus(of string or rope) to break because of excess tension (PMP: *ku(n)tus)

kuntus(of string or rope) to break because of excess tension (ROOT)

kurafua large saltwater fish: Epinephelus spp. (PMP: *kuRapu)

kureŋa ricepot; the nuclear family (PAN: *kudeŋ)

kurutto curl someone’s hair; (of hair) curly (PMP: *kurut)

kusika monkey's cry; (of a monkey) to cry (PMP: *kusik)

kutewa black hair louse; spark from a fire; to send off sparks (PMP: *kutu₁) *kuCux

kutew ituʔa flea (‘dog louse’) (PMP: *kutu₁) *kuCux

kuyuga follower of a leader; to follow a leader (PPH: *kúyug)

kuyuŋshake something that is set in the ground, as a tree or house (PWMP: *kuyuŋ)

labimore than (PMP: *labi₁)

labida portion of a line where extra strands are twisted together for greater strength (PPH: *labid)

labida portion of a line where extra strands are twisted together for greater strength (PPH: *lambid)

labisextra amount (PPH: *lábis)

labuʔa general term for the common gourd: Lagenaria leucantha (Duch.) Rusby (PWMP: *labuq₂)

lafatto join two edges of wood together in as smooth a fit as possible (PPH: *lapat₂)

lafisa pencil (LOAN)

lafuŋmildew (PPH: *lapuŋ)

lafuŋ-encovered with mildew (PPH: *lapuŋ)

Tiruray (340 / 751)

lagaŋdry over a fire (ROOT)

lagariʔa saw; to saw wood (LOAN)

lagaʔa price, an equivalent; to set the price of something (LOAN)

lageya male; term of reference used by a female to refer to a male of her own generation (PMP: *laki₁)

lambedto wind around (PPH: *la(m)béj)

lambedwind around (ROOT)

lamesaa table (LOAN)

lanayto melt tree sap (PPH: *lanay₁)

laŋkawtall (PMP: *laŋkaw)

laŋkebcage trap (ROOT)

lateŋa tree: Trema orientalis Linn. (PMP: *lateŋ) *laCeŋ

latiksnap one's fingers sharply against someone's shin (ROOT)

latiksnap the fingers (ROOT)

lawaŋto pierce through, to pass through (PWMP: *lawaŋ₂)

lawekto mix (PWMP: *lahuk)

lawuʔto drop something (PWMP: *labuq₁)

layaŋflying (PWMP: *layaŋ₁)

layugof plants and trees, tall (PPH: *láyug)

lefasto pass by, to go beyond a certain place (PWMP: *lepas)

lefewto hurl something above and beyond something else; to surpass (PPH: *lepaw₃) *lepaw₂

Tiruray (360 / 751)

lefoʔa bone fracture; to fracture a bone (PWMP: *lepuq₁)

lekaschange clothes, undress (PMP: *lekas₁)

lawekto give one’s uncooked food to someone to mix and cook with his own (PPH: *l<um>ahúk) *lahuk

lemueasy, cheap (PWMP: *lemu)

leŋaglook up (ROOT)

leŋkeb(of an infant) rolling over on its stomach; laid face down (PWMP: *leŋkeb)

leŋkeblaid face down (ROOT)

leŋoha general term for sesame: Sesamum orientale Linn. (PMP: *leŋa)

lesitslip or force something out a hole in its container (PMP: *lecit)

lesitslip or force something out a hole in its container (PWMP: *lesit)

letakthe small cracks that occur in bamboo as it dries out in the sun; (of bamboo), cracking with heat (PWMP: *letak₁)

letéʔthunder and lightning (PWMP: *letiq)

libosa tree bearing edible fruit, known in the Philippines as the “Spanish plum,” Spondias purpurea Linn. (PWMP: *libas₁)

libuna female (NOISE)

lifotforgetting something (PPH: *lipat)

lifutof many, to fight against a single individual (PMP: *liput₁)

lifutto murder (PPH: *liput₂)

ligisheavy roller (PWMP: *li(ŋ)gis)

lileythe main posts in house construction (PMP: *hadiRi) *SadiRi

liliŋgo around something or a place, rather than straight over or through (PMP: *liliŋ₂)

Tiruray (380 / 751)

limatekleech (PWMP: *qali-matek) *-matek

límofive (PAN: *lima)

liŋkufto envelop, surround completely (PWMP: *likup₁)

lisahaʔa louse egg (PMP: *lisehaq, liseqah) *liseqeS

litukfence of bowed bamboo strips (PPH: *lituk₁)

liwetto go around, but close by, something or someone; to speak in an indirect, metaphorical, or euphemistic way; (of routes) being the long way to some place (PWMP: *liwet)

liyad(of animals and people) swaybacked (PWMP: *liad)

liyufoncentipede (PMP: *qalu-hipan) *qalu-Sipan

lontukconcavely curved (PAN: *la(n)tuk)

lontukconcavely curved (ROOT)

loŋuyto swim (PWMP: *laŋuy)

lowoha body, stem or trunk (PWMP: *lawas₂)

lowohan internode of bamboo (PAN: *lawas₃)

ludegwrestle; to grab a woman by force and attempt to force her to engage in sexual intercourse. the daytime rape (PPH: *ludeg)

lugara place, a location (LOAN)

lukuʔbent into shape of hook (PWMP: *lukuq)

lukuʔbend into shape, of hook (PWMP: *lu(ŋ)kuq)

lukuʔbend into shape of hook (ROOT)

lumuta kind of underwater moss (PMP: *lumut)

lúnesMonday (LOAN)

Tiruray (400 / 751)

lunewgreen (PPH: *luh(e)naw)

lunsanto administer the coup de grace (PPH: *lunsan)

luŋkaʔloosen slightly, as a bandage (ROOT)

luŋuncoffin (PWMP: *luŋun)

luwaʔto throw out; to spit out all that is in one’s mouth; having tuberculosis (PMP: *luaq)

mag-saksakto make a cut or incision, split something (PAN: *saksak₁)

mana particle with the meaning “again” (PPH: *man)

maniʔa general term for peanut: Arachis hypogaea Linn. (LOAN)

manuka subdivision of the animal world that includes those that are warm-blooded and fly; chicken: Gallus gallus Linn. (PMP: *manuk)

marafatia domesticated pigeon: Columba livia Gmelin (LOAN)

me-dalewjealousy (PWMP: *dalu₂)

mege-nanaʔ(of a sore) producing much pus (PMP: *nanaq) *naNaq

men-salaʔguilty (PMP: *salaq₁)

me-ratuhone hundred; a brideprice (PWMP: *ma-Ratus) *RaCus

mere-daraʔto bleed profusely, as from a cut artery (PAN: *daRaq) Tiruray

mere-fekethaving lots of sap, used as a euphemism for bleeding (PMP: *peket)

me-ʔuyagalive (PPh: *quyag)

minaŋamouth of a river (PMP: *minaŋa)

motoeye (PMP: *mata) *maCa

munteya kabuyau: Citrus hystrix D.C. (PMP: *muntay)

Tiruray (420 / 751)

nathen; yet (PMP: *na₄) *Na₂

nanaspineapple (LOAN)

nanaʔpus (PMP: *nanaq) *naNaq

naraa tree: Pterocarpus indica (PMP: *naRah)

n-arakone being trained, an apprentice (PWMP: *in-aRak) *aRak

natuʔegg yolk (PMP: *natuq)

nifisthin, as paper (PMP: *nipis) *Nipis

noŋoa rattan: Calamus sp. (PMP: *naŋa₂)

noromtame, gentle (PAN: *najam)

nunukgeneric for the strangler fig: Ficus benjamina L. (PMP: *nunuk)

ŋuwedyoung (PPH: *ŋuhed)

rafuʔbranches laid across a trail to block its use; to place rafuɁ (PPH: *Rapuq₂)

rahukenter an area covered by dense grasses where there is no path; to possess, to dominate someone, as a malignant spirit (PWMP: *ra(ŋ)suk)

ramutan object with an occult power which can be used by its owner to cause sickness and death in another person, or to protect the owner against another ramut; to use a ramut (PPH: *Ramut₂)

ranawlake (PAN: *danaw)

randutuproot, pull out (PMP: *Radut)

rantascut away wrapped lashings (PMP: *ra(n)tas)

raŋkefthe crawling stem of a vine; (of vines) to crawl (PWMP: *raŋkep₁) *Raŋkep

rasekpress against, crowd (ROOT)

ratahhuman breast milk (PMP: *Ratas₂)

Tiruray (440 / 751)

ratuhunit of one hundred (PMP: *Ratus) *RaCus

rawena cloud (PMP: *Rabun)

rayuʔfar, distant, far apart (PPH: *adayúq)

rebur(of water) dirty, murky, unclear (ROOT)

refarto fly (PPH: *lepad)

regameya rice stalk (PWMP: *gaRami)

reges(of water) flowing swiftly with a strong current (PMP: *deRes)

renegpush, press down (PMP: *Reneg)

resiktobacco blight that renders the leaves bitter and ill-tasting (PMP: *recik)

retoʔbrittle (PPH: *Retaq)

réʔérthe neck (PAN: *liqeR)

rikittie two things together (PWMP: *ri(ŋ)kit)

rinduŋtake cover temporarily (ROOT)

riyassplit rattan, tear cloth lengthwise (PMP: *riqas)

rohoka rib (PAN: *Rusuk)

ruarloose, spacious (PMP: *luqaR)

rumaʔa scabbard or sheath (PAN: *Rumaq)

rumfakcollide with something (PMP: *rumpak)

ruwaŋthe inner surface of a canoe; the surface of the earth (PWMP: *Ruqaŋ)

ruwotwo (PMP: *duha) *duSa

Tiruray (460 / 751)

ruwo-ruwounable to decide between two alternatives (PMP: *duha duha₂) *duSa

safaʔto swear an oath (PWMP: *sapaq₂)

safuɁto dress meat (PPH: *sapuq)

safuta cloth (PMP: *saput₁)

saɁita barb, as on a fishhook (PAN: *saqit)

sakaŋbow-legged (PMP: *sakaŋ)

saksakto pierce, to stab (PAN: *saksak₁)

salagnest (PMP: *salaR)

salaʔguilt, the responsibility for someone’s offended feelings (PMP: *salaq₁)

salinto undergo change; to change something (PWMP: *salin)

sandapawn something for cash (LOAN)

sandura nonglutinous rice (PWMP: *candur)

santoltree bearing edible fruit: Sandoricum koetjape (Burm. f.) Merr. (LOAN)

santoltree bearing edible fruit: Sandoricum koetjape (Burm. f.) Merr. (LOAN)

saŋkawjump up to grasp (ROOT)

saŋkuŋan echo (PWMP: *sa(ŋ)kuŋ₁)

sareketglue, to glue (ROOT)

sarewto face something or somebody (PPH: *saru)

sarikita double-thumb deformity (ROOT)

Tiruray (480 / 751)

sawaliɁsheets of interwoven split reeds used for walling, the sides of containers, etc. (PWMP: *sawaliq)

sawersow seed by broadcasting; scatter something over an area (PWMP: *sa(m)beR)

sebaŋthe first visible portion of a waxing new moon; (of the moon) to wax; (of the sun) to rise over the horizon (PPH: *sebaŋ)

sebekaŋv-shaped (ROOT)

sefakbreak off, as a branch from a tree trunk (PMP: *cep(e)qak)

sefakto break off, as a branch from a tree trunk (PWMP: *sepak₁) *sepak

sefeled(of a taste) acrid, astringent (PWMP: *sapeled)

sefuta spring, as a small creek (PWMP: *seput)

segelaya strap used to sling s.t. from one shoulder; to carry s.t. with a segelay (PPH: *sakeláy)

sekeya leg (PPH: *seki)

seladeŋa deer: Cervus francianus Heude, Cervus nigellus Hollister (PMP: *saladeŋ)

selatto pass through a narrow opening; to do something in a short period of time available between distractions (PWMP: *selat)

seledoya kind of homemade comb (NEAR)

selinaŋdirect sunlight (ROOT)

seŋowto emit steam or vapor (PWMP: *seŋ(e)qaw)

se-rayuʔbeing related by blood, but not closely, no closer than fourth cousin (PPH: *adayúq)

se-sarew eturknock-kneed (PPH: *saru)

seseda sedge used for matting: Fimbristylis globulosa (PWMP: *sedsed₁)

siaʔallow room to pass, give way (PWMP: *siaq)

sifita set of pincers, as on a crab; to Pinch (PAN: *sipit)

Tiruray (500 / 751)

sifit-ana scorpion (PAN: *sipit)

sigewan elbow; to elbow (PAN: *sikux)

sigito proceed, to continue (LOAN)

siguf-ana cigar, cigarette; to smoke, as cigarettes (PAN: *siRup)

sikaʔscat, an expression used to drive away a cat (LOAN)

silaʔ(of the moon) to wax; lightning; to flash (PMP: *silaq)

simfukgathered into a group (PWMP: *simpuk)

simfukgathered into a group (ROOT)

siŋgul(of limbs) deformed as a result of some accident (PMP: *siŋkul)

siŋkamasa yam bean, Pachyrrhizus erosus Linn. (LOAN)

siŋkebcover of a rice pot (PWMP: *si(ŋ)keb)

sirorburi palm: Corypha elata Roxb. (PPH: *silaR)

sukuŋa boom on a sailboat (PWMP: *sukuŋ)

sukuŋa boom on a sailboat (LOAN)

sulata letter; to write (LOAN)

suliŋa bamboo ring flute with four holes; to play a suliŋ (PWMP: *suliŋ)

s<um>aksakto be or become ripped (PAN: *saksak₁)

sumbaŋincest, sexual relations with any close relative, as someone descended from one’s great grandfather (second cousin or closer) (PWMP: *sumbaŋ)

sundaŋa kris (LOAN)

suŋitto hand feed someone; to eat with one’s fingers (PPH: *suŋit₂)

Tiruray (520 / 751)

suŋkuŋa hunchback (PWMP: *su(ŋ)kuŋ)

suŋsuŋChina, specifically Hong Kong (PWMP: *suŋsuŋ₁)

surosharpened spikes of biyowon (Schistostachyum bamboo) placed in the ground point up to pierce the feet of an enemy; pierced by suro (PMP: *suja)

suwarthorn (PAN: *suqaR)

tabakuʔa general term for tobacco: Nicotiana tabacum Linn; to raise tobacco (LOAN)

tabanthe spoils or winnings; to win in fighting or betting (PMP: *taban) *tabaN

tafis-ana woven rattan strainer for squeezing shredded coconut meat (PWMP: *tapis₃)

tafuŋrice flour; to make rice flour (PPH: *tapuŋ)

taǥadto pause briefly in one’s activity (PPH: *taRad)

tagad-tagadtemporary (PPH: *taRad)

tag-akar-enalways tricky (LOAN)

tagubto enclose oneself completely inside one’s sarong, as when very cold (PMP: *takub)

tagubto enclose oneself completely inside one’s sarong, as when verb cold (PMP: *ta(ŋ)kub)

tagub-ana scabbard (PWMP: *takub-an) *takub

tagub-ana scabbard (PMP: *ta(ŋ)kub)

takefto double something, make it twice as much (PMP: *ta(ŋ)kep₁) *takep

takefa kind of eel trap (PMP: *ta(ŋ)kep₂)

taleyrope, string; to wrap and tie (PMP: *talih) *CaliS

talikufencircle (ROOT)

talunforest (PMP: *talun₁) *CaluN

Tiruray (540 / 751)

tamanas far as, until (PWMP: *taman)

taman sa tamanforever (PWMP: *taman)

tambeŋstop a small flow of water by setting an impediment (PWMP: *ta(m)beŋ)

tambeŋstop a small flow of water by setting an impediment (PWMP: *tambeŋ)

taŋarto elope when both persons are single (PPH: *taŋaR)

taŋgafreceive, accept (PWMP: *taŋgap)

taŋkisto parry, to turn something aside (PWMP: *taŋkis)

tarewbeeswax; to apply beeswax to one’s lips, as by women to provide a base for lip dyes (PWMP: *tadu)

taʔa question-marking particle that turns commands into polite requests, and statements into rhetorical questions (PPH: *taq₂)

taʔahlong (PMP: *atas) *aCas

tebekto prick, to inject something or someone (PAN: *tebek)

tebéʔto chip (PMP: *tebiq) *Cebiq

tebuga stagnant pool of water; to make a pool to hold water (PMP: *tebuR)

tebuga stagnant pool of water; to make a pool to hold water (PPH: *tebug)

tedemremember (PWMP: *te(n)dem)

tedemto remember (PWMP: *tendem)

tedemto remember (ROOT)

tegenekkind of mosquito (PPH: *taRenek)

telebcover something (PMP: *teleb)

telewthree (PAN: *telu)

Tiruray (560 / 751)

tembawshallow (ROOT)

temburia shell trumpet; to blow the temburi (PMP: *tabuRi)

temfuldull, not sharp (PMP: *tumpel)

temfuldull, not sharp (ROOT)

t<en>aban-anone who is defeated (PWMP: *t<in>aban) *tabaN

t-en-alunswidden site planted in grain (PMP: *talun₁) *CaluN

tenduʔto point at something (PPh: *tulduq)

teŋaʔa half (PMP: *teŋaq)

teŋteŋto look at something (PWMP: *teŋteŋ₂)

t-er-ektekhouse lizard: Hemidactylus frenatus Duméril and Bibron (PAN: *tektek₂)

tifonto gather things into a pile (PPH: *típun)

tikufto encircle (PWMP: *tikup)

tikur(of routes) being the long way to some place (PWMP: *tikur)

tisiŋa ring; to wear a ring (LOAN)

titaybridge; cross a bridge (PMP: *titey)

titaya bridge; to cross a bridge (PMP: *taytay)

titay beruŋona center purlin in house construction (PMP: *taytay)

tofocook fish or meat over a very smoky fire; dry something over a fire (PMP: *tapa₁) *Capa

toroʔto point to something; to explain something (PAN: *tuzuq₁)

tudiʔa tree bearing edible pods and flowers, Sesbania grandiflora (Linn.) Pers. (PMP: *tudiq)

Tiruray (580 / 751)

tukaka frog, Qxyglossus laevis Günther (PPH: *tukák)

tukuda vertical support, a prop; to support by tukud (PAN: *tukud)

tunoh(in general) a newly sprouted shoot; (specifically) a tobacco seedling; to sprout (PWMP: *tunas)

tuŋowa kind of tiny red, biting mite (PWMP: *tuŋaw₁)

tuŋtuŋinternode of bamboo used as a container (PWMP: *tuŋtuŋ₁)

t-uwareyyounger sibling, youngest child (PMP: *ta-huaji) *Suaji

tuwoka palm: Areca caliso (PMP: *tuak)

waleweight (PAN: *walu)

waleybecoming (PWMP: *bali₁)

warashoulder (PMP: *qabaRa₁)

waraʔabscess (PAN: *baReq)

wareystale, spoiled (PMP: *baRiw)

wayegwater (loan) (PMP: *wahiR)

wogoan abaca (PPh: *abaká)

ʔabal-ʔabalkind of scarab beetle, Leucopholis irrorata Chevrolat (PPh: *abal abal)

ʔabatany instrument used to pry or scoop out something; to probe, to scoop out using a tool (PPH: *abat₄)

ʔaba-yfather (PAN: *aba₁)

ʔadey ~ adoyexclamation of pain (NEAR)

ʔadiha term of address and reference used between males of the same generation (NEAR)

ʔaduʔterm of address used to males of the next younger generation by older persons of either sex; often implies that their name or teknonym is not known to the speaker (PWMP: *azuq)

Tiruray (600 / 751)

ʔafaŋkind of rice cake (LOAN)

ʔafeyfire (PMP: *hapuy) *Sapuy

ʔagitpaining, painful (PMP: *sakit)

ʔakara trick, a crafty or cheating action (LOAN)

ʔakar-antricky (LOAN)

ʔakawakawa pair of stilts; to walk on stilts (ROOT)

ʔakufthe contents of one's two cupped hands; try to get all for oneself (PMP: *aŋkup₁) *aŋkup

ʔalaŋto block the way of someone or something (PWMP: *qalaŋ)

ʔalaŋto block the way of someone or something (LOAN)

ʔalaŋ-alaŋfalling short, not fully completed, discontinued too soon (PWMP: *alaŋ-alaŋ₁) *alaŋ-alaŋ

ʔalaŋ-alaŋreluctant to do something for fear of an unfavorable outcome (PWMP: *qalaŋ)

ʔalubwarm or dry something briefly over a fire (PWMP: *alub)

ʔaluŋshade (PMP: *aluŋ)

ʔamaʔto eat (PWMP: *amaq)

ʔamaʔ-anthe place on the floor where people are eating; by recent extension, a table (PWMP: *amaq-an) *amaq

ʔambawcommon field rat, bush rat; calf of the leg (LOAN)

ʔambetcatch a loose animal by entwining it in a rope (PWMP: *ambet)

ʔamfilcome to the defense of someone or something (PMP: *hampil)

ʔaneymound-building termites (PAN: *aNay)

ʔaney-eninfested by termites (PWMP: *anay-en) *aNay

Tiruray (620 / 751)

ʔanluŋa shadow (ROOT)

ʔantukto guess (NOISE)

ʔanurto float something downstream by the force of the current (PAN: *qañud)

ʔaŋasthe face of a person (PPH: *aŋas)

ʔaŋetshort-tempered, easily angered (PMP: *qaŋet)

ʔaŋetshort-tempered, easily angered (ROOT)

ʔarab(of fish) to eat one’s own young, or another fish (PPH: *hárab₁)

ʔaraklead by the hand (PMP: *aRak)

ʔarakgeneral term for a distilled alcoholic beverage (LOAN)

ʔarekto kiss (PMP: *hajek) *Sajek

ʔarudto shave flat a length of split rattan, in preparing it for use as lashing (PWMP: *aRud)

ʔarura raft (PWMP: *alud)

ʔatagintend, mean to do something (PWMP: *atag)

ʔataʔthe small trees on a swidden, cut first in order to serve as kindling beneath the larger trees when the swidden in burned; raw; immature, not yet ripe, used only of fruits (PWMP: *hataq)

ʔataʔimmature, not yet ripe, used only of fruits (PAN: *qataq)

ʔatefroof or roofing material (PMP: *qatep)

ʔateydying (PMP: *atay) *aCay

ʔatifspace closely, side-by-side (PMP: *atip)

ʔatifto space closely, side by side (PMP: *qatip₂)

ʔatissweetsop: Anona squamosa Linn. (LOAN)

Tiruray (640 / 751)

ʔatissweetsop, Annona squamosa Linn. (LOAN)

ʔatissweetsop: Annona squamosa Linn. (LOAN)

ʔatura responsibility (LOAN)

ʔatur-anresponsible for some specific task; something ordered or commanded by a person in authority (LOAN)

ʔawappears first in questions, and formally marks the following as a query (PMP: *aw) *Saw

ʔawaŋcanoe or small boat powered by paddle or outboard motor (PAN: *qabaŋ₁)

ʔawelweave cloth (PPH: *habél)

ʔawel-onloom (PPh: *habel-án) *habél

ʔawewashes (PMP: *qabu)

ʔayto go, to come (PAN: *ai₃)

ʔayamdomesticated animal (PWMP: *qayam₂)

ʔebaʔmouth (PMP: *bahaq₁) *bahaq

ʔebebto stoop over, as in hiding or in passing under something low (PPH: *qebqeb)

ʔebelsmoke (PAN: *qebel)

ʔeborbroth; mix ebor with rice (ROOT)

ʔeboʔremove the intestines of fish (loan) (PWMP: *ebuq)

ʔedekto pound, as rice with a pestle (ROOT)

ʔedi-ʔterm of address used to females of the same or a younger generation by persons of either sex; it implies that their name or teknonym is not known to the speaker (PWMP: *enzi-q) *enzi

ʔefeŋa plug for a hole; to plug a hole (PMP: *empeŋ)

ʔefotfour (PMP: *epat) *Sepat

Tiruray (660 / 751)

ʔefuscigarette or cigar stub; continue up to the end of a task (PMP: *epus)

ʔekefembrace, cling (ROOT)

ʔeledsink, as a stone in the water or the sun in the sky (PWMP: *qeled)

ʔeletborrow, lend (PMP: *elet₁)

ʔeletboundary, dividing line (PMP: *qelet) *qeleC

ʔelewpestle (PMP: *qahelu) *qaSelu

ʔeméhsugar; sweet (PMP: *hemis)

ʔendaʔnone, not any, not (PMP: *edaq)

ʔendaʔstep onto something (NOISE)

ʔenemsix (PAN: *enem)

ʔeŋeŋbuzzing sound, as of flies or mosquitoes (PWMP: *eŋeŋ)

ʔeŋeŋbuzzing sound, as of flies or mosquitoes (ROOT)

ʔeraŋcheer of a crowd (PWMP: *qeraŋ)

ʔerékthresh by trampling (PAN: *Riqek)

ʔeremimmerse or soak in water (PAN: *edem₂)

ʔerokthe sound made by falling water; falling water (PWMP: *erak)

ʔesefsuck, sip (PAN: *qesep)

ʔesuŋvessel in which things are pounded, mortar (PMP: *esuŋ)

ʔeturknee (PMP: *tuhud) *tuduS

ʔetutanal eructation; to break wind (PMP: *qetut)

Tiruray (680 / 751)

ʔibaʔtree bearing edible fruit: Averrhoa carambola L. (LOAN)

ʔibegappetite; saliva (loanword) (PMP: *ibeR)

ʔibudrounded (holes) (NOISE)

ʔida-ymother (in address only) (PWMP: *inda₂)

ʔidoshusband of one's sister-in-law, wife of one's brother-in-law (PAN: *idas₁)

ʔifarcross over to the other side (as of a river or street) (PMP: *hipaR₂) *SipaR

ʔifessmall tan cockroach (PMP: *ipes) *Sipes

ʔifil-ʔifilthe ipil ipil tree: Leucaena glauca L. Benth. (PPh: *ipil ipil)

ʔifuna nonglutenous rice, a variety of farey (PPh: *ípun₃) *ípun

ʔigorkeeping one's eyes on someone, even though one's head is turning away (PAN: *ikuD)

ʔigortail (PAN: *ikuR)

ʔiketa tie; to tie (loan) (PMP: *hiket) *Siket

ʔilaŋgive up the only one one has of something (PMP: *qilaŋ)

ʔileŋto twirl, rotate (PMP: *ileŋ)

ʔiliŋ-ʔiliŋlook around, scan (PWMP: *hiliŋ)

ʔiliŋ-ʔiliŋlook around, scan (PWMP: *iliŋ₂)

ʔimfassettle accounts (PMP: *qimpas)

ʔinama hopeful expectation; to hopefully expect something (PPh: *hínam)

ʔina-ʔaunt, female of next ascending generation other than one's mother (PAN: *iná-q) *ina

ʔinemto drink (PWMP: *inem)

Tiruray (700 / 751)

ʔinsikChinese (LOAN)

ʔinsíka Chinese (LOAN)

ʔiŋatwatch out, be careful, be ready (PMP: *iŋat)

ʔiriŋcopy, imitate (PPh: *iriŋ₂)

ʔirofsip, suck in a liquid (PMP: *hiRup) *SiRup

ʔiroʔlie down (PPh: *hideRáq)

ʔiruŋnose (PMP: *ijuŋ)

ʔiseg, insegmove something, move oneself a short way (PMP: *iseR)

ʔitila tree: Kingiodendron alternifoliolum (Merr.) (NOISE)

ʔituŋ-anthe mind, the intellect (PWMP: *qituŋ)

ʔituʔdog (PPH: *ituq₂)

ʔiufto blow (PMP: *heyup) *Seyup

ʔohokto plant in general, specifically to dibble; dibble stick (PMP: *hasek₁)

ʔohokto plant in general, specifically to dibble (PMP: *usuk)

ʔolotkind of loosely woven basket used to scoop up fish in shallow water (PWMP: *qalat)

ʔonokoffspring, egg, fruit; all consanguineal relatives in descending generations (PMP: *anak) *aNak

ʔonok kayewfruit of a tree (PMP: *anak) *aNak

ʔonok manukchicken egg (PMP: *anak) *aNak

ʔonomto weave (PMP: *añam)

ʔonoʔgeneral term for necklaces (PAN: *quNuq)

Tiruray (720 / 751)

ʔonoʔnecklace (PMP: *unuq) *uNuq

ʔoʔohchew sugarcane (PMP: *ququs)

ʔubigeneral term for sweet potato, Ipomoea batatas Linn. (PMP: *qubi)

ʔufaha wild hen, Gallus gallus (Linn.) (PMP: *qupa)

ʔufaksplit lengthwise by driving a blade along the grain (PWMP: *hupak)

ʔufamafor instance, suppose (LOAN)

ʔufawbald head (PPH: *upaw)

ʔufawa bald head (NOISE)

ʔukurfate, destiny (LOAN)

ʔulewthe head (PMP: *qulu) *quluh

ʔuléʔreturn home (PMP: *uliq₁)

ʔumanadd to one's amount of something (PAN: *quman)

ʔumanadd to one's amount of something (PMP: *uman) *umaN

ʔunuhtake off one's clothing (PMP: *hunus) *SuNus

ʔuŋkaʔopen something (PAN: *hukaq)

ʔuŋkaʔopen something (PMP: *qukaq)

ʔuŋkaʔopen something (PMP: *qu(ŋ)kaq)

ʔuŋkaʔto open (PMP: *u(ŋ)kaq)

ʔuŋkaʔopen something (ROOT)

ʔurahwash something (PMP: *huRas) *SuRas

Tiruray (740 / 751)

ʔurarsnake (PMP: *hulaR) *SulaR

ʔuratblood vessel (PMP: *uRat) *huRaC

ʔutekbrain (PMP: *hutek)

ʔutek bukalmarrow (PMP: *hutek)

ʔutohto pick, to harvest (PWMP: *qutas)

ʔutoŋa debt; to owe, buy on credit (PMP: *qutaŋ)

ʔutuhto go on top of something (PPh: *ugtu)

ʔuwaka crow, Corvus macrorhynchus Wagler (PMP: *uak₁)

ʔuwara vine, Flagellaria indica Linn. (PMP: *huaR)

ʔuwittake something, bring something (PWMP: *uit₂)

ʔuyagbring to life (PPh: *quyag)

732. Titan (76) OC [ttv] Papua New Guinea

aetsago grub (PMP: *qabatiR)

althick-bodied barracuda sp. (PMP: *qalu)

alitthe putty nut: Parinarium laurinum (POC: *qarita)

aŋeialmond (POC: *kaŋaRi)

brulbanana (POC: *pudi) *punti₁

brusa-iheart (POC: *pusa₃)

ᵬuaareca palm and nut (POC: *buaq)

bua-mata-leŋbeach, shore (POC: *laŋi₁)

ᵬuaycrocodile (POC: *puqaya) *buqaya

buivulva (PAN: *puki)

ᵬulmoon, month (POC: *pulan₃) *bulaN

buli-poto-potoporcupinefish (POC: *potok) *beRtek

buli-poto-potoporcupinefish (POC: *potok) *betek₁

cahwhat? (PMP: *sapa)

caŋacaŋstarfish (PMP: *saŋa-saŋa) *saŋa₁

cito fart (POC: *si₂)

cito fart (POC: *siki)

coŋhungry (POC: *soŋe)

dolcanoe (POC: *tola)

drassaltwater (PMP: *tasik)

Titan (20 / 76)

inaM (addr. and ref.) (PCEMP: *ina)

kacam bruto-ynavel (POC: *buto)

kalilarge sea fish, grouper (POC: *kalia)

kamalmen’s house; man, male (PMP: *kamaliR)

kamatudouble-headed parrotfish: Bolbometopon (POC: *kamatu)

kameythe rainbow runner: Elagatis bipinnulata (POC: *kamaRi)

kanaŋ-kanto eat (POC: *kani) *kaen

kanaŋ-kanto eat (POC: *kanan) *kaen

kanawseagull (POC: *kanawe) *kanaway

karowinblue-green (POC: *karawina)

kasithe trumpet emperor: Lethrinus miniatus (POC: *kasika)

kasu mʷansmoke (POC: *kasu)

kasuscoconut crab (PMP: *kasusu)

ki-directional: to, toward (ki-me ‘to or toward the speaker’) (POC: *ki₁)

kolvillage (POC: *koro₂)

kolaŋemperor: Lethrinidae (POC: *koraŋa)

kole-laŋsky (‘place of light’) (PMP: *laŋit) *laŋiC

kulapLethrinidae, sea bream (POC: *kulabo)

kuli-skin (POC: *kulit) *kuliC

kupeast wind (LOAN)

Titan (40 / 76)

kupʷenrectangular fishnet used to catch small fish (POC: *kupwena)

ku ta-mate-ykill it! (POC: *mate) *aCay

lake-n a yomy wound (POC: *lake)

laŋlight (PMP: *laŋit) *laŋiC

laun keyleaf of a tree (PEMP: *raun) *dahun

layblood (POC: *draRaq) *daRaq

lisnit, egg of a louse (POC: *lisa) *liseqeS

maand, with (PAN: *maS)

mata-cawchannel, passage between islands (PMP: *sawaq)

mata-cawpassage between islands (POC: *mata ni cawa) *maCa

mate-ydie, dead (POC: *mate) *aCay

meto come (POC: *mai) *ai₃

ñakapʷe-lawspider (PMP: *lawaq₂)

ñammosquito (PMP: *ñamuk)

natchild (PEMP: *natu)

ñatlatex-yielding tree with large edible sweet green fruit (PMP: *ñatuq)

ñusquid without shell (POC: *ñui)

patstone (POC: *patu) *batux

patan apisago palm (POC: *Rabia) *Rambia

patan-cia shrub: Cordyline, Dracaena (PMP: *siRi)

Titan (60 / 76)

pata-n paleymast (pole for the sail) (PMP: *bataŋ) *bataŋ₁

peinwoman (POC: *papine) *bahi

pi-ñawwidow (POC: *ñao)

pi-ñawwidow (POC: *ñaRo)

pwici-lima-yfingernail (POC: *bwisi)

sa-buŋone cluster (as of areca nuts) (PMP: *puŋun) *puŋuN

sa-buŋone cluster (as of areca nuts) (POC: *puŋu)

su-ito peel yams (PEMP: *supi)

taŋto weep, cry (PMP: *taŋis) *Caŋis

tunu-tunto burn (POC: *tunu tunu) *CuNuh

tunu-tunto burn, roast (PMP: *tunu) *CuNuh

ulmaggot (PMP: *qulej)

ul-uluŋpillow (POC: *quluŋ-an) *qulun₂

unto drink (PCEMP: *unum)

we-weymango (PCEMP: *waiwai) *wai

wiridolphin (POC: *kuriap)

yewbanyan (PEMP: *qayawan)

Tjuabu (1) Form.. see: Paiwan (Tjuabu)

733. Toak (22) OC

aorope (POC: *waRoc) *waRej

asurat (POC: *kasupe) *kazupay

e/maand (PAN: *maS)

hatfour (PEMP: *pat) *Sepat

hisbow (POC: *pusuR) *busuR₂

hitustar (POC: *pituqun) *bituqen

-kilato know (PAN: *kilala)

limfive (PAN: *lima)

lutwo (POC: *rua) *duSa

manuxsore (PMP: *ma-nuka) *Nuka

mæto-xeye (PMP: *mata) *maCa

ma-turight side (PMP: *tuqu₁)

n-imhouse (PAN: *Rumaq)

ŋaicanarium almond (POC: *kaŋaRi)

su-xfemale breast (PAN: *susu₁)

temo-xfather (PAN: *amax)

tolthree (PEMP: *tolu) *telu

usrain (POC: *qusan) *quzaN

utlouse (PMP: *kutu₁) *kuCux

va-hishow many? (POC: *pica) *pijax

Toak (20 / 22)

vatu-xhead (POC: *batuk) *batuk₃

witsquid (PMP: *kuRita) *guRiCa

734. Toba Batak (1984) WMP (Warneck 1977) [bbc] (Batak Toba) Indonesia (Sumatra)

abáexclamation: ah!, oh!, alas! (PWMP: *abá)

abaŋ abaŋtree sp. (NOISE)

abarashoulder (PMP: *qabaRa₁)

abathindrance, impediment, obstacle (PMP: *qambat)

abothindrance, impediment, obstacle (PWMP: *habed)

adithat (demonstrative) (PWMP: *qadi)

adito rest (NOISE)

adopfemale breast (polite word used by young women) (PMP: *qadep)

aek inum-ondrinking water (PWMP: *inum-en) *inum

aek par-sabairrigation water for the rice paddies (PWMP: *sabaq)

agakapproximately; to estimate (LOAN)

agamthink, intend (PWMP: *agam)

agar-agargelatine (LOAN)

agoŋcharcoal (PMP: *qajeŋ)

ahu1sg. nominative and accusative pronoun: I, me (PAN: *aku)

ajipoison, magical charm (LOAN)

akhips, loins (PMP: *hawak) *Sawak

alaŋinsufficient, inadequate (PWMP: *alaŋ-alaŋ₁) *alaŋ-alaŋ

alapfetch; invite (PAN: *alap)

alatlook around, observe (ROOT)

Toba Batak (20 / 1984)

alhotsap of a tree used to curdle milk (PMP: *la(ŋ)ket)

aliin place of (PMP: *aliq)

alimosvisible for only a moment (PWMP: *qali-meqes)

alitwound, turned, twisted (ROOT)

ama-amaeveryone who is called father (PWMP: *ama ama) *amax

amah-amakstraw that is scattered under the ears of rice after the stalks are trampled to separate the grain (PWMP: *amak)

amah-amakstraw that is scattered under the ears of rice after the stalks are trampled to separate the grain (PWMP: *hamak)

amakmat woven of bulrushes (PWMP: *amak)

amakmat woven of (Binsen) (PWMP: *hamak)

amak podom-ansleeping mat (PWMP: *amak)

amak podom-ansleeping mat (PWMP: *hamak)

ama na s<um>uan ahumy father (lit. the father who planted me; used in andung, a special funeral language) (PWMP: *suan)

amáŋvocative: oh, father! (PMP: *amá-ŋ) *amax

amaŋ tuafather’s older brother (PMP: *tuqah) *tuqaS

ambatstopped, delayed (PMP: *qambat)

ambiwhat one adds; the piece of material that a tailor adds to trousers that are too small (PWMP: *ambiq)

ambitcarry a child in the arms (PMP: *ambit)

ambitcarry a child in the arms (PMP: *habit) *Sabit

amparbroad mat (NOISE)

ampar-ana broad mat (PMP: *hampaR) *SapaR

Toba Batak (40 / 1984)

ampar-ana broad mat (PWMP: *hapaR-an) *SapaR

ampolasleaves which are used for polishing; also an implement of iron and bamboo used for polishing (PMP: *qa(m)pelas)

amporikrice bird (PWMP: *ampeRij)

ampuhold or take in the lap (NOISE)

ampunpardon, forgiveness (PMP: *ampun)

-an(in the second passive) the prefix tar- or ha- is placed before the nominal form. The prefix ha is always used when the active has the suffix -i: in the passive, this suffix is replaced by -an... The passive verbal substantives with the suffix -an do not always have a corresponding verb with the suffix -i. Their meaning can also be derived from another verbal form. For example, I have never come across a ma-maŋani-, which would mean 'to eat out of (something), as an active corresponding to paŋan-an: 1. 'that which can be eaten out of' (e.g. a large leaf); 2. 'from which one usually eats (a plate or a dish); 3. 'that which has been eaten into (by a disease)' (referring to marks left on the limbs by, for example, an eruptive skin disease... Such derived substantives represent a place where that which the verb represents usually takes place, or must take place... The suffix -an, just as the suffix -i, can, moreover, not only refer to a plural, but also to the repeated occurrence of the thing represented by the verb, or to its occurring on and off, for example, dalan-an can also mean where it is customary for someone to walk... The suffix -an seldom denotes a direct object, but an example is suru-an 'messenger who is sent', from ma-nuru. Suru-suru-an (repetition of the stem-word) is, however, far more often found...where such a word has not been taken from Minangkabau or Malay -an, representing -i, also means a plural, or repetition, or frequency ... (The second kind of nominal verb) has the suffix -an. a. When verbs of this kind are derived from substantives, the suffix indicates place and the subject is, therefore, represented by this verb as being a place where what the stem-word means can be seen (e.g. panas-an 'to sweat' = the place where the sweat (panas) is; roŋit-an 'to be bothered by flies' = something where flies (roŋit) are to be found), b. when this kind of nominal verb is derived from a verb, the subject is other than the stem-word, i.e. a person who is affected by what the stem-word represents (e.g. ŋolŋol-an 'be bored' : ŋolŋol 'boring', c. the suffix further strengthens what is represented by the stem-word and the derived form then means 'taking place continually', or 'occurring extensively' (e.g. borat-an 'be very laden' : borat 'heavy'; d. these verbs also mean 'an acquiring of', or 'a losing of', as a state (e.g. mate-an 'having deaths, of someone whose soldiers have been slain'; e. when they are derived from a qualificative verb, these verbs have the accent on the suffix and indicate that the quality exists to a greater degree (e.g. gabe-án 'to be richer' : gabé 'rich', datu-án 'to be a more skillful datu' ... Words ending in a vowel can insert an n before the suffix (e.g. dae-n-an, from dae) (van der Tuuk 1971:161, 196ff) (PAN: *-an)

anah anaksmall club or cudgel; shuttle of a loom (PWMP: *anak anak) *aNak

anakson, of man or animal; BS (m.s.), ZS (w.s.); son of all other same generation lineage mates; interest from money (PMP: *anak) *aNak

anak boruZS (m.s.), FZS (m.s.); wife-takers (PMP: *anak bahi, anak babahi, anak binahi) *aNak

anak buasubjects, serfs (PMP: *anak buaq) *aNak

anak dapurcook (PMP: *dapuR₁)

anak h-asi-anfavorite child; also used of a favorite slave (PMP: *ka-qasiq-an) *qasiq

anak (ni) bodilbullet (PMP: *anak i sumpit) *aNak

anak ni gaolbanana shoot (PMP: *anak i kahiw) *aNak

anak ni haushoot, sprout (PMP: *anak i kahiw) *aNak

anak ni matapupil of the eye (PMP: *anak i mata) *aNak

anak ni taŋanlittle finger (PMP: *anak i lima) *aNak

anak ni taŋgarung of a ladder (PWMP: *anak i haRezan) *aNak

anak somaŋservant, slave (PMP: *anak i qaRta) *aNak

anak somor-somora bad son who causes grief to his parents (LOAN)

Toba Batak (60 / 1984)

anjakleap, dance (PWMP: *anzak)

ansoroam or rove about; idle around with nothing to do (PWMP: *ansaw)

ansoksweat in the armpits (PWMP: *aŋ(e)cej)

ansoksweat in the armpits (PWMP: *qaŋ(e)sej)

antarclearly recognizable, easy to see (PWMP: *hantaD)

antatadukind of large green caterpillar (PWMP: *hantatadu)

antatadukind of large green caterpillar (PWMP: *qantatadu)

antiŋ-antiŋearrings of copper or gold (LOAN)

antuh-antukclub (LOAN)

antuh-antukclub (NOISE)

antukclub, heavy piece of wood with which one strikes (LOAN)

antukclub, heavy piece of wood with which one strikes (NOISE)

aŋgiyounger sibling of the same sex (PMP: *huaji) *Suaji

aŋinwind (PMP: *haŋin)

aŋirevil-smelling (PMP: *qaŋiR)

aŋsagoose (LOAN)

aŋuscold, catarrh (PWMP: *haŋus₁)

aŋus-onhave a cold (PWMP: *haŋus-en) *haŋus₁

aosworn out, as a coin the features of which are no longer recognizable; also of tools and implements (NOISE)

aotstroll around, roam (NOISE)

Toba Batak (80 / 1984)

apifire (PMP: *hapuy) *Sapuy

api apitree with reddish wood that yields good timber (PWMP: *hapuy hapuy₂) *Sapuy

apiuŋtype of tobacco (LOAN)

apuswiped out, obliterated (PMP: *qa(m)pus)

ariday; weather; daytime (PAN: *waRi₁)

æ rombuonsuffer from indigestion (NOISE)

arsamkind of fern (PMP: *aResam)

arsamfern sp. (PMP: *qaRsam)

artaproperty and goods (LOAN)

arularge tree which provides a fine shade (PMP: *aRuhu)

asawhet, sharpen (PMP: *hasaq) *Sasaq

asa-asaa dried sea fish (NOISE)

asalprovided that; origin, the substance from which something is made (LOAN)

asicompassionate, merciful (PMP: *qasiq)

asomsour, sour things (PWMP: *qalesem)

asom-asomlook sour, sulky, of someone's face (PWMP: *qalesem)

asudog, a coarse word much used in insults (PAN: *asu₁)

ataeat raw flesh (flesh that is barely cooked) (PAN: *qataq)

atasabove, on top (PMP: *atas) *aCas

ate-ateliver. In Batak psychology this is the seat of perception and emotion; for this reason ateate is often synonymous with roha (in Germanic languages: heart) (PMP: *qatay) *qaCay

Toba Batak (100 / 1984)

atikperhaps (NOISE)

aturorderly, in order (LOAN)

atur-anorder; sequence, succession, plan (LOAN)

augayoke used to connect water buffaloes (LOAN)

aunto swing, rock, sway (PWMP: *hayun)

baand (PMP: *ba₁)

baexpressions of astonishment (PMP: *ba₂)

babipig (PAN: *babuy₃)

babibabikind of spider (PWMP: *babuy babuy)

baboto weed (a ricefield) (PMP: *babaw₄)

badakRhinoceros sumatrensis (LOAN)

badanbody (LOAN)

baga-bagapromise; expect (PMP: *bajaq₂) *bajaq

bagashouse; deep (NOISE)

bagevarious (LOAN)

bagipart, share, portion (PMP: *baqagi)

bahotree sp. (PWMP: *bakehaw)

bahuduŋfield but (ROOT)

bahul-bahula large sack made of straw for storing rice (PWMP: *bakul-bakul) *bakul

bahuŋkind of shrub (PAN: *bakuŋ₁)

Toba Batak (120 / 1984)

baitgood (PWMP: *bait₁)

baji-bajiwedge for splitting wood (LOAN)

bajushirt, jacket (LOAN)

bakbakloosen, undo; detach, as the bark of a tree (PMP: *bakbak₁)

bakbakto flow, of tears (NOISE)

balakdirt under foreskin (NOISE)

balanjosupport, maintenance (LOAN)

balaŋ, ambalaŋsling, catapult (NOISE)

balaŋairon pan (PAN: *balaŋa)

balatukladder (PWMP: *balatuk)

balbala club, piece of wood, with which one beats something; knock, beat, hit (PAN: *balbal₁)

baligaweaver's sword (PMP: *balija) *baRija

balintaŋcrossbeam of a fence (PWMP: *bali(n)taŋ)

baliŋbent, warped; iron implement with which the teeth of a saw are bent (?) (PWMP: *baliŋ₂)

baliŋ-baliŋbamboo scarecrow that turns like a windmill (PWMP: *baliŋ baliŋ) *baliŋ₂

baliŋbiŋa sour fruit; kind of tamarind (PWMP: *baliŋbiŋ)

balisarestless (LOAN)

baliuŋadze (PWMP: *baliuŋ)

balokfurrow which marks the border between two things; border (PWMP: *balej)

balosrepay something to someone, retaliate; answer (a letter) (PAN: *bales₁)

Toba Batak (140 / 1984)

banjarrow, file; row of trees, houses, etc.,; village (LOAN)

banualand, district, region (PMP: *banua)

banua ginjaŋupper world, heaven (PMP: *banua)

banua toŋa onmiddle world, Earth (PMP: *banua)

banua toruunderworld, world of the dead (PMP: *banua)

baŋaopen, gaping (PMP: *baŋa₂)

baŋbaŋwide, spacious (PWMP: *baŋbaŋ₁)

baŋgalbig, strong (PMP: *bagal)

baŋkaŋ dagiŋstiff, rigid (ROOT)

baŋkecorpse, carcass; carrion (PWMP: *baŋkay)

baŋkudua tree the roots of which yield a reddish-brown substance used to dye cloth(ing) (PWMP: *baŋkudu)

baŋunbe bound (PMP: *baŋun₂) *baŋuN

baŋun-an ni rohaavery dear friend' (lit. 'bound by affection') (PWMP: *baŋun-an) *baŋuN

baowife’s brother’s wife, husband’s sister’s husband (PWMP: *bayaw)

barabrown color of horses and clothing (PMP: *baRah)

baraplace under the house where domesticated animals are kept at night; pen, stable, corral (PMP: *baRa₂)

baraplace under the house where domesticated animals are kept at night; pen, stable, corral (PMP: *bara₁)

baranibold, daring, courageous (PMP: *baRani)

baraŋor; if; introduces indirect questions (PMP: *baraŋ₁) *baraŋ

baraŋgoods, moveable property (LOAN)

Toba Batak (160 / 1984)

baraŋantree with edible fruits (PWMP: *baraŋan₂)

barattransverse, oblique; across, athwart, at an angle (as defective eye alignment) (PAN: *baRat₁)

baratwest (PMP: *habaRat) *SabaRat

barbarto hew (wood, stone) (NOISE)

bareraŋsulphur (LOAN)

barifoul-tasting, as rice; also the taste of something foul in the mouth (PMP: *baRiw)

barisrow; path that an animal is accustomed to follow; trace, track, rut (LOAN)

baroabscess, swelling (PAN: *baReq)

baro buniamoebic dysentery (lit. ‘hidden abscess’) (PMP: *buni₁) *buNi

barunew (PMP: *baqeRu) *baqeRuh

barutgoiter (NOISE)

barut-onhave a goiter (NOISE)

basbaspull out the roots in clearing ground (PWMP: *basbas₃)

basuwash (PAN: *basuq)

bataŋstem, trunk, stalk; coffin; numeral coefficient for cylindrical referents (PMP: *bataŋ) *bataŋ₁

bataŋ aekriver, riverbed (PMP: *bataŋ) *bataŋ₁

bataŋ bobanheavy burden one must bear, as want, need, bodily defect, illness, curse (PMP: *bataŋ) *bataŋ₁

batosborder, boundary (PWMP: *bates)

batustone, weight, seed of fruit (PMP: *batu) *batux

batu-anweight on a scale (PWMP: *batu-an) *batux

Toba Batak (180 / 1984)

batu-batu(German: Hoden) (PMP: *batu-batu) *batux

batu burostone from which a white dyestuff is extracted (NOISE)

batuh-onsuffer from a cough (PMP: *batuk₁)

batukcough (PMP: *batuk₁)

batuk-batukalways coughing (PWMP: *batuk batuk) *batuk₁

batu mar-anaka talisman consisting of two little stones, one larger and the other smaller, thought to have the power to bless a couple with children (PMP: *batu) *batux

batu ni dasiŋcounterweight on a scale (PMP: *batu) *batux

batu ni jalanet sinkers (PMP: *batu) *batux

batu ni laŋithail, hailstone (PMP: *batu) *batux

batu ni manukegg (PMP: *batu) *batux

bauodor, stench; stinking (PMP: *bahu)

bau-bau-anperfume, fragrance (PWMP: *bahu-an) *bahu

beaŋ-beaŋ turplant used as a vegetable (PWMP: *bayaŋ)

belaghost of a woman who dies in childbirth (LOAN)

beraŋanger, rage, indignation (LOAN)

beraŋanger, rage, indignation (NOISE)

béstéŋfortress, fortification (LOAN)

biaŋ par-buruhunting dog (NOISE)

bibidomesticated duck (LOAN)

bibirlip (PMP: *bibiR) *biRbiR

Toba Batak (200 / 1984)

bibirrim, brim (PMP: *birbir₁)

bibitseed, sperm (LOAN)

bidaŋwide, broad (PWMP: *bidaŋ)

bidaŋwide, broad (LOAN)

bidiŋedge, side (PMP: *bidiŋ)

bihato open, force something open (as in forcing the eyelids apart with the fingers) (PMP: *bikaq₁)

bijia monetary unit, half an uaŋ (LOAN)

bilaŋ-annumber, quantity, amount (PWMP: *bilaŋ-an) *bilaŋ₁

bilaŋ-bilaŋwooden device with which one marks tens and hundreds in doing calculations (PWMP: *bilaŋ-bilaŋ) *bilaŋ₁

bilika room improvised by extending mat partitions within a house (PMP: *bilik)

bi-l-takcrack, split (of wood, glass, plates) (PMP: *bitak₁)

binaŋariver (PMP: *binaŋa)

binataŋanimal, wild animal, beast, used as a common term of abuse (LOAN)

binbincollected, gathered (NOISE)

bintaŋstar; decoration, medal (LOAN)

bintaŋur(tree which yields) a solid wood (PWMP: *bintaŋuR)

bintassmall cut, incision (PMP: *bitas)

b-in-uaŋ b-in-uaŋ ganda, h-in-olit h-in-olit lonoŋif one is open-handed his possessions will increase, if he is miserly they shall diminish (PWMP: *b<in>uaŋ) *buqaŋ

biŋkaŋtie the feet of a pig in order to lift it from the ground; burst open, of a fruit (PWMP: *bi(ŋ)kaŋ)

biŋkaŋsplit, crack open, of a fruit (ROOT)

Toba Batak (220 / 1984)

biŋkasgo off, discharge, of a weapon, of the trigger of a trap or anything that jerks suddenly (PMP: *biŋkas)

biŋkisbind tightly together (PWMP: *biŋkis)

biratuberous plant with large leaves resembling the suhat (Colocasia esculenta); its roots are eaten (PMP: *biRaq₁)

biriŋred fighting cock with whitish beak and feet (PMP: *biRiŋ₁)

biriŋdeep abscess on the leg that does not easily heal (PWMP: *biRiŋ₂)

biriŋ-onhave a deep abscess on the leg (PWMP: *biRiŋ-en) *biRiŋ₂

biroŋblack, dark, any dark shade (as deep blue sky or sea) (PMP: *biReŋ)

birsaksquirting or spraying of water (ROOT)

birukind of palm in the forest (PMP: *biRu)

biruŋutmorose, sulky in appearance (ROOT)

bisaanimal poison; also used of poisonous animals such as snakes, caterpillars, scorpions, insects, as well as the externally applied poison prepared by a shaman (in contrast with rasun, which must be imbibed) (LOAN)

bisaralawsuit, legal action; controversial matter; cause of war (LOAN)

bisbis-enbe bleary-eyed, have watery eyes (PMP: *bisbis)

bisbis-onbleary-eyed, have watery eyes (PMP: *bisbis)

bitiscalf of the leg (PMP: *bities)

bitis ni taŋanmuscles of the lower arm (PMP: *bities)

bobakskin of an animal (PWMP: *bebak₁)

boboh-anbundle, bundle of firewood (PWMP: *bejbej-an) *bejbej

bobokbind together, tie together (PMP: *bejbej₂) *bejbej

bodilgun, rifle (LOAN)

Toba Batak (240 / 1984)

bodostupid (LOAN)

bolakbroad, wide, spacious; width, breadth (PMP: *bekelaj)

bolaŋspotted, striped, of animals (PMP: *belaŋ₂)

bolata division, area partitioned off (PMP: *belat₁)

bolbolblunt, wide and not pointed (PMP: *belbel₁)

bolhasarrive (PWMP: *belekas)

boligoods exchanged for a woman, brideprice (PMP: *beli)

bolukkind of eel (LOAN)

bonalowest part of the trunk of a tree; beginning, origin (PMP: *bena)

bonaŋyarn, thread, esp. the cotton thread used in weaving (PWMP: *benaŋ)

bondagoods, property (LOAN)

bondul ni pintuthreshold (LOAN)

boniseed (also human semen) (PWMP: *benehiq)

bonomsink, go under water (PWMP: *benem₂)

bonorrighteous (PMP: *bener)

boŋboŋprevented, hindered; prevention of lineage endogamy (PWMP: *beŋbeŋ) *beŋbeŋ₁

boŋkuŋthe trip-wire of a deadfall or noose trap; back of a cat (PMP: *beŋkuŋ)

borasrice (PMP: *beRas)

boras ni laŋithail (PMP: *beRas)

boratheavily laden, of men or vehicles (PMP: *beReqat)

Toba Batak (260 / 1984)

borŋinnight; very early morning when it is still dark (PAN: *beRŋi-n) *beRŋi

borsifiery, strong, of rice wine (LOAN)

bortirice roasted in the husk (PWMP: *baRetiq)

bortipopped rice, roasted rice (PWMP: *beRtiq)

borti-anuterus of a pregnant female (PWMP: *beRtiq)

bosarrash, skin eruption, eczema (NOISE)

bosiiron; firm, hard as iron (LOAN)

bosursatisfied from having eaten enough, satiated (PAN: *besuR)

bota-botarice grains that still retain a husk after the pounding (PWMP: *betaq₁)

botikthe papaya fruit: Carica papaya (LOAN)

botohonupper arm; axle of a wheel (PWMP: *beteken)

buafruit (PMP: *buaq)

buasmild, generous, friendly (PWMP: *buas)

bubufish trap (PAN: *bubu₂)

bubuŋridgepole (PMP: *bubuŋ₁)

budakslave (used only as a term of abuse) (LOAN)

bueacrocodile (PMP: *buqaya)

buea di daratswindler, crook (PMP: *buqaya)

buháopened (PMP: *buka)

buha bajufirst-born child (PMP: *buka)

Toba Batak (280 / 1984)

buhunode, joint (as in bamboo); a pause or division in speech or writing (PMP: *bukuh)

bujaŋfemale genitals (LOAN)

bujuka voracious freshwater fish that even devours its own young; fig. a leader who oppresses his subjects (PWMP: *buzuk)

bujukurgently implore someone; cheat, deceive (LOAN)

bulanmoon, month (PMP: *bulan₃) *bulaN

bulan matenew moon (PMP: *m-atay) *aCay

bulan matenew moon (PMP: *bulan matay) *bulaN

bulaŋ-bulaŋheadcloth (PWMP: *bulaŋ)

bulbulspiral up, of smoke (NOISE)

buleletrunk of an elephant, proboscis of a butterfly or mosquito (LOAN)

bulubamboo (generic) (PAN: *buluq₂)

bulu durikind of bamboo with sharp spikes, used to protect the villages (PMP: *duRi)

buluŋleaf of a tree, page of a book (PMP: *buluŋ₂)

buluŋ ni patfoot (PMP: *buluŋ₂)

buluŋ ni taŋanhand without the lower arm (PMP: *buluŋ₂)

buluttangled, of hair or cordage (NOISE)

bunabundant, of a bumper crop of rice (NOISE)

bunbungathered, collected, heaped or piled together (PMP: *bunbun)

bunbun-ana beehive-shaped mound of rice sheaves which one collects from the fields and piles together so that they can then be threshed by trampling on the spot; collection, accumulation (PWMP: *bunbun-an₂) *bunbun

bunihidden, hiding place (PMP: *buni₁) *buNi

Toba Batak (300 / 1984)

buntallarge, strong, of the body; inflated, round (PMP: *buntal)

bunteŋpuffed out, of the cheeks; pregnant (LOAN)

buntularch, swell or vault upward (PMP: *buntul)

buntul-buntulhill, knoll; knot in wood (PMP: *buntul buntul) *buntul

bunu-bunudeath blow (PMP: *bunuq₂) *buNuq₂

buŋaflower; interest on a loan (PMP: *buŋa)

buŋa buŋa ni hagabeonfirst-born (PMP: *buŋa)

buŋa buŋa ni hataphrasing, putting in words (PMP: *buŋa)

buŋa-buŋa-onsuffer from an affliction in which the skin turns red (PMP: *buŋa)

buŋa laoaŋclove (LOAN)

buŋa-n tubuone's true child (PMP: *buŋa)

buŋa-onsuffer from bacillary dysentery, have bloody stools (PMP: *buŋa)

buŋkaopen (PMP: *buka)

buŋkartake apart (PMP: *buŋkaR)

buŋkartake apart (NOISE)

buŋkuh-oncurved, bent, humped (PMP: *buŋkuk)

buŋkukcurved, bent forward (PMP: *buŋkuk)

buŋkuspackage, bundle (PWMP: *buŋkus)

burburwood worm that causes extensive damage in timbers (PMP: *buRbuR₂)

burburcrash or cave in, of earth (NOISE)

Toba Batak (320 / 1984)

burbur-ondevastated by wood worms (PMP: *buRbuR₂)

burito wash (PMP: *buRiq)

burito wash (NOISE)

burochasing or driving off of birds from the fields tano buro 'soil of the fields' (PAN: *buRaw)

buro-anthe time when it is necessary to scare off birds from the fields, hence shortly before the harvest (PWMP: *buRaw-an) *buRaw

burtaflood-borne mud which fertilizes the fields (PMP: *buRtaq)

burukold, worn out (PAN: *buRuk)

buruk buruk ni abittatters of clothing (PAN: *buRuk)

buruŋbird (LOAN)

bustakdeep mud (ROOT)

busukfoul, rotten, putrid (PMP: *busuk)

busuk-busuh-ana musty, rancid haystack in the field (PMP: *busuk)

busuŋ-onhave a swollen belly from overeating (PWMP: *busuŋ-en) *busuŋ

busura wooden bow which is swung through cotton fibers in order to rid them of seeds (PMP: *busuR₂)

butablind (PMP: *buta₁) *buCa

butirbite of a mosquito or other insect (PMP: *buteliR)

butuhastomach, bowels (PMP: *bituka) *biCuka

butuha metmetintestines, entrails (PMP: *bituka) *biCuka

dabu-dabu-andeduction (PWMP: *dabuq)

dadachest, breast (PWMP: *dahdah) *daSdaS

Toba Batak (340 / 1984)

dadaŋto shine (of sun); expose to heat; put in the sun or fire to dry (PMP: *daŋdaŋ₁) *daŋdaŋ

dadap-dadapto grope with the hands, of the blind (PWMP: *dapdap₂)

dagaŋforeigner (LOAN)

dagiŋflesh; body, of men and animals (LOAN)

dahidirt (PMP: *daki)

dahi mateold, scrub-resistant dirt (PMP: *daki)

dalanway, path; manner, way, means; opportunity; cause, occasion (PMP: *zalan)

dalan reamain road (PAN: *Raya)

da<l>hopin close proximity (NOISE)

dalihanthe three hearth-stones on which the pot is placed when cooking (PMP: *dalikan)

daliŋbuttress root (PWMP: *daliŋ)

dalom-an(of cattle) have a stillbirth (PMP: *dalem)

damartree resin; resinous torch (PAN: *damaR₁)

damepeace, peaceful (PWMP: *damay)

dampolmedicine that one rubs into the skin (NOISE)

danolarger lake; pond (larger than ambar) (PAN: *danaw)

daŋkabranch of a tree (PMP: *daŋkaq)

daŋkabranch of a tree (PMP: *daŋkeq)

daodistant, remote (LOAN)

dapdapa fast-growing tree with spongy wood and gorgeous red blossoms (PMP: *dapdap₁)

Toba Batak (360 / 1984)

dapurkitchen (PMP: *dapuR₁)

daratland, as opposed to sea (PMP: *daRat)

dasiŋbalance, scales (LOAN)

datushaman, magician, soothsayer, doctor who makes offerings to the spirits, reads the signs in chicken entrails, selects auspicious days, and whose advice is sought in all matters of daily concern (PMP: *datu)

daupweak, soft (NOISE)

dayuŋa long rudder (LOAN)

deaŋyoung woman (LOAN)

debata asi-asia female deity (PMP: *qasiq)

debata h-asi h-asia female deity (PMP: *ka-qasiq) *qasiq

dipreposition: in, for, at, by, from, along, inside; can be used with pronouns, as in: di ho (di + 2sg) ‘to you, for you’, or mar-anak ho di ibana (have-child 2sg di 3sg) ‘do you have children from him?’ (PAN: *di)

di-atasabove (PMP: *atas) *aCas

di dalom lautpregnant (an allusion, lit. ‘in the sea’) (PMP: *dalem)

di iparyonder, on the opposite side (PWMP: *di hipaR) *SipaR

dilatongue (PMP: *dilaq₁)

dila ni apiflame (lit. ‘tongue of fire’) (PMP: *dilaq₁)

diŋdiŋside wall of a Batak house (PMP: *diŋdiŋ₁)

di-par-opatdivided into four parts (PWMP: *paR-epat) *Sepat

di-par-sabuk ihur-nait has its tail between its legs (of a discouraged dog) (LOAN)

diriŋto ring, sound clearly (ROOT)

disirto hiss (ROOT)

Toba Batak (380 / 1984)

dohotwith; and (PMP: *deket₁) *dekeC

dohuŋvery old, bent by age (PMP: *dekuŋ)

doŋancompanion, partner, comrade, friend (PMP: *deŋan)

doŋan sabaŋsomember of the same tribe or ethnic group (PMP: *deŋan)

doŋan saripespouse (PMP: *deŋan)

dopaunit of measurement: both arms outstretched across the chest; fathom (PAN: *depah)

dorasfast, quick (PMP: *deRas)

duatwo (PMP: *duha) *duSa

dua-duain pairs, two by two (PMP: *duha duha₁) *duSa

dua-nsaboth (PMP: *duha) *duSa

duhutgrass, plants (PMP: *zukut)

duhutgrass, vegetation (PMP: *dukut₂)

duhut-duhutweeds (PMP: *zukut)

duhut-duhutweeds (PMP: *dukut₂)

duhut-onbe overgrown with grass and weeds (PWMP: *dukut-en) *dukut₂

d<um>asiŋto weigh (LOAN)

durithorn, spike, sharp edge (PMP: *duRi)

duruside, edge, corner (PWMP: *zuRu)

eme na paŋa-lai-lai-onriceplant that stands tall and beautiful like the tail feathers of a cock, but is empty of grain (PWMP: *lawi-lawi) *lawi₁

eŋenpester someone repeatedly with requests (LOAN)

Toba Batak (400 / 1984)

étéh-étéka small bird (PAN: *qitik₁)

étéksmall (PAN: *qitik₁)

gagaoffer resistance (NEAR)

gaji boroŋsalary stipulated by contract (LOAN)

gamatplant used for dyeing (PWMP: *gamat)

gambirUncaria gambir, the leaf of a plant that is chewed with areca leaves and lime (LOAN)

ganjaŋlong, tall (NOISE)

gantispin, make cotton thread (LOAN)

garaŋeasily inflammable, as tinder (PAN: *garaŋ₁)

garistouched superficially (PMP: *garis)

garustirred together, mixed (PWMP: *garu)

garutwhetstone (PMP: *garut) *garuC

gasiŋspinning top (PWMP: *gasiŋ)

gilawild with happiness (PMP: *gila)

giliŋ-giliŋwheel; roller, spool (PMP: *giliŋ)

gomgom-andominion (PAN: *gemgem)

gonopeach, every; even, of numbers (PWMP: *genep)

goritscratch, line (ROOT)

gosatorment, worry, harass (PWMP: *gesaq)

gotasap of a tree or fruit (PWMP: *geteq)

Toba Batak (420 / 1984)

gotosto break off; to pause, as in writing (PMP: *getes)

guamfungal infection of the mouth; foam that rises from boiling rice (PMP: *guham) *guSam

guam-onhave a rash of the mouth (PWMP: *guam-en) *guSam

gugutincisors (PMP: *gutgut₁) *gutgut

g<um>iliŋ-giliŋto turn oneself around (PWMP: *g<um>iliŋ) *giliŋ

gurgurto boil, of water (PAN: *gurgur₁)

guritscratch, line (PMP: *gurit)

guttiŋ ~ gustíŋscissors (LOAN)

ha-the time at which, place whence, or even the particular way in which the content of the verb takes place: ha-pogos ‘suffering poverty, being poor’ (cp. pogos ‘poor’) (PWMP: *ka-₆)

ha-ama-onpaternity, fatherhood (PWMP: *ka-ama-en) *amax

ha- -anmarker of the adversative passive; ha-udan-an ‘caught in the rain’ (cf. udan ‘rain’); ha-borŋin-an ‘to be overaken by nightfall’ (cf. borŋin ‘night’) (PAN: *ka- -an₁)

ha- -anformative for nouns of location; ha-mate-an ‘place where one has died’ (cp. mate ‘die’) (PAN: *ka- -an₂)

ha- -anformative for abstract nouns; ha-mate-an ‘death’ (cp. mate ‘die’) (PAN: *ka- -an₃)

habana herd, as of cattle (PWMP: *kaban₁)

habaŋto fly; to flutter here and there, of a flag (LOAN)

ha-bilaŋ-ancountable (PWMP: *ka-bilaŋ-an) *bilaŋ₁

ha-bodo-onstupidity (LOAN)

ha-bonar-anrighteousness (PWMP: *ka-bener-an) *bener

habu-habutree which yields a kind of worthless cotton (PMP: *kabu-kabu)

ha-busuh-onrot, decomposition (PMP: *busuk)

Toba Batak (440 / 1984)

habutfog, haze, mist; turbid; opaque, of a dim lamp, dirty window glass, or something obscure in the distance (PMP: *kabut)

ha-datu-onskill in the science of the datu which could sometimes be found in a radja’ (political leader; Vergouwen 1964:132) (PMP: *datu)

ha-dua-nday after tomorrow (< ha-dua-an) (PWMP: *ka-duha-an) *duSa

hahaelder sibling of the same sex; older brother’s wife (man speaking), older sister’s husband (woman speaking) (PMP: *kaka₂)

hahá-ŋelder parallel sibling (vocative) (PMP: *kaka₂)

ha-holom-onbe overcome by darkness (when travelling) (PAN: *kelem)

ha-hona-anan encounter (PAN: *keNa)

hailfishing with hook and line (PAN: *kawil₁)

haitfirmly hooked on something; bent like a hook (PAN: *kawit)

hait-haitto hook in order to bring down fruits (PWMP: *kawit-kawit) *kawit

hajaŋfield hut for overnight stays (PMP: *kazaŋ₂)

halascorpion (LOAN)

ha-lahi-anthe season when the fruits are still young (PWMP: *ka-(la)laki-an) *laki₁

hali-adaŋcollarbone (PAN: *-wadaŋ)

hali-mismis-onhave a sty on the eye (PWMP: *mismis₁)

ha-limun-ana ghost that leads one astray; a magical substance that can make one invisible; magic hood (PMP: *limun)

haliŋturn around, of a blade (PWMP: *galiŋ)

hali-podom-anhave a stiff neck from sleeping in an awkward position (PWMP: *pezem)

ha-mata-ansingle, individual (PMP: *mata) *maCa

ha-mate-anplace where one dies (PWMP: *ka-m-atay-an) *aCay

Toba Batak (460 / 1984)

hambiŋgoat (LOAN)

hambiŋ-hambiŋbag made of goat hide (LOAN)

hami1pl. excl., we, us (PAN: *k-ami) *ami

hampilcartridge pouch (PWMP: *kampil)

hampuŋ(short for kapala kampuŋ ‘village head’) (LOAN)

hamu2pl., you all (PMP: *kamu₂) *amu

handaŋfence; enclosure (PWMP: *kandaŋ)

hapak-hapaka clapper of bamboo used as a scarecrow (PMP: *kapak)

hapalthick, strong, of objects (PAN: *kaS(e)pal)

hapalthick, of things (PWMP: *kapal)

hapascotton (LOAN)

ha-pate-anthe end of a matter, agreement (PWMP: *ka-p-atay-an) *aCay

hapit-hapitsnap trap for mice and birds; warp beam (in weaving) (PMP: *kapit)

ha-pulo-ansurrounded by enemies (LOAN)

haranjaŋwoven basket used to carry tobacco leaves (PWMP: *karanzaŋ)

haraŋcoral; volcanic tuff; cliff; reef (PMP: *karaŋ)

ha-rapar-ondeficiency, scarcity (PMP: *lapaR₁)

harinuanlarge wild bee (< *kari-ñuan) (PMP: *qari-ñuan)

haromcapsize, of boats, go down, sink; symbolically used for terrible misfortune (PWMP: *kaRem)

haruŋa sack used for salt (LOAN)

Toba Batak (480 / 1984)

hasakrushing, of water (ROOT)

ha-sala-sala-ana fine with which one makes amends for wrongdoing (PWMP: *ka-salaq-an) *salaq₁

h-asi-andarling, pet, favorite (PMP: *ka-qasiq-an) *qasiq

ha-susa-anburden, trouble (LOAN)

hata aŋinrumor (PMP: *haŋin)

hata na busukfoul, ugly words (PMP: *busuk)

hatapaŋtree with almond-like fruits (PMP: *katapaŋ)

hatithe hundredth part of a pikul, thus about one and one quarter pound (LOAN)

ha-tiŋgal-anbe left behind (LOAN)

hatsiŋbutton, anything used to fasten (LOAN)

hautree, wood (PMP: *kahiw) *kaSiw

ha-udan-anget caught in the rain (PWMP: *ka-quzan-an) *quzaN

hau juŋjuŋ buhita forest tree that is used as an offering pole; male figures of the two gods of life are cut from its wood (PWMP: *zuŋzuŋ)

hehestand up, raise oneself (NOISE)

heresrustle, crackle (ROOT)

hiapproduce by fanning or blowing of the wind (as a fire) (PWMP: *kiab)

hidopblink, wink (PWMP: *ki(n)zep)

hilaplightning, flash of lightning (PMP: *kilap)

hillothe Batak mirror, a piece of polished metal (PWMP: *kilaw₂)

himalarge white marine shellfish from which armbands for the upper arm are made (probably < Malay) (PMP: *kima)

Toba Batak (500 / 1984)

himpallumpy, clotted; massive; rigid, of things that normally should be fluid (PWMP: *kimpal)

hinsuclosed, locked (NOISE)

h<in>unih-anrice colored yellow with turmeric (PWMP: *k<in>uñij-an) *kunij

hiraapproximate, to a certain degree (LOAN)

hitawe (plural incl.); also polite address for 2nd pers. sg. (PAN: *k-ita) *ita₁

hitenarrow bamboo bridge (PWMP: *kitey)

ho2sg., you/thou (PMP: *kahu) *kaSu

hobolnvulnerable (PWMP: *kebel)

hoda si-lintomblack horse (PWMP: *li(n)tem)

hohakhock up phlegm (NOISE)

holomdark, dusky (PAN: *kelem)

holoŋinclined, favorably disposed toward (PWMP: *keleŋ₂)

hombarnear, close by; similar, comparable (LOAN)

homolkeep something for oneself, give none to anyone else (PMP: *kemel)

-honverb suffix that represents the object as being the immediate cause of an action or state (PWMP: *aken₂)

honabe struck by something (also in a figurative sense) (PAN: *keNa)

hona rasunbe poisoned (PAN: *keNa)

honaspineapple (LOAN)

hona sahitsuddenly fall ill (PAN: *keNa)

honas-honas-ansick from overeating pineapple (LOAN)

Toba Batak (520 / 1984)

hona torustruck by a curse (PAN: *keNa)

hona udancaught by surprise in a rainstorm (PAN: *keNa)

hondiwater jug (LOAN)

hondurslack, not taut, of a cord (PWMP: *kenduR)

hopitnarrow (PMP: *kepit)

horaŋdry, rainless, of the sky when there is no sign of rain (PAN: *keRaŋ₃)

horasvehement, hard, of words (PMP: *keRas)

horbobuffalo (LOAN)

horbo si-alaŋ-alaŋa carabao that is too large to slaughter, but too small to work (PWMP: *alaŋ-alaŋ₁) *alaŋ-alaŋ

horisdagger (said to be from Malay) (LOAN)

horotnotch, as one makes in a tree; cut, incision (PAN: *keRet)

horsiksand (LOAN)

hosato breathe; life, breath (LOAN)

hotuka clapping device used to scare wild animals from the crops (PMP: *ketuk)

hu1sg suffixed possessive pronoun and prenominal agent (PAN: *-ku)

huasoup, broth (LOAN)

huatstrong, fast, as a horse (said to be from Malay) (LOAN)

hubeheart leaves; leaf buds; innermost still white sprouts from which the new leaves come (NOISE)

hubuentrenchment, fortification that the beleaguered inhabitants of a village erect against the enemy (PMP: *kubu)

hu di bulan-nagestation period (PMP: *bulan₃) *bulaN

Toba Batak (540 / 1984)

hudonpot (PAN: *kuden)

hujurlance (said to be from Malay) (LOAN)

hulambumosquito net (said to be from Malay) (LOAN)

huliŋsound out (ROOT)

hulitleprosy (PMP: *kulit) *kuliC

hulit-onto contract leprosy (PWMP: *kulit-en) *kuliC

h<um>illo-hilloto glitter, flicker (PWMP: *kilaw₂)

h<um>ontorto tremble, shiver, quiver; to oscillate, of wood on which a musical instrument is played (PWMP: *keter)

h<um>otokto make a noise; be loud (PWMP: *ketek)

hunikturmeric, the root of which is used to color curry yellow (PMP: *kunij)

hunsiclosed, locked (said to be from Malay) (LOAN)

huŋkuŋbamboo cane used as a neckband for a dog (PWMP: *kuŋkuŋ₄)

huphupcovered (PWMP: *kupkup₁)

huphupcovered (PMP: *kubkub₂)

hurword used to conjure up the wind (PMP: *kur)

hura-huraland turtle, tortoise (LOAN)

huraŋtoo little, insufficient, not enough (LOAN)

hurhur-angrater (as for coconut) (PWMP: *kuDkuD-an) *kuDkuD

huriŋdesignation for red and black patterned dogs and cats (PWMP: *kuriŋ)

huruŋ-anplace of captivity; jail, prison (PWMP: *kuruŋ-an) *kuruŋ

Toba Batak (560 / 1984)

husomrather black, of somewhat dark colors; dirty, filthy (NOISE)

hutavillage, town (LOAN)

hutiŋcat (PWMP: *kutiŋ)

hutulouse (PMP: *kutu₁) *kuCux

iexclamation of wonder (PAN: *i₁)

-iverbal suffix used together with the prefix maŋ-. "This is a variant of the preposition di ... but as a suffix, it has broader meaning: it stands for the prepositions from, along, about, over, before, with, on, and to, and in this way relates the object to the verb" (van der Tuuk 1971:98) (PMP: *-i₂)

imarker of the genitive, especially common before personal names (van der Tuuk 1971:302) (PMP: *qi₂)

ianlive, dwell, reside, stay (PAN: *ian₂)

i-anak-honchild in general without regard to sex (PMP: *anak) *aNak

iaŋwonderful, majestic (PWMP: *qiaŋ)

ibageneral pronoun; person, one, self, in the sense of "I" (PWMP: *iba₁)

iba ibaperson, self (NOISE)

i-botosibling of opposite sex (PMP: *betaw)

i-buruenvy, jealousy (PMP: *buRehuʔ)

i-buru ~ im-burujealous, envious (PMP: *buR(e)hu)

iguŋnose (PMP: *ijuŋ)

ihana large fish (PMP: *hikan) *Sikan

ihan buntalthe puffer fish, Tetrodon, dangerous because of its venomous spines (PMP: *buntal)

ihotrope, band, fetter (PMP: *hiket) *Siket

ihurtail (PAN: *ikuR)

Toba Batak (580 / 1984)

ihutto follow (PMP: *ikut₁)

ijukfibres of the sugar palm which resemble horse hair, and which are used in making cordage and roofing (PWMP: *izuk)

ijursaliva (PWMP: *qizuR)

iliŋbend to the side (PWMP: *iliŋ₃)

imbaŋco-wife (only the first wife uses this expression) (PMP: *imbaŋ)

im-bulubody hair, feathers (PMP: *bulu₁)

imbulu buntalspines of the puffer fish, used to concoct poisons (PMP: *buntal)

imbulu somor-somorhair on the human body (or horses) which shows that the possessor is unworthy; in general: unworthy (LOAN)

impascomplete (PMP: *qimpas)

impucollect, gather (PMP: *impu₁)

-in-marker of the passive and deverbal nouns (PAN: *<in>) *-in-

inaM, MZ, FBW (PMP: *ina)

ina-inamarried women (PWMP: *ina ina) *ina

ina ni taŋanthumb (PMP: *ina ni lima) *ina

iná-ŋM (voc.) (PMP: *iná-ŋ) *ina

iná-ŋ, inó-ŋvocative of ina (mother); at the same time an interjection of pain, astonishment, etc. (PMP: *qina)

in-dahancooked rice (PMP: *zakan)

indaŋtest, examine, observe (PWMP: *indaŋ)

inda(ŋ), nda(ŋ)no, not (used in tag questions to elicit an affirmative reply) (PWMP: *inda₃)

indithat, there (PMP: *i-di) *-di

Toba Batak (600 / 1984)

indu-kleader, head (Malay loan) (PWMP: *indu-q) *indu

induŋto feign, conceal something (NOISE)

injakstep on (PMP: *inzak)

injamborrow, lend (PWMP: *hinzam)

insircreep, crawl, slide, slip (PWMP: *icir)

insircreep, crawl, slide, slip (PWMP: *iŋsiD)

intangemstone (LOAN)

intewait, await, expect (PWMP: *hintay)

inumto drink (PMP: *inum)

inum-ondrink, beverage (PWMP: *inum-en) *inum

iŋolhard of hearing (PWMP: *iŋel₁)

iŋordeafened by noise, have the ears "full" (PWMP: *qiŋeR)

iŋotremember, recollect (PWMP: *iŋet)

ipakeep a lookout, watch sharply (PMP: *hipaʔ)

ipakthe impact of the shuttle as it is brought down hard on the weft threads in weaving (PWMP: *ipak₁)

iparthe opposite shore (PMP: *hipaR₂) *SipaR

ipidream (PMP: *hipi) *Sipi

iponincisor teeth (PMP: *ipen)

iposcockroach (PMP: *ipes) *Sipes

ipupoison used on tips of blowpipe darts (PWMP: *qipuq)

Toba Batak (620 / 1984)

irdopto blink (PWMP: *izep)

iriŋlead someone (PMP: *iriŋ₁)

iriscut into small pieces (PMP: *qiris)

irjakhop for joy (ROOT)

isaŋ-isaŋlower jaw, chin (PWMP: *isaŋ)

i-seinterrogative pronoun, who? (PMP: *i-sei) *

isicontents; inhabitants (PAN: *isi₅)

isi-anvessel, receptacle, container (PWMP: *isi-an) *isi₅

i-siaŋ-iweed plants to give them light and space (PWMP: *siaŋ)

isinpermission (LOAN)

isokillness in the chest (PWMP: *isek)

ita ~ tawe (plural incl.), with verbs (PAN: *ita₁)

ita-bahen ~ ta-bahenwe do (PAN: *ita₁)

itomdark blue, indigo color (PMP: *qitem)

iushark (PAN: *qiSu)

iupblowing on (PMP: *heyup) *Seyup

iup-iup ni sarunemouthpiece of a clarinet (PWMP: *heyup heyup) *Seyup

jaitto sew (PMP: *zaqit)

jari manisring finger (LOAN)

jariŋnet used to catch fish, bats, game and birds (PMP: *zariŋ)

Toba Batak (640 / 1984)

jarumneedle (PAN: *zaRum)

joliŋslanting, inclined (PWMP: *zeliŋ)

jolma pan-dua-ico-wife (lit. ‘person who is a second part’) (PWMP: *duha-i) *duSa

jomakgrasp something with the whole hand (PMP: *zemak)

juala measure for rice (< Malay) (LOAN)

j-uluupstream, toward the mountains (PMP: *di qulu) *quluh

j-ulu-anthe most honored place in the house at gatherings or feasts (PMP: *di qulu) *quluh

labaprofit, advantage (LOAN)

labaprofit, yield, benefit (NOISE)

labasopen, uncovered (NOISE)

labia small freshwater turtle: Trionyx (PWMP: *labi-labi)

labubottle gourd, used as a rice container (PWMP: *labuq₂)

ladablack pepper (LOAN)

ladaŋfield, meadow (NOISE)

lagasharp (of taste, or a knife) (PMP: *lajaq)

lahiyoung, of fruits (PMP: *laki₁)

lahi-lahimanly, masculine (PMP: *laki₁)

lahoto go (before a verb it means ‘to be about to, on the point of doing something) (PMP: *lakaw)

lai-laithe long tail feathers of birds (PWMP: *lawi-lawi) *lawi₁

laklakbark, rind (PWMP: *laklak)

Toba Batak (660 / 1984)

lambasbroad, wide (of space) (NOISE)

lambatslow, lingering (LOAN)

lambuŋside of the human body; side in general (LOAN)

lamlaminsipid, tasteless (PWMP: *lamlam₂)

lampinrag; diaper, swadling cloth (LOAN)

lampislayer, stratum (PMP: *lapis)

lamukmix together (PWMP: *lamuj)

lansata tree with pale yellow fruit that is somewhat sour (LOAN)

laŋakto honk (geese) (ROOT)

laŋitdome of heaven, sky (PMP: *laŋit) *laŋiC

laŋit-laŋitcanopy (PWMP: *laŋit laŋit) *laŋiC

laŋit-laŋit ni dilapalate (PWMP: *laŋit laŋit) *laŋiC

laŋkaa step, pace, stride (PMP: *laŋkaq₁)

laŋkukcrooked, bent (< *-kug?) (ROOT)

laoscontinue, walk on; go around (NOISE)

lapaŋpath (PMP: *lampaŋ)

lapikunderlayer, pad, as for pots and plates (LOAN)

lapuh-onmoldy, mildewed (also of clothes) (PMP: *lapuk)

lapukmildew, mold (PMP: *lapuk)

lasunagarlic (LOAN)

Toba Batak (680 / 1984)

latakmake a knocking sound (PWMP: *latak₁)

latakmake a knocking sound (Also Sasak lantak 'clack the tongue; call dogs') (ROOT)

latoŋgeneric for herbs and trees with leaves like the stinging nettle (PMP: *lateŋ) *laCeŋ

leaŋ-leaŋswallow (bird) (PWMP: *layaŋ₁)

liaŋcavern, cavity, den, cave (PMP: *liaŋ)

liatcircling about (PWMP: *qaliwat)

lilitan embrace (PAN: *litlit)

limafive (PAN: *lima)

limatokkind of small leech (PWMP: *qali-matek) *-matek

limbata river fish (apparently = si bahut ‘a small edible fish with spines in the mouth’) (LOAN)

limbomonkey sp. (NOISE)

limpathe liver proper; in contrast to the heart and gall (LOAN)

limutmoss, seaweed; also pond scum (PMP: *limut)

linaŋshine, glitter, sparkle (ROOT)

lindito add, annex (NOISE)

lintalarge leech that lives in the water (PWMP: *qali-metaq) *-meCaq

lintomdeep black (PWMP: *li(n)tem)

lintompitch black (ROOT)

liŋounclear sound (NOISE)

lipanpoisonous centipede (PMP: *qalu-hipan) *qalu-Sipan

Toba Batak (700 / 1984)

lisanit, egg of a louse (PMP: *lisehaq, liseqah) *liseqeS

lisa-lisa-onfull of nits (PMP: *lisehaq, liseqah) *liseqeS

lisattrampled down, crushed under (NOISE)

litikknock, tick (PMP: *li(n)tik)

litokturbid, muddy, of water (PMP: *litek)

lobahoneybee (LOAN)

lobimore, too much, leftover, remainder; abundance (PMP: *lebiq)

lobi-lobiexcess, what is left over (PMP: *lebiq)

loboŋthe hole one makes in the earth in order to sow maize or rice (PAN: *lebeŋ₁)

lobuan abandoned village site that is still recognizable from its remains (PMP: *lebuq)

lobuanimal stall (NOISE)

lohotstuck, firmly fixed; adhere firmly to (PWMP: *leket)

lolosto forget (NOISE)

lomakfat; luxuriant, of plants (LOAN)

lombuthe small Bengal cow (LOAN)

lomlomdark, black (PAN: *lemlem)

lomlomdark, black (ROOT)

lompitfolded, doubled over, as one surface onto another (PMP: *lepit₂)

lomukweak, tender (NOISE)

loŋaa plant with pitch-black seeds: Sesamum indicum (PMP: *leŋa)

Toba Batak (720 / 1984)

loŋaŋastonished (LOAN)

loŋoŋbuzz, drone, of mosquitoes (ROOT)

lopaadhere closely to one another; also meaning the sense of taste in one’s mouth when one has been hungry for a long time, or after a lengthy sickness (NOISE)

lotuperuption on the scalp, of children (PWMP: *letub)

luascome out, appear (PMP: *luas₁)

lubaŋhole, cavity, pit, fissure (PMP: *lubaŋ₁)

lubukdeep place in the water, deep underwater cave or hole (PWMP: *lubuk₁)

lulukfine fungus or dry rot found on the trunk of the sugar palm and used as tinder (PWMP: *lulug)

l<um>aho-lahomobile, moving about (PMP: *l<um>akaw) *lakaw

l<um>aho-lahomobile, moving about (PMP: *lakaw lakaw) *lakaw

l<um>obimore (PMP: *lebiq)

lumpulame, as a result of sickness (PWMP: *lumpuq)

luŋkasfreed from obstruction, open, as a path or pipe (PMP: *lu(ŋ)kas)

lupato forget; forgetful (PMP: *lupa)

lutukbeat loudly (ROOT)

ma-stative prefix (called ‘qualifying prefix’ in van der Tuuk 1864-1867) (PAN: *ma-₁)

m-æto suffer (NOISE)

maa-rapushold fast, detain (PMP: *Rapus)

ma-baŋgalhaving a broad chest and face; large-boned (PMP: *bagal)

Toba Batak (740 / 1984)

m-abe-abewave back and forth (PWMP: *ambay)

ma-bolasplit in two, broken (PAN: *belaq)

ma-boladivided in two, split, broken (PAN: *ma-belaq) *belaq

ma-burburbreak off, cave in, of earth (PMP: *buRbuR₂)

ma-butbutto fall out, of hair, teeth, etc. (PMP: *butbut₂) *buCbuC

ma-dabuto fall; be fallen (PWMP: *ma-dabuq) *dabuq

ma-dakdakto fall, of fruits (PWMP: *dakdak)

ma-huaWhat is wrong? What is the problem? (PMP: *kua₁) *kua₂

m-alaŋdeferential (PWMP: *alaŋ-alaŋ₁) *alaŋ-alaŋ

ma-laslasbe trampled, of the earth or a pasture, where many people have been (PWMP: *laslas)

m-alhotthick, viscous (PMP: *la(ŋ)ket)

malosto fade, wither; faded, withered (PMP: *males)

malube ashamed of something; have no desire (NOISE)

ma-luhawounded (PMP: *luka)

ma-ma-hanto feed animals (PAN: *ma-kaen) *kaen

ma-mahewear beautiful clothes (LOAN)

ma-majisplit with a wedge (LOAN)

ma-makpakto beat, pound; address with crude language (PWMP: *ma-makpak) *pakpak₁

ma-maluhit, strike; play a percussion instrument; fire off a weapon (PMP: *palu) *palu₃

ma-maŋkurwork a field with a hoe (LOAN)

Toba Batak (760 / 1984)

ma-matu-iweigh with stones; also to lay stones under the beams of a house as supports (PWMP: *ma-matu) *batux

mam-bibir-imake the border on a basket, sack or mat (PMP: *birbir₁)

mam-bobah-iskin an animal (PWMP: *bebak₁)

mam-bobak hurumnascratch the cheeks in a death agony (PWMP: *bebak₁)

mam-boboktie together, bind together (PWMP: *maŋ-bejbej) *bejbej

mam-buatfetch, take, confiscate, take away (PMP: *buhat₃)

mam-butbutpull out, extract (as plants, hair, nails, teeth) (PMP: *butbut₂) *buCbuC

ma-midiŋstep aside; lie on one's side (PMP: *bidiŋ)

ma-milaŋto count, enumerate, calculate, estimate (PWMP: *maŋ-bilaŋ) *bilaŋ₁

ma-milito single out, choose (PWMP: *ma-miliq) *piliq

ma-miŋkasto release a trigger, shoot (PMP: *biŋkas)

ma-mirpir-honto shake off so that the droplets scatter (PWMP: *piRpiR₂)

mamissweet (PAN: *ma-hemis) *hemis

ma-misik-hon (< pisik)chop off, knock off, break in pieces (PWMP: *pisik₁) *pisik

ma-mispisto moisten, spray or sprinkle with water (PWMP: *pispis₃)

ma-mituŋto blind someone (LOAN)

ma-modilshoot with a gun or rifle (LOAN)

ma-modom-honto sit on eggs, brood (PWMP: *pezem)

ma-molato split, divide into two parts (PAN: *belaq)

ma-molasplit, divide into two parts (PWMP: *maŋ-belaq) *belaq

Toba Batak (780 / 1984)

ma-molak-honto spread out (PWMP: *maŋ-bekelaj) *bekelaj

ma-molpolto block, stop up (PWMP: *pelpel)

ma-mona-ibegin something (PMP: *bena)

ma-monaŋmark a piece of wood with a black-colored thread to prepare it for cutting (PWMP: *benaŋ)

ma-monomimmerse something, cover something with water (as a ricefield) (PWMP: *benem₂)

ma-morhostie into a bundle (PWMP: *maŋ-beRkes) *beRkes

ma-moroto squeeze out, wring out, to milk (an animal) (PWMP: *ma-meReq) *peReq

ma-moromto artificially ripen fruit by putting it in a container and covering it (LOAN)

ma-moroŋwork by contract (LOAN)

ma-morospress together (PWMP: *ma-meRes) *peRes

ma-morporto press on something, as a fast-running horse that is suddenly spurred on by a person (PWMP: *perper₂)

m-amparbe scattered, of cattle, things people, hamlets, etc. (PAN: *S<um>apaR) *SapaR

ma-muaŋcut off, knock off, throw away; solemnly bury someone (PWMP: *maŋ-buqaŋ) *buqaŋ

ma-muaŋ iponfile off the teeth, and conduct oracular interpretations from the first fragments that fall (PWMP: *maŋ-buqaŋ) *buqaŋ

ma-muhato open (PWMP: *maŋ-buka) *buka

ma-mujito praise (LOAN)

ma-mukpukto strike, beat, hit (PWMP: *ma-mukpuk) *pukpuk

ma-mulaŋbind the eyes (as of a buffalo) (PWMP: *maŋ-bulaŋ) *bulaŋ

ma-muluŋto gather, bring together (what belongs together) (PAN: *puluŋ)

ma-mulutto glue, stick to (PMP: *pulut)

Toba Batak (800 / 1984)

ma-muni-honto hide something (PWMP: *maŋ-buni) *buNi

ma-munustrike, kill (PWMP: *maŋ-bunuq) *buNuq₂

ma-munu-istrike repeatedly (PWMP: *maŋ-bunuq) *buNuq₂

ma-muŋkato open (PMP: *buka)

ma-muŋkartake something apart; capture and destroy a village (PMP: *buŋkaR)

ma-muŋkustie up a package (PWMP: *maŋ-buŋkus) *buŋkus

ma-muriwash something or someone (PMP: *buRiq)

ma-muroscare birds from the rice fields, chase or drive away (PWMP: *maŋ-buRaw) *buRaw

ma-muro-ipay attention to, protect (PWMP: *maŋ-buRaw) *buRaw

ma-muro loboŋscare off birds after the sowing (PWMP: *maŋ-buRaw) *buRaw

ma-muruto hunt something (LOAN)

ma-muruhunt something (NOISE)

ma-mutacover a hole (PWMP: *maŋ-buta) *buCa

ma-mutikto pluck off (fruit) (PWMP: *putik₂)

ma-mutir-isensation of ants running on the skin, 'pins and needles' (PMP: *buteliR)

ma-mutorto turn, to roll (PWMP: *puteR)

ma-nabuni-honto hide, conceal, bury (PWMP: *tabuni₂)

ma-nabuŋset up a contest or competition; encourage a fight (of cocks or persons) (PWMP: *sabuŋ₁)

ma-naburto sow (seed) (PWMP: *sabuD)

ma-naburto sow (seeds) (PWMP: *ma-nabuR) *saq(e)buR

Toba Batak (820 / 1984)

ma-naburto sow seed (PMP: *sabuR)

ma-nahanto carry, bear; to hold out, endure (LOAN)

ma-nahuscoop or ladle something up; to pour over, as cold water on a patient (PAN: *taku₂)

ma-nahurhollow out a tree trunk (NOISE)

ma-nala-honaccuse someone, find fault with (PWMP: *ma-ñalaq) *salaq₁

ma-naleto dry something by a fire; to smoke; to expose wood to fire to make it lighter to carry (PWMP: *salay)

ma-nalito bind or tie (PWMP: *ma-nalih) *CaliS

ma-nalinto exchange; to transfer something; to translate into another language (PWMP: *salin)

mana-liŋkup-honto cover, cover over (PWMP: *likup₁)

ma-naltalanswer someone harshly or rudely (PWMP: *taltal₂)

ma-naltalhit, beat; cut (PWMP: *taltal₁)

ma-nalu-honto defeat someone (PMP: *talu₂)

ma-nalun-ito cultivate land (PMP: *talun₁) *CaluN

ma-namba-ito augment or supplement something (PWMP: *tambaq)

ma-nambolito slaughter (LOAN)

ma-na-naŋis-ito cry over someone or something (PMP: *taŋis-i) *Caŋis

ma-nandaŋwear something hanging across the shoulder, as a scarf (PWMP: *sandaŋ)

ma-nandesupport someone, give help to (PMP: *sanday) *saŋeday

ma-nanomto bury (PMP: *tanem) *CaNem

ma-naŋgar-naŋgar iŋkaucook vegetables with salt and pepper in water (PWMP: *ma-naŋelaR) *saŋelaR

Toba Batak (840 / 1984)

ma-naŋkosteal (PWMP: *ma-nakaw) *Cakaw

ma-naŋkupto seize, grip (PWMP: *takup₁) *takup

ma-naŋtaŋto loosen (NOISE)

ma-naon dotonput out the fishnets to make a catch (PMP: *taqen)

ma-naon-ito catch; to set up a deadfall trap (PMP: *taqen)

ma-napisto sift, filter through a sieve (PWMP: *tapis₃)

ma-napsapto cut off (as the ear of a thief) (PWMP: *ma-ñapsap) *sapsap

ma-naptapto wash clothes (by pounding on a rock by the river) (PWMP: *tabtab₁)

ma-naputo sweep with a broom (PWMP: *ma-ñapu) *sapu

ma-naput-iwrap something up (PMP: *saput₁)

ma-narbut-ito pluck, pull out (PMP: *cabut)

ma-narimato give, dole out (LOAN)

ma-naru-i asarto build a nest (PWMP: *ma-naRuq) *taRuq

ma-nastasto break off, tear up (PWMP: *ma-nastas) *tastas

man-dabu-honlet something fall (PWMP: *dabuq)

man-dadaŋto shine, radiate, expose to the heat of the sun or a fire (PWMP: *maŋ-daŋdaŋ) *daŋdaŋ

man-dadaŋto shine, to beam (NOISE)

man-dadapto touch, feel, grope (PWMP: *dapdap₂)

man-dahopto embrace (PAN: *dakep)

man-dakdakreduce, knock off; to hammer, pound, chip off (PWMP: *dakdak)

Toba Batak (860 / 1984)

man-dakdak batuto hew stone (PWMP: *dakdak)

man-dasiŋto weigh (LOAN)

man-dila-dilato gossip (PMP: *dilaq₁)

man-dilatto lick (PWMP: *dilat)

man-dilatto lick (PWMP: *zilat)

man-diŋdiŋ-iconstruct the side wall of a house (PMP: *diŋdiŋ₁)

man-doŋan-iaccompany someone (PWMP: *man-deŋan) *deŋan

man-dua-ito have two (PWMP: *man-duha) *duSa

man-duhut-ipull up weeds (PMP: *dukut₂)

man-duru-ibe undecided about something (PWMP: *zuRu)

ma-neatto cut, slaughter (PWMP: *sayat)

ma-nembakto aim at (a target) (LOAN)

ma-nihamto stab, kill (LOAN)

ma-nilikexamine or inspect something; observe something with concern (LOAN)

ma-nimbaŋto weigh; consider; balance (PWMP: *ma-nimbaŋ) *timbaŋ

ma-nimbun-ito heap up (PWMP: *timbun)

ma-ninarlay something in the open to dry (PMP: *sinaR) *siNaR

ma-nindito surpass (LOAN)

ma-nindosee in the distance (PMP: *tindaw)

ma-nindoscrush a louse with the fingernails (PMP: *tindes)

Toba Batak (880 / 1984)

ma-ninjuto box, fight with fists (LOAN)

man-ira-ito salt, put salt on (PWMP: *qasiRa-i) *qasiRa

ma-ni<r>paŋtake a side path (PMP: *simpaŋ)

ma-nirupto slurp up, as in drinking water from one’s cupped hand (PAN: *siRup)

ma-nisikdelouse the head (PWMP: *ma-ñiksik) *siksik₁

ma-nisip-ido something secretly (NOISE)

ma-nisirto rake, use a harrow (PMP: *sisir)

ma-niulto whistle (PMP: *sihul)

man-jariŋto hunt with such a net (PMP: *zariŋ)

man-jarumto sew (PAN: *zaRum)

man-jimatto pacify (LOAN)

man-jomputpick something up with two or three fingers (LOAN)

man-jullukpenetrate, bore through (NOISE)

man-juŋjuŋcarry something on the head (PWMP: *zuŋzuŋ)

man-juŋkitfetch down (fruit from a tree); pull out teeth; cut open (a boil) (NOISE)

ma-nobusbuy someone’s freedom; redeem a pledge (PMP: *tebus)

ma-noksoh-ito burn something (NOISE)

ma-noktoh-ichop meat into small pieces (PWMP: *ma-nektek) *tektek₁

ma-noktokhack off wood (PWMP: *ma-nektek) *tektek₁

ma-nolonto swallow something (PMP: *telen)

Toba Batak (900 / 1984)

ma-nolsol-ito regret; to blame someone (PWMP: *selsel₂)

ma-nolutwist together rope out of three strands (PWMP: *ma-nelu) *telu

ma-nombah-ito clear forest (NOISE)

ma-nomu-nomucome to meet someone (PWMP: *temu₂)

ma-nonunto weave something (PAN: *tenun)

ma-noŋsoŋto stop up, to block (PAN: *seŋseŋ)

ma-nopapstrike with the open hand (PWMP: *tepap)

ma-nopsopto suck out (PWMP: *ma-ñepsep) *sepsep

ma-noputo dissolve calcium; plunge glowing iron into cold water to temper it (LOAN)

ma-noras-ifire a pot to harden it (PMP: *ma-teRas) *teRas

ma-nornop-honplunge something into the water (PWMP: *ceñeb)

ma-norusbe penetratingly cold (PWMP: *terus)

mantuaalways; very (PMP: *ma-tuqah) *tuqaS

ma-nua-imake a pot ‘old’ (or hard) by putting bran in it and then firing it in high heat (PMP: *tuqah) *tuqaS

ma-nua-ito bring luck; make lucky, successful, happy (PWMP: *tuaq)

ma-nuanto plant (PWMP: *ma-ñuqan) *suqan

ma-nuanto plant (PWMP: *suan)

ma-nuaŋto pour, make liquid, of metal (PWMP: *tuaŋ₁)

ma-nubato fish with tuba (PWMP: *ma-nuba) *tubah

ma-nuduto point at something (PMP: *tuzuq₂) *Cuzuq

Toba Batak (920 / 1984)

ma-nuhatto measure (both length and quantity) (PWMP: *ma-ñukat) *sukat

ma-nujuto point at something; aim or aspire toward something (PWMP: *ma-nuzuq) *tuzuq₁

ma-nujuaim at something (PMP: *tuzu)

ma-nuktuh-ipound on (PMP: *tuktuk-i) *tuktuk₃

ma-nulakto send back, reject, turn away (PMP: *tulak)

ma-nulak-honpush something to someone (PMP: *tulak)

ma-nulaŋ-ito feed someone with the hand (NOISE)

ma-nuluto illuminate with a torch (PWMP: *me-ñuluq) *suluq

ma-nulusfollow, bring to an end (PMP: *tulus)

ma-numbatto plug, cork (PWMP: *sumbad)

ma-numpapour out molten metal (PWMP: *tumpaq)

ma-numpitshoot with a blowpipe (PWMP: *ma-numpit) *sumpit

ma-numpolto stop, plug up (PWMP: *sumpel)

ma-nunjaŋto tread, stamp (NOISE)

ma-nuratto write (LOAN)

ma-nuruto send, dispatch; to order, command (PAN: *suRuq₂) *suRuq

ma-nurut-ifulfill a wish (PWMP: *ma-nuRut) *tuRut

ma-nusa-ito cause trouble or worry for someone (LOAN)

ma-nusuto suck at the breast (PWMP: *ma-ñusu) *susu₁

ma-nusukto stab, kill (PWMP: *ma-nusuk) *tusuk

Toba Batak (940 / 1984)

ma-nusukto string together (PWMP: *ma-ñuksuk) *suksuk

ma-nusunto stack up (wood, shingles) (PMP: *susun) *susuN

ma-nututo pound, crush, as peppers (PAN: *tuqtuq)

ma-nututo pound, crush (as pepper) (PWMP: *ma-nutu) *tutuh

ma-nutuŋto burn something (PMP: *tutuŋ)

ma-nutupto cover something, cover up (PMP: *tutup₁)

ma-nutur-honto order, put in order (PMP: *tutur₁)

maŋ-æfeel pain (NOISE)

maŋ-abaracarry on the shoulder (PMP: *qabaRa₁)

maŋ-ajito read (LOAN)

maŋa-laklah-ipeel off the bark (PWMP: *laklak)

maŋa-lansum-honpeddle counterfeit goods (NOISE)

maŋ-alapfetch; invite (PWMP: *maŋ-alap) *alap

maŋa-lapacut open a sacrificial animal (PAN: *lapaq)

maŋa-lehon bolipay a brideprice (PMP: *beli)

maŋa-liaŋto excavate out (PMP: *liaŋ)

maŋ-ali-ireplace (PMP: *aliq)

maŋa-lilitto embrace; to wind or tie around (PAN: *litlit)

maŋa-lima-iproduce a litter of five (piglets) (PWMP: *maŋ-lima) *lima

maŋa-lulunroll something up; press things together (PMP: *lulun) *luluN

Toba Batak (960 / 1984)

maŋa-luso-iclean something by rinsing (NOISE)

maŋ-ambatobstruct, hold back, hold up (PMP: *qambat)

maŋ-ambitcarry (PWMP: *maŋ-ambit) *ambit

maŋ-ampinin weaving, to roll up a woven cloth because it would otherwise be too long for the arms (PWMP: *ampin)

maŋ-ampolasto polish, scrape smooth or clean (PWMP: *maŋ-qa(m)pelas) *qa(m)pelas

maŋ-ampunask for forgiveness, apologize (PWMP: *maŋ-ampun) *ampun

ma-ŋanto eat, consume (PMP: *ma-ŋaen) *kaen

maŋ-anah-ilend money with the purpose of earning interest (PWMP: *maŋ-anak-i) *aNak

maŋa-namnamtaste with the lips (PAN: *ñamñam)

maŋ-antukto hit; bump against (NOISE)

maŋ-antukto hit; bump against (LOAN)

maŋ-aŋin-aŋin baritadiscontinue rumors (PMP: *haŋin)

maŋ-api-ilay wood on the fire (PWMP: *maŋ-hapuy-i) *Sapuy

maŋa-rabarprepare fruit or meat by pounding it and then adding citrus peel, pepper and salt (NOISE)

maŋa-raŋkit-honto float bound-together tree trunks in the water (PMP: *Rakit)

maŋa-rurutpull, out, extract (NOISE)

maŋa-rusukstrung together, impaled, as fish (PAN: *Rusuk)

maŋ-asawhet, sharpen (PWMP: *maŋ-hasaq) *Sasaq

maŋ-asi-iexpress compassion toward someone, pardon (PMP: *qasiq)

maŋ-asom-imake something sour (PWMP: *qalesem)

Toba Batak (980 / 1984)

maŋ-ataeat raw flesh, or flesh that has been only lightly cooked (PWMP: *maŋ-hataq) *hataq

maŋ-ataeat raw flesh (PWMP: *maŋ-qataq) *qataq

maŋ-aturput in order (LOAN)

maŋ-aunto swing back and forth (PWMP: *ayun)

maŋ-garaŋ rabukto dry tinder; to inflame an argument or quarrel (PAN: *garaŋ₁)

maŋ-garutto whet, sharpen; also, to scratch (PMP: *garut) *garuC

maŋ-giliŋto roll; figuratively to lay, shift or roll the blame over onto someone; roll a straw bundle in the water to entangle fish (PWMP: *maŋ-giliŋ) *giliŋ

maŋ-gitikto irritate, anger (people or animals) (PWMP: *gitik)

maŋ-gomgomto govern, rule, dominate (PAN: *gemgem)

maŋ-gomgom-ito govern, rule (PAN: *gemgem)

maŋ-gugutto nibble on something, as salt (PMP: *gutgut₁) *gutgut

maŋ-guritto scratch, etch (PMP: *gurit)

maŋ-hailto fish with hook and line (PWMP: *ma-ŋawil) *kawil₁

maŋ-haisscratch up the ground, of fowls; to scratch, of dogs (PWMP: *kaqis)

maŋ-hajaŋto build a fieldhut for overnight stays (PMP: *kazaŋ₂)

maŋ-halito dig (as a grave), dig up (as yams) (PMP: *kali₂) *kalih

maŋ-haŋkamseize for oneself (PWMP: *kamkam)

maŋ-hapitpinch, press, squeeze (PMP: *kapit)

maŋ-haratto bite (PWMP: *ma-ŋaRat) *kaRaC

maŋ-haratto bite (PMP: *kaRat) *kaRaC

Toba Batak (1000 / 1984)

maŋ-harat-ito bite to pieces (PMP: *kaRat) *kaRaC

maŋ-harom-honannihilate, destroy (PWMP: *ma-ŋaRem) *kaRem

maŋ-hihikto snicker, giggle (PMP: *kikik)

maŋ-hilalato feel, sense (PAN: *kilala)

maŋ-hilhilto chew (PWMP: *kilkil)

maŋ-hilhil-ito chew something (PWMP: *kilkil)

maŋ-hishisscrape off with a knife; scratch or scrape off a surface (PAN: *kiskis)

maŋ-horsikstrew with sand (LOAN)

maŋ-hunsito lock up (LOAN)

maŋ-huŋkuŋto encircle in war (PWMP: *kuŋkuŋ₄)

maŋ-huphup-ito cover, cover up (PMP: *kubkub₂)

maŋ-hurhurto rasp, grate, rub on a grater, as coconut when making curry (PMP: *kuDkuD)

maŋ-hurhurto grate on a grater, as in making curry (NOISE)

maŋ-huruŋ-honto make captive, lock up (PWMP: *kuruŋ)

maŋ-hutukto shake something, as a coconut in order to hear whether it still has water (PWMP: *kutug)

ma-ŋilalato mark; remember; notice; take note of; pay attention to (PWMP: *ma-ŋilala) *kilala

maŋ-injamlend, borrow (PWMP: *maŋ-hinzam) *hinzam

maŋ-insir-islink, creep (PWMP: *icir)

maŋ-insir-islink, creep (PWMP: *iŋsiD)

maŋ-inumto drink (PMP: *maŋ-inum) *inum

Toba Batak (1020 / 1984)

maŋ-ipito dream (PWMP: *maŋ-hipi) *Sipi

maŋ-iriŋ horbodrive a water buffalo before one (PWMP: *maŋ-iriŋ) *iriŋ₁

maŋ-iriscut into small pieces (PWMP: *maŋ-qiris) *qiris

maŋ-isito fill (PWMP: *maŋ-isi) *isi₅

maŋ-isi bodilload a gun (PWMP: *maŋ-isi) *isi₅

maŋ-itom udanto darken, of the sky before rain (PWMP: *maŋ-qitem) *qitem

maŋ-iupblow (PWMP: *maŋ-heyup) *Seyup

maŋkukcup, beaker, goblet (LOAN)

ma-ŋobolbe struck, but without being wounded (PWMP: *kebel)

ma-ŋobol-imake onself invulnerable (PWMP: *kebel)

maŋ-odonsqueeze something out (child in giving birth; feces) (PMP: *maŋ-qezen) *qezen

maŋ-ombus-honblow something, as smoke, on painful limbs (PMP: *qembus)

maŋ-ombut-ito pound (PWMP: *embut)

maŋ-ombut-ombutto pound, of the pulse; to throb, of pain (PWMP: *embut)

maŋ-ompan-ito entice with bait, lure (PAN: *paen)

ma-ŋona-ito hit someone or something (PWMP: *ma-ŋena) *keNa

ma-ŋona-i hatato insult (‘strike with words’) (PWMP: *ma-ŋena) *keNa

maŋ-opanmake a fire by fetching glowing coals and blowing on them (PWMP: *epan)

maŋ-oroŋto bark (dogs) (PWMP: *maŋ-heReŋ) *heReŋ

maŋ-uhircut or carve out figures or ornaments (PWMP: *maŋ-ukir) *ukir

Toba Batak (1040 / 1984)

maŋ-ulaperform work in the fields (LOAN)

maŋun-sandelean against (PMP: *sanday) *saŋeday

maŋ-uŋkabto open (PWMP: *maŋ-hukab) *hu(ŋ)kab

maŋ-upok-honbreak something off (PWMP: *upek)

maŋ-uraspurify something by sprinkling with lime juice and flowers (PWMP: *maŋ-huRas) *SuRas

maŋ-usireliminate, drive away (PWMP: *maŋ-usiR) *qusiR

maŋ-uta-honvomit something out (PWMP: *maŋ-utaq) *utaq

maosorangutan: Simia satyrus (LOAN)

ma-pituŋblind (LOAN)

ma-pitutto be narrow (NOISE)

ma-pukpukto batter (PAN: *pukpuk)

ma-pulpulstripped of leaves (PWMP: *pulpul₁)

ma-pupufallen out, of hair or feathers, as of ponies that are replacing their fur (PMP: *pupu₁)

ma-putikbroken off, plucked off (PWMP: *putik₂)

mar-aducompete with (PWMP: *adu)

mar-alimosdisappear rapidly (PWMP: *qali-meqes)

mar-ambitcarry a child in the arms in front of oneself (PWMP: *maR-ambit) *ambit

mar-anakhave a son or sons (PMP: *maR-anak) *aNak

mar-apihave fire, be fiery (PWMP: *maR-hapuy) *Sapuy

mar-asihave compassion (PWMP: *maR-qasiq) *qasiq

Toba Batak (1060 / 1984)

marattia hardwood tree much used in building, and for roof shingles (LOAN)

mar-bage-bageto be various, of different kinds (PWMP: *bagay)

mar-bilaŋblame someone for something (PWMP: *maR-bilaŋ) *bilaŋ₁

mar-biroŋbe black (PMP: *biReŋ)

mar-boboŋbuzzing of bumblebees and large beetles; dull sound of pounding (PAN: *beŋbeŋ₂)

mar-boboŋ-boboŋringing in the ears (PAN: *beŋbeŋ₂)

mar-bolakspread out, extend (PMP: *bekelaj)

mar-bonaderive from (PMP: *bena)

mar-borasbear fruit (PWMP: *maR-beRas) *beRas

mar-bual-bualrise up, of smoke (NOISE)

mar-bubucatch fish with a bubu trap (PAN: *bubu₂)

mar-buhal-buhalto bubble, gush forth, effervesce; flow constantly, of water; also used of voluble speech (PWMP: *bukal bukal) *bukal

mar-buhu-buhuby divisions, by sections or parts (PMP: *buku buku) *bukuh

mar-buŋato bloom, blossom; bear interest (PWMP: *maR-buŋa) *buŋa

mar-buriwash one's hands (PMP: *buRiq)

mar-buruto hunt, go hunting (LOAN)

mar-buruto hunt, go hunting (NOISE)

mar-butir dagiŋfor the skin to have spots, as from a scratch (PMP: *buteliR)

mar-dagiŋhave a body (LOAN)

mar-dahanto cook rice (PMP: *zakan)

Toba Batak (1080 / 1984)

mar-doŋanhave a companion or partner (PWMP: *maR-deŋan) *deŋan

mar-doŋan iŋkaurice with vegetables (PMP: *deŋan)

mar-duadivide into two, to halve (PWMP: *maR-duha) *duSa

mar-giliŋto wallow, as in pain or bad behavior (PMP: *giliŋ)

mar-hahakto laugh loudly (PMP: *kakakₐ) *kakak

mar-haha-mar-aŋgibe in a sibling relationship (PWMP: *maR-huaji) *Suaji

mar-hapal taŋana callused hand (PWMP: *kapal)

mar-haufell trees to build a house (PMP: *kahiw) *kaSiw

mar-himpal-himpalto be lumpy (PWMP: *kimpal kimpal) *kimpal

mar-hobotto ball together, of clouds (NOISE)

mar-hobot laŋitbe cloudy (NOISE)

mar-huahow? What’s the matter? what for? why? (PMP: *kua₁) *kua₂

mar-hutato live in a village or town (LOAN)

m-ariCome here! Let’s go! (PAN: *um-aRi) *aRi

mar-imbuluhairy (PMP: *bulu₁)

mar-inahave a mother (PAN: *maR-ina) *ina

mar-injama model for a sarong; a sarong that one borrows for an offering feast (PWMP: *maR-hinzam) *hinzam

mar-isihave contents, be filled (PWMP: *maR-isi) *isi₅

mar-jolmahave a wife (PWMP: *maR-qasawa) *qasawa

mar-laŋkato step, stride, go (PMP: *laŋkaq₁)

Toba Batak (1100 / 1984)

mar-limadivide into five parts (PWMP: *maR-lima) *lima

mar-lugato row, pull an oar (PAN: *aluja)

mar-lutuk-lutukloud beating (PWMP: *lutuk₂)

mar-mate-andie in throngs (PMP: *m-atay) *aCay

mar-memeto premasticate food for an infant (PMP: *maymay)

mar-nanato suppurate, ooze pus (PWMP: *maR-nanaq) *naNaq

mar-niaŋthin (of persons) (PMP: *niwaŋ) *Niwaŋ

mar-nipito dream (said by Warneck 1977 [1906] to be from ni + ipi 'to dream') (PMP: *h<in>ipi) *Sipi

mar-nipisbecome progressively thinner (PMP: *nipis) *Nipis

mar-ŋatŋat-ito gnaw off, gnaw on something that isn’t yet ripe (PWMP: *ŋatŋat)

mar-ŋuŋusto grunt, of pigs (PAN: *ŋusŋus)

mar-onom-onomby sixes (as in filling a boat) (PMP: *enem enem) *enem

mar-opat-opatfour at a time, four each (PWMP: *maR-epat) *Sepat

ma-ropukbroken, crushed (PMP: *repuk)

mar-pilibe chosen, selected (PWMP: *maR-piliq) *piliq

mar-pispisto squeak or squeal, of rats (PWMP: *pispis₂)

mar-poroto be hoarse (PWMP: *peRaw)

mar-pulutcatch birds with birdlime (PMP: *pulut)

mar-punsuhave a peak (PWMP: *puncu)

mar-pusor-pusorto eddy, of water (PWMP: *puseD)

Toba Batak (1120 / 1984)

mar-putor-putormaking a turning movement (PWMP: *puteR)

mar-ratus-ratus halihundreds of times (PMP: *Ratus) *RaCus

mar-rearto sail (PWMP: *maR-layaR) *layaR

mar-ruarto come out (PMP: *luqar)

mar-sabukwear a loincloth between the legs (LOAN)

mar-sabuŋto fight, contest one another (PWMP: *sabuŋ₁)

mar-sahitto be sick (PWMP: *maR-sakit) *sakit

mar-sahit bulanhave menstrual problems (PWMP: *sakit bulan) *bulaN

mar-sahit-ito make someone sick (said of the spirits) (PWMP: *maR-sakit) *sakit

mar-salacommit an error, make a mistake; be faulty, defective (PWMP: *maR-salaq) *salaq₁

mar-salinto change clothes (PWMP: *salin)

mar-sambutget an advance payment, purchase on promise (PWMP: *sambut₂)

mar-saoŋ-saoŋcover the head with a cloth so that the face is not visible (PWMP: *saeŋ)

mar-si-bunido something secretly (PMP: *buni₁) *buNi

mar-si-hohot dihold tightly to; enduring (PWMP: *ketket)

mar-sugabe furnished with trail spikes (PMP: *suja)

mar-sumbaŋto commit incest (PWMP: *sumbaŋ)

mar-sumpato swear an oath (PWMP: *sumpaq)

mar-surakgive out a shout of joy; to cheer, to hail (LOAN)

mar-suruto send, dispatch; to order, command (PAN: *suRuq₂) *suRuq

Toba Batak (1140 / 1984)

mar-tabanto capture; plunder (PWMP: *maR-taban) *tabaN

mar-tabunito hide oneself (PWMP: *tabuni₂)

mar-taruto place a bet, wager something (PWMP: *maR-taRuq) *taRuq

mar-tembakto aim (LOAN)

mar-t<in>aruto lay an egg (PWMP: *t<in>aRuq) *taRuq

mar-tindi-tindipiled on top of one another (LOAN)

mar-tuabe lucky (PWMP: *tuaq)

mar-tuju-anhave a direction or goal (PAN: *tuzuq₁)

mar-tukkotto prop up with a stick (PWMP: *maR-tuked) *tuked

mar-tulisto be striped (LOAN)

mar-tunasto bud, put out shoots, of plants (PWMP: *tunas)

ma-rurusto fall off, as leaves or hair (NOISE)

mar-utaŋbe in debt, have debts (PWMP: *maR-qutaŋ) *qutaŋ

masakcooked, ripe (fruits and rice), seasoned (wood) (PMP: *ma-esak) *esak

masakcooked; ripe (fruit and rice); well-dried, seasoned (wood) (PMP: *ma-qesak) *qesak

ma-soksokto burn, be burned (NOISE)

ma-solapenetrate, insert oneself between (PWMP: *sela)

m-asomsour (PWMP: *ma-qalesem) *qalesem

masukto enter (PMP: *p<um>asuk) *pasuk

mataeye (PMP: *mata) *maCa

Toba Batak (1160 / 1984)

ma-tahutto fear, be afraid (PAN: *ma-takut) *takut

mata intangemstone (PMP: *mata) *maCa

mata-mataknothole; custodian, inspector (PMP: *mata-mata) *maCa

mata ni arisun, solar disk (PAN: *waRi₁)

mata ni arisun (‘eye of the day’) (PAN: *mata nu qalejaw) *maCa

mata ni ari ni totankle (‘sun of the foot’) (PMP: *mata) *maCa

mata ni bodilbarrel of a gun (PMP: *mata) *maCa

mata ni bonaŋend of the thread with which one begins (PMP: *mata) *maCa

mata ni bulanthe moon, the disc of the moon (PMP: *mata) *maCa

mata ni bulupart of the bamboo where the shoots emerge (PMP: *mata) *maCa

mata ni hujurpoint of a lance (PMP: *mata) *maCa

mata ni jalamesh of a net (< Malay) (PWMP: *mata nu puket) *maCa

mata ni onanhigh point of a market (PMP: *mata) *maCa

mata ni pestaclimax of a feast (PMP: *mata) *maCa

m-atas arimidday (lit. 'the sun is high/above') (PWMP: *ma-atas) *aCas

m-atedie; dead; go out (fire); die down, cease (wind); conclude (fight) (PMP: *m-atay) *aCay

mate-anlose someone through death (PMP: *m-atay-an) *aCay

m-ate dalan ithe path-road cannot be used any longer (PMP: *m-atay) *aCay

mate ma hoa curse (PMP: *m-atay) *aCay

mate mate naalmost dead (PMP: *m-atay m-atay) *aCay

Toba Batak (1180 / 1984)

mate s<um>alin(of a woman) to die while pregnant; to die in giving birth; in general, to die a demeaning death (PWMP: *salin)

ma-tombukpierced through, bored through (LOAN)

ma-torasripe, old; dark, of a color (PMP: *ma-teRas) *teRas

ma-tosto be torn (NOISE)

matua(be) old; sometimes used euphemistically for ‘dead’; always; very (PMP: *ma-tuqah) *tuqaS

m-eam-m-eamtoy (PWMP: *qayam₃)

meaŋfruit cluster of palms and banana trees; curly, of hair (PWMP: *mayaŋ)

memechewed food (PMP: *maymay)

me-najom-isharpen something (PMP: *tazem) *Cazem

meŋ-ahu-hondesire for oneself (PWMP: *maŋ-aku) *aku

m-ianreside, stay (PWMP: *um-ian) *ian₂

m-idop-idopneedy, poor, wanting (NOISE)

m-inumto drink (PMP: *um-inum) *inum

mirared (of coloration in fighting cocks) (PMP: *ma-iRaq)

modomto sleep, lie down (PWMP: *pezem)

m-ogapdrown (PWMP: *um-egap) *egap

m-ohop ate-ate(lit. 'burning liver') become angry (PMP: *X₂ + qatay) *qaCay

monaŋwin, be victorious (LOAN)

m-oŋkak-oŋkakchoke on too large a bite (PWMP: *eŋkak-eŋkak) *e(ŋ)kak

m-oroŋ-oroŋgrumble, complain about (PMP: *heReŋ)

Toba Batak (1200 / 1984)

-mu2sg. possessor, your (PMP: *-mu)

m-uapsmell, be fragrant; rising up of vapor or odor (PWMP: *ma-huab₂) *huab

muaramouth of a river (LOAN)

mudalight, easy; frivolous (LOAN)

mulabeginning, origin (LOAN)

m-ulireturn home; of a girl: to marry (PMP: *um-uliq) *uliq₁

munsuŋbeak, snout (PWMP: *mu(n)cuŋ)

m-uŋal-uŋalchatter, talk excessively (PMP: *quŋal)

m-uta-utato vomit (PAN: *um-utaq) *utaq

-na3sg. possessor (PAN: *ni-a) *-a₂

narelative pronoun, often used to give emphasis (van der Tuuk 1971 [1864-1867]:369); attributive preposition linking a nominal head with an attributive adjective, verb, numeral, or a phrase : hau na tibbo tall tree = tree LINK tall, halak na modom the sleeping man = man LINK sleep, dakdanak na dua i the two children = children LINK two DEICTIC, halak na manuhor bukku the man who bought the book = man LINK buy book, jabu na di huta the house in the village = house LINK PREP village (Nababan 1981:81) (PAN: *na₂)

na b-in-uat-nahis wife (PMP: *buhat₃)

nanapus (PMP: *nanaq) *naNaq

nantu-ariyesterday (PAN: *waRi₁)

naŋkaseed of the jackfruit (LOAN)

na-sidathey, them (PMP: *si ida) *ida

na s<in>antanwhat is cooked with coconut milk (LOAN)

nataropen, clear, visible (PMP: *natad) *NataD

na tar-buaŋ di alamanrubbish that has been thrown out, chicken feathers, etc. in the village square (PMP: *buqaŋ)

na-toraselders (PMP: *ma-teRas) *teRas

Toba Batak (1220 / 1984)

na tua-tuaold; elders (PMP: *tuqah) *tuqaS

ndaŋ piganot many, few (PAN: *pijax)

nimarker of the genitive; includes possession, part-to-whole relationships, and agency of a passive verb (PAN: *ni)

niloshine, glitter (PMP: *nilaw)

nipisthin (PMP: *nipis) *Nipis

ŋarŋarfragment, shard (PMP: *ŋarŋar)

ŋiakgrunt, squeal (PWMP: *ŋiak)

ŋiluon edge, of the teeth when coming into contact with something very sour (PAN: *ŋilu)

ŋilu-anhave a cold sensation in the teeth, as when hearing a scratching sound (PWMP: *ŋilu-an) *ŋilu

ŋiŋitooth (PWMP: *ŋiŋi)

ŋitŋitmoth (PAN: *ŋitŋit₁)

ŋoluto live; vital energy (NOISE)

obancarry, bring (PMP: *heban) *SebaN

obuh-oncovered with hair (PWMP: *buhek-en) *bukeS

obukhair of the head (PMP: *buhek) *bukeS

odonsqueeze something out (child in giving birth; feces) (PMP: *qezen)

ogapsuffocate, choke, drown (PWMP: *egap)

ogapsuffocate, drown (NOISE)

oguŋgong (LOAN)

olaŋto separate, sever (PMP: *qelaŋ)

Toba Batak (1240 / 1984)

omagrass used for horse fodder (NOISE)

omasgold (LOAN)

ombuncloud (PWMP: *qembun)

ombun lanofog (PWMP: *qembun)

ombusto blow (PMP: *qembus)

ombut-ombutfontanel (PWMP: *embut-embut) *embut

omerice in the husk, rice plant (PMP: *hemay) *Semay

omomslobber (PAN: *qemqem)

ompaksplinter (PWMP: *hepak)

ompanbait for fishhook (PAN: *paen)

ompasfall down; dash down (PWMP: *qempas)

omponwoven sack used for rice (NOISE)

ompugrandfather, grandmother; ancestor (PMP: *empu)

ompú-ŋgrandfather, grandmother; ancestor (vocative) (PWMP: *empú-ŋ) *empu

onomsix (PAN: *enem)

onsopsuck (PAN: *qesep)

ontakto pound, of the pulse (PMP: *qetak)

ontokseal up, stop flowing (NOISE)

oŋgaŋhornbill: Buceros bicornis (NOISE)

oŋgikgasp for breath (as of someone drowning) (PMP: *egik)

Toba Batak (1260 / 1984)

oŋgikseemingly dead (NOISE)

oŋkakrattle, rasp, choke (PMP: *e(ŋ)kak)

oŋkakrattle, rasp, choke (PMP: *qekak)

oŋkapgasp for air, cough (PMP: *ekap)

oŋkapgasp for air, cough (NOISE)

oŋkitto sob (PMP: *ekit)

oŋkolcough (NOISE)

oŋkoŋstiff, rheumatic, arthritic (PMP: *ekeŋ)

oŋkoŋstiff, rheumatic; arthritic (ROOT)

opatfour (PMP: *epat) *Sepat

oro ni bulanmenstruation (PMP: *bulan₃) *bulaN

oroŋto bark (dogs) (PMP: *heReŋ)

orua shore tree: Casuarina equisetifolia L. (LOAN)

otiklittle, few, small in amount (PWMP: *etik)

otostupid, dumb, foolish, witless (NOISE)

otolexert, strain oneself (without reaching one's goal) (PMP: *etel)

pa-causative prefix (PAN: *pa-₂)

pa-asi-asitreat someone in a very friendly manner (PWMP: *pa-qasiq) *qasiq

pa-bidaŋ-honwiden, extend (PWMP: *bidaŋ)

pa-bidiŋstep aside; sit sloping forward while eating to be able to eat much from a dish (PWMP: *pa-bidiŋ) *bidiŋ

Toba Batak (1280 / 1984)

pa-binbingather, accumulate, heap up (NOISE)

pa-biroŋ-honblacken (PMP: *biReŋ)

pa-boli-hanexchange a woman to another lineage, marry a woman out (PMP: *pa-beli) *beli

pa-boroŋ-hongive out a contracted job (LOAN)

pa-buhato open (PMP: *buka)

pa-buni-bunito conceal, hide something (PMP: *buni₁) *buNi

pa-buni-honkeep hidden (PMP: *buni₁) *buNi

pa-buru-buruto follow, press in the hunt (NOISE)

padalan sisipto bribe, corrupt (someone) (NOISE)

padaŋgrass; grassland, plain (PWMP: *padaŋ)

pa-dila-dilah-ontreat with contempt (PMP: *dilaq₁)

pa-dorashasten, quicken the pace of something (PMP: *deRas)

pa-dua-honthe second (PMP: *duha) *duSa

paduŋthe surface of a mortar, between the hole and the edge (NOISE)

pa-durupush to the side (PWMP: *zuRu)

pagi-anlater (PWMP: *pagi)

pagi-pagi-anfuture, in the course of one's life (PWMP: *pagi)

pagut, pargutbeak of a bird, mouth of a snake; peck up (birds), bite (snakes) (PWMP: *pagut)

pa-han-ondomesticated animals (PAN: *pa-kaen-en) *kaen

pahe-anclothing; adornment (LOAN)

Toba Batak (1300 / 1984)

pahi-duathe second (PMP: *duha) *duSa

pah-ompugrandson (PWMP: *paki-empu) *empu

pahularge fern (PWMP: *paku) *paheku

pa-inumlet someone drink (PMP: *pa-inum) *inum

pa-iŋotfor someone to be reminded of something; to warn or admonish (PWMP: *pa-iŋat) *iŋat

paitbitter (PMP: *paqit₂) *paqiC

pakthe sound of beating or slapping (PMP: *pak)

pa-laho-honmake something go, chase away (PMP: *lakaw)

palakpalm of the hand, sole of the foot (PMP: *palaj₁)

pa-lambatextend the time for doing something (LOAN)

pa-lima-honthe fifth (PMP: *pa-lima) *lima

palpalbald, of the head; also bare, of a field or mountain (PWMP: *palpal₁)

palu-palubeater (for drum or gong) (PAN: *palu-palu) *palu₃

pa-mataŋbody (PMP: *bataŋ) *bataŋ₁

pa-mate-honkill someone (PMP: *m-atay) *aCay

pam-buat-anplace from which something is taken (PMP: *buhat₃)

pa-mogasthe beater who follows the track of game (PWMP: *paŋ-bekas) *bekas₃

pa-mulisend home, dispatch home (PMP: *pa-uliq) *uliq₁

pa-muli-honmarry a girl out (PMP: *um-uliq) *uliq₁

pa-munumurderer (PWMP: *paŋ-bunuq) *buNuq₂

Toba Batak (1320 / 1984)

pa-munu-ona murder, act of murder (PMP: *bunuq₂) *buNuq₂

pa-nabursower, one who sows (PWMP: *sabuD)

pa-nabur-anseedbed (PWMP: *sabuD)

pa-nabur-anseedbed (PMP: *saq(e)buR)

pa-nahitworms in the intestines; having intestinal parasites (PWMP: *pa-ñakit) *sakit

pa-nahutprovoke fear (PWMP: *pa-nakut) *takut

pa-naŋkothief (PMP: *pa-nakaw) *Cakaw

pancura stream of water that one directs to a bathing place by a bamboo conduit; runoff of rainwater (LOAN)

pandanpandanus, screwpine (PMP: *paŋedan) *paŋudaN

pandaŋcharacteristic; a warning sign that one makes with mantraps (pitfall spikes in a trail) (LOAN)

pandedexterous, ingenious, skilled; artisan, craftsman; master (LOAN)

pan-dua-isecond part (PWMP: *duha-i) *duSa

pa-niŋgal-anwidow (LOAN)

pa-nipis-honmake something thin (PMP: *nipis) *Nipis

panjifeather decoration that children stick on their heads (LOAN)

pano-panofreckles (PMP: *panaw₁) *panaw

pantaŋforbidden, taboo (LOAN)

pantarshelf in wood-shed made of wooden or bamboo laths; also the support for a mattress made of sugar-palm mid-ribs (PMP: *pa(n)tar₂)

pantasingenious, intelligent; prudent (LOAN)

pantikfirmly penetrating into something (LOAN)

Toba Batak (1340 / 1984)

pa-nuan-anricefield (PMP: *suqan)

pa-nuan-anricefield (PWMP: *suan)

pa-nuaŋ-anform into which something is poured (PWMP: *tuaŋ₁)

pa- (numeral)let (the thing mentioned by you) be made into (numeral) (van der Tuuk 1971) (PMP: *pa-₁)

pa-nuruthe act of sending or ordering (PAN: *suRuq₂) *suRuq

pa-nutu-anmortar in which Spanish pepper is crushed (PAN: *tutuh)

paŋ-deverbal prefix forming instrumental nouns (PWMP: *paŋ-)

paŋ-abara-anwooden pole or burden which rests on the shoulders in carrying (PMP: *qabaRa₁)

paŋ-alap-an boruthat relationship within which a man is permitted by customary law to take a wife (PWMP: *paŋ-alap-an) *alap

paŋ-alap-an gogothe place or means by which one acquires strength (PWMP: *paŋ-alap-an) *alap

paŋ-ampun-anapology (PWMP: *paŋ-ampun-an) *ampun

pa-ŋan-anplate or anything similar from which a person eats (PWMP: *pa-ŋaen-an) *kaen

paŋgilcall, summon (LOAN)

paŋguŋheap, pile, knoll (PWMP: *paŋguŋ)

paŋguŋ-anhearth (PWMP: *paŋguŋ-an) *paŋguŋ

paŋ-hilala-anemotion, feeling, sentiment (PAN: *kilala)

paŋ-inum-andrinking vessel (PWMP: *paŋ-inum-an) *inum

paŋ-isiinhabitants (PMP: *pa-isi) *isi₅

paŋkalstem, basal part of a tree or shrub; capital with which one works (PWMP: *paŋkal)

paŋkatrank, position (in a hierarchy) (LOAN)

Toba Batak (1360 / 1984)

paŋkurhoe (LOAN)

paŋ-oroŋa dog (PWMP: *maŋ-heReŋ) *heReŋ

paŋ-uras-onwhat is used to wash something (PWMP: *paŋ-huRas) *SuRas

pa-onom-honthe sixth (PMP: *pa-enem) *enem

papanboard, plank; floor boards (PMP: *papan)

pa-pa-ŋan-ieat a lot (PWMP: *pa-ŋaen) *kaen

pa-pate-honbring to an end, extinguish (PMP: *pa-p-atay) *aCay

pa-piga-honthe which? (in quantitative sequence) (PAN: *pijax)

pa-pitu-honseventh (PAN: *pitu₁) *pitu

pa-podomto lull to sleep (PWMP: *pezem)

par-Substantives with the prefix par- do occur without there being a corresponding verb with the prefix mar-. These substantives are derived from substantives that have a preposition before them, or from those that, with a preposition, function as adverbs ... These substantives rather represent a person and, therefore, can also be formed from intransitive verbs (van der Tuuk 1971:186) (PWMP: *paR-) *paR-₁

par- + N + -anmakes nouns of place (Nababan 1981:95) (PWMP: *paR- ... -an) *paR-₁

par-ama-onrelationship of children to their father (PWMP: *paR-ama-en) *amax

par-anakthe one who arranges the marriage for a young man (Vergouwen 1964:156) (PWMP: *paR-anak) *aNak

paraŋmachete, bush knife (LOAN)

paraŋemanner, behavior, conduct (LOAN)

para-parawooden rack that in a Batak house runs from the door around the entire house (PMP: *paRa paRa) *paRa₁

para-paraa wooden shelf that runs from the door entirely around the interior of a Batak house (LOAN)

parapatkind of bamboo (NOISE)

par-api-anhearth, fireplace (PWMP: *paR-hapuy-an) *Sapuy

Toba Batak (1380 / 1984)

par-ate-ateirascible, irritable (PMP: *qatay) *qaCay

parauboat, ship (PMP: *paraqu)

par-bintaŋ-anconstellation (LOAN)

par-borŋin-anplace where one spends the night (PWMP: *paR-beRŋi-an) *beRŋi

par-buat-ansource of gain or acquisition, work; source of misfortune (PWMP: *paR-buhat-an) *buhat₂

par-buat-ongoods, wealth (PWMP: *paR-buhat-en) *buhat₂

par-buŋa-annavel (PMP: *buŋa)

par-buri-anvessel for water used in washing (PMP: *buRiq)

par-burua hunter (LOAN)

par-buruhunter (NOISE)

par-dua-ana part/division of the inheritance (PMP: *duha) *duSa

par-h<al>aŋkaŋ-anspace between the upper thighs, the crotch (PWMP: *kaŋkaŋ₁)

par-hauall kinds of timber used for building (PMP: *kahiw) *kaSiw

par-hobol-onskill in making oneself invulnerable (PWMP: *kebel)

par-huta-anplace where a village is built (LOAN)

pariamaPleiades (PWMP: *pariama)

par-ibanMBD (the preferred spouse of a man); two sisters ... are each other's pariban, they are marpariban, and call each other haha and aŋgi and not iboto. Each sister is also marpariban to the husband of the other and both their husbands are marpariban to each other also. Sisters are always very attached to each other, and, as a rule, the same is true of their husbands. (Vergouwen 1964:47) (PMP: *ibah-an) *ibaS

parikembankment, earthen wall (PWMP: *parij)

parikembankment, earthen wall (PWMP: *parik)

par-ina-anmates (of animals); female, of domesticated animals (PWMP: *paR-ina-an) *ina

Toba Batak (1400 / 1984)

par-mataglasses, spectacles; person who is gifted (PWMP: *paR-mata) *maCa

par-m-ian-anplace where one stays or resides (PWMP: *paR-ian-an) *ian₂

par-m-inumdrunkard (PWMP: *paR-inum) *inum

par-rabuh-anpowder container (PMP: *Rabuk)

par-sahit-anillness (PWMP: *paR-sakit-an) *sakit

par-sapi-honbring into harmony or conformity (PWMP: *sapiq)

par-si-aun-ana swing (PWMP: *ayun)

par-sindakneutral (NOISE)

par-siŋircreditor (PWMP: *siŋir)

par-siŋir-andebtor (PWMP: *siŋir)

par-tabanone who captures or plunders, plunderer (PMP: *taban) *tabaN

par-tonun-anloom (PAN: *tenun)

par-ulos-onclothing (PMP: *qules₂) *qules

par-ulos-onclothing (PWMP: *paR-qules-en) *qules

par-uma-umafarmer (PWMP: *paR-quma) *qumah

par-utaŋ-ana creditor (PWMP: *paR-qutaŋ-an) *qutaŋ

pasaŋmatching, going together (PMP: *pasaŋ₁)

pasaŋprepare, use; prepare for use (PWMP: *pasaŋ₂)

pasaŋflood tide (PWMP: *pasaŋ₄)

pasarmarketplace (LOAN)

Toba Batak (1420 / 1984)

pa-sia-honninth (PMP: *siwa) *Siwa

pa-sisipush to the side (PWMP: *sisiq₁) *sisiq

pa-susu-honto nurse a child (PAN: *pa-susu-en) *susu₁

pa-taru-honto escort someone who is leaving (PMP: *taRuq)

pa-tauh-onto make skilled (PMP: *taqu₂) *Caqu

p-atecomplete, finished, come to an end (argument, process); dead (PMP: *p-atay) *aCay

pa-tolu-nathe day after tomorrow (PAN: *telu)

pa-tomu-honto bring together (PWMP: *temu₂)

pa-tua-hon amafeed one’s father in his old age shortly before he dies (PMP: *tuqah) *tuqaS

patutwhat is right and proper; decent, becoming (LOAN)

pauŋChinese umbrella (PWMP: *payuŋ)

pealow, flat (usually of land) (LOAN)

pendekshort; low (LOAN)

piaksplit in the middle (PWMP: *pihak)

pia matacoveted; to want, desire (PMP: *pia₃)

pigahow much?, how many? (PAN: *pijax)

pihotthick, sticky, viscous, of clay (PWMP: *piket₂)

pijorweld together, solder together (LOAN)

pilito single out, choose (PAN: *piliq)

p<in>a-handomesticated animals (PAN: *p<in>a-kaen) *kaen

Toba Batak (1440 / 1984)

pintarequest, petition (LOAN)

pintorright; upright, honest (LOAN)

pintudoor (LOAN)

piŋganplate (LOAN)

piŋorfull of sounds, so that it cannot hear clearly (of the ear) (ROOT)

pipiface (PMP: *pihpih) *piSpiS

pipiscrush something with a roller (PMP: *pipis₂) *pipis₁

piraksilver (LOAN)

pisoknife, short sword (PMP: *pisaw)

pispis-aneaves of the house into which rain from the roof drains off (PWMP: *pispis-an) *pispis₃

pitpitclosed, of the eyes (PAN: *pitpit₂)

pituseven (PAN: *pitu₁) *pitu

podaŋsword with cross-grip, sabre (LOAN)

podom-ansleeping place, bed (PWMP: *pezem)

pogospoor (PMP: *hapejes)

pogugall (PAN: *qapejux)

pojamclosed, of the eyes; blind (NOISE)

pojam ni bulannew moon (NOISE)

polpolstopped up, blocked, as a pipe (PWMP: *pelpel)

po-l-tukcrackle, of roasting rice or corn (PWMP: *petuk)

Toba Batak (1460 / 1984)

pondokhut, in particular a sales booth that one erects by the roadside (LOAN)

pontashigher floor in a house (a kind of gallery in front of the house where the chiefs are fond of sitting) (LOAN)

ponusea turtle (PMP: *peñu)

poradry, of provisions, tobacco, wood, throat; brittle, fragile (PWMP: *pera)

poraŋwar, campaign (LOAN)

por-mano-mano-ana gift by which one thinks of someone (LOAN)

poroto squeeze out, wring out, to milk (an animal) (PAN: *peReq)

porospress together (PAN: *peRes)

potibox, trunk, chest (LOAN)

potpotgrow close together; dense (of vegetation) (PWMP: *petpet₂)

puaŋfriend, mate; husband (PMP: *puaŋ)

p-udiback, behind; after (PWMP: *pa-udehi) *udehi

pudunknot in a string (PMP: *pudun) *puduN

puhota large dragnet (PMP: *puket₁)

puhuŋclenched (hand); bent, curved (ROOT)

pulaŋcome back empty (PWMP: *pulaŋ)

puloisland (LOAN)

pulostwisted (PMP: *pules)

pulo tanjuŋpeninsula (LOAN)

pulpul-ana bird; wild jungle fowl (PWMP: *pulpul₁)

Toba Batak (1480 / 1984)

pulu-anten (PWMP: *puluq-an) *puluq

puluŋgathered, brought together (PAN: *puluŋ)

pulutglue, anything that adheres (PMP: *pulut)

punekind of wild dove (PAN: *punay)

punsupoint, peak, end (PWMP: *puncu)

punsu ni arilast day of the week, month, year (PWMP: *puncu)

punsu ni dolokpeak of a mountain (PWMP: *puncu)

puruna heap of shrubbery that one sticks into the fire (LOAN)

pururball of clay that is slung at birds to scare them off (NOISE)

pusoknavel; the umbilical cord with the placenta; middle point, center (PMP: *pusej)

pusok-pusoh-onhave pain in the area of the navel (of children) (PMP: *pusej)

pusok-pusokbellyache (PMP: *pusej)

pusorwhirlpool, eddy (PWMP: *puseD)

pusor-anhair whorl (on the crown in people, but the forehead in animals) (PWMP: *puseD)

pusukpoint, treetop, peak, summit (PAN: *qapucuk)

pusu-pusuthe heart; metaphorically sentiments, emotion (PMP: *pusuq₁)

putipure, white (PMP: *putiq)

putputfall out, of feathers (PAN: *putput₁)

putuscome to an end, as a conflict; dead, of men and animals (PWMP: *putus₂)

rabukpowder (PMP: *Rabuk)

Toba Batak (1500 / 1984)

raburscattered, strewn (ROOT)

rabutrough, hairy, of the skin (PWMP: *rambut)

rahutbound together tightly (PMP: *Rakut)

raithook (ROOT)

rambarnumeral classifier for leaves, clothes, etc. (LOAN)

raŋkitraft; rattan bridge over the water (PMP: *Rakit)

raparsuffer from hunger (PMP: *lapaR₁)

rapotlime, mortar used to cement things together (PMP: *rapet)

raráred (PMP: *rara)

rarua tree whose bitter bark is used to make palm wine intoxicating: Peltophorumferrugineum Benth. (NOISE)

ratushundred (PMP: *Ratus) *RaCus

reabig, main (PAN: *Raya)

rearsail (PAN: *layaR)

riarwild, of animals, of the sea, and also of men (LOAN)

ributvery busy; commotion, disturbance; confusion; uproar, insurrection (PMP: *ribut)

riŋgit buruŋsilver coin with an eagle shape (LOAN)

ripurbe annihilated or destroyed (PWMP: *ripur)

robuŋinner leaves or shoots of banana, bamboo, etc (PMP: *rebuŋ)

roha buruklazy, good-for-nothing character (PAN: *buRuk)

romuk-romuksmall pieces (PMP: *remuk)

Toba Batak (1520 / 1984)

roŋgurthunder (ROOT)

ruakwide, spacious (PWMP: *ruqag)

ruarcome out (PMP: *luqar)

rumahouse, especially the beautifully constructed houses of the wealthy (PAN: *Rumaq)

rumbiasago palm (PMP: *Rumbia)

rusrusslowly slip or slide down (PWMP: *rusrus₂)

rusukribs (PAN: *Rusuk)

rusúkimpaled (PAN: *Rusuk)

rusuk barathe transverse beams placed through the posts under a Batak house so that carabaos can’t enter the space (PAN: *Rusuk)

sasatiated, satisfied (PWMP: *saweqaq)

sa-ampina piece of cloth as large as a woman can weave at one time (PWMP: *ampin)

sabairrigated ricefield (as opposed to hauma tur ‘dry ricefield/swidden plot’) (PWMP: *sabaq)

saba laŋitricefield that is irrigated only by the rains (PWMP: *sabaq)

sa-baŋun-ana sentence; a series of things (PWMP: *baŋun-an) *baŋuN

sabathindrance, impediment, obstacle (NOISE)

saborbarrier of sugar-palm shoots placed in the water so that fish may be netted along it (PWMP: *sabeD)

sabukloincloth (LOAN)

sabuŋ-ancock, rooster (PWMP: *sabuŋ₁)

sabuŋ-sabuŋinflame two parties to discord (PWMP: *sabuŋ₁)

saburscatter, disseminate (PWMP: *sabuD)

Toba Batak (1540 / 1984)

saburstrewn out (as the stars across the night sky) (PMP: *saq(e)buR)

saburscattered, disseminated (PMP: *sabuR)

sabur bintaŋthe stars are strew countlessly across the sky; sprinkled with white, of a fowl (PMP: *sabuR)

sabur-ontime of sowing; as a calendrical term, the three months of the rice-growing cycle (PWMP: *sabuD)

sabur-onsowing time (the third month of the rice growing year) (PMP: *saq(e)buR)

sabur-onsowing season, time for sowing (PMP: *sabuR)

sabur ubanscattered white hairs in a head of black (PMP: *sabuR)

sabutthe fibrous outer shell of a coconut (PWMP: *sabut)

sa-daone (PAN: *esa)

sagupith or meal of certain plants (sago palm, arrowroot, etc.) (PMP: *sagu₁)

sagu-sagulittle cakes made of moistened ricemeal (a favorite Batak delicacy) (PMP: *sagu₁)

sahitsickness, illness, disease (PMP: *sakit)

sahit-anto be sick (PWMP: *sakit-an) *sakit

sahit ha-mate-andeadly sickness (PWMP: *ka-m-atay-an) *aCay

saksidetermination, ruling, order (LOAN)

salafault, error, mistake; defect; sin (PMP: *salaq₁)

salagawooden piece on the neck of a buffalo to which the plough is attached (LOAN)

sale-ana shelf placed over the hearth and used to dry wood quickly (PWMP: *salay-an) *salay

salim-bolbol-anblockage of a water conduit (PMP: *belbel₁)

salimpotpotfirefly (PWMP: *salim-petpet)

Toba Batak (1560 / 1984)

salumbuŋa cape or cloak that has been sewed together (LOAN)

samatogether, with one another (PWMP: *sama)

sambalpungent side-dish with rice (LOAN)

sam-bolaa half, a side (PAN: *belaq)

sam-borhosa bundle (PMP: *beRkes)

samiranything used to provide shelter -- as leaves (PWMP: *samir)

sampearrive, be complete (e.g. sampe tolu bulan ‘three full months/up to, until three months’) (PMP: *sampay₂) *sampay

sampe-sampean outer garment, like a shawl that is draped over the shoulder (PMP: *sampay₁) *sapay

sa-m-p<in>odomfirst time for going to sleep, 10 PM (PWMP: *pezem)

sa-m-puluten (PMP: *sa-ŋa-puluq) *puluq

san-dahopas much as a man can enclose with encircling arms (PAN: *dakep)

sandiŋadjustable wall planks (LOAN)

santancoconut milk (said to be from Malay) (LOAN)

san-topapone handspan in width (PWMP: *tepap)

saŋ-haua piece, a sheet (of paper) (PWMP: *sa-ŋ-kahiw) *kaSiw

saŋkalanchopping board for meat (PWMP: *saŋkalan)

saŋkuta hook (PWMP: *saŋkut)

saoŋumbrella made of pandanus leaves (PWMP: *saeŋ)

sa-otika little bit (PWMP: *sa-etik) *etik

sa-par-opata fourth (PWMP: *paR-epat) *Sepat

Toba Batak (1580 / 1984)

sa-par-tolua third (PAN: *telu)

sa-pasaŋone pair (PMP: *pasaŋ₁)

sapito agree with; rhyme (PWMP: *sapiq)

sapubroom (PMP: *sapu)

saputthe cloth in which one wraps a corpse; winding sheet (PMP: *saput₁)

saput-ana wrapped packet (PWMP: *saput-an) *saput₁

saput-saputwrapper, covering for something (PMP: *saput₁)

saraŋ(an)nest of insects such as ants (LOAN)

sa-ratusone hundred (PMP: *Ratus) *RaCus

saruŋsheath of a knife (PWMP: *saruŋ)

sarurdiarrhoea (PWMP: *saluR)

seatcut, slice (PWMP: *sayad)

sederslanting, inclined (PWMP: *sindiR)

sembatcompensation in lieu of the payment of a debt (NOISE)

simarker of personal names; also used of landscape features, rivers, mountains, etc. (PAN: *si₁)

sianine (PMP: *siwa) *Siwa

siakspicy, hot, as pepper (NOISE)

si-alaŋ-alaŋnot enough to make two, but too much for one, as with pieces in carpentry (PWMP: *alaŋ-alaŋ₁) *alaŋ-alaŋ

si-alap arimessenger of the bridegroom to the father of the bride to inquire about the day of the wedding ceremony (PAN: *alap)

si anuSo-and-So, name of someone whom one does not wish to, or cannot name (PWMP: *i-anu, si-anu) *-nu₁

Toba Batak (1600 / 1984)

siaŋbright; to clear up, as after a rain (PWMP: *siaŋ)

sibakto tear up (PWMP: *sibak)

si-balatree with weak, worthless wood (NOISE)

si-balik sumpaperjurer (PWMP: *sumpaq)

si-baruŋheron (white, silver-gray and black varieties) (NOISE)

si-birik, birik-birika bird that flies in huge flocks (LOAN)

si-biroŋblack horse (PMP: *biReŋ)

si-boláa tree with five-lobed red leaves (NOISE)

si-buŋka botolcorkscrew (PMP: *buka)

si-dali-anpretext, pretense, excuse (PWMP: *dalih-an) *dalih

si-étéh-étéh-onchildhood, youth (PAN: *qitik₁)

sigakcrow (si gak?) (ROOT)

si-gonop arievery day, daily (PWMP: *genep)

si gu-landakporcupine (PWMP: *landak)

si-ha-buni-ansecrecy (PMP: *buni₁) *buNi

si-haha-anthe oldest brother or sister (PMP: *kaka₂)

sihapagile, skillful (PWMP: *sikap₂)

siharcheerful, alert (PWMP: *sikaD)

sihata bunch of bananas (PWMP: *sikat)

si-hutiŋ-hutiŋkind of black ant (PWMP: *kutiŋ)

Toba Batak (1620 / 1984)

siksound used to shoo away chickens (PWMP: *cik)

sikkopsufficing, sufficient (NOISE)

si-lalahi-ana tree that has only male blossoms, like the papaya (PMP: *laki₁)

si-lamlam ateategentle, meek (PWMP: *lamlam₂)

si-landukthe mousedeer, which is very crafty, and so in Batak tales plays a role like that of the fox (LOAN)

silbaksplinter; splintered (ROOT)

si-lima-limathe five divisions of the day (PMP: *lima-lima) *lima

si<l>lakbright, white (PMP: *silak₁) *silak

silodazzling glare, dazzlingly bright (PMP: *silaw)

silo-an matabe temporarily blinded by dazzling light (PMP: *silaw)

silpokbroken up, shattered (ROOT)

siltakburst, split, crack (ROOT)

si-mar-ate-atekind of plant with leaves that resemble a liver (PMP: *qatay qatay₁)

si mar-ihur-ihur ni asu(lit. 'the one with a dog's tail') a small plant the leaves of which are applied to abscesses (PMP: *ikuR ikuR ni asu) *ikuR

si matuaparents-in-law and their siblings (WF, WM, HF, HM) (PMP: *ma-tuqah) *tuqaS

simpanready, finished (LOAN)

simpan bahenmake it ready, put it in order (LOAN)

sindakkeep oneself apart or at a distance; remain apart; restrain oneself (NOISE)

sindarbeam of light, ray (PMP: *sindar)

sindirpetty matter over which one becomes vexed; cause of a quarrel (LOAN)

Toba Batak (1640 / 1984)

sintaksuddenly; pulled out with a jerk; yanked up; be struck by lightning (PWMP: *sintak)

sin-tuaeldest; chief (leader) (PMP: *tuqah) *tuqaS

s<in>uan tunasson (PMP: *suqan)

siŋgoh-anchoke when gulping, swallow the wrong way (PWMP: *sigek)

siŋirclaim, demand, debt; credit (PWMP: *siŋir)

siŋitindignation, wrath (PWMP: *siŋit)

si-paet-anfish sp. (PWMP: *paqit₁) *paqit

si-paha-limathe fifth month (PMP: *paka-lima₁) *lima

si-paha-opatthe fourth month (PMP: *paka-epat) *Sepat

si-paha-pituthe seventh Batak month (PAN: *pitu₁) *pitu

si-paha-siathe ninth month (PMP: *siwa) *Siwa

si-paha-toluthe third month (PAN: *telu)

sipaksplit apart at the joints (PWMP: *sipak)

si-pitu-pituthe seven days of the week (PAN: *pitu₁) *pitu

si-pulutkind of rice that yields a good glue (PMP: *pulut)

sirasalt (PAN: *qasiRa)

sira-bunash (PAN: *qasiRa)

siraŋseparated; to separate oneself from others; divorce (NOISE)

siratdesign on the edge of a cloth (LOAN)

si<r>paŋside path (PMP: *simpaŋ)

Toba Batak (1660 / 1984)

sirupslurp up (PAN: *siRup)

sisiedge (PWMP: *sisiq₁) *sisiq

sisígo to the side; be pushed to the side (PWMP: *sisiq₁) *sisiq

sisikscales of fish and snakes (PMP: *siksik₂)

si-silo-n (< *si-silu-an)fingernail, toenail; claw of an animal or bird (PWMP: *silu₂)

sisi ni lautedge of the sea, beach, strand (PWMP: *sisiq₁) *sisiq

sisipconcealed, hidden; bribery (NOISE)

sisirharrow (PMP: *sisir)

si-solisolinow the one, now the other (PWMP: *seli₁)

si-sopsop mudarleech (lit. ‘Bloodsucker’ as a nickname) (PAN: *sepsep)

si suru-onmessenger (‘the one who is sent’) (PWMP: *suRuq-en) *suRuq

(si)-toropk.o. tree (PWMP: *si teRep) *teRep

sobucover a fire with ashes (PMP: *sebuh) *sebuS

sohotcease, stop, discontinue (PWMP: *seked)

solpot bulan-onsuffer from a malady which manifests itself with the lunar cycle (PWMP: *bulan-en) *bulaN

solsol-anregret, remorse (PWMP: *selsel₂)

sombaworship, reverence; also a small offering as an expression of reverence (LOAN)

sombupacified; satisfied; quieted, of thirst, desire for revenge, anger, desire (NOISE)

somorunwilling, reluctant (LOAN)

somor-somorghost (LOAN)

Toba Batak (1680 / 1984)

sompitnarrow; pressed in tightly (PWMP: *sempit)

sompolto cork, plug up (ROOT)

sonaŋquiet, composed, calm; satisfied; happy (LOAN)

sondaŋlight, lustre (ROOT)

sondukspoon; concave (PWMP: *senduk)

soŋiksharp, biting, of odor (PMP: *seŋ(e)hij)

soŋkarthe three crossbeams that support the middle and lower part of the roof (PMP: *seŋkar)

soŋsoŋstopped up, blocked (PAN: *seŋseŋ)

sopa-sopachewed betel quid; lemon that has been sucked dry; coffee sediment; residue, remainder (PWMP: *sepaq)

sorbukpowder, dust (Also Malay serbok 'fine particles, powder (of wood)') (ROOT)

soriklet out a shrill scream as a battle-cry (PMP: *cerik)

so-r-nopextending into the water (PWMP: *ceñeb)

sornopextend into the water; immerse something (PWMP: *ce(R)neb)

soropstinger of an insect (NOISE)

sorua rat trap, consisting of a noose suspended from a springy bamboo (NOISE)

suan-suan-anuseful plants (PMP: *suqan)

suan-suan-anuseful plants (PWMP: *suan)

sugathorn, spike, sharp point (on trail) (PMP: *suja)

sugi-sugia quid of chewing tobacco (PWMP: *sugi)

suhat-suhatmeasurement (PWMP: *sukat)

Toba Batak (1700 / 1984)

suhueach, every, all together (Warneck 1906); ompu means ‘grandfather, great-grandfather, forefather, and ancestor; those who are of one and the same lineage, na saompu, thus represent the lineage stemming from a common forefather four generations back, as well as the lineage that is already 12 sundut = generations old and is on the way to becoming a marga ... The meaning of the term suhu = corner, group, is close to that of ompu in the expression suhu ni partubu = corners of the lineage, descent groups within one lineage; the word suhu, however, usually embraces less than ompu ... The term saompu defines units of about the extent of a marga branch, but each genealogical suhu is also an ompu; the terms are interchangeable (Vergouwen 1964) (PMP: *suku)

suhuŋstooped, bent; tie hands to feet (PWMP: *su(ŋ)kuŋ)

sulaŋ-sulaŋfood that is presented or offered to someone (NOISE)

suligibamboo lance (LOAN)

suliŋflute (said to be from Malay) (PWMP: *suliŋ)

sulu ~ sulu-sulutorch (PMP: *suluq)

s<um>ambutmeet someone halfway, compromise (PWMP: *sambut₂)

s<um>arbutto borrow (PMP: *cabut)

sumbaŋincest (PWMP: *sumbaŋ)

sumbiŋ-sumbiŋfull of chips and points, of something that has been broken; dented, jagged (PWMP: *sumbiŋ)

sumbuwick, fuse (LOAN)

sumpaoath (PWMP: *sumpaq)

sumpolstopper, cork (PWMP: *sumpel)

s<um>uluilluminate with a torch (PWMP: *s<um>uluq) *suluq

s<um>urutto withdraw, retreat (LOAN)

sunduŋslanting overhead, inclined, at an angle (PWMP: *sunduŋ)

suŋsaŋturned around, inverted, upside-down (LOAN)

suŋurhinoceros horn (PWMP: *suŋu₁)

suŋuttwisted moustache (PWMP: *suŋut₃)

Toba Batak (1720 / 1984)

surambiposts of the stall under the rice granary (PWMP: *surambiq)

suratletter (LOAN)

sursurto slide, trickle down, as soil or sand (NOISE)

suruŋpriority, superiority, advantage (PWMP: *suruŋ)

susaburden, worry, concern, care, sorrow (Malay) (LOAN)

susufemale breast; milk (PAN: *susu₁)

ta1pl. incl. possessive suffix, our (PAN: *-ta)

tabanbooty (PMP: *taban) *tabaN

tabartasteless, insipid (PWMP: *tabaR)

tabar-tabara shrub (NOISE)

tabiword used to excuse oneself, and also employed as a greeting (LOAN)

tabodelicious, tasty (PWMP: *tabeq)

tabo-tabofat (on meat), grease (PWMP: *tabeq)

tabupumpkin, gourd (PMP: *tabuq)

tabursprinked, speckled, spotted (as the sky sprinkled with stars) (PMP: *tabuR₁)

tabu-tabubottle gourd used as a rice container (PMP: *tabuq)

tahiplan, conclusion (NOISE)

tahulukcap, kind of head covering (said to be from Malay) (LOAN)

tahutfear, fright; dread; anxiety (PAN: *takut)

tahu-tahua scoop or ladle, vessel for scooping up liquid (PAN: *taku₂)

Toba Batak (1740 / 1984)

tahut-onto fear, be afraid (PWMP: *takut-en) *takut

tajaka machete (said to be from Malay) (LOAN)

tajimetal cockspur (LOAN)

tajomsharp, of knives and the like; cutting, of words (PMP: *tazem) *Cazem

takonomatopoetic for sound of banging (PMP: *tak)

taktakfalling down of many things (as leaves or fruits) (PAN: *taktak₁)

taktak bulua musical instrument made of bamboo (PAN: *taktak₂)

talamsmall clay pan (LOAN)

talirope, cable, thread, string, twine (PMP: *talih) *CaliS

tali-anan alloted piece of land (PWMP: *talih-an) *CaliS

talusuccumb, be defeated (PMP: *talu₂)

talunfallow land (PMP: *talun₁) *CaluN

tamasuitable, appropriate (PMP: *tamaq₁)

tamasuitable, appropriate (PAN: *tama₁)

tamanaŋbloodflow (PWMP: *tamanaŋ)

tamanaŋ bulanmenses (PWMP: *tamanaŋ)

tamanaŋ bulan-onthe monthly menstrual flow (PWMP: *bulan-en) *bulaN

tambaincrease, augmentation, what is added to or given as a supplement (PWMP: *tambaq)

tambakburial mound that one properly undertakes and plants with trees (PMP: *tambak₂)

tambaŋwide, across, behind (NOISE)

Toba Batak (1760 / 1984)

tambatbound tightly; to tie to (LOAN)

tambilaŋspade (LOAN)

tambulside dish that is eaten when drinking palm wine (LOAN)

tampakblunt, not sharp at the tip (LOAN)

tampara long rod with a wide end used to catch birds; also a flyswatter (PWMP: *tampar₂)

tandasign; sign of recognition (LOAN)

tandusedan chair (LOAN)

tandukhorn, antler (LOAN)

tanoearth, ground, land (PMP: *taneq)

tano hudonclay (lit. ‘potting earth’) (PAN: *kuden)

tano liatclay (‘sticky earth’) (PMP: *taneq)

tanom-angrave (PMP: *tanem) *CaNem

tanom-angrave (PAN: *tanem-an) *CaNem

tano na batu-onstony land (PWMP: *batu-en) *batux

taŋabug; wall louse (PWMP: *taŋaq₃)

taŋgaladder (PMP: *taŋga₁)

taŋgaldetached, unravelled, become loose or free (PWMP: *taŋgal)

taŋgulthat which one uses to defend himself against a blow (PWMP: *taŋgul)

taŋisto weep, to cry (PMP: *taŋis) *Caŋis

taŋis-taŋisto weep, to cry (PMP: *taŋis-taŋis) *Caŋis

Toba Batak (1780 / 1984)

taŋkapseize, graph (said to be from Malay) (LOAN)

taŋkosteal (PMP: *takaw₁) *Cakaw

taŋko-anwhat is stolen, loot (PWMP: *takaw-an) *Cakaw

taónset up, of a deadfall trap (PMP: *taqen)

taon na burukthe old year in contrast with the new (PAN: *buRuk)

taon-taon-andeadfall trap, noose trap (PMP: *taqen)

tapaksandal (PWMP: *tapak₁)

tapak ni patsole of the foot (PWMP: *tapak₁)

tapak ni taŋanpalm of the hand (PWMP: *tapak₁)

tapissieve (PWMP: *tapis₃)

tar-buaŋbe banished (PMP: *buqaŋ)

tar-durube pushed to the side (PWMP: *zuRu)

tar-gitikbe irritated (PWMP: *gitik)

tar-gotato ooze sap, of trees that have been slashed (PWMP: *geteq)

tar-hapitpressed tightly (PMP: *kapit)

tar-haraŋrun aground on a reef (PMP: *karaŋ)

tar-huruŋbe caught, made captive (PWMP: *kuruŋ)

tarikstretch out straight, pull straight, as a rope (LOAN)

tar-lubaŋfall into a pit (PMP: *lubaŋ₁)

tar-podomto fall asleep, become drowsy (PWMP: *pezem)

Toba Batak (1800 / 1984)

tar-sambolbe slaughtered (LOAN)

tar-seatcut oneself (PWMP: *sayat)

tar-sodaŋunfit, unsuitable, improper (LOAN)

tar-solatable to pass through (PWMP: *taR-selat) *selat

tar-solsol bagisad, sorrowful (PWMP: *selsel₂)

tar-sugatread on a trail spike (PMP: *suja)

tar-sumbatplugged up (PWMP: *sumbad)

tar-suratbe written (LOAN)

tar-tabanbe captured, be taken captive (PMP: *taban) *tabaN

tar-tanombe buried (PMP: *tanem) *CaNem

tar-tanombecome buried (PWMP: *taR-tanem) *CaNem

tar-tutuŋto be or become burned (PMP: *tutuŋ)

taru-an maŋan, taru-an minumhave a servant who brings you food and drink (PWMP: *taRuq-an) *taRuq

taru-tarudung, manure (PWMP: *taRuq taRuq) *taRuq

tarutuŋdurian tree and its fruit (PMP: *taRutuŋ)

tassound of beating (LOAN)

ta-taŋis-ito cry over someone or something (PMP: *taŋis-i) *Caŋis

tauskilled (PMP: *taqu₂) *Caqu

tedirt, filth, feces (PMP: *taqi) *Caqi

tembakan aim, aiming (LOAN)

Toba Batak (1820 / 1984)

te ni bintaŋshooting star (PWMP: *taqi nu bituqen) *Caqi

te ni hudonsoot on a cooking pot (PMP: *taqi) *Caqi

tihusrat (LOAN)

tiktikto tap on something, as money to see if it is genuine; to knock on a door, to tap on a lime case to make the contents fall out (PMP: *tiktik₁)

tiktikto tap on something, as money to see if it is genuine; to knock on a door, to tap on a lime case to make the contents fall out (PAN: *tiktik₁)

tilpokbreak up, shatter (ROOT)

timalead, tin, zinc (PWMP: *timeRaq)

timbahotobacco (LOAN)

timbohigh, height (PWMP: *timbaw₂)

timbulappear, come into view, of the stars; elevated (PWMP: *timbul)

timbun-ana heap, pile (PWMP: *timbun)

timpaŋto limp (PMP: *timpaŋ)

t<in>aruegg (PWMP: *t<in>aRuq) *taRuq

tindipiled high (LOAN)

tindo-anplace where one has a panoramic view (PMP: *tindaw)

tiŋgalbe left over (LOAN)

tiŋtiŋsomething that is struck to call people together (PMP: *tiŋtiŋ)

tiptipcut off, trim (PWMP: *tiptip)

tirisdrip, leak (PMP: *tiRis)

tiruto copy, imitate; counterfeit (LOAN)

Toba Batak (1840 / 1984)

tobiŋedge of the water, shore (LOAN)

tobiŋedge of the water (NOISE)

tobusugarcane (PMP: *tebuh₁) *tebuS

tobusransom money (PMP: *tebus)

todosto kill, murder (PWMP: *tedes)

togaŋbe held open; keep someone or something out (NOISE)

togosconsecrated, dedicated (NOISE)

togustrong, firm (LOAN)

tokknocking or rapping sound (PMP: *tek)

tok ni uluheadache (PMP: *tek)

toktoka portion, share (PAN: *tektek₁)

tolon-anthroat (PWMP: *telen-an) *telen

toloŋreed grass (LOAN)

toluthree (PAN: *telu)

tomandecent, chaste, reserved (NOISE)

tombakforest, thicket (NOISE)

tompashape, form of something (NOISE)

tompusuddenly (LOAN)

tomu-tomu-ongift with which one greets someone (PWMP: *temu₂)

tontuready; in order (LOAN)

Toba Batak (1860 / 1984)

tonunweaving (PAN: *tenun)

toŋgola single-colored flag, military flag (LOAN)

toŋoncorrect, true, accurate (LOAN)

topato form, forge (NOISE)

topaphandspan (PWMP: *tepap)

topaspound bamboo or palm wood flat in order to make house walls from it (NOISE)

topiban, shore; edge, boundary (LOAN)

topiedge, border (LOAN)

topi aekriver bank (LOAN)

topi lautshore of the sea (LOAN)

topisgo around the edge (LOAN)

toraŋbright, clear (LOAN)

torasinnermost wood of a tree, heartwood (PMP: *teRas)

torlukbay, cove (PWMP: *teluk)

toropmultitude; many, numerous; the common people (in contrast with the chief) (PMP: *teReb)

toruspress through, penetrate (PWMP: *terus)

tostorn, of thread (NOISE)

totopfixed; unchanging; determined; perpetual (LOAN)

tualuck (PWMP: *tuaq)

tuakpalm wine from the sugar palm: Arenga saccharifera (PMP: *tuak)

Toba Batak (1880 / 1984)

tuanlord; term used for Europeans and in many cases for chiefs (PMP: *qatuan)

tubaplant with poisonous roots used to stun fish (PAN: *tubah)

tuba tihusrat poison, arsenic (PAN: *tubah)

tubuto arise, be born, grow; child; sprout (PMP: *tubuq, tumbuq) *Cubuq

tubu-angive birth, beget (PWMP: *tubuq-an) *Cubuq

tuhoborder marker (NOISE)

tuhorpurchase price (LOAN)

tujudirection toward something (PMP: *tuzu)

tukkotstick, staff, cane (PAN: *tuked)

tuktukbeak of a bird (PAN: *tuktuk₁)

tulakbe sent back, rejected (PMP: *tulak)

tulidrop in, call on, visit someone when travelling (PMP: *tuluy₂)

tulito stop by, to call at; visit someone while travelling through (PWMP: *tuli₂) *tuli

tulivisit, call on someone when passing by (NOISE)

tulisstripe on an animal’s hide (LOAN)

tultulblunt (PMP: *tultul)

tulusto come about (PMP: *tulus)

tumadragonfly larva (PMP: *tumah) *CumeS

t<um>a-taŋisto weep, to cry (PAN: *C<um>aŋis) *Caŋis

t<um>orluk-torlukmake a wave-like movement (PWMP: *teluk)

Toba Batak (1900 / 1984)

tunasplant shoot, sprout (PWMP: *tunas)

tunduksubjugated, subdued, conquered (LOAN)

tuŋgalmale, of animals (LOAN)

tuŋguto admonish, call attention to a fault (LOAN)

tuŋkaŋcraftsman: carpenter, smith, etc. (LOAN)

tuŋkaŋ bosismith (LOAN)

tuŋkupcover, lid; door (PWMP: *tuŋkup)

tuŋochicken louse (PWMP: *tuŋaw₁)

tuŋtuŋa wooden bell (PAN: *CuŋCuŋ)

tupuŋa rolled-up leaf; gather, assemble (ROOT)

turiksmallpox; pox-marks, pock-marked (PMP: *turik)

(turik)-turih-onbe afflicted with pock marks (PMP: *turik)

turutagreeable, fitting, suitable (PWMP: *tuRut)

tustuswooden support tied under the house posts (LOAN)

tusukto stab, kill (PAN: *tusuk)

tututhe stone with which Spanish pepper is crushed (PAN: *tuqtuq)

tutustone used to crush Spanish pepper (PAN: *tutuh)

tu-tutrue, really, certain (PMP: *tuqu-tuqu) *tuqu₂

tutupcovered, closed; a cover, as for a table (PMP: *tutup₁)

tuturregulated, put in rows (PMP: *tutur₁)

Toba Batak (1920 / 1984)

uaexclamation (PAN: *ua₁)

uaŋ, waŋmoney; monetary unit worth 16 duit (LOAN)

uapsteam, vapor; odor (PWMP: *huab₁) *huab

uasthirst .. ma-uas thirsty (LOAN)

ubachange, become different (LOAN)

ubangray hair (PMP: *quban) *qubaN

uban-onhave gray hair (PWMP: *quban-en) *qubaN

ubatmedicine; gunpowder (LOAN)

ubiwild yam eaten only in time of famine (PMP: *qubi)

ubuŋtie, bind together (LOAN)

udafather's younger brother (PMP: *qubi)

udanrain (PMP: *quzan) *quzaN

udaŋshrimp (PAN: *qudaŋ)

ugaricustom, manner, way (expected **/ugali/) (PWMP: *ugaliq)

ugusrub, scrub oneself (NOISE)

uhircut or carve out figures or ornaments (PMP: *ukir)

ujitest, try, attempt; test oneself in combat, endure an ordeal (PWMP: *uzi)

ujuŋend; exit (PMP: *quzuŋ)

ukedisinter, dig or scrape out of the earth (PWMP: *hukay)

uloksnake (PMP: *qulej)

Toba Batak (1940 / 1984)

ulok sapython (PMP: *sawa)

uloswoven Batak clothing; cloth worn on upper or lower body (PMP: *qules₂) *qules

u-l-pakbeat, hit, chop (PWMP: *upak₂)

ulpakhit, hew, chop (ROOT)

ultopblowpipe; also youngest leaves of the banana and palms, when rolled up and about as thick as a blowpipe (NOISE)

uluhead; chief (PMP: *qulu) *quluh

ulu ni susunipple of the breast (PWMP: *qulu ni susu) *quluh

-um-verbal infix which "when it occurs intransitively, is both active and passive in meaning. When it is active it represents, often in contrast to the verb ... (with pa-), an action that does not result from the will of the thing carrying it out." The passive meaning occurs in constructions relating to: 1. the performing or satisfying of a natural need (eating, drinking, sleeping, urinating), 2. a movement that makes a marked impression on any of the sense organs, 3. a higher degree of some quality (g-um-abe 'be richer', um-balga 'be larger', etc.). Transitive verbs with the infix -um- "are simply variants of those with the prefix maŋ-, and they are used more in the elaborate poda language, in stories, laws, and aphorisms in verse form (uppama), than in daily life." (van der Tuuk 1971:117ff). (PMP: *<um>) *-um-

umafield (PMP: *quma) *qumah

umanimitate, copy, repeat (PAN: *quman)

umbah-umbahthe piston which is moved up and down in the bamboo tube of a traditional bellows (PWMP: *humbak-humbak) *humbak

umbakwave (PWMP: *humbak)

umbaŋfloat on the water, drift (PWMP: *umbaŋ)

um-buhar hutaplunder an enemy village and take the inhabitants captive (PMP: *buŋkaR)

um-podom-ito lie on something (PWMP: *pezem)

unduŋ-unduŋprimitive hut, built as overnight lodging in transit, or for lepers (PMP: *uduŋ)

unjukpay the brideprice for a woman (LOAN)

unjukpay the brideprice for a woman (NOISE)

unokthe pith of trees and plants; the kernel of nuts (PMP: *qunej)

unok ni iponthe pulp of a tooth (PMP: *qunej)

Toba Batak (1960 / 1984)

untecitrus fruit: lemon, orange (PMP: *untay₂)

untulrebound, bounce back (PWMP: *untul)

untuŋgain, profit, fortune (LOAN)

untutflatus, fart (PMP: *qutut)

uŋkalgo up, of a balance scale (LOAN)

uŋkapopen, to open (PWMP: *hu(ŋ)kab)

uŋkurto measure (LOAN)

uŋut-uŋutgrumbling, grouching (PWMP: *uŋut)

uoArgus pheasant (LOAN)

upawages, payment (PMP: *upaq)

upikbroken off (PWMP: *upik)

upoh-upoksplinter, fragment (PWMP: *upek)

upokbroken to pieces (PWMP: *upek)

uraŋchild; have a child (LOAN)

uraspurify someone by sprinkling with citric acid and flowers (PMP: *huRas) *SuRas

uratroot; blood vein; nerve (PMP: *uRat) *huRaC

ursadeer (PWMP: *uRsa)

uruŋcollection, gathering; a thicket or grove surrounded by grasslands (PMP: *quruŋ)

urupto help; help or assistance (PWMP: *uRup)

usascour, scrub, rub (NOISE)

Toba Batak (1980 / 1984)

usirremove, drive off or away (PAN: *qusiR)

usuŋto carry (PMP: *qusuŋ)

utaŋdebt; owe a debt (PMP: *qutaŋ)

uta-utawhat is thrown up, what is vomited (PAN: *utaq)

utoh-utokbrain; bone marrow (PMP: *hutek)

utus-anrepresentative (PWMP: *utus₂)

waexclamation: now, then; please! (NOISE)

walueight (PAN: *walu)

warisheir; next of kin (LOAN)

735. Tobilung Dusun (1) WMP [aka: Dusun (Tobilung)]

-nu2sg possessor and non-subject agent (PAN: *-nu₂)

736. Toga (2) OC [lht] Vanuatu

γitəwe (plural incl.) (PAN: *k-ita) *ita₁

meru-kmother’s brother (POC: *matuqa) *tuqaS

737. Togian (1) WMP [bdl] (Bajau, Indonesian) Indonesia (Sulawesi)

buŋku yaliankle bone (PMP: *buku lali) *bukuh

738. Tokelauan (4) OC [tkl] Tokelau

auasilvery mullet: Neomyxus chaptalii (PMP: *qaRuas)

auasilvery mullet: Neomyxus chaptalii (PMP: *qawas)

hao-haoSphyraena forsteri (POC: *sao)

lapaflash of lightning (POC: *LapaR₂) *lapaR₂

739. Tolai (377) OC [aka: Raluana]

adefinite and indefinite article: the, a, an. It is prefixed to all common nouns, except those of a personal nature expressing relationships, parts of the body and person equipment, and also to adjectives; the possessive pronouns do not take it (PMP: *a₁)

apreposition: to, in, of, at (PAN: *qa₁)

apreposition: to, in, of, at (PMP: *ha₃) *Sa₂

aiit, sometimes used as a relative pronoun (POC: *ai₁)

a iapinterjection: make haste! (NOISE)

ai-viahow many?, how much?, how often?, how many at a time?, how many times? (POC: *pica) *pijax

alirswim, float, drift; float through the air, as a bird with motionless wings; adrift, drifting; to run (PMP: *qaliR)

alir-enrivulet or small stream caused by the rain (PMP: *qaliR-an) *qaliR

amanoutrigger of a canoe; that side of a canoe, port, larboard (POC: *saman) *saRman

anused when either there is no verb to express the idea or the spreaker is unable to recall the correct verb, so-and-so; thine, anything (PCEMP: *anu) *-nu₁

änito eat (POC: *kani) *kaen

atunfish sp. of the order Scombridae, a bonito (POC: *qatun)

a tutana tunaa native (POC: *tuna)

a wo tunaa native paddle (POC: *tuna)

bāor, because, whether; if; perhaps (POC: *ba₁)

badown (POC: *ba₄)

ba(NG) tread, go (POC: *pa₃) *ba₆

batread, go (POC: *pa₃) *ba₆

bakaperhaps (placed at the beginning of a sentence) (PMP: *baka₁)

bala-stomach, belly, abdomen, entrails (NOISE)

Tolai (20 / 377)

balalancrooked, aslant, as a tree; to sag (POC: *(bp)alalan)

bălirepay, replace, compensate, refund; punish, revenge, settle (POC: *bali) *baliw₁

bānbait (POC: *baniŋ) *paniŋ

banara tree: Thespesia populnea (PMP: *banaRu)

barbara-bara/ bore a hole, punch (NOISE)

barwhite heron: Ardea sacra "hew, carve (NOISE)

barwhite heron (NOISE)

baraperhaps (always placed at the end of the sentence) (POC: *baraŋ₂) *baraŋ

baratten, used of birds and their eggs, and sometimes pigs (NOISE)

baruŋsnore, grunt (ROOT)

biŋpress, squeeze, crush, wring as clothes; pinch or press with the fingers (NOISE)

biŋaspecies of shell-fish (POC: *biŋa) *biŋaq

birto stone; throw or fling a stone; chase away with stones (POC: *piriŋ₃) *biriŋ₂

birafat, grease, lard (POC: *biRaq₃) *biRaq₂

birafat, grease, lard (POC: *biRas₂) *biRas

boboone who looks vacantly on or in a fixed, steady manner; hence a foolish person; foolish, stupid, ignorant; to know nothing (POC: *bobo₁) *bobo

bonbe hidden by leaves (POC: *boñu)

bonbonpigeon sp. (POC: *bona₂)

bonotclose up, complete; to darn, as a hole in cloth; to patch (POC: *bonot)

bonuturtle; this word, although found in all areas, is rarely used in New Ireland and Duke of York; it may be a loanword from Nakanai (POC: *poñu) *peñu

Tolai (40 / 377)

boŋto cover, obscure, esp. of the clouds (POC: *boŋi) *beRŋi

boŋfoolish, mute (POC: *boŋol) *beŋel

boro-ipig, wild pig (POC: *boRok) *beRek

buato bubble, foam, boil, effervesce; foam, of the sea (POC: *bua) *bua₁

buaspecies of vine, Wedelia biflora, with yellow flowers, common in thickets near the beach (NOISE)

bua-ibetel nut: Areca catechu; more commonly bua or bue (POC: *buaq)

bua-i-naheart (POC: *buaq)

bualthe bush, a vague word for any place; be full of weeds (NOISE)

bual kutuiisland (NOISE)

bubfish sp. (unident.) (POC: *bubu₇)

bubuhum, sing (POC: *bubu₈)

bubuplant sp. with very thin heart-shaped leaves, the root of which is used in native perfumery as an ointment or embrocation to be rubbed on the bodies of dancers: Columbrina asiatica (POC: *bubu₃)

bubunkeep secret, keep quiet; vanish, as a ghost or a spirit (POC: *puni-puni) *buNi

bukboil, ulcer, abscess; hence any lump, corner, point, knob, etc. (POC: *buku) *bukuh

bukbukto swell out, esp. in a rude sense of the breasts (POC: *buku) *bukuh

buk na kau-naheel; knee (rare) (POC: *buku) *bukuh

buk na lima-naelbow (POC: *buku) *bukuh

buku-nahump (POC: *buku) *bukuh

bulafish sp. (NOISE)

buliturn, roll, turn something upside down (POC: *buliŋ) *puliŋ₁

Tolai (60 / 377)

bulitgum or dried sap of a tree; anything used for gum, putty, glue, paste, etc.; to stick with glue, fill up a hole with gum or putty (POC: *bulit₂) *bulit

bulit na livurwax, honey (POC: *bulit₂) *bulit

bunaa littoral vine, macerated and thrown into water in rock holes it stupefies fish; a bomb (POC: *(bp)una)

bunaa small dove: Aldirhinus insolitus (POC: *bune) *punay

buna-bunathe operation of stupefying fish with this macerated vine (POC: *(bp)una)

bunia littoral, spreading tree, Calophyllum inophyllum. Timber red and very useful. The curved branches are used for canoe-ribs and for ships (NOISE)

buŋday, either a natural or civil day of twleve hours or an astronomical day of twenty-four hours; market, market-day; go to market, buy at market; date (POC: *buŋi)

butagarbage, rubbish (NOISE)

butuclump of bamboos (POC: *putu, butu) *butu

dauləLesser Frigate Bird: Fregata ariel (POC: *(dr,d)aula)

dula-dulato slip or slide away; slippery (POC: *drulas) *dulas

g-alipacanarium almond (POC: *(q)alipa)

galipacanarium almond (NEAR)

i3sg. (PAN: *ia₁)

igenitive particle and preposition; of; a part of (before human nouns) (PMP: *qi₂)

iathere (PMP: *ia₂)

iaprefix used before names of females (NOISE)

iba-ibaresidue, excess, remainder, over and above (POC: *iba iba₂) *iba iba

ifi-ʔito blow (trans.) (POC: *ipi₁)

i-limafive (POC: *i-lima) *lima

Tolai (80 / 377)

-in-infix, inserted after the first letter of a verb to form a noun (PAN: *<in>) *-in-

inăM (rare) (PCEMP: *ina)

ineplie down, sleep (PAN: *qinep)

iŋavoice; to shout (PCEMP: *iŋaR)

iointerjection: yes! let's! (PMP: *qio)

ipa curl of the head, lock of hair (NOISE)

ippeel, peel off, pare (NOISE)

ipi(to) blow, of the wind (POC: *ipi₁)

irleaf of the croton (PMP: *siRi)

irto split, splice, esp. of small things (NOISE)

iubathe (PEMP: *isug) *hisuq

iubathe (POC: *iu₁)

ivefish sp. (NOISE)

ivu-nahair of the human body or of animals; fur, feathers, plumage, bristle (POC: *ipu-)

ivut, iwutto pluck, as the feather of a fowl, etc. (POC: *iput₂) *ibut₁

kabauUromys rufescens, the mosaic-tailed giant rat, usually about two feet in length (NOISE)

kăbuashes, dust, cinders; grey, dusty (a with breve) (POC: *qapu) *qabu

kaitto catch, as one’s self or clothes on a thorn or hook; to prick; barb, thorn (PMP: *kaqit)

kait-eto catch, as thorns in clothes, etc. (PMP: *kaqit)

kakamange (POC: *kaka₁)

Tolai (100 / 377)

kal-kali-lo-loi ~ ko-lo-loiant sp. (NEAR)

kamitscratch, catch, as a thorn in the clothes (PMP: *kamit)

kap ~ kapito catch, take, as a bird in a trap (POC: *kabi)

karto scratch (POC: *kakar-i) *karkar

karto scratch (POC: *kaRo) *kaRaw₁

karto scratch (POC: *karis₂) *garis

karto scratch (POC: *kari) *karis

karastinging nettle species: Dendrocnide sessiflora, Laportea interrupta (POC: *karat₂)

karameatongue (POC: *karamea)

karatto bite (PMP: *kaRat) *kaRaC

katliver (PMP: *qatay) *qaCay

katto gnaw to bits, bite into pieces, pull off the husk of a nut with the teeth (POC: *kati₂)

katitaputty nut: Parinari laurinum (POC: *katita)

kauparat, mouse: Mus browni (POC: *kasupe) *kazupay

kaurbamboo (PMP: *qauR)

kaurbamboo (POC: *kauru)

ketuŋto sound or resound, as the feet of a running person (LOAN)

kika kingfisher: Halcyon chloris or Halcyon sancta (POC: *kiki₁)

kikkingfisher: Halcyon chloris or H. sancta (PAN: *kiaw)

kilto turn something over, esp. leaves (POC: *kili)

Tolai (120 / 377)

kilala-ŋto know by given signs (PAN: *kilala)

kilikto tickle (PMP: *kilik₁)

kil-kilspade, any implement used for digging (POC: *kili)

kinitpick or pull out by means of the fingernails, to pinch or nip (PMP: *kinit)

kobottie together, as bamboos or stones for a fish trap; secretly encircle a person in order to catch him (POC: *kobot) *kebet₁

kodostraight (POC: *kodos)

kodostraight (POC: *kodoŋ) *kedeŋ

koklame, paralyzed; lameness, generally attributed to some poison which is put on tabu ground; a lame man (POC: *koki)

kokoall kinds of house spider (POC: *koko)

ko-kormango sp.: Mangifera minor (?) (POC: *koRa)

koŋ ~ koŋeto make an exclamation of surprise; to admire, be amazed or surprised at something, marvel (POC: *koŋe)

kotopiece of shell or glass used for cutting, or as a lance; hence, a lance; obsidian (POC: *koto)

kua-kuaa small pigeon or pheasant-dove: Macropygia carteretia and Macropygia nigirostris (POC: *kua kua)

kukaa generic word for crabs, Cancer spp. (POC: *kuka)

kunjealous, envious (POC: *kunu₁)

kuriapdolphin (POC: *kuriap)

kurukurusp. of bird (POC: *kurukuru)

kuruŋto snort, snarl, snore, growl, grunt, rumble; thunder (POC: *guRuŋ)

kuvurpigeon sp. (POC: *kupuR)

lātame, domesticated, of animals; be accustomed, be acclimatized (POC: *lasa₁)

Tolai (140 / 377)

lādish, bowl, any open utensil; shell of a coconut (POC: *lasa₂)

lalā (< *la-lapa)piece of hard, flat coral (POC: *lababa)

lalauto conceive in the womb; pregnant (NOISE)

lamageneral name for coconuts, including the tree, fruit, etc.; ripe coconut (POC: *lama₃)

lamanadeep, of the sea; deep sea, ocean (POC: *laman)

lamito sharpen; point; sharp-pointed (NEAR)

lauthe open sea; horizon; the bush people apply this word to any place out of sight; distant, remote, inaccessible, invisible (POC: *laur) *lahud

linit of a louse (POC: *lisa) *liseqeS

liko-liko-icurved, crooked, bent (POC: *liko₂) *likaw

li-liutto struggle, twist oneself about, fidget (PMP: *liut₂)

limafive (PAN: *lima)

lima tunaright hand (POC: *tuna)

liŋi-reto pour, pour out, spill, as water (PCEMP: *liŋi)

liuto pass; to twist, as a rope (PMP: *liu₂)

loŋor-oito hear, obey, listen, heed (POC: *roŋoR) *deŋeR

lorto bark, of a dog; to grunt, of a pig (NOISE)

lukunto bend; to close, as a clasp-knife; to roll up, as a mat (rare) (POC: *lukun)

maand, but; with (PAN: *maS)

madarripe, overripe (POC: *madrar) *madar

maihither, to here; Come here!; to cease, stop, abate, of rain (POC: *mai) *ai₃

Tolai (160 / 377)

maitto be ill or sick (POC: *masakit) *sakit

malspecies of small tree, Brousonnetia papyrifera, the bark of which is used for making cloth; native cloth made from this bark; cloth, waist-cloth, loin-cloth, clothing, clothes (in general); to wear cloth or clothes, be dressed (PCEMP: *malaw)

malānamorning, the period between dawn and the forenoon, 6AM to 9AM (NEAR)

mal-malurushady (POC: *maluRu maluRu) *maluRu

maluasoft, pliable, moist (PCEMP: *malua)

malurshade; cool, shady, fresh; to shade, stand in the shade (PEMP: *maluRu)

mamivery sweet yam variety: Dioscorea rubicosa, coconut with a sweet husk which is chewed by sick persons, rather like barley-sugar (POC: *mamis) *hemis

mamina fish: Anableps tetrophthalmus (PMP: *mamin₁)

maminto chew (POC: *mamin₂)

manua-naulcer, sore, wound (PMP: *ma-nuka) *Nuka

m-aŋisharp, of pointed or edged tools; to sharpen, point (POC: *aŋi₂)

maocooked; ripe; mature (PEMP: *ma-qosak) *qesak

mapto heal, of a wound (POC: *mapo)

ma-rămdocile, tame, domesticated (PAN: *ma-dajam) *dajam

matdie; dead; extinguished, go out (of light or fire); numb; intensive particle and adverb: very, greatly, extremely (POC: *mate) *aCay

mata-eye; face; opening, socket, hole through anything (PMP: *mata) *maCa

mata kilalatdoorway (PMP: *mata) *maCa

mata-matato have many holes (PMP: *mata-mata) *maCa

mata na keākesun (‘eye of the day’) (PMP: *mata) *maCa

mata na kuloperculum of the seashell known as kul, Turbo marmoratus (PMP: *mata) *maCa

Tolai (180 / 377)

mata na obenemesh of a fishnet (PMP: *mata) *maCa

mata na tāvaspring of water, waterhole, tap of a tank (POC: *mata ni waiR) *maCa

mata na unipple (POC: *mata ni susu) *maCa

matechange, exchange, buy (PCEMP: *matay₂) *matay

matua(-na)the relationship between a woman’s brothers and sisters and her children; nephew or niece; mother’s brother (POC: *matuqa) *tuqaS

maurto be satisfied, have had enough food; enough (POC: *masuR)

maur-awet, drenched, saturated (POC: *masuR)

mila ~ mila-milato dazzle, esp. of the sun on the water (NEAR)

m-in-atdeath (POC: *m<in>ate) *aCay

mitmitmake a sucking noise with the mouth to indicate a longing for food (POC: *miti)

mitmitmake a sucking noise with the mouth to indicate a longing for food (POC: *miti-miti) *miti

monostay in a house and keep guard; remain and take care of the home, a boat, etc. (POC: *mono)

m-uleagain, afresh, more, yet; come back, return, of persons or things (POC: *m-ule) *uliq₁

m-unfirst, firstly, formerly; go first, lead (PMP: *h<um>una) *huna

m-unfirst, firstly, formerly; go first, lead (PMP: *um-unah) *unah

m-unfirst, firstly, formerly; go first, lead (PMP: *(q)<um>una) *(q)uNah

muruback, backbone, spine; behind (POC: *muru)

mutfell trees, cut lumber, esp. to cut out a canoe (PEMP: *mutu₂)

-na3sg. possessor (with nouns of a personal nature, as body parts) (POC: *-ña) *-a₂

nadefinite and indefinite article: the, a, an (PMP: *na₁)

Tolai (200 / 377)

namarker of part-whole relationships, as in mata na u ‘nipple’ [eye of breast] (PAN: *na₃)

na-luaoutside (PMP: *luqaR)

natchild; the young of any animal; the suffix -una (natu-na ‘his/her child’) is applied only to persons,ina (nati-na ‘its calf, etc.’) to the lower animals (PMP: *nati)

nati-nathe young of animals (PMP: *nati)

nati-nayoung of any animal (PEMP: *natu)

natu-nachild (human) (PEMP: *natu)

no-norokeep pouring forth, rushing, running, gushing, flowing quickly (POC: *ñoro)

noroto pour forth, rush, run, gush, flow quickly; rapid flow, rapid motion; torrent, jet (POC: *ñoro)

nunubanyan (PMP: *nunuk)

ŋagasp, breathe with difficulty (PMP: *ŋaŋ)

ŋaŋābreathe heavily, draw a long and deep breath; heave the chest in breathing (PCEMP: *ŋaŋaŋ) *ŋa(ŋ)ŋaŋ

ŋa-ŋaligesticulate, especially as a result of anger, to stamp the foot (POC: *ŋali-ŋali)

ŋa-ŋarato cry, scream, squeal, as a pig (applied to a person who laughs) (POC: *ŋara)

ŋaustrike with a stick in the ŋauŋau ceremony (POC: *ŋau₃) *ŋau₂

ŋekto squeal, as a pig (POC: *ŋek₂)

ŋeŋeto shout (POC: *ŋeŋe)

ŋeotoothless (NEAR)

-ŋgu1sg possessive suffix, used with all nouns of a personal nature, i.e. parts of the body, relatives, etc. (POC: *-gu) *-ku

ŋitihusk a coconut with the teeth (POC: *ŋiŋit-i) *ŋitŋit₁

ŋoŋobreathe; difficulty in breathing (POC: *ŋoŋok) *ŋekŋek

Tolai (220 / 377)

ŋoŋoto have difficulty in breathing (POC: *ŋoŋop) *ŋepŋep

ŋor-ŋorto snore (POC: *ŋodro)

ŋukwhine, murmur, cry (PMP: *ŋuk)

ŋuŋutto keep gnawing or nibbling (POC: *ŋuŋut₂) *ŋutŋut₄

ŋutto gnaw, nibble, esp. at the fingernails (POC: *ŋuŋut₂) *ŋutŋut₄

ŋutwhine, murmur, cry (ROOT)

oirto gasp or groan, resulting from pain or fatigue (POC: *osi(rR))

okato poke or probe, poke a fire, prod (POC: *soka)

oloenter or go through, as a door in a house or a gap in the reef (POC: *solop) *selep

orto lend, help (POC: *soRa)

oroto call, shout (POC: *oRoŋ) *heReŋ

otstraight (POC: *oto)

otcomplete, full (POC: *qoti) *qeti₃

otstraight (PMP: *keteŋ)

paitto do, make, work, effect (POC: *pait) *bait₂

pakulspecies of fish (POC: *bakul₂) *pakul

pakutto make a bundle (PMP: *pakut)

palhouse, building (POC: *pale) *balay

palskin, covering, bark, crust, rind (POC: *bwara)

palskin, covering, bark, crust, rind (POC: *bwala)

Tolai (240 / 377)

palaflash (ROOT)

palaŋsplit down the center, as a bamboo (NOISE)

palapalafish sp. (POC: *(bp)ala(bp)ala)

paŋopen the mouth, esp. of a basket or container (PAN: *paŋa₁)

pa-ŋaŋato open one’s mouth, open; yawn; gape (PMP: *ŋaŋa₂)

paŋa-ŋato open one’s mouth, be open, yawn, gape (POC: *paŋa₃) *paŋa₂

papabacrayfish sp. (POC: *papaba)

papakto peel off bark - also applied to peeling off lime, paint, etc. (PEMP: *babak₁) *babak

papakto peel off bark - also applied to peeling off lime, paint, etc. (POC: *babak₂) *bakbak₁

papakto peel off bark; also applied to peeling off lime, paint, etc. (POC: *babak₃) *bakbak₂

parauboat, ship; foreign, European, brought from overseas in a ship (PMP: *paraqu)

pa-tuluknee (PCEMP: *turu₁)

pekā-pekeexcrete (POC: *bekeR₂) *beŋkeR

pekeexcrete, defecate, evacuate the bowels (POC: *bekeR₂) *beŋkeR

piaplace, earth, ground, land, soil, dirt; down, down on the ground (POC: *pika)

piaplace, earth, ground, land, soil, dirt (POC: *bia)

piaspecies of oyster and its shell (NOISE)

pidikknock or tap with the fingers, as a door (POC: *pintik) *bitik₁

pidikknock or tap with the fingers, as a door (PMP: *pi(n)tik)

pilulcurly-haired, curl (POC: *pilul)

Tolai (260 / 377)

pinfold together, fold or roll up, as cloth; crease (POC: *binu)

pinto fold together, fold or roll up, as cloth; crease (POC: *pinu)

pinakind of sea shell: Conus geographus (POC: *pina) *bina

pipibeat with a switch or any small thing (POC: *pipik) *pikpik

pi-piteto express the milk of coconuts through the fiber; to squeeze, to milk; to wring the water out of clothes (POC: *pite)

pirto plait, as a basket or mat (PMP: *pirit)

pirion one side; the edge or hem, esp. of a garment or cloth (POC: *piriŋ₁) *bidiŋ

pirion one side; the edge or hem, esp. of a garment or cloth (POC: *piriŋ₂) *biriŋ₁

piteto force, press, squeeze, wring (POC: *pite)

puarto break into pieces (as a cup) (POC: *puaR)

puk-dokoto extinguish, quench, as a fire (NOISE)

pundelete, erase, efface, eradicate, rub out (PMP: *punas)

purukto blow, of the wind; to blow from the mouth in such a way as to scatter its contents, as a wizard blows lime into the air, and as a doctor blows saliva onto a wound (POC: *puRuk)

putvulva, female sexual organs (POC: *buta)

rāŋto dry, scorch, burn (PCEMP: *Raŋaw₂)

rā piadown; down on the ground (POC: *bia)

rokotto stick, adhere firmly (POC: *rokot) *dekeC

roroto roar, of the sea on the reef or the surf; to boom (POC: *roRoŋ) *deReŋ

roroto cover, as a hen her chicks (POC: *rodrom₂) *demdem₁

ruapbreakers, waves breaking on the rocks; to break heavily, of the sea (POC: *Ruap) *Ruab

Tolai (280 / 377)

rumahouse (PAN: *Rumaq)

tapreposition of location: in, at, on, from, by (PCEMP: *ta₁)

tabaka ~ topekatobacco (LOAN)

tabehold something so that someone else will not take it, take something from the hands of another (POC: *tabe)

t-abu-grandparent; grandchild; reciprocal term used between a woman and her parents-in-law (POC: *t-abu) *apu

tabururhorn-beetle, the grub of which eats into the heart of coconut and betel-nut palms (LOAN)

t-ai-sibling of the opposite sex (POC: *taci) *Suaji

take-nahis/her excrement (POC: *taqe₂) *taqay

taki-feces, excrement (PMP: *taki) *Caki

taki-myour excrement (POC: *taqe₂) *taqay

taki-ŋgumy excrement (POC: *taqe₂) *taqay

ta-kodopure, true, holy, honest, straight, righteous, decent, proper, seemly, reasonable, level (POC: *kodos)

taliaalmond-bearing tree: Terminalia litoralis (POC: *talise₁) *talisay

ta-liŋi-aspilt (POC: *ta-liŋi) *liŋi

taliurback, backwards, with the head facing backwards; upside-down (POC: *ta-likur) *likud

tamanthe clear piece of ground around a house, a yard, hence the outside of the house, or of anything (NOISE)

tama(-na)father, father and child, or the relationship between them or between them and the father's brothers (PMP: *t-amax) *amax

tanihere, just here (PMP: *tani₂)

taŋa-tataa shrub with edible figs: Ficus tinctoria (POC: *taŋa₃)

taŋito cry, weep, wail; make a noise, as of water shaken in a bottle, also of water about to boil; to sing, of birds and musical instruments; sound (PMP: *taŋis) *Caŋis

Tolai (300 / 377)

taŋi-eto mourn, bewail (PMP: *taŋis-i) *Caŋis

tapskim (PMP: *tapis₂)

tapto fan (POC: *tapo)

tap-tapto fan; a fan, bellows, etc. (POC: *tapo)

taragaularge fish hawk or osprey: Pandion haliaetus (POC: *taragau)

taramiobey, agree, consent (POC: *taRamwi)

taunseason, time, period (PMP: *taqun)

tauruconch shell, Strombus epidromus, and other varieties (POC: *tapuRi) *tabuRi

tia-naabdomen, belly; the human body from the lower ribs to the thighs; the outside skin of the abdomen (PMP: *tian) *tiaN

tinaM (PMP: *t-ina) *ina

tiro-āmirror, looking-glass; originally applied to a pool on the surface of which a scum was created with the leaves of the kadaka-dolo, used as a mirror; spectacles, glasses; window, any clear glass; to use a mirror (POC: *tiro) *tindaw

titasp. of tree, Parinarium laurinum; the fruit of this tree, used for caulking and stopping for canoes; to stop and putty a canoe with this (POC: *qatita)

toksound of a bullet striking a tree, etc. (POC: *tok) *tek

tok (< *totok-i)cut a chip, cut out a spear point (POC: *totok) *tektek₁

toroto pour water on, dampen, soak, saturate, make wet through (PMP: *teReb)

tuto show, point at or out, distinguish (POC: *tusuq) *tuzuq₁

tubaraspecies of land crab (POC: *tubaRa)

tubuto grow, of men or animals but not plants (POC: *tubuq, tupuq) *Cubuq

tubuto grow, of men or animals, but not plants; stout, corpulent, fat, esp. of people, occasionally of fruit (POC: *tubu₃) *tubu₂

t-ubu-nagrandparent/grandchild; the relationship between them (POC: *tubu₂) *umpu

Tolai (320 / 377)

tukto probe (PMP: *tukik)

tunto burn, cook, roast, broil; burn down the grass on a new plantation (PMP: *tunu) *CuNuh

tunareal, true, native; really, intensely, richly, very; loyal, honest; proper (POC: *tuna)

tupsugar, sugarcane (POC: *na topu) *tebuS

turto pierce, as a spear or arrow; to perforate, bore through (POC: *tuRi₁) *CuSuR

turto be, exist, stand, stop (POC: *turu₂)

turā-brother of a man (POC: *tuRa-)

tutshort piece of bamboo, used by women to beat time to a dance (POC: *tutu)

tuva ~ tuaspecies of vine (POC: *tupa₂) *tubah

uthou, you, thee, 2sg. nominative and accusative (PEMP: *u₂) *Suʔu

uainterjection expressing mild surprise (PAN: *ua₁)

uato root about, as a pig; to open an oven and prod the food (PMP: *sual)

uaa small spike put in a path for an enemy to tread upon (POC: *suca) *suja

ukto bore through, bore into (POC: *suka₃)

ulhead, hair, top, apex, crown (POC: *qulu) *quluh

ul-a-vara-nashoulder; clavicle (POC: *qapaRa₁) *qabaRa₁

umaplantation, field (PMP: *quma) *qumah

upyam (PMP: *qubi)

uratcoconut-fibre; gristle; ligament; sinew; tendon; tough, of flesh (POC: *uRat) *huRaC

uritaoctopus, cuttlefish (PMP: *kuRita) *guRiCa

Tolai (340 / 377)

uru-bone; midrib of a leaf; rib of a boat; skeleton (POC: *suRi₁)

uruŋmake a loud noise or a rough sound; to roar; murmur, rumble (POC: *uRuŋ) *huRuŋ

urupkind of large fish (POC: *surup₂)

utfish sp. (PMP: *qutud)

utlouse (utu in compounds) (PMP: *kutu₁) *kuCux

utkind of fish (PMP: *qutun)

u-tulthree (PEMP: *tolu) *telu

uumoaning sound of the wind or surf (PMP: *uu)

vail-aila beach tree: Pongamia Pinnata (POC: *pail) *bail

valearua vine: Merremia peltata (POC: *paliaRua)

vauKleinhovia hospita (POC: *pau)

vaumPandanius dubius (POC: *pakum)

viókpeep, cheep (Bley 1912) (POC: *piok) *piek

vitolonhunger, famine; immaturity, of trees; hungry, in a state of famine (POC: *pitolon)

vublow, blow on (as the wind), play a bamboo flute, blow on a trumpet shell (POC: *puu) *buu₁

vuaonly (POC: *pua₁) *bua₂

vua-ifruit or seed of any plant or tree (POC: *puaq) *buaq

vua-icrop; to yield (POC: *puat₁) *buat₁

vua-i-naoutcome, result, success, return, profit, product, produce (POC: *puat₁) *buat₁

vua-i na kapiakafruit of the breadfruit tree (POC: *puaq) *buaq

Tolai (360 / 377)

vualmist, fog, steam; pillar of smoke, cloud; foggy, misty (NOISE)

vuirəa bird: Aplonis spp. (POC: *pusiRa)

vunspecies of roots which yields a poison used to kill fish; kill fish with this poison; dynamite, sometimes used to catch fish; powder (POC: *(bp)una)

vuna species of root which yields a poison used to kill fish; to kill fish with this poison (POC: *punat) *bunat

vunabeginning, cause, origin, source, basis, root, foundations; used either of material things like trees or houses, or of ideas; to begin, commence, cause (POC: *puna₁) *punaŋ

vuŋanridge, ridgepole of a house (POC: *pupuŋan) *bubuŋ₁

vupan oval fish-trap made like a basket, of cane and bamboo strips (POC: *pupu₂) *bubu₂

vuvulto rise (of smoke or steam) (NOISE)

wanago, move; come (POC: *pana)

waŋunto awaken, awake, rouse, arouse, excite (POC: *paŋun) *baŋuN

warareciprocal prefix used with verbs, e.g. kul 'to pay', wara-kul 'to pay each other'; this word often becomes wari- before r, e.g. wari-rap (PCEMP: *paRa-) *paRa-₂

wara-frequentative prefix (NOISE)

wawinawoman (POC: *papine) *bahi

wirto plait, weave (as a mat) (PMP: *pirit)

wopaddle, oar, anything of similar shape, such as the petal of a flower; to paddle, row (POC: *pose) *beRsay

wurukswell, swell out; be fat (of a person), distend (NOISE)

wutto weed, pull up (as grass, weeds, etc.) (POC: *puput-i) *buCbuC

wutaspecies of fish with small spines and said to be edible (POC: *puntal) *buntal

wutunspecies of large tree which grows on the beach: Barringtonia speciosa (POC: *putun₁) *butun

Tolai (Matupit) (1) OC

tiananto be in an advanced stage of pregnancy (PMP: *tian-an) *tiaN Matupit

Tolai (Nodup) (3) OC [ksd] (Kuanua) Papua New Guinea

ābaklower arm (NOISE) Nodup

baratthe piece of timber across the rafters of a house running parallel with the ridge and the wall plate (POC: *baRat, paRat) *baRat₁ Nodup

ŋuŋutpain; painful; to pain (POC: *ŋuŋut₁) *ŋutŋut₂ Nodup

Tolai (Nokon) (1) OC

alusto paddle (POC: *aluca) *aluja Nokon

740. Tolaki (11) WMP [lbw] Indonesia (Sulawesi)

kasuwood (PMP: *kahiw) *kaSiw

lutuknee (PMP: *qulu tuhud₁) *tuduS

manuchicken (PMP: *manuk)

manu-manubird (PMP: *manu(k)-manuk) *manuk

mo-ŋiluhave sensitive teeth (PAN: *ma-ŋilu) *ŋilu

mo-turuto sleep (PMP: *ma-tuduR) *tuduR

mo-tuʔoold (PMP: *ma-tuqah) *tuqaS

ŋusuphlegm (Mead 1998) (PAN: *ŋusuq)

saosnake; python (PMP: *sawa)

tiabelly (PMP: *tian) *tiaN

watafallen tree trunk; log (PMP: *bataŋ) *bataŋ₁

741. Tolaki (Mekongga) (1) WMP [aka: Mekongga]

mo-tohahard (PMP: *ma-teRas) *teRas

742. Tolo (14) OC [tlr] (Talise) Solomon Islands

avato hover or glide (POC: *tapa₃) *tapa₂

kämuto eat the betel mixture (cited in Ivens 1929 as the equivalent of Sa’a dämu) (POC: *kamu₃) *kamu₂

koko-micilarge house spider (POC: *koko)

kutaeat (POC: *kuta)

maiand (PMP: *mai)

manaand (POC: *mana)

mataustone axe (POC: *matau)

sa-ŋ-atuone hundred (PMP: *sa-ŋa-Ratus) *RaCus

tualiold (of things) (POC: *tuaRi)

vilawild taro (POC: *piRaq₂) *biRaq₁

vitolohungry (POC: *pitolon)

voli-abuy, purchase; pay (POC: *poli-a) *beli

voseoar, paddle (POC: *pose) *beRsay

vose-voseto paddle (POC: *pose pose) *beRsay

743. Tolomako (6) OC [tlm] Vanuatu

asusmoke (PMP: *qasu₃)

kile-ato see (PAN: *kita₂) *kita

savawhat? (PMP: *sapa)

tanoearth (POC: *tanoq) *taneq

tasisea (PMP: *tasik)

tia-belly, abdomen (PMP: *tian) *tiaN

744. Tombonuwo (130) WMP [txa] (Tombonuo) Malaysia (Sabah)

aludcanoe (PWMP: *alud)

awinight (PMP: *Rabiqi)

awi-awiafternoon (PAN: *Rabi-Rabi) *Rabiqi

baŋkaycorpse (PWMP: *baŋkay)

basuŋa round back basket made of sago bark (PWMP: *basuŋ)

bataŋclassifier for long cylindrical objects (PMP: *bataŋ) *bataŋ₁

dilaʔtongue (PMP: *dilaq₁)

duwotwo (PMP: *duha) *duSa

duwo no ropotwo armspans (PAN: *depah)

guntiŋscissors (LOAN)

i-kaw2sg., you/thou (PMP: *i-kahu) *kaSu

inawosoul (PMP: *nihawa) *NiSawa

in-duwotwo times, twice (PWMP: *in-duha) *duSa

in-toluthree times (PWMP: *in-telu) *telu

iŋ-gimofive (PAN: *lima)

iŋg-imofive times (PWMP: *iŋ-lima) *lima

kakaptype of scaly fish (PWMP: *kakap₁) *kakap

kandaŋpen for animal (PWMP: *kandaŋ)

katia catty (measure of weight) (LOAN)

kawaʔlarge wok (PWMP: *kawaq)

Tombonuwo (20 / 130)

kawutwhite cloud (PMP: *kabut)

kayutree (PMP: *kahiw) *kaSiw

kiaumynah bird (PAN: *kiaw)

kimut kimutto mumble (PWMP: *kimut kimut)

kitowe (dual incl.) (PAN: *k-ita) *ita₁

koordinal prefix to numerals (PMP: *ika-) *Sika-

ko-limofifth (ordinal numeral) (PMP: *ika-lima) *lima

ko-ondomto remember (PAN: *demdem₁)

koraʔmonkey, long-tailed macaque (LOAN)

ko-toluthird (PMP: *ika-telu) *telu

-kuI, me (PAN: *-ku)

kubalcallus (PWMP: *kubal)

kubufortress (PMP: *kubu)

kulatmushroom (PMP: *kulat₂) *kulaC

kurisscabies, uninfected sores, rash (PAN: *kuris₁)

kuroncooking pot (PAN: *kuden)

labitype of small, soft-shelled turtle (PWMP: *labi-labi)

labua type of gourd (PWMP: *labuq₂)

ladaʔchili pepper (PMP: *lajaq)

lagaʔtype of large ant (PWMP: *alagaq)

Tombonuwo (40 / 130)

laŋitsky (PMP: *laŋit) *laŋiC

laŋowfly, housefly (PMP: *laŋaw)

layagsail (PAN: *layaR)

layoginger (PMP: *laqia)

likudback (PAN: *likud)

límofive (PAN: *lima)

liyowneck (PAN: *liqeR)

loŋonarm, hand (PMP: *leŋen)

luludshin bone (PAN: *luluj)

l<um>ayagto sail (PAN: *layaR)

luŋuncoffin, casket (PWMP: *luŋun)

ma-atusone hundred (PWMP: *ma-Ratus) *RaCus

matoeye (PMP: *mata) *maCa

mato nu runatsun (‘eye of the day’) (PAN: *mata nu qalejaw) *maCa

mato nu uwoswhirlwind (‘eye of the wind’) (PMP: *mata) *maCa

moŋo-bayarpay a debt (PMP: *bayaD)

moŋ-o-kanto eat (PAN: *kaen)

moŋo-raroto weave (PWMP: *laja)

mo-turuwto sleep (PMP: *ma-tuduR) *tuduR

mu-inawoto breathe (PMP: *nihawa) *NiSawa

Tombonuwo (60 / 130)

mun-diito stand up (PAN: *diRi)

mu-sambatto meet (PWMP: *sabat)

natadyard (PMP: *natad) *NataD

natoksago (PWMP: *natek)

niuwcoconut palm (PMP: *niuR)

ŋaranreputation (PMP: *ŋajan)

o-kan-oncooked rice (PAN: *kaen-en) *kaen

o-kosogstubborn, obstinate (PAN: *keseR)

o-lalomdeep (PMP: *dalem)

o-luŋgarslack, loose (LOAN)

o-nipisthin (PMP: *nipis) *Nipis

onsuŋmortar (PMP: *esuŋ)

o-paitbitter (PMP: *paqit₂) *paqiC

o-puluten (PAN: *puluq₁) *puluq

o-putiʔwhite (PMP: *putiq)

o-rawufar (PMP: *zauq)

o-sakitsick, painful (PMP: *sakit)

o-taromsharp (PMP: *tazem) *Cazem

paathigh, upper leg (PAN: *paqa₁)

paitfish (PWMP: *paqit₁) *paqit

Tombonuwo (80 / 130)

pakuedible fern (PWMP: *paku) *paheku

pasokpole (PAN: *pasek)

patuŋa type of thick bamboo (PWMP: *patuŋ)

payuŋumbrella (PWMP: *payuŋ)

pikotlarge fly, horsefly (PWMP: *piket₁)

pilata sore, a wound (PWMP: *pilat)

po-nipis-onto flatten, make thin (PMP: *nipis) *Nipis

pukotfishing net, seine (PMP: *puket₁)

puntibanana (PAN: *punti₁)

pusodnavel (PMP: *pusej)

raanbranch (PMP: *daqan₁) *daqan

rindiŋwall (PMP: *diŋdiŋ₁)

r<in>opa-anmeasured with armspans (PAN: *depah)

romdommoonless night; pitch dark (PAN: *demdem₂)

ropoarmspan (PAN: *depah)

rounleaf (PMP: *dahun)

roun nu posuwonkind of insect (PMP: *dahun)

ruwithorn (PMP: *duRi)

salaʔsin (PMP: *salaq₁)

saloŋresin, incense (PAN: *saleŋ)

Tombonuwo (100 / 130)

sapubroom (PMP: *sapu)

sasaktype of house lizard (PWMP: *saksak₂)

simpaŋintersection, crossroads, confluence (PMP: *simpaŋ)

simpaŋ nu suŋayfork of a river (PMP: *simpaŋ)

sipittongs (PAN: *sipit)

sodomsmall ants (PWMP: *sejem)

sogorattan (PWMP: *seka)

solasakkind of kingfisher (PWMP: *salaksak)

so likudbehind (PAN: *likud)

soputblowgun (PWMP: *seput)

soput-anblowgun (PWMP: *seput-an) *seput

suliŋflute (PWMP: *suliŋ)

talamcopper tray (LOAN)

tanaʔearth, soil, dirt (PMP: *taneq)

timbaŋ-anscales (PWMP: *timbaŋ-an) *timbaŋ

titiʔbreast (LOAN)

tobusugarcane (PMP: *tebuh₁) *tebuS

togasironwood tree: Eusideroxylon zwageri (PMP: *teRas)

togonokmosquito, gnat, or sandflea (PPH: *taRenek)

togopa type of fruit tree (PWMP: *teRep)

Tombonuwo (120 / 130)

tolipenis (PMP: *teli)

tolisoya type of tree (PMP: *talisay)

toluthree (PAN: *telu)

to-taifeces (PMP: *taqi) *Caqi

tounyear (PMP: *taqun)

tukadstairs, ladder; inland (PAN: *tukad₂)

t<um>ukadto go inland, to go uphill (PAN: *tukad₂)

t<um>ukadto go inland, to go uphill (PAN: *t<um>ukad) *tukad₂

turuw-turuw piyuʔsleep fitfully (lit. ‘sleep like a chicken’) (PAN: *tuduR)

tuwopoison for fish (PAN: *tubah)

watustone, rock; classifier for living animals, fruits, large and small objects (PMP: *batu) *batux

745. Tombulu (12) WMP [tom] Indonesia (Sulawesi)

duniʔrainbow (PWMP: *duniq)

iraŋshame (PWMP: *iraŋ₁)

lakogo (PMP: *lakaw)

ma-iraŋashamed (PWMP: *ma-iraŋ) *iraŋ₁

nipisthin (PMP: *nipis) *Nipis

ŋalŋalto groan, moan (with pain) (PPH: *ŋalŋál)

puikansea turtle (PPH: *pawíkan)

səlahbig (PPH: *selaR)

supuboundary, border (PMP: *supu)

surudto comb (PWMP: *sujud)

tahuʔput into, put away, store inside (PMP: *taRuq)

tundəkto point with a piece of wood; prod with the finger (PPH: *tundek)

Tona Rukai (22) Form.. see: Rukai (Tona)

746. Tondano (45) WMP (Sneddon 1978) [tdn] Indonesia (Sulawesi) (dialects: Kakas [tdn] 1)

aharanladder, stairs (PMP: *haRezan) Kakas

alawatobstruction (esp. on road) (PPH: *alabat)

amaʔfather (PMP: *ama-q) *amax

ansaŋgills (PMP: *hasaŋ)

aseŋbreath; to breathe (PWMP: *qaseŋ)

asinsalt (PAN: *qasiN)

asubamboo to bail out water (PMP: *asu₂)

asubamboo to bail out water (PMP: *qasu₁)

ataslave (PMP: *qaRta)

atasabove (PMP: *atas) *aCas

ateliver (PMP: *qatay) *qaCay

ateluegg (PMP: *qateluR)

ka-derives animate nouns indicating a person who shares the thing expressed by the stem: ka-Ɂawu ‘spouse’ (cp. awu ‘kitchen, hearth’); ka-wanua ‘fellow villager’ (cp. wanua ‘village’) (PPH: *ka-₄)

kawusto finish, use up (PMP: *kabus₁)

key1pl. excl., we, us (PAN: *k-ami) *ami

kow2pl., you all (PMP: *kamu₂) *amu

k<um>urahow? (Sneddon 1978) (PAN: *k<um>uja) *kuja

kurado something, act (Sneddon 1978) (PMP: *kuja)

lemparto fly (PPH: *lepad)

lima ŋa puluʔfifty (PMP: *lima ŋa puluq) *lima

Tondano (20 / 45)

ma-atusone hundred (PWMP: *ma-Ratus) *RaCus

ma-puluʔten (PWMP: *ma-puluq) *puluq

pa-supu-anboundary, border (PMP: *supu)

pasuʔhot (PPH: *pásuq)

pitu-ŋa-puluseventy (PMP: *pitu ŋa puluq) *pitu

rua ŋa-puluʔtwenty (PMP: *ŋa)

səlabig (PPH: *selaR)

səraɁfish; eat meat (PPH: *sedaq)

siownine (PMP: *siwa) *Siwa

suluclaw, fingernail, toenail (PPH: *sulu₂)

supuplot in rice field (PMP: *supu)

tabəlaŋbamboo (generic term) (PWMP: *tambelaŋ)

təbiredge, side, bank (PPH: *tebir)

təluthree (PAN: *telu)

təlu ŋa puluʔthirty (PMP: *telu-ŋa-puluq) *telu

təwiredge, as of a mat, hem, as of clothing (PPH: *tebir)

tuun-anwaterfall (PWMP: *tuRun-an) *tuRun₁

uakbird with large body and beak: hornbill (PMP: *uak₁)

ukupcover with a blanket, etc. (PMP: *ukup)

ulesuse a blanket (PMP: *qules₂) *qules

Tondano (40 / 45)

unercenter, middle, core (PMP: *qunej)

wakulbasket (PWMP: *bakul₁) *bakul

waloi-enchange! (imperative) (PMP: *baliw₂)

wanuavillage (PMP: *banua)

wataʔyoung tree (PWMP: *bataq)

Tondano (Kakas) (1) WMP [tdn] (Tondano) Indonesia (Sulawesi)

aharanladder, stairs (PMP: *haRezan) Kakas

747. Tonga (8) OC (Vanuatu)

haiinterrogative pronoun, who?, whom? (PMP: *sai)

ka-rutwo (POC: *ka-rua) *duSa

kilia saw, a file; to saw or file (POC: *kikir) *kiDkiD

mahaksick (POC: *masakit) *sakit

na laho-ntesticles (POC: *lasoR) *laseR

na-tanearth (POC: *tanoq) *taneq

na taʔe-nexcrement (POC: *taqe₂) *taqay

ŋatasnake (there are no snakes in Tonga) (POC: *mwata)

748. Tongan (789) OC (Churchward 1959) [ton] Tonga

-asuffix forming transitive verbs, usually durational (PMP: *-a₂)

āto heat (sticks or leaves) over a fire in order to make them limp or soft (PMP: *daŋdaŋ₁) *daŋdaŋ

afāhurricane, gale or very severe storm (PMP: *habaRat) *SabaRat

afifire (in general) (POC: *api) *Sapuy

afocord; fishing line (POC: *apon) *hapen

aipronominal adverb: there, in it, on it, because of it, etc.; or (in a relative sense) where, in which, on which, because of which, etc. (POC: *ai₁)

akaroot (PMP: *akaR)

akehardwood tree found at Vava’u (POC: *ake)

akoto learn, to receive, to receive education (POC: *akot)

alagather or catch with the hands, of certain kinds of shellfish and small crabs (PAN: *alap)

alaf-icatch it (PAN: *alap)

alaf-ia(of a woman) to be married, or (more strictly) to have had sexual intercourse, not to be a virgin (PAN: *alap)

aliflounder (fish) (PMP: *alali)

amato fish at night by the light of a torch (POC: *ramaR) *damaR₁

anemoth (or, more strictly, its larva) that eats holes in clothes, etc.; silverfish (POC: *ane) *aNay

anomarsh, swamp, large pool, lake (POC: *rano) *danaw

aŋi(of the wind) to blow (POC: *aŋin) *haŋin

aŋi-aŋi(of the wind) begin to spring up, or to blow continuously (POC: *aŋin-aŋin) *haŋin

aŋi-nabe blown about by the wind (POC: *aŋin) *haŋin

aŋokind of ginger or ginger-like plant (Curcuma longa) from which turmeric is made (POC: *aŋo)

Tongan (20 / 789)

atuhence, away from here, out, forth, outwards, onwards, to or towards you; thither to the place aimed at or journeyed towards; onward in time (PMP: *a-tu) *-Cu

atuhence, away from here, out, forth, outwards, onwards; to or towards you; thither, to the place aimed at or journeyed towards; onward in time (PMP: *atu)

au1sg.: I, me (PAN: *aku)

euntranslatable particle used before numerals (POC: *e)

efi-afi(to be or become) afternoon or early evening (PAN: *Rabi-Rabi) *Rabiqi

efi-afi-a(to take place) early in the evening, or earlier than usual (or than expected) (PAN: *Rabi-Rabi) *Rabiqi

fā(of a river) to overflow, be in flood (POC: *pāq) *baSaq

fāhoarse, of the voice (POC: *paRak) *paRaek

fāblister (POC: *paRaq₁) *paRaq

fākind of pandanus which sends down shoots from the branches to the ground (POC: *padran) *paŋudaN

fāfour (PEMP: *pat) *Sepat

fafacarry on the back; be carried, have a ride on someone's back (POC: *papa₁) *baba₁

fa-faŋucall out in order to awaken someone; to awaken, arouse from sleep; bell (POC: *paŋun) *baŋuN

fafinewomen (dual or plural) (POC: *papine) *bahi

faiskate or sting-ray (POC: *paRi) *paRiS

faido, attend to, carry out, carry on with, engage in, perform (POC: *pait) *bait₂

fai kilikind of skate or sting-ray with very hard, rough skin from which rasps are made (POC: *paRi) *paRiS

fai-manukind of skate or sting-ray (PMP: *paRih manuk) *paRiS

faka-prefix denoting likeness, causation (causing or allowing to), supplying, having, etc. (mate ‘die; dead’ : faka-mate ‘causing death; deadly, poison, fatal’, taŋi ‘to cry’ : faka-taŋi ‘having a doleful sound, sounding like a lament; to appeal to someone after one’s request has been rejected by someone else’) (POC: *paka-) *pa-₂

faka-halato cause to err, to mislead, delude, cause to go wrong or make a mistake; causing to err, misleading, delusive (PMP: *pa(ka)-salaq) *salaq₁

Tongan (40 / 789)

faka-hifoto put down, put off, unload (cargo or boat); to depose, dismiss, or expel, from office or membership (POC: *paka-sipo) *sipo

faka-kiteto loom ahead, to appear to be approaching (in time, not space) (PAN: *kita₂) *kita

faka-la-lavetry to find out in an indirect way; to ‘put out feelers’ (PMP: *lawi₁)

faka-laŋo-ato attract flies, encourage flies to come about (POC: *laŋo) *laŋaw

faka-taŋihaving a doleful sound, sounding like a lament; to appeal to someone after one’s request has been rejected by someone else (PMP: *paka-taŋis) *Caŋis

faka-taŋi-hito cause to cry (PMP: *taŋis-i) *Caŋis

faka-ʔulisteer a boat, pilot a plane (PMP: *qulin)

falalalean on or against; rely, trust, confide (POC: *(bp)alalan)

fanashoot (e.g. birds); to dynamite (fish) (PAN: *panaq)

fanauto have a child or children or offspring (NOISE)

fānauchildren, offspring (NOISE)

fano-fanowash the hands (POC: *paño) *bañaw

faŋasmall or private beach (POC: *paŋa₂) *baŋa₂

faotree with white flowers and coarse-husked oval fruit about 3" long: Ochrosia parviflora (POC: *paoq (ʔ)) *pauq

faostretch tight, make taut (NOISE)

fataloft or wide rack (for sleeping on, or for keeping food or other things on); stretcher, litter (PMP: *pataR₁)

faua tree: giant hibiscus; fibre from the bark of the giant hibiscus (POC: *paRu) *baRu

faʔatear, rend (POC: *paqas) *baqas

faʔalower portion of leaf stalk (PMP: *paqa₂)

faʔa-hiside, half -- when the division is made lengthwise (POC: *paqas) *baqas

Tongan (60 / 789)

faʔaoto seize and take by force; to confiscate (POC: *paqaRok)

faʔuto bind (the head); headband or turban (PCEMP: *paqus₂)

fēwhat place, which place; which thing, which one, which (POC: *pea)

fe-the so-called reciprocal prefix... It may be: (a) actional, (b) habituative, (c) invigorative, (d) accelerative, (e) communal, indicating united or simultaneous action, (f) collaborative, (g) reciprocal, (h) competitive, (i) reciprocative, meaning hither and thither, or in (or to or from) various directions (PEMP: *paRi-)

fefiefirewood, fuel (POC: *papian) *Sapuy

fefinewoman, girl (POC: *papine) *bahi

fehia tree: Intsia bijuga (POC: *pesi)

fe-huhumother; honorific or regal for faʔē (lit. ‘mother of the breast’ (POC: *pe-) *bahi

fekikathe Malay apple: Eugenia malaccensis, Myrtaceae; its bark is used medicinally (POC: *kapika)

fetaʔukind of tree which grows to a very large size, has hard reddish wood, and bears round fruit (inedible) about the size of golf balls: the Calophyllum (POC: *pitaquR) *bitaquR

fetuʔustar; daisy (POC: *pituqun) *bituqen

fīplait, twist or plait two or more threads together; a plait of hair, or pigtail; pigtail-like part of a plaited basket (PMP: *pirit)

fiepreposed or prefixed verb, to want, desire, wish or be willing (PMP: *pian)

fiepreposed or prefixed verb, to want, desire, wish or be willing (PMP: *pia₃)

fihahow many?, how much? (POC: *pica) *pijax

fiha-ŋofuluhow many tens? (POC: *pica) *pijax

fihitangled; fig., intricate, complicated (POC: *pisi₁)

filito choose, pick out, cull, select, elect; to sort (as letters) (PAN: *piliq)

fili-filito choose (one or more) out of many, or to pick over; habitually picking and choosing, particular (in this sense), fastidious (PMP: *piliq piliq) *piliq

fine-motuʔaelderly woman; married woman (POC: *pine) *bahi

Tongan (80 / 789)

fine-muiyoung woman (POC: *pine) *bahi

fioto mix, mix together, mingle (as with other people in a crowd) (POC: *piro)

fio-abeginning to turn grey, of hair (POC: *piro-a) *piro

fio-fioslightly, somewhat (POC: *piro-a) *piro

fisistrike with the fingernail as it is snapped from the end of the thumb, to fillip; game in which light sticks are flipped; spring or move suddenly (POC: *pintik) *bitik₁

fituseven (PAN: *pitu₁) *pitu

fitu-ŋo-fuluseventy (PMP: *pitu ŋa puluq) *pitu

foato break (a cup, stone, rock, etc., not a stick); to cut (ripe coconut) in halves (POC: *posaq) *peceq

foa-ʔito break (POC: *posaq) *peceq

fō-foa-ʔito hatch (of eggs or chicks) (POC: *posaq) *peceq

foheoar, paddle (POC: *pose) *beRsay

fohe ʔulisteer-oar, rudder (POC: *pose) *beRsay

fohuhole or perforation (in a rock or large stone), used for tethering a boat or canoe (POC: *posu) *pesu₁

fohuhole or perforation (in a rock or large stone), used for tethering a boat or canoe (POC: *posuk) *pesuk

fohu-ʔito make a hole in rock or stone (POC: *posu) *pesu₁

fohu-ʔito make a hole in rock or stone (POC: *posuk) *pesuk

foloto swallow; to take (pills or powders); to swallow without chewing or without sufficient chewing (POC: *polon) *belen

fonotown or village meeting (officially convened) (POC: *ponor) *pened₂

fonufull: of container or its contents, or of a notebook, etc. (POC: *ponuq) *peNuq

fonusea turtle; kind of beetle (very shiny), shaped like a turtle (POC: *poñu) *peñu

Tongan (100 / 789)

fonualand, country, territory, place; people (of the land, etc.); afterbirth, placenta (POC: *panua) *banua

fonu koloahawksbill turtle (koloa = ‘goods, wealth, riches, possessions’) (POC: *poñu) *peñu

fotosting (of stingray) (POC: *potok) *beRtek

fotosting (of stingray) (POC: *potok) *betek₁

fotuemerge, come into view; appear (as fish in season), become manifest, stand out, or to be or become prominent (POC: *potu₁) *betu₁

foʔi niucoconut fruit (PMP: *niuR)

foʔounew, fresh; strange, unfamiliar (PEMP: *baqoRu) *baqeRuh

fūto clap the hands crosswise so as to make a hollow sound (PMP: *puk₂) *puk

fuafruit; fig. fruit (of work, etc.), result; egg; to bear (lit. or fig.); to have unlaid eggs inside it (e.g. of a killed hen) (POC: *puaq) *buaq

fuaget or gather from the sea (seaweed, jellyfish) (POC: *puat₁) *buat₁

fuato lift, to carry -- esp. on the shoulder (without a stick), or in the arms; fig. to undertake, be responsible for, or to bear the burden or weight of (POC: *puat₂) *buhat₃

fuaof limb, etc. (not person) be afflicted with elephantiasis (POC: *pwiRa)

fuafish similar to the mullet, but rounder in cross-section (NOISE)

fua tapufirst fruits (POC: *puaq) *buaq

fuaʔ i ikaroe (POC: *puaq) *buaq

fuaʔ i ʔufifruit-like excrescences borne above the ground by some kinds of yam plants (not edible, but sometimes used as seed) (POC: *puaq) *buaq

fuecreeper of various kinds (POC: *puRe₂)

fues-iacarry, bear the burden of (esp. figuratively) (POC: *puat₂) *buhat₃

fufulaswell up, swell out, pout, blow out the cheeks (POC: *pupula)

fu-fulato swell, swell up, swell out; to pout, or to blow out the cheeks (POC: *pula₄)

Tongan (120 / 789)

(fu)-fuluwash or scrub; to clean (a blackboard) (POC: *pulu₂) *bulu₂

fufus-ito pull roughly or forcibly or too hard or without due care; overstretch (POC: *puput-i) *buCbuC

fuketo open up (a native oven) (POC: *puke) *buka

fulato swell up as the result (so it was formerly believed) of breaking a tapu, esp. by eating food left over by a chief (POC: *pula₄)

fulito turn round, etc. (POC: *buliŋ) *puliŋ₁

fulito turn round, etc. (POC: *puri)

fuli-hito turn round or (esp.) to turn over, or to overturn; change or vary; inverted, upside down (POC: *buliŋ) *puliŋ₁

fuluhair on the privates (POC: *pulu₃) *bulu₁

fulu-fuluhair (esp. on the body), fur, feathers; having hair, fur or feathers (growing on it); (of timber) rough, undressed, unplaned (POC: *pulu pulu) *bulu₁

fulu-fulu-ahairy, furry, woolly or feathery (POC: *pulu pulu) *bulu₁

fulu-fulu ʔi laumataeyelashes (POC: *pulu qi mata) *bulu₁

fuŋatop, upper surface; lap (POC: *pupuŋan) *bubuŋ₁

fuŋatop, upper surface (POC: *puŋa-puŋa)

fuŋa matapālintel (POC: *pupuŋan) *bubuŋ₁

fuŋan-itop row of flowers on an ornamental girdle; specially tasty thing eaten last to top off with; what is better than all the others, the best of all;(in reference to bad things) what is worse than all the others, the worst of all; tip-top, first-rate, excellent (POC: *pupuŋan) *bubuŋ₁

fuŋa vakadeck of a boat; (of a building) storey, floor; (of a wedding-cake, etc.) tier (POC: *pupuŋan) *bubuŋ₁

fuo(followed by a numeral) to bear so many fruit, or to lay so many eggs (hence numeral classifier for roundish objects); shape (POC: *puaq) *buaq

fuo fuakeep on bearing fruit (POC: *puaq puaq) *buaq

fus-ipull or tug; pull or haul in; pull up or hoist (a flag); pull up or weigh (an anchor); pluck (a fowl, etc.); to stretch (POC: *puput-i) *buCbuC

fusiplantain or banana of any kind (POC: *pudi) *punti₁

Tongan (140 / 789)

fusi (< *puput-i)to pull or tug, to pull or haul in; to pluck (a fowl, etc.) (PAN: *putput₁)

fus-i ikapull in fish (on a line), or a haul of fish caught in this way (POC: *puput-i) *buCbuC

fus-i maeatug-of-war: lit. to pull rope (POC: *puput-i) *buCbuC

futua tree, Barringtonia. Its inedible fruit is almost pyramidal in shape, and is used for making fish-poison (POC: *putun₁) *butun

fuʔi-fuʔithrow or pour or sprinkle water on, to douse; fig. to quell (e.g. a disturbance or rebellion) (POC: *puqi puqi) *buqi₂

fuʔi-fuʔito throw or pour or sprinkle water on, or to douse (POC: *puqi)

fuʔi tahidouse with salt water (PCEMP: *buqi₂)

fuʔi vaidouse with fresh water (PCEMP: *buqi₂)

fuʔu niucoconut tree (PMP: *niuR)

fuʔu ʔakauwood; made of wood, wooden (POC: *kayu) *kaSiw

haindefinite article: a, an, some, any (PAN: *esa)

haeto tear, rend; to tear apart, pull apart; to tear off, strip off (POC: *saRe)

hafeto carry by means of a strap or rope, etc. across the shoulder (as one carries a haversack) (POC: *sape) *sapay

hafuto trickle down, run down; dribble; small waterfall (POC: *sabu)

ha-hakedirection in which the sun rises, east (POC: *sake) *sakay₄

hakato stew or boil (food); to boil (clothes); to smelt (iron, etc.); to melt, render (fat); to brew beer; food put on to boil or stew; food which has been boiled or stewed (POC: *sakan) *zakan

hakeup, upwards, along, past, etc.; go up, esp. from the sea to the land (POC: *sake) *sakay₄

hakukind of fish, a young hakulā (PMP: *saku-layaR) *saku₂

hakukind of fish, a young hakulā (PMP: *saku₂)

hakulāswordfish (PMP: *saku-layaR) *saku₂

Tongan (160 / 789)

halapath, road (lit. or fig.); gangway, stairway (POC: *jalan) *zalan

halato err, to be wrong or erroneous, to make an error, go wrong, be at fault; to fail or be unsuccessful; to be without, to have none; to ‘miss out on’, not to get any of; to be missing, not there or not in existence (PMP: *salaq₁)

hala-fakitake an indirect or roundabout route (POC: *jalan) *zalan

hamaoutrigger (POC: *saman) *saRman

hanito remove all the leaves (from tree or plant); to cut the hair short (POC: *sani)

haŋaspan (about 9 inches) (PMP: *zaŋan₁)

haŋaspan (about 9”); augmented span (about 12”), measured by spanning and then bending the hand over to the knuckles; to measure by spans (POC: *saŋa₁)

haosucceed in getting out or in or through; escape, be acquitted, go free (POC: *saRop) *saRep

hao-fakirescue, deliver or bring safely through (POC: *saRop) *saRep

hapoto catch (a ball, etc.) (POC: *sabot) *sapet

hauthin dagger or stiletto, like a giant-sized needle, used in spearing bonito (POC: *saRum) *zaRum

hauinstrument used for tattooing (POC: *saRu) *saRu₃

haʔito bind (lit. or fig.); (of words) to bracket, put in brackets; binding; bond, that which binds, fetter, etc., or bracket (parenthesis) (POC: *saqit) *zaqit

haʔi-haʔito bind round and round so as to make a number of bundles; to bandage (POC: *saqit) *zaqit

heŋaVini australis (POC: *seŋa₂)

heʔe-ku, ho-kudefinite 1sg exclusive: my (POC: *-gu) *-ku

hifoto go down, descend; to dismount, get down, get out (of a vehicle), alight; to get off, go ashore (from a boat), disembark; to go down to the beach (from farther inland) or into the water (from the land); to be deposed or dismissed from office (POC: *sipo)

hihishellfish, like a hard-shelled snail (PMP: *sisi₁)

hihito scoop out, gouge out (of clams); to open with a knife and detach the flesh (PCEMP: *sisi₃)

hihifodirection in which the sun sets, west (NOISE)

Tongan (180 / 789)

hikito lift, raise (including the raising of prices, wages, etc.); to move from one place or position to another; to transfer; to copy; to quote; to translate (NOISE)

hikof-ito pick up with tongs (POC: *sikop) *cikep

hikutail (especially of fish or reptile); end (e.g. of rope or string); tip (of a leaf); lower end (POC: *siku)

hiku-hikutop(s) or tip(s) projecting upwards; tip (of a branch), topmost branch (of a tree) (POC: *siku)

hipato be slanting, crooked, out of line, out of alignment or not parallel (POC: *siba₂) *simpa

hivanine (PMP: *siwa) *Siwa

hoato be partners (e.g. in a game); to be harmonious, appropriate, or befitting; to correspond, to be in harmony or accord with; to match (POC: *soRa)

hoāpartner, one of two who work or play, etc. in partnership (POC: *soRa)

hokaupright pieces of timber in the roof of a Tongan house, standing on the tuɁuŋahoka (pedestal running lengthwise) and supporting the ridgepole (POC: *sokar) *seŋkar

hoka-Ɂito ram, jab, poke, or strike with the tip of a rod, etc.; to stab; to harpoon (whales); to husk (coconuts); to play billiards or snooker; to have bayonet practice (POC: *soka)

holohere and there, in various places, hither and thither, in various directions (POC: *solo₁)

holoto go down, fall, sink, sink in (e.g. of a mine); (of a house) to fall, collapse (POC: *solo₃)

hoŋeto have a famine, to suffer from a famine, to be famine-stricken (POC: *soŋe)

hōŋe-a(of people) to be famine-stricken (POC: *soŋe)

hoŋe (hoŋe) valeto be in the grip of a severe famine (POC: *soŋe)

ho-ŋo-fuluten (PAN: *esa)

ho-ŋo-fuluten (PMP: *sa-ŋa-puluq) *puluq

ho-ŋo-fuluten (PMP: *ŋa)

hoputuLethrinus miniatus, possibly also Lutjanus gibbus (POC: *sabutu)

hūwet (POC: *suRuq₁) *zuRuq

Tongan (200 / 789)

hūto enter, to go in; to pass through an entrance (whether going in or out), put on, get into (clothes) (PMP: *surup₁)

hua(of pigs) to root in the earth, to turn over the earth with the snout, to grout (PMP: *sual)

huaof a boat, to change from one tack to another (PEMP: *suak)

huafood made from a mixture of hili (arrowroot starch), and coconut cream (PEMP: *sua₂)

huhusuck (PMP: *cupcup)

huhuprick, pierce (with a small hole); of a bee, to sting; give an injection to (POC: *susul₂) *cu(l)cul

huhuto suck (as a baby does) from breast or bottle (PAN: *susu₁)

huhuto prick, pierce (with a small hole); (of a bee, etc.) to sting; to give an injection to (PAN: *suksuk)

huhuto suck (as a baby does) from breast or bottle (POC: *susup) *supsup

hūhūk-iapricked in many places, having many small holes as if pricked (POC: *susuk) *cukcuk

hūhūk-iapricked in many places, having many small holes as if pricked (PAN: *suksuk)

huibone; needle; bony (of fish, etc.) (POC: *suRi₁)

hūk-iapricked (POC: *susuk) *cukcuk

hulishoot, sprout, twig or sucker; fig. scion, descendant; to send out one or more shoots or suckers (PMP: *suli₁)

hulikind of fish (POC: *sulik) *sulig

huli-ŋanode (of a plant or tree) (PMP: *suli₁)

huluto show a light, or to give light, with a lantern, or a torch, etc. (PMP: *suluq)

huluto fix one’s loincloth by tucking in one end of it at the waist (PMP: *suluŋ₂)

hulu-hulu-ʔito give light to, throw light on (path, book, etc.) (PWMP: *suluq-i) *suluq

humukind of fish (POC: *sumu)

Tongan (220 / 789)

hunuto singe (PMP: *sunuR)

hunu-hunuto singe for some time, or all over (PMP: *sunuR)

īfan (POC: *irir) *irid₁

i, ʔipreposition: at, on, in, than, etc. (PAN: *i₂)

ia3sg. and pl. (PAN: *ia₁)

iademonstrative pronoun: that, those (PMP: *ia₂)

iaparticle of emphasis or rhythm (PAN: *qia)

ifiblow with the mouth; blow or blow into or play (a whistle, or wind instrument) (POC: *ipi₁)

ifikind of tree bearing edible nuts about 3 inches long: the Tahitian chestnut, Inocarpus edulis (POC: *ipi₂)

ifiblow with the mouth, blow into, blow up, inflate; to play a tune (on a bugle, etc.) (PCEMP: *upi)

ifi pulablow bubbles (POC: *buraq) *budaq₁

ifotasty, lit. or fig. (interesting, etc.) (POC: *ipoR) *ibeR

ihefish sp. (NOISE)

ihu-nose, (of an elephant) trunk (POC: *icuŋ) *ijuŋ

i-ikidual or plural of siɁi (small, little; young, younger) when it means small, and sometimes when it means younger, etc. (POC: *rikit) *dikit

ikafish, incl. also turtles (fonu) and whales (tofuaʔa), but not eels, cuttle-fish or jelly-fish (PEMP: *ikan) *Sikan

ikemallet with which the inner bark of the paper mulberry tree is beaten in making tapa cloth (POC: *ike) *ikay

ikutail (esp. of a quadruped); to end, terminate, culminate; issue, result; finish up (PAN: *ikuR)

inashow the teeth, grin or laugh (esp. in derision or ridicule) (POC: *inap)

inopoise oneself for attack, hold fists or spear, etc. as if about to attack (NOISE)

Tongan (240 / 789)

inuto drink; to take (liquid medicine); drinking; drinking water or other beverage (PMP: *inum)

inu-inuto drink (repetitive, continuative) (POC: *inum-inum) *inum

inu-miaconsume by evaporation or by absorption (POC: *inum-ia) *inum

ipucup (POC: *ibu) *ibu₃

kāto hawk, clear the throat forcibly and noisily (PAN: *kak)

kahikind of shellfish (POC: *kasi)

kahishellfish (POC: *kakas-i) *gasgas

kahoreeds; a single reed is called a va’a kaho (POC: *kaso₁) *kasaw₂

kaito eat; (of fish) to bite (at the bait); (in games) to score, make a score (POC: *kani) *kaen

ka-kāparrot (POC: *kaRa)

kakafibrous integument at the top of coconut palms (POC: *kaka₃)

ka-kaipeople (collectively); to be peopled, inhabited, occupied; to be attended by people, to be more or less full of people (POC: *kai)

ka-kanoflesh; lean (as opposed to ngako, fat); muscle; contents or substance (POC: *kanon₂) *kaen

ka-kanoflesh; lean (as opposed to fat); muscle (POC: *kanoŋ)

ka-kauto swim, of men and ducks, etc., but not fish (POC: *kaRu₁)

kalinative wooden pillow or headrest (carved, with two short legs) (POC: *kalik)

kaliŋnative wooden pillow or headrest (NOISE)

kanahemullet (POC: *kanase) *kaNasay

kanoflesh or substance: generally used instead of ka-kano when –‘i (of) is attached, as in kano ‘i puaka, pig’s flesh, pork, and in compound expressions such as kano lelei, having good flesh or (of a sermon, etc.) meaty (POC: *kanon₂) *kaen

kanoflesh or substance (generally used instead of kakano in genitive constructions and compounds) (POC: *kanoŋ)

Tongan (260 / 789)

kanon-ito increase or add to (object something already heavy or painful or otherwise unpleasant); to aggravate (POC: *kanon₂) *kaen

kano ʔi mataeyeball (POC: *kanoŋ qi mata) *kanoŋ

kapa-kapaside fin; to flap the wings (POC: *kaba-kabak) *kapak

kapi-kapito drive a wedge into; loincloth with flowers, etc. stuck into it for ornamentation; wedge (PMP: *kapit)

kapuform into a cup-like shape, esp. a banana leaf (POC: *kapuq) *kabuq

kateamain part of canoe as distinguished from the hama (outrigger) (POC: *katae)

katobasket; suitcase; pouch; pocket (POC: *kaso₂) *kaso

katobasket; suitcase; pouch; pocket (NOISE)

kaustalk, stem (of leaf, without or with the midrib, or of a flower or fruit); something resembling a stalk or stem, e.g. stem of a tobacco pipe (POC: *kayu) *kaSiw

kau-kau-astrong, especially physically strong; burly, sturdy or robust (POC: *kayu kayu)

kavakava: either the plant (Piper methysticum) or the beverage made from its crushed root (LOAN)

kavetentacle of cuttlefish or octopus (POC: *kawe₂) *kaway₂

kavetentacle of cuttlefish or octopus (POC: *kawe₁) *gaway₁

kehedifferent (either in kind or merely in identity); special, abnormal, unusual (PCEMP: *kese)

kehe-kehedifferent from one another; various (PCEMP: *kese-kese) *kese

kekekeketo shriek, screech, scream (POC: *kekekeke)

kelito dig; to dig up (but when speaking of yams , keli is ‘to plant’) (PCEMP: *keli)

kīto squeak (PMP: *kik)

kipreposition: to, etc. (POC: *ki₁)

kipreposition: to, toward (PMP: *ki₂ₐ) *ki₂

Tongan (280 / 789)

kiatotimbers connecting the outrigger of a canoe with the canoe itself (POC: *kiajo)

kiekind of pandanus; very fine mat made from the smooth side of kie leaves (POC: *kiRe) *kiRay

kikīto squeak, squeal --- of young pig, small child, ungreased cart-wheel, etc.; (of a dog) to yelp; to screech (PMP: *kikik)

ki-kilato look with widely open eyes, to stare (a rather impolite word) (PMP: *kilat₂) *kilat

kiliskin; peel, rind; bark (POC: *kulit) *kuliC

kiloglance to one side, look out of the corner of the eyes (PMP: *kilep)

kiloglance to one side, look out of the corner of the eyes (POC: *kilo) *kilaw₃

kilof-ikeep glancing at (PMP: *kilep)

kinameat or fish portion of a baked or roasted meal (POC: *k<in>an) *kaen

kiokioto squeak (of chicks), chirp, twitter, warble (PAN: *kiaw)

kita-u-tolufirst person plural inclusive (PEMP: *tolu) *telu

kite(of distant objects) to appear, to be in sight or come into sight (PAN: *kita₂) *kita

kite-ʔito ‘dream’, suspect, have an idea (that it might be so) (PAN: *kita₂) *kita

kō(of fowls) to squawk (PMP: *kek)

kō(of dogs) to bark (PMP: *keŋ₁)

koe2sg., you (thee, thou) (POC: *koe)

kofugarment; clothing; dress (NOISE)

kohuto smoke, emit smoke, give off smoke or fumes (POC: *kasu)

kokatree with reddish wood: Bischofia javanica; stain for tapa cloth made from the bark of the koka tree (POC: *koka)

kokopress or squeeze so as to make smaller or alter the shape of (PMP: *keŋkeŋ₃)

Tongan (300 / 789)

kokoto press or squeeze so as to make smaller or alter the shape of (POC: *kokom) *gemgem

kokoh-i ~ koh-ito scratch (with a sharp point); to strike (a match) (POC: *kokos) *keskes₁

kolovillage, town, fortress; temporary fence of native cloth round an open grave (POC: *koro₂)

komi-komi(of biting) be tenacious, refusing to let go (POC: *komi) *gemi

komi-komi(of biting) to be tenacious, refusing to let go (PMP: *kemi)

kosicut with scissors or shears or clippers, to clip or shear; to cut grass with a lawn-mower; (of rats) to gnaw through, to gnaw a hole in (PAN: *ketil)

kukakind of crab (POC: *kuka)

kukuto grasp, grip, clutch or hold on to (PMP: *kukuq)

kukuto grasp, grip, clutch or hold on to (POC: *kukup) *kupkup₃

kūkūto coo, of the kulukulu (POC: *kurukuru)

kukupink-fleshed mussel (shellfish) (POC: *kukur) *kuDkuD

kulopot, cauldron (borrowed from Fiji) (PAN: *kuden)

kulukulukind of small bluish-green dove (POC: *kurukuru)

kutulouse, lice (PMP: *kutu₁) *kuCux

kutu-ainfested with lice, lousy (PMP: *kutu₁) *kuCux

kutu-fisiflea (jumping louse) (PMP: *kutu₁) *kuCux

lāsail; canvas (PAN: *layaR)

lafa(to be affected with) ringworm (POC: *lapa₂)

lafa-lafaflat (not curved or bulging) (POC: *rapaR) *dapaR

lafothrow (rope, fishing line, net, etc.), or disks; disk-throwing game (PMP: *lambeg)

Tongan (320 / 789)

lahoscrotum and testicles (POC: *lasoR) *laseR

lakago, walk, step (PAN: *rakat)

lakato go or walk (esp. for a short distance only); to step; to march; to move on or forward, to proceed, progress, develop, or advance (POC: *lakas) *lakaj

lakato go or walk (especially for a short distance only), to step; to march; to move on or forward; to proceed, progress, develop; to go beyond (literally or figuratively), to go or come past, to go or come over, to pass or cross over; to surpass, to exceed or be in excess of; to omit or skip over (PMP: *laŋkaq₁)

laka halato step incorrectly, to be out of step (POC: *lakas) *lakaj

laka halato step incorrectly, to be out of step (PMP: *laŋkaq₁)

laloplace or space below or lower down; lower (POC: *ralom) *dalem

lalo-ʔakau-abe subject to, habitually give way to, defer to or be under the influence or control of (lit. ‘under the tree’?) (POC: *ralom) *dalem

lanuto wash or rinse in fresh water (of something that has been in salt water); to wash oneself with fresh water after a sea bath (POC: *ranum) *daNum

laŋisky, heaven; eyes, face, mouth, ears, or head (of king or queen) (PMP: *laŋit) *laŋiC

lāŋi-laŋisplendor, glory, honor (PMP: *laŋit) *laŋiC

laŋi-laŋi havilito look as if it is going to be windy (PMP: *laŋit) *laŋiC

laŋofly (insect) (POC: *laŋo) *laŋaw

latato feel at home or at ease, to be comfortable or happy and contented; to be friendly or at ease with (POC: *lasa₁)

latafeel at home or at ease (PAN: *lajam)

lau ~ louleaf; sheet, layer, of paper, board, etc.; blade; flat, of bat, saw, etc.; hair of the head (PEMP: *raun) *dahun

lau-papaboard, plank (PEMP: *raun) *dahun

lavefeeler, antenna, as of a lobster; long tail feather, as of a rooster or a tavake (tropic bird) (PMP: *lawi₁)

leleto run or sail or travel along (of boats, vehicles, bicycles, or of those in or on them); of fish, to swim or move through the water (NOISE)

leʔovoice, sound (POC: *leqo)

Tongan (340 / 789)

lihanit, louse’s egg (POC: *lisa) *liseqeS

likilittle, but only in certain compounds (POC: *liki)

likilittle (plural, but only in certain compounds) (POC: *rikiq) *dikiq

lilibe very angry, boil with rage, be furious; seethe with anger or discontent (POC: *lilim)

lilito boil (of the sea). to be turbulent, violently rough; to be very angry, to boil with rage, to be furious (POC: *ririq) *diqdiq

liliuturn around; turn or change into something else (POC: *liliu)

li-liuturn around; turn or change into something else (POC: *li-liu) *liu₂

limu tahiseaweed (PMP: *limut)

limu ʔutamoss or lichen (PMP: *limut)

liŋito pour or pour out, to shed (blood) (PCEMP: *liŋi)

liŋi-liŋito pour at little at a time (POC: *liŋi-liŋi) *liŋi

liŋi lotopouring out mind(s) or heart(s) (PCEMP: *liŋi)

liŋo-liŋoabsolutely calm (NOISE)

lōant (POC: *loRo)

lōf-iabe inundated (POC: *lolop) *lebleb₂

loloto push or dip under water, to duck (POC: *lolop) *lebleb₂

lomito press, press down or press in (POC: *lomiq) *lemiq₂

lotoinside, interior; mind, heart (seat of affections, etc.); desire, will, purpose; anger, ire, temper (POC: *loto₁)

lotoinside, interior (as of a house); mind, heart (seat of affections, etc.); desire, will, purpose (NOISE)

luato vomit (PMP: *luaq)

Tongan (360 / 789)

luluowl (POC: *druru)

luluto shake (POC: *luluk) *luglug

luohole in the ground, pit, trench, rut, or other depression; hole (PMP: *luaŋ₁)

māfeel shame, be ashamed (PCEMP: *ma-mayaq) *Seyaq

ma-stative prefix (fossilized in mahaki ‘sick person, patient; sickness, disease’ < PMP *ma-sakit ‘sick, painful’, etc.) (PAN: *ma-₁)

māconjunction: and (only with numerals) (PAN: *maS)

ma-fanawarm (of food, water, or drink); warm (to the touch) (PMP: *ma-panas) *panas₁

mā-fanawarm (inwardly, subjectively) (PMP: *ma-panas) *panas₁

ma-fana-fanabe fairly warm (POC: *ma-panas-panas) *panas₁

mafustale (of food, etc.), fermented, sour (PMP: *mapu₂)

maha(of liquid or its container) finished, all gone, dry, empty; (of a battery) completely run down, giving no current at all; (of a cow) dry (PMP: *maja)

mahakisick person, patient; sickness, disease, ailment; temperamental or characteristic fondness or liking, ‘weakness’, craze, addiction; sick, diseased, ailing; dead (polite for mate) (POC: *masakit) *sakit

mahaki-ʔiato be sick or unwell (a milder or more polite word than puke): of persons, animals, etc., and trees or plants; of a woman, to have her monthly sickness (POC: *masakit-ia) *sakit

mahisour to the taste, or astrigent (PCEMP: *maqasin) *qasiN

mahisour (to the taste), or astringent (PMP: *maŋsit)

mahu(of land, soil) productive, producing good crops; (of place or people) to have plenty of food, to be well off for food; (of food) plentiful (POC: *masuR)

maito or towards me or us, etc.; also expression of desire, etc. (POC: *mai) *ai₃

makastone (POC: *maga)

makastone (NOISE)

maka-tāa sling; to sling stones, to use a sling (= ‘stone’ + ‘hit’) (POC: *maga)

Tongan (380 / 789)

ma-keketo bend, be bent, crouch up, withdraw (POC: *keke₂)

malamisfortune, bad luck or suffering, esp. as resulting from, or coming as the Nemesis of, wrongdoing (PMP: *malaŋ)

ma-lamato shine, to give light, or send out light (POC: *ma-ramaR) *damaR₁

malaʔevillage green; park, playground, open market place, etc. (POC: *malaqe)

m-alushaded or sheltered (PMP: *aluŋ)

maluto be shaded or sheltered (lit. or fig.); to be safe, secure, watertight or airtight (PEMP: *maluRu)

malu-malushady, affording shade (POC: *maluRu maluRu) *maluRu

malu-malu-abe shaded by something (POC: *maluRu maluRu) *maluRu

maluu(of the wind, or of the sea or the day as affected by the wind) mild, pleasantly calm; (of pain) abated, gone (PEMP: *maluRu)

malu-ʔito protect or defend; to make or keep safe or secure, to safeguard; to insure, to guarantee (PEMP: *maluRu)

mamato chew: especially kava (in former times), or candlenuts preparatory to using them as soap, or food which, after being chewed, is to be fed to a baby; food which has been chewed in this way (PMP: *mamaq)

manasupernatural; superhuman; miraculous; attended or accompanied by supernatural or apparently supernatural happenings; to thunder (POC: *mana₂)

manavawomb; heart; bowels (in Old English) as the seat of affections, of courage, etc.; stomach (POC: *mañawa) *NiSawa

mānavabreathe; breathing, breath (POC: *mañawa) *NiSawa

manava-fasisuffering from lack of sufficient nourishment; undernourished (POC: *mañawa) *NiSawa

manifithin, --- of board or paper, etc., but not of stick or thread; thin, sparse, --- of mist, forest, etc. (PMP: *ma-nipis) *Nipis

manifi-nificomparatively thin, especially thin, quite thin (POC: *manipi-nipis) *Nipis

manifi-nifiʔaŋaplace or spot where it is thinnest; temples (POC: *manipi-nipis) *Nipis

manoŋigive off a pleasant odor (POC: *manoŋi)

manoŋi-siafragrant with the odor of flowers, etc. (POC: *manoŋi)

Tongan (400 / 789)

manuanimal, esp. bird, but applied also to quadrupeds, reptiles, insects, etc., but not to fish, shell-fish, etc. (POC: *manuk)

maŋato fork, branch out, branch off, become divided into two or more branches (of a tree, a road, a stream, etc.); to step across or over; to walk with big steps, to stride; branch, fork, crotch, bifurcation (PMP: *ma-saŋa) *saŋa₁

maŋato fork, branch out, branch off, become divided into two or more branches (POC: *maŋa₂)

ma-punato spout or squirt upwards (POC: *puna₁) *punaŋ

ma-sivapoor, needy, in want (NOISE)

mata(of fruit), green, unripe, or raw; (of copra) undried); (of timber) unseasoned, or not thoroughly seasoned (hence a newly made canoe is sometimes said to be kei mata 'still unseasoned') (PMP: *ma-hataq) *hataq

mata(of fruit) green, unripe or raw; (of timber) unseasoned, or not thoroughly seasoned (hence a newly made canoe is sometimes said to be kei mata, still unseasoned) (POC: *mataq) *hataq

mataeye(s) or face; (of cloth, etc.) right side, outer side; (of leaf) front, top, smooth side; (as preposed noun) front (of house, etc.); point (of spear, needle, etc.); point or prong (of fork); blade or cutting edge; head (of boil, etc.); (of coconut) eye, or end where the eyes are; (of net) mesh; (of wound) mouth, opening. Special uses: (a) feelings, (b) best (of a number of valuable things); to see (PMP: *mata) *maCa

mata afifire (single fire, not fire in general) (POC: *api) *Sapuy

mata falehouse front, front of the house (PMP: *mata) *maCa

mata fasiexact spot where a stick, or a limb, etc. is broken (‘eye of fracture’) (PMP: *mata) *maCa

mata fonuacoast on the front side of an island (the side where the main settlement is) (PMP: *mata) *maCa

mata hokojoint, place where two edges or surfaces join together (PMP: *mata) *maCa

mata kalitribe, clan (PMP: *mata) *maCa

mata kelispot where one first inserts the spade when digging (PMP: *mata) *maCa

ma-talato be clear or fresh (in one’s memory) (LOAN)

mata-likiPleiades (POC: *mata riki) *maCa

mata-matato appear, to look, to seem (PMP: *mata-mata) *maCa

mata nifoedge of tooth or teeth; mark caused (actually or apparently) by the bite of a tooth, tooth-mark (PMP: *mata) *maCa

mataŋiwind; air (POC: *mata ni aŋin) *maCa

Tongan (420 / 789)

mataŋi-a(of a boat) to be caught or struck by a strong wind (POC: *mata ni aŋin) *maCa

mata pāgate, door, or window (pā = ‘fence, wall, enclosure’) (PMP: *mata) *maCa

mata vaispring (of water); source (of a river) (POC: *mata ni waiR) *maCa

mata ʔi huhunipple (POC: *mata ni susu) *maCa

mata ʔi ikawhitlow (POC: *mata ni ikan) *maCa

mata ʔi palauploughshare (PMP: *mata) *maCa

mata ʔi talotaro tops (for planting) (PMP: *mata) *maCa

mata ʔi tohiletter of the alphabet (PMP: *mata) *maCa

mata ʔi ʔuharaindrop (PMP: *mata) *maCa

mataʔuright-handed; right (not left) (PMP: *ma-taqu₂) *taqu

matedie; sometimes used in the sense of stunned or quite unconscious; (of fire or light) go out, be out; (of a boat) be sunk or wrecked; (of a volcano) be extinct; (of wind) die down, cease; (of sun or moon) be eclipsed; (of clock or engine, etc.) to stop, not to be going; paralyzed (as a limb); dead; death; be utterly sick and tired of; be overcome or carried away with (laughter, weeping, desire, sleepiness, fear, etc.) (POC: *mate) *aCay

matoluthick --- of board or paper, etc., but not of stick or thread; thick, dense --- of mist (kakapu), forest (vao), etc. Opp. manifi; shrub with very thick leaves. (POC: *matolu) *təlu

mā-tu-tuʔa(of persons) old; or mature, fully developed (POC: *matuqa) *tuqaS

ma-tuʔuto cease flowing (PMP: *tuquR)

mā-tuʔuto be or become dry, of what was actually wet, not of what was merely green (PMP: *tuquR)

maʔanube afloat, not to be resting on or touching the bottom; kind of jelly-fish (kolukalu) that stays at or near the top of the sea (POC: *maqañur) *qañud

mealight red or light brown, reddish, brownish: esp. in names of plants, fish, etc. (POC: *meRaq) *ma-iRaq

mimiurinate, pass water (POC: *mimiq) *miqmiq

mimito urinate, pass water (PMP: *mimi)

mi-misisuck up, suck in, absorb, or exert suction (POC: *miti)

Tongan (440 / 789)

misisuck (POC: *miti)

moheto sleep, be asleep; (of a boat) to anchor or remain for the night; (of the wind) to blow from a specified direction during the night (NOISE)

mohe-ato be abounding in sleeping fish (of a reef) (NOISE)

mok-opu-nagrandchild (POC: *mokobu) *empu

mo-kopu-nagrandchild (POC: *mo-kobu) *kempu

momoa little bit, crumb, fragment (PMP: *mekmek)

mo-monafat; only of shellfish and crustaceans (POC: *moñak₂) *meñak

monūgood luck, good fortune or privilege (PMP: *ma-nuRuq) *nuRuq

m-oŋu, m-aŋuscab (PCEMP: *ma-Raŋu) *Raŋu

motuisland; break, become separated (POC: *motus)

motuʔaold or elderly person, or elder; male person of any age (even a baby) when one is speaking in a derogatory way; parent, especially father; husband (derogatory for mali); (of things or animals) old; or mature, fully developed; being old; preposed adjective: original, former, first (POC: *matuqa) *tuqaS

motuʔa nimathumb (lit. ‘parent finger’) (POC: *matuqa) *tuqaS

mo-ʔuito live, be living or alive; be in health; recover (esp. from a serious illness) (PMP: *ma-qudip) *qudip

muiplace or space behind or further back; rear; background; end, extremity, tip; back, rear, hind; later; young, immature, only partly grown or developed (as yet) (POC: *muri) *udehi

m-ula(of yam) lower end while still soft and juicy (as it is while the yam is still immature) (POC: *muri) *udehi

mula(of yam) lower end while still soft and juicy (as it is while the yam is still immature) (POC: *mura) *muda

mutucut off, amputate, make shorter by cutting a piece off (PEMP: *mutu₂)

mutu-mutukind of fish (PMP: *mutu₁)

muʔafront, space or place in front or further forward; earlier time or period, earlier, once upon a time; time to come, time that lies ahead (POC: *muqa)

nathat, those, esp. near you (PAN: *-na)

Tongan (460 / 789)

namolagoon (POC: *namo) *namaw

namumosquito (PMP: *ñamuk)

namu-ainfested with mosquitoes (PMP: *ñamuk)

na-ranfresh water (POC: *ranum) *daNum

nithis, these; now (PAN: *-ni)

nifotooth (POC: *nipon) *nipen

nimafive (PAN: *lima)

nima-ŋo-fulufifty (PMP: *lima ŋa puluq) *lima

niu kafakind of coconut; the fruit is very long and is mostly husk --- the best kind for making sennit (kafa) (PMP: *niuR)

nofoto sit; to stay, live, dwell, reside (at or in or on) (POC: *nofo)

nofoto sit; to stay, dwell, live, reside at or in or on (NOISE)

nokuto bend one’s body, stoop, crouch (POC: *noku)

nonofruit fly (POC: *nonok) *neknek

no-nofoto live together in one house or as one community; to live together as husband and wife (POC: *nofo)

nonutree with fruit that looks somewhat like custard apples: Morinda citrifolia. Its leaves and fruit are used medicinally. (POC: *ñoñu) *ñəñu

numito tuck or pleat; to make a tuck or pleat in; a tuck or pleat (POC: *numi)

ŋā(of a small child) to bawl, cry loudly (PMP: *ŋak)

ŋafalength or section of tapa cloth (POC: *ŋapa₁)

ŋaloto sink (e.g. into one’s flesh); so submerge, to disappear or pass completely under the surface (e.g. of a diver or a submarine); to disappear from sight (POC: *mwaloq)

ŋaluwave (when rolling in), breaker or surf (POC: *ŋalu)

Tongan (480 / 789)

ŋāŋā(of a small child) to bawl, cry loudly (PCEMP: *ŋaŋak) *ŋakŋak

ŋa-ŋalu(of the sea) to show a track where a fish has just been swimming near the surface (POC: *ŋalu)

ŋatasnake, serpent (there are no snakes in Tonga) (POC: *mwata)

ŋaugnaw, chew, as sugarcane, in order to appropriate the juice only (POC: *ŋau₁)

-ŋaʔane(in composition) male (POC: *maRuqane) *RuqaNay

ŋīwhimper (PMP: *ŋik)

ŋīŋī (length unexplained)whimper (PMP: *ŋikŋik)

ŋūgrunt, make a grunting noise (PMP: *ŋuk)

ŋūto grunt, make a grunting noise (POC: *ŋuRuR)

ŋūŋūto hum (PCEMP: *ŋuŋuŋ) *ŋu(ŋ)ŋuŋ

ŋutumouth (but the mouth of a river is its muivai); beak; orifice; mouthpiece; brim; opening or hollow (of a canoe); mouth (muzzle) or barrel of a gun; orally, by word of mouth (PAN: *ŋusuq)

ŋutu-ŋutu uadouble-tongued (PAN: *ŋusuq)

ōto go; sometimes o mo = go with, be accompanied or combined with, in a figurative or spiritual sense (POC: *oRo)

ofafathom, six feet; (in gardening) the distance between two consecutive rows of yams, etc. (POC: *ropa) *depah

ofe-ofe-ʔikeep on bending by internal pressure (POC: *ropeq)

ofe-ʔito bend (in the form of a curve, not an angle) (POC: *ropeq)

ohudip up, ladle; to bale (a boat, or the water in it); catch little fish by dipping them up in large numbers (PMP: *asu₂)

omasponge (NOISE)

onosix (POC: *onom) *enem

ono-ŋo-fulusixty (POC: *onom ŋa puluq) *enem

Tongan (500 / 789)

oŋoto sound, be heard or to be heard about; to appeal, carry weight, impress; to be felt or perceived or realized or appreciated; to hear, to have the sense of hearing; to be sentient, able to feel; sound; report, story; fame, reputation; hearing, sense of hearing; feeling, emotion; report or story that is ‘floating about’ but is unauthenticated, rumor (POC: *roŋoR) *deŋeR

oŋo-oŋonews, report or reputation (POC: *roŋoR) *deŋeR

oŋo-oŋo-afamous, renowned (POC: *roŋoR) *deŋeR

oŋo-ʔito hear; to perceive, feel --- pain, pleasure, taste, smell, etc.; to be aware or conscious of, to realize, to appreciate; to feel for, sympathize with (POC: *roŋoR) *deŋeR

pātouch; hit; knock against; collide with; slap (esp. on the head) (POC: *bak) *bak₁

pāfence, wall, enclosure (POC: *baRa) *baRa₂

pakibreak or break off, esp. with the hand; pick or pluck (POC: *baki₁)

pakucrust (of bread) (PMP: *baku)

pakucrust (of bread); to have a crust (LOAN)

palaside, edge (POC: *balaŋ₄) *balaŋ₂

palaikind of yam (POC: *balai₂)

palaŋifish sp. (POC: *balaŋi)

palolosea-worm (LOAN)

palumix and knead in water with the hands (POC: *balut) *balut₁

palumix and knead in water with the hands (POC: *balun₄) *balun₁

panito smear, besmear, daub or stain; to rub the head with oil (POC: *pani₂)

papasawn timber, plank(s), board(s); flat hard sandstone forming a layer or bed at the coast in certain places; flat and smooth and hard (as a well-trodden track) (POC: *baban) *papan

pekabat, flying fox (POC: *bweka)

pelesmall bush whose leaves are cooked and eaten like spinach: Abelmoschus manihot (POC: *bele)

pelufold, bend, flex; reef a sail; to hem; to mark (e.g. a hymn) by folding the page; a fold, crease or hem (POC: *belu)

Tongan (520 / 789)

pelufold, bend or flex; to reef (a sail); to hem; to mark (e.g. a hymn) by folding the page (PMP: *piluq)

penupulp or residue left after straining out juice or oil; what is left of sugarcane after being chewed; regal for kafu (cover oneself; cf. kafukafu ‘husk or skin (of seeds or kernels)’) (POC: *benu)

pepebutterfly (POC: *bebe)

pīthrow, dash or splash water (PMP: *picik)

pihisplash up, fly up, as spray does; to squirt (POC: *bisik) *bicik

pihisplash up, fly up, as spray (PMP: *picik)

pikihold on, cling, stick or adhere (POC: *bikit) *pikit

piki-pikisticky (POC: *bikit) *pikit

pikobent, crooked: if one bend only; if two or more: piko-piko (POC: *biko) *pikel

pikobent, crooked: if one bend only (POC: *piko) *piŋkaw

piko-pikobent, crooked (two or more bends) (POC: *piko) *piŋkaw

pipikind of shellfish (POC: *bibi₂) *bibi

pitonavel (POC: *bito)

pituyellow bamboo (POC: *bituŋ₂) *bituŋ

piu, niu piufan palm: Eupritchardia pacifica (POC: *piRu) *biRu

poŋi-afaint, collapse, swoon, lose consciousness, have a blackout (POC: *boŋi-a) *beRŋi

poŋi-poŋibe or become morning; by morning, early in the day; festival of a certain kind held after a wedding or a funeral and on various other occasions (POC: *boŋi) *beRŋi

popo(of wood) rotten, decaying; (of palm of hand or sole of foot) be affected with a disease which makes it dry and cracked; (of clothes) old and worn out (POC: *popok) *bekbek₁

pūbreak wind through the back passage (POC: *puu) *buu₁

pūbreak wind through the back passage (POC: *buRu₁) *buRu

Tongan (540 / 789)

puaa tree: Fagraea berteroana (POC: *buRat)

puakind of tree bearing white flowers with yellowish centers, frangipani (NOISE)

puaflowering bush: Fragraea berteriana (NOISE)

puhabox, case; barrel (of beer, etc.) (POC: *busa₃) *busa₂

puhiblow energetically with the mouth; (of a whale) to spout; to puff, puff at (PMP: *puRcit)

pulabubble; toy balloon (POC: *buraq) *budaq₁

pulakind of tree, leaves velvety grey; flowers, mauve; fruit, round, borne in small bunches, inedible: Solanum sp. (NOISE)

pulekind of shellfish, the cowrie; be marked with spots or colored patterns (POC: *buliq₁)

pulucoconut husk, coir (POC: *bulut₂) *bulut

puluwhite sap, especially of the breadfruit tree (POC: *bulut) *pulut

punaof liquids, to squirt, to issue forth (POC: *puna₁) *punaŋ

puŋakind of rather soft rock or stone, apparently a compact kind of coral (POC: *buŋa₃) *buŋa

pupube close together, be more or less crowded together (POC: *buburu)

pūpūrinse the mouth, gargle (PCEMP: *pupuR)

pupulaswell, be or become swollen, expand, bulge; swell-headed (POC: *pupula)

putu-putuplant close together (POC: *putu, butu) *butu

sasaufish sp. (POC: *sasau)

sīplant with ornamental leaves and a sweet root: Cordyline terminalis (PMP: *siRi)

siato weave (a net or a web) (POC: *tia)

sifi-sifismall fish, almost triangular in shape (POC: *tipi-tipi)

Tongan (560 / 789)

sikadart; to throw darts (POC: *tika)

siketo squat, to sit on the heels (POC: *tike)

sikoto defecate, ease the bowels (an impolite word) (POC: *tiko)

siko-tāHalcyon chloris (PMP: *sikek)

silayard (for a sail to hang from); to shorten the sheet (of a sail) (POC: *jila)

sinobody; (of a tree) trunk; (of a ship) hull; to have a body (LOAN)

sioto look, look at, or see (POC: *tiro) *tindaw

siokind of shellfish, the rock oyster (POC: *tiRom) *tiRem

sio ofishort-sighted (ofi = ‘near’) (POC: *tiro) *tindaw

sio-ʔito peer at, to look at in a critical or offensive way (POC: *tiro) *tindaw

sipato stagger, reel, wobble (POC: *tibaŋ) *timpaŋ

sipismack, slap, hit with the palm of the hand (ROOT)

siʔismall, little; young, younger, youngest; few; slightly (PAN: *qitik₁)

tāto hit (in various senses); to hit, strike, beat; scoop up coarse sand, also applied to scooping up fish with a hand net (PAN: *taRaq₁)

ta1dl. incl; we (POC: *da₂) *ita₁

ta-anoto be more or less flooded, to have pools of water in or on it; sheet of water, large pool (POC: *rano) *danaw

taaʔ-ito chop, to cut or carve (e.g. a canoe) by chopping (PAN: *taRaq-i) *taRaq₁

tafato cut into portions with a knife, carve up (e.g. a cooked pig or turtle); to lance, cut open (a boil, etc.) (POC: *tapa) *taba₃

tafeto flow, to run (of liquids) (POC: *tape₁)

tāfe-ato be flooded by running water, or to be washed away or carried along by a stream (POC: *tape-a) *tape₁

Tongan (580 / 789)

tafe-ʔaŋaplace or gutter, etc. where something flows (POC: *tape₁)

tafito sweep; sweep away, get rid of (PMP: *tapis₂)

tafi-abe swept away, as by a wave (PMP: *tapis₂)

tafolato spread out or become scattered untidily (POC: *tapola)

tahaone; someone, anyone; person; other, another (POC: *tasa)

tahisea; sea-water; tide (PMP: *tasik)

tainamumosquito net (POC: *tai ñamuk)

taka(of animals) to be at large, to wander about freely; (of persons) to go about, walk round, wander round (POC: *takas) *taŋkas

takito carry in the hand; to lead by the hand; to lead (in general) (NOISE)

talathorn, prickle, spike, barb, or bristle (POC: *salaŋ)

talathorn, prickle, spike, barb or bristle (PEMP: *sala)

ta-lafufireplace on a canoe or other small vessel (POC: *rapuR) *dapuR₁

talito wait for, to expect, to wait (esp. in order to welcome); to receive (e.g. a visitor) (POC: *tari)

talotaro, kind of arum with edible tuberous root, Caladium esculentum (POC: *talos) *tales

tama-ifather, FB (PMP: *t-amax) *amax

tamanutree sp. (POC: *tamanu)

tanoplace of burial, cemetery (obsolescent) (POC: *tanom) *CaNem

tanuto bury, inter; to cover with earth or fill in a hole with earth; to metal (a road) (POC: *tanum₂) *tanum

tanu-ato bury, inter (POC: *tanum₂) *tanum

tanu-makito cover with earth or bury above the ground; to earth up (a plant or tree) (POC: *tanum₂) *tanum

Tongan (600 / 789)

taŋamouth, or mouth and throat: but only in the language of abuse (PMP: *taŋa) *taŋa₁

taŋafakind of fish (POC: *taŋapa)

taŋataman (human being), man (not woman), man (not boy) (PMP: *tau-mata) *Cau

taŋito cry, weep; (of horses) to neigh or whinny, (of dogs) to howl, (of cats) to mew; to ask or appeal or make a petition (PMP: *taŋis) *Caŋis

taospear or javelin (POC: *jaot) *saet

tapaedge, rim, border; boundary, boundary line; side (of a square, triangle, etc.) (NOISE)

tapakatobacco (LOAN)

tapeshallow basket (POC: *tabe)

tapuprohibited, unlawful (POC: *tabu) *tambu

ta-sipato go along with a staggering gait; to reel to and fro; (of a wheel) to wobble (POC: *tibaŋ) *timpaŋ

tatanear (POC: *tata₂)

tā-ta-tauto tattoo (POC: *sau₃)

tauchorus, refrain (PMP: *saRup₂)

taube or remain at anchor (or at the wharf or mooring-place) (PMP: *sauq₂) *sauq

tauchorus, refrain (POC: *jaRu)

tauto hang, etc. (POC: *tau₂) *tau

tāu-poʔouvirgin, maiden; nun; virginity (POC: *tau paqoRu) *baqeRuh

tau-tauto suspend, hang, hang up (POC: *tau₂) *tau

tavakind of tree bearing fruit with a large stone surrounded by jelly-like flesh (PMP: *tawan)

tavahitree that grows to a large size and has good timber: Rhus taitensis (POC: *tawasi)

Tongan (620 / 789)

taʔakind of red, edible fish (PMP: *taRaqan)

ta-ʔalowave or beckon with the hand (POC: *qalop) *qalep

taʔefeces, excrement, dung; also used in the language of anger, contempt, or pity for me‘a (thing, stuff) (POC: *taqe₂) *taqay

taʔe(preposed or prefixed), not, un-, in-, non- or without (POC: *taqe₁) *taqe

taʔe-ʔi(lit. ‘dung-of’), as in ho‘o ta‘e‘i peni (your rotten old pen, etc.) --- in the language of abuse (POC: *taqe₂) *taqay

taʔoto bake (POC: *taqo)

taʔuyear; age; yam season, yam crop or harvest (PMP: *taqun)

taʔu motuʔaage (PMP: *taqun)

t-ehi-nayounger sibling of the same sex, younger cousin of the same sex (POC: *taci) *Suaji

teliekind of tree somewhat resembling an oak in appearance, but bearing almond-like fruit: Terminalia sp. (POC: *talise₁) *talisay

teliŋaear (POC: *taliŋa) *Caliŋa

teŋi-hiato weep for (POC: *taŋis-ia) *Caŋis

tetetremble, shiver, quiver or vibrate; (of the teeth) to chatter (PAN: *tirtir₁)

teʔe-tuliwax in the ear (teʔe = taʔe ‘excrement’, in compounds) (POC: *tuli₁) *Culi

toakind of tree with very hard wood: the casuarina or ironwood tree (POC: *toRas) *teRas

toficut, cut up, cut off (POC: *topiq) *Cebiq

tofi-ŋapiece cut off, esp. from a yam (POC: *topiq) *Cebiq

tofiʔ-ainheritance, patrimony (POC: *topiq) *Cebiq

tohimake marks or designs on; to write, write about (PEMP: *tosi)

toh-ito split (a leaf, usually a pandanus leaf), with a sharp shell (NOISE)

Tongan (640 / 789)

toka(of a boat) to run aground, or to rest on the bottom; (of running water, of particles in suspension, or of people, etc.) to come to rest, to settle down, to reach a calm or settled state (POC: *toka₃) *tekas

tokelaunorth (wind direction) (POC: *tokalaur)

toko-ʔito pole a boat or canoe along, to punt; the pole used in this way (POC: *tokon) *teken

toluthree (PEMP: *tolu) *telu

tolu-ŋo-fuluthirty (POC: *tolu-ŋa-puluq) *telu

tonuto be exact, correct, right, as it ought to be, or exactly suited to the occasion (POC: *tonuq)

tonu-miabe covered or buried by a fall of earth or lava, etc. (POC: *tanum₂) *tanum

toŋomangrove; native hair-dye (originally made from the bark of the mangrove; to dye the hair (PMP: *teŋeR)

topu-tapusacred, holy (POC: *tapu-tapu) *tambu

totoblood (POC: *toto)

toua tree: Cordia aspera (POC: *toRu)

toʔadaring, courageous, or strong in fight (POC: *toqa)

tuaifrom of old, from days long since gone by, since very early times; ancient (POC: *tuaRi)

tufato share out, divide out, allot; to deal (cards) (POC: *tupa₃) *tupa₂

tufa-kaŋawhat is allotted to one by nature: (a) natural gift(s), talent(s), endowment(s); (b) fate, destiny (POC: *tupa₃) *tupa₂

tufuspring of water, esp. one on the beach (POC: *tupuR) *tubuR

tuhufinger, especially forefinger, index finger, to point, point to (POC: *tusuq) *tuzuq₁

tuhu-tuhuto keep on pointing as one talks, or to talk with the hands or fingers (PMP: *tuzu-tuzuq) *tuzuq₁

tuhuʔ-ito point to, point at, or point out (POC: *tusuq) *tuzuq₁

Tongan (660 / 789)

tuhuʔ-ipoint to, point at, or point out (PMP: *tuzuq-i) *tuzuq₁

tuiput in, insert, e.g. hand into pocket, or thread into needle; to thread (needle, beads, etc.); make by threading (as a necklace); to stab, pierce, gore; thing for threading with, such as the small forked stick used for threading sennit when reeding a house; put on, wear (clothes) (POC: *tuRi₁) *CuSuR

tui-tuicandlenut; balls made of chewed candlenuts pressed together were formerly used (and are still used occasionally) as soap (PEMP: *tuRi₂) *tuRi

tuk-ito rap, tap, knock (e.g. on a door); to hit or strike with something hard, to pound, grind, ram, or hammer; to punch, thump, strike with the fist (PMP: *tuktuk-i) *tuktuk₃

tukukukind of fish (very small) (POC: *tokuku)

tulideaf (POC: *tuli₁) *Culi

tulu-tādrop (of a liquid); to drip (POC: *turuq) *tuduq

tulu-tulueaves (POC: *turuq) *tuduq

tuluʔ-iato be wet (or damaged by wetness) as a result of leaks in the roof, etc. (POC: *turuq) *tuduq

tumakind of louse (PCEMP: *tuma) *CumeS

tunakind of eel (PMP: *tuna) *tuNa

tuna tahimarine eel (PMP: *tuna) *tuNa

tuna vaifreshwater eel (PMP: *tuna) *tuNa

tunucook over an open fire, to roast, grill or toast; roasted, grilled, toasted; roasting, etc.; what is roasted or being roasted, etc.; fire for roasting, etc. (PMP: *tunu) *CuNuh

tupakind of land crab (POC: *tubaRa)

tupakind of land crab (NOISE)

tuputo grow up, spring up or come into existence, originate; to grow, increase in size, etc. (of cake, rice, etc.) to rise or swell; to bring in profit; growing, bringing in profit; and more, and one or more over; coming into existence, originating; origin, growing, growth, etc. (POC: *tubuq, tupuq) *Cubuq

tupuʔaancient, belonging to ancient times, esp. as implying and hallowed by its historical associations; riddle, conundrum (POC: *tupuqa)

tututo light a lamp or a pipe, to set on fire, or to burn up (rubbish, etc.); you tutu the firewood, but you tafu (make or light) the fire (PMP: *tutuŋ)

tutuk-ito knock or nail hard or roughly or without due care (PMP: *tuktuk-i) *tuktuk₃

Tongan (680 / 789)

tu-tuluto leak or be leaky, of a roof or anything above one (POC: *turuq) *tuduq

tuʔaback, space or place or time behind or beyond, back or rougher side or inner or under surface (of leaf, cloth, garment, mat, etc.); outside surface, place or space outside, exterior (POC: *tuqa₁)

tuʔuto stand; come to a standstill; to stop; to be, to be situated; to be in existence; to have been set up or established; to arise, spring up, come into existence (POC: *tuqur₁) *tuqud

ūbe sheltered, esp. from wind or rain; sheltered (as a sheltered harbor) (POC: *ruruŋ) *duŋduŋ

ūmake a big (but soft) bumping noise, to thud (POC: *uRuŋ) *huRuŋ

ūbe sheltered (esp. from wind or rain) (POC: *uruŋ) *uduŋ

uatwo (POC: *rua) *duSa

uhopith (lit. or fig.); central thick root of kava plant; core or core-like center (of plantain, pineapple, apple, etc., but not of breadfruit) (POC: *uso)

uhuh-ipull out, draw out, e.g. a sword from its sheath, or a tooth (POC: *unus-i) *SuNus

uicall, call out, call out to (POC: *ui) *huy

ukabowstring (obsolescent) (POC: *uka₂) *uka₁

ulepenis (POC: *ule₁) *ule

ulepenis (NOISE)

unuto slough, shed its skin (as snakes do), or its shell (as crabs, etc. do); skin or shell which has been shed, slough (POC: *uñus) *huñus

unupull out, draw out (POC: *unus) *SuNus

uo-uasinew; tendon; muscle or ligament (PMP: *uRat uRat) *huRaC

utato carry or convey by boat or vehicle or on horseback; carrying or conveying in this manner, or goods (or load) so carried (POC: *ucan) *ujan

utofloaters of fish-net (POC: *uton)

uton-iprovide a net with floaters (POC: *uton)

uʔahonorific or regal for kia, neck, or monga, throat (POC: *Ruqa)

Tongan (700 / 789)

vahaspace between, space apart; space, distance, extended area, esp. at sea; open sea, high seas; strait, channel (POC: *sawaŋ₂)

vaha-mohe(of two islands) so far apart that at least one night must be spent at sea in travelling from one to the other (POC: *sawaŋ₂)

vaheto divide, divide out, allot, distribute; division, e.g. division of country, district (POC: *wa(n)se)

vahe-ato divide (POC: *wa(n)se-a) *wa(n)se

vāhe-ŋadivision, portion (POC: *wa(n)se-ŋa) *wa(n)se

vahe-vaheto divide into more than two. Also, to share between two or more (POC: *wa(n)se wa(n)se) *wa(n)se

vailiquid, esp. fresh water (as opposed to tahi = saltwater) (PCEMP: *waiR) *wahiR

vai fāflood (from a river), river in flood (POC: *waiR pāq) *wahiR

vai-tupuspring, well, or water from a spring or well (PCEMP: *waiR) *wahiR

vakaboat, canoe, ship, of any kind; aeroplane (POC: *waga) *waŋka

valipaint or smear (house with paint, sore with iodine) (POC: *wali₁)

valueight (PAN: *walu)

vaoforest, bush-land, scrub, land or tract of land in its natural uncultivated state (POC: *wao)

vaʔefoot, leg (including foot); wheel (of cart or car); weights along the bottom edge of a fishing net (POC: *waqe) *waqay

vilito drill, bore (PMP: *wirit)

ʔāfence, wall; enclosure, pen (POC: *qaRa₂)

ʔafuhabuild a family (NOISE)

ʔahoday; birthday (POC: *qaco) *qajaw

ʔahugall, gall bladder (POC: *qasu₂)

ʔahusmoke, soot; emit smoke (PMP: *qasu₃)

Tongan (720 / 789)

ʔa-kautree, plant (POC: *kayu) *kaSiw

ʔanu-hi(trans.) to spit, spit on, spit out (POC: *qanus-i) *qanus₂

ʔanuh-ito spit, spit on, spit out (POC: *qanusi)

ʔaofront (esp. of a person), presence; head of a coin; private parts, genitals (POC: *qarop) *qadep

ʔatāroomy, spacious; free, at liberty; space, room; clearing; air, atmosphere, space between earth and sky; freedom, etc. (NOISE)

ʔateliver (PMP: *qatay) *qaCay

ʔate ʔi vaʔecalf (of the leg) (POC: *qate qate) *qaCay

ʔatothatch; roof; be thatched, have a roof (POC: *qatop) *qatep

ʔatukind of fish, the bonito (POC: *qatun)

ʔaucurrent, stream; (of pus) to ooze out, flow (but blood is said to tafe); (of a boil, etc.) to give out pus (PMP: *qaRus)

ʔauamullet sp. (PMP: *qaRuas)

ʔavamullet sp. (Hooper 1994) (PMP: *qawas)

ʔavafish sp. (PMP: *qawa₁)

ʔawakind of fish (PMP: *qawan)

ʔa-ʔanuto spit (POC: *qanus₂)

ʔa-ʔanuto spit (POC: *qanusi)

ʔefihold or carry under the arm (PMP: *qapit) *qapiC

ʔefi-hipush or squeeze in between two things which are already close together; hold, grip or pick up between two things (PMP: *qapit) *qapiC

ʔeitu-matupuʔaname of a certain supernatural being (PMP: *qanitu) *qaNiCu

ʔeku ŋafafathom, six feet; but ofa is more usual in this sense (POC: *ŋapa₁)

Tongan (740 / 789)

ʔigenitive marker (PMP: *qi₂)

ʔila(having a) freckle, mole, speck, stain or spot, or patch of dirt or discoloration (PMP: *qila)

ʔiloto see, espy, catch sight of, notice, perceive; find out, discover; be conscious or aware of; recognize, know (POC: *qiro)

ʔiloto see, espy, catch sight of, notice, perceive; find out, discover; be conscious or aware of (NOISE)

ʔilo-ʔiloto know to some extent (NOISE)

ʔiŋo, ʔiŋo-ʔiŋoirritated, upset or disagreeable -- esp. as seen in one's face; harbor a grudge or ill-will (PMP: *qiŋet)

ʔioyes (PMP: *qio)

ʔisainterjection indicating that what one has just said was wrong and is now to be corrected (PMP: *qisaq)

ʔisaʔisainterjection, dreadful! (PMP: *qisaq)

ʔise-ʔisaindicating interest, wonder, or appreciation (PMP: *qisaq)

ʔitaangry; anger (PMP: *qitaq)

ʔofatokind of white grub found in timber (sometimes eaten by Tongans) (POC: *qapator) *qabated

ʔofatokind of white grub found in timber (sometimes eaten by Tongans) (POC: *qapatoR) *qabateR

ʔohoprovisions, esp. for voyagers or for workmen (POC: *qoso)

ʔonesand (in compounds) (POC: *qone) *qenay

ʔone-ʔonesand (POC: *qone qone) *qenay

ʔonoa fish, the barracuda (POC: *qono₁)

ʔosibe finished, finished up, spent, all used up, or all sold, etc.; or to be completely ended, past, over (POC: *qoti) *qeti₃

ʔotaraw, uncooked -- mostly of meat, fish, shell-fish, or eggs; eat raw fish or shell-fish (POC: *qodaq) *qetaq

ʔotaʔotarubbish, refuse, what is rejected or thrown away as worthless (LOAN)

Tongan (760 / 789)

ʔoturow, line, series, chain or long group (e.g. of islands) (PCEMP: *qatuR₂) *qatuR

ʔotuaobject of worship, deity, god (PMP: *qatuan)

ʔotulekind of fish (= pilchard?) (PMP: *qatulay)

(ʔo)-ʔo-naobjective pronominal adjective, 3sg., his, her/hers, its (POC: *o₂)

(ʔo)-ʔo-ouobjective pronominal adjective, 2sg., your (thy), yours (thine) (POC: *o₂)

ʔufithe yam: Dioscorea alata (PMP: *qubi)

ʔuharain; to rain; rainy, wet (POC: *qusan) *quzaN

ʔuha teasunshower ( = "white rain") (POC: *qusan) *quzaN

ʔuhiblack (POC: *quciŋ) *qujiŋ

ʔuhilalightning; electricity (POC: *qusila)

ʔuho-ʔuharain off and on, be wet, rainy (POC: *qusan qusan) *quzaN

ʔulito steer (PMP: *qulin)

ʔulidirty; black (NEAR)

ʔuli-ʔuliblack (NEAR)

ʔuluhead (lit. or fig.), upper end (POC: *qulu) *quluh

ʔuluavery large fish: a full-sized lupo (trevally) (POC: *qulua)

ʔulu ʔi ʔufiyam-top (POC: *qulu) *quluh

ʔumekind of leather-jacket (fish) (PMP: *qumay)

ʔumunative oven or fire-hole; food cooked in a native oven (PMP: *qumun)

ʔunumove over or along; approach or draw near (PMP: *qunus)

Tongan (780 / 789)

ʔunu-ʔunumove over or along; approach or draw near (PMP: *qunus qunus) *qunus

ʔuŋalarge hermit crab (POC: *qumwaŋ) *qumaŋ

ʔuŋā(imitative of the sound) to whine or cry in a plaintive way (PMP: *quŋal)

ʔuolobster (POC: *quraŋ) *qudaŋ

ʔutaland (not sea); interior or inland (not coast) (PMP: *qutan) *quCaN

ʔuto(of a coconut) beginning to sprout; soft kernel or "apple" of a sprouting nut; brain (POC: *quto)

ʔutobrain (POC: *qutok) *qutek

ʔutuget or draw (water or other liquid); pour liquid into (bottle, jug, etc.) (POC: *qutup) *qutub

ʔutuf-ifill with liquid, pour liquid into (POC: *qutup-i) *qutub

ʔutuf-iabe filled with, be poured into (POC: *qutup-ia) *qutub

749. Tonsawang (42) WMP [tnw] Indonesia (Sulawesi)

abunsmoke (PMP: *Rabun)

ahito come (PAN: *aRi)

ahu1sg., I (PAN: *aku)

amucroot (PMP: *Ramut₁)

asinsalt (PAN: *qasiN)

awədubile, gall (PWMP: *qapejuq)

awuhlime (PAN: *qapuR)

bacaŋ-anbody (of person) (PWMP: *bataŋ-an) *bataŋ₁

bacaʔchild, offspring (PWMP: *bataq)

baluyto transform, change (shape, etc.) (PMP: *baliw₂)

buluʔthin bamboo sp. (PAN: *buluq₂)

dəndəmdark (PAN: *demdem₂)

dəpafathom (PAN: *depah)

didito boil (of water) (PMP: *diqdiq)

duatwo (PMP: *duha) *duSa

duhibone (PMP: *duRi)

duniʔrainbow (PWMP: *duniq)

ənəmsix (PAN: *enem)

əpacfour (PMP: *epat) *Sepat

Tonsawang (20 / 42)

iwəscockroach (PMP: *ipes) *Sipes

kanfood; to eat (PAN: *kaen)

kasorafter (PMP: *kasaw₁)

kaweyto wave, beckon with the hand (PMP: *kaway₁)

kayuwood (PMP: *kahiw) *kaSiw

kicawe (incl.) (PAN: *k-ita) *ita₁

kimaclam shell used as ornament (PMP: *kima)

laŋicsky (PMP: *laŋit) *laŋiC

lepadto fly (PPH: *lepad)

ŋalanname (PMP: *ŋajan)

ŋaʔŋato chew betel nut (PPH: *ŋaqŋaq₂)

picuseven (PAN: *pitu₁) *pitu

puhəcnet for catching fish or animals (PMP: *puket₁)

pusədnavel (PMP: *pusej)

suwuboundary, border (PMP: *supu)

talirope, string (PMP: *talih) *CaliS

talihudturn the back on someone (PMP: *ta-likud) *likud

taliŋaear (PMP: *taliŋa) *Caliŋa

taloto fear, be afraid (PAN: *talaw)

taʔifeces; dregs (PMP: *taqi) *Caqi

Tonsawang (40 / 42)

uangray hair (PMP: *quban) *qubaN

umaʔsheath; to sheathe (PAN: *Rumaq)

750. Tonsea (53) WMP (Seeddon 1978) [txs] Indonesia (Sulawesi)

amutroot (PMP: *Ramut₁)

apifire (PMP: *hapuy) *Sapuy

asudog (PAN: *asu₁)

ateliver (PMP: *qatay) *qaCay

bataʔyoung of tree, person (PWMP: *bataq)

budbudfeather (PPh: *bulbúl)

daaʔblood (PAN: *daRaq)

danolake (PAN: *danaw)

daŋitsky (PMP: *laŋit) *laŋiC

didaʔtongue (PMP: *dilaq₁)

douʔfar (PMP: *zauq)

duibone (PMP: *duRi)

dukutgrass (PMP: *zukut)

d<um>udaʔto spit (PAN: *l<um>udaq) *ludaq

duniʔrainbow (PWMP: *duniq)

eŋkersnore (Schwarz 1908) (PWMP: *eŋker)

esaone (PAN: *esa)

eteduegg (PMP: *qateluR)

kawiileft side or direction (PAN: *ka-wiRi) *wiRi

kurahow? (PMP: *kuja)

Tonsea (20 / 53)

lalanpath, road (PMP: *zalan)

lalembelow (PMP: *dalem)

ma-puduʔten (PWMP: *ma-puluq) *puluq

m-atusone hundred (PWMP: *ma-Ratus) *RaCus

nipisthin (PMP: *nipis) *Nipis

ŋaranname (PMP: *ŋajan)

putiʔwhite (PMP: *putiq)

ra-rampor-anhearth (PWMP: *dapuR-an) *dapuR₁

sawasnake (PMP: *sawa)

se-iwuone thousand (PMP: *Ribu)

supuboundary, border (PMP: *supu)

tademsharp (PMP: *tazem) *Cazem

tadirope (PMP: *talih) *CaliS

tadunforest (PMP: *talun₁) *CaluN

tawaʔfat, grease (PWMP: *tabeq)

teduthree (PAN: *telu)

tekenstick (wood) (PMP: *teken)

tinaʔiintestines (PMP: *t<in>aqi) *Caqi

touperson, human being (PMP: *tau₁) *Cau

t<um>adiŋato hear (PMP: *taliŋa) *Caliŋa

Tonsea (40 / 53)

t<um>anemto plant (PMP: *tanem) *CaNem

tundəkto point, indicate; stab (PPH: *tundek)

tuunto pour down (PMP: *tuRun₁)

tuun-ansource of a river (PWMP: *tuRun-an) *tuRun₁

udeʔsnake (PMP: *qulej)

uduhead (PMP: *qulu) *quluh

wadueight (PAN: *walu)

watustone (PMP: *batu) *batux

waʔaŋtooth (PMP: *baReqaŋ)

weŋinight (PMP: *beRŋi)

werunew (PMP: *baqeRu) *baqeRuh

wuaʔfruit (PMP: *buaq)

wuʔukhair (PMP: *buhek) *bukeS

751. Tontemboan (536) WMP (Schwarz 1908) [tnt] Indonesia (Sulawesi)

aexclamation of surprise (short for ya) (PMP: *a₃)

-aa short form of the pronominal suffix of the 3rd person, used with words that end in a consonant; it marks not so much the genitive relationship of the subject as the relationship of the word with -a to the word that follows it (PMP: *-a₂)

a-(followed or not followed by a nasal), prefix that expresses the dative or locative: to, in, at, on, toward, with, over (PAN: *qa₁)

a-(followed or not followed by a nasal), prefix that expresses the dative or locative: to, in, at, on, toward, with, over (PMP: *ha₃) *Sa₂

a-aiarrival (PAN: *ai₃)

aihither, toward the place where the speaker is; used as a verbal postclitic (PAN: *ai₃)

ai-ento have come to (a condition) (PAN: *ai₃)

alarenclosure for animals, stable, pen; originally a three-sided enclosure; also a cage trap with falling door used to catch monkeys (PAN: *qalad)

amaŋfather (PMP: *amá-ŋ) *amax

amiannorth; north wind (PMP: *qamihan) *qamiS

ampinleaf, cloth, etc. with which one seizes something (PWMP: *ampin)

ampuŋ-anbe forgiven (PWMP: *ampun-an) *ampun

anakchild, in relation to adults, hence 'offspring'; used as a vocative term (PMP: *anak) *aNak

an saru-saru-naright in front of him (PPH: *saru)

antamjealous, envious (NOISE)

a-nuword used to indicate something indefinite, used both for persons and for things; thing, whatchamacallit (PMP: *a-nu) *-nu₁

anu-kumine (PMP: *a-nu-ku) *-nu₁

anu-muyours (PMP: *a-nu-mu) *-nu₁

anu-nahis/hers (PMP: *a-nu-ni a) *-nu₁

aŋkemtake in the hand (ROOT)

Tontemboan (20 / 536)

apawhat, which (PMP: *apa₁)

aperugall (PAN: *qapejux)

apifire (PMP: *hapuy) *Sapuy

api-anbring fire to, apply fire to (PWMP: *hapuy-an) *Sapuy

apo-ʔgrandparent; Sir, as a title given to gods and men: lord, ruler (PPh: *apu-q) *apu

apulime, calcium (PAN: *qapuR)

ariʔihouse post (PMP: *hadiRi) *SadiRi

asaŋgills of a fish (PMP: *hasaŋ)

asaŋ-enseized by the gills (PMP: *hasaŋ)

aseŋbreath (PWMP: *qaseŋ)

asinsalt; brackish to the taste (PAN: *qasiN)

asin tinuʔunsalt obtained by boiling sea water (PAN: *qasiN)

asudog; also used of domesticated animals in general (PAN: *asu₁)

ataslave (PMP: *qaRta)

ataropen and spacious terrain (PPH: *antad)

ataropen and spacious terrain (PWMP: *hantaD)

ateliver; heart, mind, mental condition (PMP: *qatay) *qaCay

ate-anconscience (PMP: *qatay-an) *qaCay

ate-nathe inner part of some things (e.g. ate-na im bale 'the inner part of a house', ate-na im cayu 'the pith of wood') (PMP: *qatay) *qaCay

ateproof; thatch (of sago leaves sewn together) (PMP: *qatep)

Tontemboan (40 / 536)

ate peralung (PMP: *qatay) *qaCay

atu-atushundreds and hundreds (PMP: *Ratus) *RaCus

atushundred (PMP: *Ratus) *RaCus

awecurved thorns of the rattan (PWMP: *away₄)

awutto weed, pull up or out (PMP: *abut₁)

awutto weed, pull up or out (PMP: *Rabut) *RabuC

ayatthreaten, menace (PWMP: *ayat)

eletdo in between, do with intervals, insert oneself between others to do something (as in singing solo in alternation with a choir) (PMP: *qelet) *qeleC

embeŋdroning of bees (ROOT)

embetwrap around, bind the middle (as with a belt) (PWMP: *embet)

embusblowing of pigs as they flee in fear (PMP: *qembus)

emelcold, cooled, of cooked food or boiled water that has cooled (NOISE)

empu-antitle which shamans give to one another (PWMP: *empu-an) *empu

empu-ŋLord, name with which the gods were addressed in ancient times (PWMP: *empú-ŋ) *empu

endosun; day (PMP: *qalejaw)

enepone who keeps to himself, uncommunicative person (PPh: *enep)

éntosto separate, of married persons (ROOT)

entutfart (PMP: *qetut)

eŋékpeep, cheep, chirp, squeak (PWMP: *eŋik)

eŋesbreathe heavily, snore lightly (PPh: *eŋes)

Tontemboan (60 / 536)

eŋkasunfold, develop; loosen, undo, untie, release (PWMP: *hekas)

eŋkasunfold, undo, loosen, untie (ROOT)

eŋkemgrip; handful (PMP: *qeŋkem)

eŋkerdull roar of flames, of (walking on) hollow ground, or the sound that accompanies an earthquake (PWMP: *eŋker)

éŋkolbent into a curve (PWMP: *iŋkul)

eŋkutsound of soft groaning or moaning (PMP: *eŋkut)

eŋosbreathe heavily, pant (PPh: *eŋus)

epatfour (PMP: *epat) *Sepat

eramrent (PMP: *hezam) *Sezam

eram-enfor rent (PPh: *hedam-en) *Sezam

erutthunder (PWMP: *erut)

esaone, other, sole, only; self (PAN: *esa)

əsa pusər kamiwe are full brother and sister (‘we have one umbilical cord’) (PMP: *pusej)

ese-esemslightly sour (PWMP: *esem)

esemsour, vinegary (PWMP: *esem)

esigums, flesh of the teeth (PMP: *hesi) *Sesi

etabran, husk that is shaken loose in winnowing (PMP: *qeta) *qeCah

etigradually lower, dry up, as the water in cooking rice, the water level in a river, etc. (PMP: *qeti₁)

goritto saw (PMP: *gurit)

goritto saw (ROOT)

Tontemboan (80 / 536)

igenitive marker (PMP: *qi₂)

i-anakpiece that is placed in or on something else (PPH: *i-anak) *aNak

impitnarrow (as a river) (PMP: *qipit)

i-ŋaŋaopen (your mouth) (PMP: *ŋaŋa₂)

ipa-eramwill be rented (PPh: *ipa-hedám) *Sezam

ipustail (PPh: *ipus)

i-saɁapwhat one uses as a scooper (PPH: *saRap)

isekpress something down to make it more compact (PWMP: *isek)

isekpress something down to make it more compact (ROOT)

i-teluwhat is concerned with bringing the total to three (PMP: *i-telu) *telu

itiŋbunch, cluster (PMP: *qitiŋ)

i-turuʔ maishow me! point it out to me! (PWMP: *i-tuzuq) *tuzuq₁

ka-asucanine companion (PPh: *ka-asu) *asu₁

ka-ate-antaken to heart (PMP: *qatay) *qaCay

ka-emputitle which shamans give to one another (PMP: *empu)

ka-kayu-nplace where a garden used to be but that is now covered with trees again (PWMP: *ka-kahiw-an) *kaSiw

kaligutter, drain; dig out, dig a gutter (PMP: *kali₂) *kalih

kami1pl. excl., we, us (PAN: *k-ami) *ami

kamu2pl., you all (PMP: *kamu₂) *amu

kanarithe canarium tree and its nut: Canarium commune (PMP: *kanari)

Tontemboan (100 / 536)

ka-ŋilu-anto be put on edge, of the teeth (as when eating something very sour) (PAN: *ŋilu)

ka-pasoʔ-anaffected by heat (PPH: *ka-pasuq-an) *pásuq

ka-puluʔtenth (PMP: *ika-puluq) *puluq

karajabasket with wide opening woven of rattan and used to wash coffee and transport leafy vegetables and corn (PWMP: *karanzaŋ)

ka-raʔamitime that the children blow on rice straws (i.e. ‘harvest time’) (PMP: *zaRami)

ka-ruasecond (PMP: *ika-duha) *duSa

ka-rukut-enbe overgrown with grass and weeds (PMP: *dukut₂)

ka-sakit-anbe attacked by a spirit of sickness, afflicted by illness (PWMP: *ka-sakit-an) *sakit

ka-saruspouse; opponent (PPH: *saru)

kasorafter, which runs from top to bottom and to which the roof thatch is attached (PMP: *kasaw₁)

ka-təluthird, the third (PMP: *ika-telu) *telu

ka-təlu-anthe three stars in Orion’s belt (PWMP: *ka-telu-an) *telu

katoʔora im beŋimid-night (PMP: *beRŋi)

ka-uranmuch rain (PWMP: *ka-quzan) *quzaN

ka-weŋithe previous day, the preceding night (PMP: *beRŋi)

ka-weŋi-anovercome by darkness, benighted (PWMP: *ka-beRŋi-an) *beRŋi

kayutree, wood (PMP: *kahiw) *kaSiw

ke-aiat the coming of (PAN: *ai₃)

kendemdark place; darkness (PPH: *ke(n)dem)

kətəŋtight, taut (PMP: *keteŋ)

Tontemboan (120 / 536)

kila-kilat-anplace where there are many lightning flashes (PMP: *kila-kilat) *likaC

kilapshining, glittering (PMP: *kilap)

kilatlightning; flash, shine (PMP: *kilat₁) *likaC

kilat-a im pisowthe sparks that fly from the blade of a machete that is being sharpened on a whetstone (PMP: *kilat₁) *likaC

kimashellfish (PMP: *kima)

k<in>ayuplace where trees are raised (PMP: *kahiw) *kaSiw

k<in>utuafflicted with lice, lice-infested (PWMP: *k<in>utu) *kuCux

kirisdagger (LOAN)

kitawe (plural incl.) (PAN: *k-ita) *ita₁

kiukpeep of a chick (PMP: *kiuk)

kopi wuayastrong coffee (PMP: *buqaya)

-ku1sg genitive suffix (marks possession and agent of a passive verb) (PAN: *-ku)

kuawhat someone says or means; utterance (PWMP: *kua₂) *kua₁

kuanwhat is said, thought or intended (PWMP: *kua-n) *kua₁

k<um>alidig postholes (PAN: *k<um>ali) *kalih

kuma-ruasecond (PMP: *duha) *duSa

k<um>ayubecome woody or hard (PMP: *k<um>ahiw) *kaSiw

kumiwhiskers, of people, cats, rats, antennae of shrimps or grasshoppers, barbels of fish (PMP: *kumi)

k<um>ilatto flash, of lightning (PWMP: *k<um>ilat) *likaC

kumi-n ~ kumi-anone who has a beard, bearded one (PMP: *kumi)

Tontemboan (140 / 536)

k<um>uato say, invite (PWMP: *kua₂) *kua₁

k<um>umipluck out facial hair (PMP: *kumi)

k<um>ura-kurawhy? (PAN: *k<um>uja) *kuja

k<um>ututo delouse, seek lice in hair (PMP: *k<um>utu) *kuCux

kurisshave (beard), scrape off (salt, a plank, lead pencil), grate, scrape out (PAN: *kiRus)

kutulouse in the hair (PMP: *kutu₁) *kuCux

kutu-anthe place in the hair where one seeks lice (PWMP: *kutu-an) *kuCux

lalanway, path; way of acting (PMP: *zalan)

lanuttough, as old meat (PWMP: *lañut)

laŋitsky, atmosphere (PMP: *laŋit) *laŋiC

ləkəpcomplete, full, bring to completion (PWMP: *lekep₂)

leŋketstick to (PWMP: *liŋkit)

ləsəmstifle, choke, suffocate; drown; extinguish (as a fire) (PMP: *lemes)

ləsəm-an ən apito douse a fire (PMP: *lemes)

liaSpanish pepper (PMP: *laqia)

lia tanaʔginger (PMP: *laqia)

lilaʔtongue (PMP: *dilaq₁)

limafive (PAN: *lima)

lim-puru-ancrown of the head (PAN: *qali-puju)

lompitclip; rat trap (PMP: *luqepit)

Tontemboan (160 / 536)

lueʔtears (PMP: *luheq) *luSeq

lulunleaves of a developing plant that are still tightly furled before opening up (PMP: *lulun) *luluN

l<um>əkəpto bring to completion, make complete (PWMP: *lekep₂)

l<um>ilaʔstick out the tongue (PMP: *d<um>ilaq) *dilaq₁

l<um>ueʔshed tears, tear up, of the eyes (PPH: *l<um>uheq) *luSeq

lumutmoss; sponge (PMP: *lumut)

ma-amiannorthwest monsoon (PMP: *qamihan) *qamiS

m(a)-anakbear, give birth (PMP: *maR-anak) *aNak

ma-apicatch flame, burn; warm oneself by a fire (PWMP: *ma-hapuy) *Sapuy

ma-aputurn to lime, turn to powder (PAN: *qapuR)

ma-apuadd lime to the betel chew (PPh: *maR-qapuR) *qapuR

ma-aseŋbreathe; take a break, take a breather (PWMP: *qaseŋ)

m(a)-asinbe or become salty; to salt (PMP: *ma-qasin) *qasiN

ma-asufetch water from a spring or river (PMP: *asu₂)

ma-asufetch water from a spring or river (PMP: *qasu₁)

ma-atamake a slave of someone, treat as a slave (PMP: *qaRta)

ma-ateperceive, become aware of, feel (PMP: *qatay) *qaCay

ma-atushundred (PWMP: *ma-Ratus) *RaCus

ma-ayatraise sword, whip, or hand in threat (PWMP: *ayat)

ma-endobecome day (PAN: *ma-qajaw) *qajaw

Tontemboan (180 / 536)

m(a)-entutto break wind (PWMP: *maR-qetut) *qetut

maerto pay (PMP: *bayaD)

ma-eramto rent (PPh: *ma-hedám) *Sezam

ma-etigradually lower, dry up (PMP: *ma-qeti) *qeti₁

m-aiwill come, shall come (PAN: *um-ai) *ai₃

ma-itiŋpluck off clusters or stems of areca nuts (PMP: *qitiŋ)

maka-aiall come (PAN: *ai₃)

maka-anakconsider as one's child, get a child, bear a child (PWMP: *maka-anak) *aNak

maka-ateunderstand, suppose, take to heart (PMP: *qatay) *qaCay

maka-atusa hundred times (PMP: *Ratus) *RaCus

maka-(e)saone time, once (PPh: *maka-esa) *esa

maka-ŋaŋastay wide open, as the mouth (PMP: *ŋaŋa₂)

maka-patehaving died, having gone out (of fire) (PMP: *p-atay) *aCay

maka-ruatwice (PMP: *maka-duha) *duSa

ma-ka-taʔuto give knowledge of, inform (PWMP: *ka-taqu₁) *Caqu

maka-wulurfollow a ridge, walk along the ridge of a mountain (PMP: *bulud₃) *buled₁

ma-kayubecome woody or hard (PPH: *ma-kahiw) *kaSiw

ma-kayu-ngrown over with trees, where formerly there were none (PPH: *ma-kahiw) *kaSiw

ma-kumipluck out facial hair (PMP: *kumi)

ma-kututo delouse (PWMP: *maR-kutu) *kuCux

Tontemboan (200 / 536)

ma-lueʔshed tears, tear up, of the eyes (PMP: *maR-luheq) *luSeq

mama-ʔfather; vocative of ama-ʔ (PMP: *mama) *mamah

m-amiantravel northwards, head in a northerly direction (PMP: *qamihan) *qamiS

ma-mukətgo hunting for wild pigs (PWMP: *ma-muket) *puket₁

ma-nimpisbecome thin (PMP: *ma-nipis) *Nipis

mantalpack something up, wrap in a sarong (PWMP: *bantal)

maŋa-apo-ʔthe ancestors (PPh: *maŋa-apu) *apu

maŋ-akuadmit, confess; commit oneself to something (PWMP: *maŋ-aku) *aku

maŋa-ma-ruaperform something with both hands (PWMP: *maŋa-duha) *duSa

ma-ŋaŋato open the mouth (< *maŋ-ŋaŋa) (PMP: *ŋaŋa₂)

maŋ-asinmake salt by evaporating sea water (PWMP: *maŋ-qasin) *qasiN

maŋ-asuhunt with dogs (PWMP: *maŋ-asu) *asu₁

maŋa-wuriŋentirely black (PWMP: *budiŋ)

ma-ŋuraperhaps, possibly, who knows? (PWMP: *ma-ŋuja) *kuja

mapa-ailet come, allow to come (PAN: *ai₃)

mapaimbe-imbeŋelmake oneself deaf to, refuse to listen to (PMP: *beŋel)

ma-palupound sago of the Arenga saccharifera (PMP: *palu) *palu₃

mapa-ŋaranbe given a name (PMP: *ŋajan)

mapa-ruasend two (pieces) (PMP: *duha) *duSa

ma-pasəkto drive (a stake or pole) into the ground (PAN: *pacek)

Tontemboan (220 / 536)

ma-pasoʔheat up something, become warm or hot (PPH: *ma-pásuq) *pásuq

ma-patedie (PMP: *p-atay) *aCay

ma-pirareduce in amount (PAN: *pijax)

ma-pusuʔsend out a spadix, of an areca palm (PMP: *pusuq₁)

ma-rakittravel by raft; make a raft of wood or bamboo (PMP: *Rakit)

ma-ruabecome two, make into two, bring two (PMP: *duha) *duSa

ma-sakitbe sick, become sick (PMP: *ma-sakit) *sakit

mataʔgreen (also the color of the cloudless sky); unripe, raw, uncooked; small thin green snake (PMP: *ma-hataq) *hataq

m-atedie; kill; a curse: may you die! (PMP: *m-atay) *aCay

ma-təluof a third woman, to join two others in pounding rice (PAN: *ma-telu) *telu

ma-ulaʔbecome a snake (PMP: *hulaR) *SulaR

ma-unerbe, go, be found between, in the middle of (PPh: *ma-qunej) *qunej

ma-uranto rain (PAN: *ma-quzaN) *quzaN

ma-welarwide, broad; spread out widely (PWMP: *ma-bekelaj) *bekelaj

ma-wintiʔcalf-kicking (PMP: *bintiq)

ma-wuatdepart, leave from a place (PMP: *buhat₃)

ma-wuaya, muayabold, intrepid; be or make strong (PMP: *buqaya)

ma-wukutie knots in a string as a means of keeping track of offering days during which one must remain at home (PPh: *ma-buku) *bukuh

ma-wunito hide, hide oneself (PMP: *buni₁) *buNi

ma-wunuʔinjure a thief or enemy by magical means, cause death or bodily infirmity in this way. The inflictor of the curse makes an image of the one he desires to kill or maim and damages that part of the image corresponding to the bodily part to which injury is directed, or he obtains a hair of the victim and buries it somewhere (PWMP: *maR-bunuq) *buNuq₂

Tontemboan (240 / 536)

maʔat ~ ma-paʔatto chisel (PMP: *paqet)

me-epatdivide into four; make a square (PMP: *ma-epat) *Sepat

məki-pusuʔlook for the inflorescence of a plant (PMP: *pusuq₁)

məki-ruarequest a second one of something (PMP: *duha) *duSa

mémbéʔgoat (LOAN)

mem-buni-anplay hide-and-seek (archaic) (PMP: *buni₁) *buNi

m-embusto blow (PMP: *qembus)

m-endo-ndodaily (PMP: *qalejaw-qalejaw) *qalejaw

mə-nəlu-nəlufor only three to remain, for three still to remain (PWMP: *ma-nelu) *telu

ménéʔto sow rice, strew rice seed in the field (PWMP: *maŋ-binehiq) *bineSiq

meŋ-apispew out fire, of volcanoes (PWMP: *maŋ-hapuy) *Sapuy

meŋ-asu-ŋ-asurepeatedly fetch water (PMP: *asu₂)

meŋ-asu-ŋ-asurepeatedly fetch water (PMP: *qasu₁)

meŋ-atapossess slaves (PMP: *qaRta)

me-ŋutu-ŋutu-keʔalways searching for lice (PWMP: *ma-ŋutu) *kuCux

mə-raraŋwarm oneself by a fire (PMP: *daŋdaŋ₁) *daŋdaŋ

mə-ruadivide into two (PWMP: *maR-duha) *duSa

metiʔpop corn in hot ashes (PWMP: *beRtiq)

me-tuaribrothers, relatives (PMP: *ta-huaji) *Suaji

me-tunuto burn, bake, roast (PAN: *ma-tunuh) *CuNuh

Tontemboan (260 / 536)

me-wintiʔkick calves with another (PMP: *bintiq)

meʔe wuatto load, put on a cargo; name of an offering feast which newlyweds must celebrate in order to consecrate the purchase of furniture, domesticated animals, tools, etc. At the time of their marriage they are not allowed to have any of these possessions, hence sooner or later they celebrate in their still unfurnished house the ceremony of its 'furniture'. At that time relatives and friends bring an assortment of possessions (furniture, cooking utensils, domesticated animals), which at the termination of the ceremony are taken back again. At this point the sponsors of the ceremony are permitted to buy what they want (PMP: *buhat₃)

miliŋ, ma-wiliŋdistort one's words, turn one's words around; say yes and then turn around and say no (PMP: *biliŋ)

muaʔbear fruit (PWMP: *maŋ-buaq) *buaq

mukaʔto open, explain, clarify (PWMP: *maŋ-bukaʔ) *bukaʔ

mukutie knots in a string as a means of keeping track of offering days during which one must remain at home (PMP: *bukuh)

mulatturn the eyes so far in looking upward that only the white can be seen (PWMP: *maŋ-bulat) *bulat

muləspull something down or out with a twisting motion (PWMP: *ma-mules) *pules

munito hide, hide oneself (PWMP: *maŋ-buni) *buNi

munuʔinjure a thief or enemy by magical means, cause death or bodily infirmity in this way (PWMP: *maŋ-bunuq) *buNuq₂

m-uwitcarry something away (PWMP: *um-uit) *uit₂

muyaŋweave bamboo membrane (PWMP: *buyaŋ)

nanamtaste; tasty, delicious (PAN: *ñamñam)

n-apo-ʔdeceased grandfather (PPh: *in-apu) *apu

ni-aseŋ-anplace where one has taken a break (PWMP: *qaseŋ)

ni-asuwater that has been fetched (PMP: *asu₂)

ni-asuwater that has been fetched (PMP: *qasu₁)

niindo im buwucaught with a large fish trap (PAN: *bubu₂)

nima-weŋaʔ-ois torn, is ripped open -- also said of a woman who already is intimate with a man (PMP: *beŋat₁) *beŋat

nimpisthin (PMP: *nipis) *Nipis

Tontemboan (280 / 536)

ni-raraŋ ~ r<in>araŋwhat is roasted (already taken from the fire) (PWMP: *d<in>aŋdaŋ) *daŋdaŋ

n<um>impismake something thin (PMP: *nipis) *Nipis

ŋaŋaopen, opened, of the mouth; gaping, of living things, of a sack, a basket, etc. (PMP: *ŋaŋa₂)

ŋaranname; position, function (PMP: *ŋajan)

ŋaʔŋala moan, groan (in pain, difficulty, or when sleeping) (PPH: *ŋalŋál)

ŋiluon edge, of the teeth; also the unpleasant feeling one gets on hearing a scratching or grating sound (PAN: *ŋilu)

ŋ<um>aŋato open the mouth; open the mouth of a sack (PMP: *ŋaŋa₂)

ŋ<um>arangive a name to someone (PMP: *ŋajan)

oianswer to someone who calls one's name (PMP: *huy)

pa-ama-ŋ-ananything that serves as a sign of the relationship, or the reason for the relationship between father and child (PWMP: *paR-ama-en) *amax

pa-api-anpiece of firewood; what one uses to start a fire (PMP: *pa-hapuy-an) *Sapuy

pa-epat-anrectangle, square; rectangular measure (PWMP: *paR-epat-an) *Sepat

pa-eram-enbe rented (PPh: *pa-hedam-en) *Sezam

paka-rua-antwo times, twice (PMP: *paka-duha) *duSa

pakufern (PWMP: *paku) *paheku

paŋ-asu-ngame, what is hunted (PPh: *paŋ-asu) *asu₁

pa-paluthe instrument used to pound sago (PAN: *palu-palu) *palu₃

pa-patedeath, time of dying or killing (PMP: *pa-p-atay) *aCay

pa-paʔata chisel (PMP: *paqet)

p-apo-ʔvocative of apo-ʔ (PMP: *pa-ampu) *apu

Tontemboan (300 / 536)

pasəka pole driven firmly into the ground to which a horse can be tethered (PAN: *pacek)

pasoʔwarm, hot (PPH: *pásuq)

patetime of death; death; go out from time to time (fire, light) (PMP: *p-atay) *aCay

pate-anplace of dying or killing (PMP: *p-atay) *aCay

pa-təlu-təlu-nput three in each pile (PMP: *pa-telu) *telu

patiukankind of large bee (PWMP: *patiukan)

pa-ulun-anheadrest (PMP: *qulun₂)

peŋ-apu-anlime case; also the name of the gourd formerly used to make lime cases (PWMP: *paŋ-qapuR-an) *qapuR

pə-saru-anone’s own child, not a stepchild (PPH: *saru)

pe-tuari-anbrotherhood (PMP: *ta-huaji) *Suaji

peʔpelpress down, press flat with something broad or level (PWMP: *pelpel)

pirahow much?, how many?; not much, a little (PAN: *pijax)

pira-pirasome; several (PAN: *pija pija) *pijax

pituseven (PAN: *pitu₁) *pitu

piʔpilto copulate, of chickens and other birds (PWMP: *pilpil)

piʔpiredge, side of a river or path (PWMP: *piRpiR₁)

piʔpitclose the eyes, blink (PAN: *pitpit₂)

poikansea turtle (PPH: *pawíkan)

po-ləkəpthat with which one completes something, as goods to settle a debt for which only a half cash payment was made (PWMP: *lekep₂)

pukətnet, general name for fishnets and hunting nets (PMP: *puket₁)

Tontemboan (320 / 536)

pukulto hammer, hit with the fist, use the fist as a hammer (PWMP: *pukul₁)

puləstwisted, as of plants that have fallen through a twisting motion (PMP: *pules)

puneysmall green dove (PAN: *punay)

punitree fern: Alsophila (PMP: *puni₁) *puni

puntibanana (a number of varieties are named) (PAN: *punti₁)

pusərnavel, umbilical cord (PMP: *pusej)

pusuʔheart; the male spadix of the areca palm; the young maize fruit (PMP: *pusuq₁)

rakitraft (PMP: *Rakit)

rapetattached together, like the toes of birds with paddle-feet (PMP: *dapet)

raraŋto dry; to roast fish (PMP: *daŋdaŋ₁) *daŋdaŋ

raraŋ-əndry something by a fire (imper.); grill for roasting flesh (PWMP: *daŋdaŋ-en) *daŋdaŋ

raum ~ raʔumsew or plait thatch for roofing (PAN: *zaRum)

raʔamirice straw, a rice-straw flute (PMP: *zaRami)

raʔdapa tree, Erythrina indica (PMP: *dapdap₁)

raʔica niaperuansilly, stupid; someone who cannot grasp anything (lit. 'without gall') (PAN: *qapejux)

rəpafathom (PAN: *depah)

ruatwo (PMP: *duha) *duSa

rua-ruatwo by two, two at a time (PMP: *duha duha₁) *duSa

ruku-rukut-enbe overgrown with grass and weeds (PWMP: *dukut-en) *dukut₂

rukutgrass, weeds (PMP: *dukut₂)

Tontemboan (340 / 536)

r<um>akittravel by raft; make a raft of wood or bamboo (PMP: *Rakit)

r<um>əpato measure in fathoms (PWMP: *d<um>epa) *depah

ruyuŋdugong: Halicore dugong; according to folktales the dugong was originally a Bantik, so that the Bantiks do not eat it (PMP: *duyuŋ₂)

sa-anuperhaps (PWMP: *sa-anu) *-nu₁

sakeyguest, stranger (PWMP: *sakay₃)

sakitspirit of sickness, ghost that causes illness; sickness, illness (PMP: *sakit)

sakit-ənperson who is always sick, sickly person (PWMP: *sakit-en) *sakit

salaʔfine that one pays to compensate for a misdeed (PMP: *salaq₁)

saleʔfloor (PMP: *saleR)

s<al>isitthe sound of water that hisses or sizzles, as when about to boil (PMP: *sitsit) *sitsit₁

saŋa-anaka 'nest of children', a brood. Also used of people, as in saŋa anak sera 'they were born at the same time/they are twins' (PPh: *saŋa-anak) *aNak

saŋa-apaone thing, in contrast to another (PMP: *apa₁)

saŋa-itiŋone cluster, one bunch (PMP: *qitiŋ)

sa-ŋa-puluʔten (PMP: *sa-ŋa-puluq) *puluq

sa-ŋa-puluʔten (PMP: *ŋa)

s<ar>isitsound of water spraying out of a crack in a bamboo water conduit (PMP: *sitsit) *sitsit₁

saruthe front of something, the facing side (PPH: *saru)

sa-saɁapscooper of coconut shell (PPH: *saRap)

sa uner-enmean, average (PPh: *qunej-en) *qunej

sədaɁfish; eat meat (PPH: *sedaq)

Tontemboan (360 / 536)

səlacoarse, big, rough, crude (of estimate or idea) (PPH: *selaR)

seŋitstench (PMP: *seŋ(e)hit)

sərəmant (PWMP: *sejem)

siownine (PMP: *siwa) *Siwa

sisipinsert something between something else, as between the thatch of the roof (PWMP: *sisip)

sukakind of tree: Gnetum gnemon L. (PMP: *suka₁)

sulufingernail, toenail, hoof (PPH: *sulu₂)

suluʔmoonlight; torch (PMP: *suluq)

s<um>aɁapto scoop up, scoop out (PPH: *s<um>aRap) *saRap

s<um>akitillness; sick person (PWMP: *s<um>akit) *sakit

s<um>isipto stick or insert, as a hand under the tablecloth (PWMP: *sisip)

s<um>uŋebutt with the horns (PPH: *súŋay)

s<um>ususuck at the breast; give the breast to (PAN: *s<um>usu) *susu₁

suŋehorn (PPH: *súŋay)

supuboundary, border (PMP: *supu)

surata letter (< Malay) (LOAN)

susubreast, udder (PAN: *susu₁)

ta1pl. incl. suffix (PAN: *-ta)

talinet used to catch wild pigs (PMP: *talih) *CaliS

ta-licur-anwest (PMP: *ta-likud) *likud

Tontemboan (380 / 536)

tambagacopper (LOAN)

tambala plant with thick leaves that are used as medicine for indigestion and as a spice in cooking: Labiatea (PMP: *tambar)

tambəlaŋkind of bamboo (PWMP: *tambelaŋ)

tanaʔ ma-tuʔaland that has returned to bush (‘old land’) (PMP: *taneq)

tanaʔ walethe space under the house (PMP: *taneq)

tanemto plant (PMP: *tanem) *CaNem

tan-taʔibeetle that rummages in horse and pig feces (PMP: *taqi) *Caqi

taŋ-kayu-nsomething that loves to eat wood (as termites) (PMP: *kahiw) *kaSiw

tar-anakrelatives, consanguineal kin (PPH: *taR-anak) *aNak

tarəmsharp, of a pointed tool or weapon, as a nail, pin, etc.; kind of fieldmouse with a sharp snout (PMP: *tazem) *Cazem

tariʔticrain lightly with fine droplets (PPH: *tariktik₁)

tawaŋfoster child; servant; helper (PMP: *tabaŋ)

taʔansnare trap (PAN: *taqan₁)

taʔasheartwood of trees (PMP: *teRas)

taʔifilth, excrement (PMP: *taqi) *Caqi

təluthree (PAN: *telu)

təlu-anname of a small river that is formed by the confluence of the Rano Pengkor, Rano Sue, and Winaluian rivers (PWMP: *telu-an) *telu

təlu-təluby threes, in groups of three (PMP: *telu-telu) *telu

təmbiredge, border, hem (PPH: *tebir)

tetebridge (PMP: *taytay)

Tontemboan (400 / 536)

tim-bukucut bamboo, rattan, etc. at the joints (PMP: *bukuh)

timusouth, south wind (PMP: *timuR)

t<in>anem-anplantation, area that has been planted with crops (PAN: *tanem-an) *CaNem

t<in>əlubrought up to three (PPH: *t<in>elu) *telu

t-in-im-bukubamboo or rattan which has been cut at the joints (PMP: *bukuh)

t<in>uwawhat is poisoned with tuwa (name of two rivers in Tontemboan country) (PWMP: *t<in>uba) *tubah

tipuʔtoothless because the teeth have fallen out (PPH: *tipuq)

to-lalanthe Milky Way (PMP: *zalan)

toŋko-atekind of parasitic climbing plant thus named because it resembles a pig's liver: Dischida maxima (PMP: *qatay qatay₁)

t-uariyounger sibling (PMP: *ta-huaji) *Suaji

tumaclothes louse (PMP: *tumah) *CumeS

t<um>a-licurturn the back to someone (PMP: *ta-likud) *likud

t<um>a-licur-ango westward (PMP: *ta-likud) *likud

t<um>ambakstamp with the foot (PMP: *tambak₁)

t<um>anaʔgo by land, go overland (PPH: *t<um>aneq) *taneq

t<um>anemto plant (PAN: *t<um>anem) *CaNem

t<um>aremto sharpen (PAN: *t<um>azem) *Cazem

t<um>awaŋto help (PMP: *tabaŋ)

t<um>aʔanset a trap in the ground (PAN: *taqan₁)

t<um>əluof a third woman, to join two others in pounding rice (PPH: *t<um>elu) *telu

Tontemboan (420 / 536)

t-um-eŋo in aperulook into the gall and liver of a pig in order to foresee the future (PAN: *qapejux)

t<um>etecross over a bridge (PMP: *taytay)

t<um>imugo or head southward (PMP: *timuR)

t<um>ipuʔto pull or fall out, of teeth; picking of fruit from a tree (PPH: *tipuq)

t-um-unuto roast, as corn on a fire (PMP: *t<um>unuh) *CuNuh

t<um>uʔunset a rice pot on the three hearth stones (PPH: *tuqun₁)

tunethorn (PPH: *tunay₁)

tunuto burn, bake, roast (PMP: *tunu) *CuNuh

tunu-anthat on which something is burned, the fire; place where something is burned (PAN: *tunuh-an) *CuNuh

turuʔto point to something, point out, give directions (PAN: *tuzuq₁)

tu-tunu, i-tunumaterial used for burning something (PAN: *tunuh-an) *CuNuh

tutuŋflicker, shine; put some in or near a fire in order to light it (PMP: *tutuŋ)

tu-turuʔindex finger (PWMP: *tu-tuzuq) *tuzuq₁

tuwaa tree, the leaves of which are used to stun fish: Calophyllum inophyllum (PAN: *tubah)

u-a-nua demonstrative word, connected with something that has not yet been named, but which presently shall be named, a certain someone, also used to indicate possession (PMP: *a-nu) *-nu₁

uaŋbarking, howling of dogs (PAN: *quaŋ₂)

ukaʔopen, be open (PAN: *hukaq)

ukaʔopen, be open (PMP: *qukaq)

ukurfate, destiny (LOAN)

ulaorphan, a child that has lost one of its parents (PWMP: *ulila)

Tontemboan (440 / 536)

ulaŋshrimp, lobster (PAN: *qudaŋ)

ulaʔsnake (PMP: *hulaR) *SulaR

ulədsnake (Makelai dialect Sneddon 1978) (PMP: *qulej)

ulercaterpillar, worm, maggot (PMP: *qulej)

uluflow together, as the waters of a river in its lower course (PWMP: *uluR)

ulunlay the head on a cushion (PMP: *qulun₂)

umaswidden, dry rice field (PMP: *quma) *qumah

unermiddle, between, in the middle (PMP: *qunej)

untuŋprofits, gain; victory; prosperity (LOAN)

upiʔtear off, pull off (as fruit or branches from a tree, the meat of a chicken or pig from the body) (PWMP: *upik)

uranrain (PMP: *quzan) *quzaN

uran im batuhailstorm (PMP: *quzan batu₂) *quzaN

uruʔcharm, spell concealed on a fruit tree to prevent the theft of fruit (PMP: *uduq₂)

utiŋtang of a knife (PMP: *utiŋ)

utuʔname for boys (PWMP: *utuq)

uwaka bird: the hornbill, named from its cry (PMP: *uak₁)

uwangray hair (PMP: *quban) *qubaN

uwan-engray-haired, with gray hair (PWMP: *quban-en) *qubaN

uwekind of large rattan (PAN: *quay)

uwitubers including the yam: Dioscorea alata, the sweet potato, Ipomoea batatas, etc. (PMP: *qubi)

Tontemboan (460 / 536)

uwi kayucassava: Manihot utilissima (PWMP: *qubi kahiw) *qubi

uwitcarrying away of something; transport rice from field to house (PWMP: *uit₂)

uwurheart of the areca palm (in sacred language) (PMP: *qubuj)

waerprice; payment (PMP: *bayaD)

wakulsmall shallow basket for holding vegetables, spices and the like (PWMP: *bakul₁) *bakul

wale tanaʔhouse on the ground, not raised on piles, with the earth as floor (PMP: *taneq)

wantal-enwrap it in a cloth (PWMP: *bantal)

wataʔyoung, fresh, strong (PWMP: *bataq)

welarwide, broad; spread out widely (PMP: *bekelaj)

welarlay something damp in the sun to dry out (PWMP: *belaj)

wélarspread out, extend; lie on the back with arms and legs extended (PPh: *bik(e)laj)

wénéʔrice in the husk, both in the field and already harvested (PMP: *binehiq) *bineSiq

weŋaʔtear, opening; to open (PMP: *beŋat₁) *beŋat

weŋeldeaf; dull, of a sound, not audible from far, as the sound of a musical instrument such as a gong, bell or drum (PMP: *beŋel)

weŋidark; evening, night (PMP: *beRŋi)

weŋi-novercome by darkness, benighted (PAN: *beRŋi-n) *beRŋi

weŋkaŋcleft, crack; opening made by splitting or bursting (PMP: *be(ŋ)kaŋ)

weŋkasunfold, undo, loosen, untie (PMP: *beŋkas) *beŋkas₄

wereŋdroning of unclear voices; mumble or mutter (PMP: *beReŋ)

wesekpress against with force, plug tight, press in with force (as when the object pressed in is too large to easily enter the opening) (PMP: *besek)

Tontemboan (480 / 536)

wesiʔsmall split or tear (PMP: *besiq)

wesusatisfied from having eaten enough; satisfaction; abundance (PAN: *besuR)

wetiʔbursting open of popped corn, or the flower spathe of the areca palm (PWMP: *beRtiq)

wicumute, remain silent; never drinking palm wine, never eating certain foods, an abstainer (LOAN)

w<in>antalpackage, thing that is wrapped up (PWMP: *bantal)

wintaŋorkind of tree which grows in the mountains (PWMP: *bintaŋuR)

w-in-unuʔa victim of magical retribution (PWMP: *b<in>unuq) *buNuq₂

wisekpress in well (as tobacco stuffed into a pipe bowl) (also Ngaju Dayak bisek = isek?) (ROOT)

witekworm in the body (PPh: *bitek)

witokworms in the intestines of the kuse phalanger; they are very bitter, and are found in a bunch or heap, cohering with a membrane (PWMP: *bituk)

wiwilip (PMP: *bibiR) *biRbiR

wiʔmbitto twist, as sugar palm fibers into a rope (NOISE)

wiʔmbiʔpiece of a broken pot, potsherd (PWMP: *biqbiq₁)

wiʔuŋcrooked, slanting, askew; dented, of knives, hoes, etc. (PWMP: *biquŋ)

wiʔutcrooked, slanting, askew; bent, twisted, of a knife or hoe blade, of the hands, feet or legs of animals or people (PAN: *biqut)

wowoʔunable to speak, mute (LOAN)

wuatbox woven of leaves (NOISE)

wua-wuayaa marine fish that somewhat resembles a crocodile (PMP: *buqaya)

wuayabold, intrepid; strong (PMP: *buqaya)

wuaʔfruit; areca nut (PMP: *buaq)

Tontemboan (500 / 536)

wuaʔ-na in camafinger (PMP: *buaq)

wuaʔ-na in camafinger (PMP: *buaq ni lima) *buaq

wuaʔ-na in ceiceitoe (PMP: *buaq)

wuaʔ-na in susunipple (PMP: *buaq)

wukaʔopen, standing open, not closed; clear, not muddled, of a matter (PWMP: *bukaʔ)

wukaʔ nuwuʔclear, of voice, having a clear voice (PWMP: *bukaʔ)

wukuknot, knob, bump, knuckle, joint, node (PMP: *bukuh)

wuku-anwith nodes, knots or joints (PMP: *buku-an) *bukuh

wuku-na in cayuknot in wood (PMP: *bukuh)

wulam-bulankind of sea fish: Megalops cyprinoides (PMP: *bulan-bulan₁) *bulan-bulan

wulawangold (arch.); exceptionally pretty, of women (PAN: *bulaw-an) *bulaw

wulaʔ werenbig, wide-open eyes (PMP: *bulat₁) *bulat

wulurridge of a mountain (PMP: *bulud₃) *buled₁

wulur ma-atusthe 'Mountain of a Hundred Ridges', proper name of a ridge of mountains on the borderlands between Minahasa and Bolaang Mongondow (PMP: *bulud₃) *buled₁

wunakmarrow; the best, the tastiest part of a game animal (NOISE)

wuntalround (PMP: *buntal)

wuntumountain, hill (PMP: *buntu) *buntu₂

wunuʔ-una victim of magical retribution (PWMP: *bunuq-en) *buNuq₂

wuŋaflower, blossom (PMP: *buŋa)

wuŋa-na in capayapapaya blossom (PMP: *buŋa)

Tontemboan (520 / 536)

wuŋaŋflower, blossom (PMP: *buŋaŋ)

wuŋkaspull back the grass that covers a place, separate the grass; open up, part (of grass, clouds) (PMP: *bu(ŋ)kas) *bukas

wurasstrew, scatter (as rice seed) (PWMP: *buras)

wuriŋblack; black snake (PWMP: *budiŋ)

wurukrotten, decayed; dirty; debauched, dissolute; ugly, nasty (PAN: *buRuk)

wutablind (archaic) (PMP: *buta₁) *buCa

wutitiʔmarine fish that inflates when touched (PPh: *butítiq)

wutulcorrect, right (LOAN)

wuwufish trap of large dimensions used in river or sea (PAN: *bubu₂)

wuwunsoft part of the head, the large fontanelle which is still soft and open in infants (PMP: *bubun₂) *buNbuN

wuwuŋ-anridge, ridgepole, ridge of the roof (PMP: *bubuŋ-an) *bubuŋ₁

wuyam baʔusarong made of bamboo membrane in contrast with sarongs made of other materials (PWMP: *buyaŋ)

wuyaŋsarong (PWMP: *buyaŋ)

wuʔnutkind of tree: Columbia serratifolia; also a kind of Ficus the wood of which is used for firewood and the bast fiber as binding material (PWMP: *bunut₂)

wuʔtula bunch (as of onions) (NOISE)

wuʔukhair, feather, down, wool on the body of people or animals (PMP: *buhek) *bukeS

752. Toqabaqita (145) OC [mlu] (To’abaita) Solomon Islands

a-botaof an egg: hatch; of a state of affairs: happen, occur, take place (POC: *posaq) *peceq

abutaboo, not allowed, forbidden (POC: *tabu) *tambu

afecurrent in the ocean (POC: *tape₁)

afe-afloat in the sea, be carried by the sea (POC: *tape-a) *tape₁

afe-fediarrhoea (POC: *tape₁)

afe-fe-aforeign place: an island, country other than one’s own (POC: *tape-a) *tape₁

afe-lautrample grass, vegetation when walking on or through it (POC: *tape₁)

afe-rakoqaof flood water, high water in a stream, river (after heavy rains): subside, go down (POC: *tape₁)

afu-ʔuulook for lice in the hair, delouse (PMP: *kutu₁) *kuCux

akalo loo-lofomagic possessed by some people that enabled them to jump very high or far (POC: *Ropok) *Rebek

alibe curved into a circle; have the shape of a circle (complete or incomplete) (POC: *tali₂) *tali

alotaro (plant and corm) (POC: *talos) *tales

alu-aput, put down, place (as a mat on the ground); put on (as hat, shoes); bury (a corpse); have, possess, own (other than domestic animals and pets); offer a bounty for killing someone (PMP: *taRuq)

ano-aplant a seed, tuber; plant by covering with soil or piling up soil around (POC: *tanom) *CaNem

ano-miabury in the ground (impolite to use for burying a person) (POC: *tanom) *CaNem

aŋito cry; to produce a sound (as cicadas, musical instrument) (PMP: *taŋis) *Caŋis

aŋi-ŋi-awailing, lamentation for a dead person (POC: *taŋi-taŋis) *Caŋis

aŋi-siato cry for someone or something (POC: *taŋis-ia) *Caŋis

araa fairly strong wind, comes from April to September (POC: *karak₁)

asisea, ocean; sea water, saltwater; saltwater person (not a Toqabaqita person); salt (PMP: *tasik)

Toqabaqita (20 / 145)

faɁa-usually derives causative verbs (mae ‘die; dead’ : faɁa-mae-a ‘administer anaesthetic to, put to sleep with anaesthetic’) (POC: *paka-) *pa-₂

faŋato eat (POC: *paŋan) *kaen

faŋa i anoeat food directly from the ground (rather than from a leaf, a plate, etc.) because of being in mourning (POC: *paŋan) *kaen

faustone, rock; used in names of various corals; taro sp. (POC: *patu) *batux

fili-achoose, select, prefer (PMP: *piliq-an) *piliq

fitahow many?, how much? (POC: *pica) *pijax

fita-naordinal form of fita: how many times? (POC: *pica) *pijax

fiuseven (PAN: *pitu₁) *pitu

fiu-naseventh (PAN: *pitu₁) *pitu

fonuturtle, considered a kind of iqa (fish) (POC: *poñu) *peñu

fudi(archaic) banana tree and fruit (POC: *pudi) *punti₁

ianapregnant (PMP: *tian-an) *tiaN

iana thalabe pregnant out of wedlock (thala = of life, thoughts, situations: lack substance, solidity (PMP: *tian-an) *tiaN

irolook for someone or something, search for someone or something (POC: *tiro) *tindaw

iroto look for someone or something; to search for someone or something (POC: *tidros) *tindes

iro-alook for, search for (POC: *tiro) *tindaw

iro-nunumirror (POC: *tiro) *tindaw

kaa-kadispecies of black ant that stings (POC: *kadik)

kanakind of traditional song; to sing (traditional kana or modern songs) (POC: *kanam)

kii-kilatraditionally: axe with a very long handle, used in fights; today can be used to refer to any kind of axe (PMP: *kiRam)

Toqabaqita (40 / 145)

kokoto hold something with one’s fingers around it (as the handle of a fan) (POC: *kokop) *kebkeb₁

kosaspecies of parrotfish: Scarus sp. (POC: *kosa)

-ku1sg possessive suffix (mostly suffixed to possessum nouns in the suffixing possessive construction); 1sg object suffix with Class 2 transitive verbs (POC: *-gu) *-ku

kwali-ʔaof an object, material, be old; member of second generation and beyond, ascending or descending; grandparent, grandchild, etc.; mother’s brother, mother’s sister, father’s sister; sibling’s child (POC: *tuaRi)

lafu-aremove; extract, uplift (POC: *Raput) *RabuC

lafu-lifo-aextraction of a tooth/teeth (POC: *Raput) *RabuC

lakʷaspecies of spider, very large (PMP: *lawaq₂)

la-laiaginger (PMP: *laqia)

laliroot (POC: *ralic) *dalij

laŋogeneric for large flies, bluebottles, blowflies (POC: *laŋo) *laŋaw

liato change in appearance (as a woman who is pregnant, or the color of leaves on a tree) (PMP: *lian)

limafive (PAN: *lima)

lima-nathe fifth (PAN: *lima)

lofoto fly (POC: *Ropok) *Rebek

luaneck, throat (traditionally it was impolite to use lua to refer directly to another person’s neck, throat) (POC: *Ruqa)

luatide, sometimes with the implication of high tide (POC: *Ruap) *Ruab

luda-acargo, load; used primarily about a cargo, load of food carried by a canoe, although it can be used about other kinds of cargo, load, and other means of transportation as well (PMP: *lujan)

lumatraditionally: house where a woman and her children lived; today: family house (PAN: *Rumaq)

lumumoss, lichen (PMP: *lumut)

lumu-lumumoss, lichen (PMP: *lumut-lumut) *lumut

Toqabaqita (60 / 145)

macoordinator: and (conjoins phrases, clauses and sentences); also used when there is contrast, unexpectedness between two states of affairs (PAN: *maS)

maaused with a variety of senses that can be characterized as: focal point, eye, tip, edge; face; opening; mouth of a container, hole; front part of something; lid, that which closes something; door; with some nouns used as a classifier (PMP: *mata) *maCa

Maameqe niufeast to worship an ancestral spirit: a quantity of coconuts is collected for the purpose (PMP: *niuR)

maa-na agaaspace, area in front of panpipe musicians/dancers (PMP: *mata) *maCa

maa-na gaagaorathe center of a person’s chest (on the outside) (PMP: *mata) *maCa

maa-na ilaplace on the reef where the waves break (PMP: *mata) *maCa

maa-na kafowater hole, place in a stream where people collect water and bathe; mouth of a river; mouth of a water tap (kafo = ‘fresh water’) (PMP: *mata) *maCa

maa-na kuburuplace, area from which a strong wind is coming (dark area in distance with black clouds) (PMP: *mata) *maCa

maa-na lumafront of a house; area in front of a house; doorway of a house (PMP: *mata) *maCa

maa-na naifacutting edge of a knife (PMP: *mata) *maCa

maa-na qamalilanding place for canoes on the seashore (qamali = ‘sea, ocean’) (PMP: *mata) *maCa

maa-na suatip of a spear (PMP: *mata) *maCa

maa-na thatothe disc of the sun (‘eye of the day’) (PAN: *mata nu qalejaw) *maCa

maa-na ururu-kneecap (PMP: *mata) *maCa

maa-na uusi-amarket place, when there is a market in progress (uusi = ‘buy things, shop for’) (PMP: *mata) *maCa

maa-takwalanding place (for canoes, boats, ships or airplanes); harbor; airstrip (PMP: *mata) *maCa

mafoof a sore: heal, be healed (POC: *mapo)

maivenitive directional; signals direction toward the deictic center; in temporal noun phrases it signals that the period of time is distant from the time of reference (POC: *mai) *ai₃

mamafather; used mainly by and to children (POC: *mama) *mamah

manubird (POC: *manuk)

Toqabaqita (80 / 145)

mataʔibe sick, ill (POC: *masakit) *sakit

mataʔi-asickness, illness, disease (POC: *masakit) *sakit

mataʔi-laʔafeel sick, ill (POC: *masakit) *sakit

meatongue (POC: *maya)

misi-misisuck one’s teeth (e.g. to dislodge particles of food); smack one’s lips when eating (POC: *misi-misi) *misi

muluanus (POC: *muru)

nagichert, flint; in earlier times used to make cutters and adzes and to strike fire; also used to break canarium nuts (still used in this function) (POC: *nadi)

niucoconut tree and fruit (PMP: *niuR)

nutaspp. of cuttlefish and squid, relatively small in size (POC: *nusa₂)

ŋeeused to call pigs for feeding (POC: *ŋek₂)

obi luachoker-like necklace worn by the bride during the wedding ceremony and a few weeks afterwards (POC: *Ruqa)

qaru[gloss] (POC: *karut₂)

rauleaf, leaflet (PEMP: *raun) *dahun

rodonight, night-time, evening (when it is dark) (POC: *rodrom₁) *demdem₂

roŋohear, listen (POC: *roŋoR) *deŋeR

roŋo-ato hear, listen to (POC: *roŋoR) *deŋeR

roŋo-laathe way in which something or someone sounds to someone (POC: *roŋoR) *deŋeR

ruatwo (in serial counting); not used to modify nouns (POC: *rua) *duSa

rua-nasecond; traditionally: trading partner (with whom one was on friendly terms) (POC: *rua) *duSa

rua-ruabe undecided, be of two minds (POC: *rua rua₂) *duSa

Toqabaqita (100 / 145)

sifogo, move down, descend, more or less vertically; disembark from a canoe; move along the coastal road with the sea on the right (POC: *sipo)

sifo-agroup of people moving down or disembarking (POC: *sipo)

siɁipass wind, fart (POC: *siki)

sikogeneric for a class of insects that includes locusts, grasshoppers, stick insects, mantises, and cicadas (POC: *siko₁)

sikwanine (PMP: *siwa) *Siwa

sikwa-naninth (PMP: *siwa) *Siwa

sinaof a source of light: shine, glow, give out light (PMP: *sinaR) *siNaR

sina-sinareflecting light: sparkle, glisten (as the sea catching sunbeams) (PMP: *sinaR) *siNaR

suaspear (general term); of a sore, be accidentally jabbed by something (POC: *sua₁)

sufi-ato shave, shave off (beard, hair as direct object) (PEMP: *supi)

sulujuice, liquid of fruit; broth, sauce, gravy (in cooking) (POC: *suRuq₁) *zuRuq

sulu-na niuthe water of a coconut (POC: *suRuq₁) *zuRuq

surufish sp., Striped emperor: Lethrinus ramak (POC: *surup₂)

susubreast, udder; milk; suck at the mothers breast (PAN: *susu₁)

susu-fiasuck at the breast (PAN: *susu₁)

susuʔihornet (insect) (PMP: *suksuk-i) *suksuk

susuʔi-aof scorpions, insects: sting; mend a basket (reweaving a damaged part or replacing the carrying strap) (PMP: *suksuk-i) *suksuk

tabaɁathe Milky Pine: Alstonia scholaris; sticky sap is used as glue, the wood to make kokobaqule (traditional dance) masks; small branches are used for traditional priests’ headdresses; trees are frequented by pigeons (POC: *sabakap)

tabiikotobacco (LOAN)

tai-ato sew (POC: *saqit) *zaqit

Toqabaqita (120 / 145)

talapath, track, road (POC: *jalan) *zalan

talamiss (a target); miss one’s footing, miss one’s hold; (of a limb) be dislocated (PMP: *salaq₁)

tali-aclear the ground (cutting down the bush, etc.) around the perimeter of a garden to be made (POC: *sali)

taube a long time, go on for a long time, last a long time; be far, distant in time (past or future) or in space (POC: *sauq₁) *zauq

thalu-na maa-pupil of the eye; term of endearment for one’s child: apple of the eye (thalu = ‘egg’) (PMP: *mata) *maCa

thaʔu-lafilate afternoon, evening, be late afternoon, be evening (POC: *Rapi) *Rabiqi

ulucross a stream, river (POC: *tuRu₁)

uluthree (PEMP: *tolu) *telu

waawakispp. of large cuttlefish and squid (POC: *mwamwaki)

ʔafecrab sp., the Flat crab: Percnon planissimum (?) (POC: *kape₂)

ʔaitree (does not include palm trees, cycads, tree-ferns, bamboos, banana trees); wood; firewood; timber; stick, pole, post, beam; mast of a ship, and some other relatively long and thin objects made out of wood (POC: *kayu) *kaSiw

ʔaiused to refer to collectivities of various kinds (POC: *kai)

ʔai ni bulisipolice unit (POC: *kai)

ʔai ni fasiathe founding family, group in a given place (POC: *kai)

ʔai ni gavmangovernment (as a collective body) (POC: *kai)

ʔai ni maesaga-like song which is the history of a family line (POC: *kai)

ʔai ni niucoconut grove (POC: *kai)

ʔalagaspecies of seaweed (POC: *karagwam)

ʔalispecies of bivalve shellfish: its shell is used as a scraper to clean taros, breadfruit, etc. that have been roasted in the fire, to scrape out the flesh of a coconut, and as a spoon (POC: *kaRi₂)

ʔani-ato eat (POC: *kani-a) *kaen

Toqabaqita (140 / 145)

ʔatorafter (PMP: *kasaw₁)

ʔimageneral name for giant clams, Tridacna spp. (PMP: *kima)

ʔulafugrouper spp.: Brown-spot grouper: Epinephelus chlorostigma; Brown-stripe grouper: Epinephelus morrhus; Blue-tailed grouper: Epinephelus microdon; Giant grouper: Epinephelus mangiscuttis (PMP: *kuRapu)

ʔuŋana waawakiinternal shell of a cuttlefish; cuttlebone (POC: *mwamwaki)

ʔuulouse (PMP: *kutu₁) *kuCux

Toraja Uma (263) WMP. see: Uma

753. Toratán (17) WMP [rth] (Ratahan) Indonesia (Sulawesi) [aka: Ratahan]

buŋáʔto open (e.g. mouth) (PMP: *beŋat₁) *beŋat

kiniŋeyebrow (PWMP: *kiniŋ)

kipíʔto carry under the arm; to squeeze; tight (PMP: *kepit)

-ku1sg genitive suffix (marks possession and agent of a passive verb) (PAN: *-ku)

kuuŋbamboo basket to enclose fowls (PWMP: *kuruŋ)

lunowgreen (PPH: *luh(e)naw)

ma-ʔmother (vocative) (PMP: *ema-q) *ema₁

nugenitive case marker for common nouns (PAN: *nu₃)

pa-causative prefix (PAN: *pa-₂)

pa-ka-‘exhaustive’ causative of stative verbs (PAN: *pa-ka-) *pa-₂

paŋ-verbal noun referring to the action of doing what the base specifies (PWMP: *paŋ-)

rapuh-anspouse (PWMP: *dapuR-an) *dapuR₁

sambeintimate friend (PAN: *sabay₁)

tinawclear, pure (of water) (PPH: *tin(e)qaw)

tulito call on, visit (PMP: *tuluy₂)

tulito call on, visit (PWMP: *tuli₂) *tuli

wukirmountain (PAN: *bukij)

754. Torau (30) OC

ani-anito eat (POC: *kani) *kaen

anueight (PAN: *walu)

asusmoke (PMP: *qasu₃)

ate-laliver (PMP: *qatay) *qaCay

auwood (POC: *kayu) *kaSiw

boninight (POC: *boŋi) *beRŋi

e-ruatwo (POC: *rua) *duSa

e-watifour (PCEMP: *pat-i) *Sepat

iahe. she (PAN: *ia₁)

ia-lafish (PEMP: *ikan) *Sikan

in-au1sg, I, me (PAN: *aku)

isu-nanose (POC: *icuŋ) *ijuŋ

ituseven (PAN: *pitu₁) *pitu

karat-iato bite (POC: *kaRati) *kaRaC

ma laowalk (POC: *lako) *lakaw

mamato chew (PMP: *mamaq)

mata-laeye (PMP: *mata) *maCa

ma tanisito weep, cry (PMP: *taŋis) *Caŋis

matauright hand (PMP: *ma-taqu₂) *taqu

matedie, dead (POC: *mate) *aCay

Torau (20 / 30)

mea-latongue (POC: *maya)

paustone (POC: *patu) *batux

rasuhundred (PMP: *Ratus) *RaCus

rumahouse (PAN: *Rumaq)

sianine (PMP: *siwa) *Siwa

souReef heron, Egretta sacra (POC: *sou)

susufemale breast (PAN: *susu₁)

ta-tunuto burn (PMP: *tunu) *CuNuh

tialabelly (PMP: *tian) *tiaN

uni-naskin (POC: *kulit) *kuliC

755. Totoli (100) WMP [txe] Indonesia (Sulawesi)

akitraft (PMP: *Rakit)

alasjungle (PMP: *halas) *Salas

alipancentipede (PMP: *qalu-hipan) *qalu-Sipan

amaŋfather (PMP: *amá-ŋ) *amax

ambiasago (PMP: *Rambia)

asinsalt (PAN: *qasiN)

babipig (PAN: *babuy₃)

basowet (PMP: *baseq)

buku usukrib (PAN: *Rusuk)

dei lalominside (PMP: *dalem)

dodobchest (PAN: *debdeb)

gimbadrum (PWMP: *gimbal)

(h)apifire (PMP: *hapuy) *Sapuy

ina-ŋM (PMP: *iná-ŋ) *ina

inithot (PWMP: *qinit)

iokthresh with the feet (PAN: *Riqek)

kaanto eat (PAN: *kaen)

ka-ate-andeath (PAN: *ka-aCay-an) *aCay

kami1pl. excl., we, us (PAN: *k-ami) *ami

kamú2pl., you all (PMP: *kamu₂) *amu

Totoli (20 / 100)

kasorafter (PMP: *kasaw₁)

kau2sg., you/thou (PMP: *kahu) *kaSu

kayuwood (PMP: *kahiw) *kaSiw

keluŋcrooked, bent (PWMP: *keluŋ₁)

k-inaato breathe (PMP: *nihawa) *NiSawa

kitawe (plural incl.) (PAN: *k-ita) *ita₁

kokotto gnaw (as a mouse) (PWMP: *getget₁)

kompoŋintestines (PWMP: *kempuŋ) *kempeŋ

-ku1sg possessive suffix: my (PAN: *-ku)

kuitasquid (PMP: *kuRita) *guRiCa

kukussteam (PWMP: *kuskus₁)

kukussteam (PWMP: *kukus)

kuloncooking pot (PAN: *kuden)

laablood (PAN: *daRaq)

lampesakmud (ROOT)

lapitmat plaited of nipah leaves (PWMP: *lampit)

leagsail (PAN: *layaR)

leaŋcave (< Buginese or Makasarese?) (PMP: *liaŋ)

limafive (PAN: *lima)

losuŋmortar, rice-pounder (PMP: *lesuŋ)

Totoli (40 / 100)

luithorn (PMP: *duRi)

lun-anpillow (PMP: *qulun-an) *qulun₂

ma-gasutone hundred (PWMP: *ma-Ratus) *RaCus

maka-laato bleed (PAN: *daRaq)

ma-lalomdeep (PAN: *ma-dalem) *dalem

ma-manukbird (PMP: *manu(k)-manuk) *manuk

ma-nanokto boil, to cook (PWMP: *ma-nanek) *taNek

ma-nanomto plant (PWMP: *ma-nanem) *CaNem

ma-natakto chip, slash, hew (PWMP: *ma-nektek) *tektek₁

manukchicken (PMP: *manuk)

maŋibanshark (NEAR)

ma-sambunito hide (PWMP: *sambuni)

mataeye (PMP: *mata) *maCa

ma-tanokboiled, cooked (PMP: *tanek) *taNek

minakoil (PMP: *miñak)

mo-dulato spit (PMP: *dulaq)

mogu-leagto sail (PAN: *layaR)

mo-itato show something (PWMP: *ma-kita) *kita

moko-itato show something (PWMP: *maka-kita) *kita

mo-loboŋto bury (PAN: *lebeŋ₁)

Totoli (60 / 100)

mo-milito choose (PWMP: *ma-miliq) *piliq

mo-nukatto measure (PWMP: *ma-ñukat) *sukat

moŋ-okopto brood, sit on eggs (PMP: *ekep)

mo-tuluto sleep (PMP: *ma-tuduR) *tuduR

nanapus (PMP: *nanaq) *naNaq

nipisthin (object) (PMP: *nipis) *Nipis

niugcoconut (PMP: *niuR)

ŋalanname (PMP: *ŋajan)

oliihouse post (PMP: *hadiRi) *SadiRi

paathigh (PAN: *paqa₁)

paidto wipe (PWMP: *paqid)

pa-katuto send (PMP: *katu) *kaCu

pandadshore, beach (PWMP: *pantad)

pa-ŋan-anfood (PWMP: *pa-ŋaen-an) *kaen

pasigsandbank (PWMP: *pasiR)

pituseven (PAN: *pitu₁) *pitu

putiwhite (PMP: *putiq)

salafloor (PMP: *saleR)

sasiksea (PMP: *tasik)

sikuelbow (PAN: *sikux)

Totoli (80 / 100)

sionine (PMP: *siwa) *Siwa

so-m-puluten (PMP: *sa-ŋa-puluq) *puluq

sosokhouse lizard: Hemidactylus frenatus (PWMP: *cekcek)

sosopsuck (PAN: *sepsep)

suliŋflute (PWMP: *suliŋ)

sumpit-anblowgun (PMP: *sumpit)

suuncarry on the head (PAN: *suquN)

tambolaŋkind of long, not very strong bamboo (PWMP: *tambelaŋ)

tanomto plant (PMP: *tanem) *CaNem

ta-taiexcrement, feces (PMP: *taqi) *Caqi

tatakchip, slash, hew (PAN: *tektek₁)

tau dolagovirgin, young girl (PWMP: *da-daRa) *daRa₂

tianbelly (PMP: *tian) *tiaN

toŋamiddle, center (PMP: *teŋaq)

tuduto teach (PAN: *tuzuq₁)

tumaclothes louse (PMP: *tumah) *CumeS

tu-uutrue, correct (PMP: *tuqu₂)

ubi kayucassava (PWMP: *qubi kahiw) *qubi

ulitrepeat (PWMP: *ulit)

upitcarry under the arm (PWMP: *upit)

Trengganu Malay (1) WMP. see: Malay (Trengganu)

756. Tring (16) WMP [tgq] Malaysia (Sarawak)

awahspouse (PAN: *qasawa)

cah libuone thousand (PMP: *Ribu)

coday (PMP: *qalejaw)

gayamclothes louse (NEAR)

kam2pl., you all (PMP: *kamu₂) *amu

kamih1pl. excl. nominative, we (PAN: *k-ami) *ami

kənahtrue, correct (PAN: *keNa)

kitahwe (dual incl.) (PAN: *k-ita) *ita₁

ko2sg., you (PMP: *kahu) *kaSu

layahbig (PAN: *Raya)

liʔaeggs of lice (PMP: *lisehaq, liseqah) *liseqeS

naŋito cry (PMP: *ma-naŋis) *Caŋis

simelbedbug (PWMP: *atimel)

tudoto sit (PWMP: *tujaw)

tuʔuhright side (PMP: *tuqu₁)

walvine, creeper (PMP: *wakaR)

757. Trobiawan (22) Form. [byq] (Basay) Taiwan

ɮ<um>akisto climb (PAN: *d<um>akiS) *dakiS

(kuman) naalready (PAN: *Na₂)

lametroot (PAN: *RameC)

manukkabird (PAN: *manuk)

mi-prefix marking possession of some object (kutu ‘lice’ : mi-kutu ‘to have lice’, vtiqulr ‘stick’ : mi-tikulr ‘have a stick’, vavaŋ ‘land’ : mi-vavaŋ ‘to have land’) (PAN: *mi-)

naŋuyto swim (PAN: *Naŋuy)

putibanana (PAN: *punti₁)

tozoto leak (PAN: *tuduq)

tsatsanroad (PAN: *zalan)

tsubuurine (PAN: *sebu)

ts<um>akaito walk (PAN: *s<um>akay) *sakay₂

uayrattan (PAN: *quay)

umanagain (PAN: *umaN)

utsuhead (PAN: *quluh)

vatsiwind (PAN: *bali₃)

vinaywoman; wife (PAN: *b<in>ahi) *bahi

vlayto give (PAN: *beRay)

vulatsrice (PAN: *beRas)

vusukdrunk (PAN: *buSuk)

vutsanmoon (PAN: *bulaN)

Trobiawan (20 / 22)

watsudog (PAN: *asu₁)

zanumwater (PAN: *daNum)

Trukese (191) OC. see: Chuukese

Truku Seediq (41) Form.. see: Seediq (Truku)

758. Tsat (42) WMP (Thurgood 1999)

buʔ²⁴head hair (PMP: *buhek) *bukeS

ka:n³³fish (PMP: *hikan) *Sikan

kiu³³three (PAN: *telu)

ku³³tail (PAN: *ikuR)

la:n¹¹path, road (PMP: *zalan)

la:n⁴²inside, in (PMP: *dalem)

la⁵⁵tongue (PMP: *dilaq₁)

lə¹¹ na⁵⁵pus (PMP: *nanaq) *naNaq

liʔ²⁴skin (PMP: *kulit) *kuliC

ma¹¹father (PAN: *amax)

mi³³1pl. excl., we (PAN: *k-ami) *ami

naʔ²⁴child (PMP: *anak) *aNak

ni³³this (PAN: *i-ni) *-ni

ŋin³³wind (PMP: *haŋin)

pa¹¹fathom, armspan (PAN: *depah)

pha⁵⁵mouth (PMP: *baqbaq)

phai¹¹yam (PMP: *qubi)

phə¹¹ashes (PMP: *qabu)

phia¹¹shoulder (PMP: *qabaRa₁)

phia¹¹husked rice (PMP: *beRas)

Tsat (20 / 42)

phiə¹¹new (PMP: *baqeRu) *baqeRuh

pho⁵⁵fruit (PMP: *buaq)

phu⁵⁵to fall (PWMP: *labuq₁)

phui¹¹pig (PAN: *babuy₃)

pi⁵⁵thin, of materials (PMP: *nipis) *Nipis

puy³³fire (PMP: *hapuy) *Sapuy

sa:n¹¹rain (PMP: *quzan) *quzaN

sauʔ²⁴smoke (of a fire) (PWMP: *asep)

sia¹¹fast (coming back) (PMP: *deRes)

sia⁵⁵blood (PAN: *daRaq)

siʔ²⁴to sew (PMP: *zaqit)

tau¹¹stone (PMP: *batu) *batux

tha¹¹chest (anat.) (PWMP: *dahdah) *daSdaS

thai¹¹younger sibling (PMP: *huaji) *Suaji

thai³³forehead (PMP: *daqih) *daqiS

thiuʔ⁴²alive (PAN: *qudip₁) *qudip

thua¹¹two (PMP: *duha) *duSa

thuŋ¹¹nose (PMP: *ijuŋ)

ti⁵⁵white (PMP: *putiq)

Tsat (40 / 42)

u¹¹ tai¹¹banana (PAN: *punti₁)

zaʔ²⁴vein, vessel, tendon (PMP: *uRat) *huRaC

759. Tsou (144) Form. (Tsuchida 1976) [tsu] Taiwan (dialects: Duhtu [tsu] 1, Tfuya [tsu] 1)

akʔigrandfather (PAN: *aki)

amófather (PAN: *amax)

baʔigrandmother (Szakos 1993) (PAN: *baqi)

bonəto eat (PAN: *k<um>aen) *kaen

borcəto bite (PAN: *k<um>aRaC) *kaRaC

caʔidirty (PAN: *daki)

cəfədeadfall trap to catch rats (PAN: *qaCeb)

cərhəbone (PAN: *CuqelaN)

cfuʔostomach (PAN: *biCuka)

chumuwater (PAN: *daNum)

cmoithe Formosan black bear (PAN: *Cumay)

c<m>uhuto roast right on the fire (PAN: *CuNuh)

co-cvolaugh; to laugh (PAN: *Ca-Cawa) *Cawa

couperson, human being (PAN: *Cau)

covhifar (PAN: *dawiN)

cronəroad (PAN: *zalan)

cucʔuginger: Zingiber officinale (PAN: *dukduk₁)

czoukind of tasty river fish (PAN: *Ciqaw)

cʔosəcamphor laurel: Cinnamomum Camphora (PAN: *dakeS)

eimofive (PAN: *lima)

Tsou (20 / 144)

eipo-psoh-itwice (PAN: *puSaN)

e-prito choose (PAN: *piliq)

es-aboundary (PAN: *qajiS)

eusotwo (PAN: *duSa)

eutukarabbit, hare (PAN: *lutuk₁)

eʔuhoclouded leopard (PAN: *lukeNaw)

fahricypress (considered best for making boards) (NOISE)

farŋərib (PAN: *baRaŋ)

farv-anew (PAN: *baqeRuh)

fatustone (PAN: *batux)

fərsəhusked rice (PAN: *beRas)

fkorəa plant: Smilax china (PAN: *baNaR)

fkuua star visible in the twelfth lunar month: the Dipper (PAN: *buNuq₁)

fŋosəa tree: Melia azedarach (PAN: *baŋaS)

fŋúuhead (PAN: *buŋuh)

fŋuuhead (NOISE)

frəʔədomesticated pig (PAN: *beRek) Duhtu

frohemoon, month (PAN: *bulaN)

fsi-fsipubic hair (PAN: *qubiS)

fsoia plant with a root like a sweet potato, formerly eaten by the Tsou (Szakos 1993) (PAN: *baSay)

Tsou (40 / 144)

fsuhunting bow (PAN: *busuR₂)

fuzuwild pig (PAN: *babuy₃)

fʔirigoiter (NOISE)

fʔuhuback (anat.) (PAN: *bukuN)

həhŋəa tree: Cordia sp. (PAN: *qaNuNaŋ)

hehŋetree with sticky fruits: Cordia myxa (PAN: *quNuNaŋ)

hicileather (PAN: *qaNiC)

hicuspirit, god (PAN: *qaNiCu)

hio-raposeeds for sowing (PAN: *Rahap)

hipsithin, flat (PAN: *Nipis)

hisitooth, tusk (PAN: *waNiS)

hoand (PAN: *Na₁)

hoand (NOISE)

hos-avillage (PAN: *taNaS)

hu-m-cóidead man (PAN: *ma-aCay) *aCay

hup-ahunting territory (PAN: *qaNup-an) *qaNup

imadrink (PAN: *imah)

inómother (PAN: *ina)

kuzobad; not like, not want; not do gladly; sickness (PAN: *kuya₁) *kuya

luhŋurice mortar (PAN: *Nusuŋ)

Tsou (60 / 144)

m-aroto take (PAN: *um-ala) *ala

m-cóidie (PAN: *ma-aCay) *aCay

mcooeye (PAN: *maCa)

me-ahʔogive birth (PAN: *aNak)

m-əchəto rain (PAN: *q<um>uzaN) *quzaN

m-eimo-hʉfifty (PAN: *ma-lima-N) *lima Tfuya

mə-ʔhoto hit the mark (PAN: *keNa)

micia plant: Solanum nigrum (PAN: *SameCi)

m-imoto drink (PAN: *um-imah) *imah

mi-rapoto sow (PAN: *Rahap)

m-irʔi, riʔ-athresh by scraping with the soles of one's feet (PAN: *iRik)

m-irʔi, riʔ-athresh by scraping with the soles of one's feet (PAN: *qiRik)

mo-cmothe others, the rest (Szakos 1993) (PAN: *duma)

mo-cmo cousomeone else, another person (PAN: *duma)

moh-rovcuto flow downstream (PAN: *lahud)

mo-mowork in the fields (PAN: *qumah)

moŋoito leave, go away, depart (PAN: *um-aŋay) *aŋay

m-oŋsito cry, weep (PAN: *C<um>aŋis) *Caŋis

m-oo-troto wait (PAN: *taRah)

m-puskutwenty (PAN: *ma-puSaN) *puSaN

Tsou (80 / 144)

mua-rovcuto blow downhill (PAN: *lahud)

mu-ʔricito peel (PAN: *kuliC)

m-voredry in the sun (PAN: *waRi₁)

na-ʔo1sg.; I’ (PAN: *aku)

noməsix (PAN: *enem)

nunufemale breast (Ferrell 1969) (PAN: *nunuh)

ŋ-hoʔəpregnant (PAN: *aNak)

ŋ-ohcuadrift (PAN: *qañud)

ŋoz-ileave, depart (PAN: *aŋay)

oo-thom-əto taste (PAN: *tañam)

o-p-cóikill (PAN: *pa-aCay) *aCay

o-psoh-igo twice (PAN: *puSaN)

orutype of bamboo (PAN: *qauR)

ósniimmediately (PAN: *Sauni)

pairice plant, unhusked rice (PAN: *pajay)

paugall, gall bladder (PAN: *paqeju)

p-ema (< *pa-ima)cause to drink (PAN: *imah)

phi-phiŋidoor (PAN: *paNiŋ)

pnoyturtledove (PAN: *punay)

ponoshoot with a bow (PAN: *panaq)

Tsou (100 / 144)

prisi-ataboo (PAN: *paliSi-an) *paliSi

puzufire (PAN: *Sapuy)

recŋipigeon peas (PAN: *qaRidaŋ)

rəsəupper garment (PAN: *qules₁) *qules

reu-vtívtimove tail or ears (carabao, dog, etc.) (PAN: *witiwit)

ricipeelings of tubers (PAN: *kuliC)

riʔm-aseek (PAN: *kiRim)

rmisiroot (PAN: *RamiS)

roiinsect, worm (PAN: *kulay₁)

rongo-sngusnguto snore (PAN: *ŋusŋus)

rsəətears (Tsuchida 1976) (PAN: *luSeq)

rtuuloquat tree and fruit: Eriobotrya deflexa (PAN: *Ritu)

ruo-vricome back, return (PAN: *wili)

rurushin bone (PAN: *luluj)

ruu-hŋuzuto swim (PAN: *Naŋuy)

rvorəflying squirrel (PAN: *lawaR)

sífuurine (PAN: *sibu)

símrogrease, fat (Duhtu) (PAN: *SimaR)

sio ~ sizonine (PAN: *Siwa)

skuunecklace (PAN: *SiNuq)

Tsou (120 / 144)

s<m>orəcətie tightly (PAN: *S<um>eReC) *SeReC

sroŋəpine tree (PAN: *saleŋ)

suuthou (PAN: *Suʔu)

tahzucumulberry tree and fruit (PAN: *taNiud)

timroflea (PAN: *qatimela)

tmaləto hear, listen (PAN: *tumaNa)

tmaləto hear; accept (PAN: *timaNa) *timaNa

tnooa plant: Aralia decaisneana (Hance) (PAN: *tanaq)

tra-vtovomit (PAN: *utaq)

trəfsəa tree: Zelkova Formosana (PAN: *teRebeS)

tresirope (PAN: *CaliS)

tro-cfuŋ-aconfluence of rivers (PAN: *Cebuŋ)

troe-creŋito moan (of a man, as when sick) (PAN: *daRiŋ)

turuthree (PAN: *telu)

ua-frihithe last (PAN: *biliN)

uŋomushroom (generic) (PAN: *quSuŋ)

vhonaright (not left) (PAN: *waNan)

vorueight (PAN: *walu)

vri-naleft (side) (PAN: *wiRi)

vrocəblood vessel (PAN: *huRaC)

Tsou (140 / 144)

zoməbird (PAN: *qayam₁)

ʔcuulouse (of head) (PAN: *kuCux)

-ʔu1sg genitive (PAN: *-ku)

ʔuerattan (PAN: *quay)

Tsou (Duhtu) (1) Form. [tsu] (Tsou) Taiwan

frəʔədomesticated pig (PAN: *beRek) Duhtu

Tsou (Tfuya) (1) Form. [tsu] (Tsou) Taiwan

m-eimo-hʉfifty (PAN: *ma-lima-N) *lima Tfuya

Tuam-Mutu (3) OC. see: Mutu

760. Tuamotuan (4) OC [pmt] French Polynesia

ka-kaibody, group of blood relatives (POC: *kai)

mo-monasavory, sweet-tasting (POC: *moñak₂) *meñak

pari-aa half (POC: *bali₇) *baliw₁

tinanagreat, big, large, vast, immense (PCEMP: *tinana)

761. Tubetube (54) OC [tte] (Bwanabwana) Papua New Guinea

bebebutterfly (POC: *bebe)

buiturn over (as a stone) (POC: *pui₂) *bui₃

bui-keileturn around, face the other way (POC: *pui₂) *bui₃

bui-pwaomturn upside down (POC: *pui₂) *bui₃

buncoconut husk (POC: *bunut₁)

bune-tutusmall green tropical bird (POC: *bune) *punay

i keno matehe is sound asleep (POC: *mate) *aCay

kae-kaeleg, foot (POC: *qaqe) *qaqay

kalus-icurrent (in the sea) (PMP: *qaRus)

kana buiits real meaning (POC: *pui₂) *bui₃

kase-kasechin (POC: *qase) *qazay

kateliver; center of life, emotions, etc. (PMP: *qatay) *qaCay

kato-iroof (POC: *qatop) *qatep

kauashes (POC: *qapu) *qabu

kaul-ilime for betel nut (PAN: *qapuR)

kenosleep, recline, lie (POC: *qenop) *qenəp

kila-kilalarecognize (usually referred to inconjunction with getting dark); sign or signal (PAN: *kilala)

kilamaxe (PMP: *kiRam)

kitawe (plural incl.), free form pronoun (PAN: *k-ita) *ita₁

kiwikiwiwia bird, the sandpiper (POC: *kiwiwi)

Tubetube (20 / 54)

kulitaoctopus, squid (PMP: *kuRita) *guRiCa

kulu-kuluhead (person’s) (POC: *qulu) *quluh

kuwecane for tying walls, etc. (POC: *que) *quay

labiyasago (POC: *Rabia) *Rambia

lulunto roll up (as a mat) (PMP: *lulun) *luluN

lulun-iroll it (PMP: *lulun) *luluN

manbird (generic); clan (generic) (POC: *manuk)

mana kaliyateday wind (kaliyate = ‘day’) (POC: *mana₂)

mataus-istate of being afraid (POC: *matakut) *takut

matesoundly, as in sleeping soundly (POC: *mate) *aCay

matuaready to eat, ripe (as bananas) (POC: *matuqa) *tuqaS

mauhealing, as a sore (POC: *mapo)

naand, so, but (PMP: *na₅) *Na₁

natuchild (PEMP: *natu)

niucoconut (mature ones) (PMP: *niuR)

numehouse (PAN: *Rumaq)

patotocanoe outrigger vertical cross supports (PEMP: *patoto)

polopig (POC: *boRok) *beRek

pupupull off (as leaves from tree) (POC: *puput) *buCbuC

sa-na-uluten (PMP: *sa-ŋa-puluq) *puluq

Tubetube (40 / 54)

sapi-sapiear ornament (small one) (POC: *sabi-sabi)

susubreast; suck (PAN: *susu₁)

tabudon’t (POC: *tabu) *tambu

tanogarden (POC: *tanom) *CaNem

toato perch, of a bird (POC: *toka₃) *tekas

tua-tuabone (POC: *tuqa₂)

tumalouse (PCEMP: *tuma) *CumeS

tunto burn down, as a house or garden (PMP: *tunu) *CuNuh

tuvapoison vine used to kill fish (POC: *tupa₂) *tubah

wonsea turtle (POC: *poñu) *peñu

wuwuextract (as fish from a net) (POC: *puput) *buCbuC

yalubackwash from wave breaking on the beach (PMP: *qalun)

yasinasneeze (NOISE)

yatuto cut sago (POC: *qatu)

762. Tugun (64) CMP (Taber 1993)

aatfour (PMP: *epat) *Sepat

ahudog (PAN: *asu₁)

ai ronleaf (PCEMP: *daun) *dahun

ai ʔakarroot (PMP: *akaR)

ai ʔuntree (PMP: *puqun)

aliyounger sibling (PCEMP: *waji) *Suaji

alupestle (PMP: *qahelu) *qaSelu

anachild (PMP: *anak) *aNak

au1sg., I (PAN: *aku)

ehaone (PAN: *esa)

fa-ferunew (PMP: *baqeRu) *baqeRuh

faracarry on the shoulder (PMP: *qabaRa₁)

fua-nfruit (PMP: *buaq)

fulu-nbody hair (PCEMP: *bulu₁)

ikafish (PMP: *hikan) *Sikan

ilivillage (PMP: *hili)

inamother (PCEMP: *ina)

ituseven (PAN: *pitu₁) *pitu

kalau rafu-nashes (PMP: *dapuR₁)

larsail (PAN: *layaR)

Tugun (20 / 64)

limafive (PAN: *lima)

mato come (PAN: *um-aRi) *aRi

mahinsalt (PCEMP: *maqasin) *qasiN

malilaugh (PCEMP: *malip)

ma-maneman/male (PMP: *ma-Ruqanay) *RuqaNay

ma-merared (PCEMP: *meRaq) *ma-iRaq

ma-metanblack (PCEMP: *ma-qitem, ma-qetem) *qitem

man telu-negg (PMP: *qateluR)

manubird (PMP: *manuk)

matedie, dead (PCEMP: *matay₁) *aCay

minuto drink (PMP: *um-inum) *inum

mutato vomit (PAN: *um-utaq) *utaq

namumosquito (PMP: *ñamuk)

nanito swim (PMP: *naŋuy) *Naŋuy

neanname (PMP: *ŋajan)

neinsix (PAN: *enem)

nitooth (PAN: *nipen)

nisthin (PMP: *nipis) *Nipis

norcoconut (PMP: *niuR)

o2sg., you (PMP: *kahu) *kaSu

Tugun (40 / 64)

oi-ralaninside (PMP: *dalem)

panuget up (from sleep) (PMP: *baŋun₂) *baŋuN

pa-putiwhite (PWMP: *damdam)

pa-putiwhite (PMP: *pa-putiq) *putiq

pʰanahot (PMP: *panas₁)

pʰenufull (PAN: *peNuq)

raninear (PMP: *adani)

rara-nblood (PAN: *daRaq)

ratu ehaone hundred (PMP: *Ratus) *RaCus

rihu-n ehaone thousand (PMP: *Ribu)

ruatwo (PMP: *duha) *duSa

ruri-nthorn; bone (PMP: *duRi)

saləroad (PMP: *zalan)

se-n-uluten (PAN: *sa-puluq) *puluq

siənine (PMP: *siwa) *Siwa

soofar (PMP: *zauq)

susubreast (PAN: *susu₁)

talistring, rope (PMP: *talih) *CaliS

teifeces (PMP: *taqi) *Caqi

teluthree (PAN: *telu)

Tugun (60 / 64)

tunuto burn, roast (PMP: *tunu) *CuNuh

uarattan (PAN: *quay)

ulikskin (PMP: *kulit) *kuliC

utulouse (PMP: *kutu₁) *kuCux

763. Tukang Besi (1) WMP

ganafour (PWMP: *genep)

Tungho Saisiyat (12) Form.. see: Saisiyat (Tungho)

764. Tunjung (37) WMP [tjg] Indonesia (Kalimantan)

asaŋheart (PWMP: *qaseŋ)

bisaʔwet (PMP: *biseq)

cəlaʔtongue (PWMP: *zelaq)

dahaaʔblood (PAN: *daRaq)

gari-nyounger sibling (PMP: *huaji) *Suaji

hajaʔbig (PAN: *Raya)

isa3sg. (PAN: *si ia₁) *ia₁

itihthis (PAN: *i-ti) *ti

kaam2pl., you all (PMP: *kamu₂) *amu

kamiɁ1pl. excl., we, us (PAN: *k-ami) *ami

k-araksniff, smell (PMP: *hajek) *Sajek

kutulouse (PMP: *kutu₁) *kuCux

ləŋan kajutree (PMP: *kahiw) *kaSiw

limaʔfive (PAN: *lima)

m-atedie (PMP: *m-atay) *aCay

maʔfather (PMP: *ama-q) *amax

motokto cut (PAN: *t<um>əktək) *tektek₁

mupukto wash clothes (by beating on the river rocks) (PAN: *pukpuk)

naŋito cry (PMP: *ma-naŋis) *Caŋis

ncoʔfar (PMP: *zauq)

Tunjung (20 / 37)

nipaʔsnake (PMP: *anipa)

ŋ-asaŋbreathe (PWMP: *qaseŋ)

pak-atekill (PMP: *atay) *aCay

pokawwake up (PWMP: *pukaw₃)

rəgaʔtwo (PMP: *duha) *duSa

rounleaf (PMP: *dahun)

saga-nwife (PAN: *qasawa)

talirope (PMP: *talih) *CaliS

talunwoods (PMP: *talun₁) *CaluN

tanaaʔearth (PMP: *taneq)

tauʔright side (PMP: *taqu₁) *taqu

təluthree (PAN: *telu)

tiroto sleep (PMP: *tiduR)

tujuʔseven (PAN: *tuzuq₁)

ue-n-ausun (‘eye of the day’) (PAN: *mata nu qalejaw) *maCa

wanahusband (PMP: *banah) *baNaS

wawewoman (PAN: *ba-bahi) *bahi

765. Tur (1) OC

sa-ŋa-fulten (PMP: *ŋa)

766. Tutong (1) WMP

tərəbheavily laden, as a boat (PMP: *teReb)

767. Tutuba (4) OC [tmi] Vanuatu

enumeral prefix (used only with 2-5) (POC: *e)

e-ruatwo (POC: *rua) *duSa

isa-name (POC: *isa₂)

i-seiwho? (PMP: *i-sei) *

768. Tuvaluan (356) OC [aka: Nanumea]

a aiwhose? (PMP: *sai)

afi-afievening (PAN: *Rabi-Rabi) *Rabiqi

afi-afi pooperiod just after sunset (PAN: *Rabi-Rabi) *Rabiqi

afofishing rod cord (POC: *apon) *hapen

ahoday (24 hour period) (POC: *qaco) *qajaw

aianaphoric pronoun (POC: *ai₁)

aitufamily spirit in animal form which helped the family by providing omens and making predictions; ghost; fairy (PMP: *qanitu) *qaNiCu

aitu-abe haunted (PMP: *qanitu) *qaNiCu

akaroot (PMP: *akaR)

ala-tuuroad, path (POC: *jalan) *zalan

alobelly of mammal, ventral area of fish; front of a person, palm of hand, sole of foot (POC: *qarop) *qadep

amaoutrigger float; left or outrigger side of canoe; fitted with an outrigger (of a raft); wife (jocular); think little of; despise (POC: *saman) *saRman

aneinsect species, termite (POC: *ane) *aNay

ane-ainfested with ane (of a tree) (POC: *ane) *aNay

anuspit (POC: *qanus₂)

anuto spit (POC: *qanusi)

aŋameasure in spans; span (POC: *saŋa₁)

aŋiblow, of wind (POC: *aŋin) *haŋin

ateliver (PMP: *qatay) *qaCay

a te aito whom? (PMP: *sai)

Tuvaluan (20 / 356)

atothatch (POC: *qatop) *qatep

ato-lauthatching needle (POC: *qatop) *qatep

atuskipjack or bonito tuna (POC: *qatun)

atugroup or chain of islands (PCEMP: *qatuR₂) *qatuR

atuaway from speaker; further; more than (PMP: *atu)

atuahousehold deity (PMP: *qatuan)

atu fenua elisethe whole Ellice group (PCEMP: *qatuR₂) *qatuR

atu paipaithe whole world (PCEMP: *qatuR₂) *qatuR

ausea current (PMP: *qaRus)

augall, gall bladder (POC: *qasu₂)

augive off smoke (PMP: *qasu₃)

faafinewomen (POC: *papine) *bahi

faaibreak an object, such as coconut, head, canoe (POC: *paqas) *baqas

fa-faŋaopen; separate (as of a woman's legs) (POC: *paŋa₂) *baŋa₂

fa-faŋuwake (someone) (POC: *paŋun) *baŋuN

fafinewoman; wife; female of an animal (POC: *papine) *bahi

faka-causative prefix with a range of meanings: 1. cause an action to occur or a state to result (ako ‘learn’ : faka-ako ‘teach’, moe ‘sleep’ : faka-moe ‘put to sleep’), 2. to act a role (maatua ‘mother’ : fakamaatua ‘parent’s sister’, paalaŋi ‘European’ faka-paalaŋi ‘act like a European’), cause to be like (fonu ‘turtle’ : faka-fonu ‘heap up food in the shape of a turtle’), 4. before statives to form transitive verbs (huki ‘pierce’ : ma-huki ‘pierced’, faka-ma-huki ‘pierce a nut for drinking’) (POC: *paka-) *pa-₂

faka-afi-afitowards evening (PAN: *Rabi-Rabi) *Rabiqi

faka-foaa boil; be big (of waves) (POC: *posaq) *peceq

faka-halato punish (PMP: *pa(ka)-salaq) *salaq₁

Tuvaluan (40 / 356)

faka-hala-halabe repeatedly disobedient; do things wrong to amuse others (PMP: *pa(ka)-salaq) *salaq₁

faka-haoset free; preserve from danger, save (POC: *saRop) *saRep

faka-ina-inamocking action to taunt enemy (POC: *inap)

faka-lalaboiled pulaka (swamp taro) mashed with lolo (coconut cream) (PMP: *daŋdaŋ₁) *daŋdaŋ

faka-lanubathe in fresh water after a swim (POC: *ranum) *daNum

faka-latatame (POC: *lasa₁)

faka-loŋoto obey; act of hearing (POC: *roŋoR) *deŋeR

faka-maalamalamaexplain; translate (POC: *ma-ramaR) *damaR₁

faka-malamamake clear (of glass or mirror); window (POC: *ma-ramaR) *damaR₁

faka-ma-liŋito spill (PCEMP: *liŋi)

faka-maluumbrella; make a shelter; offer gifts to another family to restore friendly relations (POC: *paka-maluRu) *maluRu

faka-ma-malushow respect (POC: *paka-maluRu) *maluRu

faka-matakudangerous (PMP: *paka-takut) *takut

faka-mau-lalohumble; humility (POC: *ralom) *dalem

fakamuliafterwards, later on (POC: *muri) *udehi

faka-otito finish (POC: *qoti) *qeti₃

faka-puku-pukularge sweet dumpling (POC: *buku) *bukuh

faka-putugather up fruit, shellfish, etc., put in bundles (POC: *putu, butu) *butu

faka-putu-putuassemble (of people) (POC: *putu, butu) *butu

faka-taŋito entreat (PMP: *paka-taŋis) *Caŋis

Tuvaluan (60 / 356)

faka-tau-taucause to hang; to hang (POC: *saur₁)

faka-tau-taucause to hang, hang something up (POC: *tau₂) *tau

faka-tokato prepare (POC: *toka₃) *tekas

faka-tuaito delay (POC: *tuaRi)

fanogo (sg.) (POC: *pano) *paNaw

faŋabay (POC: *paŋa₂) *baŋa₂

faotree sp.: Ochrosia oppositifolia (POC: *paoq (ʔ)) *pauq

fatashelf of thin sticks across house above head height for the storage of coconuts, etc. (PMP: *pataR₁)

fatustone; heart; seed (POC: *patu) *batux

fatu fakamatawhetstone (POC: *patu) *batux

feawhere? (POC: *pea)

fetautree sp.: Calophyllum inophyllum (POC: *pitaquR) *bitaquR

fetuustar; shine, of stars (POC: *pituqun) *bituqen

fiahow many? (POC: *pica) *pijax

filito string (as flowers or shells on a necklace); braid (PMP: *pirit)

filichoose (PAN: *piliq)

fili-ŋaelection (PAN: *piliq)

filotwist; twist fiber on thigh to make cord; a thread; mix, of liquids; mix with other people (POC: *piro)

fitia somersault; do a somersault (POC: *pintik) *bitik₁

fiti-fitiflap (of a caught fish); flick with finger repeatedly (as when testing coconut for maturity); roll over and over sideways (of a person) (POC: *pitik-pitik) *bitik₁

Tuvaluan (80 / 356)

fiti-fitiflick with finger repeatedly (as when testing coconut for maturity) (POC: *pidik) *pitik

fituseven (PAN: *pitu₁) *pitu

fitu-ŋa-fuaseven (of coconuts and bonito) (PAN: *pitu₁) *pitu

foabreak (a nut, head, canoe, etc.) (POC: *posaq) *peceq

fo-foato hatch (of eggs), break the hymen and hence be first to have intercourse with a virgin (POC: *posaq) *peceq

foloto swallow (POC: *polon) *belen

folo-maŋaroof of the mouth (POC: *polon) *belen

fonoa meeting; the body of people at a meeting (POC: *ponor) *pened₂

fono-ŋaa discussion (POC: *ponor) *pened₂

fonusea turtle (POC: *poñu) *peñu

fuaegg; berry; fruit; bear fruit; prefixed to numerals one to nine indicates tenfold -- of all except humans, coconuts or bonito (e.g. fua lua 'twenty') (POC: *puaq) *buaq

fua maulitesticle (POC: *puaq) *buaq

fua maulitesticle (fua = egg, fruit) (PMP: *ma-qudip) *qudip

fu-fuluto wash (hands, dishes, floor, etc., but not used of clothes) (POC: *pulu₂) *bulu₂

fuliturn (something) over; reveal a hidden object; translate; change into (POC: *buliŋ) *puliŋ₁

fulufeather, hair on arms, etc. (POC: *pulu₃) *bulu₁

fuluto wash (of one dish, etc.) (POC: *pulu₂) *bulu₂

fulu-fuluhair on head; fur (POC: *pulu pulu) *bulu₁

fulu-fulu-ahairy (POC: *pulu pulu) *bulu₁

fulu-fulu mataeyebrow (POC: *pulu qi mata) *bulu₁

Tuvaluan (100 / 356)

futibanana (POC: *pudi) *punti₁

ha-haeto tear (including skin, as on thorn), scratch (POC: *saRe)

halaworthy of punishment; wrong; be punished; punishment (PMP: *salaq₁)

haluscrape; rub hand over face (POC: *palus)

haoescape; be safe (POC: *saRop) *saRep

hesingular indefinite article (PAN: *esa)

hikilift; shift a house; replant; a stick kept in canoe to help lift (NOISE)

hiki-hikilift feet; walk lifting feet high; lift (NOISE)

hoaopposite number in a visiting party; opponent in a fishing competition, in wrestling, etc, and in war, an hence enemy; be a partner for (POC: *soRa)

hukipierce; test ground for turtle eggs with a stick; poke a stick through mats to hold them on ridge of house (PMP: *suksuk-i) *suksuk

hukito pierce; test ground for turtle eggs with a stick; poke a stick through mats to hold them on ridge of house; sticks so used (PMP: *suŋkit)

huki-hukiperform an action or series of actions producing many holes (PMP: *suksuk-i) *suksuk

huki-hukiperform an action or series of actions producing many holes (PMP: *suŋkit)

huluskirt-like garment (cloth worn by both sexes, wrapped around the lower half of the body and tucked in at the waist; formerly woven of pandanus) (PMP: *suluŋ₂)

ifinut which drifts ashore (POC: *ipi₂)

ifodownwards; bow down in prayer (POC: *sipo)

iiexclamation of assent (PMP: *iqi)

ikuend (POC: *siku)

iku-ŋaconclusion; end; decision (POC: *siku)

iposp. of worm found on the beach (POC: *ibo)

Tuvaluan (120 / 356)

itielectricity (NOISE)

ivibone (POC: *suRi₁)

ivi-ivi-abony (POC: *suRi₁)

kaito eat; score in a game (POC: *kani) *kaen

kai folo-foloto eat in a hurry (POC: *polon) *belen

kakafiber from coconut trunk (POC: *kaka₃)

ka-kauto swim (POC: *kaRu₁)

ka-kavecarry (POC: *kawe)

katolidded box (POC: *kaso₂) *kaso

kau-kauto bathe, take a bath or shower (POC: *kaRu₁)

kau-laabranch of a tree (POC: *raqan kayu) *daqan

kau ŋutucorners of the mouth (PAN: *ŋusuq)

kau ŋutu avamouth of reef channel (PAN: *ŋusuq)

keaa small turtle (PCEMP: *keRa)

kehedifferent, be different (PCEMP: *kese)

kito, towards (POC: *ki₁)

kito, towards (PMP: *ki₂ₐ) *ki₂

kiatooutrigger booms on canoe; three poles linking outrigger to hull (POC: *kiajo)

ki lalodownwards, to the bottom (POC: *ralom) *dalem

kiliskin (POC: *kulit) *kuliC

Tuvaluan (140 / 356)

kiteseer; one who can foretell fishing prospects from weather signs (PAN: *kita₂) *kita

ko aiwho? (PMP: *sai)

kohosharp stick for husking coconuts (POC: *kojom)

kopisit a child astride one’s hip; carry under the arm (POC: *kobit₁) *kepit

kutulouse (PMP: *kutu₁) *kuCux

laasail (PAN: *layaR)

laa-kautree, stick; plant; penis (POC: *kayu) *kaSiw

laa-kau hikafire plough; bed of fire plough (POC: *kayu) *kaSiw

laakau totoa small herb, Euphorbia atoto (POC: *toto)

laeforehead (POC: *raqe) *daqiS

lafaringworm (POC: *lapa₂)

lafothrow or toss underarm (as of a quoit); game in which a segment of coconut shell is tossed onto a mat; a shell segment so used (PMP: *lambeg)

lahotesticle; scrotum (POC: *lasoR) *laseR

lakastep (POC: *lakas) *lakaj

lakastep (PMP: *laŋkaq₁)

laka-lakatake several steps (POC: *lakar-lakar) *lakaj

laka-lakatake several steps (PMP: *laŋkaq₁)

lalaapply heat to a stick to straighten it (PMP: *daŋdaŋ₁) *daŋdaŋ

la-lakapress down with foot (as when firming soil) (POC: *lakas) *lakaj

lala-lalawarm leaves at a fire so they can be used as wrappings (PMP: *daŋdaŋ₁) *daŋdaŋ

Tuvaluan (160 / 356)

la-lamago torch fishing for flying fish beyond the reef in canoe (POC: *ramaR) *damaR₁

laliwooden drum (POC: *drali)

lalounder; below; the bottom (POC: *ralom) *dalem

lalo laŋithe earth (POC: *ralom) *dalem

lamatorch of two or three coconut leaves bound together, used in reef-fishing (POC: *ramaR) *damaR₁

laŋoa fly (POC: *laŋo) *laŋaw

laŋo-nahear; feel; think (POC: *roŋoR) *deŋeR

lau katafaplant sp, birdnest fern: Asplenium nidus (PMP: *katapaŋ)

lau ŋutulip (PAN: *ŋusuq)

leleto fly, jump, dive (POC: *rere₂)

lele-adriven away by wind (POC: *rere₂)

lianit (POC: *lisa) *liseqeS

limafive (PAN: *lima)

limuseaweed; moss; lichen (PMP: *limut)

liŋito pour (PCEMP: *liŋi)

liŋi-liŋipour out here and there; pour into several containers (POC: *liŋi-liŋi) *liŋi

loŋohear; sense; feel pain or emotion; tell news; a bell; news; a canoe bringing news (POC: *roŋoR) *deŋeR

looant (POC: *loRo)

lotoin, inside, inwards; one’s inner self, hence the heart as seat of the emotions; wish, agree, decide on; compose one’s mind (POC: *loto₁)

luatwo (POC: *rua) *duSa

Tuvaluan (180 / 356)

luavomit (PMP: *luaq)

lua-kito vomit (of a fish); to slip a hook; to blow out smoke (POC: *lua-ki) *luaq

lua-luaraft of more than two floats (used for transport of loads or for fishing) (POC: *rua rua₁) *duSa

maanifithin (emphatic) (PMP: *ma-nipis) *Nipis

maatoluthick (POC: *matolu) *təlu

ma-faabe broken (coconut, head, cup, canoe); be split (POC: *paqas) *baqas

ma-filiplaited (PMP: *pirit)

ma-filotwisted (of string) (POC: *piro)

ma-fititoppled over; spinning or flipping through the air (of an object); rolled over (of a log) (POC: *pintik) *bitik₁

ma-foabe broken (of dawn) (POC: *ma-posaq) *peceq

mahaempty; low, of tide (PMP: *maja)

ma-haetorn (POC: *saRe)

mahakisick; a sick person (POC: *masakit) *sakit

ma-hukipierced (PMP: *suŋkit)

maitowards the speaker; to pass to the speaker; to come (plural) (POC: *mai) *ai₃

ma-lamalight (not dark); becoma light (POC: *ma-ramaR) *damaR₁

ma-liŋispilt (in one place) (PCEMP: *liŋi)

ma-liŋi-liŋispilt (in many places); pour forth (of tears) (POC: *liŋi-liŋi) *liŋi

malobreech cloth of plaited pandanus leaves; menstrual pad (PCEMP: *malaw)

malushadow; shade; shelter; protection; power, authority; protect (PEMP: *maluRu)

Tuvaluan (200 / 356)

malu afi-afiearly evening (PEMP: *maluRu)

malu poo-pooevening (7 to 8 PM) (PEMP: *maluRu)

mamato chew (PMP: *mamaq)

ma-malunoble, honorable (PEMP: *maluRu)

mama-mamato chew thoroughly (PMP: *mamaq)

ma-manapossessed of mana; powerful; authority (POC: *mana₂)

mama-tamalikisoften food for baby by chewing; such food (PMP: *mamaq)

manamagical power (of person, potion, etc.); thunder; Holy Spirit (POC: *mana₂)

manavastomach; feel pain (POC: *mañawa) *NiSawa

manava-navabeat (of the heart); throb (POC: *mañawa) *NiSawa

manifithin (PMP: *ma-nipis) *Nipis

manifi-nifithin (of many) (POC: *manipi-nipis) *Nipis

manoŋismell (to give off an odor) (POC: *manoŋi)

mataraw, half-cooked (POC: *mataq) *hataq

mataface; eye; edge, point, blade; net mesh (PMP: *mata) *maCa

mata i taliŋahammerhead shark (PMP: *mata) *maCa

mata kaigluttonous (kai = ‘eat’); sharp (of blade or voice) (PMP: *mata) *maCa

matakuafraid (POC: *matakut) *takut

mata-lahicoarse-meshed (PMP: *mata) *maCa

mata-likifine-meshed; star name (POC: *mata riki) *maCa

Tuvaluan (220 / 356)

mata-loadoorway (PMP: *mata) *maCa

mata-ŋalibeautiful (of people) (PMP: *mata) *maCa

mataŋiEast; east side of island; wind, blow (of wind) (POC: *mata ni aŋin) *maCa

mata-poŋi-afeel faint (POC: *boŋi) *beRŋi

matauclever; experienced; right hand; fast (PMP: *ma-taqu₂) *taqu

matedie; dead; death; funeral wake (POC: *mate) *aCay

matuaold (of person, animal); mature, of fruit (POC: *matuqa) *tuqaS

mātuaold (of person, animal); mature, of fruit (plural referent) (POC: *matuqa) *tuqaS

mau-lalodeep (of water or holes); high (of cliffs, trees, etc., when speaker is at the top); low (POC: *ralom) *dalem

ma-ulia sneeze; to sneeze (PMP: *ma-qudip) *qudip

mea kaifood (POC: *kani) *kaen

mitisip (POC: *miti)

mo-monafat, and hence good to eat (of birds, fish, crabs, etc. (POC: *moñak₂) *meñak

mulibehind; the future; rear of a canoe, etc.; (POC: *muri) *udehi

mutuended; incomplete; cut off (PEMP: *mutu₂)

namumosquito (PMP: *ñamuk)

nifotooth; tusk of a pig (POC: *nipon) *nipen

niucoconut tree, Cocos nucifera; mature coconut; copra (PMP: *niuR)

niu fuafruitful coconut tree (POC: *puaq) *buaq

nonushrub sp.: Morinda citrifolia; fruit of nonu (POC: *ñoñu) *ñəñu

Tuvaluan (240 / 356)

numitangled (of a line) (POC: *numi)

ŋafaa fathom; distance encompassed by outstretched arms (POC: *ŋapa₁)

ŋalua wave; rough (of sea); raised part of canoe foredeck designed to prevent entry of waves (POC: *ŋalu)

ŋauchew (but not swallow, as of sugarcane) (POC: *ŋau₁)

ŋūgrunt, coo (POC: *ŋuRuR)

ŋulurhythmic grunting (as of gong-beaters at a dance) (POC: *ŋuru) *ŋurut

ŋutumouth; beak (PAN: *ŋusuq)

okahouse rafters (POC: *oka₂)

okacoconut husk; to husk (coconuts); to punch (POC: *soka)

onesand, soil (POC: *qone) *qenay

onosix (POC: *onom) *enem

oŋefamine (POC: *soŋe)

o-onaplural possessed, inalienable possession: his; hers; its (POC: *o₂)

o-ouplural possessed, inalienable possession: your (sg.) (POC: *o₂)

otaraw fish or fruit; eat fish raw (POC: *qodaq) *qetaq

otawaste after coconut cream has been squeezed from grated nut (LOAN)

otifinished (POC: *qoti) *qeti₃

o-touyour (plural possessor) (PEMP: *tolu) *telu

pāfence; fenced enclosure (for chickens, pigs); fish trap (POC: *baRa) *baRa₂

palucastor oil fish: Ruvettus sp. (NOISE)

Tuvaluan (260 / 356)

pepebutterfly (POC: *bebe)

pepe-pepeto flutter (POC: *bebe)

pia-piaeye discharge (including dried secretion from lachrymal gland), foam (of waves, mouth or beer) (POC: *biRaq₃) *biRaq₂

pia-piaeye discharge (including dried secretion from lachrymal gland), foam (of waves, mouth or beer) (POC: *biRas₂) *biRas

pikiadhere; cling; be towed by a canoe (POC: *bikit) *pikit

pikobent; crooked (POC: *biko) *pikel

piko-pikobent; crooked (in more than one place or of more than one object) (POC: *biko) *pikel

pilinear; come near; be on the point of; almost; entangled (as of foot or a bird in vines) (PMP: *pilit₁)

pipishellfish sp.: Natica albula, Nerita textilis, Neritina subconalis (POC: *bibi₂) *bibi

pi-pikiadhesive (POC: *bikit) *pikit

poŋibemused (as from a blow on the head) (POC: *boŋi) *beRŋi

poŋi-poŋimorning (6-8 a.m.) (POC: *boŋi) *beRŋi

poporotten (of tree, house, canoe, fruit, etc) (POC: *popok) *bekbek₁

puatree sp.: Guettarda speciosa (NOISE)

puku-pukuspheroid (POC: *buku) *bukuh

puleshellfish sp.: Pila conica (POC: *buliq₁)

pulupart of coconut husk at end with 'eyes' (POC: *bulut₂) *bulut

pulugum or resin (from breadfruit, mango or fetau [Calophyllum inophyllum] tree; whatever is used to caulk a canoe, including chewing gum (POC: *bulut) *pulut

puŋatype of coral harvested for lime-making; whetstone (POC: *buŋa₃) *buŋa

pupurotten (of dried coconuts, tree trunk, etc.) (POC: *pupuk₂) *bukbuk₃

Tuvaluan (280 / 356)

pupuimpenetrable (of forest) (NOISE)

pututoo close (POC: *putu, butu) *butu

puushell trumpet (used to call important meetings) (POC: *buu₅) *buu₂

taahit; beat; chop; fell a tree; a large wedge used in splitting trees; build a canoe; drive fish; strike (of a clock) (PAN: *taRaq₁)

taa matekill; switch off (POC: *mate) *aCay

taa-taastrum a stringed instrument (PAN: *taRaq₁)

taeexcrement (POC: *taqe₂) *taqay

tafeto flow (POC: *tape₁)

taisea; tide (PMP: *tasik)

ta-ku, to-kumy (singular possessed) (POC: *-gu) *-ku

talafin; thorn; glans of penis (POC: *salaŋ)

talafin, thorn; glans of penis (PEMP: *sala)

tala-talarough surfaced (POC: *salaŋ)

tala-talarough surfaced (PEMP: *sala)

talietree species: Terminalia samoensis (POC: *talise₁) *talisay

talotaro, a cultivated plant, Colocasia esculenta (POC: *talos) *tales

tanuto bury (POC: *tanum₂) *tanum

tanu-ŋagrave (POC: *tanum₂) *tanum

tanu-tanufill a hole, cover excrement with soil (POC: *tanum₂) *tanum

taŋabag, pocket (POC: *taŋa₂)

Tuvaluan (300 / 356)

taŋataman; person; human; male (PMP: *tau-mata) *Cau

taŋito weep, cry; to sound (as an instrument); the sound of weeping or an instrument (PMP: *taŋis) *Caŋis

taospear, fishing spear (POC: *jaot) *saet

tapuprohibited (POC: *tabu) *tambu

tauperiod; season (PMP: *taqun)

tau-hoafriend (POC: *soRa)

tau-malostage in boy’s life when malo must be worn; a boy who has reached this stage (PCEMP: *malaw)

tau-tauhanging (POC: *saur₁)

tau-tauhanging (POC: *tau₂) *tau

tau-tau taliŋaflower worn as an ear ornament (POC: *tau₂) *tau

tau titi, tau malostage in child’s life when it is appropriate to wear titi [pandanus leaf skirt], if female, or malo [breech cloth], if male (PMP: *taqun)

tikaa dart; a dart game; throw a dart (POC: *tika)

tilamast (POC: *jila)

timurain (PMP: *timuR)

tinaebelly, stomach (POC: *tinaqe) *taqay

tinobody; person; champion (before a verb) (LOAN)

tioteredo; shellfish sp., monovalve (POC: *tiRom) *tiRem

tipato walk (POC: *tibaŋ) *timpaŋ

tofia chisel (POC: *topiq) *Cebiq

tohiinstrument for dividing pandanus leaves into fine strips for weaving (POC: *topiq) *Cebiq

Tuvaluan (320 / 356)

tohi-tohidivide pandanus leaves into fine strips (POC: *topiq) *Cebiq

tokaready; peaceful, be in peace (POC: *toka₃) *tekas

tokapeaceful, be in peace (POC: *toka₂)

tokopole to propel canoe at low tide (POC: *tokon) *teken

toko-fiahow many? (of humans) (POC: *pica) *pijax

toko-tokopole a canoe (POC: *tokon-tokon) *teken

toluthree (PEMP: *tolu) *telu

tolu-ŋa-fuluthirty (POC: *tolu-ŋa-puluq) *telu

tomulilate (POC: *muri) *udehi

toŋomangrove: Rhizophora mucronata (PMP: *teŋeR)

totoblood (POC: *toto)

tuabehind; at or towards the back; a person’s back; upper side of coconut or pandanus trunk (POC: *tuqa₁)

tuailate (POC: *tuaRi)

tufadivide up; share out (POC: *tupa₃) *tupa₂

tuhito point; write; letter; text (PMP: *tusiq)

tuithread on string (as fish); stab; pierce (POC: *tuRi₁) *CuSuR

tuk-ipounder (PMP: *tuktuk-i) *tuktuk₃

tuk-i-tuk-ito pound (PMP: *tuktuk-i) *tuktuk₃

tulideaf (POC: *tuli₁) *Culi

tunafreshwater eel, freshwater crayfish (PMP: *tuna) *tuNa

Tuvaluan (340 / 356)

tunucook (PMP: *tunu) *CuNuh

tupaland crab (POC: *tubaRa)

tupushoot (of a plant); grow; happen; be exceeded (of numbers; tekau tupu ‘more than twenty’) (POC: *tubuq, tupuq) *Cubuq

tupuaGod; pre-Christian wooden gods (POC: *tupuqa)

t-upu-nagrandparent (POC: *tubu₂) *umpu

ūbreast (PAN: *susu₁)

ua-uaartery, vein; sinew; tendon (PMP: *uRat uRat) *huRaC

uhopith of tree (POC: *uso)

uhupush (POC: *usu)

ukafishing line (POC: *uka₂) *uka₁

ulu laakauhead of a tree (POC: *qulu) *quluh

uluŋ-apillow (POC: *quluŋ-an) *qulun₂

unaleathery turtle (which has shell of overlapping plates); the shell of this species (POC: *qunap₂) *quSeNap

unaf-ifish scales (POC: *qunap-i) *quSeNap

utaa canoe load (POC: *ucan) *ujan

utufill vessel with liquid; fill with water (of a canoe) (POC: *qutup) *qutub

valipaint (POC: *wali₁)

A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W Y Z Proto-Languages

Austronesian Comparative Dictionary, web edition
Robert Blust and Stephen Trussel
www.trussel2.com/ACD
2010: revision 6/21/2020
email: Blust (content) – Trussel (production)
D:\Users\Stephen\Documents\Visual Studio 2008\Projects\prjACD\prjACD\bin\Debug\acd-l_t.htm