Introduction Index to Sets Cognate Sets Finderlist
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References+ Roots Loans Near Noise Formosan

Updated: 6/21/2020

Austronesian Comparative Dictionary

Cognate Sets

*m

ma me mi mo mu mw

30911

*ma-₁ stative prefix

8752

PAN *ma-₁ stative prefix

Formosan
Kavalan	ma-	in the state of (result of a prior action)
Saisiyat	ma-	stative prefix
Proto-Atayalic	*ma-	stative prefix
Pazeh	ma-	stative prefix
Thao	ma-	stative prefix
Bunun	ma-	stative prefix
Puyuma	ma-	stative prefix
Paiwan	ma-	stative prefix
WMP
Yami	ma-	stative prefix for indicative verbs
Tagalog	ma-	prefix forming adjectives denoting (a) a certain quality, e.g. magandá ‘beautiful’, (b) having much of something, e.g. mabató ‘stony (full of stones)’; prefix to root word forming verbs denoting capability of doing something voluntarily or intentionally, e.g. makí'a ‘to be able to see something’
Maranao	ma-	stative prefix
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)	me-	stative prefix
Lun Dayeh	mə-	stative prefix
Toba Batak	ma-	stative prefix (called ‘qualifying prefix’ in van der Tuuk 1864-1867)
Mongondow	mo-	stative prefix
Bare'e	ma-	stative prefix
Tae'	ma-	stative prefix
Proto-Bungku-Tolaki	*mo-	stative prefix
CMP
Hawu	me-	stative prefix
Rotinese	ma-	stative prefix
Tetun	ma-	stative prefix (fossilized, as in manas ‘hot’ < ma-panas), or metan ‘black’ < ma-qetan)
Asilulu	ma-	(fossilized in e.g. mataɁu)
SHWNG
Minyaifuin	ma-	(fossilized in e.g. mtait ‘fear, afraid’)
OC
Wuvulu	ma-	(fossilized in e.g. maɁau ‘afraid’)
Mussau	ma-	(fossilized in e.g. ma-matautu ‘afraid’)
Lakalai	ma-	(fossilized in e.g. matau ‘afraid’)
Molima	ma-	(fossilized in e.g. matauta ‘afraid’)
Roviana	ma-	stative prefix (fossilized in manivisi ‘thin’, or matagutu ‘afraid’)
Fijian	ma	a particle compounded with many words, forming adjectives of state or condition
Tongan	ma-	stative prefix (fossilized in mahaki ‘sick person, patient; sickness, disease’ < PMP *ma-sakit ‘sick, painful’, etc.)
Hawaiian	ma-	(fossilized in e.g. makaɁu ‘fear, frightened, afraid’)

30912

*ma-₂ future prefix

8753

PAN *ma-₂ future prefix

Formosan
Seediq (Truku)	ma-	frequent prefix carrying the idea of an indeterminate future
Thao	ma-	prefix marking the future in actor voice verbs

30830

*maCa eye, focal point, center or most prominent part

8601

PAN *maCa eye, focal point, center or most prominent part

Formosan
Taokas	masa	eye
Kavalan	mata	eye
Saisiyat	masaʔ	eye
Saisiyat (Tungho)	masa	eye
Papora	masa	eye
Sakizaya	mataʔ	eye
Amis	mata	eye
	ci-mata	able to see; to wear glasses
	mili-mata	to put out someone’s eye
Favorlang/Babuza	macha	eye
Thao	maca	eye
Bunun	mata	eye
Bunun (Isbukun)	mata	eye
Hoanya	masa	eye
Tsou	mcoo	eye
Proto-Rukai	*maca	eye
Puyuma	maTa	eyes
Paiwan	matsa	eye
	pu-matsa	to have good eyesight

8602

PMP *mata eye, face, focal point, center or most prominent part; hole, aperture; doorway, window; budding part of plant; ‘eye’ of coconut; knot in wood; sun; core of a boil; blade of a knife; to awaken; operculum of a snail; mesh of a net; eye of a needle; noose of a trap; hearth; direction of the wind; head of a river; spring, source; lid, cover

WMP
Yami	mata	eye
Itbayaten	mata	eye; holes of netting or basket or knitting; small buds at knots of sugarcane; eye of coconut
Ilokano	matá	eye; knot (of timber)
	ag-matá	to be watchful, alert; open one’s eyes; bear fruit; result in, be the result of; be realized
	na-mata-án	traditions, customs in which one is brought up
	mata-mata-án	to stare at
Agta (Dupaningan)	matá	eye
Isneg	matá	the eye; the sun
Itawis	matá	eye
Malaweg	matá	eye
Bontok	matá	eye
	ʔin-matá	to have sore eyes
Kankanaey	máta	eye
Ifugaw	matá	eye
Ifugaw (Batad)	mata	eye of a person, animal, insect, living being
Casiguran Dumagat	mata	eyes; face
Ibaloy	mata	eye --- the anatomical part
	man-mata	to have sore, draining eyes
	i-mata-an	to see something for oneself, precisely, personally; to recognize something
Ilongot (Kakiduge:n)	mata	eye
Pangasinan	matá	eye
Kapampangan	matá	eye; shoot, sprout
	matá kwayan	the spots on the top half of a coconut shell
	tela-taʔu-ŋ matá	iris; the colored part of the eye
	maka-matá	approach from afar; discover by sight (Bergaño)
Tagalog	matá	the eye; the organ of vision; sight; the power of seeing; sight, meaning here a way of looking or thinking; regard; eye, fig., meaning, core, center
	ipa-matá	to open a person’s eyes; to make one see what is really happening
	mag-pa-matá	to disabuse; to free from deception; to open the eyes to
	malik-mátaʔ	mirage; an optical illusion; phantasm; a supposed appearance of an absent person dead or living
	má-mata-ʔán	to light upon; to see by chance; to be spotted, meaning to be recognized or seen
	paŋ-ma-matá	disdain
Bikol	matá	eye
	ma-matá	to get hit in the eye
	mag-matá	to wake up; to awaken, arouse
	maka-matá	to look down on, to be patronizing toward
	pa-mata-ón	to wake someone up
Buhid	matá	eye
Hanunóo	matá	eye; operculum of a snail
Romblomanon	mata	the eye of a living being; a fishnet mesh; i.e., an opening between the cords of a fishnet
Masbatenyo	matá	eye; refers only to the eye of an animate being
	pa-mata-hón	be awakened, be roused
Inati	mete	eye
Bantuqanon	mata	eye
Aklanon	matá	eye; to be awake; to wake up, awaken, awake; to observe, raise, rear
Waray-Waray	matá	eye; organ of vision; ocular perception; sight
Agutaynen	mata	eye
Hiligaynon	matá	eye
	mag-matá	to awaken
Palawan Batak	máta	eye
Cebuano	matá	eyes; eyeglasses; eyelet in shoes; any growth or structure similar in some way to the eye
	matá sa gábi	a button-like outgrowth on the flesh of the taro rootstock
	matá sa lubi	two spots on a coconut shell tha resemble human eyes
	matá sa lumban	an eye-like operculum found in turban shells
	matá sa pinya	eyes of a pineapple, the hollow cavity found on the surface of the flesh of the pineapple fruit which contains seeds
Maranao	mata	eye
	mata aloŋan	noble, royalty (‘eye of the day/sun’)
	mata trak	headlight
Binukid	mata	eye
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)	mata	eye
Mansaka	mata	eye; to awaken
Tiruray	moto	eye
Klata	moto	eye
Mapun	mata	eye; the sharp edge or point of anything (as the cutting edge of a machete or knife, the sharp points on a grater, the head of a spear, etc.); anything circular in shape that is essential to that in which it is contained (as a burner on a stove, the core of a boil)
	jama-jama mata	one’s reflection in another person’s eye (‘person of the eye’)
	mata asa-an	the top of a whetstone
	mata dallot	a noose
	mata lambuʔ	a buttonhole
	mata lilus	the dial or face of a clock or watch
	ka-matah-an	to be seen (as proof that something is true or false)
Yakan	mata	eye
	mata badjaʔ	plowshare (‘eye of the plow’)
	mata baliyu	direction wind comes from
	mata boheʔ	the surface of a river
	mata oroʔ	blade of a knife
	mata pira	blade of a bolo
	mata satan	direction of sound (wind)
Molbog	mata	eye
Tboli	mata	eye
	mata kudaʔ	ankle joint/bone (‘eye of a horse’)
Tausug	mata	eye (as an organ of sight); anything circular that is essential to that in which it is contained (as a burner of a stove, the heart of a boil); the holes of a sieve
	ikug mata	the outer eyelid (‘tail of the eye’)
	ka-mata-han	to see with the eyes
Labuk-Kinabatangan Kadazan	mato	eye
Tombonuwo	mato	eye
	mato nu uwos	whirlwind (‘eye of the wind’)
Murut (Timugon)	mato	eye
Kujau	matə	eye
Ida'an Begak	mato	eye
	mato bubun	crown of the head
Bisaya (Lotud)	mato	eye
Bisaya (Limbang)	mato	eye
Belait	matah	eye
Tabun	mata	eye
Kelabit	matəh	eye
Sa'ban	atəh	eye
Berawan (Long Teru)	matəh	eye
Sebop	atə-n	eye
Kenyah	mata	eye
Murik	mataʔ	eye
Kayan	mataʔ	eye
	mata-n san	steps on a ladder
Wahau	mtæn	eye
Gaai	gu-ta-n	eye (from guə̯ŋ mtan ‘eye place’)
Kelai	mtæn	eye
Mei Lan Modang	məteə̯n	eye
Woq Helaq Modang	məteə̯n	eye
Long Gelat Modang	mətiə̯n	eye
Kayan (Uma Juman)	mataʔ	eye
Kiput	matəh	eye
Bintulu	mata	eye
Melanau (Mukah)	mata	eye
Bukat	matə	eye
Bekatan	matoh	eye
Lahanan	mata	eye
Ngaju Dayak	matæ	eye
	mata-n kanas	spots on a pineapple
Kapuas	mataʔ	eye
Paku	mato	eye
Taboyan	matəʔ	eye
Dusun Witu	mate	eye
Delang	mato	eye
Iban	mata	eye; eyesight
	oraŋ mata	policeman
	mata dacin	graduated marks on balance or weigh-beam (‘eye of scale’)
	mata dukuʔ	cutting edge of blade (‘eye of knife’)
	mata lalat	reef knot (‘eye of housefly’)
	mata manaŋ	beads presented to a manang (shaman) to give him keenness of sight
	mata tincin	stones set in finger ring
	mata waŋ	cash (‘eye of money’)
	ŋe-mata	watch over, look after, be caretaker or manager of, keep an eye on
Cham	mata	eye
Jarai	məta	eye
Malay	mata	eye; focus; center; orifice; eye-like feature; the evil eye; numerical coefficient for things numbered by orifices such as the rungs of a ladder or the meshes of a net; also of the cutting edge of a knife or saw; point of a lance; source of a river; needle of a compass (= the point on which everything turns)
	mata alamat	bull’s eye of target (‘eye of sign, portent’)
	mata bajak	plough-share
	mata bantal	pillow-end of stiff embroidery, etc.
	mata bədil	muzzle of firearm
	mata bəlanak	center of hairwhorl (‘eye of mullet’)
	mata bəlioŋ	adze or hatchet blade
	mata bənda	valuables (‘eye of article’)
	mata buku	knot in wood; center of knot (‘eye of knot’)
	mata daciŋ	marks on balance scale
	mata kaki	ankle
	mata kəris	blade of a kris
	mata kuliah	subject of study (‘eye of higher study’)
	mata luka	orifice of a wound
	mata pədoman	compass needle
	mata piano	piano keys
	mata taŋga	rungs of a ladder
	mata uaŋ	unit of monetary value; currency (‘eye of money’)
Bahasa Indonesia	mata guntiŋ	sharp edge of scissors
	mata hati	deep feelings
	mata huruf	letter of the alphabet
	mata jala	holes in the mesh of a net
	mata kail	point of a fishhook
	mata luka	opening of a wound
Acehnese	mata	eye; germ of a seed kernel; joint, articulation (of stalks like bamboo or sugarcane); gemstones, etc.
	iə mata	tears
	mata apuy	the space above the hearth where foodstuffs are hung in the smoke to preserve them
	mata gōŋ	boss on a gong
	mata itam	pupil of the eye
	mata kawe	the sharp point of a fishhook
	mata laŋay	plowshare
	mata sərampaŋ	prongs of a harpoon
	mata sikin	the blade of a knife
	mata u	eyeholes in a coconut shell
	mata urɔə	sun (‘eye of the day’)
	mata ceŋ	measuring marks on a scale
	mata gɨnuku	teeth of a coconut rasp
Gayō	mata	eye
	mata goŋ	ankle
	mata ni jelbaŋ	blade of a hoe
	mata ni ulen	female phantom that takes the spectral form of a detached head (‘eye of moon’)
Simalur	mata	eye; point; shoot, sprout, bud; blade of a knife
	mal-mata	germinate, sprout (‘have eyes’)
	mata aeran	steps of a ladder
	mata alau	striking end of a pestle
	mata-m bajaʔ	plowshare
	mata-m biliʔ	entrance to a room
	mata-m boxul	kneecap (‘eye of the knee’)
	mata-n dəlog	slope of a mountain
	mata-n oruŋ	promontory, cape
	mata-n saʔa	heel, hock
	mata-n siʔu	elbow
	mata-n soʔud	glowing firewood
	mata-n taduʔ	point of a horn
	mata-n toxuʔ	tip of a lance
Karo Batak	mata	eye(s); the dots on dice, eye of a needle, mesh of a net, blade of a knife, point of a spear
	mata ranān	day when a lawsuit will be heard (‘day of talk’)
	mata kerja	the main day of a feast
	ŋke-mata	counting classifier for counting grains of rice
Toba Batak	mata	eye
	ha-mata-an	single, individual
	mata ni bulan	the moon, the disc of the moon
	mata ni ari ni tot	ankle (‘sun of the foot’)
	mata ni bodil	barrel of a gun
	mata ni bonaŋ	end of the thread with which one begins
	mata ni bulu	part of the bamboo where the shoots emerge
	mata ni hujur	point of a lance
	mata intan	gemstone
	mata ni onan	high point of a market
	mata ni pesta	climax of a feast
Nias	mata	eye
Mentawai	mata	eye, face; open the eyes
	mata läläp	window, door
	mata-n-un	anus
	mata-t buk-buŋ	opening of a quiver
	mata-t pa-jait	eye of a needle
	mata-t pusä-kat	friction groove of a fireplow
	mata tot-tot	nipple of the breast
Rejang	mata-i	eye
	mata-i taŋən	wrist bone
Enggano	e-baka	eye, face, front side; most important part
Lampung	mata	eye
Sundanese	mata	eye(s)
	ma-mata	knot-hole in wood
	sa-mata	a piece, one
Old Javanese	mata	eye; meshes (of a net); stone (set in a ring, etc.)
	ma-mata	to look at, observe, inspect
	ka-mata-n	seen, visible
	pa-mata-n	looks, way of looking, glance
Javanese	mata	eye (of an animal, crudely of a human being); eye-like part, as knot in wood, center of a pimple, jewel in its setting; spot, pip (on playing-cards, dice); kernel, grain
	ke-mata-n	having excessively large eyes
	sa-mata-mata	striking in appearance; conspicuous
	mata itik	buttonhole
	mata iwak	scar from a wound; corn on the toe; duckweek (‘eye of a fish’)
Madurese	mata	eye
Balinese	mata	eye
	mata hideŋ	opening in the top end of a kris sheath
	mata putih	the white of the eye
Sasak	mata	eye
	mata-n nae	ankle bone (< *mata-n ae?)
Sangir	mata	eye; counting classifier used in counting snares and fishhooks
	mata-ŋ lutaŋ	touch-hole (as of a cannon; ‘eye of a gun’)
	mata-n soma	mesh of a net
	mata mituŋ	kind of shellfish (‘black eye’)
	mata-m puhe	operculum of some shells
Lolak	mata	eye
Mongondow	mata	eye; blade of a knife, cutting edge; the essence of something; counting classifier for sharp things like swords, knives, lances and nails
	mata im bulan	moon (in songs)
	po-mata-an	East (place of the rising sun)
Ponosakan	mata	eye
Gorontalo	mato	eye; counting classifier for objects that have ‘eyes’
Totoli	mata	eye
Balaesang	mata	eye
Ampibabo-Lauje	mata	eye
Balantak	mata	eye
Banggai	mata	eye
	pinsil mata-no	point of a pencil
Uma	mata	eye; counting classifier
	ha-mata	one (in counting sharp weapons)
	me-mata	to stand up
Bare'e	mata	eye
Tae'	mata	eye; the most important or essential part of something
	mata-i	train the eye on something
	mata-nna	main day of a feast, when most guests arrive
	mata buriaʔ	opening of a basket
	mata pelekoʔ	plowshare
	kala-mata	plaitwork or weaving with hexagonal openings
	paka-mata	inflammation of the eyes, conjunctivitis
	wai mata	tears
Proto-Bungku-Tolaki	*mata	eye
Mori Atas	mata	eye
Padoe	mata	eye
Bungku	mata	eye
Koroni	matə	eye
Wawonii	mata	eye
Moronene	mata	eye
Mandar	mata	eye; point, as of a kris
Buginese	mata	eye
	mata pasa	major feast day, feast day that is busiest
Makassarese	mata	eye; also used for anything that resembles an eye, such as: round holes in a rice block; anus; mesh of a net; opening in plaitwork or weaving; coin; blade (of knives and weapons); iron part of a tool; point of a needle; marks on a scale
	mata assuŋ	round holes in a rice mortar
	mata baraʔ	precise direction of the west
	mata pasaraʔ	chief market day, busiest market day
	mata uaŋ	silver, coins that ‘clink’
	tauŋ-tauŋ mata	reflection of a person in someone’s eye
Wolio	mata	eye, center, nucleus, source (of a river), mesh (of a net); blade (used for counting all sorts of sharp or pointed objects like knives, creeses, spears and pencils
	mata-na ndamu	axe-head
	mata-na sorumba	point of a needle
Muna	mata	eye; o’clock; sharp edge or point (of weapons and utensils); classifier for sharp objects; unit of liquid, cup, glass; the appointed day or time for festivals, the high point
	mata dadu	supposition (lit. ‘eyes of dice’)
	mata-no faraluu	the high point of a ceremony or festival
Palauan	mad	eye; face; point; edge; front; area/space (directly) in front of
Chamorro	mata	eye, eyeball; face; hole for planting
CMP
Bimanese	mada	eye; source
	oi mada	tears (‘water of the eyes’)
	mada kaleʔa	‘eye’ of a coconut
	mada riha	central part of the hearth (‘eye of the hearth’)
Komodo	mata	eye
	mata keriwa	unhusked rice grain (keriwa = ‘husked rice’)
Manggarai	mata	eye; hole; sprouting part; husk (in the middle of the rice); blade (of a machete, etc.)
Rembong	mata	eye
	mata-n	spring, source
	mata dalaŋ	door(way)
	mata pusuq	heart
Ngadha	mata	eye; opening, aperture; lid, cover; sprout, bud; numeral classifier
	mata api	offering place in the fields
	mata dala	entrance to a village
	mata leko	opening of a bamboo cane
	mata pate	window opening, smokehole in roof
	mata polo	will-o’-the-wisp
	mata tibo	banana sprout
	mata tua	cut in a lontar palm made to collect the sap for making palm toddy
	mata uma	offering place in the fields
Keo	mata	eye
Riung	mata	eye
Sika	mata	eye
	mata lau	reward
	mata mera	bush with inedible red fruits
	mata powor	small shellfish
Solorese	mata	eye
Kédang	mata-n	eye; tip of a seed from which the sprout emerges
	deséq mata-n	lid of a tobacco basket (Barnes 1974:230)
	koŋ mata-n	the rounded bulge in the center of a gong
	lia mata-n	the hearth
	maqur mata-n	the yard in front of the door
	taq mata-n	the base of a coconut where it was attached to the tree and from which the shoot will emerge
	mato uluq	pupil of the eye (‘seed of the eye’)
Kodi	mata	eye
Waiyewa	mata	eye
Anakalangu	mata	eye
Kambera	mata	eye
	mata bula	kind of mollusc
	mata epi	hearth for the cooking fire
	mata kalíli	anus (‘eye of buttocks’)
	mata manu	the white spot in an egg yolk
	mata meu	blue eyes (‘cat eyes’)
	mata mítiŋu	favorite, ‘apple of the eye’ (‘black eye’)
Hawu	mada	eye
	mada ñiu	eye of a coconut
Rotinese	mata	eye
	dope mata-na	blade of a knife
	fufue deək mata-na	dibble holes for planting seeds
	no mata-na	sprout of a coconut
	mata-k	countenance, face; appearance; sort, kind
	tatai mata-k	measuring marks on a scale
Helong	mata	eye
Atoni	mata-f	eye
Tetun	mata-n	the eyes
	mata fatu-k	a sea-shell
	kafe mata-n ida	a coffee plantation
	oda mata-n	a door
	sana mata-n	a pot lid
	ue mata-n musan	a lid, cover, or cap
Vaikenu	mata-f	eye
Galoli	mata-r	eye
Erai	mata	eye; numeral classifier with leo ‘day’, as in leo mata hatelu ‘three days’
Kisar	maka	eye
	na-maka	awake; wake up
Roma	mat-	eye
East Damar	mata-	eye
Leti	mata	eye
Wetan	mata	eye; to rise, get up
Selaru	mata	eye
Yamdena	mata-n	eye; cutting edge of a knife; kind, type; opening
	mata-n ikur	outer corner of the eye (‘tail of the eye’)
	mata-n tomwate	pupil of the eye (‘person of the eye’)
	mata-n ulu-n	inner corner of the eye (‘head of the eye’)
Fordata	mata	eye; sprout of a banana, etc.
	mata-n tomatta	pupil of the eye (‘person of the eye’)
	sita-na mata-n	stone setting in a finger-ring
Kola	mata	eye
Ujir	mata	eye
W.Tarangan (Ngaibor)	mata	eye
Masiwang	mata-n	eye
Teluti	mata-colo	eye
Kamarian	mata	eye
Gah	mata-nina	eye
Alune	mata	eye
	mata-losi	window
Saparua	mata	eye
Laha	mata	eye
Hitu	mata	eye
Asilulu	mata	eye; origin, source; numerical connector (for roads, currencies, etc.)
	mata-dua	the two lines which connect the uppermost par of the sail
	mata-luma	clan, sub-clan, extended family (luma = ‘house’)
	mata-nulu	entrance, portal, doorway
Manipa	maka	eye
Nusa Laut	maʔa-	eye
Larike	mata-na	classifier for coins, holes, and round or circular objects
Wakasihu	mata	eye
Batu Merah	mata-va	eye
Morella	mata	eye
SHWNG
Kowiai/Koiwai	mata-fut	eye (fut = ‘grain, seed’)
	mat atem	first, at first
Taba	mto	eye
Gimán	mto	eye
Sawai	mtɔ	eye
Buli	mta	eye
	labaŋ mta	mesh of a net
Mayá	ꞌta¹²	eye
Minyaifuin	nta	eye
Ron	maka	eye
Numfor	mga	eye; countenance
OC
Loniu	mata-	eye
	mata-n	lid, cover
Nali	mara-	eye
	mara-n	lid, cover
Ahus	mara-	eye
Lele	mara-n	his/her eye
Papitalai	mara-	eye
Levei	moto-	eye
	moto siʔik	hearth (‘eye of trivet’)
Likum	mita-	eye
	mita jeh	hearth (‘eye of fire’)
Ponam	mara-	eye
Bipi	mata-	eye
	mara mwan	hearth (‘eye of fire’)
Yapese	miit	eye; front; point; kind of, type of, species of
Mussau	mata	eye, face; blade; source; sucker of plant
	mata kaala	sucker of the kaala taro
	mata kereŋana	sharp edge
	mata-ŋ-asi	sucker of the asi taro
	mata-ŋ-ateio	source of a river (‘eye of water’)
	mata utu	pride
Tigak	mata-	eye; entrance
Nalik	mara-	eye
Mendak	mara-	eye
Sursurunga	mətə	eye
Tanga	mata	eye; face; the front of anything; the pointed end of anything (as a spear); forehead; leader (of a raiding party); center of an exterior surface, not the interior of anything
Label	mata-	eye
Tolai	mata-	eye; face; opening, socket, hole through anything
	mata kilalat	doorway
	mata na keāke	sun (‘eye of the day’)
	mata na kul	operculum of the seashell known as kul, Turbo marmoratus
	mata na obene	mesh of a fishnet
Bali (Uneapa)	mata	eye
Vitu	mata	eye; have a tendency to, prone to
Arop	mata-	eye; sharp (as a knife)
Biliau	mala-	eye
Amara	mete	eye
Kove	mata	eye; face
Bebeli	mata	eye
Lakalai	mata	to look, to look at; to appear; to turn face or eyes toward; sharp
	la-mata	a hole; a channel, passage; a doorway or door; kind, variety
	la-mata-la	its eye; the top of it, especially if a cap or something similar; its point; a time for it, its date
	la-mata-la-havi	shelf above fireplace (‘eye of fire’)
	la-mata-la hulumu	‘the door of the men’s house’: circular bottom of frame for ebiribiri mask
	la-mata-la-luma	doorway of the house
	la-mata-la-tog	the point of a hook (‘eye of fishhook’)
	e-mata-riki	square, fine-mesh net for catching small fish
Kaulong	mata	eye
Sengseng	mata	eye
Mengen	mata-	eye
Tarpia	mata	sharp tooth
Kis	məta	eye
Wogeo	mata	eye
Manam	mata	eye
	mata otioti	to be sharp
Sio	mata	sharp
	maata	eye
Takia	mala	eye
Mbula	mata	eye, physical organ of sight; face, presence/sight of, appearance, front, color; kind, sort, type; mind; blade, edge, point, end, sharp, powerful, intense
	mata-kiŋa	different types, different sorts (kiŋa = scattered, dispersed’)
	buza mata-ana	blade of a knife
	kotiizi mata-ana	tip of a sago thorn
	mata-ana	first, beginning, leader
Gitua	mata	eye; sharp edge
Yabem	mata	eye
Labu	mala-hô	eye; face
	mala-no	mala-no
	mala-palô	eyelid
Watut	mara-	eye
Wampar	mara-n	eye
Ubir	mata-	eye
Suau	mata-	eye; sharp
Bunama	mata-na	eye; point; edge
Hula	ma	eye
Sinaugoro	mata	eye
Adzera	mara-n	eye
Motu	mata	eye; point or tip of anything; mesh; a synonym of death; foremost
	mata hanai	second sight; to see in a trance; to diagnose, as of doctor (hanai = ‘cross over’)
	mata nadi-nadi-na	pupil (‘stone of the eye’)
	mata-i	in front, first
Pokau	maka	eye
Gabadi	maka	eye
Kilivila	mata	eye
	mata-la	tip
Tawala	mata	eye; point; source of (river, wind), mouth of bay
	mata babana	reason
	mata kwelina	coconut eye
Dobuan	mata	eye
Molima	mata-	eye
	mata-daya	in front of us, in our presence
	bia mata-na	beer bottle top
	mata gabu-na	nipple (gabu-na = ‘a point of land’)
	mata lavi-lavi	about 7 PM (‘eye of the evening’)
	mata-na	net gauge
Saliba	mata	eye; sharp
Sudest	mara	eye; pointed
Nehan	mata-n	eye, face (takes possessive marker for person and number); natural hole or soft spot in a coconut shell
	mata-ia	beautiful, pretty, nice to look at
	mata nahua	place for canoes to come, haven
	mata nar um	window
Haku	u-mata	eye
Piva	mata-	eye
Uruava	mata-	eye
Torau	mata-la	eye
Takuu	mata	eye, face; front; point, blade
Mono-Alu	mata-na	eye
Ririo	mat	eye
Hoava	mata	eye
Roviana	mata-na	the eye
Eddystone/Mandegusu	mata	eye; eye of coconut shell; hook made of turtle shell
Ghove	natʰa	eye
Bugotu	mata	eye; face; covering; entry
Nggela	mata	eye; iris; pupil; in front of, in the presence of; outward appearance; the face
	mata-kene	a window (= ‘wind eye’, like English ‘window’)
	mata ni haa	landing place
	mata ni indali	groove in stone for breaking nuts
Kwaio	maa-na	eye; front; opening; mouth (of stream or river); top, lid; face; center
	maa ni ele	flame; the biggest taro or yam in the fire; the main log (ele = ‘fireplace’)
	maa ni mae	intention to fight (seen in the eyes; mae = ‘die, dead; fight’)
Lau	mā	eye, face, aperture, mesh; door, porch, gate, mouth; point, edge, spout of a jug (the part that does the work); point of pen, edge of knife; bow of a ship; operculum of a mollusc; hand, wrist; time, season; to eye, to stare at
	mā-fafo	a covering (fafo = ‘on top’)
	mā-luma	a porch (luma = ‘house’)
Toqabaqita	maa	used with a variety of senses that can be characterized as: focal point, eye, tip, edge; face; opening; mouth of a container, hole; front part of something; lid, that which closes something; door; with some nouns used as a classifier
	maa-na agaa	space, area in front of panpipe musicians/dancers
	maa-na gaagaora	the center of a person’s chest (on the outside)
	maa-na ila	place on the reef where the waves break
	maa-na kafo	water hole, place in a stream where people collect water and bathe; mouth of a river; mouth of a water tap (kafo = ‘fresh water’)
	maa-na kuburu	place, area from which a strong wind is coming (dark area in distance with black clouds)
	maa-na luma	front of a house; area in front of a house; doorway of a house
	maa-na naifa	cutting edge of a knife
	maa-na qamali	landing place for canoes on the seashore (qamali = ‘sea, ocean’)
	maa-na sua	tip of a spear
	maa-na ururu-	kneecap
	maa-na uusi-a	market place, when there is a market in progress (uusi = ‘buy things, shop for’)
	thalu-na maa-	pupil of the eye; term of endearment for one’s child: apple of the eye (thalu = ‘egg’)
	maa-takwa	landing place (for canoes, boats, ships or airplanes); harbor; airstrip
'Āre'āre	mā-na	eye, face, front
	mā-na nima	doorway
	mā-na panona	nostril
	mā-na suʔa	point of a spear
	mā-na suu	entrance of a bay
Sa'a	maa-	the eye, not generally used with an article; the face; (with genitive i in Sa’a, ni in Ulawa) hole, mesh, opening, outlet; core of a boil; door, gate; edge, point, blade, brim; front of a house
	i-maa	outside, at the door; a stick, a match; a round thing; article, one
	maa-i	to eye,to watch
	maa-i litawa	a canoe landing place
	maa-i nume	house door
	maa-i para	gate
	maa-na nahi	the edge of a sword
	maa-na suʔu	the opening of the bay
	maa taetahe	opening in the shore reef
Ulawa	maa ni akalo	the blind eye of the coconut (akalo = ‘dead person, ghost’)
	maa ni pwelusu	nostril
Arosi	maa-(na)	the eye
	maa	the face; hole, opening, mesh of a net, gate; edge, point, brim; front of a person or house; numerical unit in counting fish hooks, needles, stakes, flints, fishing rods, houses, traps, slings, armlets and matches; a spot, stain, crystal in rock (as hornblende phanocrystal in dolerite, etc.), a groove for rubbing fire in a soft stick; to look at, stare; a circle; to lead
Sikaiana	mata	eye, face
Gilbertese	mata	eye, look, figure, face, front, facade, appearance, exterior aspect; opening, needle eye, opening of insects’ nest, etc.; lid, entrace, facade, operculum, mesh of net, core of boil, eyelet hole
	mata-roa	door, entrance
	te toki ni mata	horizon
	mata ni wi/mata nu wi	edge, border; chief, director, commander
Kosraean	mʌta	eye; face
	mʌtʌ-n	blade of, tip of, entrance of, front of, beginning period of, open end of
Marshallese	māj/meja-	eye, face; cutting edge; lid; opening of any container, hole, doorway, or cave, etc.
Pohnpeian	maas	face; first
	masa-mwahu	good-looking, pretty, handsome
Mokilese	maj	eye; face; spearhead
	maj mwehu	pretty, good-looking
Chuukese	maas	eye, face (of living creature, and fig. of some things); leading, piercing, working, cutting end or edge (of something); beginning (of day); direction (of wind); front (of a building); means (of money); point (of pencil, needle, etc.)
	mese-n cheew	mesh or hole in a net
	mese-n taka	coconut eye
Puluwat	maah	eye, face, point, as of a pencil or spear; end, as of a house; the two smallest eyes of a coconut; canoe end-piece; raised outer border of lee planked platform; to wake up, be awake
Woleaian	mat	eye, face; pointed end prow of a canoe; point, cutting edge, projection; representative; numeral classifier for kinds of things, usually inorganic things
	mate-fas	courageous, bold, have courage to confront people
Ulithian	mata	eye
Carolinian	maas	eye, face; blade, as of a knife, machete, or axe
Sonsorol-Tobi	mata-i	eye
Buma	mata	eye
Pileni	mata	eye
Motlav	na-mtε-k	my eye
Vatrata	maʔa-	eye
Mosina	moto-	eye
Lakona	mata-	eye
Merig	mata-	eye
Piamatsina	mata-	eye
Nokuku	mɛtɔ-	eye
Malmariv	mata-	eye
Lametin	mata-	eye
Mafea	mata-	eye
Amblong	mata-	eye
Aore	mata-	eye
Marino	mata-	eye
Rano	ne-mte-	eye
Lingarak	ne-mnda	eye
Leviamp	lə-m̋ata-	eye
Avava	mata-n	eye; source (of river)
Maxbaxo	na-mara-	eye
Southeast Ambrym	mætE	eye
Paamese	mete-n	eye; lens of camera; head of boil; small stick stuck into yam mound to show where yam has been planted; lid, stopper, bottletop; operculum of shellfish; of the three holes in the top of a coconut, the one which can be opened easily; the chaser in a game of chasey; leaves to cover up top of breadfruit pit; something really tremendous
	mete-n ōn	urethral opening in penis (‘eye of penis’)
	mete-tān	anus (‘eye of feces’)
Toak	mæto-x	eye
Pwele	na-mata	eye
Lelepa	na-mta-	eye
Efate (South)	na-met	eye
Sie	ni-mto-	eye
Rotuman	mafa	eyes or face; spectacles; hole, opening, aperture --- in certain connections only (a crab’s hole, the ‘eyes’ of a coconut, mesh of a net); sharp edge --- of knife, axe, cut tin, broken glass, etc.; leader, head, ruler (in imitation of Fijian mata, of similar meaning)
	maf ne papula	(of taro plant) top, including the stem and a small piece of the tuber
	maf ne puku	letter of the alphabet
Wayan	mata	eye, organ of sight; face, front of head; front, facing side, face of object with both front and back side; head for, go towards a place; be awake, wake up; group, team or company of people; ahead, before, in front; opening, space or interstices in a surface, as doorway, window, the interstices or mesh of a net, the spaces between the fibers and weave of a cloth
	mata anitu	a person who often sees spirits in his dreams (anitu = ‘spirit, ghost’)
	mata ni caŋi	direction of wind; first gusts of wind
	mata ni ciuciu	window
	mata ni cula	eye of needle
	mata ni N	a representative, a person or thing representing N, a group or function
	mata ni sā	point of a spear
	mata ni sila	mainsail stay or sheet, rope tying free end of mainsail boom to the stern of a boat (acts as a gear controlling direction of boat sailed into wind or wave)
	mata ni tū	traditionally, a group of vanua (tribes) or avusa (clans) who agree to combine under one chief; a federation of peoples under one rule, a kingdom
	mata ni uvi	cuttings of yams for planting
	mata-ravu	fireplace, place where food has been cooked
Fijian	mata	the eye, the face, the source or front of a thing
	e na mata-na	in front of him, in his presence
	matā-dravu	hearth, fireplace (dravu = ‘ashes’)
	mata-i-taliŋa	a large axe tied with sinnet (‘eye of ears’)
	mata-mata-i-taliŋa	a variety of shark, with eyes that look upwards (probably hammerhead)
	mata kalou	a seer, one who sees kalou (spirits)
	mata ni buka	a firebrand
	mata ni civa	the pearl found in the civa oyster
	mata ni dā	the anus
	mata ni dalo	taro stems fit for planting
	mata ni tavuto	a hole through a rock, forming a kind of eyelet through which a rope may be threaded to fasten a canoe
	mata ni tū	a political federation of vanua; in modern use a kingdom, independent country, government
	mata ni vanua	a chief’s official herald, sometimes simply called a mata; an ambassador
	mataŋgali	the primary local division of Fijian society
Tongan	mata	eye(s) or face; (of cloth, etc.) right side, outer side; (of leaf) front, top, smooth side; (as preposed noun) front (of house, etc.); point (of spear, needle, etc.); point or prong (of fork); blade or cutting edge; head (of boil, etc.); (of coconut) eye, or end where the eyes are; (of net) mesh; (of wound) mouth, opening. Special uses: (a) feelings, (b) best (of a number of valuable things); to see
	mata fale	house front, front of the house
	mata fasi	exact spot where a stick, or a limb, etc. is broken (‘eye of fracture’)
	mata fonua	coast on the front side of an island (the side where the main settlement is)
	mata hoko	joint, place where two edges or surfaces join together
	mata kali	tribe, clan
	mata keli	spot where one first inserts the spade when digging
	mata nifo	edge of tooth or teeth; mark caused (actually or apparently) by the bite of a tooth, tooth-mark
	mata pā	gate, door, or window (pā = ‘fence, wall, enclosure’)
	mata ʔi palau	ploughshare
	mata ʔi talo	taro tops (for planting)
	mata ʔi tohi	letter of the alphabet
	mata ʔi ʔuha	raindrop
Niue	mata	eye, face; edge, blade, prong; mesh of a net; headland, point; to look at
	faka-mata	to whet, to sharpen to a point; to have a certain facial expression, to look
	ma-mata	to look at, to watch in admiration
	mata alili	“cat’s-eye”, operculum of the alili shellfish
	mata ate	the core of the heart
	mata fana	an arrow (fana = ‘bow’)
	mata fū	base, stump (of a tree); source, origin
	mata hele	noose (hele = ‘to snare, entangle’)
	mata hoe	cape, point of land; gable of a building, end of a building
	mata kave	rays of the sun (kave < PMP kaway ‘tentacles of octopus’)
	mata lima	finger (lima = ‘hand, arm’)
	mata maka	a pinnacle of rock (maka = ‘rock’)
	mata mua	the leading person in the front of a battle or a dancing party (mua = ‘front’)
	mata niu	the eye of a coconut
	mata patu	source of anything, origin; stem of a plant (patu = ‘chief, head of a family, elder’)
	mata pito	navel (pito = ‘navel’)
	mata tohi	a letter of the alphabet (tohi = ‘to mark, to write’)
	mata tuli	knee (tuli = ‘knee’)
	mata vaka	the front man in a four man canoe (vaka = ‘canoe’)
Futunan	mata	face (plural); eye; numeral classifier for counting fish; have the appearance of, have an air of; cutting edge, blade; front of something, in front
	mata ʔi laŋi	horizon
	mata ʔi taliŋa	hammerhead shark
	mata ʔone	beach (‘eye of sand’)
Samoan	mata	eye; face; point; cutting edge, blade; spring (of water); mesh (in a net); glasses, goggles; name given to certain styles of communal fishing (some of which involve diving with goggles); look (like); look (have the appearance of being)
	faʔa-mata	look like, be likely that; think, have an opinion; sharpen
	mata-afi	groove along which the pointed stick (used in the ‘fire-plough’ method of making fire) is run to and fro
	matā	extended family under the headship of a matai
	matā fale	‘gable’ of a house
	matā faŋa	beach, shore
	matā-sele	noose
	matā-talo	crown of taro plant (when cut off for replanting)
	matā-ua	raindrop
	matā-ʔupeŋa	mesh of a net
Tuvaluan	mata	face; eye; edge, point, blade; net mesh
	mata i taliŋa	hammerhead shark
	mata kai	gluttonous (kai = ‘eat’); sharp (of blade or voice)
	mata-lahi	coarse-meshed
	mata-loa	doorway
	mata-ŋali	beautiful (of people)
Kapingamarangi	mada	to see, to look (used only in compounds)
	mada-a-hale	the end of the house (front or back)
	mada-a-haŋa	entrance funnel of the fish trap (made of peeled coconut root)
	mada-ahi	small flame (obtained from a fire)
	mada-a-lima	finger
	mada haanau	a family; a group of people descended from the same ancestor (often holding land jointly)
	mada-ua	raindrop
	mada-waele	rays (of the sun); prongs of the boom (on a canoe)
Nukuoro	mada	front part of, face, beginning (of a thing); tip of; point, blade; common antecedents who are daina (sibling, cousin) or other connecting links of kin relationship
	mada-a moni	prow of a canoe
	mada-a ua	drop (of liquid or rain)
	mada-nnia	finger
	mada nnui	having big holes (or entrances, etc.)
	mada udua	the point of a promontory or peninsula (especially if large)
	mada umaŋa	the bud of a Cyrtosperma taro corm
Rennellese	mata	eye, face (with pl.); tears (poetic); to look at, watch, spy on; tiny aperture or hole, as in the top of a can; coconut eye or end of coconut containing eyes; ‘closure’ or lid of a shell; mesh; drop, as of rain; head of a boil; lid, top, as of a bottle; sharp point, as on a rock; blade, as of adze or axe; top or cap, as of a tuber (taro, giant taro)
	mata-a-polo	end of a coconut with the eyes
	mata-a toki	adze blade; mark made by cutting with an adze
	mata haʔo	openings along canoe gunwales through which thwarts and gunwale poles are lashed
	mata ʔagigi	closure of an ʔagigi shell, cat’s eye
	mata ʔi tagiŋa	hammerhead shark (‘eye of ears’)
	mata ʔua	raindrop
	haka-mata	to look at, visualize
	tuʔu mata	to stand close to a person, as in defiance (tuʔu = ‘stand’)
Anuta	mata	eye (including the immediate surrounding area); face (has this meaning when used in plural); front end of an object
	mata puti	new shoot springing from old banana plant (‘eye of banana’)
	mata tau	a line of men in battle formation
Rarotongan	mata	the eye or eyes of human beings, animals, birds and insects; the face of a human being or an animal; used to denote the presence (before the face of); the edge of a blade, tool or weapon; the eye of a needle; the point of a needle or other sharp instrument
	mata io	a fishhook
	mata kai	literally means the principal food; denotes food offering
	mata kite	a witness, the eyes that saw; one who has seen or did actually see an offense committed; to divine, foresee, foretell; be on the lookout, beware, be watchful
	mata koke	the cutting edge of a sword
	mata nu	the eye of the coconut; the small opening at the base end of the coconut which is pierced in order to drink the fluid
	mata tapua	a director or a supervisor or a chief fisherman: one who directs fishing operations, more especially in regard to fishing with a net or nets; the main or leading end of a fishing net
	mata taupo	the core or head of a carbuncle
	mata tipi	the cutting edge of a knife
	mata toki	the cutting edge of an axe
	mata ura	the leading row of dancers, the leaders of a dance
Maori	mata	face; surface; eye; edge; point; headland; mesh of a net
	mata-ahi	spit for roasting; food prepared on a spit
	mata-aho	window
	mata-ara	to watch, keep awake
	mata-eo	northwest wind
	mata-kite	seer, one who foresees an event; to practice divination
Hawaiian	maka	eye; eye of a needle; face, countenance; presence; sight, view; beloved one, favorite person; point; bud, protuberance; center of a flower, including usually both the stamens and pistils; nipple, teat; sharp edge or blade of an instrument; point of a fishhook; beginning, source; fig., descendant; mesh of a net, mesh in plaiting; stitch in sewing

8603

PMP *ka-mata (gloss uncertain)

WMP
Itbayaten	ka-mata	kind of eyes (such as round eyes, almond eyes, blue eyes, etc.)
Ilokano	ka-matá	sore eye; eye infection
Ibaloy	ka-mata	conjunctivitis, sore eyes, “pink eye”
Tagalog	ka-matá	having the same type of eyes; fig., having the same viewpoint; seeing eye-to-eye
Ngaju Dayak	ka-matæ	type, kind of
Iban	ke-mata	watch, keep an eye on
Javanese	ke-mata	conspicuous, eye-catching
Uma	-ka-mata	look toward
Wolio	ko-mata	sit in state, as bride and groom do during feast, held on the fourth day of the wedding ceremonies
Muna	ka-mata	watch closely, observe (a girl, to find out whether she is a suitable partner)
CMP
Wetan	ka-mata	to rise, get up

8604

PPh *pa-matá (gloss uncertain)

WMP
Ilokano	pa-matá	spectacles
Tagalog	pa-matá	tenants fee paid to a landlord for being allowed to work on first-class land; a form of reproach by demonstration; what is shown to others
Romblomanon	pa-mata	something is observed by someone

8605

PWMP *paR-mata be awake

WMP
Masbatenyo	pag-máta	to wake up, awaken, rouse, get up
	pag-matá	awaking
Toba Batak	par-mata	glasses, spectacles; person who is gifted
Wolio	po-mata	be awake
Chamorro	fakmata	wake up, get up from sleep (imperative form)
	fákmata	light sleeper

8606

PAN *m<in>aCa open-eyed (?)

Formosan
Paiwan	m<in>atsa	open-eyed

8607

PMP *m<in>ata open-eyed (?)

WMP
Ilokano	m<in>ata	open-worked (woven bamboo); open-worked basket
Kankanaey	m<in>atá	a kind of tissue with eyelike designs
Old Javanese	m<in>ata	set with (stones, etc.)

8608

PPh *mata-an big-eyed

WMP
Ilokano	mata-án	large-eyed; variety of large-eyed fish (club mackerel: Rastrelliger chrysozomus)
Casiguran Dumagat	mata-an	species of ocean fish (probably a mackerel of the genus Rastrelliger)
Tagalog	mata-hán	big-eyed
Cebuano	matʔ-an	hit in the eye; wake up, be awake
Tausug	mata-an	a group of things having a common source or similar features, family group under one head

8609

PPh *mata-en observe closely or critically

WMP
Ilokano	mata-en	to observe keenly
Tagalog	mata-hín	to be critical of; to look at with a critical eye
Bikol	mata-ón	to get hit in the eye; to look down on, to be patronizing toward
Agutaynen	ag-mata-mata-en	to see something or visualize something in your mind, such as the face of a dead person

8610

POC *mata ni cawa channel between islands or islets

OC
Lou	mara-sa	passage between islands
Titan	mata-caw	passage between islands
Gilbertese	mata-n-rawa-rawa	an opening, channel, gap in the reef
Kapingamarangi	mada-awa	small channel

8611

POC *mata muri (gloss uncertain)

OC
Mbula	mata-muri	inheritance, legacy, heirloom, memorial
Samoan	mata-muli	(be) shy, reserved; (be) embarrassed, ashamed

8612

POC *mata riki fine, of the mesh of a fish net

OC
Lakalai	mata-riki	close, of net mesh (‘small holes’)
Gilbertese	mata-riki-riki	junction of ebbing tide and the ocean in beaches of reef; coconut shell with three holes used for drawing water
Tongan	mata-liki	Pleiades
Futunan	mata-liki	Pleiades; small, miniscule (of writing, tattooing)
Samoan	mata-li-liʔi	(of a net), be fine, have a small mesh; a large, fine-meshed seine net
Tuvaluan	mata-liki	fine-meshed; star name
Rennellese	mata-giki	Pleiades
Maori	mata-riki	Pleiades
Hawaiian	makaliʔi	tiny, very small, fine, wee; small-meshed; narrow wefts; Pleaides
Note: Thanks to Keane Domenguez for drawing my attention to the meaning ‘small-meshed’ in association with Hawaiian makaliʔi.

8613

PMP *anak nu mata pupil of the eye (‘child of the eye’)

WMP
Acehnese	anɨʔ mata	pupil of the eye (‘child of the eye’)
CMP
Ngadha	ana mata	favorite, ‘apple of the eye’
Rotinese	mata ana-(n)	favorite, ‘apple of the eye’

8614

PAN *Cau nu maCa pupil of the eye (‘person of the eye’)

Formosan
Thao	maca wa caw	pupil of the eye (lit. ‘person of the eye’)

8615

PMP *tau nu mata pupil of the eye (‘person of the eye’)

WMP
Cebuano	tawu-táwu sa matá	the pupil of the the eyes (‘person of the eye’)
Tae'	mata tau	pupil of the eye (‘person of the eye’)
Buginese	tau-tau mata	pupil of the eye (‘person of the eye’)
Note: The agreement of Cebuano and Buginese in containing a reduplicated for of PMP tau ‘person, human being’ may indicate an alternative construction tau tau nu mata, in which the reduplication of *tau marks simulative, since the ‘person’ in the eye is an image, not a literal being.

8616

PMP *mata nu bisul core of a boil

WMP
Malay	mata bisul	head of a boil
CMP
Manggarai	mata wicul	core of a boil
[Kédang	u mata-n	a boil (matan is the ring around it from which the pus emerges)]
Rotinese	bisu mata-na	core of a boil
OC
['Āre'āre	mā ni ʔaʔe	core of a boil]

8617

PMP *mata nu haŋin point of the compass, direction of the wind

WMP
Iban	mata aŋin	magnetic compass (‘eye of wind’)
Malay	mata aŋin	point of the compass, direction
Makassarese	mata aŋiŋ	full force of the wind, full wind

8618

POC *mata ni aŋin point of the compass, direction

OC
[Nggela	mata ni guri	direction from which wind comes]
Wayan	mata ni caŋi	direction of the wind; direction of the compass, i.e. cardinal points
Fijian	mata ni caŋi	the direction of the wind
Tongan	mataŋi	wind; air
	mataŋi-a	(of a boat) to be caught or struck by a strong wind
Niue	mataŋi	wind
	mata mataŋi	direction from which the wind blows
Futunan	mataŋi	wind
Samoan	mataŋi	wind; windy, stormy
Tuvaluan	mataŋi	East; east side of island; wind, blow (of wind)
Kapingamarangi	mataŋi	wind, breeze
Nukuoro	mataŋi	wind, gas, flatus
Rennellese	mataŋi	East, eastern; position of the wind, wind, weather
Anuta	mataŋi	wind; old name for Anuta
Rarotongan	mataŋi	general name for wind, breeze
Maori	mataŋi	wind, breeze
	mataŋi-rua	to use both sail and paddles in a canoe
Hawaiian	makani	wind, breeze; gas in the stomach, flatulent wind; to blow; fig., to show anger; ghost, spirit
Note: This complex term clearly referred to the direction of the wind (in sailing). In Proto-Polynesian the original morpheme boundary was lost and the adjacent low vowels fused into a single short vowel. The unanalyzable morpheme mataŋi then came to refer to the wind in general (although the reflex in Rennellese retains the original sense in addition to the general sense of ‘wind’). Niue mata mataŋi appears to be an attempt to restore the original sense of directionality by repeating mata ‘eye’ as an independent morpheme, since the original morphology has been lost, and with it the specifying property of *mata.

8619

PMP *mata nu hikan callus on the foot (lit. ‘fish eye’)

WMP
Hanunóo	mata ʔikán	a species of insect; the caterpillar form is very long and thin, and causes the skin to itch considerably on contact (from hair secretion)
Malay	mata ikan	corn on foot; wart (‘eye of fish’)
Sangir	mata-ŋ ikaŋ	kind of toxic toadstool
Muna	mata-no kenta	corn on foot (‘eye of fish’)
CMP
Manggarai	mata ikaŋ	sore on the tip of the finger or on the foot
Rembong	mata ikan	corn, callus on foot

8620

POC *mata ni ikan callus on the foot (lit. ‘fish eye’)

OC
Nggela	mata ni iga	sore on the finger (at end)
Gilbertese	mata-n-ika	a small hard abscess caused by a prick in the sole of the foot
Fijian	mata ni ika	a painful sore on the sole of the foot or in the palm of the hand from yaws
Tongan	mata ʔi ika	whitlow
Rarotongan	mata ika	a term used to indicate the first victim slain in a fight, meaning the first fish

8621

PMP *mata nu kahiw knot in wood

WMP
Bahasa Indonesia	mata kayu	hardest part of wood, corewood of tree
Acehnese	mata kayεə	knot in wood
Balinese	mata kayu	a knot in wood
Muna	mata-no sau	knot (in wood)
CMP
Kédang	ai mata-n	a knot or hole left at the base of a branch, or else the depression in the earth below the trunk of a tree (Barnes 1974:230)

8622

POC *mata ni kayu (gloss uncertain)

OC
Paamese	mete-n āi	prow of canoe; stern of canoe

8623

PMP *mata nu panaq point of an arrow

WMP
Malay	mata panah	point of an arrow
Muna	mata-no pana	arrow point

8624

POC *mata ni panaq point of an arrow

OC
Samoan	matā-vana	point of a pump-drill (formerly made from the spike of a sea-urchin)

8625

PWMP *mata nu piRsa core of a boil

WMP
Tagalog	matá na pigsá	the core of a boil
[Yakan	mata keybubut	head of a boil]
Tboli	mata hisa	the eye of a boil that has to be opened
Iban	mata pisaʔ	‘head’ of a boil

8626

PWMP *mata nu pisaw blade of a knife

WMP
Malay	mata pisaw	blade of a knife
Tae'	mata piso	blade of a knife
Wolio	mata-na piso	blade (of knife)

8627

PWMP *mata nu puket mesh of a net

WMP
Maranao	mata poket	mesh of net
Malay	mata pukat	mesh of a net
	[mata jala	mesh of a net]
Acehnese	mata pukat	mesh of a net
[Simalur	mata-d dela	mesh of a casting net; kind of weaving design]
[Toba Batak	mata ni jala	mesh of a net (< Malay)]
[Makassarese	mata jala	mesh of a net (< Malay)]
CMP
[Kambera	mata jala	mesh of a net (< Malay)]
[Rotinese	dala mata-na	mesh of a net (< Malay)]
OC
[Nggela	mata ni atola	mesh of a net]
[Niue	mata kupeŋa	mesh of a net]
[Rennellese	mata-a kupeŋa	net mesh]
Note: Also Cebuano matá sa báliŋ ‘mesh of a net’, Iban mata jala ‘meshes added when making a cast-net to increase diameter and produce cone shape’, Sangir mata-n soma ‘mesh of a net’. The reconstruction with puket is supported by comparative evidence, but mata undoubtedly was used with reference to the mesh of nets in general, an association that is also found in languages that belong to other genetic groupings, as Japanese (ami no me; net GEN eye), and Hebrew (ayin ha rέʃεt). In some cases it is unclear whether the reference is to the holes in the net or to the knots that give it structure.

8628

PAN *mata nu qalejaw sun (‘eye of the day’)

Formosan
Basai	mata u zian	sun (‘eye of the day’)
WMP
Mapun	mata allaw	East; the sun
Yakan	mata ellew	the sun, disc of the sun (‘eye of the day’)
Tboli	mata kdaw	sun (‘eye of the day’)
Tombonuwo	mato nu runat	sun (‘eye of the day’)
Murut (Paluan)	mato nu orow	sun (‘eye of the day’)
Murut (Timugon)	mato ru orow	sun (‘eye of the day’)
Ida'an Begak	mato dtow	sun (‘eye of the day’)
Bisaya (Limbang)	mato adaw	sun (‘eye of the day’)
Kelabit	matəh ədʰo	sun (‘eye of the day’)
Sa'ban	atəh siəw	sun (‘eye of the day’)
Sebop	atə-n laŋit	sun (‘eye of the day’)
Kenyah	mata taw	sun (‘eye of the day’)
Murik	mata-n ro	sun (‘eye of the day’)
Kayan	mata-n daw	sun (‘eye of the day’)
Kayan (Uma Juman)	mata-n do	sun (‘eye of the day’)
Kiput	matəh raaw	sun (‘eye of the day’)
Bintulu	mata ɗaw	sun (‘eye of the day’)
Melanau (Mukah)	mata law	sun (‘eye of the day’)
[Tunjung	ue-n-au	sun (‘eye of the day’)]
Ngaju Dayak	mata-n andaw	sun (‘eye of the day’); kind of tree
Kapuas	mata-n andaw	sun (‘eye of the day’)
Taboyan	mate-n olo	sun (‘eye of the day’)
[Iban	mata hari	sun (‘eye of the day’)]
[Malay	mata hari	sun (‘eye of the day’)]
Gayō	mata ni lo	sun (‘eye of the day’)
[Simalur	mata-m balal	sun (‘eye of the day’)]
[Toba Batak	mata ni ari	sun (‘eye of the day’)]
[Lampung	mata xani	sun (‘eye of the day’)]
[Madurese	mata are	sun (‘eye of the day’)]
Sangir	mata-ŋ-əllo	sun (‘eye of the day’)
[Mongondow	mata in siŋgai	sun (‘eye of the day’)]
[Gorontalo	mato no dulahu	sun; East (‘eye of the day’)]
Banggai	oloyo mata-no	sun (‘eye of the day’)
Tae'	mata allo	sun (‘eye of the day’); place where the sun rises, East
Buginese	mata əsso	sun (‘eye of the day’)
Makassarese	mata allo	sun (‘eye of the day’)
Muna	mata gholeo	east (‘eye of the day’)
CMP
[Bimanese	mada liro	sun (‘eye of the day’)]
Komodo	mata ro	sun (‘eye of the day’)
Manggarai	mata leso	sun (‘eye of the day’)
Rembong	mata lezoq	sun (‘eye of the day’)
Ngadha	mata leza	sun (‘eye of the day’)
Kambera	mata lodu	sun (‘eye of the day’)
Rotinese	ledo mata-na	sun (‘eye of the day’)
Tetun	loro mata-n	the disc of the sun (‘eye of the day’)
OC
Lakalai	la-mata-la-haro	sun (‘eye of the day’)
Toqabaqita	maa-na thato	the disc of the sun (‘eye of the day’)
[Wayan	mata ni siŋa	sun (‘eye of the day’); sunflower]
[Fijian	mata ni siŋa	the sun (‘eye of the day’); a string figure]

8629

PMP *mata nu susu nipple of the breast

WMP
Iban	mata tusu	nipple of breast
Malay	mata susu	nipple of the breast
Rejang	mata-i susəw	nipple of the breast
Palauan	məda-l a tut	nipple of the breast; nipple of baby bottle
CMP
Tetun	susu-n mata-n	nipple, teat
Kei	sus mata-n	aureole of the nipple of the breast
Alune	susu mata-i	nipple of the breast
Note: Also Simalur mata-n totuʔ ‘nipple of the breast’.

11989

POC *mata ni susu female breast

OC
Lou	mara susu-	nipple of the breast
Loniu	mata susu-	nipple of the breast
Nali	mara susu-	nipple of the breast
Yapese	mitee-thuuth	nipple of the breast
Tolai	mata na u	nipple
[Kilivila	mata-la nunu	one’s nipple]
Dobuan	susu mata-na	nipple of the breast
Nehan	mata nar huhu-n	breast nipple
Eddystone/Mandegusu	mata susu	nipple
Nggela	mata ni susu	nipples
'Āre'āre	mā-na susu	nipple, teat
[Chuukese	mese-n owupw	nipple (of breast or baby’s bottle)]
Carolinian	mesa-n túút	nipple of the breast
Fijian	mata ni sucu	the nipples
Tongan	mata ʔi huhu	nipple
Niue	mata huhu	nipple of the breast, teat
Samoan	matā-susu	nipple, teat
Kapingamarangi	mada-alili-uu	nipple of breasts
Rennellese	mata-a-uu	nipple, teat

8630

PMP *mata nu wahiR spring of water, source of a river

WMP
Malay	mata air	spring of water
[Acehnese	mata iə	spring, well, source of a river]
[Gayō	mata tér	spring, source]
Sasak	mata aiʔ	spring, well
[Pendau	mata nu ogo	spring]
[Tialo	mata nu ogo	spring]
[Banggai	paisu mata-no	spring, source of water]
Wolio	mata-na uwe	spring, source
Muna	mata-no oe	well, spring
[Chamorro	mata-n hanom	spring, source of water]
CMP
Bimanese	mada oi	spring, well
[Komodo	mata banu	spring, source]
Manggarai	mata wae	spring, source (of a river)
Rembong	mata waeq	spring, source
Ngadha	mata vae	spring, source
Kambera	mata wai	spring, source
Hawu	ei mada rai	spring, source
Rotinese	oe mata	spring of water
Tetun	ue mata-n	a spring (of water)
Yamdena	weye mata-n	spring, source (‘eye of water’)

8631

POC *mata ni waiR spring of water, source of a river

OC
[Mussau	mata ulaula	spring, place where water bubbles up]
[Tolai	mata na tāva	spring of water, waterhole, tap of a tank]
'Āre'āre	mā ni wai	mouth of river
Wayan	mata ni wai	any freshwater source; spring, source of a river, rain clouds; wet ground, ground with natural water source on which taro may be planted; source, origin, start of something, especially if valuable
Fijian	mata ni wai	a spring; sometimes a gully, or low ground, on which taro is planted; in Lau, the uterus
Tongan	mata vai	spring (of water); source (of a river)
Samoan	matā vai	spring, source
[Rarotongan	mata puna	source of a spring of water, the springhead, fountainhead]
[Maori	mata-tiki	spring of water]

8632

PMP *mata nu zalan middle of the road, most trodden part of a path or road; guide who shows the way

WMP
Yakan	mata lān	middle of the road
Bahasa Indonesia	mata jalan	lookout, scout (‘eye of the path/road’)
Tae'	mata lalan	middle part of a road, most trodden part where no grass grows; also a guide who goes ahead and shows the way to others
Buginese	mata laləŋ	scout, one who points out the way
Makassarese	mata lalaŋ	guide, pilot
Muna	mata n-sala	guide; spy
CMP
Hawu	mada ɗyara	path, pathway
Tetun	mata dalan	to show the way

8633

POC *mata ni salan (gloss uncertain)

OC
Niue	mata hala	entrance; beginning of a road
Samoan	mata ala	(be) watchful, alert; (be) quick, prompt
Rarotongan	mata ara	a path, track, way, road, method, manner, system, manner of how to do or accomplish an end in view

8634

PWMP *mata nu zaRum eye of a needle

WMP
Malay	mata jarum	eye of a needle
Makassarese	mata jaruŋ	eye of a needle

8635

PMP *mata-mata spy, scout, one who looks for possible danger ahead

WMP
Yami	mata-mata	eyes
Aklanon	matá-matá (h)	to look down on, belittle
Cebuano	matá-matá	see an illusion, mirage
	mata-máta	wake up accidentally
Mapun	mata-mata	a spy (Old Mapun) (< Malay?)
Tausug	mata-mata	a spy (< Malay?)
Ngaju Dayak	matæ-matæ	remain open, of a wound
Acehnese	mata-mata	a spy
Karo Batak	mata-mata	knot in wood; a spy; messenger
Toba Batak	mata-mata	knothole; custodian, inspector
Rejang	mata-mata	a spy
Sundanese	mata-mata	secret agent of the police, spy
Javanese	mata-mata	spy, secret agent
Madurese	ta-mata	a spy
Mongondow	mata-mata	a tree with hard wood like ironwood
Tae'	mata-mata	subordinate to the village head who manages many tasks for him
Mandar	mata-mata	a spy
Buginese	mata-mata	a spy
Makassarese	mata-mata	a memento, souvenir; a spy
CMP
Rembong	mata-mata	a spy (< Malay?)
Rotinese	mata-mata-k	of all kinds
OC
Tolai	mata-mata	to have many holes
Roviana	mata-mata	a leader
Nggela	mata-mata	wild, of domesticated animals only; shy, timid
Gilbertese	mata-mata	to look in order to choose, to make a choice (used esp. when choosing a daughter-in-law)
Pohnpeian	masa-mas	beloved, favorite
Woleaian	mate-mat	to use as eyes; kind, variety (as different kinds of people)
Sonsorol-Tobi	mata-mat	kind, variety
Wayan	mata-mata	gateway
Fijian	mata-mata	a gateway; a goal, at football
Tongan	mata-mata	to appear, to look, to seem
Niue	mata-mata	reticulated; appearing like the meshes of a net
Futunan	mata-mata	contemplate, view, gaze on; source
Samoan	mata-mata	spy, scout
Rennellese	mata-mata	to look at or for
Rarotongan	mata-mata	the edge of anything, such as the edge of a cliff, the banks of a stream
Maori	mata-mata	point, extremity; top, summit; headland; source; suddenly
Hawaiian	maka-maka	intimate friend with whom one is on terms of receiving and giving freely; host; fig., anything very helpful, as education
Note: Also Mailu mata-mata ‘to appear’, presumably a loan from a still unidentified Austronesian source.

11950

PMP *mata nu qatay mental perception

WMP
Malay	mata hati	mental perception, instinct

11951

POC *mata qate instinct

OC
Niue	mata ase/ate	the core of the heart

Note: As shown in Blust (2009:313-314) reflexes of PAn *maCa are exceptionally rich in their extended meanings. Although its primary sense clearly was ‘eye’, this term, like its semantic equivalents in many of the world’s languages, simultaneously indicated an idea that can be characterized roughly as ‘focal point, most prominent or important part’, a sense that is realized in particular instances as ‘sun’, ‘budding part of a plant’, ‘spring of water’, ‘blade or point of a knife’, and the like.

In many cases the semantic structure of such words persists even when the morphemes that express it are not cognate, as in Tunjung ue ‘eye’, au ‘day’, ue-n-au ‘sun’ (‘eye of the day’), Iban, Malay mata hari ‘sun’ (‘eye of the day’), Toba Batak mata ni ari ‘sun’ (‘eye of the day’), or Simalur mata-m balal ‘sun’ (‘eye of the day’).

In others the semantics are slightly skewed, as in Sebop atə-n ‘eye’, laŋit ‘sky’, atə-n laŋit ‘sun’ (‘eye of the sky’). Some ‘eye’ expressions are extremely widespread in Austronesian languages, as those for ‘sun’, ‘nipple of the breast’, ‘spring of water’, and the like, while others are confined to a single language or discrete subgroup, as with Polynesian forms for ‘raindrop’ that reflect Proto-Polynesian *mata ʔuha. The range of metaphorical or quasi-metaphorical extensions of ‘eye’ given here is no doubt incomplete, but should serve to indicate the exceptional richness of abstract uses for this body-part, a richness that derives universally from the eye as the first part of the human anatomy on which infants focus, and which therefore becomes for all humans a focal point for anything important or essential (Blust 2011).

The use of PMP *nu as the genitive marker in expression such as *mata nu susu ‘nipple of the breast’ or *mata nu wahiR ‘spring of water, source of a river’ might be questioned, since most of the languages for which these expressions have been recorded have no genitive marker, and --- with few exceptions --- those that do have a form of the genitive that is different from *nu. However, other evidence indicates that PMP had three genitive markers: *nu ‘genitive of common nouns’, *ni ‘genitive of singular personal nouns’ and *na ‘genitive of plural personal nouns’, and this would lead us to expect that the marker in ‘eye’ constructions would have been *nu, even if no trace of it is preserved in the languages cited here. Proto-Oceanic, on the other hand, evidently replaced *nu with *ni, as this is consistently reflected in different primary branches of the Oceanic subgroup (Nggela, Kwaio, Ulawa, Gilbertese, Wayan, Fijian).

33335

*madaŋ a tree and its fruit: Artocarpus odoratissimus

11871

PWMP *madaŋ a tree and its fruit: Artocarpus odoratissimus

WMP
Ilokano	máraŋ	species of tropical fruit with sweet white flesh around thick seeds and surrounded by a spiny covering
Cebuano	máraŋ	kind of large fruit tree, bearing fruit similar to the jackfruit, but smaller and sweeter; not commonly cultivated except in Mindanao: Artocarpus odoratissima
Maranao	madaŋ	sweet fruit of the breadfruit type: Artocarpus odoratissima Blco.
Binukid	maraŋ	kind of large tree or fruit which is similar to jackfruit, but smaller and sweeter
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)	maraŋ	the maraŋ tree and its fruit: Artocarpus odoratissima
Mapun	maraŋ	a tree that looks like a breadfruit tree; the fruit resembles breadfruit but its seeds and pulp are similar to jackfruit
Ngaju Dayak	madaŋ	a tree with durable wood often used for house posts

Note: Dempwolff (1934-1938) compared Tagalog máraŋ ‘Litsea spp.’ (Madulid 2001), Ngaju Dayak madaŋ ‘a tree with fairly durable wood that is often used for houseposts’, Malagasy mérana ‘a plant used in house-building: Vernonia merana Baker’, Malay mədaŋ ‘generic for many plants of the order Laurinaceae, and for others with a timber of similar appearance’, and Toba Batak modaŋ ‘tree with white wood that is much used in construction’ under a proposed ‘Uraustronesisch’ *medaŋ ‘name of a tree’. However, under this hypothesis the penultimate vowel of the Tagalog form was irregular. Other Philippine languages now support Tagalog in pointing to *madaŋ rather than *medaŋ, and the Philippine forms appear to be unrelated to those in Indonesia and Madagascar.

30127

*madar ripe, overripe

6860

PCEMP *madar ripe, overripe

CMP
Yamdena	madar	almost ripe, of coconuts; half-withered, of leaves
SHWNG
Buli	mara	ripe, cooked

12532

POC *madrar ripe

OC
Bipi	ma-maxa-n	ripe
Tolai	madar	ripe, overripe
Nggela	manda	ripe
Arosi	mada	ripe

28747

*madrali slippery, as wet rocks by the shore

5970

POC *madrali slippery, as wet rocks by the shore

OC
Yotefa	medaritj	slippery
Manam	malazi ^<M	slippery
Bugotu	madali	slippery
Nggela	mandali	slippery; to moisten
'Āre'āre	matari	slippery
Arosi	madari	wet and slippery, as rocks, an oiled stone

33319

*maga stone; slingshot

11857

POC *maga stone; slingshot

OC
Lakalai	la tu-maga	a sling
Tongan	maka	stone
	maka-tā	a sling; to sling stones, to use a sling (= ‘stone’ + ‘hit’)
Anuta	maka	sling (for hurling stones)
Rarotongan	maka	a sling: a strap or pocket with a string attached at each end for hurling a stone or other missile; it was usually made from coconut fiber or hibiscus bark

Note: A somewhat different version of this comparison was first proposed by Osmond (1998:227).

27104

*mai and

3574

PMP *mai and [doublet: *maS, *a₂]

WMP
Hanunóo	may	and (only when indicating the existence of a numerable entity in excess of what has been enumerated previously)
Abaknon	may	and
Kelabit	me	and
Palauan	mə	and
OC
Maleu	me	and
Lakalai	me	and
Gedaged	mai	conjunction: and, also, too, as well as, likewise, moreover
Motu	mai	and; before a noun is equivalent to “have”
Gabadi	mai	and
Muyuw	may	and
Nggela	mai	and, with; the pronouns are suffixed with mai-a, mai-ra, mai-gi, used clauses
Talise	mai	and
Tolo	mai	and
Chuukese	me	conjunction: and, or; with, in conjunction with
Puluwat	me	preposition: from, all (with numbers), and
Woleaian	me	conjunction: and, with
Carolinian	me	noun phrase conjunction: and, or, with
Maskelynes	mei	and
Efate (South)	me	and
Iaai	me	and, with (plus pronominal complement)
Canala	mε̃	and, with (in the company of)
Dehu	me	and, with
Maori	me	with, denoting concomitance, or concurrence in time; often to be rendered by and
Rapanui	me	and
Hawaiian	me	and

27091

*ma-ilah wild, shy, skittish

3560

PWMP *ma-ilah₂ wild, shy, skittish

WMP
Hanunóo	ma-ʔila	wild, untamed
Aklanon	ma-ila(h)	wild, untamed
Cebuano	ma-ila	shy (as chickens)
Bare'e	ma-ila	wild, skittish (as a horse)

Note: Also Makassarese ilaʔ-ilaʔ ‘wild (as in playing); headlong, hot-headed (as in riding a horse)’. PAn *ma-Seyaq ‘shy, embarrassed, ashamed’ referred to shyness in humans; *ma-ilah appears to have applied primarily to animals.

27805

*ma-iRaq redness

4570

PMP *ma-iRaq red

WMP
Taboyan	méyaʔ	red
Iban	mirah	red
Jarai	mriah	red
Rhade	hrah	red (note: Rhade c.d. < *siRaq)
Moken	mélak	purple, red
Malay	mérah	red
Karo Batak	mirah	red (of coloration in fighting cocks)
Toba Batak	mira	red (of coloration in fighting cocks)
Old Javanese	mirah	ruby; red, ruby-red, blood-red
Balinese	mirah	ruby
Sasak	mirah	ruby
Bonerate	meha	red
Popalia	meha	red
CMP
Adonara	mea	red

10962

PCEMP *meRaq red

CMP
Sika	méra	red, light red, brown
Hawu	méa	red
Rotinese	méa	red
Tetun	méa-k	rusty, rust-colored, reddish
	méa-n	red (all shades)
Erai	mera	red
	ana mera	little children, babies
Talur	mea	red
Tugun	ma-mera	red
Leti	méra	red
Buruese	miha	red
	miha-n	ruddy, blood-red
	miha-t	red

8371

POC *meRaq reddish brown

OC
Luangiua	mea	red
Nggela	mela	red spittle from betel nut chewing
Kwaio	mela	bright red
Lau	mela	light brown, reddish-brown
	tō mela	Polynesians
Sa'a	mela	to glow, of fierce heat
Arosi	mera	species of small red fish
Arosi (Eastern)	mera-mera-ʔa	red
Gilbertese	mea	reddish yellow color, rust, grey
Tongan	mea	light red or light brown, reddish, brownish: esp. in names of plants, fish, etc.
Nukuoro	mea	red
Rennellese	mea	be red or reddish; be very angry
Maori	mea	red, reddish
Hawaiian	mea	reddish-brown, as water with red earth in it; yellowish-white, of feathers

4571

PCEMP *meRaq meRaq red, reddish

CMP
Leti	mér-méra	red
Selaru	mér-mér	red
OC
'Āre'āre	mera-mera	red (of fruit)
Sa'a	mela-mela	to glow, of fierce heat
Mota	me-mea	red
Raga	me-mea	red
Samoan	me-mea	yellowish-brown (with age)
Kapingamarangi	mmee	red
Nukuoro	mmea	red
Rennellese	me-mea	to flush, as with anger

Note: Also Nggela mea-mea ‘yellow, brown’. With root *-Raq ‘red’. Dempwolff (1934-38) compared Malay mérah and similar forms in other languages with Tagalog igá ‘evaporated, dried by evaporation’, maintaining that the former reflect an affixed base with the stative prefix *ma-. However, since the Tagalog form is both phonologically irregular and semantically deviant it is best discarded.

Although Dempwolff's morphological analysis almost certainly is correct, it is complicated by the virtual absence of known reflexes of the unaffixed base.

Two candidates supporting a bimorphemic analysis are known to me: 1. Puyuma (Tamalakaw) ma-iRa, i-ka-iRa ‘ashamed’, 2. Hanunóo hígaʔ ‘type of crab having red eyes’. Both of these candidates for the unaffixed base are problematic, the Puyuma form because it contains an unexpected zero reflex of *-q, the Hanunóo form because it is unique in the Philippines. It appears that the vowel sequence *a-i had contracted to *e by POc times. The similar contraction in many of the languages of eastern Indonesia, and in Taboyan and Malay may be independent.

30416

*maja dry up, evaporate

7549

PMP *maja dry up, evaporate

WMP
Ilokano	magá	dry; neat, tidy
	k<in>a-magá	dryness
	ma-maga-an	to dry up
	na-mag-maga-n	very dry, well seasoned (wood)
Isneg	na-maxá	dry, seasoned (timber)
	mag-maxá	to dry
Ifugaw	magá	dryness of a land, of vegetation, or what happened to be wet insofar as the dryness is caused by the heat of the sun or the lack of rain
Casiguran Dumagat	made	dry; to become dry, to dry
Pangasinan	magá	to dry, wither
	a-magá	dry
Inati	mara	dry
	mara	dry
Maranao	mara	dry (as a riverbed)
	ka-mara	dry, anhydrous (as land)
CMP
Rembong	maza	dry; already cooked (of rice)
Solorese	mara	dry up
Kédang	maya	dry; thirsty
Asilulu	mala	dry
Boano₂	mala	dry
OC
Leipon	ce-mar	to dry up, as rice in a pot that has been boiling too long
Kele	sa-mar	to dry up, as rice in a pot that has been boiling too long
Lihir	mas	dry
Rano	mi-mes	dry
Fijian	maca	empty, dry, of liquids. Used as exclamation when a bowl of yaqona (kava) has been drunk --- the onlookers call out ‘A! Maca!’; to dry or heal up, of a sore
	vaka-maca-taka	to dry or empty a canoe on shore
	maca-maca	dry or healed
	i-maca-maca	a scar
Tongan	maha	(of liquid or its container) finished, all gone, dry, empty; (of a battery) completely run down, giving no current at all; (of a cow) dry
Niue	maha	empty; calm; to empty (as a coconut when drinking); to be calm, as the sea
Futunan	masa	be empty (as a bottle), be dry (as a river from which the water has evaporated)
	masa-masa	to dry up gradually
Samoan	masa	(of the tide) neap; (of a canoe, boat, etc.) be empty (after bailing out, etc.)
Tuvaluan	maha	empty; low, of tide
Rennellese	masa	to be empty or nearly empty of liquid; to be shallow or low, as the tide
	haka-masa	to dry, as tears, to empty

7550

PMP *ma-maja dry up

WMP
Maranao	ma-mara	dry, dried (as soil that has dried up, or clothes after washing)
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)	me-maza	dry
Maguindanao	ma-mála	dry
OC
Wuvulu	ma-maxa	evaporate, dry up
Aua	ma-mara	dry up, as rice that is cooking
Kove	ma-masa	dry
Lakalai	ma-mara	to boil away or dry up, of water
	ma-mara-ti	dammed up, of water; finished, of water in the hollow of a tree; dry, of water; very low tide
Mbula	ma-maaza	dry enough so that water does not drip anymore; dry, as the tongue when saliva stops flowing
Numbami	mamasa	ebbtide, low tide; go dry, dry out
Uruava	ma-maa	dry
'Āre'āre	haʔa-mata-a	to dry fish or meat over the fire before the final cooking between hot stones
Sa'a	ma-mata	to be high and dry, of a reef, to be dry at low water
Arosi	ma-mata	dry
	haʔa-ma-mata	to make dry
	haʔa-ma-mata susu	the last born (lit’ ‘to make the breast dry up’)
Kosraean	mʷes	shallow place in the reef
Pohnpeian	mad	reef; large coral head; to be dry
Mokilese	mad	portion of the reef exposed at low tide
	mad-da	to dry up (of the reef)
Chuukese	mmat	low tide, be at low tide
Nukuoro	mmasa	to be dry
	haga-mmasa	to dry something
Maori	ma-maha	steam

Note: Also 'Āre'āre maʔa ‘empty, dried up (of water only)’, haʔa-ma-a ‘to dry coconuts, betelnuts, and other nuts above a fire’. Reflexes of this form in some Oceanic languages are hard to distinguish from *maqati ‘low tide, dry reef’. Dempwolff (1938) cited the Futunan and Samoan forms erroneously as maha.

28679

*maka- verbal prefix marking potential action or ability to do something

5863

PWMP *maka- verbal prefix marking potential action or ability to do something

WMP
Itbayaten	maka-	prefix expressing ability
Ilokano	maka-	intransitive potentive prefix, corresponding to the transitive ma- indicating potential, abilitative, accidental, or coincidental action
Bontok	maka-	aptative prefix occurring with non-completive agentive voice affixes
Ibaloy	maka-	verbal prefix marking ability to do something
Tagalog	maka-	prefix to root word forming verbs expressing ability to do something
Bikol	maka-	verbal affix, potential action series, infinitive-command form
Aklanon	maka-	aptative future verb prefix in actor focus, marking ability to do something
Cebuano	maka-	potential active verb affix, future
Murut (Timugon)	maka-	prefix forming abilitative verbs
Malagasy	maha-	potential prefix; it expresses the ability or power to perform any action, or what makes a thing to be what it is

33805

*makaka to pry open slightly

12598

POC *makaka to pry open slightly

OC
Bwaidoga/Bwaidoka	makaka	aperture, opening, crack
Nggela	makaka	to open; opened, as a cockle

27093

*makaw walk, go

3562

PWMP *makaw walk, go [doublet: *lakaw]

WMP
Sambal (Botolan)	máko	go
Tboli	mógów	come, go
Kiput	makaːw	walk
Melanau (Mukah)	makaw	walk

Note: Probably from *l-um-akaw, with loss of the initial syllable.

33977

*maket to stick, adhere to; sticky, adhesive

12819

PMP *maket to stick, adhere to; sticky, adhesive

WMP
Sasak	makət	to stick, adhere to
CMP
Manggarai	maket	to stick, adhere to

Note: With root *-keC ‘adhesive, sticky’.

33739

*maki- social prefix, indicating action together with another

12495

PPh *maki- social prefix, indicating action together with another

WMP
Itbayaten	machi-	affix for togetherness, being with
Ilokano	maki-	participative (social), intransitive verbal prefix that takes the -ak series pronoun enclitics
Agta (Eastern)	maki-	affix indicating associative activity by a few people
Kankanaey	maki-	a verbal prefix indicating companionship
Ifugaw	maki-	prefix denoting that an action is done together with another, or in company with others
Tagalog	maki-	prefix for verbs meaning ‘to join in company’ or ‘to join in an act’
Bikol	maki-	verbal affix, social action series, infinitive-command form

33336

*makúpa mountain apple: Eugenia spp.

11872

PPh *makúpa mountain apple: Eugenia spp.

WMP
Ilokano	makúpa	the mountain apple or Malay apple: Eugenia javanica
Tagalog	makópa	Malay rose apple tree and its fruit
Bikol	makópa	tree growing up to ten meters and producing a juicy, edible fruit, small, waxy and pear-shaped in appearance, mountain apple, rose apple: Syzygium malaccense
Aklanon	makúpa	a tree and its fruit: Eugenia aquea
Cebuano	makúpa	a small tree cultivated for its red, top-shaped fruits, with white, spongy meat and a mild flavor, a large meaty variety of the Syzygium samarangense

Note: Possibly a loan distribution.

33320

*malai withered, faded

11858

POC *malai withered, faded

OC
Kove	malai	tired; feeling lazy
Lakalai	malai	to be withering or drying up, of leaves, fruit, copra (when completely dry = pakuku)
Fijian	malai	withered, faded; to wither, fade

Note: This comparison was first proposed by Osmond (1998:135).

30023

*malala village square; dancing ground

6719

POC *malala village square; dancing ground

OC
Drehet	mwalaŋ	open area, clearing
Yapese	malaal	dancing place, public open place in village, village square
Vitu	malala	village; island
Lakalai	malala	dancing ground; garden cleared but not planted
Manam	malala	market place, assembly place
Nakanamanga	mʷalala	dancing place
Wayan	ŋʷalala	be vacant, unoccupied, empty, free (of a place); be free, at liberty, without restrictions (of a person);

Note: Also Bwaidoga/Bwaidoka (Young 1979) melala ‘village’.

33806

*malaŋ misfortune, bad luck

12599

PMP *malaŋ misfortune, bad luck

WMP
Malay	malaŋ	adversity; mischance; piece of ill luck
Balinese	malaŋ	to be thwarted, be unlucky (in gambling)
OC
Sa'a	mala	harm
Mota	mala	ill; bad
Tongan	mala	misfortune, bad luck or suffering, esp. as resulting from, or coming as the Nemesis of, wrongdoing
Futunan	mala	misfortune, bad luck
Samoan	mala	scourge, plague; tragedy, disaster

Note: Also Niue mala-ia ‘misfortune, misery; to be cursed; accursed, unfortunate’.

33765

*malaqe public space in village

12542

POC *malaqe public space in village

OC
Tanga	ma:li	place, dancing square within the confines of every village settlement
Mailu	mari	village
Proto-Polynesian	*malaʔe	meeting place
Tongan	malaʔe	village green; park, playground, open market place, etc.
Samoan	malae	open space in the middle of a village, village green (such an area is of high social importance); sports ground, playground
Anuta	marae	open area in which traditional religious rites were held, or for “dart” matches, which are still held at the present time
Maori	marae	enclosed space in front of a house, courtyard, village common

Note: This term and POc *malala ‘village square; dancing ground’ appear to have the same or a very similar meaning, and the distinction in reference remains to be determined.

30071

*malaw paper mulberry tree: Brousonnetia papyrifera, used to make bark cloth; men’s loincloth made from this material

6775

PCEMP *malaw paper mulberry tree: Brousonnetia papyrifera, used to make bark cloth; men’s loincloth made from this material

CMP
Selaru	mal	loincloth
Asilulu	mala ai	kind of tree the bark of which was formerly used to make loincloths
SHWNG
Buli	māl	pounded tree bark; clothing of same
Numfor	mār	loincloth (originally of pounded tree bark)
OC
Tanga	mal	bark cloth, and especially the inner bark of the breadfruit tree, beaten and used as cloth, although many other species are used; mourning band of bark cloth worn around the neck or on the upper arm by female mourners
	mal-mal	shoulder sling for carrying a baby, made of bark cloth
Tolai	mal	species of small tree, Brousonnetia papyrifera, the bark of which is used for making cloth; native cloth made from this bark; cloth, waist-cloth, loin-cloth, clothing, clothes (in general); to wear cloth or clothes, be dressed
Lusi	malo	girdle
Kove	malo	clothing
Kairiru	myal	loincloth; traditionally used in times of war, now replaced by the laplap
Manam	malo	bark belt
Gedaged	mal	a tree, it bark is used to make G-strings and blankets; loincloth made from the bark of mal
Gitua	malo	men’s bark loincloth; clothing
Arosi	maro	a species of tree, paper mulberry; beaten cloth of the maro (the bark was soaked in water an then beaten out, and later painted in gay colors and used as a sling to carry a child, or as a loincloth); a loincloth
Mota	malo	a tree, probably a mulberry; the girdle of leaves and flowers used by tamate (members of the ‘ghost’ society)
Fijian	malo	the paper mulberry, Broussonetia papyrifera, hence the native cloth made from it, and the former native male dress, a piece of malo passed between the thighs and fastened with a girdle; if not passed between the legs it is i sulu
Niue	malo	waist belt or cloth; menstrual cloth; baby’s napkin
	malo tau	war girdle
Futunan	malo	cloth girdle used during ceremonies; menstrual cloth
Samoan	malo	loincloth
Tuvaluan	malo	breech cloth of plaited pandanus leaves; menstrual pad
	tau-malo	stage in boy’s life when malo must be worn; a boy who has reached this stage
Nukuoro	malo	clothes, cloth
	malo gahu	shirt
Rennellese	mago	to put on or wear, as a sarong; sarong
Anuta	malo	men’s loin garment, made from a strip of bark-cloth
Rarotongan	maro	a waist girdle, the ancient loincloth or waist wrap; various kinds were used in ancient days
	maro kura	the sacred crimson girdle, generally worn by the ariki or members of an ariki family
	maro toto	special waist cloth or girdle worn only by women during the period of menses --- a menstrual girdle
Maori	maro	a sort of kilt or apron worn by males and females; material (moss, lichen, etc.) used by a woman at certain periods; to put on, as a maro
Hawaiian	malo	male’s loincloth; chant in praise of a chief’s loincloth; leaf sheath that protects the young leaves of the breadfruit tree

Note: Also Buruese kamaru ~ maru ‘loincloth’, Mbula maana ‘loincloth made of tree bark’, Rotuman mala ‘kind of girdle used by high chiefs; it is dyed red with special dye or paint’. The Kairiru gloss and that in several Polynesian languages suggests that certain types of loincloth were associated with war, as with the Niue malo tau ‘war girdle’, or Maori maro huka or maro tūhou, which were “roughly made of leaves of karamū for certain ceremonies in time of war” (Williams 1971).

33030

*malem night, darkness

11519

PMP *malem night, darkness

WMP
Ilokano	malém	afternoon
	ag-malém	the whole day
	ipa-malém	to put off until the afternoon
	paŋ-malém	afternoon meal
	m<in>além	every afternoon
Lun Dayeh	malem	night
Kelabit	malem	several days ago; dark
Bukat	maləm	night
Jarai	mlam	night
Rhade	mlam	night
Malay	malam	night
Koroni	malo	night
Moronene	malo	night
OC
Motu	malo	middle of the night

Note: With root *-lem₁ ‘dark’.

33316

*males become soft or weak (of things or people)

11854

PMP *males become soft or weak (of things or people)

WMP
Malay	malas	unwilling; idle; lazy
Toba Batak	malos	to fade, wither; faded, withered
Sundanese	maləs	lazy
Balinese	males	lazy
Sasak	maləs	lazy
CMP
Manggarai	males	soft; lithe
Rotinese	male	to wither; become weak, soft, powerless
Yamdena	malas	soft, supple, as leaves or thread

27096

*mali a plant: Leea spp.

8448

PMP *mali a plant: Leea spp.

WMP
Tagalog	mali	a plant: Leea indica (Madulid 1999)
Malay	mali	small shrub or weed, Leea spp.
CMP
Manggarai (West)	mali	a shrub: Leea rubra

3566

PMP *mali-mali a plant, Leea spp.

WMP
Kapampangan	mali-mali	a plant: Leea aculeata (Madulid 1999)
Bikol	ma-mali	a plant: Leea guineensis (Madulid 1999)
Malay	mali berduri, mali-mali	Leea sambucina. This latter is associated with a description of a wind violent enough to tear out the very weeds on the lawn
Makassarese	mali-mali	a shrub, Leea aequata
OC
Wuvulu	mali-mali	fish poison and the vine from which it is obtained

Note: *mali and *mali-mali appear to have distinguished two species or subspecies of the same type of plant. This comparison was first recognized in print by Verheijen (n.d.).

30070

*malip laugh, smile

6773

PCEMP *malip laugh, smile

CMP
Hawu	mari	laugh
	pe-mari	laugh, giggle
Atoni	mani	laugh
Vaikenu	mani	to laugh
Tugun	mali	laugh
Kisar	mali-nohi	mockery
Roma	na-mali	to laugh
East Damar	m-mali	to laugh
Leti	mali	laugh
Wetan	mali	game, joke; to play
Selaru	mahis ^<M	laugh
Yamdena	n-malip	laugh, laugh at
	ma-malip	laughable
Fordata	n-mali-t	laugh, laugh at
Kei	en-mali-t	laugh, laugh at
Kola	mel	to smile, laugh
Ujir	a-mel	laugh
W.Tarangan (Ngaibor)	mel	laugh
Elat	mbo-mali-k	laugh
Nuaulu	ia-u-mani	laugh
Alune	mali	laugh
Buruese	mali	smile, laugh
	mali-h, mali-k	smile at, laugh at
Sekar	manif	laugh
SHWNG
Taba	amlif ^<M	to laugh
Gimán	mlif	to laugh
Buli	a-mlif	laugh
	a-mlif-a	laugh at
Biga	mlef	to laugh
Minyaifuin	mnif	to laugh
Wandamen	mari	to laugh
Numfor	mbrif	laugh
	mbrif	to laugh
Serui-Laut	mari	laugh
OC
Seimat	mal	laugh, smile
Chuukese	meni	smile; pleased facial expression
Puluwat	mel	laugh, giggle a little, smile
Woleaian	mmal(i)	laugh, smile, grin
Nokuku	man	to laugh
Axamb	-men	to laugh
Wayan	mali	laugh, smile, grin
Fijian	mali	smile

6774

POC *mali-malip laughing, smiling

OC
Seimat	mali-mal	laughing, smiling
Label	mal-malih	laugh
Chuukese	meni-men	pleased facial expression(especially a smiling one); smile, smiling

27094

*maliqi pregnant

3563

PAN *maliqi pregnant

Formosan
Puyuma (Tamalakaw)	ma-riʔi	pregnant
WMP
Kelabit	malih	pregnant (general term)
	alih	pregnancy

Note: Also Buruese gali ‘pregnant’. This form almost certainly contains the stative prefix *ma-. However, it is unclear whether the PAn base was *aliqi or *liqi.

27095

*maliraŋ sulphur

3564

PMP *maliraŋ sulphur

WMP
Tagalog	maliláŋ	sulphur
Ngaju Dayak	mariraŋ	sulphur (used externally as medicine against scurf and vermin)
CMP
Manggarai	meliraŋ	sulphur

Note: Also Kambera lira ‘sulphur’, tana lira ‘sulphurous earth (used to enhance the lustre of metals)’. Dempwolff (1934-38) reconstructed *baliraŋ ‘sulphur’, but this variant appears to be a western Indonesian innovation which has been widely disseminated through borrowing of either the Malay term (belérang) or its Javanese cognate (walirang). There are indications that sulphur had native medicinal uses, and the abundance of the material on Java would have made this island an important source of sulphur for areas in which it was absent (Borneo) or rare (Sulawesi).

Reflexes of *maliraŋ show a distribution which is difficult to explain as a product of borrowing. I assume, then, that *maliraŋ was found in PMP, and that *baliraŋ was innovated (through a sporadic sound change) in a language ancestral to Malay, Javanese, and some other languages of western Indonesia. Following this innovation Javanese sulphur was disseminated widely through the Indonesian archipelago by Malay traders, the Javanese term reaching some languages (Soboyo waliraŋ) and the Malay term others (Buginese beléraŋ, Makassarese baliraŋ, etc.).

30036

*malon core of a breadfruit

6734

POC *malon core of a breadfruit

OC
Gedaged	malon	white core of the fruit of the breadfruit
Fijian	malo	soft kernel of the center of the breadfruit
Hawaiian	malo	leaf sheath that protects the young leaves of the breadfruit tree

33766

*malua soft, pliable

12543

PCEMP *malua soft, pliable

CMP
Manusela	malua	soft (Stresemann 1927:164)
OC
Tolai	malua	soft, pliable, moist
Nggela	malua	soft, pliable, easy

Note: Also Paulohi maru-ni ‘soft’, Fijian mālua ‘gently, slowly, quietly’. Because of disagreements among the languages of the central Moluccas, Stresemann (1927:164) posited Proto-Ambon *malu ‘soft’.

30202

*maluRu shade

7032

PEMP *maluRu shade

SHWNG
Buli	ma-malu	dark, black clouds; shadow of objects (but not of people)
OC
Tolai	malur	shade; cool, shady, fresh; to shade, stand in the shade
Kwaio	malu	shade, environs of
	maa-malu	shade
	malu-na	shadow
Lau	ma-malu	to cast a shadow
'Āre'āre	(ma)-maru	shade, shadow; to shade, overshadow
	maru-ana	under, below
	maru-i	underneath
Sa'a	mälu	to shade, to overshadow
	mälu-si	to shade
	mälu-te	shade
	i melu-ne	under the shadow, the rule of; used in names of chiefs
Arosi	maru	shade; to shade, overshadow; the lee of an island
	maru-ŋi	to reign over, rule, command
Wayan	malu	be protected or sheltered from the elements; be shaded, in the shade or shadows
	malu-ti	put something in the shade, put something out of the sun
	maa-malu	shade, shadow; shelter, protection
Fijian	i-malu-malu	the shade of a roof or tree
Tongan	malu	to be shaded or sheltered (lit. or fig.); to be safe, secure, watertight or airtight
	maluu	(of the wind, or of the sea or the day as affected by the wind) mild, pleasantly calm; (of pain) abated, gone
	malu-ʔi	to protect or defend; to make or keep safe or secure, to safeguard; to insure, to guarantee
Niue	malu	shade, shadow; protection; shaded, sheltered
	malu-ia	covered
Samoan	malu	shelter; take shelter
Tuvaluan	malu	shadow; shade; shelter; protection; power, authority; protect
	ma-malu	noble, honorable
	malu afi-afi	early evening
	malu poo-poo	evening (7 to 8 PM)
Kapingamarangi	malu	shadow, shade; behind (some protective cover); shelter
Nukuoro	malu	shade (under trees); lee (of wind)
Rennellese	magu	shade, shelter, protection, fine looks, splendor; to shade, shelter, protect, cover
	magu hahine	handsome woman, female beauty
Anuta	maru ~ maruu	protected; dry (as the inside of a well-constructed house when it is raining); shady; protector
Rarotongan	maru	shelter, protection; shade
	maru aʔo	the shadows of light of day, the faint light of dawn
	maru-mate	the shadow of death
Maori	maru	power, authority; shadow, shelter; shield, safeguard; a glow in the heavens; shaded, sheltered; attended by an escort; proof against rain
Hawaiian	malu	shade, shelter, protection, peace, control, strength; shaded, peaceful, quiet; under taboo; reserved, held apart; taboo; the stillness and awe of taboo

7033

POC *paka-maluRu to shelter, give shelter to

OC
Arosi	haʔa-maru-a	to put in the shade, out of the sun
Wayan	vaka-malu	take shelter, seek shade or protection
	i-vaka-malu	anything that gives shade or shelter, e.g. a temporary shelter, umbrella
Niue	faka-malu	to overshadow; protect, shelter
	faka-malu-aŋa	a porch, a shelter
Samoan	faʔa-malu	put a cover on, shield against
Tuvaluan	faka-malu	umbrella; make a shelter; offer gifts to another family to restore friendly relations
	faka-ma-malu	show respect
Rennellese	haka-magu	shelter, protector, protection, cover; to find shelter; to cover, as a canoe, to protect from the sun
Hawaiian	hoʔo-malu	to bring under the care and protection of, to protect; to keep quiet, still, as during taboo

7034

POC *maluRu maluRu shady, shaded, sheltered (?)

OC
Tolai	mal-maluru	shady
'Āre'āre	maru-maru	time between three and six in the afternoon
Sa'a	mälu-melu	to shade, to overshadow
Arosi	maru-maru	shade
Wayan	malu-malu	be shady, well-shaded, well sheltered from the elements
Fijian	malu-malu	shady, sheltered; the shade of a roof or tree
Tongan	malu-malu	shady, affording shade
	malu-malu-a	be shaded by something
Niue	malu-malu	shady; lowering (of the sky)
Nukuoro	malu-malu de me	cloudy day (not bright)
Anuta	maru-maru	shady; dry (as a result of being protected from the rain)
Rarotongan	maru-maru	shady, sheltered from light or heat
Maori	maru-maru	shaded, sheltered
	whaka-maru-maru	to shade, shelter, protect; protector, chief
Hawaiian	malu-malu	shelter or protection of any kind, often humble
	hoʔo-malu-malu	to overshadow, shade, darken, as by a cloud

Note: The semantic evolution of this word is particularly interesting. Its original reference, insofar as it can be inferred from the available data, was to the shade or shadow produced by objects, particularly those that gave shelter or protection from the sun, as trees or buildings. Over time this evolved in some of the Polynesian languages into a more abstract sense of protection, which ultimately could be applied to the social protection provided by persons of power or authority within the community, and even to the individual who provided such protection, as with Maori whaka-maru-maru ‘protector, chief’. If its original sense included not only protection from the sun, but also protection from wind and rain the meaning ‘lee of an island’, which is attested both in Arosi of the southeast Solomons, and in Nukuoro may also have been associated with this form in POc.

30906

*mamah father’s brother

8745

PAN *mamah father’s brother

Formosan
Atayal	mama	uncle, brother of father or mother
Pazeh	mamah	older brother of a man or woman, wife’s elder brother
Hoanya	mama	father

8746

PMP *mama parent’s younger sibling, junior uncle; a young child’s term of address for his father, vocative of *ama

WMP
Umiray Dumaget	mama	uncle younger than Ego’s parent (Elkins and Hendrickson 1984)
Tagalog	máma-ʔ	term used in referring to, or in addressing a man unknown to the speaker
	máma-y	grandfather
Aklanon	mamáh	great grandfather
Agutaynen	mama	grandfather
Binukid	mama	term of address for male much younger than the speaker
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)	mama	term of respect used by males and females to address a male of equal age or younger than the one speaking
Miri	mama-n	father’s brother, mother’s brother
Bintulu	kə-mama	uncle (mother’s brother, father’s brother)
Bekatan	mame	father’s brother
Dohoi	mama-ʔ	parents’ brother
Ngaju Dayak	mama	uncle (of someone else; for one’s own uncle the term is ama)
Kapuas	mama-ʔ	parents’ sister’s husband
	mama-ʔ busu	parents’ younger brother
Dusun Deyah	mama-ʔ	parents’ younger brother, parents’ younger sister’s husband
Ma'anyan	mama-ʔ	parents’ brother, parents’ sister’s husband
Samihim	mama-ʔ	parents’ brother, parents’ sister’s husband
Malay	mama-k	maternal uncle; (loosely) any uncle
Simalur	mamaʔ	maternal uncle
Karo Batak	mama	mother’s brother, uncle, thus also father-in-law of a man
Rejang	mama	father’s elder brother, mother’s elder brother
	mama-ŋ	father’s younger brother; mother’s younger brother
Sundanese	mama	father; uncle
Sasak	mama	male, male animal
	mama toaʔ	old man
	sə-mama	husband, spouse
	bə-sə-mama	married (of a woman)
Tontemboan	mama-ʔ	father; vocative of ama-ʔ
Mongondow	mama-ʔ	father (used by children)
Uma	mama	father
CMP
Manggarai	mama	uncle, mother’s brother
Rembong	mama	husband’s father, wife’s father; mother’s brother; father’s sister’s husband
Ngadha	mama	uncle (< (mama-y?)
Lamaholot	mamã	mother’s brother; wife’s father
Kei	mam	child’s term of address to his father, from elders to their sons, and in general in intimate contexts between older men and their sons
Gah	mama	father
Soboyo	mama	father, term of address for older males
SHWNG
Buli	mama	father
	mama tawawai	youngest brother of one’s father
Misool (Coast)	mam	father
Minyaifuin	mam	father
Numfor	mam	father

8747

POC *mama young child’s term for father

OC
Sursurunga	mama-	mother
Sobei	mam	father
Kairiru	mam	(my) father
Kis	mama	father
Ali	mam	father
Manam	mama	father
Gedaged	mam	a reciprocal classificatory kinship term; male speaking: father’s brother, mother’s sister’s husband, father’s mother’s brother’s or sister’s son, father’s father’s brother’s or sister’s son; father; son; female speaking: father and his brothers; son; mother’s sister’s husband; father’s father’s brother’s or sister’s son; mother’s mother’s brother’s or sister’s son; an honorary title for older persons, those in a higher position, as teachers, missinaries, God
Gitua	mama	father (vocative)
Numbami	mama	father, uncle
Motu	mama	a child’s term of address to his father
Cheke Holo	mama	father, elder male kin of first ascending generation; father-in-law (vocative)
Roviana	mama	a childish word for father
Bugotu	mama	vocative; father, sir
Nggela	mama	father, in direct address, replacing tama; also in general sense, na mama
Toqabaqita	mama	father; used mainly by and to children
Mota	mama	father, in addressing him; also in speaking of him, less properly; to call one’s father
Lingarak	mama	father

Note: Also Proto-Ambon *měmě ‘mother’s brother’ (Stresemann 1927:197), SA’A mamaʔa ‘vocative, father’.

30907

*mamaq chew without intending to swallow, as betel nut; premasticate food to give to an infant; premasticated food

8748

PMP *mamaq chew without intending to swallow, as betel nut; premasticate food to give to an infant; premasticated food

WMP
Itbayaten	mama	idea of chewing betel nut
	man-mama	to chew betel nut
	mama-en	to chew; something to chew
Ilokano	mamá	a concoction for chewing made of betel leaf, betel nut and lime; areca nut, tobacco, lime and betel leaves
	ag-mamá	to chew betel
	pag-mama-án	container for betel
Ibaloy	mama	the betel nut chew
	man-mama	to engage in betel chewing
	mama-an	to spit red betel juice on something
Tagalog	mag-mamáʔ	to chew betel nut
Bikol	mamáʔ	a mixture of betel nut, búyo’ leaf and lime
Hanunóo	mámaʔ	chewing of betel leaf, areca nut chew
	mamʔ-ín	betel leaf for chewing; areca nut chew (< Tagalog?)
Romblomanon	mamaʔ	a betel nut masticatory; betel nut chewing is restricted to herbalists and older people
Masbatenyo	mamáʔ	betel nut chew (refers to a chew consisting of betel nut, buyo leaves, lime and tobacco)
Aklanon	mamáʔ	to chew (tobacco, betel nut)
Kalamian Tagbanwa	mamak	chewed betel nut
Cebuano	mámaʔ	chew of betel nut (búnga) and piper betel leaves (búyù) with lime (ápug), and optionally tobacco; action of chewing; to chew betel nut
	m<al>amaʔ-an	container for the lime, betel nut, and betel leaf
Binukid	mamaʔ	betel nut chew; to chew betel nut
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)	mamaʔ	to chew betel nut
	memaʔ-an	betel palm, Areca catechu
Mansaka	mamaʔ	to use in making a betel nut chew
	mamaʔ-an	container for items for a betel nut chew
Kalagan	mamaʔ	betel chew
Mapun	mamaʔ	a prepared betel nut chew; to chew betel nut
	mamaʔ-an	a container for the ingredients of the betel nut chew (often brass or bronze)
Tboli	amak	a masticatory composed of betel nut or tree bark mixed with lime and wrapped in ikô [Piper betle] leaves; to chew betel nut
Tausug	mamaʔ	a prepared betel nut chew
Jarai	(mə)mah	to chew
Rhade	məmah	to chew
Malay	mamah	maceration in the closed mouth, of the way animals chew
	pe-mamah biak	ruminant
Karo Batak	er-mamah	to feed, as birds feed their young
	mamah-i	feed a young child by premasticating the food and then ejecting it from the mouth into the open lips
Dairi-Pakpak Batak	mamah	chew food to give to an infant; food that is regurgitated by a bird for its young
Sundanese	mamah	word used to order a child to eat; also the usual word for ‘to eat’ of a small child
Javanese	mamah	to chew; to argue with; to do without difficulty
	mamah-an	having been chewed
Sangir	mə-mama	to chew betel
Mongondow	mo-mamaʔ	to chew; to chew betel
	po-mamaʔ	betel kit, the full set of accessories for chewing betel nut
	po-mamaʔ-an	betel box, betel case
Gorontalo	mo-mama	to chew betel
Bare'e	mama	to chew
Makassarese	mama	a betel chew, betel quid
Wolio	mama	to chew on, masticate
Muna	mama	to chew (trans.)
	ka-mama	something chewed (as chewed maize for an infant); to chew on (trans.)
	ka-mama-ghi	tobacco quid, often mixed with betel
	mama-ghi	chew a tobacco quid; chew, gnaw
Palauan	m<əl>áməʔ	to chew betel nut; to smoke tobacco (< *m>in>amaq)
Chamorro	mamaʔ	chew betel nut mixed with lime, pepper leaf and tobacco
CMP
Bimanese	mama	to chew betel
Komodo	mama	to chew; betelnut quid
Manggarai	mama	to chew
	mama-ŋ	to premasticate food to feed to a baby
Rembong	mamaʔ	to chew
	mamaʔ-ŋ	to premasticate food to feed to a baby
Ngadha	mama	chew food for elderly people who have no more teeth or for young children
Sika	mama	to chew, of people
Hawu	mama	to chew
	mama kenana	to chew betel
Rotinese	mama	to chew, especially to chew betel nut
Tetun	mama	a wad of bua (betel nut, betel pepper, and lime) which is put in the mouth for chewing
Erai	mama	to chew betel
Kisar	mama	to chew betel
Fordata	n-mama	to chew betel
Kei	mam	to chew betelnut
Masiwang	mama	to chew
Hitu	mama	to chew
Asilulu	mama	to chew on (as guava leaves to relieve a sore throat)
Buruese	mama-h	to chew (trans.)
	mama-k	to chew (intr.); hold with the teeth
SHWNG
Kowiai/Koiwai	na-mama	to chew
OC
Label	mama-i	to chew betel
Vitu	mama	to chew betelnut
	mama-hia	to chew betelnut
Lakalai	mama	to chew betel
Gedaged	mam	to chew, to crunch, to masticate (especially betel nuts, but also food)
Motu	mama	a mouthful of chewed food, such as babies are fed with
	mama-ia	to chew the food
Uruava	mama	to chew
Torau	mama	to chew
Nggela	mama	to chew fine; to feed a baby with pap
Gilbertese	mama	food chewed for babies or for chiefs formerly, for betrothed (sign of great esteem, veneration); to chew, to masticate
	ka-mama	to chew bait and give it to fish
Rotuman	mama	to chew; chewed food
Wayan	mama	to chew, masticate (contrasting with kani, which refers to the consumption of food rather than to the manner of eating it)
	lei-mama	be chewed up, eaten up
	mama aŋgona	to chew kava; in earlier times the green root was chewed before being brewed and strained
Tongan	mama	to chew: especially kava (in former times), or candlenuts preparatory to using them as soap, or food which, after being chewed, is to be fed to a baby; food which has been chewed in this way
Niue	mama	a mouthful; that which is chewed; the cud (modern)
Futunan	mama	to chew (fruits); mouthful of premasticated food for a mother to give her infant
	mama-ʔia	nourish an infant at the time of weaning
Samoan	mama	(of food for a baby, or, formerly, of kava) masticate; chew; bolus of premasticated food for a baby
Tuvaluan	mama	to chew
	mama-mama	to chew thoroughly
	mama-tamaliki	soften food for baby by chewing; such food
Kapingamarangi	mama	to chew, to masticate (soft foods); premasticated food (for infants)
Rennellese	mama	to chew without swallowing, as mothers do for infants; matter so masticated, as betel; to be soft, as wood
Anuta	mama	to prepare food to be fed, usually to an infant, by chewing; may also be used as a generic term for chewing, but the usual word in that case would be kamu
Rarotongan	mama	to prepare, as kava, by chewing
Hawaiian	mama	to chew, masticate (but not swallow), as kava

8749

PWMP *mamaq-en to chew a betel quid

WMP
Bikol	mamaʔ-ón	to chew a betel quid
Tausug	mamaʔ-un	to chew betel nut
Chamorro	mamaʔ-on	betel nut mixed with lime, pepper leaf and tobacco

Note: Also Toba Batak meme ‘chewed food’, Proto-Bungku-Tolaki *mamak-i ‘chew’, Nehan mem ‘chewed betel nut’, Fijian mamā ‘to chew and spit out again, chiefly of yaqona [kava]’.

The basic sense of this term was clearly ‘to chew something that one does not intend to swallow’. In island Southeast Asia the usual application is to chewing betel nut, but what may be an older usage is widespread in Oceanic languages and appears occasionally farther west, and that is the practice of premasticating food for an infant (sometimes applied to the habit of birds in regurgitating food for nestlings, but more commonly applied to humans). The agreement of Toba Batak meme with Nehan mem would appear to support a PMP doublet *meme, but until more substantial evidence for PMP *e becomes available this comparison will be treated as a product of chance convergence.

33767

*mamata be awake, watchful, alert

12544

POC *mamata be awake, watchful, alert

OC
Nauna	mamat	to wake up
Lou	mamat	to wake up
Loniu	mamat	awake
Bipi	mamak	to wake up
Lakalai	mamata	to be awake; to be looking at
Proto-Micronesian	*mamata	to stand watch, stay awake
Marshallese	mméj	be awake, stay up
Chuukese	mmasa	watch over it, guard it
Mota	mamata	to have the eyes open; be awake, watch
Raga	mamata	awaken, wake up
Rotuman	mamafa	to awake from sleep

Note: Clark (2009:144) derives all Vanuatu forms from Proto-North-Central Vanuatu *mata ‘to watch’. More generally *mamata could be a partially reduplicated form of *mata ‘eye’. This reconstruction was first proposed by Bender et al. (2003:50)

27097

*mamin₁ a fish: wrasse spp.

3567

PMP *mamin₁ a fish: wrasse spp.

WMP
Itbayaten	mamin	kind of fish
Samal	mamin	violet-lined Maori wrasse: Cheilinus diagrammus, C. undulatus
Palauan	maml	wrasse (fish): Cheilinus undulatus
CMP
Fordata	mamin	kind of fish
Kei	mamin	kind of fish
Asilulu	iʔa mamin	kind of fish, including tripletail Maori wrasse (Cheilinus trilobatus Lacepede), and violet-lined Maori wrasse (Diagrammus Lacepede)
SHWNG
Buli	mamiŋ	kind of fish
Numfor	in mamin	kind of fish (can reach large size)
OC
Tolai	mamin	a fish: Anableps tetrophthalmus
Numbami	mamina	hump-headed wrasse (Cheilinus undulatus)
Motu	mami	kind of fish
Molima	mamina	a large fish
Chuukese	máám(i)	wrasse
Puluwat	mám	kind of large fish -- perhaps a wrasse
Rotuman	mami	kind of blue-green fish

33788

*mamin₂ to chew, taste

12570

POC *mamin₂ to chew, taste

OC
Tolai	mamin	to chew
Motu	mami	flavor of food; feeling, sensation
	mami-atoho	to test and try, feel and try
Kwaio	mami	to try food, taste

27098

*mampus gone, used up

3568

PMP *mampus gone, used up

WMP
Malay	mampus	to die (expressed vulgarly); be wiped out. Of animals dying, etc.
CMP
Manggarai	mampos	gone, used up (money, etc.)

Note: With root *-pus ‘end, finish’.

33359

*man particle expressing solidarity, concession, qualification, or emphasis

11963

PPh *man particle expressing solidarity, concession, qualification, or emphasis

WMP
Itbayaten	man	adverb for emphasis, ever
Ilokano	man	particle of entreaty: please; affirms a negative statement; whether or not; may express unexpected information; so what; again
Bontok	man	a particle which implies solidarity with the addressee
Kankanaey	man	please; indeed; then; why! A small particle of very frequent use, mostly mitigating the sentence, although it might reinforce it in several cases; it is used in calling, inviting, wondering, etc.
Ifugaw	man	adverbial interjection by which one or more words of a given phrase are emphasized
Ifugaw (Batad)	man	an exclamatory particle expressing strong feeling about a statement being made
Casiguran Dumagat	man	again (usually followed by the particle dən)
Ayta Abellan	man	indeed; please, I entreat you
Kapampangan	man	adjunct used to indicate response
Tagalog	man	although; even if; even though; also; anything, at all; at least
Bikol	man	too, also; also used to soften the impact of negatives and commands
Aklanon	man	answer or response particle; it can mean “also” or “too”, but is used far more frequently than those English equivalents
Waray-Waray	man	too, also
Agutaynen	man	particle showing concession; whether; even if; no matter what
Hiligaynon	man	also, too; fine
Cebuano	man	because; particle used after an interrogative to make the question not abrupt; particle with a statement contradicting a previous statement or presumption; particle with a statement giving information
Central Tagbanwa	man	adds emphasis
Maranao	man	as if; then; like; pretend; emphasis
Binukid	man	used to indicate emphasis
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)	man	emphatic particle
Tiruray	man	a particle with the meaning “again”
Tboli	man-tag	even if, even so, even then, even when
Sangir	maŋ	an adverb: merely, only, but; as a marker of emphasis: still, yet, nevertheless

30924

*mana conjunction: and

8772

POC *mana conjunction: and

OC
Varisi	mana	and
Babatana	mana	and
Ghari	mana	and
Lengo	mana	and
Talise	mana	and
Tolo	mana	and
Arosi	mana	and, but; much used in narrative (not ma, na, as it is used with na, i articles)
Ngwatua	mana	and
Baetora	mina	and
Lenakel	məne	and
Southwest Tanna	məna	and

Note: A surprisingly large number of conjunctions that correspond semantically to English ‘and’ can be posited for POc, including at least *ka, *ma, *mai, and *mana. It is not clear that all of these are valid reconstructions rather than products of convergence, and if they are assigned to POc the syntactic differences that distinguished their coordinating functions remain unclear. This comparison is attested to date only from the western Solomons to southern Vanuatu, but this is a distribution that is commonly accepted for forms assigned to POc.

27099

*mana₁ inherit, inheritance

3569

PWMP *mana₁ inherit, inheritance [disjunct: *maña]

WMP
Casiguran Dumagat	mána	heir, inheritance; to will, leave, give property to someone
Kapampangan	mána	inherit, inheritance
Tagalog	mána	heritage, inheritance
Bikol	mag-mána	to inherit
	ipa-mána	to bequeath
	pa-mána	bequest, inheritance; heritage
	an m<in>ana	an heirloom
Hanunóo	pa-mána	inheritance
Bare'e	mana	inheritance, heritage

30473

*mana₂ power in natural phenomena; thunder, storm wind

7673

POC *mana₂ power in natural phenomena; thunder, storm wind

OC
Suau	mana	wind
Bwaidoga/Bwaidoka	mala	wind, weather, time of day (often with a notion of a supernatural force that manifests itself in the weather)
Dobuan	mana sinabwana	storm (‘big wind’)
Saliba	mana	wind
Tubetube	mana kaliyate	day wind (kaliyate = ‘day’)
Panayati	mana	wind
Misima	mana	wind
Takuu	mana	crisp sounding thunder (as in an electrical storm)
Varisi	mana	power; good fortune, success
Roviana	mana	potent, effectual
	ta-mana-i	blessed
Eddystone/Mandegusu	mana	powerful, potent, effective; gracious; true; come to pass; to grant, be favorable; power
Bugotu	mana	spiritual or magical power, enchantment, power, ability
	mana-ŋi	to empower
Nggela	mana	worthy, fit, suitable, sufficient; efficacious from spiritual power, obtained from charms, prayers, intercourse with tindalo (souls of the dead) or vigona (a spirit of the weather, fertility, and natural forces – usually female)
Lau	ma-mana	efficacious (of medicine), spiritually or magically powerful; grow well, of trees; good, of news; be prosperous, lucky, in good health; be true, come true, be fulfilled; to impart spiritual or magical power
	ma-mana-la	truly, really
	ma-mana-ŋa	fertility
'Āre'āre	na-nama ^<M	strong, powerful, in a metaphysical sense; something extraordinary, effected by a spiritual power
Sa'a	na-nama ^<M	to be powerful, to exercise force … Ulawa speaks of ghosts as being na-nama ‘spiritually powerful’
	na-nama-ŋa	power, force
Arosi	mana	ghostly power (in a few phrases)
Sikaiana	mana	thunder
Tikopia	mana	thunder
Kosraean	mʷenmʷen	miracle, magic; magical
	mʷenmʷen-I	perform magic, cast a spell on
Marshallese	maņmaņ	haunted; having supernatural powers; taboo
Pohnpeian	man	take hold, stick, be effective
Mokilese	man-man	spiritually powerful, able to do magic without artifice; magic, spiritual power
Chuukese	man(a)	have divine, magical, or supernatural power (a quality of being, not a form of knowledge); be miraculous, magically powerful
Woleaian	kemal (ka-mala)	miracle, power; be powerful (as a ghost)
Mota	mana	an invisible spiritual force or influence; to influence, work upon with mana; to have mana; a charm, sung with mana, to pass it
Wayan	mana	be able to make things happen, be effective, have creative power; come true, happen, be realized, come about, be effected; power to make things happen, creative power, effectiveness
	caka-mana	something done by magic or supernatural force; a miracle, magic
Fijian	mana	supernatural power; a sign, an omen, a token; possessing supernatural qualities
	mana-ta	to be affected by, of a disease
Tongan	mana	supernatural; superhuman; miraculous; attended or accompanied by supernatural or apparently supernatural happenings; to thunder
Niue	mana	power; authority (supernatural); miracle; powerful
Futunan	mana	thunder, thunderbolt
Samoan	mana	(supernatural) power
	ma-mana	be powerful, compelling; be all-powerful, almighty
Tuvaluan	mana	magical power (of person, potion, etc.); thunder; Holy Spirit
	ma-mana	possessed of mana; powerful; authority
Nukuoro	mana	supernatural power
Rennellese	mana	to thunder (poetic)
Anuta	mana	power; almighty
Rarotongan	mana	power, might, authority, influence, sanctification, infused with magic, potency, control, prestige; effectual, binding, authoritative; having influence or power
Maori	mana	authority; control; influence, prestige, power; psychic force; effectual, binding, authoritative; having influence or power; be effectual, take effect; be avenged
	whaka-mana	give effect to; give prestige to; make effective, rectify
Hawaiian	mana	supernatural or divine power; give mana to, make powerful; have mana

7674

POC *mana-mana to have spiritual power

OC
Pohnpeian	manaman	magical, mysterious, spiritual; official; magic, mysterious or spiritual power; miracle; authority
Chuukese	manaman	divine, magical, or supernatural power (as distinct from knowledge); have divine, magical, or supernatural power
Puluwat	manaman	divine, supernatural, or miraculous power; to have such
Satawal	manaman	typhoon
Carolinian	lemelem ~ nemenem	be in authority, be responsible, have power or control
Wayan	mana-mana	be wishful, desire or wish something to happen that one has worked for, predicted, etc.
Rarotongan	mana-mana	powerful, having great power, might; having extensive authority or influence or prestige; to be possesses of great magical powers, etc.

Note: Also Arosi mena ‘spiritual power in adaro (ghost, corpse), haiaru (charm or spell), or anything holy; containing spiritual power’. Hiw mon, Mota manu, Central Maewo man-fara, and similar forms meaning ‘thunder’ in other languages of northern Vanuatu were treated as reflexes of *mana in Blust (2007:419-420), but appear to reflect *manu. It is unclear whether these forms are unrelated, or are cognates concealed by a sporadic change intended to distinguish two senses of supernatural power that were becoming distinct in the minds of speakers as the notion of a power inherent in natural phenomena was increasingly conceptualized as one inherent in exceptional humans.

30667

*manoŋi fragrant, sweet-smelling

8192

POC *manoŋi fragrant, sweet-smelling

OC
Motu	manoi	a tree with scented bark, like cinnamon
'Āre'āre	manōni	aromatic, having a pleasant smell
Arosi	manoŋi	savory, of smell or taste
Tongan	manoŋi	give off a pleasant odor
	manoŋi-sia	fragrant with the odor of flowers, etc.
Niue	manoŋi	sweet-smelling; to give out fragrance (a favorite name for girls)
	faka-manoŋi	to give flavor to, to sweeten
Samoan	manoŋi	smell (sweetly), as coconut ointment; have a good flavor; have a bad odor, stench; scent, smell
Tuvaluan	manoŋi	smell (to give off an odor)
Rennellese	manoŋi	young edible ghaapoli (Ficus) shoots

Note: Also Fijian manui ‘a tree: Pleiogynium solandri, Anacardiaceae, timber used for canoes’, Tongan monoi ‘kind of tree’. Milke (1968) assigned Motu manoi to POc *ma(sz)og(iu) ‘cinnamon tree’, but under his hypothesis the sound correspondence are irregular, since his *s and *z would both yield Motu d.

30078

*mansar bandicoot, marsupial ‘rat’

6786

PCEMP *mansar bandicoot, marsupial ‘rat’ [doublet: *mansər]

CMP
East Damar	madar	bandicoot
Leti	mada	bandicoot
Hoti	mala	bandicoot

6787

POC *mwajar bandicoot

OC
Nauna	mʷac	bandicoot
Lou	mʷas	bandicoot
Wogeo	mʷaja	bandicoot
Takia	madal	bandicoot
Motu	mada	bandicoot, Perameles sp.
Fijian (Namosi)	ŋwaca	large rat

Note: Also Elpaputi makele ‘marsupial sp.’. Nothofer (1992) compares this set with Manggarai mandar ‘egret’, Malay (Jakarta) buruŋ mandar ‘bird sp., unident.’, connecting marsupial mammals and birds through their common presence in trees. Although the cuscus is arboreal the bandicoot is not, and the association of these faunal taxa remains highly speculative. Schapper (2011) has argued that *mansər/mansar meant ‘cuscus’, but this semantic attribution is based largely on non-specific glosses in languages of eastern Indonesia, and conflicts with the evidence of Oceanic reflexes which clearly reflect this term in the meaning ‘bandicoot’.

33166

*mansər bandicoot, marsupial 'rat'

11990

PCEMP *mansər bandicoot, marsupial 'rat' [doublet: *mansar]

CMP
Leti	made	bandicoot
Moa	mada ~ made	bandicoot
Yamdena	mande	cuscus, opossum
Kei	medar	opossum, cuscus
Ujir	məday ^<M	bandicoot
W.Tarangan (Ngaibor)	mədar ^<M	bandicoot
Elat	məndər	cuscus
Kamarian	maker	bandicoot
Asilulu	marəl ^<M	phalanger, including Phalanger orientalis orientalis Pallas
Amblau	mate ^<M	cuscus

11991

POC *mwajor bandicoot

OC
Fijian (Naitāsiri)	ŋwaco	large rat
Fijian (Waidina)	ŋwaco	large rat

27100

*mantalaq the morning (evening) star: Venus

3570

PMP *mantalaq the morning (evening) star: Venus [doublet: *talaq]

WMP
Nias	madala	evening star, morning star
OC
'Āre'āre	matara ni tani	morning star’ (tani = ‘daylight’)
Sa'a	madala	morning star
Arosi	madara	morning star

27101

*manu interrogative marker: which?

3571

PAN *manu interrogative marker: which?

Formosan
Seediq	manuʔ	what?
WMP
Chamorro	manu	which, whichever -- interrogative

30165

*manuk chicken

6948

PAN *manuk chicken

Formosan
Basai	manuk(ə)	bird
Trobiawan	manukka	bird

6949

PMP *manuk chicken

WMP
Yami	manok	chicken
Itbayaten	manok	chicken
Ivatan	manuk	chicken
Ilokano	manók	chicken, poultry
Ibanag	manuʔ	chicken
Agta (Dupaningan)	manok	bird, chicken
Agta (Central Cagayan)	manuk	chicken
Itawis	manúk	chicken
	mam-manúk	to raise chickens
Kalinga (Guinaang)	manúk	chicken
Arta	manu	bird
Bontok	manúk	chicken, fowl
	manuk-ən	any chicken sacrifice; to perform a chicken sacrifice
Kankanaey	manók	chicken
Ifugaw	manók	general term for chicken
Ifugaw (Batad)	manuʔ	a domestic or wild chicken
Gaddang	manok	chicken
Casiguran Dumagat	manók	bird; domestic chicken
Ibaloy	manók	chicken
Pangasinan	manók	bird, fowl, chicken
Sambal (Botolan)	manuk	chicken
Kapampangan	manúk	chicken
Tagalog	manók	fowl, chicken
Bikol	manók	chicken, fowl; (fig.) protégé, a person who receives the support of others, commonly used in a political context
Buhid	manók	bird
Hanunóo	manúk	a generic term for bird; specifically, in certain combinations, chicken
	tálun manúk	wild jungle fowl, wild chicken: Gallus gallus gallus(Linn.)
Masbatenyo	manók	chicken (refers to hens and roosters, but not chicks)
Aklanon	manók	chicken
Waray-Waray	manók	chicken
Kalamian Tagbanwa	manuk	chicken
Hiligaynon	manúk	chicken
Palawan Batak	manók	chicken, fowl
Cebuano	manúk	chicken; gamecock
Mamanwa	manok	chicken
Maranao	manok	chicken
Manobo (Ata)	manok	chicken
Subanen/Subanun	manuk	chicken
Binukid	manuk	chicken
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)	manuk	chicken
Mansaka	manok	chicken
Maguindanao	mánuk	bird
Tiruray	manuk	a subdivision of the animal world that includes those that are warm-blooded and fly; chicken: Gallus gallus Linn.
Mapun	manuk	domestic chicken (rooster or hen)
	manuk taun	a wild chicken
Yakan	manuk	chicken, domestic fowl
	manuk talun	jungle fowl: Gallus gallus
Tboli	onuk	chicken, fowl; bird
	m-onuk	to have many chickens
Tausug	manuk	domestic chicken
Bisaya (Lotud)	manuk	chicken
Kadazan Dusun	manuk	hen, cock, fowl
	manuk tahun	wild fowl
Tatana	manuk	bird
Abai Sembuak	manuk	chicken
Ida'an Begak	manuk	chicken
Murut (Tagol)	manuk	chicken
Bisaya (Lotud)	manuk	chicken
Bulungan	manuʔ	chicken
Kelabit	manuk	bird
	manuk eluŋ	jungle fowl
Berawan (Long Terawan)	manoʔ	bird
Narum	manauk	bird
Kayan	manuk	birds of the forest, particularly omen birds
Kiput	manoəʔ	bird
Bintulu	manuk	bird
Melanau (Mukah)	manuəʔ	bird
Melanau Dalat (Kampung Teh)	manuək	bird
Lahanan	manok	bird
Dusun Witu	manuʔ	chicken
Iban	manok	domestic fowl, Gallus sp.
Jarai	mənuʔ	chicken
	mənuʔ glai	jungle fowl
Malay	manok	bird; fowl; a word of wide Indonesian range, but met with rarely among Malays except in Borneo
Acehnese	manoʔ	chicken, fowl; hen
	manoʔ uteuën	jungle fowl
Gayō	manuk	bird
Simalur	manoʔ	chicken
Karo Batak	manuk	chicken, fowl
Nias	manu	chicken; suckling pig given as a gift, as to newlyweds
Mentawai	manu	chicken
Lampung	manuʔ	chicken
Sundanese	manuk	bird
	jalma manuk	person with no fixed abode, wanderer (lit. ‘bird person’)
	manuk-manuk-an	imitation bird, toy bird
Old Javanese	manuk	bird
Javanese	manuk	bird; (euphemism) penis
	manuk-manuk-an	imitation bird, toy bird
Madurese	manoʔ	bird
Balinese	manuk	cock, fowl; bird
	kupu manuk	giant butterfly
Sangir	manuʔ	bird (generic)
	manuʔ u aluŋ	chicken (bird that lives under the house)
Buol	manuk	chicken
Totoli	manuk	chicken
Boano	manuk	chicken
Banggai	manuk	chicken
Tae'	manuk	chicken
Tolaki	manu	chicken
Kulisusu	manu	chicken
Buginese	manuk	chicken
Wolio	manuk	chicken
Muna	manuk	chicken
Palauan	malk	chicken; person who reaches sexual climax rapidly
CMP
Komodo	manuʔ	chicken, fowl
Manggarai	manuk	chicken, fowl
Ngadha	manu	chicken
Sika	manu	chicken
Lamaholot	manuk	chicken, poultry; bird
Adonara	manuk-uta	bird
Solorese	manuk	chicken
Kédang	manuʔ	chicken; bird
Dhao/Ndao	manu-bui	bird
Helong	manu	bird
Tetun	manu	bird, fowl (of any kind)
Tetun (Dili)	man	bird
Vaikenu	manu	bird
Galoli	manu	bird
Idate	manu	chicken
Erai	manu	bird; fowl
Talur	manu	bird
Tugun	manu	bird
Kisar	manu	chicken; bird
Roma	manu	bird
East Damar	manuk	bird
West Damar	munwo	bird
Fordata	manu-t	bird, and more particularly chicken
Kei	man ~ manu-t	bird, chicken
Kola	man	bird
Dobel	man	bird
Watubela	manuk	fowl
Teluti	manuo	fowl
Kamarian	manu	bird, chicken
	manu apa	wild duck
Paulohi	manu-e	bird
Gah	manok	bird
Alune	manue	bird
Wahai	malok	bird
Saparua	mano	bird
Laha	manu	chicken
	manu ei-ŋ	outrigger fastening (lit. ‘its chicken foot’)
	manu	chicken
Hitu	manu	bird
Asilulu	manu	chicken (Gallus spp.); bird (with qualifying term)
Larike	manua	chicken
Wakasihu	manu	bird
Batu Merah	mano	fowl
Morella	mano	bird
Kayeli	manue	bird
Soboyo	manuʔ	bird, chicken
Onin	mani	bird
Sekar	mani	bird
SHWNG
Kowiai/Koiwai	manuʔ	bird
Taba	manik	chicken
Gimán	manik	bird
Sawai	manɛ	chicken, bird
Buli	mani	bird
Mayá	ꞌmini¹²	bird
Biga	mini	bird
As	mani	bird
Minyaifuin	mani	bird
Irarutu	man	bird
Arguni	mani	bird
Dusner	man	bird
Moor	manu	bird
Ron	man	bird
Numfor	man	bird
	man	bird

6950

POC *manuk bird; any flying creature

OC
Kaniet	manu	bird
Tigak	manu-i	bird
Nalik	mani	bird
Sursurunga	man	bird
Tanga	man	generic term for all species of birds; totem species, either bird or animal
Bali (Uneapa)	manuku	bird
Vitu	manu	bird
Arop	man	bird
Biliau	man	bird
Amara	emek	bird
Lusi	manu	bird
Kove	manu	bird
Lakalai	la-malu	bird (general term); insect, butterfly (rare)
Kaulong	ɛ-mon	bird
Mengen	manu	bird
Tarpia	man	bird
Kis	man	bird
Ali	miəŋ	bird
Wogeo	man	bird
Manam	maŋ	bird; fowl
Mbula	man	bird (general term, also includes bats and other flying creatures with bones)
Labu	ma	bird
Patep	mεnak	bird
Wedau	manu	bird (not used singly)
	manu bada	fish-hawk (bada = ‘chief’)
Suau	manu	bird
Sinaugoro	manu	bird
Motu	manu	birds
Kilivila	mauna (< met.)	animal, bird, insect
Tawala	manuwa	bird
Dobuan	manua	bird
Molima	manu	bird; childhood disease thought to be caused by a bird in the body
	eda manu	bird taboo to our descent group
Saliba	manua	bird
Tubetube	man	bird (generic); clan (generic)
Sudest	ma	bird
Piva	manughu	bird
Luangiua	manu	bird
Lungga	manuγu	bird
Bugotu	manu	bird; a fishing kite
Nggela	manu	a flying creature, bird, insect; species of freshwater fish
	manu-mate	epilepsy, spasms (MORE?)
Kwaio	manu	bird (taboo, rare at Sinalagu)
Marau₂	manu	bird
Lau	manu	a bird, any creature that flies (bee, beetle, etc.)
Toqabaqita	manu	bird
Sa'a	mänu	bird, insect
Arosi	manu	a creature that flies, insect, bird, angel, etc., a winged creature
Gilbertese	man	animal, beast, insect, etc.
Pohnpeian	mahn	animal, insect
	men	numeral classifier used in counting animate beings
Mokilese	mahn	animal
	mahn-saŋ	bird (‘flying animal’)
	manu	kind of insect
Chuukese	maan	living creature of land or air (other than human)
Puluwat	maan	creature, being, animal, insect, bird, person
Woleaian	mal	animal, bird, animate object
	maliuga	chicken, hen, rooster
Haununu	manu	bird
Vano	menuka	bird
Motlav	ne-men	bird
Mota	manu	bird, flying creature, beetle, bat
Mosina	mʷon	bird
Merig	man	bird
Piamatsina	mʷanu	bird
Nokuku	man	bird
Malmariv	mano	bird
Araki	m̈anu	kind of black and white flying-fox
Marino	manu	bird
Apma	manu	bird
Atchin	ni-man	bird
Rano	ne-men	bird
Lingarak	ne-man	bird
Leviamp	manux	bird
Avava	a-man	bird
Axamb	nə-mæn	bird
Maxbaxo	nə mæn	bird
Pwele	manu	bird
Lelepa	manu	bird
Efate (South)	man	bird
Sie	menuk	bird
Tongan	manu	animal, esp. bird, but applied also to quadrupeds, reptiles, insects, etc., but not to fish, shell-fish, etc.
Niue	manu	animal, bird, living creature
Samoan	manu	bird (in names of various birds); animal, cattle; horse
Rarotongan	manu	general name for any living thing living on the earth or through the air; the term is frequently applied to human beings in a figurative sense
Maori	manu	bird; kite for flying
Hawaiian	manu	bird; any winged creature; wing of a kite; person (fig.); ornamental elliptical expansions at the upper ends of the bow and stern endpieces of a canoe
Note: Also Gitua manum ‘bird’.

6951

PMP *manu(k)-manuk bird

WMP
Ivatan	manu-manuk	bird
Ilokano	man-manók	birds (general term)
Agta (Central Cagayan)	ma-manuk	bird
Itawis	mam-mánuk	bird
Gaddang	ma-manok	bird
Sambal (Botolan)	manuk-manuk	bird
Bikol	manók-mánok	flying sparks or cinders
Palawan Batak	man-manók	bird
Cebuano	manúk-mánuk	wind coming in strong gusts; weather vane
Aborlan Tagbanwa	manu-manuk	bird
Mamanwa	manok-manok	bird
Manobo (Ata)	manok-manok	bird
Subanen/Subanun	manuk-manuk	bird
Mapun	manuk-manuk	any kind of bird; any flying insect
Yakan	manuk-manuk	bird (generic)
Tausug	manuk-manuk	bird; flying insect
Bisaya (Lotud)	manuk-manuk	bird
	manuk-manuk	bird
Simalur	manoʔ-manoʔ	bird
Karo Batak	manuk-manuk	bird (generic); the penis of children
Buol	manu-manuk	bird
Totoli	ma-manuk	bird
Boano	ma-manuk	bird
Banggai	manu-manuk	larger kinds of birds
Tae'	manuk-manuk	bird
Padoe	manu-manu	bird
Tolaki	manu-manu	bird
Moronene	ka-manu-manu	bird
Buginese	manuk-manuk	bird
Wolio	manu-manu	bird
Muna	manu-manu	bird
SHWNG
Buli	mani-mani	all sorts of birds
Waropen	mani	bird, chicken

6952

POC *manu-manuk insect

OC
Nauna	mon-mon	bird
Lou	mon-mon	bird
Penchal	mommon	bird
Aua	manu-manu vileviluga	bird
Tigak	man-manuk	animal
Vitu	manu-manu	people
Lakalai	la-malu-malu	ant; insect
Motu	manu-manu	beetles; insects
Pokau	manu-manu	bird
Dobuan	manu-manua	insect
Molima	manu-manuwa	insects
Bugotu	mau-manu	insect
Nggela	manu-manu	the handle of the seu cup, (coconut shell used for soup) projecting upright
Pileni	manu-manu	bird
Rotuman	mɔn-mɔnu	bird, insect, or animal, etc., including all land and air creatures but no sea creatures
Wayan	manu-manu	animal, creature, being; normally excludes humans; birds, insects, fish, etc. may be referred to generically as manumanu, or by manumanu + modifier indicating defining characteristics of the class
Fijian	manu-manu	a bird, sometimes also animal or insect, but these are so few that the actual name will generally be used
Rarotongan	manu-manu	all small insects
Maori	manu-manu	species of ray or skate
Note: Also Isneg anúʔ ‘the barnyard fowl or chicken’, an-anúʔ ‘a general name for birds’, Malay manok-manok ‘a tree: sp. unident.’, Karo Batak anuk-anuk ‘bird (generic)’, 'Āre'āre mānu ‘bird, insect, said of anything that flies’. This semantic history of this form is discussed in Blust (2002), where it is noted that PMP manuk clearly meant ‘chicken’, and the generic term for ‘bird’ was formed from it by reduplication as manuk-manuk, or possibly manu-manuk. In Proto-Oceanic, however, manuk had already shifted its sense from ‘chicken’ to ‘bird’, and the reduplicated form came to mean ‘insect, small flying creatures other than birds’. Whether the Basai and Trobiawan terms in Taiwan are native or loans from a Philippine source during the Spanish occupation of northern Taiwan from 1626 to 1642 remains an open question, although the fact that they mean ‘bird’, while nearly all unreduplicated forms in Philippine languages mean ‘chicken’ supports the view that they are native, and that manuk can thus be assigned to PAn, presumably in the meaning ‘chicken’ (next to qayam ‘bird’).

6953

PWMP *maR-manuk raise chickens

WMP
Ilokano	ag-man-manók	to raise chickens
Mapun	mag-manuk	make a living by raising chickens
Note: Given its modern implications this form probably is a product of independent development.

6954

PWMP *manuk-an place where chickens are kept

WMP
Tagalog	manúk-an	poultry yard
Masbatenyo	manúk-an	poultry house
Cebuano	manúk-an	poultry business; one who has lots of chickens
Maranao	manok-an	poultry
Binukid	manuk-an	to raise chickens
Javanese	manuk-an	place for birds

6955

PPh *manuk-en (gloss uncertain)

WMP
Ilokano	manuk-en	vote for, bet on, support
Casiguran Dumagat	manok-ən	omen, for a bird to fly through one’s house (a sign that raiders are coming to attack)
Ibaloy	menok-en	discern one’s course of action by the omen given by the gall bladder of a chicken butchered for the purpose
Tagalog	manuk-ín	sponsor someone in a game or undertaking
Bikol	manok-ón an matá	describing eyes that stare somewhat crosseyed
Aklanon	manók-manók-on	almondine (said of eye’s shape)
Waray-Waray	manok-ón	plenty or abundant supply of chickens
Cebuano	manuk-un	the cow-nosed ray, so-called because it moves like a bird in the water
Maranao	manok-en	crosseyed
Tausug	manuk-un	induce someone to fight with someone else, stir up, instigate
Note: An affixed form *manuk-en can be posited for Proto-Philippines, but it is unclear what this word meant. Reflexes in Ilokano, Tagalog and Tausug evidently derive from the sponsorship and betting that typically take place in cockfighting, but the antiquity of cockfighting in the Austronesian world remains uncertain (Blust 2002:96-98). Reflexes in Casiguran Dumagat and Ibaloy suggest what is perhaps an older meaning, namely the taking of omens from the flight of birds or examination of the entrails of chickens. The meaning ‘crosseyed’, which is shared by Bikol and Maranao is distinct from either of these, but is not sufficiently widely attested to attribute to Proto-Philippines.

33768

*manuka sea eagle

12545

POC *manuka sea eagle

OC
Lou	menua	sea eagle
Wuvulu	manua	eagle
Aua	manua	sea eagle
Yapese	manuw	eagle
Banoni	manuka	Sanford’s sea eagle: Haliaeetusanfordi
Mono-Alu	mānuʔa	eagle
	manua-lai	a sea bird
Puluwat	maanuwa	a legendary man-eating bird

Note: Also Cebuano manaul ‘white-breasted sea eagle’, Nali manway, Loniu menuay ‘sea eagle’. The name of this bird may be a widespread loan, as it irregularly preserves the final vowel in languages such as Lou and Puluwat.

30325

(Formosan only)

*maNaŋ sharp

7296

PAN *maNaŋ sharp

Formosan
Kavalan	manaŋ	sharp (point, blade)
Pazeh	ka-malaŋ	sharp (blade)
	k<in>a-mala-malaŋ	very sharp

Note: Also Kavalan maŋan ‘sharp (point, blade)’, presumably with metathesis.

30466

*maña inherit, inheritance

7660

PWMP *maña inherit, inheritance [disjunct: *mana₁]

WMP
Casiguran Dumagat	mána	heir, inheritance; to will, leave, give property to someone
Tagalog	mána	heritage, inheritance
Bikol	mag-mána	to inherit
	ipa-mána	to bequeath
	pa-mána	bequest, inheritance; heritage
	an m<in>ana	an heirloom
Hanunóo	pa-mána	inheritance
Bare'e	mana	inheritance, heritage
Chamorro	maña	custom, habit, tradition

Note: Also Malay manah ‘heirloom; survival from the past’, Tae', Buginese manaʔ ‘inheritance’. To explain Malay manah, Toba Batak por-mano-mano-an ‘remembrance gift; used for example of the goods that a girl receives after the death of her father (girls may not inherit)’, Dempwolff (1934-38) reconstructed *maneq ‘inheritance’. Mills (1975:779) proposes Proto-South Sulawesi *mana(ɣ?) ‘to inherit’ to explain forms which he suggests, however, may have been borrowed from Malay. The reconstruction now seems firmly attributable to PWMP, though not in the shape proposed by Dempwolff. I find the attempts by Adriani (1928), Capell (1938-1939), and van der Veen (1940) to link this term with the well-known Oceanic word mana ‘supernatural power’ unconvincing.

29981

*maŋa₁ prenominal marker of plurality

6668

PMP *maŋa₁ prenominal marker of plurality

WMP
Yami	maŋa	prenominal plural determiner
Itbayaten	maŋa-	pluralizing prefix
Ayta Abellan	maŋa-	plural adjective marker
Tagalog	máŋa	prenominal plural marker
Bikol	máŋa	prenominal plural marker
Hanunóo	maŋa	more than one (a pluralizing indicator)
Tausug	maŋa	optional particle used to indicate plurals (with some nouns refers to that one and his associations or companions)
Wolio	maŋa	plural marker
OC
Wedau	maga	many
Nakanamanga	maaŋa	plural marker for nouns

33769

*maŋa₂ bifurcation, forking or branching

12546

POC *maŋa₂ bifurcation, forking or branching [doublet: *saŋa]

OC
Arosi	maŋa	V shaped bend where a tributary meets the main stream; a groove, fork, as in a mainpost for the ridgepole
Gilbertese	maŋa	a branch, bough, ramification, limb (of tree), knot, fork (of growing trees)
Proto-Polynesian	*maŋa	branch
Tongan	maŋa	to fork, branch out, branch off, become divided into two or more branches
Niue	maŋa	forked, divided
Samoan	maŋa	(of a tree, road, etc.) to divide into two, fork
Nukuoro	maŋa	a branch
Rennellese	maŋa	branch; to branch
Rarotongan	maŋa	a division, a branch, cleavage, as the tributary of a river or stream; to branch, divide into branches
Maori	maŋa	branch of a tree; branch of a river, brook, rivulet
Hawaiian	mana	branch, limb, crotch

27105

*maŋali sea fish sp.

3575

PWMP *maŋali sea fish sp.

WMP
Samal	maŋali	golden trevally
Palauan	məŋái	surgeonfish

27107

*maŋaq slit, crevice

3577

PMP *maŋaq slit, crevice

WMP
Melanau (Mukah)	maŋaʔ	crevice
OC
Arosi	maŋa	an opening, mouth
Fijian	maŋa	vagina

Note: Dempwolff (1934-38) assigned Fijian maŋa to *baŋa ‘to open’.

33257

*maŋaRat a fish: snapper sp.

11777

PPh *maŋaRat a fish: snapper sp.

WMP
Yami	maŋalat	a fish, the porgy: Lethrinus sp.
Cebuano	maŋágat	a fish, the snapper, name given to most species of Lutianus

Note: PAn *R normally yields Yami y, but in the sequence *aRa it invariably became l: *daRaq > rala ‘blood’, *naRa > mapa-nala ‘to wait’, *paRa > pala ‘storage shelf above the hearth’, *taRaqan > talan ‘squirrelfish’.

Porgies are described as typically high-backed snapper- or grunt-like fishes (www.britannica.com).

34012

*maŋiŋi sour, spoiled (liquid)

12860

POC *maŋiŋi sour, spoiled (liquid)

OC
Seimat	waŋiŋi-an	sour
Wogeo	maŋín	sour (-n for -ŋ unexpl.)
Tami	maŋiŋ	sour, acetous
Gilbertese	maŋiŋ	drunkenness, intoxicating drink
Mokilese	maŋiŋ	gone sour (spoiled liquid)

Note: I am indebted to Steve Trussel for pointing out the likely connection of Gilbertese maŋiŋ to the other forms cited here.

27108

*maŋmaŋ stare, fix the eyes on

3578

PWMP *maŋmaŋ stare, fix the eyes on

WMP
Ifugaw	maŋmáŋ	look with attention at somebody; conceived of as different from aŋ-áŋ, which not necessarily implies an attentive looking
Malay	mamaŋ	a strong unnoticing stare; the eyes of a man fully awake

Note: Also Iban mamau ‘forgetful, silly, wandering in mind’, with possible semantic reversal (cf. Blust 1980b).

27109

*maŋsit vile smell

3579

PMP *maŋsit vile smell

WMP
Malay	maŋsit	smelling vilely
OC
Arosi	masi	smell of stale fish or urine

Note: Malay maŋsit was earlier assigned to *baŋsit ‘stench’ (Blust 1970:no.34).

31956

*maŋsit sour, rancid

10175

PMP *maŋsit sour, rancid

WMP
Malay	maŋsit	smelling vilely, of the smell of urine, of the padi-bug, etc.
OC
Nggela	mahi	body smell, man or pig or fish
	mahi-ga	musty, as clothes kept in a box
Arosi	masi	the smell of stale fish or urine; to smell stale or sour; to be ill from eating stale fish, or fish put in the sun
Tongan	mahi	sour (to the taste), or astringent

33196

*mapat heavy; weighty, important

11698

POC *mapat heavy; weighty, important

OC
Sori	mapa-ŋ	heavy
Nggela	mava	heavy; important; dignified
	mavat-i	be heavy on; to oppress, weigh down, as thoughts
Wailengi	mava	heavy
Lingarak	i-mav	heavy
Katbol	i-map	heavy
Avava	map	heavy
Axamb	a-mev	heavy
Mele-Fila	mafa	heavy
Samoan	ma-mafa	heavy; weighty, important
Anuta	ma-mapa	heavy

32898

*mapo to heal, as a wound

11359

POC *mapo to heal, as a wound

OC
Lou	mwap	to heal
Wuvulu	mafo	to heal, as a wound
Aua	mafo	to heal, dry up, as a wound
Mussau	mao	to heal, as a wound
Tolai	map	to heal, of a wound
Tubetube	mau	healing, as a sore
Cheke Holo	mafo	to heal, be cured, recover from pain, illness or injury
Bugotu	mavo	to heal up, be healed
Nggela	mavo	to heal, of a sore; healed, as a cut in a tree, broken shell of mollusk
Lau	mafo	to be healed
	mafo i kilu	incurable
Toqabaqita	mafo	of a sore: heal, be healed
'Āre'āre	maho	cured, healed (of wounds)
Arosi	maho	to heal, become sound
Proto-North-Central Vanuatu	*mavo	healed (of sore)
Mota	mawo	to heal, heal over, as a wound
Paamese	mah	(of sore) healed
Rotuman	maho	(of a sore) to heal up
Fijian	mavo	healed, of a sore
Futunan	mafo	to scar, heal over

Note: Also Kwaio nafo ‘healed, of a wound or sore’, Samoan mafu ‘(of a wound) heal, dry up’.

33789

*mapu₁ taro variety

12571

PMP *mapu₁ taro variety [doublet: *mwapo]

WMP
Muna	mafu	kind of yam
OC
Nauna	mah	taro
Loniu	mah	taro
Nali	mah	taro
Likum	moh	taro
Sori	mwap	taro
Lindrou	mwah	taro
Fijian	mavu	taro ready to be eaten, or already beaten up for puddings
Samoan	mafu	grated taro baked and cut into small cubes

Note: Also Lakalai la mavo ‘taro: Colocasis esculenta’.

33790

*mapu₂ unpleasant odor

12572

PMP *mapu₂ unpleasant odor

CMP
Soboyo	mapu	decayed, rotten
OC
Wuvulu	mapu	sweat
Mussau	mau	to stink
Manam	mapu	to smell bad
Tongan	mafu	stale (of food, etc.), fermented, sour
Kapingamarangi	mahu	slightly rotten

33393

*mapua tomorrow

12040

POC *mapua tomorrow

OC
Loniu	mahu	tomorrow
Tigak	(a)mau(a)	tomorrow
Kara (East)	mofu	tomorrow
Halia	mahu	tomorrow

Note: A longer version of this comparison was first proposed by Ross (2003:318), who attempted to link it further with data from Sulawesi languages and Balinese under the etymon *i-puan ‘day after tomorrow, day before yesterday’ proposed by Mead (2001), and hence ultimately to PAn *puSaN ‘twice’, *ma-puSaN ‘twenty’. However, the semantic deviance of these forms and the absence of any clear evidence that the Oceanic forms are synchronically or historically bimorphemic makes it unlikely that these similarities are due to any factor other than chance.

29914

(Formosan only)

*maqaw a plant: Litsea cubeba (Lour.)

6587

PAN *maqaw a plant: Litsea cubeba (Lour.)

Formosan
Saisiyat	maʔaw	a plant: Litsea cubea
Atayal (Mayrinax)	maqaw	a plant: Litsea cubea
Thao	maqaw	Litsea cubea (Lour.) Pers., fam. Lauraceae, a plant with long branching stems and pale yellow blossoms (Taiwanese ‘sand camphor’, ‘spicy camphor’)
Puyuma (Pinan)	maʔaw	an alder, Alnus formosana
Paiwan	maqaw	an alder, Alnus japonica

Note: Also Rukai (Mantauran) amaw (with metathesis of the first and second consonants), Amis paqaw ‘black alder’. This comparison was first noted by Li (1994).

33394

*marapu calm, still, windless

12041

POC *marapu calm, still, windless

OC
Petats	marah	calm
Fijian	maravu	calm, of the sea

Note: A somewhat longer version of this comparsion was first proposed by Ross (2003:136) who posited POc *[ma-[d]]rapu. The embedding of material at the beginning of this form reflects the fact that the forms he combined do not always agree. Although trisyllabic adjectives or stative verbs that begin with *ma are prime candidates for bases with the stative prefix *ma-, the Oceanic evidence does not clearly support a morpheme boundary in this form, and I therefore omit it here.

33423

*marau southeast trade winds

12127

POC *marau southeast trade winds

OC
Vitu	marau	north wind
Kove	marau	light wind from the sea
'Āre'āre	marāu	southeast trade winds
Sa'a	marāu	southeast trade winds
Arosi	marāu	southeast trade winds

Note: A somewhat longer version of this comparison was first proposed by Ross (2003a:134). The vowel length in Southeast Solomonic languages is unexplained.

31946

*maruŋgay the horseradish tree: Moringa oleifera

10163

PPh *maruŋgay the horseradish tree: Moringa oleifera

WMP
Itbayaten	maroŋgay	k.o. tree
Ibatan	maroŋgay	a kind of drumstick or horseradish tree with edible leaves, pods, and roots: Moringa oleifera
Tagalog	maluŋgáy	horseradish tree; a small tree, the leaves and seeds of which are used as a vegetable
Cebuano	maluŋgáy	a small, radidly growing, cultivated tree, with thrice pinnate leaves, the leaflets of which are one of the most popular eaten vegetables in the Visayas: Moringa oleifera

Note: Also Cebuano kalamuŋgáy ‘a tree: Moringa oleifera’.

33894

*maRai withered, faded

12720

POC *maRai withered, faded

OC
Motu	marai	to wither, be parched by the sun
Rotuman	mai	dried (of copra, etc.), withered, faded

33813

*masaŋa twins

12606

POC *masaŋa twins

OC
Aua	wataa	twins
Niue	mahaŋa	twins; (adj.) forked, of a road
Samoan	māsaŋa	twins

Note: The Aua form is assumed to reflect *mwasaŋa, showing a sporadic interchange of bilabial and labiovelar nasals that is well-attested in Oceanic languages (Blust 1981c). This word almost certainly is related to *saŋa ‘fork, bifurcation’, usually applied to rivers or roads, but in this case to a duplication in births.

33807

*masedru to hiccup

12600

POC *masedru to hiccup [doublet: *sedu]

OC
Puluwat	matéŕ	hiccup
Woleaian	mater(iu)	hiccup
Fijian	macedru	hiccup

33770

*masou cinnamon

12547

POC *masou cinnamon

OC
Baluan	mwasow	cinnamon
Lou	moso	cinnamon
Lindrou	morow	cinnamon
Fijian	macou	a plant, Cinnamomum pedatinervium, Lauraceae; the bark is grated as a perfume

Note: Based on a partially similar comparison Milke (1968:157) proposed POc *ma(s,z)og(i,u) ‘cinnamon tree’.

30513

*masu smoke

7742

PCMP *masu smoke

CMP
Rotinese	masu	smoke
Atoni	masu	smoke
Kemak	masu	smoke
Mambai	masu-n	smoke
Erai	ai mahu-n	smoke
Talur	ai-mahu	smoke
Kisar	mahu	smoke
Leti	mahu	smoke
Yamdena	masu	smoke
Onin	masi	smoke
Sekar	masi	smoke

Note: Possibly PMP *qasu plus a fossilized affix.

30729

*masuR satiated, full (of the stomach after eating); fertile, bring forth plentifully, abundance of food

8335

POC *masuR satiatiated, full (of the stomach after eating); fertile, bring forth plentifully, abundance of food [doublet: *besuR]

SHWNG
Wandamen	mosir	satiated
Munggui	mosir	satiated
OC
Wuvulu	maxu	satiated
Aua	auna/maru	satiated
Label	masur	satiated
Tolai	maur	to be satisfied, have had enough food; enough
	maur-a	wet, drenched, saturated
Halia	masul	be full from eating
Roviana	masuru	fertile, bring forth plentifully
Bugotu	mahu	to be replete with food, satisfied
Nggela	mahu	to satisfy with food or drink; replete, satisfied with food or drink
Ulawa	masu	to vomit, of sucking child
Arosi	masu	to have had enough, be full, replete, satisfied; with food
Proto-Micronesian	*masu	sated (with food or drink)
Gilbertese	mari	abundance of harvest, time of abundance
	ka-mari-mari	highly productive
Kosraean	mət	full, swelling, plenty, abundant
Marshallese	mat	full after eating; satisfied; satiated
Pohnpeian	med	to be full, after eating
Mokilese	mɔd	fat, full (after eating)
Chuukese	mét(u)	be satisfied, sated (with food or drink)
Puluwat	mat	to be full or satisfied after eating
Woleaian	mat(iu)	to be full after eating, satiated
Mota	masu	to fall; abundance of fruit falling; time of abundance
Tongan	mahu	(of land, soil) productive, producing good crops; (of place or people) to have plenty of food, to be well off for food; (of food) plentiful
Niue	mahu	to abound in food; abundance of food; plentiful

27102

*maS and

3572

PAN *maS and [doublet: *a₂, *may]

Formosan
Bunun	mas	and (Ferrell 1969)
CMP
Rotinese	ma	and
Atoni	ma	and
Wetan	ma	and, but, or
Selaru	ma	and
Yamdena	ma	and
SHWNG
Numfor	ma	and
Waropen	ma	and, so that
OC
Titan	ma	and, with
Likum	ma	and
Wuvulu	ma	and
Yapese	ma	conjunction: then, and, but
Tanga	ma	and, conjunction; sometimes expressed as ‘m’; always used as a substantival connective, never used between verbs
Patpatar	ma	and
Tolai	ma	and, but; with
Kaulong	ma	and
Sengseng	ma	and
Mbula	ma	and (simultaneity or close temporal sequence, often causal, links predications that are components of a single complex event, cosubordinate nexus)
Yabem	ma	and
Wampar	ma	and
Bunama	ma	and; with
Tawala	ma	conjunction: and, with, but, also
Bugotu	ma	conjunction: and; the vowel of ma shifts in agreement with the first vowel of the following word; viz. me, mi, mo, mu. The form mi is often preferred when the following vowel is other than i.
Nggela	ma	and, but; but the vowel changes, agreeing with that of the word following, me te, mu tu, etc.
Lengo	ma	and
Talise	ma	and
Kwaio	ma	and, but
Lau	ma	and
Toqabaqita	ma	coordinator: and (conjoins phrases, clauses and sentences); also used when there is contrast, unexpectedness between two states of affairs
Arosi	ma	and, but; the vowel changes
Proto-Micronesian	*ma	and, with
Nauruan	ma	and
Gilbertese	ma	conjunction: with, and, but
Kosraean	ma	associate --- and some others
Leviamp	m̈a	and
	m̋a	and; with
Southeast Ambrym	ma	then, next, in that case
Toak	e/ma	and
Makatea	ma/mare	and
Nêlêmwa	ma	coordination and inclusive-comitative: and, with, in the company of
Rotuman	ma	and
Tongan	mā	conjunction: and (only with numerals)
Niue	ma	conjunction: and (with numerals)
Futunan	mā	and; etc. (in counting)
Samoan	ma	and
Nukuoro	ma	and, and so, and thus, and then; with, including
Rennellese	ma	comitative preposition: with, and, for, in behalf of
Rarotongan	ma	conjunction: and: used to connect persons or numerals, and in many instances, place or thing
Maori	mā	conjunction: and; used to connect numerals, to connect points of the compass, to express dual relationship caused by marriage of persons belonging to different generations, as in the case of a father and son marrying sisters

Note: Given the restricted functions of this form in various attested language it is likely that PAn and some later proto-languages had more than one conjunction translatable as ‘and’.

32724

*mata-án kind of marine fish with large eyes

11157

PPh *mata-án kind of marine fish with large eyes

WMP
Yami	matan	a fish: the porgy (Tsuchida, Yamada, and Moriguchi 1987)
Ivatan	mata:n	a fish: the porgy
Ibatan	matan	kind of fish resembling the squirrel fish, but with larger eyes and mouth
Ilokano	mataán	club mackerel fish: Rastrelliger chrysozonas
Casiguran Dumagat	mataan	species of ocean fish (probably a mackerel of the genus Rastrelliger)
Cebuano	matʔán	kind of fish with huge eyes: Selar crumenophthalmos

Note: This is clearly a derivative of PAn *maCa ‘eye’, but so far the application to a type of marine fish is known nowhere outside the Philippines.

33795

*matan V sharp

12583

POC *matan V sharp

OC
Lindrou	madán	sharp
Bipi	matan	sharp
Baetora	ma-matan	sharp

33329

*matau axe (?)

11867

POC *matau axe (?)

OC
Loniu	motow	kind of knife or cutting tool
Patpatar	matau	axe?
Tolo	matau	stone axe
Fijian	matau	native adze made of stone
Samoan	matau	adze, axe
Anuta	matau	tatooing chisel

Note: A longer version of this comparison was first proposed by Osmond and Ross (1998:89).

27103

*matay money, payment, medium of commercial exchange

3573

PCEMP *matay₂ money, payment, medium of commercial exchange

CMP
Buruese	mata-n	money
OC
Tolai	mate	change, exchange, buy
Nggela	mate	the price of a thing
'Āre'āre	pata māe	very fine shell money, having great value, used to make necklaces and for buying pigs (pata = 'money')
Arosi	mae	payment for work done or land bought
Kosraean	misac	buy on credit
Hawaiian	make	price, barter, exchange

Note: Also Malagasy fáty antoka ‘a loss sustained in trade by a bargain or contract’, Balinese bati ‘profit, interest, gain (money); mati ‘produce profit’. In the dictionaries for several languages this item is listed as a subentry of the word meaning ‘dead; die’. It is conceivable that the association of money or payment with death derives from the notion that a payment ‘kills’ the obligation created by purchase (cf. note to *aCay ‘death’), but on present evidence the resemblance between these forms could as easily be attributed to chance.

30128

*-matek jungle leech, Haemadipsa spp.

6861

PAN *-matek jungle leech, Haemadipsa spp.

WMP
Bontok	mátək	leech
Kankanaey	mátek	leech
Ifugaw	mátok	leech, bloodsucker
Ibaloy	matek	land leech found in moist places
CMP
Manggarai	mantek	jungle leech, Haemadipsa spp.
Rembong	matok	leech
Ngadha	mate	leech
Li'o	maté	leech
Tetun	matak	leech
Erai	makak	blood-sucker, leech

6862

PAN *qaNi-matek jungle leech, Haemadipsa spp.

Formosan
Kanakanabu	ʔanimətək-a	creek leech
Proto-Rukai	*limatəkə	leech
Paiwan	lʸimatjek	mountain leech

6864

PMP *qala-matek jungle leech, Haemadipsa spp.

WMP
Ngaju Dayak	hala-mantek	small black leech that lives on trees
Sangir	lamatiʔ	leech
CMP
Laura	lamandeka	leech
Kambera	lamakatu ^<M	leech
	lamakatu karambua	buffalo leech, Hirudinea

6863

PWMP *kali-matek jungle leech, Haemadipsa spp.

WMP
Bintulu	kəmatək	leech
Karo Batak	kali-mantek	small jungle leech
Makassarese	kali-mataʔ	kind of leech that enters the nose and ears to drink

6865

PWMP *qali-matek jungle leech, Haemadipsa spp.

WMP
Ilokano	alimátek	leech (generic)
Bontok	mátək	leech
Tagalog	limátik	leech, blood-sucker
Bikol	limátok	land leech
	ma-limátok	get bitten by a land leech
Hanunóo	limátuk	common leech, bloodsucker, found in damp forests; a blood-sucking annelid worm of the class Hirudinea
Cebuano	(a)limátuk	leech
	ka-alimátuk	covered with leeches
Maranao	limatek	leech
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)	limatek	leech
Tiruray	limatek	leech
Yakan	limatek	thin black leech up to 20 cm. long, lives on ground (not in water)
Tboli	metek ^<A	leech
Tausug	alimatuk	leech-like creature that lives on mangrove trees
Kadazan Dusun	himatok	jungle leech
Kelabit	lematek	jungle leech
Malagasy	dimaty	small leech found in forest
Banjarese	halimatak	leech
Singhi Land Dayak	rimotuk	leech
Toba Batak	limatok	kind of small leech
Mongondow	olimantok	kind of leech with bluish back and yellow underside

6866

PWMP *sali-matek jungle leech, Haemadipsa spp.

WMP
Maranao	salimatek	leech
Melanau (Mukah)	sələmatək	large jungle leech

Note: Also Tae' lematik ‘land leech’, Rotinese kelumatuk ‘leech, in particular the small jungle leech’. This is an *qali/kali- word, and so the base form *matek occurs with a wide range of prefix variants in different languages. Whether all or many of these were used in a common proto-language or arose through convergent development remains an open question.

31003

*matu dry coconut

8922

PCEMP *matu dry coconut

SHWNG
Numfor	mgu	hard, as nuts harden when they are ripe
OC
Mailu	matu	hard, as a dry coconut
Sudest	matu	dry coconut
Lakona	matu	dry coconut
Wailengi	matu-i	dry coconut
Nasarian	na-mat	dry coconut
Southeast Ambrym	matu	ripe coconut
Visina	maru	dry coconut
Iarkei	ian matu	dry coconut

Note: Also Merlav, Lironesa mato, Futuna-Aniwa niu maro ‘dry coconut’. Mailu is non-Austronesian, but contains a number of apparently early Austronesian loan words, some of which have not yet been found in any Austronesian language of southeast New Guinea. For this reason I assume that Mailu matu is a loan from a Papuan Tip language that may no longer exist.

30170

*mawa a cleft, space between two rocks

6960

PEMP *mawa a cleft, space between two rocks

SHWNG
Buli	mawa	roomy, spacious, as a house
OC
Arosi	mawa	a cleft, a space between two rocks

Note: Possibly a chance resemblance; if not, this item may contain the root *-waŋ ‘wide open space’ (cf. PMP *awaŋ ‘space between earth and sky’, Ilokano rawaŋ ‘a hollow between reefs or rocks’, etc.).

30072

*maya tongue

6777

PCEMP *maya tongue

CMP
Sika	ma-ŋ	tongue
Rotinese	ma-k	tongue
Atoni	ma-f	tongue
Selaru	mā	tongue
Teluti	me-colo	tongue
Buruese	maa-n	tongue

6778

POC *maya tongue

OC
Arop	mia	tongue
Numbami	a-mala	tongue
Watut	ma-	tongue
Wampar	ma-n	tongue
Adzera	ma-n	tongue
Motu	mala	tongue
Pokau	mara	tongue
Dobuan	mea	tongue
Papapana	mea	tongue
Tinputz	mè.à-n	tongue
Piva	mea-	tongue
Torau	mea-la	tongue
Hoava	mea	tongue
Roviana	mea	tongue
Marau₂	mea-	tongue
Toqabaqita	mea	tongue
Bauro	mea	tongue
Nokuku	me-me-	tongue
Raga	mea	tongue
Maskelynes	na mea	tongue

Note: Possibly connected with POc *karamea ‘tongue’, but if so the morphology of the longer form remains obscure.

33337

*máya rice bird, small bird found in rice fields

11873

PPh *máya rice bird, small bird found in rice fields

WMP
Kapampangan	máya	a small bird, the rice bird
Tagalog	máya	generic for different species of sparrow
Aklanon	máya	rice bird (destructive of crops)
Agutaynen	maya	ricebird; sparrow; they are small, brown, or black, or sometimes reddish in with lighter stripes, and can be found in flocks in rice fields, where they eat the rice
Cebuano (dialectal)	máya	kind of small bird found in rice fields, the chestnut mannikin: Lonchura malacca
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)	maya	rice bird
Mansaka	maya	ricebird
Mapun	maya	rice bird
Yakan	maye	ricebird; chestnut mannikin: Lonchura malacca

Note: Possibly a loan distribution.

33338

*mayaŋ blossom of the areca or coconut palm

11874

PWMP *mayaŋ blossom of the areca or coconut palm

WMP
Mapun	mayaŋ	new flowers (from betel nut, coconut tree, or corn)
Ngaju Dayak	mañaŋ	blossoms of the coconut and areca palms; considered redolent, and much used in sacrificial ceremonies
Iban	mayaŋ	palm blossom
Malay	mayaŋ	palm blossom; properly the young spikelet of the blossom that the sheath or wrapper pushes out; this unfolding blossom is a symbol for curly hair
Karo Batak	mayaŋ	areca palm
	buŋa mayaŋ	blossom of the areca palm
Toba Batak	meaŋ	fruit cluster of palms and banana trees; curly, of hair
Sundanese	mayaŋ	blossom of the areca palm
Old Javanese	mayaŋ	blossom of the areca palm
	a-mayaŋ	in blossom
Javanese	mayaŋ	blossom of the areca palm
Sasak	mayaŋ	newly opened areca blossoms
Proto-South Sulawesi	*mayaŋ	blossom (spadix) of the coconut and other palm species
Mandar	mayaŋ	sugar palm
Buginese	majaŋ	blossom of the areca palm
Makassarese	mayaŋ	spadix of palm trees, out of which the flower cluster emerges

Note: Dempwolff also included Tagalog mayaŋ ‘spiny leaf’ (Stachelblatt), but I am unable to find this in modern dictionaries.

33771

*maymay premasticated food for infants

12548

PMP *maymay premasticated food for infants

WMP
Toba Batak	meme	chewed food
	mar-meme	to premasticate food for an infant

12549

POC *meme premasticated food for infants

OC
Mailu	meme	food chewed by mother and given to baby
Bwaidoga/Bwaidoka	meme	fibrous part of the betel nut that is ejected from the mouth
'Āre'āre	meme	to chew the betel nut mixture; to masticate food for babies
Sa'a	meme	ball of masticated food
Arosi	meme	to chew food; chewed food; to spit out chewed food
Marshallese	meme	to chew (as gum); to eat (child speech)
Pohnpeian	mehme	to eat, said only of infants; premasticated food for infants

TOP ma me mi mo mu mw

me(n)tik (X + me(n)tik)

metmet

31896

*-meCaq paddy leech

10103

PAN *-meCaq paddy leech

10104

PAN *qaNi-meCaq paddy leech

Formosan
Amis (Kiwit)	ɬa-ɬintaq	mountain leech
Kanakanabu	ni-məcaʔə	paddy leech

10105

PWMP *qali-metaq paddy leech

WMP
Ilokano	alintá	earthworm; leech
Isneg	alimtá	very large leech, striped yellow and black; when it clings to the feet it is removed and put into an amulet bottle as an amulet against sickness
Tagalog	lintáʔ	leech; a worm living in ponds or streams that sucks the blood of animals; a bloodsucker, a usurer
Hanunóo	lintáʔ	a carnivorous annelid worm, leech or bloodsucker, found usually in small pools or in bodies of still, fresh water
Palawano	limetaʔ	water leech
Cebuano	lintáʔ	leech
Malagasy	dínta	a leech
Singhi Land Dayak	rimotah	leech
Jarai	rətah	leech
Malay	(ha)lintah	leech, generic for slow leeches in contrast to springing leeches; fig. a bloodsucker, blackmailer, or usurer
Karo Batak	lintah	the large water leech
Toba Batak	linta	large leech that lives in the water
Nias	lita	leech
Mongondow	lintaʔ	leech
Bare'e	alinta	jungle leech that moves like an inchworm
Makassarese	alinta	leech

Note: For the morphology of this word cf. entries for *kali- and *qali-.

33211

*-medaw dizzy, giddy

11715

PAN *-medaw dizzy, giddy

Formosan
Paiwan	(quLi)-mezaw	dizziness, “seeing stars”
WMP
Ilokano	ali-ndaw	dizzy, giddy, vertiginous, affected with vertigo

Note: Also Ilokano tali-múdaw ‘dizzy, giddy, vertiginous’. This form evidently occured with the *qalikali- prefix, attached to referents associated with the spirit world (Blust 2001). However, since the shape of this prefix fails to agree between the cognate bases in Paiwan and Ilokano, a fuller reconstruction is impossible.

27111

*medem dark, obscure

3581

PWMP *medem dark, obscure

WMP
Penan (Long Labid)	merem	night; dark
Old Javanese	meḍem	extinguished, lustreless

Note: With root *-dem₁ ‘dark, overcast’. Old Javanese meḍem appears under *edem₁.

27112

*mekmek broken to bits

3582

PMP *mekmek broken to bits

WMP
Itbayaten	mekmek-en	blow or pound into small pieces
Kankanaey	mekmék	in pieces, fine; chopped
Casiguran Dumagat	mekmek	break into small particles, crush into powder (as an aspirin tablet so a child can swallow it)
SHWNG
Numfor	mom	leftovers from a meal
OC
Motu	momo	rubbish, the placenta
Sa'a	momo	sweepings, rubbish
Arosi	momo	a bit of food fallen
Fijian	momo	break into small pieces
Tongan	momo	a little bit, crumb, fragment
Samoan	momo	broken remnants

Note: Also Ilokano mokmók ‘remnants (of food or feed)’.

33941

*meme tongue

12778

POC *meme tongue

OC
Wogeo	meme-	tongue
Manam	meme-	tongue
Cape Cumberland	meme-	tongue
Fortsenal	meme-	tongue

30117

*meñak fat, grease; ointment

6846

PMP *meñak fat, grease; ointment [doublet: *miñak]

WMP
Melanau Dalat (Kampung Kekan)	meñiʔ	fatty, oily
Bukat	mañak	fat, grease
Ngaju Dayak	meñak	be fat (people, animals, food)
Malagasy	menaka	fat melted down
	mena-draharaha	an ointment extracted from the fruit of a certain tree and used as a remedy for scabies
SHWNG
Buli	mna	tasty, delicious, sweet; fat of animals
Mayá	maꞌna³	grease

6847

POC *moñak₂ fat; sweet, tasty

OC
Lakalai	mola(mola)	sweet
Mengen	mon-mona	animal fat
Sobei	mano ^<M	fat, grease
Wogeo	moña	sweet, tasty, fragrant
Suau	mo-mona	fat, grease
Bunama	mona	pudding boiled in clay pot
	ma-mona-na	fat
Sinaugoro	mona	fat, grease
Pileni	mna-mona	fat, grease
Tongan	mo-mona	fat; only of shellfish and crustaceans
Samoan	mo-mona	(of shell-fish) be meaty
Tuvaluan	mo-mona	fat, and hence good to eat (of birds, fish, crabs, etc.
Rennellese	(mo-)mona	to be fat, as fish or animals; greasy
Anuta	mo-mona	fat, grease; greasy
Tuamotuan	mo-mona	savory, sweet-tasting
Maori	moo-mona	fat, rich, fertile; appetizing, in good condition; fat, of food; having desire or appetite
Marquesan	mo-mona	fat part of fish
Hawaiian	mo-mona	fat; fertile, rich, as soil; fruitful; sweet

6848

POC *moña-moñak fat, grease; sweet taste

OC
Lakalai	la-mola-mola	the fat of an animal
Tawala	mona-mona	fat, grease
Rapanui	mona-mona	sweet (food)

Note: Also Long San Kenyah, Long Lamai Penan, Murik, Sarikei Melanau ñak, Long Jegan Berawan ñik, Dalat Melanau ñiʔ, Mukah Melanau ñeəʔ ‘fat, oil’, Long Anap Kenyah, Ngaju Dayak eñak ‘fat, grease’, Bugotu muña ‘sweet’.

Vowel-initial forms in Borneo may be products of back-formation from meñak, which was misinterpreted as containing the stative prefix ma- (> m- before vowel-initial bases). Alternatively, it is possible, as suggested by Mills (1975:782) with regard to *miñak, that the base was originally vowel-initial, and that m- is a fossilized stative prefix. The strong cultural association of animal fat with tastiness is evident in a number of the glosses given here.

27113

*mepis thin

3583

PMP *mepis thin

WMP
Salako	mepis	thin
CMP
Kambera	màpihu	thin, fine

Note: With root *-pis ‘thin, tenuous, fine’.

27114

*mesmes grasp, grip, squeeze

3584

PAN *mesmes grasp, grip, squeeze [doublet: *pespes₁]

Formosan
Amis	mecmec	to massage
Puyuma	məsməs	to palpate, as the breasts
WMP
Ilokano	mesmés	grasp firmly, grip
Kankanaey	mesmés	press, squeeze (as clothes, cotton)
Bintulu	məməs	squeeze

12591

POC *momos to squeeze

OC
Sa'a	momo	squeeze, press on each side
Arosi	momo	clasp in hand and squeeze

27115

*me(n)tik (X + me(n)tik) ant sp. with venomous bite

3585

PMP *me(n)tik ant sp. with venomous bite

WMP
Remontado	hantík	big red ant
Bikol	ha-ntík	large black ant which may sting when disturbed
Hanunóo	ʔa-mtík	red stinging ant
Maranao	la-metik	large red ant
Mongondow	lolo-monsik	black ant with very venomous bite
Kaidipang	lu-montiko	ant sp.
Banggai	ku-mosik	large black forest ant
Bare'e	la-moti	red tree ant with venomous bite
Mori	li-monti	ant sp.
Proto-South Sulawesi	*li-ntik	ant
CMP
Manggarai	mentik	slender-bodied black ant with venomous bite

Note: Also Wolio kolo-munti ‘kind of big ant whose bite can be painful’.

33901

*metmet to hold tightly

12729

PAN *metmet to hold tightly [doublet: *mesmes]

Formosan
Amis	metmet	to hold in one’s hand; to grasp the hand of someone; handshake
WMP
Ilokano	na-metmét	avaricious, greedy
	metmet-án	to hold tightly to

TOP ma me mi mo mu mw

32506

*mi- prefix marking possession of some object

10846

PAN *mi- prefix marking possession of some object

Formosan
Trobiawan	mi-	prefix marking possession of some object (kutu ‘lice’ : mi-kutu ‘to have lice’, vtiqulr ‘stick’ : mi-tikulr ‘have a stick’, vavaŋ ‘land’ : mi-vavaŋ ‘to have land’)
Puyuma	mi-	prefix marking possession of some object (lemak ‘job’ : mi-lemak ‘have a job’, paysu ‘money’ : mi-paysu ‘have money’, walak ‘child’ : mi-walak ‘have a child’)

Note: This comparison was brought to my attention by Victoria Yen-hsin Chen (p.c., 1/30/17). Although the agreement is perfect in every respect, given its brevity it may be a product of convergence.

33321

*mikmik morsel, bit, as of food

11859

PPh *mikmik morsel, bit, as of food [disjunct: *mekmek]

WMP
Pangasinan	mikmík	crumb, morsel
Tagalog	mikmík	finely powdered; very small, tiny

33306

*mimi to urinate; urine

11843

PMP *mimi to urinate; urine

WMP
Ibaloy	mimi	urine
	i-mimi	to urinate something (as blood)
	man-mimi	to urinate
	mimi-an	to urinate on something
OC
Seimat	mimi-	urine
	mimi-mim	to urinate
Wuvulu	mimi	to urinate
Aua	mimi	to urinate
Kaniet	mimi	to urinate (Dempwolff)
Nggela	mimi	urine; to urinate
	mimih-i	to urinate on; bladder
Kwaio	mimi	urine; to urinate
	mimis-ia	to urinate on
Lau	mimi	to spurt, of blood and liquids; to urinate; pig’s bladder
Fijian	mimi	to run in a small stream; of a boat, to leak
	mimi-ca	to urinate on (of the place affected)
	vaka-mimi	to make water run in a small stream
Tongan	mimi	to urinate, pass water
Niue	mimi	urine; to urinate
Kapingamarangi	mimi	to urinate; urine
	mimi hala	to urinate in wrong places
Nukuoro	mimi	to urinate
Rennellese	mimi	to urinate, piss
	haa-mimi	to take to urinate, as a child
Anuta	mimi	urine; to urinate
Rarotongan	mimi	urine; to urinate
Maori	mimi	make water (urinate); urine
Hawaiian	mimi	urine; to urinate
	hoʔo-mimi	to cause urination; to help to urinate, as a child

Note: Also Wayan mīmī ‘to urinate, run or flow out in a stream’, Fijian mi ‘urine’, Samoan mīmī ‘to urinate’. Although a POc reconstruction is well-supported, Dempwolff also included Tagalog halu-migmíg ‘moisture; a slight wetness; humidity’, and Toba Batak mimir ‘gush out; trickle out’, aek mimir ‘small spring, water oozing up from the ground’ under a proposed ‘Uraustronesisch’ *miRmiR ‘to spray’. However, until a clearer connection can be established between these and the Oceanic forms it appears best to exclude them from the present comparison. Although it is a perfect comparison, in the absence of further non-Oceanic evidence it is possible that the resemblance of Ibaloy mimi to POc *mimi is due to convergence, as child-language forms for ‘urinate’ often are disyllables with identical syllables containing a high front vowel.

33307

*mimis₁ new shoots of cogon grass Imperata cylindrica

11844

PMP *mimis₁ new shoots of cogon grass (Imperata cylindrica)

WMP
Ilokano	mímis	young shoot of cogon grass
Bontok	mímis	the new growth of cogon grass
Kankanaey	mímis	young leaf of cogon grass
Maranao	mímis	shoof of plants, especially cogon grass
Binukid	mímis	shoots (of cogon grass coming out of the ground that are very sharp)
CMP
Manggarai	mímis	shoot, sprouts of Imperata cylindrica
Rembong	mímis	shoot, sprouts of Imperata cylindrica
Ngadha	mimi	plant sprout
	mimi kéri	sprouts of Imperata cylindrica

Note: Also Buruese mimit ‘sword grass; Imperata cylindrica’.

33308

*mímis₂ type of rice

11845

PPh *mímis₂ type of rice

WMP
Kankanaey	mímis	a variety of light-colored palay without awns
Cebuano	mímis	a variety of first-class rice having white, smooth, shiny, slender, and long grains; any first-class white rice
Maranao	mimis	type of rice

27116

*minaŋa mouth of a river, estuary

3586

PMP *minaŋa mouth of a river, estuary [doublet: *naŋa₁, *binaŋa]

WMP
Hanunóo	mináŋa	union of two near-by bodies, as of rivers; hence, fork of a river, fork or crotch of a tree limb
Maranao	minaŋa	outlet, mouth of river or stream
Tiruray	minaŋa	mouth of a river
Bintulu	mənaŋa	downriver; mouth of a river
Sasak	menaŋa	mouth of a river; small bay
Mongondow	minaŋa	mouth of a river; river
Tae'	minaŋa	mouth of a river
Buginese	minaŋa	mouth of a river, estuary
CMP
Hawu	menaŋa	mouth of a river

33360

*minsan at one time

11964

PPh *minsan at one time [doublet: *pinsan 'first cousin']

WMP
Ilokano	ma-minsán	once
	i-pa-minsán	to do all at once
	sag-pa-minsán	occasionally, once in awhile
Pangasinan	mínsan	once only
Tagalog	mínsan	once; on a single occasion; one time; sometimes, at times
Hanunóo	mínsan	once, at one time
Maranao	minsan	kinship --- first degree
Tausug	minsan	(to do something) at one sitting
	maka-minsan	one time, one time only

Note: Possibly connected with *isa ‘one’, although if so the morphology of this form remains unclear.

30118

*miñak fat, grease; ointment

6849

PMP *miñak fat, grease; ointment [doublet: *meñak]

WMP
Iban	miñak	oil (in food, on hair)
Malay	miñak	oil, grease, ointment
Sundanese	miñak	oil, fat
	miñak-an	appear oily; fatty
Old Javanese	miñak	butter, especially the butter which is cast as an oblation on the sacrificial fire
Javanese	miñak	oil; perfume
Sasak	miñak	oil; coconut oil; oily
Totoli	minak	oil
Banggai	mo-minak	fat (of dead matter)
Tae'	minnak	fat, oil, as coconut oil
Mandar	minnaʔ	oil (for a lamp)
Buginese	miññaʔ	oil
Makassarese	miññaʔ	oil; deliciously fatty, delicious, of feeling and taste
Wolio	mina	oil (coconut, kerosene, etc.)
Muna	mina	oil
	mina-mina	herbs, oils, perfumery
	mina-no ghai	coconut oil
CMP
Bimanese	mina	petroleum, coconut oil
Manggarai	minak	tasty, delicious
Rembong	minak	coconut oil; tasty, delicious
Ngadha	mina	oil, fat; coconut oil
Kambera	miñaku	soft, pleasant; tasty, delicious
Hawu	meñi	fatty, greasy
	ei meñi	oil
Rotinese	mina	oil, melted fat; coconut oil; fat, especially of animals (as a pig)
	ma-mina	fatty, greasy; tasty, delicious
Leti	mina	fat, as from a pig; sweet, tasty
Selaru	min	fat, thick
Yamdena	minak	fat, grease
Fordata	mina-n	fat, greasy
	man-minak	sweet, tasty
Kei	mina-n	fat, lard; marrow
Kamarian	mina	fat; mons veneris
Paulohi	mina	fat
Asilulu	mina	oily and delicious; to exude delicious oils (as a broiling fish)
	ma-mina	greasy and delicious
OC
Uruava	minaka	fat, grease

Note: Also Mongondow miña ‘oil’, miña bondu ‘perfume’, Mandar miñña-miññaʔ ‘scented oil’, Manggarai mina ‘oil (fuel), coconut oil’, Rembong mina ‘oil (fuel, coconut)’, Kambera mina ‘fat, grease, oil’, Tetun mina ‘oil, fat, grease; petroleum’, Wetan miina ~ mīna ‘fat, sweet, insipid, not pungent’. Some reflexes of *miñak probably are Malay loans, but the decision whether to consider a particular form native or borrowed is often difficult. Van der Veen (1940) describes Tae' minnak as “an um-form of *innak”, but provides no clear support for this statement.

30969

*mipis thin, of materials

8863

PMP *mipis thin, of materials

WMP
Murung	mipih	thin, of materials
Siang	mipih	thin, of materials
Dohoi	mihpih	thin, of materials
CMP
Manggarai	mipis	thin (of cloth, planks, slicing)
	mimpis	thin (of cloth, fruit peelings, etc.)
Kédang	mipi	thin
Tetun	mihis	thin, slender (slices, etc.)

Note: With root *-pis₂ ‘thin, of materials’.

27117

*miqmiq urine, urinate

3587

PMP *miqmiq urine, urinate [doublet: *miRmiR]

WMP
Keley-i	mimiʔ	urine
Ibaloy	mimi	urine
Chamorro	méʔméʔ	urinate, urine

10456

POC *mimiq urine; urinate

OC
Nauna	mim	urinate
Lou	mimi-a	urine
Lenkau	mimi	urinate
	mimi-a	urine
Pak	mi-mim	urinate
	mimi-e	urine
Loniu	mi-mim	urine
Sori	mi-mim	urine, urinate
Lindrou	mim	urinate
Bipi	mimi-n	his/her urine; to urinate
Seimat	mimi	urine
	mimi-mim	urinate
Wuvulu	mimi	urine; urinate
Tigak	mimik	urinate
Mendak	mim	urinate
	m<in>im	urine
Roviana	mimi	urinate
Eddystone/Mandegusu	mimi	urine
Bugotu	mimi	urine, urinate
Tongan	mimi	urinate, pass water
Hawaiian	mimi	urine, urinate

Note: Also Malay keméh ‘pass urine’, Mussau meme ‘urine; urinate’, Fijian mi ‘run in a small stream’, vaka-mimi ‘urinate’. Roviana and Eddystone/Mandegusu mimi cannot reflect POc *mimi(R) (Grace 1969), as final *R normally appears as r in both languages.

29982

*misi make a sucking sound, smack the lips

6669

POC *misi make a sucking sound, smack the lips [doublet: *miti]

OC
Kwaio	misi	smack the lips in sucking
Lau	misi	smack the lips; call a dog with sucking sound
Proto-Micronesian	*misi	smack one’s lips
Pohnpeian	mihk	suck; absorb
Mokilese	mihk	suck
Chuukese	miti-	smack with lips or mouth (in compounds only)
Nukuoro	misi	a sound made by sucking through pursed lips (like a stage kiss)
Rennellese	misi	to sip

6670

POC *misi-misi make a sucking sound, smack the lips [doublet: *miti-miti]

OC
Nggela	misi-misi	make sucking sound with teeth
Toqabaqita	misi-misi	suck one’s teeth (e.g. to dislodge particles of food); smack one’s lips when eating
Chuukese	miti-mit	make smacking noises with lips or mouth (as in eating or kissing); smack
Nukuoro	misi-misi	a sound made by sucking through pursed lips (like a stage kiss)

Note: Also Gedaged musi ‘suck, suckle, kiss, touch with the lips, sip, nibble’, Kwaio midi foka ‘spread the lips in a grimace while making a smacking sound; smack lips in sucking, suck’, midi-a ‘gnaw, nibble at, suck at’. The Polynesian reflexes of this form are contradictory, as some languages reflect PPn *s, while others reflect *t (perhaps as the nasal grade reflex of POc *s). The core of this comparison was first noted by Geraghty (1983:138).

27118

*misik sucking noise made as a signal to another person

3588

PMP *misik sucking noise made as a signal to another person

WMP
Palauan	misk	sound of sucking teeth or clicking lips (to show disapproval)
OC
Suau	matausi	to fear, be afraid
Lau	misi	smack the lips; call a dog with sucking sound
Pohnpeian	metik, mitik	to kiss
Samoan	misimisi	smack the lips
	miti	kind of sucking noise made to draw someone's attention quietly

Note: Also Gedaged musi ‘suck, suckle, kiss, touch with the lips, sip, nibble’. Palauan misk (expected **mitk) is assumed to have resisted a sound change in order to preserve the iconic force of -s-, a type of resistance comparable to, but distinct from "onomatopoetic retention" (Blust 1979:235). Samoan miti (expected **misi) exhibits the "third palatal reflex" (Blust 1976b).

27119

*mismis₁ dried mucus on the eyelid

3589

PWMP *mismis₁ dried mucus on the eyelid

WMP
Casiguran Dumagat	mésmés	wipe sleep from the eyes with the finger
Cebuano	mismis	particles of yellowish substance sticking to the face after sleep; hardened mucus from the eyes or mouth
Toba Batak	hali-mismis-on	have a sty on the eye
Angkola-Mandailing Batak	hali-mismis	have a sty on the eye

33309

*mismis₂ to suck up, suck out

11846

PMP *mismis₂ to suck up, suck out

WMP
Pendau	mimis-i	to taste
Lauje	mo-mimis	to suck (not nurse)
Bare'e	mo-mimi	to spew the juice extracted from chewed food into the mouth, as mothers do for infants if they do not have enough breast milk
Makassarese	am-miʔmisiʔ	to suck or slurp out, as marrow from a bone
CMP
Tetun	hak-mimis	to suck up, to imbibe

29983

*miti make a sucking sound, smack the lips

6671

POC *miti make a sucking sound, smack the lips [doublet: *misi]

OC
Tolai	mitmit	make a sucking noise with the mouth to indicate a longing for food
Tongan	misi	suck
	mi-misi	suck up, suck in, absorb, or exert suction
Niue	miti ~ misi	suck; absorb
Samoan	miti	sip, whiff; kind of sucking noise made to draw one’s attention quietly
Tuvaluan	miti	sip
Anuta	miti	to suck
Rarotongan	miti	a sharp sound, as the sound of a kiss
Hawaiian	miki	to suck in

6672

POC *miti-miti make a sucking sound, smack the lips [doublet: *misi-misi]

OC
Tolai	mitmit	make a sucking noise with the mouth to indicate a longing for food
Samoan	miti-miti	sip; suck; smack one’s lips
Anuta	miti-miti	hard candy or other object to be sucked
Rarotongan	miti-miti	denotes the hissing sound made with the lips in making amorous overtures to a woman
Hawaiian	miki-miki	to suck in

TOP ma me mi mo mu mw

30171

*molaŋ true, real, genuine

6961

PEMP *molaŋ true, real, genuine

SHWNG
Buli	molaŋ	correct, real, genuine, true
OC
Arosi	mora	original, true, real; customary

32002

*mona canoe type

10226

POC *mona canoe type

OC
Penchal	mon	log canoe without outrigger, used near shore
Ere	mon	dugout canoe without outrigger
Leipon	mon	small canoe without outrigger
Seimat	mon	dugout without outrigger, for small boys
Kove	mono ^<A	canoe for one person
Halia	mona	canoe

29984

*monaki cuttlefish

6673

POC *monaki cuttlefish

OC
Bwaidoga/Bwaidoka	monaki	cuttlefish
Sa'a	monaki	cuttlefish
Arosi	monagi	cuttlefish
Bauro	monaki	cuttlefish

Note: Also Motu managi ‘large octopus with shell’.

30540

*mo(nñ)o knead, squeeze

7824

POC *mo(nñ)o knead, squeeze

OC
Roviana	mono	squeeze
Fijian	mono	turn taro pulp over and make it into a neat lump in preparation for pudding

30119

*mono stay, dwell in a place

6850

POC *mono stay, dwell in a place

OC
Tolai	mono	stay in a house and keep guard; remain and take care of the home, a boat, etc.
Bugotu	mono	abide, dwell, stay
Arosi	mono	live, dwell, reside
Bauro	mono	stay in another village

30094

*moñak pounded taro with coconut cream

6813

POC *moñak₁ pounded taro with coconut cream

OC
Mussau	mona	pounded taro with coconut milk
Gitua	mona	sago
Kilivila	mona	pudding made of yams and taro
Nggela	mona	coconut cream, i.e. shredded coconut and salt water squeezed over food; tender, of food, greasy
Sa'a	mona tele	a dish made from taro

Note: Probably identical to POc *moñak ‘fat, grease; tasty, greasy’. However, this comparison shows that *moñak referred not just to the general sense of tastiness, but more specifically to a particular dish that apparently was made from pounded taro with coconut cream.

29937

*moñan brain

6617

POC *moñan brain

OC
Roviana	monana-na	the brain; marrow of bone
Wayan	moya	the brain; brains as a body part (takes preposed possessive marking, in contrast to brains as food)
Fijian	mona	brain

Note: Dempwolff (1934-38) related Fijian mona to *meñak ‘fat, grease’, but the last consonant of the Roviana base fails to support this derivation.

33395

*motus broken off; islet; detached reef

12042

POC *motus broken off; islet; detached reef

OC
Manam	motu	island
Numbami	motu	reef
Motu	motu-motu	island; detached portion of reef
Takuu	motu	(of a cord) severed, cut short, cut off;
Sa'a	mou	be broken off
	hau mou	an isolated rock
	malau mou	an islet
Pileni	motu	island
Mota	vanua mwot	island (lit. ‘land broken off’)
Lenakel	tən-murh	island (tən = ‘earth, land’)
Rotuman	mofu	rock in the sea
Fijian	(ya)-motu	small detached reef
Tongan	motu	island; break, become separated
Niue	motu	island
Samoan	motu	island; severed
Rennellese	motu	to break, sever
	motu hatu	reef rock island (hatu = ‘stone’)
Maori	motu	island
Hawaiian	moku	island; to be cut, severed

Note: This comparison was first proposed by Ross, Clark and Osmond (1998:246-247), and Osmond, Pawley and Ross (2003:42-43). The first of these publications suggests that it may reflect a POc form *ma-utus, derived from PMP *utus ‘break under tension, as a rope’ by prefixation with *ma-. However, there is little evidence for a prefix *ma- in this form in any language, and until further support for the bimorphemic analysis is provided it appears best to posit a single morpheme *motus.

33340

*-mu 2sg. possessor and agent of passive verb

11876

PMP *-mu 2sg. possessor and agent of passive verb

WMP
Itbayaten	-mo	2sg. possessor, your
Ilokano	-mo	2sg. possessor, your
Casiguran Dumagat	-mo	2sg. possessor, your
Tagalog	-mo	2sg. possessor, your
Kelabit	-muh	2sg. agent and possessor, you, your
Malay	-mu	2sg. possessor, your
Toba Batak	-mu	2sg. possessor, your
Old Javanese	-mu	2sg. possessor, your
Mongondow	-mu	2sg. possessor; agent of passive verb
Bare'e	-mu	2sg. possessor, your
Muna	-mu	2sg. possessor; your (also used on passive participles)
Chamorro	-mu	2sg. possessor, your, yours
CMP
Komodo	-mu	2sg. possessor, your
Kambera	mu-	2sg. subject pronoun
	-mu	2sg. possessor, your
Leti	mu-	2sg. subject pronoun
	-mu	2sg. possessor, your
Asilulu	mu-	2sg. genitive pronoun for alienable possession, your
	-mu	2sg. genitive pronoun for inalienable possession, your
OC
Loniu	-m	2sg. possessor, your
Seimat	-m	2sg. possessor, your
Wuvulu	-m	2sg. possessor, your
Mussau	-m	2sg. possessor, your
Tigak	-m	2sg. possessor, your
Tanga	-m	2sg. possessor, your
	-mu	2dl. possessor, the two of your’s
Lusi	-mu	2sg. possessor, your
Lakalai	-mu	of you, 2sg. possessor, your
Motu	-mu	2sg. object suffix
Kilivila	m	your (distant degree of possession)
	-m(-)	your (intimate degree of possession)
Eddystone/Mandegusu	-mu	2sg. possessor, your
Bugotu	-mu	2sg. possessor, your
Arosi	-mu	2sg. possessor, your
Proto-Micronesian	*-mʷu	2sg. possessor, your
Gilbertese	-mʷ	2sg. possessor, your
Kosraean	-m	2sg. possessor, your
Chuukese	-mʷ	2sg. possessor, your
Wayan	-mu	2sg. possessor, your
Fijian	-mu	2sg. possessor, your

30932

*mu- movement prefix

8789

PAN *mu- movement prefix

Formosan
Thao	mu-	movement prefix (taipak ‘Taipei’, mu-taipak ‘go to Taipei’, pruq ‘earth; down’, mu-pruq ‘descend, go down’, sazum ‘water’, mu-sazum ‘enter the water’, taun ‘house’, mu-taun ‘enter a house, go home’)
Bunun	mu-	movement prefix; lumaq ‘house’, mu-lumaq ‘go home’
Rukai	mu-	movement prefix; latadre ‘outside’, mu-latadre ‘to go outside’, gaku ‘school’, mu-gaku ‘go to school’
Puyuma	mu-	movement prefix (darəʔ ‘earth, soil’, mu-darəʔ ‘go down, descend’, ənay ‘water’, mu-ənay ‘go to the water’, rumaʔ ‘house’, mu-rumaʔ ‘go home
WMP
Cebuano	mu-	punctual active verbal prefix, future
	mu-grahi	go to/toward the garage (grahi = garage)
	mu-lawud	go to/toward the sea (lawud = sea)

Note: Cebuano mu- has several other functions that are not transparently related to *mu- ‘movement prefix’ in Formosan languages, but its function in constructions such as mu-grahi or mu-lawud is so close to functions typical of mu- in Formosan languages that it must be mentioned. However, to date a similar affix has not been found anywhere else outside Taiwan.

27168

*mu(n)cuŋ mouth (of an animal)

3638

PWMP *mu(n)cuŋ mouth (of an animal)

WMP
Isneg	motoŋ	mouth
Tboli	sumuŋ ^<M	lips
Bulungan	muncuŋ	beak
Kayan	musuŋ	tie up the mouth of a bag; muzzle an animal
Iban	muncoŋ	protruding, sticking out, esp. of jaw or lips
Malay	moncoŋ	snout
Toba Batak	munsuŋ	beak, snout
Wolio	muncu	(outside of the) mouth, beak, snout

Note: Also Kayan usuŋ ‘beak of a bird’, Mongondow muntoŋ ‘snot, nasal mucus’.

30465

*muda young (of fruits); immature; light (of colors)

7657

PMP *muda young (of fruits); immature; light (of colors) [doublet: *ŋuda]

WMP
Casiguran Dumagat	m-úra	young coconut; unripe, of any fruit (in neighboring dialects)
Ngaju Dayak	muda	unripe (fruit), young wood)
Iban	muda	young, unripe
Malay	muda	youth; to be young or immature; to lack depth (of coloring); common in titles in the sense of “junior” or “future”
CMP
Selaru	mura	young, of fruits

7658

POC *mura young (of fruits)

OC
Tongan	mula	(of yam) lower end while still soft and juicy (as it is while the yam is still immature)

Note: Also Tagalog múraʔ ‘unripe; immature; fresh; young coconut’, ka-muraʔ-an ‘greenness, state of unripeness; immaturity’.

33956

*mudaq young (of fruits); immature

12796

PAN *mudaq young (of fruits); immature [doublet: *muda, *ŋuda]

Formosan
Amis	molaʔ ~ muraʔ	immature, unlearned, uneducated, childish, without experience
WMP
Tagalog	muraʔ	unripe; immature; fresh; young coconut

33339

*mudmúd press down hard on something

11875

PPh *mudmúd press down hard on something

WMP
Ilokano	i-mudmúd	to press down on a surface with the hands; keep down
Tagalog	mudmód	to press down on a surface with the hands, keep down (data from April Almarines)
Cebuano	mudmúd	press or bury one’s face hard against something (as one’s face in a pillow when crying)

33128

*muhmuh crumbs of food, esp. rice

11620

PPh *muhmuh crumbs of food, esp. rice

WMP
Casiguran Dumagat	mumó	crumbs (esp. rice particles scattered around while eating)
Ayta Abellan	momo	crumbs that fall when people are eating
Tagalog	múmo	particles of cooked rice falling off the plate or table during a meal
Aklanon	múhmuh	crumbs of rice, scattered rice droppings
Cebuano	mumhu	little particles of cooked rice corn that fall next to the plate when eating

30318

*mujiŋ face (human)

7282

PAN *mujiŋ face (human)

Formosan
Pazeh	muziŋ	face
Thao	muzin	nose
WMP
Yami	moiŋ	face
Itbayaten	moyiñ	face (in general)
Ilokano	múgiŋ	forehead; brow; (metaphorical) mind
Isneg	múxiŋ	the face
Yogad	mugiŋ	face
Pangasinan	molíŋ	forehead

7283

PAN *mujiŋ-an (gloss uncertain)

Formosan
Puyuma	mudiŋ-an	face
Paiwan	mudiŋ-an	face (a person’s)
WMP
Ilokano	mugiŋ-an	having a large forehead (which denotes intelligence in Ilokano culture)

Note: Also Taroko muxeŋ ‘nose, corner, extremity, end’, Yami moiŋ ‘face, cheek’, Itbayaten moyiñ ‘face (in general)’. The semantic distinction between PAn *daqiS and PAn *mujiŋ remains unclear. Reflexes of both words refer to the face in some languages and the forehead in others, and there appears to be very little basis for favoring one reconstruction for one gloss and the other reconstruction for the other, although some such distinction almost certainly existed. The Yami and Itbayaten words appear to be loans, although the source remains obscure.

27159

*muken (X + muken) omen dove

3629

PMP *muken omen dove

WMP
Cebuano	ali-mukun	wild dove with white ears and light brown feathers speckled with black; Phapitreron leucotis
Maranao	li-moken	wild gray dove
Binukid	limuken	kind of dove
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)	limuken	the omen dove
Mansaka	limokon	kind of dove
CMP
Buruese	er-muken	dove

Note: Also Ilokano alimúkeŋ ‘kind of wild gray dove’, Malay limbukan ‘bronzewing dove’, Karo Batak limbuken ‘kind of dove’, Mongondow limbukon ‘kind of wood pigeon that emits a somber, mournful call’. This word clearly contained the *qalikali- prefix that marked lexical items associated with the spirit world (Blust 2001), although on the PMP level it is unclear which variant of this prefix was used.

27162

*mukmuk crumbs that drop when eating rice

11968

PWMP *mukmuk crumbs that drop when eating rice [doublet: *muhmuh]

WMP
Ilokano	mukmók	remnants of food
Pangasinan	mokomók	reduce to powder; gold dust
Bikol	mag-mukmók	to grind or chop finely
Karo Batak	mumuk	decayed, mouldering (wood)
Dairi-Pakpak Batak	mumuk	broken; in pieces, as a rope or chain
Nias	mumu	nearly decayed tree trunk
Gorontalo	mumuʔo	crumb (of bread, etc.)

Note: With root *-muk ‘crush, pulverize; powder’.

33756

*muku to gargle

12517

POC *muku to gargle

OC
Manam	muku	to gargle
Mono-Alu	muku	to swallow
Pohnpeian	mʷukumʷuk	to rinse one’s mouth, gargle

27160

*mula to plant

3630

PAN *mula to plant

Formosan
Kavalan	m-ruma ^<M	to plant, to grow, to cultivate
	pa-ruma ^<M	to plant, to grow, to cultivate
Saisiyat (Taai)	ma-moLaʔ	to plant
Saisiyat (Tungho)	ma-mwaʔ	to plant
WMP
Itbayaten	moxa	planted plant
	mi-moxa	to plant
	moxa-en	seedling
Ivatan (Isamorong)	moha	to plant
Ilokano	múla	the generic name for plant
	i-múla	to plant, to sow; to insert, to implant (a new, fresh strip of bamboo, etc. while weaving baskets, etc.); to insert (a tenon into a mortise); to incrust with, to incrustate with, to inlay
Isneg	múla	plant, more especially a sapling transplanted for beekeeping
	mag-múla, i-múla	to plant
Bontok	múla	to plant, as sweet potato vines or banana shoots
Subanun (Sindangan)	mɨ-mula	to plant
Belait	mulah	to plant
Berawan (Long Terawan)	muleh	to plant
Kenyah (Long Atun)	mula	to plant
Mongondow	mula	to plant
Bare'e	mula	to plant
CMP
Ngadha	mula	to plant, put, erect
Sika	mula	the planting of trees
	mula-lema	to plant
Solorese	mula	to plant

Note: Cf. Zorc (n.d.) PPh *mula ‘beginning; to plant, rear’. As mula ‘beginning’ is a known Sanskrit loan in island Southeast Asia (Gonda 1973 [1952]:63) and the similar words meaning ‘to plant’ appear to be native, there would seem to be no justification for uniting them under a single prototype.

27161

*mulmul hold in the mouth and suck

3631

PAN *mulmul hold in the mouth and suck

Formosan
Amis	molmol	to chew without teeth; to fill the mouth and mix with saliva before swallowing
	molamol	suck something hard until it is dissolved and swallowed
WMP
Ilokano	molmól	keep something in the mouth (candy, one's thumb, etc.) without sucking
Isneg	mulmúl-ān	put into one's mouth
Bontok	mulmul	suck a candy until it is dissolved, especially of a candy on a stick
Pangasinan	molmól	keep (sweet, etc.) in the mouth to dissolve; suck thumb or finger
Bikol	mag-mulmól	to suck the fingers
CMP
Rotinese	mumu	hold in the mouth and suck

Note: Also Manobo (Western Bukidnon) amul ‘suck on something’, Manggarai mumuk ‘hold water in the mouth without swallowing’. Mills (1975:784) compares Isneg mulmúl-ān with reflexes of Proto-South Sulawesi *muqmu(ɣ) ‘rinse the mouth’, but the correspondences are irregular.

33341

*mulmúl parrot fish: Scarus spp.

11877

PPh *mulmúl parrot fish: Scarus spp.

WMP
Ilokano	mulmól	red and yellow marine fish eaten whole, rainbow-colored parrot fish: Scaridae family
Tagalog	mulmól	parrot fish
Cebuano	mulmul	general name given to parrot fish: Scarus spp.

30276

(Formosan only)

*mumu Formosan blind mole: Talpa micrura insularis (Swinhoe)

7187

PAN *mumu Formosan blind mole: Talpa micrura insularis (Swinhoe)

Formosan
Kavalan	mummu	mole (animal)
Thao	mumu	Formosan blind mole: Talpa micrura insularis (Swinhoe); a dark grayish to black purblind mammal with projecting snout, strong forelimbs, and atrophied rear limbs that forages for worms by burrowing in the ground with its strong forelimbs
	mia-mumu	close the eyes
	pish-mumu	blink

Note: The gemination in Kavalan mummu is unexplained, but this form may reflect earlier *mumumu, with partial reduplication.

32654

*mumuni to hide

11054

POC *mumuni to hide [doublet: *buni₂, *sambuni, *tabuni₂]

OC
Sa'a	mumuni	to hide, be hidden; to conceal
Futunan	mumuni	to hide (oneself)

Note: Dempwolff (1938) assigned these to *buni, despite the phonological irregularities.

30051

*muno caterpillar

6751

POC *muno caterpillar

OC
Selau	mənməno	caterpillar
Cheke Holo	muno	caterpillar (generic)
Roviana	munomuno	generic for caterpillars and grubs
Bugotu	muno	caterpillar
Lau	muno	caterpillar
'Āre'āre	muno	caterpillar
Sa'a	muno	larva of caterpillar, chrysalis
Chuukese	muun, mun-na	caterpillar, insect larva (eats leaves of kká taro)
Puluwat	muun, muun-on	two kinds of caterpillars
Woleaian	mwul	caterpillar, silkworm

Note: Also Lou monmuon ‘caterpillar’, Toqabaqita muna ‘sp. of caterpillar (turns into a butterfly)’. This comparison sat unpublished in my files for over 20 years, and was first noted in print by Osmond (2011:405).

27163

*muntay kind of citrus tree and its fruit

3633

PMP *muntay kind of citrus tree and its fruit

WMP
Maranao	montay	grape, lime (fruit), orange
Tiruray	muntey	a kabuyau: Citrus hystrix D.C.
Mentawai	mutäi, muntäi	the pomelo: Citrus grandis
Mongondow	muntoi	a tree: Cyclostemon macrophyllus
Uma	munte	orange
CMP
Manggarai	munta	citrus fruit: Citrus hystrix
Proto-Ambon	*muḏe	citrus fruit

Note: Stresemann (1927:38) mentions "MP *munti, but cites no supporting evidence.

31463

*munuŋ upper lip (?)

9575

PWMP *munuŋ upper lip (?)

WMP
Palawan Batak	munóŋ	upper lip
Aborlan Tagbanwa	munuŋ	lip
Bonggi	munuŋ	lip
Rungus Dusun	munuŋ	lip
Murut (Papar)	munuŋ	beak
Minokok	munuŋ	lip
Bisaya (Sabah)	munuŋ	beak
Murut (Serudong)	munuŋ	lip
Tidung Sumbol	munuŋ	beak
Bulusu	munuŋ	lip
Berawan (Long Terawan)	munoŋ	lip
Berawan (Long Teru)	munoŋ	mouth
Narum	munauŋ	mouth
Miri	munoŋ	mouth
Kiput	munoə	mouth
Iban	munoŋ	chaps of pig, bushy cheek bristles of Bearded Pig

33258

*muqa first, foremost; to precede

11778

POC *muqa first, foremost; to precede

OC
Mussau	mua	bow of a boat
Kove	mugha	first
Watut	muŋg	go before, go first
Wayan	mua	end point or tip of a long object
Fijian	mua	the tip, point, front of a thing
Tongan	muʔa	front, space or place in front or further forward; earlier time or period, earlier, once upon a time; time to come, time that lies ahead
Samoan	mua	be first, arrive first
Rennellese	muʔa	front, before; those before, ancestors, predecessors; first, to be first, ahead; to go ahead or first

Note: A version of this comparison was first proposed by Milke (1968).

33363

*muqmuq crumbs of food that fall on the table or floor

11969

PWMP *muqmuq crumbs of food that fall on the table or floor [doublet: *mukmuk] [disjunct: *muhmuh]

WMP
Casiguran Dumagat	mumó	crumbs (esp. rice particles that scatter around while eating)
Kadazan Dusun	mumuʔ	crumb (of rice)

27164

*muquŋ fish sp.

3634

PMP *muquŋ fish sp.

WMP
Cebuano	muʔuŋ	kind of cardinal fish: name given to numerous small, red, lightly scaled fish of the family Apogonidae
OC
Loniu	mu	pearl-spotted spinefoot: Siganus spinus
Gedaged	mu	marine fish about a foot long, front part yellowish brown, shading off to yellowish toward the rear
Lau	mū	species of white reef fish, good eating
Samoan	mū	name of certain fishes of the genus Lethrinus when about six inches long
Hawaiian	mū	a fish (Monotaxis grandoculis), perhaps porgy or snapper

Note: Also Rennellese muu ‘large-eyed sea bream: Monotaxis grandoculis (Forskål).’ The lack of agreement in reference between any two non-Polynesian languages makes it impossible on present evidence to reconstruct a precise meaning for this fish name at any level higher than PPn. Nonetheless the number of fish names that point to a reconstruction of the same shape strongly suggests a common origin.

33772

*muru back, posterior part

12550

POC *muru back, posterior part [doublet: *ma-udehi]

OC
Loniu	muʔu tun	stern of a canoe
Label	na-muru-	back, behind
Tolai	muru	back, backbone, spine; behind
Lau	mulu	buttocks
Toqabaqita	mulu	anus

27165

*muRmuR gargle, rinse the mouth

3635

PAN *muRmuR gargle, rinse the mouth

Formosan
Pazeh	muximux	gargle
	mu-muximux	to gargle
WMP
Ilokano	ali-mogmóg	rinse the mouth, gargle
Cebuano	(a)li-mugmug	rinse the mouth out
Proto-Minahasan	*li-muhmuh	rinse out mouth
Mongondow	m-oli-mumug	to gargle, rinse the mouth
Chamorro	mokmok	gargle, wash the throat with a liquid
CMP
Lamaholot	ge-mumu	rinse the mouth, gargle
Soboyo	mumu	rinse the mouth before eating

10176

PWMP *kali-muRmuR gargle, rinse the mouth

WMP
Yogad	kalimúmmug	gargle, wash one’s mouth out
Bare'e	kali-mumu	rinse the mouth
Ampana	mo-kali-mumu	rinse the mouth
Makassarese	kali-moʔmoroʔ	rinse the mouth, gargle

Note: Also Tagalog múmog ‘gargle, a rinsing of the mouth’, Javanese kemu, Manggarai memur, Leti pupru (< earlier *pupur), Yamdena ŋuŋur ‘rinse the mouth’, PPn *pu(u)pu(u) ‘gargle, rinse the mouth’. Zorc (n.d.) gives PPh *-muRmuR ‘gargle; swish in mouth’. This item may have contained the *qalikali- prefix. However, since the form of the prefix agrees only in languages that are closely related, and since the independent root is attested in several widely separated witnesses, the bare stem is posited here.

31086

*musaŋ civet cat and similar small predatory mammals of the family Viverridae

9052

PMP *musaŋ civet cat and similar small predatory mammals of the family Viverridae

WMP
Ilokano	músaŋ	wild cat, civet cat
Itawis	músaŋ	wildcat
Kankanaey	músaŋ	kind of carnivorous animal resembling a cat
Ibaloy	mosaŋ	wild animal, the exact nature of which is obscure; probably a wild cat or civet cat
Tagalog	músaŋ	a wild cat
Iban	munsaŋ	Malay weasel: Mustela nudipes Cuvier, and other species; generic for palm civets, including otter civets and linsangs
Malay	musaŋ	civet cat, polecat; in Malaya a general name for Viverridae; the bearcat, Arctictis, is also musaŋ turun, binturun, bənturoŋ; proverbial as wily robbers of henroosts
Gayō	musaŋ	civet cat: Paradoxurus hermaphroditus (a nocturnal predator on domestic fowls)
Karo Batak	musaŋ	the Indian civet cat: Paradoxurus hermaphroditus Schreb.
CMP
Manggarai	mucaŋ	large male civet cat

Note: Dempwolff (1938) also gives Toba Batak musaŋ ‘fragrant’ (from the odor of civet), but Warneck (1906), which is the more recent of his two sources, lists nothing with this shape.

27166

*muteq gummy secretion of the eyes

3636

PWMP *muteq gummy secretion of the eyes

WMP
Casiguran Dumagat	mutá	sand (in the eyes)
Tagalog	mútaʔ	gummy secretion of the eyes
Hanunóo	mútaʔ	gummy secretion of the eyes
Tboli	mutok	solidified matter in the corner of the eyes
Malagasy	móty	a morsel of dung; the excrement of the eyes
Nias	mutõ	mucus in the corner of the eye

Note: Also Agutaynen metek ‘white matter in the eye’. Dempwolff (1934-38) reconstructed *muta ‘eye secretion’ (dbl. *buta ‘blind’).

27167

*mutu₁ damsel fish

3637

PMP *mutu₁ damsel fish

WMP
Palauan	mud	damsel fish
OC
Tongan	mutu-mutu	kind of fish
Samoan	mutu	a fish: Abedefduf sp.
Nukuoro	mudu-mudu	damsel fish
Rennellese	mutu	general name for sergeant majors and pullers (damsel fish), e.g. six-banded sergeant major, Abedefduf curacao (Bloch)

30366

*mutu₂ broken off, cut off

7405

PEMP *mutu₂ broken off, cut off

SHWNG
Numfor	muk	broken; to come to an end, of questions/quarrels
OC
Tolai	mut	fell trees, cut lumber, esp. to cut out a canoe
Wayan	mudu	be cut off, amputated, severed, cut short; end, cease, conclude
Fijian	mudu	cut off, ceased, ended
	mudu ni liŋa	man given to a man who has had a finger joint chopped off in mourning for a dead chief (lit. ‘cut off hand’)
Tongan	mutu	cut off, amputate, make shorter by cutting a piece off
Samoan	mutu	be cut off (as tree branches), truncated
Tuvaluan	mutu	ended; incomplete; cut off
Rarotongan	mutu	to be at an end, to be parted, to end suddenly, to conclude or terminate finally, to cut short; to be cut, to be severed; cut off, severed; parted, ended
Maori	mutu	brought to an end, left off; cropped, having the end cut off, truncated, mutilated; cut short, bring to an end
Hawaiian	muku	cut short, shortened; amputated; at an end, ceased; anything cut off short; short, brief, quick; broken section of a wave or crest; thirtieth night of the moon, when it has entirely disappeared

Note: Also Rotuman mutu ‘to cut across, sever, cut off’ (Polynesian loan). Although it is only weakly attested outside the Central Pacific subgroup and therefore remains somewhat tentative, this word appears to have conveyed both physical and figurative senses of breaking or cutting off,

TOP ma me mi mo mu mw

33396

*mwaloq submerged rock or coral reef

12043

POC *mwaloq submerged rock or coral reef

OC
Lakalai	malo	submerged rock or coral reef
Bola	malo	steep face of reef that goes down into the deep
Takia	mal	reef, a chain of rocks, coral, or a ridge of sand at or near the surface of water
Kwaio	malo	reef
Lau	malo	coral reef
'Āre'āre	maro	submerged coral reef
Sa'a	mwalo	a sunken rock, a reef at sea
Arosi (Eastern)	mwaro	a hidden rock or shoal
Mota	mwalo	a sunken rock where the sea breaks
	mwalo-ʔa	with reefs
Raga	malo	reef
Tongan	ŋalo	to sink (e.g. into one’s flesh); so submerge, to disappear or pass completely under the surface (e.g. of a diver or a submarine); to disappear from sight
Hawaiian	nalo	lost, vanished, concealed, forgotten; to pass away, disappear

Note: This comparison was first proposed by Milke (1968:158), and later expanded in Osmond, Pawley and Ross (2003a:108). While POc *sakaRu evidently referred to that part of a reef that is close to or above the surface of the water, *mʷaloq apparently referred to the submerged portion of the reef where it disappears into the depths of the sea.

30207

*mwamwaki large cuttlefish and squid

7049

POC *mwamwaki large cuttlefish and squid

OC
Nauna	mwamwak	squid with white shell and two long tentacles
Lau	wawaki	sp. of octopus
Toqabaqita	waawaki	spp. of large cuttlefish and squid
	ʔuŋana waawaki	internal shell of a cuttlefish; cuttlebone

Note: Also Lindrou momot ‘squid with white shell and two long tentacles’, Motu managi ‘large octopus with shell’, Bwaidoga/Bwaidoka monaki ‘the cuttlefish’.

33397

*mwanene straight

12044

POC *mwanene straight

OC
Baluan	mwanene-n	straight
Lou	mwanini-n	straight
Loniu	mwene-n	straight
Likum	mwenne-n	straight
Lindrou	monnen	straight
Bipi	mone-n	straight
Nggela	mae-mane	straight; correct, just; to straighten, justify one’s conduct

Note: Ross (2003c:213) has posited POc *mwane-mwane ‘straight, direct; flat, level’, citing the ACD as a prior source. However, at that time the ACD had only POc *wane-wane ‘straight, direct; flat, level’, and his reconstruction fails to account for the additional syllable of a number of Admiralty forms, including at least Baluan, Lou, Likum and Lindrou (the latter two with medial vowel syncope). I therefore reconstruct a trisyllable and assume haplology in some reflexes. The final nasal in Admiralty languages reflects the attributive suffix *-na.

30120

*mwanoRe unicorn fish: Naso unicornis

6851

POC *mwanoRe unicorn fish: Naso unicornis

OC
Baluan	mwaney	unicorn fish
Lou	mone	unicorn fish
Penchal	mwanoy	unicorn fish
Loniu	monoy	long-snouted unicorn fish: Naso unicornis
Likum	money	unicorn fish
Lindrou	money	unicorn fish
Nauruan	monoy	unicorn fish
Marshallese	ṃọṇe	surgeonfish: Naso unicornis

Note: On the basis of a partially overlapping set of data Osmond (2011) has proposed POc *m(a,o)nuRV ‘Naso sp., unicornfish’.

34053

*mwaña pandanus sp., probably Pandanus conoideus

12907

POC *mwaña pandanus sp., probably Pandanus conoideus

OC
Nauna	moy	Pandanus conoideus
Lou	mon	Pandanus conoideus
Loniu	moñ	Pandanus conoideus
Likum	mon	Pandanus conoideus
Sori	moy	Pandanus conoideus
Lindrou	moy	Pandanus conoideus
Bipi	moy	Pandanus conoideus
Wuvulu	mona	Pandanus conoideus
Mapos	mon	Pandanus conoideus
Arosi	mwa-mwana	Pandanus sp. with leaves that are plaited

Note: This comparison was first proposed by Ross (2008:332), but additions have been added from Blust (n.d. 1975).

32476

*mwapo taro

10813

POC *mwapo taro [doublet: *mapu₁]

OC
Proto-Admiralty	*mwapV	taro
Loniu	mah	taro
Nali	mah	taro
Likum	moh	taro
Sori	mwap	taro
Lindrou	mwah	taro
Lakalai	la mavo	taro (general term; Colocasia esculenta)
Gedaged	mao	taro, Colocasia esculenta

33342

*mwaRi to roast, burn

11878

POC *mwaRi to roast, burn

OC
Manam	(mʷa)mʷari	to roast, to warm, to heat, to set on fire
Gedaged	mazi	to roast, cauterize, toast, bake, parch, sear, burn, incinerate, set fire to, ignite, light (e.g. a cigar)
Takia	mari	roast on a fire
Ulawa	mali	to be roasted
Gilbertese	mʷai	cooked, well-done

Note: A shorter version of this comparison was first proposed by Milke (1968).

34052

*mwasasi goatfish sp.

12906

POC *mwasasi goatfish sp.

OC
Loniu	mwasas	long-barbelled goatfish
Ahus	moses	goatfish
Kuruti	musɪs	goatfish
Likum	morah	goatfish sp.
Bipi	mosas	goatfish
Lau	matasi	goatfish (generic)
'Āre'āre	matasi	mullet

Note: Osmond (2011:85) proposed POc *mwacasi ‘goatfish’, noting that “Admiralties terms apparently reflect Proto-Admiralty *mwacasei with some irregularities. Most other items reflect POc *mwacasi.” However, the Proto-Admiralty reflex of POc *c is *r, not *s, and Admiralty languages agree with languages of the Southeast Solomons in indicating *mwasasi (note that Likum shows sporadic instances of *s > -r-, as in *susu > suru- ‘female breast’ (possessed form).

32815

*mwata snake

11267

POC *mwata snake

OC
Nauna	mwat	snake
Penchal	mwat	snake
Loniu	mwat	snake
Leipon	mwat	snake
Lele	mwat	snake
Kele	mwat	snake
Marau₂	mā	snake
Likum	mwak	snake
Sori	mwa	snake
Bipi	mwak	snake
Wuvulu	waʔa	snake
Tigak	muata	snake
Bali (Uneapa)	ghumata	snake
Arop	mota	snake
Lusi	mota	snake
Kove	mota	snake
Bebeli	mɔtɔ	snake
Sobei	mato ^<M	snake
Manam	mwata	snake, serpent
	mwata-mwata	worm
Sio	mota	snake
Takia	mot	snake
Yabem	moac	snake
Watut	mʷar	snake
Wampar	mur	snake
Ubir	mota	snake
Suau	mota	snake
Sinaugoro	mota	snake
Dobuan	mwata	snake
Molima	mwata	snake (generic)
Saliba	mwata	snake
	mwata-mwata	earthworm
Sudest	mwata	snake
Bugotu	umata	snake
Nggela	umata	snake
Ghari	muata	snake
Lengo	umata	snake
Kwaio	waa	snake; various sorts of worms, other snake-like creatures
Lau	wā-wā	generic for all creatures on or in the ground
Arosi	mwaa	a snake
Proto-Micronesian	*mʷata	worm
Woleaian	mwat(a)	underground worm
Haununu	mwa	snake
Hiw	mʷata	snake
Lehalurup	ŋʷat	snake
Motlav	na-mwat	snake
Mosina	mʷat	snake
Lakona	mwat	snake
Merig	ŋwat	snake
Piamatsina	mʷata	snake
Hukua	mʷata	snake
Mafea	mata	snake
Amblong	mata	snake
Aore	mata	snake
Ngwatua	ŋʷata	snake
Atchin	ni-mwet	snake
Rano	ne-mʷet	snake
Lingarak	ne-mwat	snake
Leviamp	n-mat	snake
Avava	a-mwat	snake
Axamb	na-mwer	snake
Maxbaxo	na-mwər	snake
Bonkovia	mwara	snake
Tonga	ŋata	snake (there are no snakes in Tonga)
Sesake	mʷata	snake
Pwele	mʷata	snake
Lelepa	mwata	snake
Wayan	ŋwata	snake (generic)
Fijian	ŋata	snake, viper
Tongan	ŋata	snake, serpent (there are no snakes in Tonga)
Niue	ŋata	snake
Samoan	ŋata	snake (rare in Samoa)
Rennellese	ŋata	Pacific boa: Enygrus carinatus (Schneider); general name for snakes, loathed and considered the embodient of non-worshipped deities
Maori	ŋata	snail, slug, leech

Note: Also Peterara mwaγata ‘snake’. Although most languages appear to reflect POc *mwata, reflexes in Bali (Uneapa)) and the central Solomons point to *qumata, suggesting that the more common reflexes are either products of recurrent metathesis, or evidence of a POc doublet.

a b c C d e g h i j k l m n N ñ ŋ o p q r R s S t u w y z

Austronesian Comparative Dictionary, web edition
Robert Blust and Stephen Trussel
www.trussel2.com/ACD
2010: revision 6/21/2020
email: Blust (content) – Trussel (production)
CognateSets-Index-m