u

und uni upo uri use utm

uncle; respectful term for man of father’s generation

WMP
Ilokano	bápa	term of respect for (male) person one generation older than the speaker
Hanunóo	bápaʔ	uncle (both nominative and vocative), nephew or niece (recipr.)
Maranao	bápaʔ	uncle, father-in-law
Tausug	bapaʔ	Uncle, Dad, Sir (respectful term of address for an uncle, stepfather but not one’s own father, and any man appropriately a generation older than the speaker
Malay	bapa ~ bapaʔ	father (not as respectful as ayah; less familiar than pa’; also of persons in a position comparable to that of a father, as stepfather, uncle or father-in-law)

Borrowing from Malay.

(Dempwolff: *cemeD ‘impure’)

unclean: defiled, ritually polluted, ceremonially unclean

WMP
Ngaju Dayak	samar	a sickness that comes about because one has eaten something that is prohibited or taboo; soiled, defiled, polluted
Malay	cemar	dirt; polution. Of dirty bits of road; a vile disposition; days of uncleanness (hari cemar kain ‘menstrual period’)
Toba Batak	somor	unwilling, reluctant
	somor-somor	ghost
	anak somor-somor	a bad son who causes grief to his parents
	imbulu somor-somor	hair on the human body (or horses) which shows that the possessor is unworthy; in general: unworthy
Sundanese	cemer	lose one’s power, influence or purity; become ordinary or impure
Old Javanese	a-cemer	unclean, foul, low
	a-nemer-i	to defile
	c<um>emer-i	to defile
Javanese	cemer	soggy, messy, muddy
	c/r/emed	to tell dirty stories; to talk obscenely or coarsely
Balinese	cemer	ceremonially unclean
	ñemer-in	to defile, make ritually unclean
Sasak	cemer	foul, impure; damp, moist; unsafe (because of sorcery)
OC
Wayan	somo	be dyed black or brown (using traditional dyes made from black mud or leaves); black or brown dye
	somo-ni ~ somo-ti	dye something, stain something black or brown; weave a mat with dyed strips
Fijian	somo	stained, of sinnet
	somo-ta	to stain sinnet black, generally by burying it in black earth or mangrove mud
	somo-somo-a ~ somo-somo-ta	dirty
	taka-somosomo-taka	to dirty, blacken with earth
Samoan	somo	gum (secreted by the eyes, etc.)
	somo-a	be gummy

Dempwolff reconstructed *cemeD ‘impure’, but there is little evidence for such a proto-form outside of Malay, Javanese and languages that have borrowed from either or both of these. The cognation of the Toba Batak form with the others appears doubtful, and the proposed connection of the Oceanic forms to these is completely unconvincing, making this comparison partly attributable to borrowing and partly to chance. The evidence for *-D was based entirely on the second Javanese form, which contains an unexplained stem-internal /r/.

understand, understanding

WMP
Tagalog	pahám	a very learned person, a genius; very
Malay	paham	to understand, be versed in
	kuraŋ paham	ignorance
Sundanese	paham	to understand, have insight
Javanese	paham	body of knowledge or thought, doctrine; to understand, be knowledgeable
Sasak	paham	understanding, to understand

Borrowing from Malay, ultimately from Arabic.

understanding, awareness

WMP
Itbayaten	himaŋmaŋ	idea of recognizance
Tagalog	himanmán	comprehension of and learning what is taught; rest, relief
Hanunóo	himánman	consciousness, thought; be aware of, be conscious of

Probably a Tagalog loan in Itbayaten.

understand, understanding

WMP
Tagalog	pahám	a very learned person, a genius; very
Malay	paham	to understand, be versed in
	kuraŋ paham	ignorance
Sundanese	paham	to understand, have insight
Javanese	paham	body of knowledge or thought, doctrine; to understand, be knowledgeable
Sasak	paham	understanding, to understand

Borrowing from Malay, ultimately from Arabic.

uniform, equal to

WMP
Bikol	sampát	uniform, equal; in conformity
Old Javanese	sampat	in a high degree, completely, perfectly, very; perfectly similar

Old Javanese sampat is said to be a borrowing of Sanskrit sampad ‘equalization of similar things; excellence, glory’.

unit of measurement

WMP
Kapampangan	takal	a measure
	takal-an	to measure something
Tagalog	tákal	measurement by volume of liquids and of grains such as rice, wheat and sugar, and also powders, etc.
	i-tákal	to use some kind of measure for measuring liquids or grains
Iban	takar	measure by volume (as rice)
Malay	takar	a measure of capacity for oil, etc.
Sundanese	takər	a measure (for wet or dry goods)
Old Javanese	takər	a measure of capacity, amount contained in a takĕr
Javanese	sa-taker	one unit of a measure
	taker-an	any container used for measuring; amount measured; a measureful
Balinese	taker	a measure of volume
CMP
Asilulu	takar-an	a measurement of volume

Also Balinese takeh ‘measure (large amount)’, takeh-an ‘a measure of volume’. Borrowing from Malay.

unit: catty (unit of weight for foodstuffs)

WMP
Ilokano	káti	pound; weighing scale
	katí-en	to weigh
Bikol	káti	unit of weight, equivalent to 600 grams
Kadazan Dusun	katiʔ	weight measurement (one and one third pounds)
Tombonuwo	kati	a catty (measure of weight)
Malay	kati	“catty”, a measure of weight of sixteen tahil, or about one and one third pounds avoirdupois
Toba Batak	hati	the hundredth part of a pikul, thus about one and one quarter pound

Borrowing from Malay.

und uni upo uri use utm

(Dempwolff: *tempuq ‘fall upon, attack’)

upon: attack suddenly, fall upon

WMP
Ngaju Dayak	tampoh	pushing, shoving, colliding (with horns, buffalo, etc.)
Malagasy	mi-tepu-tepu	pulsate, palpitate
Iban	tempoh	assail; break through (as a fence); storm a house (in attack)
Malay	me-nəmpoh	to assail, of charges, storming attacks, etc.
Toba Batak	tompu	suddenly
Javanese	ke-tempuh	to get hit
	nempuh	to face up to, confront
	pa-nempuh	(head on) attack; collision
Balinese	nempuh	touch something; sway about (in the wind); be struck (by illness); stroke along something; be responsible

Borrowing from Malay. Dempwolff (1938) reconstructed *tempuq ‘fall upon, attack’.

und uni upo uri use utm

(Dempwolff: *kenciŋ ‘odor of urine’)

urine: odor of urine

WMP
Ngaju Dayak	kasiŋ	repulsive odor (used mostly of cat urine and rotted tobacco)
Malagasy	hántsina	an odor as of dead bodies, a stench; infection
Malay	kənciŋ	to pass urine
Javanese	kenciŋ	urine; to urinate

Borrowing from Malay. Dempwolff (1938) proposed *kenciŋ ‘odor of urine’.

und uni upo uri use utm

(Dempwolff: *pakay ‘to use; to dress up, put on clothing’)

use, wear, dress up in finery

WMP
Mapun	pakay	clothes; anything worn (including jewelry)
Tausug	pakay	to wear something (as clothes, jewelry, or a belt)
	mag-pakay	to adopt something (as an idea, practice, or behavior)
Ida'an begak	pakay	to use (< Malay)
Malay	pakay	using, observing or wearing
Karo Batak	er-pake	to dress oneself
	make	to use something; to adorn oneself, dress up
Toba Batak	ma-mahe	wear beautiful clothes
Nias	fake	to use
	ma-make	to use, employ
Sundanese	pake	use it!; clothes, clothing
Bare'e	pake	ornament; beautiful costume
Tae'	pake	to use; to wear, have on; festival dress, beautiful clothing, adornment
CMP
Manggarai	pake	to use; clothing
Rembong	pake	to use
	pake weki	clothing

This is a clear Malay loanword in both of its common senses: ‘to use’ and ‘to wear/clothiing, adornment’. Dempwolff compared the Ngaju Dayak, Malay, Toba Batak and Javanese words given here with Tagalog pákay ‘mission; purpose; intention; aim’, and posited Urindonesisch *pakay ‘to use; to dress up, put on clothing’. However, the Tagalog word does not appear to be related to the others, and the remaining forms do not justify a reconstruction. (see clothing)

used: cloth used for shawl

WMP
Ngaju Dayak	palaŋi	silk material much used for shawls
Malay	kain pelaŋi	bandanna-cloth, colored rather gaudily by the tie-and-dye process
	pelaŋi	striped in gay colors; variegated
Makassarese	palaŋe	flowery cloth (worn over the shoulder by women at festivals)

Borrowing from Malay.

und uni upo uri use utm

utmost: do one's utmost

WMP
Malay	pala-pala	out-and-out; quite
	sa-pala-pala	as thoroughly as possible
Karo Batak	er-pala-pala	do one's utmost
Makassarese	sa-pala-pala	if it must be

Karo Batak er-pala-pala is assumed to be a natively affixed borrowing of Malay pala-pala. The Makassarese form may also be borrowed from Malay, or a chance resemblance.

a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w y

Austronesian Comparative Dictionary, web edition
Robert Blust and Stephen Trussel
www.trussel2.com/ACD
2010: revision 6/21/2020
email: Blust (content) – Trussel (production)
Loans-Index-u