e   

earnings, wages

Apparently from Spanish quitación ‘salary, income’.

earring

Borrowing from Malay.

earrings

This word cannot be directly inherited in Paiwan and Philippine languages, and suggests borrowing, either from an external source or from one Austronesian language into another. Both Panganiban (1966) and English (1986) state that Tagalog híkaw is a Chinese loan, but neither source provides any further information.

earthen jar

Borrowing from a Cordilleran language into Itbayaten.

easy:   cheap, easy

Based on the Tagalog, Ngaju Dayak, Malagasy, Toba Batak and Javanese forms given here, and Malay mudah, Dempwolff (1934-1938) posited ‘Uraustronesisch’ *mudaq ‘easy; cheap’. However, under this reconstruction the following forms are irregular: Tagalog múra (expected **múraɁ) Malay murah (expected mudah, which also occurs), and Karo Batak, Sundanese murah (expected **mudah). This is an extremely messy comparison that appears to have resulted mostly by borrowing one or the other variants in Malay, although the reasoning for the doubleting in Malay itself remains unclear.

ebb (of water)

Dempwolff proposed *surud ‘ebb’, but his comparison could easily be a loan distribution from Javanese into Malay, and thence from Malay into other languages of western Indonesia. If this term were native in the Batak languages, for example we would expect Karo Batak **surun**. His inclusion of Malagasy a-tsururúka ‘to be made to fall down, as hair down the back, or water made to run down a hill, etc.’ appears misguided.

edge, rim

Also Maranao tepik ‘shore, riverbank’. Borrowing from Malay. Dempwolff (1938) reconstructed PAn *tepi ‘edge, border’.

edge

Apart from Iban these forms are most likely borrowed from Malay. Dempwolff (1938) reconstructed ‘Uraustronesisch’ *te(m)biŋ ‘edge, shore’ (Rand, Ufer).

edge:   circumambulate, go around the edge

Borrowing from Javanese? Dempwolff (1938) reconstructed PAn *tepis ‘go around the edge’.

edible:   tree with edible hairy brown fruit: Diospyros discolor

Evidently a commercial name in the Philippines reflecting *ma- ‘stative’ + *bulu ‘hairy’. For what is presumably the original name cf, *kamaguŋ.

edible:   tree with edible fruit Sandoricum indicum or Sandoricum koetjape

Dempwolff (1938) reconstructed *se(n)tul ‘name of a tree’, but all Philippine forms appear to be loans from Malay, and this may be true of some forms in western Indonesia as well.

eel

Borrowing from Malay. It is tempting to consider Toba Batak boluk a directly inherited form and to reconstruct *beluj. However, under this interpretation the Karo Batak, Sundanese and Old Javanese forms would all be irregular, presumably as a result of borrowing from Malay. Pending further evidence I therefore find it simpler to include Toba Batak boluk as an irregularly altered loan.

eel

Borrowing from Malay. Dempwolff (1934-1938) reconstructed ‘Uraustronesisch’ *maluŋ ‘eel’.

eggplant

Dempwolff (1938) recontructed *teruŋ ‘be cylindrical’ (Walzenformigsein), but this form clearly referred specifically to the eggplant, although native terms appear to be confinded to western Indonesia, with Philippine terms like Tagalog talóŋ almost certain loanwords from Malay.

either:   or, either

Borrowing, ultimately from Sanskrit.

ell

From Sanskrit hasta ‘an ell’.

endure:   bear, endure

The history of this word is unclear. A number of forms seem clearly to have been borrowed from Malay, including modern Javanese tahan. However, Old Javanese tahən suggests that this was a native word before the modern era. It is possible that the Old Javanese form was borrowed by Malay, underwent the regular merger of *a and schwa in the ultima, and then was disseminated by Malay speakers into a wider range of languages, including modern Javanese. Dempwolff (1938) posited ‘Uraustronesisch’ *taqan ‘to bear, endure’.

enema

Borrowing of Spanish lavativa ‘enema’.

enemy

Borrowing from Malay. Dempwolff (1934-1938) proposed ‘Uraustronesisch’ *musuq ‘enemy’.

engagement:   fiancé, engagement

Palawano tunaŋ appears to be a borrowing from Malay, which indicates a fairly intense borrowing relationship.

enough, sufficient

Borrowing from Malay. Dempwolff (1938) reconstructed ‘Uraustronesisch’ *cukup ‘be sufficient’.

ensign:   banner, ensign

Borrowed from Javanese into Malay and from Malay into other languages. Dempwolff (1938) gives Tagalog pandi ‘banner, ensign’, but I am unable to find this word in any modern dictionary.

envy:   jealousy, envy

Borrowing from Malay.

equal:   various, suitable, equal

Despite the semantic differences that distinguish most Philippine forms from those in Indonesia, all of these items appear to be products of borrowing, ultimately from Tamil.

equal:   uniform, equal to

Old Javanese sampat is said to be a borrowing of Sanskrit sampad ‘equalization of similar things; excellence, glory’.

equal in weight

Borrowing from Malay. Dempwolff (1938) reconstructed Uraustronesisch *liŋgang ‘equal in weight’ (Gleichgewicht).

equisetifolia:   tree sp., Casuarina equisetifolia

Dempwolff (1934-38) assigned these two forms to *eRu 'name of a tree'. However, Malay eru regularly reflects *aRuhu (q.v.), and Toba Batak oru clearly is a borrowing of the Malay form with the normal phonological adjustment made in the assimilation of non-native words with shwa.

essence, best part

Borrowing from Malay. Dempwolff also included Tongan matsi (= masi) ‘essence’, and assigned forms from the three languages to Uraustronesisch *paTi ‘essence’. I am unable to find an equivalent of the Tongan word in Churchward (1959), and even if it could be found, the sound correspondences are irregular, as Dempwolff himself noted.

estuary, harbor

Borrowing from Malay. The much more widely-distributed reflexes of PMP *minaŋa ‘estuary’ render the claims of this term for the same meaning unconvincing.

estuary, river mouth

Borrowing from Malay. The PMP word for ‘estuary’ was *minaŋa. Even Malay’s close relative Iban has naŋa. Based on this comparison Dempwolff (1934-1938) posited “Uraustronesisch’ *muara ‘estuary’.

etc.:   dry measure for grain etc.

even:   drawn, tied, even in score

Borrowing of Spanish tablas ‘stalemate, draw’, with irregular loss of -s. David Zorc has noted in a personal communication that although -s is commonly added to Spanish words borrowed in Philippine languages (e.g. Pangasinan apáyas, Bikol tapáyas, Manobo (Western Bukidnon) kepayas < Spanish papaya), it is also sometimes dropped, as in the present case. It is likely that borrowing of this word from Spanish took place directly only in Tagalog, and that it then spread to other Philippine languages from this secondary source.

even if:   although, even if

Philippine forms are from Spanish mas que ‘although, even so’, and the Malay form is evidently from the similar expression in Portuguese. Surprisingly, the same expression is also found in Tok Pisin maski ‘although’. Why this particular collocation was so readily borrowed remains unclear.

evil spirit, vampire, witch

Borrowing into Kapampangan from a GCPh source. It is possible that the suaŋgi/ of eastern Indonesia has a similar origin.

exact, precise

Borrowing from Malay into Tagalog, and possibly from Javanese into Malay. Dempwolff also included Fijian tovo ‘custom, manner, habit, disposition, quality, character’, and proposed PAn *tepat ‘right, correct’, a reconstrucion that fails to account for the final vowel of the Old Javanese, Balinese or Fijian forms.

examine, investigate

Also Bikol mag-usísa ‘to cross-examine; to interrogate, question, quiz; to probe’. Probably a Tagalog loan distribution.

example

Borrowing, ultimately from Sanskrit.

exchange barter

Borrowing from Malay. Dempwolff (1938) reconstructed ‘Uraustronesisch’ *tukar ‘to exchange, barter’ (tauschen).

excitement:   passion, excitement

Borrowing, ultimately from Arabic.

excuse oneself; greeting

Borrowing, apparently through Malay, but ultimately from Sanskrit kṣantabya ‘to be pardoned; may I be pardoned; pardon me’. Fijian tavi ‘to salute in welcome, give hospitality to’ is assumed to be a chance resemblance.

expense, expenditure

Borrowing of Spanish gasto ‘expenditure, outlay’.

expenses

Borrowing from Malay.

explanation, interpretation

Borrowing from Malay, ultimately from Arabic. This presupposes that the Malay word still permitted prepenultimate /i/ at the time of borrowing.

exult, celebrate (as a victory)

Dempwolff (1938) posited *surak ‘to exult, cheer, celebrate’, but the relationship of the Tagalog and Samoan forms to the others cited here is open to question, the Malagasy form appears to reflect *kurak, and the remaining forms could be products of borrowing from Malay.

eye ailment

Borrowing from Tagalog.