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Updated: 6/21/2020

Austronesian Comparative Dictionary

Loans

a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w y

n

nam nas nec nes net new nex nip nob nor num nut nym

(Dempwolff: *paku ‘nail’)

nail

WMP
Casiguran Dumagat	páko	carpenter’s nail; to nail, to pound in a nail
Tagalog	pákoʔ	nail; spike, a sharp-pointed piece or part
Kiput	pakUʔ	iron nail
	makUʔ	to nail something
Ngaju Dayak	paku	iron nail (wooden nail: pasak)
Iban	pakuʔ	nail, dowel or tree-nail
	pakuʔ lawaŋ	wire nail, iron nail
Malay	paku	peg; spike; nail
	paku-kan	to rivet together; to nail
Old Javanese	pakö ~ paku	nail, pin; (fig.) what gives stability
Javanese	paku	nail
	maku	to nail with
Balinese	paku	a peg, dowel, a wooden pin; a nail, a spike
	paku besi	an iron spike or nail
	paku kayu	a wooden peg
	maku	to nail, fasten by nailing
Sasak	paku	peg, spike
Mongondow	pakuʔ	spike, nail
	mo-makuʔ	to nail together
Uma	-pakuʔ	to nail
Makassarese	paku	spike, nail
CMP
Bimanese	paku	nail

Probably a Malay loan distribution. Dempwolff (1938) included Fijian vako ‘to put a nail through’, i vako ‘a nail’, and posited Uraustronesisch *paku ‘nail’, a decision also followed by Mills (1975). However, the Fijian word is phonologically irregular, and best treated as a chance resemblance. More generally, since iron nails were unknown in the Austronesian world before Western contact, the referent of this terms would have been a wooden dowel or peg, and PAn *pasek offers a far less problematic proto-form for this meaning.

namesake

WMP
Ilokano	tokáyo	person with the same name
Ayta Abellan	tokayo	namesake: a person who has the same name as oneself
Bikol	tukáyo	referring to people who have the same name
Agutaynen	tokayo	term of address used by two people having the same name; a person’s namesake
Cebuano	tukáyu	one who has the same name as someone else

From Spanish tocayo ‘namesake’.

nasal discharge

WMP
Ayta Abellan	haynoh	liquid from or in the nasal cavity
Cebuano	saynus	sinusitis
	saynus-un	having sinusitis

Apparently a borrowing of English sinus.

nam nas nec nes net new nex nip nob nor num nut nym

necessary

WMP
Ngaju Dayak	usah	necessary
Malay	usah	necessary

Borrowing from Malay.

nest

WMP
Ngaju Dayak	saraŋ	birdnest; not eaten by the Dayaks, but sold to the Chinese; the Dayaks use it as medicine or as a talisman against all sorts of childhood illnesses
Iban	saraŋ	nest, hence place or container in which things rest
Malay	saraŋ	nest (of bird or insect); also fig. of places where things “nest” (as deserted houses where ghosts reside)
Toba Batak	saraŋ(an)	nest of insects such as ants
Javanese	saraŋ buruŋ	the nest of a certain sea bird, used for preparing a body-strengthening soup
Balinese	saraŋ	edible bird’s nest
Sasak	saraŋ buruŋ	rock swallow (with edible bird’s nest)

Apparently a Malay loanword; cp. PMP *salaR ‘nest’.

nest

WMP
Sambal (Bolinaw)	pugar	nest
Tagalog	púgad	nest
Hanunóo	púgad	nest, as of a bird
Agutaynen	poyad	nest
Cebuano	púgad	put fowl away for the night; put newly hatched baby chicks down from the nest for the first time

Apparently a Central Philippine loanword (presumably through Tagalog) in other Philippine languages (cp. PMP *salaR ‘nest’). The medial consonant of Agutaynen poyad presents problems for this analysis, but is irregular in any case.

net: fish net

WMP
Bare'e	bunde	a scoop net half a fathom in length used in fishing
Tae'	bunde	large dip net; basket or hamper of woven bamboo with sharp points on the underside, used to catch fish in the paddy fields,
Buginese	unre	fish net
Makassarese	bunre	kind of scoop net made of plaited bamboo
CMP
Manggarai	bunde	kind of basket trap for fish

Borrowing from Makassarese.

news

xxx
PCS	balíta	news, information; to inform
WMP
Kapampangan	balítaʔ	news; clue
Tagalog	balítaʔ	news; renowned, famous
Bikol	barétaʔ	news, tidings
Hanunóo	baríta	news, rumor
Aklanon	balítaʔ	news, report; newspaper; to report
Malay	berita	news, tidings

Borrowing, ultimately from Sanskrit.

news

WMP
Malay	berita	news; tidings; report
Banggai	bilita	news
	mo-bilita	inform, give news
Buginese	birita	news
Makassarese	biritta	news; fame

Borrowing, ultimately from Sanskrit.

(Dempwolff: *sanDiŋ ‘at hand; in addition to’)

next to: close by, next to

WMP
Malay	bər-sandiŋ	to sit side by side, but limited in use to the ceremonial ‘enthronement’ of the bride and bridegroom at the wedding reception after the actual religious marriage
Toba Batak	sandiŋ	adjustable wall planks
Old Javanese	sanḍiŋ	side
	(m)a-sanḍiŋ	(m)a-sanḍiŋ at the side, having at the side, side by side
	s<um>anḍiŋ	to be at the side of, be close to, come close, approach
	sanḍiŋ-an	side
Javanese	sanḍiŋ	close by, next to

Dempwolff (1938) reconstructed this as *sanDiŋ ‘at hand; in addition to’, but given its limited distribution it is most plausibly treated as a borrowing from Malay.

nam nas nec nes net new nex nip nob nor num nut nym

nipa shingles for roofing

WMP
Kankanaey	i-pawed	to bind; to fasten; to tie; to attach; to fix
Casiguran Dumagat	pawed	nipa shingles
	pawir-an	the bamboo sticks upon which nipa leaves are woven; to weave nipa shingles
Tagalog	páwid	nipa palm, the leaves of which are used for making thatched roofs
Mansaka	pawud	to make nipa

Also Cebuano pálud ‘shingle of palm thatch’. While the Tagalog and Mansaka forms clearly are cognate and evidently are native, Casiguran Dumagat pawed shows an irregular last-syllable vowel that suggests borrowing from Tagalog, and the Kankanaey form may be a product of chance.

nam nas nec nes net new nex nip nob nor num nut nym

noble woman: princess, noble woman

WMP
Ilokano	dáyaŋ	name given to a Muslim princess
Tagalog	dáyaŋ	princess; noble woman; lady
Palawano	dayaŋ	prince or princess; daughter of a king; rich person
Malay	dayaŋ	girl; damsel; maid at court
Toba Batak	deaŋ	young woman

Borrowing from Malay.

North

WMP
Maranao	otaraʔ	Northeast monsoon
Kadazan Dusun	utala	North
Iban	utara	North
Malay	utara	North

Borrowing, ultimately from Sanskrit.

nam nas nec nes net new nex nip nob nor num nut nym

(Dempwolff: *liku(r) ‘number between 20 and 30’)

number between 20 and 30

WMP
Ngaju Dayak	rikor	a numeral suffix that adds twenty to its numeral
Malay	lekur	a numeral suffix that adds twenty to its numeral, e.g. dua lekur (‘twenty two’)
Javanese	likur	twenty- (as a digit in numbers)

Borrowing from Malay. Dempwolff (1938) proposed Uraustronesisch *liku(r) ‘number between 20 and 30’.

(Dempwolff: *lemba(r) ‘material, fabric; piece’)

numeral classifier: piece, numeral classifier

WMP
Malay	lembar	thread; strand; sheet
Javanese	lembar	counting unit for flat things (as sheets of paper)

Based only on this comparison Dempwolff (1938) posited ‘Uraustronesisch *lemba(r) ‘material, fabric; piece’ (Stoff, Zeug, ‘piece’ (as a numeral classifier)). However, cognates are known in very few languages, and the Malay and Javanese words are not phonologically compatible, Javanese having a schwa in the penult, but Malay having a mid-front vowel that could only come etymologically from *i. Despite the vocalic disagreement, this is best treated as a Malay loan distribution.

numeral classifier for flat objects

WMP
Tagalog	ni-lambál	doubled (e.g. of thread)
Ngaju Dayak	rambar	numeral classifier (for hair, leaves, paper, mats, material, fields
Malay	ləmbar	thread; strand; sheet
Toba Batak	rambar	numeral classifier for leaves, clothes, etc.
Balinese	lambar	leaf, sheet (of paper)
PSS	*lamba(ɣ)	sheet (counter for thin, flat objects, cloth, paper, etc.).

Borrowing from Malay.

nut: areca nut cutter

WMP
Tagalog	kalakati	a tool like small shears for cutting betel nuts
Malay	kələkati	areca nut cutter

Borrowing from Malay, ultimately from Tamil.

nutmeg

WMP
Itbayaten	paala	nutmeg (?)
Malay	pala	nutmeg
	buah pala	nutmeg: Myristica fragrans
Acehnese	pala	nutmeg tree and fruit
Karo Batak	pala	nutmeg
Nias	falo	nutmeg
Sundanese	pala	nutmeg
Balinese	pala	nutmeg
Mandar	pala	nutmeg
Makassarese	pala	nutmeg
CMP
Sika	pala	nutmeg

Borrowing. The nutmeg tree was confined to the Banda archipelago in the central Moluccas until the beginning of the European involvement in the spice trade early in the 17th century.

nam nas nec nes net new nex nip nob nor num nut nym

nymph

WMP
Maranao	bidaria	houri; angel; female in Moslem belief
Malay	bidadari	nymph of Indra's heaven; houri of Paradise
Sangir	bidadari	heavenly nymphs that in stories come to help and serve exceptionally favored princesses in their baths, and descend the rainbow to earth
Mongondow	bidadari	nymph
Bare'e	bidadári	legendary female figures which appear in stories
Mandar	bidadari	nymph, fairy
Buginese	bidadari	nymph, fairy
Makassarese	bidadari	nymphs (in stories translated from Malay), attendants of princesses from the spirit world
CMP
Soboyo	bidadari	upper world; denizen of the upper world, nymph
Asilulu	loi bidadari	kind of traditional dance (with scarves)

Borrowing, ultimately from Sanskrit.

a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w y

Austronesian Comparative Dictionary, web edition
Robert Blust and Stephen Trussel
www.trussel2.com/ACD
2010: revision 6/21/2020
email: Blust (content) – Trussel (production)
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