S

600. Sa (4) OC [sax] Vanuatu

lo-losswim (POC: *loso-loso)

mcurto sleep (POC: *maturuR) *tuduR

roŋo bonto smell (POC: *bou roŋoR) *bahu

samanoutrigger (POC: *saman) *saRman

601. Sa'a (588) OC (Ivens 1929) [apb] (Sa’a) Solomon Islands

apersonal article, used with all names of persons, and with certain nouns, and also with verbs; (a) precedes all personal names (except in the vocative), both native and foreign, male and female; (b) used with relationship terms to indicate a particular person, (c) the relationship terms huʔe 'wife', poro 'husband', keni 'woman, wife', mwela 'child', are not ordinarily preceded by a, but require the addition of a demonstrative; (d) in stories the article a may be prefixed to poro and huʔe, which may be translated 'Lord' and 'Lady'; (e) after the Melanesian idiom the noun ola, prefaced by the personal article a; a ola/, denotes 'So-and-so'; (f) the nouns kei, denoting a female, mwai, denoting a male, mwau, boy, are used with the personal article and a demonstrative; (g) the interrogative atei 'who, what person' is made up of a and tei 'interrogative'; (h) there is a regular use of a in personification; (i) used with a verb to indicate a descriptive title (PMP: *a₁)

ada-loŋafour plates of turtle shell on the shoulders of the hawksbill turtle (LOAN)

aefeces, ordure (POC: *taqe₂) *taqay

ahato cut, to score, to notch, to mark by incising, to cross the ‘t’ in writing (POC: *tapa₂) *tapa₁

ahato cut, to score, to notch, to mark by incising (POC: *tapar) *tabad

ahalashoulder (POC: *qapaRa₁) *qabaRa₁

aha-siŋemaking incisions in (POC: *tapa₂) *tapa₁

ahesurf, currents from wind or tide, tide-rip; to flow; to melt away, to waste, to disappear (POC: *tape₁)

ahe luluboiling tide (POC: *ruru₁)

ahes-ito cause to drift (POC: *tape₁)

ähi-ma-wayawn (POC: *mawap) *Suab

ähuriconch shell, triton, blown at the end, used to summon people (POC: *tapuRi) *tabuRi

ahutaall, the whole of (NOISE)

aiexclamation of dissent, disapproval or surprise (PAN: *ai₂)

ake-aketwig, sprig (POC: *take₁) *taŋkay

alato bite, sting, be sharp-edged (PMP: *kaRat) *kaRaC

a lahaa chief (POC: *lapat₁)

aleleto be jubilant (NOISE)

älilie curled up as a dog or a snake (POC: *tali₁) *CaliS

alia cockle (POC: *kaRi₂)

Sa'a (20 / 588)

äliŋelarge fungi, some edible, growing on logs (POC: *taliŋa) *Caliŋa

älitea tree with edible nut: Terminalia catappa (POC: *talise₁) *talisay

älulast year's yam garden; bananas and pawpaws and oha planted there (PMP: *talun₁) *CaluN

äluto put, to place; to change into, to become (PMP: *taRuq)

amafather, FB (PMP: *t-amax) *amax

ama-athe courtyard, outside, at the door (NOISE)

anoground, garden ground (POC: *tanoq) *taneq

ano-anoto bury (POC: *tanom) *CaNem

ano-mito cover with earth, to inter (POC: *tanom) *CaNem

Ȁ-nutename of the island of Florida (POC: *a-nusa) *nusa₁

aŋato open (PMP: *qaŋab)

aŋato open (PMP: *qaŋap)

aŋa wawaopen the mouth to speak (PMP: *qaŋab)

aŋa wawaopen the mouth to speak (PMP: *qaŋap)

apa ~ apaapapart, side, half (NOISE)

apa-apawing; shoulder (POC: *kaba-kabak) *kapak

äpihold under the arm, hold close to the body (PMP: *qabin)

apwa-belly (POC: *kapwa)

arakaufish hawk: Haliaster girrenera (POC: *taragau)

aroto brood (cited only in the English index) (POC: *adom) *handem

Sa'a (40 / 588)

arustationary, of fish with their fins moving (NOISE)

asi-sibling of the same sex (POC: *taci) *Suaji

äsisea, saltwater; salt (late use); a month, January (PMP: *tasik)

äsi deuneap tide (PMP: *tasik)

äsi e honuhigh spring tide (POC: *ponuq) *peNuq

äsi e honuhigh spring tide (PMP: *tasik)

äsihesneeze (NOISE)

äsuherat (POC: *kasupe) *kazupay

asusucoconut crab: Birgus latro (PMP: *qayuyu)

a-teiinterrogative pronoun, singular: who? (PMP: *sei) *

atoa rafter, generally of bamboo (PMP: *kasaw₁)

ato, ato-atothrow, cast (POC: *asok) *hasek₁

ato tahathrow the first yam set into the hole, of priest (POC: *asok) *hasek₁

äubamboo (PMP: *qauR)

awaa tree: Nephelium pinnatum (PMP: *tawan)

awabe a sojourner in a place (NOISE)

caŋiday (POC: *draŋi)

dama-damain pairs; side-by-side, of canoes (PMP: *sama-sama) *sama

däniday (POC: *raqani) *daqaNi

däu talato aim and miss (PMP: *salaq₁)

Sa'a (60 / 588)

dia-nagood, proper; accurate; beloved (PMP: *diqaq)

doŋaa pair, a couple (POC: *droŋan) *deŋan

duua covering of bast cloth worn over the head at night to preserve the hair after liming (POC: *tutup₁)

eli ~ eli-elito dig, as in digging up yams or digging a grave (PCEMP: *keli)

eno(eno)lie down (POC: *qenop) *qenəp

enoh-ilie down (POC: *qenop) *qenəp

hahaunderneath; down, not used of points of the compass (POC: *papaq₃) *babaq₁

hahacarry a person on one's back (POC: *papa₁) *baba₁

hahicook in an oven with leaves and hot stones (POC: *papi)

hahoabove, used with locative i (i haho-mu 'above you'); uplands; wash-boards on gunwale of an overseas canoe (POC: *papo₁) *babaw₃

hahothe shore reef (POC: *papo₃) *papo

haifour (PCEMP: *pat-i) *Sepat

hakaa ship; white people, foreign (POC: *pakaq) *baŋkaq

halalato helve an axe (POC: *paRara) *paRada

haleyam shed outside a garden; any shed (POC: *pale) *balay

halistingray (POC: *paRi) *paRiS

halilop off branches (POC: *paRi₃) *paRi

halowither (POC: *palo₂)

halobore into with circular motion, as feet into sand; twist a stick in making a hole; the flint point of a drill, haro mao (POC: *paRo₁)

haloto bore, to drill (NOISE)

Sa'a (80 / 588)

halusome (POC: *palu₆) *balu₃

hanashoot with a bow, shoot with a gun (PAN: *panaq)

hanayam with prickly vines (NOISE)

haneclimb trees in native fashion with a rope round the feet, ascending by alternate jumps of hands and feet (POC: *panek) *panahik

hanoa skin disease, small white spots on the skin, but no scales (PMP: *panaw₁) *panaw

hanualand, country, village, site of a village, place (POC: *panua) *banua

haolunew, fresh (PEMP: *baqoRu) *baqeRuh

hapaa canoe seat, removable (POC: *baban) *papan

hatato go together, to accompany one another (PMP: *pasaŋ₁)

hatahardwood tree (POC: *pasa(rR))

häu menupumice stone (POC: *maqañur) *qañud

hau mouan isolated rock (POC: *motus)

haʔa-hiuseven times (PMP: *paka-pitu) *pitu

haʔa-laŋia house on piles (PMP: *laŋit) *laŋiC

haʔa-limefive times (POC: *paka-lima₂) *lima

haʔa tauto be far off, distant (POC: *sauq₁) *zauq

haʔa-urito save, make alive (PMP: *paka-qudip) *qudip

haʔupandanus with broad leaves used to make umbrellas; an umbrella of haʔu leaves (POC: *pakuŋ) *bakuŋ₂

haʔu onashore rocks, rough and spiky (POC: *ona₁) *ona

hilito choose for one’s own, to desire and take (PAN: *piliq)

Sa'a (100 / 588)

hili-sito pick, to choose (PAN: *piliq)

hilua ridge covering of sago-palm leaves, laid on flat (POC: *piRu) *biRu

hilu-hiluzigzag (POC: *piluk₂) *biluk

hinaŋaa yam pudding eaten at sacrifices (PMP: *p<in>aŋan) *paŋan

hinaŋayam pudding (PMP: *p<in>aŋan) *paŋan

hinubark; shell of shellfish (POC: *pinut)

hiolohungry (POC: *pitolon)

hiolo-ŋafamine (POC: *pitolon)

hirito lap with string, bind spears or arrows (PMP: *pirit)

hiri-hiria plaited spear (POC: *piri-piri) *pirit

hiteto split, hit, strike, arrive at (POC: *pisak₁) *biseqak

hiuseven (PAN: *pitu₁) *pitu

hoamake an incision in (POC: *potak) *betak

hoi huufruit of the Barringtonia (POC: *putun₁) *butun

hokaburst open, come apart (POC: *pokaq) *bekaq

hokaburst open, come apart (PMP: *beka)

hokaburst open, come apart (PMP: *peka)

hokoa bundle (POC: *pokos) *beRkes

hoko i daŋobundle of firewood carried on head by women (POC: *pokos) *beRkes

hoko i saobundle of sago leaves (POC: *pokos) *beRkes

Sa'a (120 / 588)

holato spring up, to grow spontaneously, as mushrooms, wild taro or yams, the growths appearing after a fire (NOISE)

holibarter, buy (PEMP: *poli) *beli

holoto cross; across (as sea); divide (POC: *polos₁)

holos-icut a piece off, sever a pig's head; to cross (POC: *polos₁)

honoto shut, to bar; a door (ROOT)

honufull (POC: *ponuq) *peNuq

honuturtle; chorea, when the patient is said to move his hands and feet as a turtle moves its flappers (POC: *poñu) *peñu

honu iʔegreen turtle (POC: *poñu) *peñu

honu makeatefull to overflowing (POC: *ponuq) *peNuq

hoteto paddle, to row (late use); a paddle, an oar, an incantation for protection at sea, an incantation to a sea spirit (POC: *pose) *beRsay

huasacrocodile (POC: *puqaya) *buqaya

hudia banana; twenty-one kinds of native bananas are named at Sa’a; the cultivation of native bananas ceased at Ulawa owing to ceremonial restrictions (POC: *pudi) *punti₁

hue hua-naits fruit (POC: *puaq puaq) *buaq

hue huefruit, seeds of Malay apple (POC: *puaq puaq) *buaq

hue-na, hue-niarticle, a, one, used of fruits only (POC: *puaq) *buaq

hue-si daŋokidney (POC: *puaq) *buaq

huhupluck, pick off (POC: *puput) *buCbuC

huhuleak, drip, pour, spill, of powdered substance (POC: *pupus) *busbus

huhupluck, pick off (PMP: *pupu₁)

huhupluck, pick off (PMP: *puqpuq₁)

Sa'a (140 / 588)

hu-hulecataract in the eye (POC: *pulaR₂) *bulaR₁

huhulecataract in the eye (NOISE)

huhu mwakanadry, powdery earth (POC: *pupus) *busbus

hu-hunu, romastupefy fish with the fruit of the Barringtonia (POC: *putun₁) *butun

huhus-ipluck, pick off (POC: *puput-i) *buCbuC

huhus-ipour on (POC: *pupus-i) *busbus

huipour water on (as in washing a corpse) (PCEMP: *buqi₂)

huitaro, Caladium esculentum, dry ground taro only (NOISE)

huitaro, Caladium esculentum, dry ground taro only (NOISE)

hui-huiturn from side to side, be troublous (POC: *pui pui) *bui₃

hui-huipour water on (as in washing a corpse) (POC: *puqi puqi) *buqi₂

hulephases of the moon; full moon (POC: *pulan₃) *bulaN

hulea convolvulus growing on the beaches, used to produce a blue dye for the hair (POC: *pula₂)

hule-hulewater springs (POC: *puraq puraq) *budaq₁

hule i ladename of a month, July (POC: *pulan₃) *bulaN

hulosponge (POC: *puro₁) *budeq

huluhairy (POC: *pulu₃) *bulu₁

hulu-hulu-ito sting, of leaves (POC: *pulu₃) *bulu₁

hulu motaʔahairy; rough and prickly, of the backs of certain leaves (POC: *pulu₃) *bulu₁

huniskin disease, ringworm (POC: *puni₃) *buqeni

Sa'a (160 / 588)

huni-lasuffering from ringworm (POC: *puni₃) *buqeni

hunucut up an animal; sudden death, ceasing completely (POC: *punuq₃) *buNuq₂

hunu-hunuvertigo (POC: *punuq₃) *buNuq₂

hunu poobutcher a pig (POC: *punuq₃) *buNuq₂

huŋaofather-in-law, mother-in-law, son-in-law, daughter-in-law (POC: *puŋao)

huŋao-naused with ro ma of two people who call one another huŋao-ku (POC: *puŋao)

huŋeto be many, enough, too much, to abound (POC: *puŋa₂) *puŋa

huŋe-huŋa-ʔafrequently (POC: *puŋa₂) *puŋa

huru huru-huruto run (NOISE)

huru-laamessenger; a chief's dependent (NOISE)

huru ni heliŋeto run races (NOISE)

huta-ŋabirth; generation (POC: *pusa₁)

hutebe born (POC: *pusa₁)

hute liuliube born on different sides of the family, of cross-cousins (POC: *pusa₁)

huto-hutofroth, foam (POC: *pucoq pucoq) *bujeq

huua littoral tree: Barringtonia speciosa (POC: *putun₁) *butun

huuclump, stool, bunch, group (as of excrement, leaves, trees, bamboo) (POC: *putu, butu) *butu

huʔofishing-net, seine (POC: *pukot) *puket₁

huʔu-huʔuto cough, to have a cold in the head (POC: *pukuR)

huʔu-ŋacoughing (POC: *pukuR)

Sa'a (180 / 588)

-itransitive suffix (PMP: *-i₂)

i-instrumental prefix forming noun from verb (PMP: *i-) *Si-₁

iedemonstrative pronoun: this, these (follows a noun) (PMP: *ia₂)

iebelly, stomach, bowels, womb (PMP: *tian) *tiaN

i-hahoover, above (POC: *i papo) *babaw₃

ihe-WZ, WB, HB, HZ (POC: *ipaR-) *hipaR

ihuhair, feather; used with genitive i (POC: *ipu-)

ihu-i menua bird's feather (POC: *ipu-)

ihu i pweua hair of the head (POC: *ipu-)

iia buzzing or whistling noise in the ear (POC: *titiŋ) *tiŋtiŋ

i-iloa mangrove oyster (POC: *tiRom) *tiRem

i-keuto pull a thing out of the eye (POC: *kau₂)

iki (< *titik-i)knock with the knuckles; beat a wooden gong; teeth chattering with cold (PAN: *tiktik₁)

ilalato divine; the charms used are apai dili, dracaena leaf, la’o shell forehead ornament, bows, spears, ähui, dancing club, paddles (PAN: *kilala)

i laloin the middle of (POC: *i rarom) *dalem

ilea pandanus with slender leaves, used to make pwaso armlets (POC: *kiRe) *kiRay

ilea stone axe (PMP: *kiRam)

i-leŋisky, heaven (PMP: *laŋit) *laŋiC

ilithe second plank of a canoe (POC: *ili)

i-lolobowstring (POC: *rolos) *deles

Sa'a (200 / 588)

i-maaoutside, at the door; a stick, a match; a round thing; article, one (PMP: *mata) *maCa

i melu-neunder the shadow, the rule of; used in names of chiefs (PEMP: *maluRu)

i Melutei rara‘In the shade of the coral tree’, name of a village on Uki (POC: *rarap) *dapdap₁

i-neu1sg., used as subject only and followed by nou (POC: *naku) *aku

inithat (PAN: *i-ni) *-ni

inonia man, a human being, as opposed to a ghost (PEMP: *tinoni)

inuto drink (PMP: *inum)

inu-inuto drink (POC: *inum-inum) *inum

i-pelumake war on, fight (POC: *i-palu)

i-pelu ~ i-pai-paluto make war, to fight (POC: *palu₄)

i-pelu-ŋafighting (POC: *palu₄)

i puriin the stern (POC: *burit₃) *burit₁

i puri-kuin my absence (POC: *burit₃) *burit₁

iroto look for, to collect (POC: *tiro) *tindaw

iro, iro-irolook for, collect (POC: *qiro)

iro-hito cause a person to be ill, of the action of a ghost (POC: *tiro) *tindaw

iro-hito clear the head of lice (POC: *tidros) *tindes

iro-iroa pool among rocks used as a mirror (POC: *qiro)

iro-iroto look for, to collect; a pool among rocks used as a mirror; a glass (late use) (POC: *tiro-tiro) *tindaw

iutwin (NOISE)

Sa'a (220 / 588)

iʔefish (PEMP: *ikan) *Sikan

kaaclear the throat (PAN: *kak)

kaabang, bash, fall with a bang (PMP: *kaŋ)

kaatococonut leaf basket (POC: *kaso₂) *kaso

kakatorn, split (PMP: *kakaq)

kakato be torn, to be split (POC: *kakas(-i))

kaka-sito tear, to split (POC: *kakas(-i))

ka-kawetentacles of octopus; branching of the fingers of the human hand (POC: *kawe₂) *kaway₂

ka-kawetentacles of octopus; branching of the fingers of the human hand (POC: *kawe₁) *gaway₁

kämu i niufallen sheath of coconut (POC: *kamu₁)

kana ~ kana-kanato sing; a song (POC: *kanam)

käu ~ käukeuto clutch hold of, of thorny creepers; to catch old of with a crook (POC: *kau₂)

keketo crunch coconuts, canarium nuts, etc., of pigs or rete (a large rat: Mus rex) (POC: *keke₁)

kile-kileonomatopoetic, a small light green parrot that figures in a story of Muumuu (ogres from the hill country of southeast Guadalcanal); the parrot’s cry (POC: *kiRak)

kiokioa kingfisher: Halcyon saurophaga (PAN: *kiaw)

kirito cut (NOISE)

kokonarrow, confined (PMP: *keŋkeŋ₃)

kokoto be narrow, confined; a plaited basket of coconut leaves with a narrow mouth, used as a food receptacle (POC: *kokop) *kebkeb₁

kopitouch with the fingers (POC: *kobit₂) *kebit

kopito touch (POC: *kop-i) *kepkep

Sa'a (240 / 588)

korito scrape yams (POC: *korit) *kerit

korito scrape yams (POC: *kori)

kori-sito scrape yams with henu (k.o. cockle) shell (POC: *korit) *kerit

-ku1sg possessive pronoun: my; suffixed to nouns; suffixed to certain verbs as object and also to verbal nouns used as prepositions (POC: *-gu) *-ku

kuadomestic fowl (POC: *kua kua)

kurukuru(onom.) a wood pigeon (POC: *kurukuru)

kuubark at (PMP: *kuk)

kuuto bark at (PMP: *kuŋ)

ladato thrust (LOAN)

lahabig (not in common use) (POC: *lapa) *laba

lahabig (POC: *lapat₁)

lahaa pudding of grated yams and new nuts pounded and mixed with the pudding; coconut cream added if necessary (NOISE)

lalaa shellfish and arm ring made of its shell (PMP: *lalak)

laloinside, within; middle (POC: *ralom) *dalem

lamaspread over, cover over (as water covers the earth in a flood) (PMP: *lama₁)

läŋiup (PMP: *laŋit) *laŋiC

läŋi-leŋi-ʔealoft, lifted up; tall and strong, of a person (PMP: *laŋit) *laŋiC

laŋothe bluebottle fly (POC: *laŋo) *laŋaw

lasia tree with juice causing sores (PMP: *laji₁)

lawaspider’s web, spider (PMP: *lawaq₂)

Sa'a (260 / 588)

laʔe rahuan albino (laʔe = leprosy) (POC: *rapuR) *dapuR₁

lele säuthe cry when bonito are sighted (POC: *qatun)

lieginger, called ‘äi ha‘angäu keni, tree given to women to eat (to enlist their affections); used in malevolent magic it causes boils when put down on a man’s path for him to pass over (PMP: *laqia)

lieto change shape, of ghostly appearances, to throw back, of trees, e.g. oranges (PMP: *lian)

lilidoor posts (POC: *ariRi) *SadiRi

limefive (PAN: *lima)

liŋi-liŋito pour (intr.) (POC: *liŋi-liŋi) *liŋi

liŋi-sito pour (tr.) (PCEMP: *liŋi)

lisicut off a piece or section (PMP: *Risi)

lisicut off a piece or section (PMP: *Risiq)

liʔocommit suicide by hanging (POC: *liko₁) *liko

lōabscess (POC: *loto₂)

lohoto fly; to swoop; to reach, of words (POC: *Ropok) *Rebek

lokuto bend, be doubled back; curl, of a snake (PMP: *leku)

lolored ants, sugar ants (POC: *loRo)

loulouto thunder, resound (POC: *rourou)

loʔuto bend, to double back (as a pocketknife) (POC: *loguŋ) *leŋkuŋ

lua haahigh spring tide (POC: *pāq) *baSaq

ludacarry cargo, load a canoe (POC: *Rucan) *Rujan

luda-acargo (PMP: *lujan)

Sa'a (280 / 588)

ludeto carry cargo, to load a canoe, to be heavily laden (PMP: *lujan)

ludeŋ-ito carry, as cargo; to recruit men (POC: *Rucan) *Rujan

lude-ŋito carry as cargo (PMP: *lujan)

lueflood tide (POC: *Ruap) *Ruab

lue-luea flood (POC: *Ruap) *Ruab

luheto remove, to free, to loosen (POC: *Rupas)

luheto remove, to free, to loosen (POC: *lupas₂)

luhe-sito loosen, to free, to let go (POC: *Rupas)

luhe-sito loosen, to free, to let go (POC: *lupas₂)

luluto back water with paddles (POC: *ruru₁)

luluto fold (PMP: *lulun) *luluN

lulu-ŋifold it (PMP: *lulun) *luluN

lumiturn over the edges, hem (PMP: *lumiq)

lumu ~ lumu-temoss (PMP: *lumut)

lumu-ʔemoss-covered (PMP: *lumut)

lusuthe ribs in a canoe cut out of the solid from a hard wood (PAN: *Rusuk)

lusu keruseat and rib combined; broad; the ribs of a clam shell (PAN: *Rusuk)

maa-the eye, not generally used with an article; the face; (with genitive i in Sa’a, ni in Ulawa) hole, mesh, opening, outlet; core of a boil; door, gate; edge, point, blade, brim; front of a house (PMP: *mata) *maCa

maa-ito eye,to watch (PMP: *mata) *maCa

maa-i litawaa canoe landing place (PMP: *mata) *maCa

Sa'a (300 / 588)

maa-i numehouse door (PMP: *mata) *maCa

maa-i paragate (PMP: *mata) *maCa

maa-na nahithe edge of a sword (PMP: *mata) *maCa

maa-na suʔuthe opening of the bay (PMP: *mata) *maCa

maa taetaheopening in the shore reef (PMP: *mata) *maCa

madalamorning star (PMP: *mantalaq)

ma-daligreasy, slippery (POC: *maralis) *dalis

maedie; ill; become unconscious; numb; eclipsed, of moon; a fighting column; enemies; war; weapons; used with 3p. possessor and ni genitive to denote excess (POC: *mate) *aCay

mae apoloparalyzed (POC: *mate) *aCay

mae-hasickness (POC: *mate) *aCay

mae-ladeath (POC: *mate) *aCay

mae-maedie, be ill, become unconscious (PMP: *m-atay m-atay) *aCay

mae-ŋasickness, death (POC: *mate-qaŋa) *aCay

mäiebb tide, low tide (POC: *maqati) *qaCi

maihither, here, this way (POC: *mai) *ai₃

malaharm (PMP: *malaŋ)

malau mouan islet (POC: *motus)

mäluto shade, to overshadow (PEMP: *maluRu)

mälu-meluto shade, to overshadow (POC: *maluRu maluRu) *maluRu

mälu-sito shade (PEMP: *maluRu)

Sa'a (320 / 588)

mälu-teshade (PEMP: *maluRu)

ma-matato be high and dry, of a reef, to be dry at low water (PMP: *ma-maja) *maja

mamito taste (POC: *mamis) *hemis

manatato be taught, quiet, of animals, broken in, tamed; nature, disposition, custom (POC: *ma-nacam) *najam

manata-ito know, be accustomed (POC: *ma-nacam) *najam

mänientirely, altogether; precedes verb (NOISE)

mänubird, insect (POC: *manuk)

mänu(menu)to float (POC: *mañur mañur) *qañud

ma-potabroken to pieces (POC: *ma-posaq) *peceq

mäpusurotten, stinking (POC: *mabusuk) *busuk

marāusoutheast trade winds (POC: *marau)

masa, masa-masashy, ashamed, respectful (PCEMP: *ma-mayaq) *Seyaq

masa-nashame, confusion, shyness (PCEMP: *ma-mayaq) *Seyaq

mataʔito have an attack of malarial fever (POC: *masakit) *sakit

mæuaripe, of yams (POC: *matuqa) *tuqaS

mä-urilive, be alive; to recover health; be green, of timber; be delivered, of a child (PMP: *ma-qudip) *qudip

mäuruto sleep, to slumber (POC: *maturuR) *tuduR

mäʔuto fear, be afraid (POC: *matakut) *takut

mäʔu-ta-the fear of (something) (POC: *matakut) *takut

melato glow, of fierce heat (POC: *meRaq) *ma-iRaq

Sa'a (340 / 588)

mela-melato glow, of fierce heat (PCEMP: *meRaq meRaq) *ma-iRaq

memeball of masticated food (POC: *meme) *maymay

-memi1pl. excl. possessive, our (PMP: *m-ami) *ami

momosweepings, rubbish (PMP: *mekmek)

momosqueeze, press on each side (POC: *momos) *mesmes

monakicuttlefish (POC: *monaki)

mona telea dish made from taro (POC: *moñak₁) *moñak

moube broken off (POC: *motus)

mu hei ama-dafathers and children (POC: *paRi-tama) *amax

mumunito hide, be hidden; to conceal (POC: *mumuni)

munolarva of caterpillar, chrysalis (POC: *muno)

mwaa hilu-hiluzigzag in tattoo, a canoe decoration (POC: *piluk₂) *biluk

mwaloa sunken rock, a reef at sea (POC: *mwaloq)

-nä3sg. pronoun suffixed to nouns of a certain class, the equivalent of the genitive (nime 'hand': nima-na 'his hand'); noun ending used with nouns denoting relationship (POC: *-ña) *-a₂

nacopulative, and (PMP: *na₅) *Na₁

nahosurf, wave (POC: *napok) *Nabek

nanato eat (used to children) (PCEMP: *ñañam) *ñamñam

na-namato be powerful, to exercise force … Ulawa speaks of ghosts as being na-nama ‘spiritually powerful’ (POC: *mana₂)

na-nama-ŋapower, force (POC: *mana₂)

nao ~ nao-naowidow(er) (POC: *ñao)

Sa'a (360 / 588)

näua fruit tree, teak (PMP: *ñatuq)

naʔofront; before (POC: *nago)

nigenitive: of; expresses purpose; expresses condition (PAN: *ni)

nini-hohornet (PCEMP: *ñiñik) *ñikñik

niuthe coconut palm, Cocos nucifera, (PMP: *niuR)

nono äsimidge, sandfly (POC: *nonok) *neknek

no-nolayesterday (POC: *ñoRap) *ñeRab

nunuto quake, of ground; to be loose, unstable, of a post; earthquake (POC: *nunu₁)

nunu i niureflections of coconut leaves; a zigzag in tattoo; a canoe decoration (POC: *qanunu)

nunu(ku)shadow of persons, reflection, likeness, carvings, soul, consciousness; a new set of gongs is said to be the nunu of the old set (POC: *qanunu)

nunu-laostinging nettle tree with large leaves used to cover a chief’s body exposed for burial (POC: *latoŋ) *laCeŋ

nu-nunuto quake, of ground; to be loose, unstable, of a post; earthquake (POC: *nu-nunu) *nunu₁

nutosquid (POC: *nuso)

ŋa hue ʔakuʔean areca nut for me to eat (POC: *puaq) *buaq

ŋäs-ito chew (PCEMP: *ŋaŋas) *ŋasŋas

ŋäuto eat (POC: *ŋau₁)

ŋäu-hea feast; food (POC: *ŋau₁)

ŋäu-ŋeuto eat (POC: *ŋau-ŋau) *ŋau₁

ŋo-ŋorato snore, to growl at, of a dog, to snort, of a pig (POC: *ŋodra)

ŋuluto roar, of surf (POC: *ŋuRuR)

Sa'a (380 / 588)

ŋuru ~ ŋu-ŋuruto growl or roar, of animals; to mumble or groan, of persons (POC: *ŋuru) *ŋurut

odo ~ odo-odostraight; go straight forward; be correct and proper (POC: *kodos)

odo(odo)be straight, go straight forward; be correct and proper (POC: *oto)

ohoattempt, make trial of (POC: *topoŋ) *tepeŋ₁

ohomake a propitiatory offering after a term of absence (NOISE)

okom-iroll around in the mouth and swallow whole (POC: *oŋkom) *eŋgem

okom-iroll around in the mouth and swallow whole (POC: *qoŋkom) *qeŋkem

oli(oli)return, relieve, replace (PCEMP: *oliq, uliq) *uliq₁

oli-sichange, alter (PCEMP: *oliq, uliq) *uliq₁

olocut the ends off; to cut the hair of the head (POC: *koRot) *keRet

olo-ito sever the shoots of (POC: *koRot) *keRet

oluthree (PEMP: *tolu) *telu

olu-nethird, third time (PEMP: *tolu) *telu

onastakes of puepue palm or areca palm set in a hole as an enemy trap (POC: *ona₂) *ena

onafreshwater limpet with poisonous spines; stakes of puepue palm or areca palm set in a hole as an enemy trap (POC: *ona₁) *ona

onesand; beach (POC: *qone) *qenay

oneonea littoral tree, light-colored leaves, pigeons eat the berries (LOAN)

onosix (POC: *onom) *enem

onoa fish, the barracuda (POC: *qono₁)

oohusugarcane (POC: *na topu) *tebuS

Sa'a (400 / 588)

opo lamagrowing coconut with watery inside, not normal (opo = core, center of a growing coconut) (POC: *lama₃)

opugreen drinking coconut (NOISE)

opwabelly, bowels, stomach (POC: *topwa)

opʷa-belly, bowels, stomach (POC: *tobwa₂)

ora lulubelch (POC: *toRap) *CeRab

ori-oriscrape the charcoal off yams or taro roasted on the coals; peel yams (POC: *orit) *erit

ori-orito scrape, to scrape the charcoal off yams or taro roasted on the coals; to peel yams with a roa (black lip pearl shell) held between the thumb and index finger, the motion being away from and not towards the body. (POC: *ori)

osicut, score, bevel canoe planks for joints (NOISE)

otocooked food taken on a journey (POC: *qoso)

oʔato settle, of birds; to squat on the haunches (POC: *toka₃) *tekas

palalight in color (coconuts, people, animals); cataract in eye; pale; faded (POC: *balaR₂) *balaR

paladorsal membrane of a swordfish (NOISE)

palalight in color, pale, faded (NOISE)

pala-palagrey, whitish (POC: *balaR₂) *balaR

paŋato wonder, stagger at a matter (PAN: *paŋa₁)

parato fence with upright posts, to guard (POC: *bara₄) *bara₁

pasathe stern bonito hook, trailed behind the canoe, made anciently of clam with a tortoise shell barb (POC: *bayan)

pasathe stern bonito hook, trailed behind the canoe, made anciently of clam with a tortoise shell barb (POC: *bayan₃) *payan

pasuto threaten (POC: *basu)

pepebutterfly, moth (POC: *bebe)

Sa'a (420 / 588)

pilethe young areca nut in its early stages (POC: *piras)

pile-naroe of fish, yolk of egg; to spawn (POC: *piRa₁) *biRaS

pinehornbill (POC: *binam)

pine ni anoNicobar pigeon (POC: *binam)

pine ni usibooby (POC: *binam)

pinuturn over the edge of a thing; to hem (POC: *pinu)

poiup; hither (POC: *boi₃)

pono-ponoto close, to be solid, to mend, to be closed, stuffed up; lid, stopper, cork of bottle (late use) (POC: *bonot)

poŋia time, a season (POC: *boŋi) *beRŋi

poŋi-kumy appointed time (POC: *boŋi) *beRŋi

potato break by knocking one thing against another (POC: *posaq) *peceq

pota niuto crack coconuts (POC: *posaq) *peceq

pue puea palm used for making bows, combs, heavy spears (POC: *bual bual)

pue pue rodoheavy palm-wood spear (POC: *bual bual)

pulicowrie shell, used as sinkers for nets (POC: *buliq₁)

puloto turn about, turn over; to tie around, to twist (POC: *bulos)

pulos-ito roll, to twist; to be moved, of bowels (POC: *bulos)

pulublack (as volcanic rock); gall, fluid ejected by an octopus (POC: *buluŋ₃) *buluŋ₁

puluthe putty nut, Parinarium laurinum used to caulk canoes); tree gum (POC: *bulut) *pulut

pulut-esticking a thing with gum (POC: *bulut) *pulut

Sa'a (440 / 588)

pupuluthick, dense (as branches) (POC: *buburu)

pupuluthick, dense (as branches) (NOISE)

puriback of, behind the back of, stern of a canoe (POC: *burit₃) *burit₁

puri-neafter that (POC: *burit₃) *burit₁

pwau-head (POC: *batuk) *batuk₃

pwaʔato rise, of heavenly bodies (POC: *pwaka)

pwisisplurt, splash (PMP: *picik)

rarathe coral tree, Erythrina indica (POC: *rarap) *dapdap₁

rara ~ raa-rarabe in the sunlight, be hot, pungent; be zealous over, be jealous over (PMP: *daŋdaŋ₁) *daŋdaŋ

rara meaadminister a public rebuke (lit. ‘burn the tongue’) (PMP: *daŋdaŋ₁) *daŋdaŋ

räuleaf; leaf used as a wrapper in cooking (PEMP: *raun) *dahun

raʔugather up with the hand (PMP: *ra(ŋ)kup)

riʔismall (paired with raha ‘big’; not in common use) (POC: *rikiq) *dikiq

ronumeral, two; used only in composition (POC: *rua) *duSa

rodonight (POC: *rodrom₁) *demdem₂

rodo-sibe benighted (POC: *rodrom₁) *demdem₂

rokato open, set open wide (ROOT)

roŋo-ŋahearing (POC: *roŋoR) *deŋeR

roŋo-roŋoto hear, to listen, to hear tidings of; to understand; to ask in marriage (POC: *roŋoR) *deŋeR

roŋo saaito understand (POC: *roŋoR) *deŋeR

Sa'a (460 / 588)

ruetwo, used by itself or with ro, of phases of the moon (POC: *rua) *duSa

saeheart, mind, liver, lungs, chest (PMP: *qatay) *qaCay

sae-asiforgive (PMP: *qatay) *qaCay

sae esoesofeel indignation; know, know how to, to name, give a name to (used in many expressions relating to mental or emotional states) (PMP: *qatay) *qaCay

sae hutohutolungs ( = 'frothing liver') (PMP: *qatay) *qaCay

sahaogrub found in fallen logs of breadfruit tree, supposed to turn into the cockchafer beetle (POC: *qapator) *qabated

sähulime, lime gourd; magic lime put over doorway outside on the ridge-pole with an incantation, a charm to protect the house and its belongings; used in black magic (PAN: *qapuR)

sälilibrown gastropod: Turbo petholatus (PMP: *qaliliŋ)

säluthe ironwood tree, Casuarina equisetifolia; the needles are crushed and placed over bodies exposed for burial; a red stain is made from the scraped bark of the trees and used as a preservative for fishing-lines (POC: *aRu) *aRuhu

sälubarracuda (PMP: *qalu)

sanewhite ant, the food of ghosts on Malapa? (POC: *ane) *aNay

sane-ʔaeaten by white ants (POC: *ane) *aNay

saothe sago palm, Sagus sp., four kinds known, the leaves used for thatch (POC: *qatop) *qatep

sao ni ʔaholokite made of sago palm leaves and used in fishing for mwanole (large garfish), the bait a spider's web (POC: *qatop) *qatep

saroto face, to turn oneself; breast (POC: *qarop) *qadep

säsuto smoke, of fire; smoke; steam (PMP: *qasu₃)

sataname (POC: *acan) *ajan

sataa climbing fern, very strong, used for tying (POC: *qasam) *qaRsam

sata-aʔichafe, rub (PEMP: *asaq) *Sasaq

satehuman jaw (POC: *qase) *qazay

Sa'a (480 / 588)

sat-erub down, grind, sharpen on a stone (POC: *asaq-i) *Sasaq

satosun, sunshine, fine weather, no rain (POC: *qaco) *qajaw

säuthe bonito fish (POC: *qatun)

säukill, pound taro, ram, blow strong (of winds); pound taro and canarium nuts at a feast (POC: *qatu)

säu-lehievening (POC: *Rapi) *Rabiqi

säu-sesuto smoke, of fire (PMP: *qasu qasu) *qasu₃

sawafreshwater mullet (PMP: *qawas)

siho hai anocome down to the ground (POC: *tanoq) *taneq

siho i oneto land from a canoe on the beach (POC: *sipo)

siho-lito descend upon (POC: *sipo)

siho-ŋaa descent, disembarcation (POC: *sipo)

sineto throw light with a torch; to use a torch of coconut leaves (PMP: *sinaR) *siNaR

sine-lito brighten; moonlight (PMP: *sinaR) *siNaR

siŋe-siŋeto shine, of the stars (PMP: *siŋaR)

sisito grin like a dog, lay bare the teeth (POC: *sisiq₂) *ziziq

sisito grin like a dog, lay bare the teeth (POC: *sisir₂) *zizir

sisito roll back as a fold, to grin like a dog, to lay bare the teeth (POC: *sisi₂)

si-sihoto descend, to disembark, to land (POC: *sipo)

siwa-naninth, for the ninth time (PMP: *siwa) *Siwa

siwenine (PMP: *siwa) *Siwa

Sa'a (500 / 588)

sululiquid, water (POC: *suRuq₁) *zuRuq

sulu ni niuthe liquid of a green coconut (POC: *suRuq₁) *zuRuq

sulu ni waiwater (POC: *suRuq₁) *zuRuq

susu-breast, paps, dugs of animals (PAN: *susu₁)

susuto suck the breast; to have children at the breast (PAN: *susu₁)

susuto prick, pierce, impale; to stake; to sew (PAN: *suksuk)

susu-ito prick, to set up, fix firmly, to set upright in the ground (as bamboos for a wall) (PMP: *suksuk-i) *suksuk

taɁeadverb of direction, up, inland (POC: *sake) *sakay₄

ta-haŋaa fathom (POC: *ŋapa₁)

talapath, road, way; a row, a string of objects (POC: *jalan) *zalan

talato miss, to fail (PMP: *salaq₁)

talasweep the house with a bunch of leaves or grasses (POC: *salap)

tälito split down, to tear down the stem of the betel pepper preparatory to eating, to split a vine or a bamboo, to strip the skin of wale cane (POC: *sali)

taŋathe crotch of the legs (POC: *saŋa₁)

ta-ŋa-laucardinal numeral, one hundred (PMP: *sa-ŋa-Ratus) *RaCus

täriland a fish in a landing net; to stick fast in a tree or a noose (POC: *sariŋ) *zariŋ

tataʔeembark, start off; used to denote the capacity of a canoe (PMP: *sakay₁)

tawaan opening in the shore reef; used in names of landing places (POC: *sawaŋ₂)

taʔabad; also used as commiseration (POC: *saqat) *zaqat

taʔeembark, start off (PMP: *sakay₁)

Sa'a (520 / 588)

taʔe ileŋine horseto ride a horse (PMP: *sakay₁)

taʔe-liembark, get into a canoe (PMP: *sakay₁)

tehuluthe black mussel, used in the manufacture of bow bonito hooks (POC: *sapulu)

tohato rejoice, to be proud (NOISE)

toloa hill (POC: *solos)

toroto pierce, to prick, to open a sore, to impale (NOISE)

tototo dry up, to soak into, of liquids (POC: *sosop) *sepsep

tounight heron (POC: *sou)

uerattan cane (POC: *que) *quay

uhea strong ground creeper used in tying, with bitter juice; scraped and used to poison fish (POC: *tupa₂) *tubah

uhithe yam, sixty-one varieties named at Sa'a (PMP: *qubi)

uhiblow with the mouth upon an object, breathe upon (PCEMP: *upi)

ule-brother, sister, cousins of all sorts (POC: *tuRa-)

ulehua fish, Oligorus gigas; six varieties of ulehu are named; the ulehu is caught with a bait of ‘a‘awa, walking fish; name appears in proverbs describing greediness (‘to eat like the ulehu’) (PMP: *kuRapu)

ule-ulesinew; tendon (PMP: *uRat uRat) *huRaC

ulirub, massage (PMP: *quli)

ulia tree, the vi-apple, Spondias dulcis (PCEMP: *quRi)

ulo, ulo-ulowrap up, make a parcel of (PMP: *qules₂) *qules

ulos-iwrap up (trans.) (PMP: *qules₂) *qules

uluto wade (POC: *tuRu₁)

Sa'a (540 / 588)

uluŋ-eto pillow, to serve as a pillow (POC: *quluŋ-an) *qulun₂

ulu-onethe sandy tract immediately above the beach (POC: *qulu) *quluh

umucooking oven in house, used only on great occasions; a large ring with upright stones (PMP: *qumun)

uneh-aʔascales of fish or snake (PCEMP: *qunep)

uneh-ito scale a fish (POC: *qunap-i) *quSeNap

unufibrous spathe of a coconut frond, used for straining (ROOT)

uracrayfish, prawn (POC: *quraŋ) *qudaŋ

uru, uru-urugather up in the hand, collect (PMP: *quruŋ)

usupush, shove, launch a boat (POC: *qusur) *qunzur

usurub, daub, wipe, grate (PMP: *usuq)

usupush, shove; launch a boat (POC: *usu)

usuto point, to accuse; the first finger (POC: *tusuq) *tuzuq₁

usu, usu-usurub, daub, wipe, grate (NOISE)

usu-ito point at, to accuse (POC: *tusuq) *tuzuq₁

usu-usuto point, to accuse (PMP: *tuzu-tuzuq) *tuzuq₁

ute piiheavy rain (POC: *qusan) *quzaN

utopith (POC: *uso)

uureal, beginning, source (PMP: *tuqu₂)

u-unu, u-unu-unuburn in the fire, roast flesh on the embers; raise cicatrices on the body by burning (POC: *tunu tunu) *CuNuh

u-unu-hito burn (POC: *tunu tunu) *CuNuh

Sa'a (560 / 588)

u-unu-unuyoung men's game played on sand, two sides each with its oven (umu); the game is to wrest one of the opposite side and put him into the oven (POC: *tunu tunu) *CuNuh

uwelimother’s brother-sisters-son relationship (LOAN)

uwothe inner skin of rattan cane, pith (POC: *quto)

uwoflying-fish float (POC: *uton)

u-wotato appear on the horizon (as hills) (POC: *pwosa)

waifresh water; stream, river (PCEMP: *waiR) *wahiR

waieuthe bonito fish (LOAN)

wälia space of time, long past (POC: *waRi₂)

wælia space of time, long past (POC: *tuaRi)

walocreeper, vine; rope, string, line; fishing-line; ten shell-moneys, a unit (POC: *waRoc) *waRej

watemake an oration at a feast (POC: *wa(n)se)

wate-ŋaan oration (POC: *wa(n)se-ŋa) *wa(n)se

wauadverb of place; there (PMP: *wa-tu) *-Cu

wawamouth (NOISE)

waʔabe split, cut into sections; to split, divide fish; shred, cut up yams for planting (PMP: *wakaq)

waʔaa boss on the head of adze handle, on canoe haku (stem or stern) in prow, on back of kiekie clubs, etc. (POC: *waka)

waʔa-waʔawild yam with large fruit; eaten in famine times (NOISE)

wiligive tribute, contribute money to a chief at a feast (NOISE)

ziodown, downward (POC: *sipo)

ʔäitree, wood , more commonly used in Ulawa; to be stiff, numb (POC: *kayu) *kaSiw

Sa'a (580 / 588)

ʔa-puloreversed, returned, turned back on a journey (POC: *ta-bulos) *bulos

ʔaʔasito scratch deeply (POC: *kakas-i) *gasgas

ʔimethe bear’s paw clam (PMP: *kima)

ʔoʔoto stay, stay about, not go anywhere (NOISE)

ʔuehow? why? of course (PMP: *kua₁) *kua₂

ʔuluʔulua full-grown coconut, a dry nut on the tree or fallen off (POC: *kulu₂)

ʔuʔuto hang down, to depend, to swing (POC: *kukut)

ʔuʔua round object, a lump in pounded (NOISE)

ʔuʔu i diliberries of dracaena; testicle (NOISE)

602. Saaroa (132) Form. (Tsuchida 1976) [sxr] Taiwan

-aobject focus imperative (PAN: *-a₁)

ais-aboundary (PAN: *qajiS)

alhanəright (not left) (PAN: *waNan)

alhəŋəpine tree (PAN: *saleŋ)

alhitooth (PAN: *waNiS)

alhicileather (PAN: *qaNiC)

aɬoʔohoneybee (PAN: *waNu)

amaʔafather (PAN: *amax)

cailhiyear (PAN: *CawiN)

caliŋaear (PAN: *Caliŋa)

caraʔəblood (PAN: *daRaq)

civukabelly (PAN: *biCuka)

culalhəbone (PAN: *CuqelaN)

c<um>a-calhəməto cover with earth (PAN: *CaNem)

c<um>a-cuɬuto roast right on the fire (PAN: *CuNuh)

cumiʔithe Formosan black bear (PAN: *Cumay)

cuvuʔubamboo shoot (PAN: *Cubuq)

ebeceŋemillet (PAN: *beCeŋ)

ənəməsix (PAN: *enem)

əŋəəŋəstopper, plug (PAN: *seŋseŋ)

Saaroa (20 / 132)

e-seleebowstring, fishing line (PAN: *deles)

ə-vəraəhusked rice (PAN: *beRas)

ilh-aku1sg.; I (PAN: *i-aku) *aku

ilhuʔunecklace (PAN: *SiNuq)

inaʔ-aM (ref.) (PAN: *iná-q) *ina

isa3sg. (PAN: *si ia₁) *ia₁

i-siparəthe opposite side of the river (PAN: *SipaR)

ita ~ ilhatawe (incl.) (PAN: *ita₁)

i-vavuabove, up (PAN: *i babaw) *babaw₃

karilanguage (PAN: *kaRi₁)

ki-gather (as sweet potatoes) (PAN: *ki-)

-ku1sg genitive; marks possessor and agent of an undergoer verb (PAN: *-ku)

kucuʔuhead louse (PAN: *kuCux)

kulícipeelings of fruit and tubers (PAN: *kuliC)

kuliʔiinsect, worm (PAN: *kulay₁)

k<um>a-kalito dig (PAN: *k<um>ali) *kalih

k<um>a-kitato see (PAN: *k<um>ita) *kita

kurapəscabies (PAN: *kurap)

ɬaand (things, but not people) (PAN: *Na₁)

ɬaand (NOISE)

Saaroa (40 / 132)

laarəflying squirrel (PAN: *lawaR)

laŋicasky (PAN: *laŋiC)

ləəʔətears (PAN: *luSeq)

lhatəŋəvegetables (PAN: *NaCeŋ)

lhi-u-tiŋa-afood particles caught between the teeth (PAN: *CiŋaS)

ɬuuŋurice mortar (PAN: *Nusuŋ)

ma:ta-tusoroto sleep (Ferrell 1969) (PAN: *tuduR)

maa-is-an-acontent (Tsuchida 1976:251) (PAN: *isi₅)

ma-caa-caato laugh (PAN: *ma-Cawa) *Cawa

maka-ɬaŋoloto swim (PAN: *Naŋuy)

m-aku-a-talhaməto taste (PAN: *tañam)

ma-lima-lhefifty (PAN: *ma-lima-N) *lima

ma-ɬipiithin (of materials) (PAN: *ma-Nipis) *Nipis

maŋ-usipialive (PAN: *qudip₁) *qudip

ma-polhiwhite (PAN: *ma-puNi) *puNi

m-ara-a-taa-tarato ambush (PAN: *taRah)

m-ari-aitiitiwave in a big motion, as a flag (PAN: *witiwit)

ma-salisismooth (PAN: *ma-dalis) *dalis

ma-saremecold (PAN: *dajem)

m-u-alhusuadrift (PAN: *qañud)

Saaroa (60 / 132)

m-uru-a-nia-niaato breathe (PAN: *NiSawa)

m-utu-a-valəəto echo (PAN: *bales₁)

m-utu-tukutukubump the head (PAN: *CugCug₂)

m-u-u-siparəwalk across the river (PAN: *SipaR)

ŋusomouth, lips (PAN: *ŋusuq)

paaŋ-ələvəto close, shut (PAN: *qeNeb₁)

paliibile, gall bladder (PAN: *paliq₁)

palisi-ataboo (PAN: *paliSi-an) *paliSi

pa-pa-pacikill (PAN: *pa-p-aCay) *aCay

pari-vaa-vililhito follow (PAN: *biliN)

pəlhəkənavel (PAN: *pujek)

pu-a-ilicome back, return (PAN: *wili)

pucaʔfoam (PAN: *puCaq)

rituloquat tree and fruit: Eriobotrya deflexa (PAN: *Ritu)

salhumuwater (PAN: *daNum)

sareːearth, soil (PAN: *daReq)

sikaməmat woven with wild ginger leaves (PAN: *Sikam)

suɬatəpaper (LOAN)

s<um>a-silaəto lick (PAN: *d<um>ilaq) *dilaq₁

s<um>a-suɬatəto write (LOAN)

Saaroa (80 / 132)

suusukuginger: Zingiber officinale (PAN: *dukduk₁)

taar-utavomit (PAN: *utaq)

ta-bəlhəbəlhəbanana (PAN: *beNbeN)

ta-i-lhuaŋəfemale pygmy deer (PAN: *qiNuaŋ)

taɬa:village (PAN: *taNaS)

tala-la-laucuto look down (PAN: *lahud)

talhiusumulberry tree and fruit (PAN: *taNiud)

tanaʔea plant: Aralia decaisneana (Hance) (PAN: *tanaq)

tara-a-sariŋito moan (of a man, as when sick) (PAN: *daRiŋ)

taru-a-cuvuŋuto meet (PAN: *Cebuŋ)

taru-arapəto sow (PAN: *Rahap)

taru-cuvuŋu-aconfluence of rivers (PAN: *Cebuŋ)

tar-utato vomit (Ferrell 1969) (PAN: *taR-)

ta-ʔuvuŋ-apigpen, pigsty (NOISE)

tənəməsea (PAN: *tenem)

toroko:kəchicken (PAN: *tuRukuk)

t<um>-a-taŋi-ito cry, weep (PAN: *C<um>aŋis) *Caŋis

t<um>imaɬato hear (PAN: *t<um>umaNa) *tumaNa

t<um>imaɫato hear (PAN: *t<um>imaNa) *timaNa

u-a-ki-kirimiseek (PAN: *kiRim)

Saaroa (100 / 132)

-um-marker of actor focus (PAN: *<um>) *-um-

um-a-alato take (PAN: *um-ala) *ala

um-a-aracəto bite (PAN: *k<um>aRaC) *kaRaC

um-ali-a-valəəto answer (PAN: *bales₁)

uma-umafarm (PAN: *qumah)

usalhərain (PAN: *quzaN)

u-sianine (PAN: *u-Siwa) *Siwa

u-suma-anəother (PAN: *duma)

u-tuluthree (PAN: *telu)

valharəa plant: Smilax china (PAN: *baNaR)

valhiriboard (NOISE)

val itukumoney (LOAN)

varaʔacharcoal (PAN: *baRah)

vatuʔustone (PAN: *batux)

vatuʔustone (PAN: *batux)

viʔiligoiter (NOISE)

vulalhemoon, month (PAN: *bulaN)

vuŋuʔuhead (PAN: *buŋuh)

vuŋuʔuhead (NOISE)

ʔabaŋəboat, canoe (PAN: *qabaŋ₁)

Saaroa (120 / 132)

ʔacáŋəwalls of pigpen (NOISE)

ʔacəvədeadfall trap to catch rats (PAN: *qaCeb)

ʔaciʔiliver (PAN: *qaCay)

ʔamis-an-awinter (PAN: *qamiS-an) *qamiS

ʔarisaŋpigeon peas (PAN: *qaRidaŋ)

ʔaurutype of bamboo (PAN: *qauR)

ʔilhicuevil spirit (PAN: *qaNiCu)

ʔimarəgrease, fat (PAN: *SimaR)

ʔulhulhaŋetree with sticky fruits: Cordia myxa (PAN: *quNuNaŋ)

ʔunipitype of white mushroom (LOAN)

ʔusáəgray hair (PAN: *qudaS)

ʔu-susufemale breast (PAN: *susu₁)

603. Sa'ban (50) WMP (Blust n.d. (1971), Blust 2001) [snv] Malaysia (Sarawak)

adiəwfar (PMP: *zauq)

alinpath, road (PMP: *zalan)

anak m-enak-ensibling's child (PWMP: *kam-anak-en) *aNak

apalthick (PWMP: *kapal)

atəheye (PMP: *mata) *maCa

atəh siəwsun (‘eye of the day’) (PAN: *mata nu qalejaw) *maCa

aywho? (PMP: *sai)

ayəwwood; tree (PMP: *kahiw) *kaSiw

bbəha plant with roots that are pounded and mixed with river water to immobilize fish: Derris elliptica (PAN: *tubah)

beləmdeep (PMP: *dalem)

biriəwwind (PAN: *baRiuS)

bləwbody hair, fur, feathers (PMP: *bulu₁)

blinmoon, month (PMP: *bulan₃) *bulaN

breətheavy (PMP: *beReqat)

breəwchase away, drive off (as birds from the fields) (PAN: *buRaw)

ddəuʔseven (PAN: *tuzuq₁)

dinrain (PMP: *quzan) *quzaN

eməhfive (PAN: *lima)

hlənto swallow (PMP: *telen)

hloəŋbone (PWMP: *tuqelaŋ)

Sa'ban (20 / 50)

hmahclothes louse (PMP: *tumah) *CumeS

hmitball of the heel (PWMP: *tumid)

hmuəncucumber (PMP: *qatimun)

hruənto descend (PMP: *tuRun₁)

kkəwnode, joint (as in bamboo, sugarcane) (PMP: *bukuh)

lanaʔpus (PMP: *nanaq) *naNaq

lawthree (PAN: *telu)

laʔinbranch (PMP: *daqan₁) *daqan

ləkoʔjoint of the body (PAN: *lekuq₁)

ləwthree (PAN: *telu)

lluənto roll up, as a mat (PAN: *luluN)

loətmushroom (PMP: *kulat₂) *kulaC

maʔhouse, longhouse (PAN: *Rumaq)

muəksandfly (PMP: *ñamuk)

muətfibrous roots (PMP: *Ramut₁)

n-yopblow, blow on (PWMP: *maŋ-heyup) *Seyup

pəiʔwater (PMP: *bahaq₂) *baSaq

pə-lbəwone thousand (PMP: *Ribu)

ɸətnavel (PMP: *pusej)

ppəkpounded fine, as rice grains (PMP: *bekbek₁)

Sa'ban (40 / 50)

rahbig (PAN: *Raya)

roətwound (PWMP: *suRat)

roətvein, tendon (PMP: *uRat) *huRaC

siəwday (PMP: *qalejaw)

tahwe (dual incl.) (PAN: *k-ita) *ita₁

təwhead louse (PMP: *kutu₁) *kuCux

toəʔvomit (PAN: *utaq)

ttaycalf of the leg (PAN: *beties)

winodor, smell (PWMP: *bahu-en) *bahu

yopthing used for blowing (as a bamboo tube used to blow on the fire) (PMP: *heyup) *Seyup

Sa'dan (13) WMP. see: Sa'dan Toraja

604. Sa'dan Toraja (13) WMP [aka: Sa'dan]

busuŋget a swollen belly --- punishment for violating a taboo (PWMP: *busuŋ)

kalu-pinikind of swallow (PWMP: *pini)

kanniŋeyebrow (PWMP: *keniŋ)

pa-katuto send (PMP: *katu) *kaCu

paluŋ-anfeeding trough (usually for pigs) (PWMP: *paluŋ-an) *paluŋ₁

pusuksprout; budding leaves (PWMP: *pucuk)

saeto arrive (PWMP: *sabay₂)

sarakto separate, to wean (PWMP: *sarak)

siaŋmid-day (PWMP: *siaŋ)

tambukbelly (PWMP: *tambuk)

tan-an (< *taqan-an)to hold out, endure, defend one’s place (PWMP: *taqan₂)

tikaʔquick, speed (PMP: *ti(ŋ)kas)

tunduklean over, bend (PWMP: *tunduk)

Sadong (59) WMP. see: Bidayuh (Bukar-Sadong)

605. Saisiyat (276) Form. (Li 1978) [xsy] Taiwan (dialects: Tungho [xsy] 12, Taai [xsy] 44)

æhœdog (PAN: *asu₁)

alikæhquick, fast (PAN: *alikas) Taai

a-rumaother (PAN: *duma)

asaŋvillage (PAN: *asaŋ₃) *asaŋ₂

asaŋvillage (LOAN)

azemheart (mind) (PAN: *ajem) Taai

babawabove, overhead (PAN: *babaw₃)

baboydomesticated pig (PAN: *babuy₃)

bakbakstrike with a piece of bamboo (PAN: *bakbak₂)

bakigrandfather (PAN: *baki₂)

bæLælung (PAN: *baRaq₁)

balaʃmale (PAN: *baNaS)

baLasokwoodpecker (PAN: *balalaCuk) Taai

baLiɁwind (PAN: *bali₃) Taai

baLiwbuy (PAN: *baliw) *baliw₃ Taai

baLizabatten, reed (of a loom) (PAN: *baRija) Taai

baLoshtyphoon (PAN: *baRiuS)

baLozpigeon (PAN: *baRuj) Taai

balʸiwind (LOAN)

baŋaʃa tree: Melia azedarach (PAN: *baŋaS)

Saisiyat (20 / 276)

baŋəʃanimal skin (PAN: *baŋeS)

basaLsmall variety of millet (PAN: *baCaR) Taai

batostone (PAN: *batux)

bawalump (PAN: *Ribawa)

beLaygive (PAN: *beRay)

biLilfollow (PAN: *biliN)

bilisto hold (PAN: *biNiC)

binSiseed of grains (PAN: *bineSiq)

bintœʔænstar (PAN: *bituqen)

bœhœLbow (PAN: *busuR₂)

bokeshhair of the head (PAN: *bukeS)

boLayfruit (PAN: *buRay) Taai

boLokind of bamboo (PAN: *buluq₂)

boLokdecay (PAN: *buRuk)

bonazsand (LOAN)

bosœtesticles, scrotum (PAN: *buCuq)

boSokdrunk, dizzy (PAN: *buSuk)

bunazsand (PAN: *bunaj)

əməmfog, mist (PAN: *lemlem) Tungho

hæ-hilaLsun (PAN: *siNaR)

Saisiyat (40 / 276)

ha-inowhere? (PAN: *i-nu) *-nu₁

hæLəŋpine tree (PAN: *saleŋ) Taai

hapoyfire (PAN: *Sapuy)

ha-ynowhere? (PAN: *inu)

himarker of personal names (PAN: *si₁)

hikoʔelbow (PAN: *sikux)

h-inithis, here (PAN: *i-ni) *-ni

hipihsmall cockroach (PAN: *Sipes)

hœhœʔfemale breast (PAN: *susu₁)

h<œm>aŋihto weep, cry (PAN: *C<um>aŋis) *Caŋis

h<œm>iopto blow (with breath)/whistle (PAN: *S<um>eyup) *Seyup

iləbto close (PAN: *qiNeb)

imaLiʃiʔpregnant (NEAR)

inamother (PAN: *ina)

inino, not (PAN: *ini)

iokorange (PAN: *iuk)

itawe (incl.) (PAN: *ita₁)

ka¹nominative and accusative case marker for common nouns (PAN: *ka₃)

ka- -anformative for nouns of location; ka-Ɂælop-an ‘hunting ground’ (cp. Ɂælop ‘to hunt’) (PAN: *ka- -an₂)

ka-bhœtsquirrel (PAN: *buhet)

Saisiyat (60 / 276)

kæ-hbourine (PAN: *sebu)

ka-hiLayesterday (PAN: *siRa₁) Taai

kæ-hmatongue (PAN: *Sema)

ka-hœhœʔ-annipple of the breast (PAN: *susu₁)

kæ-hɁœŋhorn (PAN: *sequŋ)

kahœsscooping out (PAN: *kahuS)

kæhœytree, wood (PAN: *kaSiw)

ka-kLiwhemp plant (PAN: *keRiw) Taai

kaLaŋcrab (PAN: *gaRaŋ) Taai

kæ-Lasəŋstinging nettle: Laportea spp. (PAN: *laCeŋ)

ka-lhibcave under a rock (PAN: *Nihib)

kaLiɁlanguage (PAN: *kaRi₁)

ka-nowhat? (PAN: *ka-nu₁) *-nu₁

kapn-æʔmiSan-annorth (PAN: *qamiS-an) *qamiS

kapranawtowel for bathing (ROOT)

ka-sbəzspring (of water) (PAN: *Cebej)

ka-sbolsmoke (PAN: *CebuN)

ka-tboʃsugarcane (PAN: *tebuS)

katimtimeyelash (NEAR)

katimtimeyelash (LOAN)

Saisiyat (80 / 276)

kawaʃsky, heaven (PAN: *kawaS₁)

kawaynet for carrying things on back (PAN: *kaway₃)

ka-wLasvein (PAN: *huRaC)

kæ-ʔLorhousepost (PAN: *qelud) Taai

kicomitative marker (Li 1978:605) (PAN: *ki₂)

ki-obtain, get (gather firewood, pick flowers, etc.), remove a tooth (PAN: *ki-)

kikuLtail (PAN: *kikuR) Taai

kiLimseek, search for (PAN: *kiRim) Taai

kokoŋsmall bird (PAN: *ku(ŋ)kuŋ)

kokoŋsmall bird (PAN: *kukuŋ₁)

k<om>a:-kaawto scratch (with fingernails) (PAN: *k<um>aRaw) *kaRaw₁ Tungho

k<om>ahœsscoop out (PAN: *k<um>ahuS) *kahuS

k<om>aLasto bite (PAN: *k<um>aRaC) *kaRaC

k<om>aLihto dig something up (PAN: *k<um>ali) *kalih Taai

k<om>iLimseek (PAN: *k<um>iRim) *kiRim Taai

k<om>itato see (PAN: *k<um>ita) *kita

komolpubic hair (PAN: *gumuN)

kosolouse (head) (PAN: *kuCux)

kwawlarge hawk sp. (PAN: *kuaw) Taai

Labiʃsmall knife (PAN: *RabiS)

Saisiyat (100 / 276)

Læhœrdownhill (PAN: *lahud)

Lamesroot (PAN: *RameC)

lamoLdew (PAN: *ñamuR)

lamoLdew (PMP: *lamuR) Taai

Laŋawsmall fly (PAN: *laŋaw) Taai

laŋoyswim (PAN: *Naŋuy)

Lapisflying squirrel (PAN: *lapis) Taai

lataroutside (PAN: *NataD)

layara plant: Sambucus formosana (PAN: *Nayad) Taai

Lay-Layowither (PAN: *layu)

LəmLəmcloud (PAN: *lemlem) Taai

ləmzæsmall miscanthus (PAN: *Rimeja)

libonest (PAN: *Nibu)

Likorback, behind (PAN: *likud)

LilaʃanSwinhoe’s blue pheasant (PAN: *RiNaS-an) *RiNaS

Liluka plant with edible berry: Rubus parvifolius (PAN: *RiNuk) Taai

LituɁloquat tree and fruit: Eriobotrya deflexa (PAN: *Ritu) Taai

Liʔʃiʃnit (PAN: *liseqeS) Taai

lœhœŋmortar (PAN: *Nusuŋ)

lokathe inflamed corners of the mouth (PAN: *Nuka)

Saisiyat (120 / 276)

Loklawclouded leopard (PAN: *lukeNaw) Taai

L<om>amozto mix (PWMP: *lamuj) Taai

l<om>aŋoyto swim (PAN: *N<um>aŋuy) *Naŋuy

L<om>asəŋto sting, of bees (PAN: *laCeŋ)

L<om>ayapto fly (PAN: *layap)

L<om>əbəŋto bury (PAN: *lebeŋ₁)

l<om>otorjoin, link (PAN: *Nutud)

Loʃiʔtears (PAN: *luSeq)

LosoŋFormosan rock monkey (PAN: *luCuŋ) Taai

Lotokrabbit (PAN: *lutuk₁)

Lotokrabbit (PAN: *lutuk₁) Taai

lœʔəʃmarrow (PAN: *NuqeS)

ma-stative prefix (PAN: *ma-₁)

ma-boLokrotten (of food) (PMP: *ma-buRuk) *buRuk

malatgeneral term for knife (NOISE)

ma-Lbawaswelling (PAN: *Ribawa)

maL-ʔaz-ʔazemto think (PAN: *ajem) Taai

ma-moLaʔto plant (PAN: *mula) Taai

ma-mwaʔto plant (PAN: *mula) Tungho

manaki ʃascend (PAN: *dakiS)

Saisiyat (140 / 276)

man-tetetremble (PAN: *terter)

man-teteLto tremble, shiver (PAN: *teRteR) Taai

maraʃbring (PAN: *um-adaS) *adaS

masaeye (PAN: *maCa) Tungho

masaydie (PAN: *ma-aCay) *aCay

masaʔeye (PAN: *maCa)

may-naato wait (PAN: *naRa) Tungho

maʔawa plant: Litsea cubea (PAN: *maqaw)

mi-riLiʔto stand (PAN: *diRi)

m-om-otæto vomit (PAN: *um-utaq) *utaq

mon-torœʔto drip (PAN: *tuduq)

moyo2pl. nominative, you all (PAN: *kamu-yu) *amu

nagenitive of plural personal nouns (PAN: *na₃)

nigenitive of singular personal nouns (marks possession, and agency of an undergoer voice verb) (PAN: *ni)

-om-marker of actor focus (PAN: *<um>) *-um-

pa-causative prefix (PAN: *pa-₂)

palirwing (PAN: *paNid)

panə-ʃəmət-ənsmothered (PAN: *Semut)

paŋaʔbranch (PAN: *paŋaq)

paparaŋroast over a fire (ROOT)

Saisiyat (160 / 276)

pa-pilaʔsilver (LOAN)

pazayrice plant (PAN: *pajay)

pæʔishot (taste) (PAN: *paqiC)

pæʔzoʔgall, gall bladder (PAN: *paqeju)

pizaʔhow many? (PAN: *pijax)

ponaybad omen bird (PAN: *punay)

pozoknavel (PAN: *pujek)

raLaɁFormosan maple: Liquidambar formosana (PAN: *daRa₁) Taai

raLanroad (PAN: *zalan)

raLiʔearth, soil (PAN: *daRiq) Taai

ralomwater (PAN: *daNum)

ramoblood (PAN: *damuq₁)

rapalfoot (PAN: *dapaN) Tungho

rayaʔinland (PAN: *daya)

ræʔiʃforehead (PAN: *daqiS)

riLæto lick (PAN: *dilaq₁)

rilaŋrust (PAN: *diNaŋ)

roʃatwo (PAN: *duSa)

sabowrap (PAN: *Cabu)

saLemsharp (PAN: *Cazem)

Saisiyat (180 / 276)

ʃamorsesame: Sesamum indicum (PAN: *Samud)

ʃan-talamto taste (PAN: *tañam)

sapœhsweep (PAN: *Capuh)

Sʌ-SʌʔiSthread for sewing (PAN: *Ca-CaqiS) *CaqiS

sa-seboŋmeet (PAN: *Cebuŋ)

sawalaugh (PAN: *Cawa)

sazek-ento smell (PAN: *Sajek-en) *Sajek

sæʔiexcrement (PAN: *Caqi)

seLaba belch (PAN: *CeRab)

shilœbeads (PAN: *SiNuq)

shiŋashfood particles caught between the teeth (PAN: *CiŋaS)

shoʔoyou (sg.) (PAN: *Suʔu)

shu-baəhto revenge (PAN: *bales₁)

ʃi-baLiwsell (PAN: *baliw) *baliw₃ Taai

silihpepper (LOAN) Tungho

SimaLfat, grease (PAN: *SimaR)

ʃinaɁa plant: Erechtites spp. (PAN: *Sina) Taai

S-in-aLiSrope, cord (PAN: *C<in>aliS) *CaliS

sin-kLiwhemp fiber (PAN: *keRiw) Taai

ʃiŋaʃfood particles caught between the teeth (PAN: *CiŋaS) Tungho

Saisiyat (200 / 276)

ʃi-potœhto wear shorts (PAN: *Si-₃)

ʃiriwild goat, serow (PAN: *Sidi)

si-siapchick (PAN: *siap) Tungho

ʃiʃilomen bird (gives bad omens) (PAN: *SiSiN)

siwaLarrow (NEAR) Taai

siwalʸarrow (LOAN)

solœhroast over a slow fire (PAN: *CuNuh)

somæhbody louse (PAN: *CumeS)

s-om-aLemsharpen, make sharp (PAN: *Cazem)

s-om-aLemsharpen, make sharp (PAN: *t<um>azem) *Cazem

S-om-aLiSto fasten, tie (PAN: *C<um>aliS) *CaliS

s-om-awato laugh (PAN: *Cawa)

somaythe Formosan black bear (PAN: *Cumay)

s-om-azekto smell (PAN: *Sajek)

s-om-aʔidefecate (PAN: *C<um>aki) *Caki

s<om>aʔito defecate (PAN: *C<um>aqi) *Caqi

ʃ<om>ʌʔiʃto sew (PAN: *C<um>aqiS) *CaqiS

s-om-Labto belch (as after drinking soda) (PAN: *CeRab)

s<om>oLizbrood on eggs (PAN: *Sulij) Taai

s<um>aboto wrap (PAN: *C<um>abu) *Cabu

Saisiyat (220 / 276)

talamto try (PAN: *tañam)

taLœʔænhouse (PAN: *taRuqan)

t-amæhfather (PAN: *ta-amax) *amax

tanayankind of bamboo (PAN: *tanayan)

ta-tobaʔfish poison (PAN: *tubah)

ta-ʔœlœhhead (PAN: *quluh)

təktəkto chop wood (PAN: *tektek₁)

tialbelly (upper abdomen) (PAN: *tiaN)

tialbelly (PAN: *tiaN) Tungho

timosalt (PAN: *timu)

toloʔthree (PAN: *telu)

t<om>aləkto cook (PAN: *taNek)

t<om>aləkto cook (PAN: *t<um>aNek) *taNek

t<om>nonto weave (cloth, mat) (PAN: *t<um>enun) *tenun

t<om>obaʔto poison fish (a fishing method) (PAN: *t<um>uba) *tubah

t<om>orœʔto point (PAN: *tuzuq₁)

t<om>orœʔto leak (PAN: *tuduq)

toʔtoʔstrike to flatten (PAN: *tuqtuq)

tutœhto hit (a rat), beat (PAN: *tutuh)

waLaythread (PAN: *walay) Taai

Saisiyat (240 / 276)

waliʃfang, tusk (PAN: *waNiS)

waliʃ-anwild boar (PAN: *waNiS-an) *waNiS

walohoneybee; sugar (PAN: *waNu)

wasalsea (PAN: *waCaN)

was-wasallake, pond (PAN: *waCa-waCaN) *waCaN Tungho

y-ako1sg. nominative pronoun: I (PAN: *i-aku) *aku

y-ami1pl. excl. nominative, we (PAN: *i-ami) *ami

ʔæbaLaɁshoulder (PAN: *qabaRa₁) Taai

ʔaeboashes, powder (PAN: *qabu)

ʔaelorwash away (PAN: *qañud)

ʔaeoLtype of bamboo (PAN: *qauR)

ʔaesəbdeadfall trap to catch rats (Tsuchida 1976:167) (PAN: *qaCeb)

ʔæhæone (PAN: *asa₁) *asa

ʔæhæone (PAN: *a-esa) *esa

ʔælaenemy (PAN: *qaNa)

ʔalakbaby (PAN: *aNak) Tungho

ʔæLəmpangolin, anteater (PAN: *qaRem)

ʔalikæhfast (NEAR)

ʔaliŋoreflection (in mirror or water) (PAN: *qaNiŋu)

ʔæL-ʔæLiwdry (PAN: *qaRiw)

Saisiyat (260 / 276)

ʔæL-ʔæLozæhant sp. (PAN: *alujah)

ʔæmiSænwinter (PAN: *qamiS-an) *qamiS

ʔæriʃsmall hawk (PAN: *qadiS)

ʔasaŋvillage (LOAN)

ʔæʃəLoɁpestle (PAN: *qaSelu) Taai

ʔæ-ʔæpistongs (PAN: *qapiC)

ʔæʔæyleg and foot (human) (PAN: *qaqay)

ʔæ-ʔœralrain (PAN: *quzaN)

ʔəsʔəstight (PAN: *qeCqeC)

ʔi babawhigh above (PAN: *i babaw) *babaw₃

ʔilaʃmoon, month (PAN: *qiNaS)

ʔ-oem-alopto hunt (PAN: *q<um>aNup) *qaNup

ʔokaempty (PAN: *uka₁) *uka₂

ʔomæhfarm, dry field (PAN: *qumah)

ʔ-œm-oralto rain (PAN: *q<um>uzaN) *quzaN

ʔœSalapscales (of fish) (PAN: *quSeNap)

ʔœwayrattan (PAN: *quay)

Sakalava Malagasy (1) WMP. see: Malagasy (Sakalava)

606. Sakao (8) OC [sku] Vanuatu

aŋaCanarium almond (POC: *kaŋaRi)

atœlœegg (POC: *qatoluR) *qateluR

ayawhat? (PMP: *sapa)

ðana-father (PMP: *t-amax) *amax

luto vomit (POC: *lua-ki) *luaq

nɛðdead (POC: *mate) *aCay

yanto go (POC: *pano) *paNaw

yeðfour (PCEMP: *pat-i) *Sepat

607. Sakizaya (42) Form. (Lin 2011) [ais] () Taiwan [aka: Sakizaya Amis, Amis (Sakizaya)]

abalaʔshoulder (PAN: *qabaRa₁)

acawaspouse; husband, wife (PAN: *qasawa)

bukəshead hair (PAN: *bukeS)

bulaðmoon (PAN: *bulaN)

cebubladder (as of a water buffalo) (PAN: *sebu)

cebusto water, sprinkle water on (as plants) (PAN: *sebuS)

cucuʔfemale breast (PAN: *susu₁)

daðanpath, road (PAN: *zalan)

ka-wannright side (PAN: *ka-wanaN) *wanaN

ka-wiliʔleft side (PAN: *ka-wiRi) *wiRi

liʔəlneck (PAN: *liqeR)

lumaʔhouse (PAN: *Rumaq)

mala-acawato marry, get married, become husband and wife (PAN: *qasawa)

mala-acawa-ayto be a married couple (PAN: *qasawa)

mapa-acawato be betrothed (PAN: *qasawa)

ma-suabto yawn (PAN: *ma-Suab) *Suab

ma-tawaʔto laugh (PAN: *ma-Cawa) *Cawa

mataʔeye (PAN: *maCa)

mi-cəpcəpto suck (PAN: *sepsep)

mi-ðaŋuyto swim (PAN: *Naŋuy)

Sakizaya (20 / 42)

mi-piliʔto choose (PAN: *piliq)

mi-sanəkto sniff, smell (PAN: *Sajek)

mi-ʔaðupto hunt (PAN: *qanup) *qaNup

mu-cebuto wet the bed (PAN: *sebu)

mu-kalatto bite (PAN: *k<um>aRaC) *kaRaC

mu-kanto eat (PAN: *k<um>aen) *kaen

mu-kuskusto scratch (PAN: *kuSkuS₂)

mutaʔto vomit (PAN: *um-utaq) *utaq

ŋaŋanname (PAN: *ŋajan)

ŋipentooth (PAN: *ŋipen)

pa-acawato pledge in marriage (PAN: *qasawa)

pa-acawa-aymatchmaker (PAN: *qasawa)

papahleaf (PAN: *pahpah)

qaCayliver (PAN: *qaCay)

raqusoapberry (PAN: *daqu₂)

səmaʔtongue (PAN: *Sema)

simpiʔto dream (PAN: *Sipi)

taŋilaʔear (PAN: *Caŋila)

ulimaʔhand (PAN: *qalima)

w-acuʔdog (PAN: *asu₁)

Sakizaya (40 / 42)

w-amaʔfather (PAN: *amax)

w-inaʔmother (PAN: *ina)

Sakizaya Amis (42) Form.. see: Sakizaya

608. Salako (25) WMP [knx] (Kendayan) Indonesia (Kalimantan) [aka: Selako]

abuash (PMP: *qabu)

aiʔwater, liquid, juice (PMP: *wahiR)

ampatfour (PMP: *epat) *Sepat

buŋsuyoungest sibling (PWMP: *buŋsu)

cacakkind of small house lizard (PWMP: *cekcek)

datuʔterm of address for one’s parent-in-law (PMP: *datu)

dinikŋwall (PMP: *diŋdiŋ₁)

ekoʔtail (PAN: *ikuR)

garaŋfierce, strong (PAN: *garaŋ₁)

gutulouse (PMP: *kutu₁) *kuCux

insapto suck (PMP: *qisep)

inu-ʔmother (PWMP: *indu-q) *indu

jauhfar (PMP: *zauq)

kaifish hook (PAN: *kawil₁)

ka-tahu-an-andiscovered, found out (PWMP: *ka-taqu-an) *Caqu

kulufingernail (PMP: *kukuh) *kuSkuS₁

layarsail (PAN: *layaR)

lutukŋblack or grey long-tailed leaf monkey: Semnopithecus maurus (PAN: *luCuŋ)

mepisthin (PMP: *mepis)

padiriceplant (PAN: *pajay)

Salako (20 / 25)

pakuʔfern (PWMP: *paku) *paheku

tabusugarcane (PMP: *tebuh₁) *tebuS

tahuto know (PMP: *taqu₂) *Caqu

tanakto cook (PMP: *tanek) *taNek

uatcaterpillar, maggot (PMP: *qulej)

Salayar (12) WMP. see: Makassarese

Salayar Makasarese (12) WMP. see: Makassarese (Salayar)

609. Saliba (45) OC

boninight (POC: *boŋi) *beRŋi

gatoaroof, thatch (POC: *qatop) *qatep

hasifour (PCEMP: *pat-i) *Sepat

iahe. she (PAN: *ia₁)

isunose (POC: *icuŋ) *ijuŋ

kaiwe (excl.) (PAN: *k-ami) *ami

kaito eat (POC: *kani) *kaen

kalas-ito bite (POC: *kaRati) *kaRaC

kasusmoke (PMP: *qasu₃)

kateliver (PMP: *qatay) *qaCay

kawamouth (POC: *qawa₂)

kelito dig (POC: *kali ~ keli) *kalih

kenoto lie down, sleep (POC: *qenop) *qenəp

kitato see (PAN: *kita₂) *kita

kitawe (incl.) (PAN: *k-ita) *ita₁

komiu2pl.; you all (PCEMP: *kamiu) *amu

kuluhead; hair (POC: *qulu) *quluh

kumato plant (PMP: *quma) *qumah

laogo, walk (POC: *lako) *lakaw

lusato shoot (POC: *lusa) *lusa₁

Saliba (20 / 45)

matoward the speaker (POC: *maRi) *aRi

manawind (POC: *mana₂)

manuabird (POC: *manuk)

mataeye; sharp (PMP: *mata) *maCa

mataus-ito fear (POC: *matakut) *takut

matedie, dead (POC: *mate) *aCay

mauliliving, alive (PMP: *ma-qudip) *qudip

mwanehusband (POC: *maRuqane) *RuqaNay

mwatasnake (POC: *mwata)

mwata-mwataearthworm (POC: *mwata)

nimahand (PAN: *qalima)

numahouse (PAN: *Rumaq)

numato drink (PMP: *inum)

sahawhat? (PMP: *sapa)

sinamother (PMP: *t-ina) *ina

sinaeintestines (PMP: *t<in>aqi) *Caqi

susufemale breast (PAN: *susu₁)

tamafather (PMP: *t-amax) *amax

tanoearth, soil (POC: *tanoq) *taneq

tauman, male (PMP: *tau₁) *Cau

Saliba (40 / 45)

tumalouse (PCEMP: *tuma) *CumeS

tututo pound (PAN: *tutuh)

unu-ito kill (POC: *punuq₃) *buNuq₂

wailawater (PCEMP: *waiR) *wahiR

yau1sg, I, me (PAN: *i-aku) *aku

610. Sama (Central) (7) WMP [ssb] (Sama, Southern) Philippines [aka: Sama-Bajaw, Central Sama]

apampancake (LOAN)

dəllaʔtongue (PWMP: *zelaq)

dokotto burn (PWMP: *deket₂) *deket₁

heabig (PAN: *Raya)

-nu2sg possessor and non-subject agent (PAN: *-nu₂)

si-akaelder sibling (PWMP: *aka)

suliga fish, Caesionidae, fusiliers (PMP: *sulig)

611. Sama (Pangutaran) (1) WMP

sa-ŋ-puʔten (PMP: *ŋa)

612. Sama Linungan (5) WMP

bunaʔbatfish, also called leaffish: Platax orbicularis (PMP: *buna)

kuhapoʔperch and rock-cod, family Epinephelidae (PWMP: *kuRapuq)

kuhapoʔ dapakgiant perch: Lates calcarifer (PWMP: *kuRapuq)

puyu-puyunetlike Threadfin Bream: Pentapodus caninus (PWMP: *puyu-puyu) *puyu₁

selolongtoms and perhaps one garfish (PMP: *selu)

Sama-Bajaw (7) WMP. see: Sama (Central)

613. Samal (53) WMP (Reid 1971) [sml] (Sama, Central) Philippines

aku1sg. nominative pronoun: I (PAN: *aku)

ambitlead by the hand (PMP: *ambit)

anomweave a mat (PMP: *añem)

a-nuwhatchamacallit (PMP: *a-nu) *-nu₁

apugbetel chew (literary) (PAN: *apuR)

asusteam (PMP: *qasu₃)

ataslave (PMP: *qaRta)

babawrat (PWMP: *babaw₁)

baliwwind (PAN: *baRiuS)

baʔuʔuland turtle (NEAR)

bilu-bilubluish, bluefin trevally: Caranx melampygus. Maybe blue-spotted trevally: C. bucculentus; Cale-cale trevally: Ulua mandibularis (PMP: *bilu-bilu)

buliʔbuttocks (PMP: *buliq₂)

buudmountain (PWMP: *bulud₂)

duduʔbreast (PWMP: *duduq)

gadduŋgreen (LOAN)

hallupestle (PMP: *qahelu) *qaSelu

humbusmoke (NOISE)

iaʔfeeling of shame (PMP: *heyaq) *Seyaq

ɨmmaʔfather (PMP: *ama-q) *amax

ɨmma-ʔfather (PMP: *ema-q) *ema₁

Samal (20 / 53)

ɨntɨlloegg (PMP: *qateluR)

isaone (in counting) (PAN: *isa₁)

ituthis (PAN: *i-Cu) *-Cu

ka-nuwhen? (PMP: *ka-nu₂) *-nu₁

kitawe (dual incl.) (PAN: *k-ita) *ita₁

kitawe (plural incl.) (PAN: *k-ita) *ita₁

kulambalpearly monocle-bream or gold-lined sea-bream: Scopopsis margaritifer or Gnathodentex aurolineatus (PWMP: *kulambar)

labuto fall (PWMP: *labuq₁)

lahi-lahito run (PAN: *laRiw)

lalidolphinfish, family Coryphaenidae (PMP: *lajih)

lessomsour (PWMP: *qalesem)

lisuŋ-anmortar (PWMP: *li(ŋ)suŋ)

lujjaʔto spit (PWMP: *luzaq)

mala-puntiblue-spotted sea perch (PWMP: *punti₂)

maminviolet-lined Maori wrasse: Cheilinus diagrammus, C. undulatus (PMP: *mamin₁)

mamissweet (PAN: *ma-hemis) *hemis

maŋaligolden trevally (PWMP: *maŋali)

maŋaneat (PMP: *ma-ŋaen) *kaen

nipisthin (PMP: *nipis) *Nipis

pa-pataykill (PMP: *pa-p-atay) *aCay

Samal (40 / 53)

p-oléʔreturn home (PMP: *pa-uliq) *uliq₁

saiwho? (PMP: *sai)

sapaʔriver (PAN: *sapaq₁)

sekotnear (PWMP: *sekut)

si-aliyounger sibling (PWMP: *si huaji) *Suaji

sudaycomb (PWMP: *sunday)

taliŋaear (PMP: *taliŋa) *Caliŋa

taŋkawsteal (PMP: *takaw₁) *Cakaw

taʔuto know something (PMP: *taqu₂) *Caqu

toʔolaŋbones other than fish bones (PWMP: *tuqelaŋ)

tulayscad-like fish: Selar crumenophthalmus (PMP: *qatulay)

tulito sleep (PMP: *tiduR)

uuŋnose (PAN: *ujuŋ)

614. Samal (Balangingi ) (1) WMP (Reid 1971) [aka: Balangingi Samal]

ma-toʔaparent-in-law (WF, WM, HF, HM) (PMP: *ma-tuqah) *tuqaS

615. Samasodu (1) OC [aka: Laghu]

ki-knisuto spit (PEMP: *kanisu)

616. Sambal (255) WMP (dialects: Pinatubo (Madulid 2000) 1, Tina (Elgincolin, Goschnick, and Elgincolin 1988) 28, Botolan (Reid 1971) [sbl] 224)

abayashoulder (PMP: *qabaRa₁) Botolan

áhaŋgills (PMP: *hasaŋ) Botolan

aháwaspouse (PAN: *qasawa) Botolan

ahóksmoke (PMP: *asuk) Botolan

aku1sg. nominative pronoun: I (PAN: *aku) Botolan

alekto kiss (PMP: *hajek) *Sajek Botolan

aliyounger sibling, younger cousin, younger sibling-in-law (PMP: *huaji) *Suaji Botolan

amakmat (PWMP: *amak) Botolan

amakmat (PWMP: *hamak) Botolan

andáhframe on which a coffin is carried to the grave (LOAN) Botolan

anem-anemsix by six (PMP: *enem enem) *enem Botolan

aninoshadow (PMP: *qaninu) *qaNiŋu Botolan

apáymat (PMP: *hampaR) *SapaR Tina

aplíʔpain (PMP: *hapejiq) *Sapejiq Tina

aplóhgall, gall bladder (PAN: *qapejux) Tina

apoylime (PAN: *qapuR) Botolan

apóyfire (PMP: *hapuy) *Sapuy Tina

asínsalt (PMP: *ma-qasin) *qasiN Tina

asodog (PAN: *asu₁) Tina

atelescort (PMP: *hateD) *SateD Botolan

Sambal (20 / 255)

atóproof (PMP: *qatep) Tina

awakwaist (PMP: *hawak) *Sawak Tina

áwayto quarrel, argue, fight (PPH: *áway) Botolan

ayámalarge crab (in sea only) (PPH: *aRama) Botolan

ayranstairway, ladder (PMP: *haRezan) Botolan

ayranstairs, ladder (PEMP: *aRezan) *haRezan Tina

aʔsaone (PAN: *esa) Tina

baawleftover (PMP: *bahaw) *baSaw Tina

baboypig (PAN: *babuy₃) Tina

balíhouse (PMP: *balay) Tina

balowidow(er) (PMP: *balu₄) Tina

baŋáʔwater jar (PPH: *baŋaq₂) Botolan

batóstone (PMP: *batu) *batux Tina

bayaember (PMP: *baRah) Tina

bayawbrother-in-law (sometimes used only between males) (PWMP: *bayaw) Botolan

bayáʔlung (PAN: *baRaq₁) Tina

ba-yríhere (PMP: *i-di) *-di Botolan

ba-ytithis (PAN: *i-ti) *ti Botolan

bɨhaywaterfall (PWMP: *besay) Botolan

bohóyfull (from eating) (PAN: *besuR) Tina

Sambal (40 / 255)

boklidto turn one’s foot over, to twist one’e foot (PPH: *buk(e)lid) Botolan

bokolbump, lump (PMP: *buŋkul) Tina

bóliʔbuttocks (PMP: *buliq₂) Botolan

boŋoʔskull (PPH: *buŋuq) Tina

botbótto make holes in sack of rice, etc., as chickens or rats do (PPH: *butbut₃) *butbut₂ Botolan

botólseed (PMP: *butequl) Tina

botʔóbone; seed (PMP: *butequl) Botolan

bunatDerris elliptica (Roxb.) Benth (PMP: *bunat) Pinatubo

dáboʔto fall (PWMP: *dabuq) Botolan

dagáwto play (PPH: *dagaw) Botolan

dapdápwood chips (PPH: *dapdáp) Botolan

daʔanold (objects) (PMP: *daqan₂) *daqaN Botolan

əkanto eat (PAN: *kaen) Botolan

-enmarker of a subject derived from an initial direct object; also used in imperatives; e.g. Paty-en nin lalaki nin koyà ya damowag The carabao will be killed with a knife by the man (Antworth 1979:39); Itap-en mo ya demek throw away the trash (Antworth 1979:49) (PAN: *-en) Botolan

etawaor (LOAN) Botolan

galamáyfinger, toe (PPH: *galamáy) Botolan

gómaʔsheath for bolo (PAN: *Rumaq) Botolan

habáwjuice; soup, broth (PWMP: *sa(m)baw) Tina

haláynest (PMP: *salaR) Tina

hi-nowho? (PPh: *si-nu) *-nu₁ Botolan

Sambal (60 / 255)

h-itawe (dual incl.) (PAN: *ita₁) Botolan

h-ita-mowe (plural incl.) (PAN: *ita₁) Botolan

hokato vomit (PPH: *suka₂) Botolan

homboto boil (PPH: *subu₁) Botolan

hóŋayhorn (PPH: *súŋay) Botolan

howágto bunt or butt (PPH: *suqag) Botolan

ika-pitoseventh (PMP: *ika-pitu) *pitu Botolan

íliglean on (PPh: *hírig) Botolan

i-loksato wear mourning clothes (PPH: *luk(e)saq) Botolan

ina-náwabreath (Jason Lobel p.c.) (PMP: *nihawa) *NiSawa Tina

inawá-wənbreath (Jason Lobel p.c.) (PMP: *nihawa) *NiSawa Botolan

indóʔmother (PWMP: *indu-q) *indu Botolan

i-táboʔto dip out; a dipper (PMP: *tabuq) Botolan

i-tániŋto set a date (LOAN) Botolan

i-taŋáyto take, run away with (PPH: *taŋaR) Botolan

i-táyakto distribute (PPH: *taRak) Botolan

itlɨnto swallow (PMP: *tilen) Botolan

ɨyɨpto blow (PMP: *heyup) *Seyup Botolan

kawáŋgap, hollow (PWMP: *kawaŋ) Tina

kelaŋdry (not wet) (PWMP: *kelaŋ) Botolan

Sambal (80 / 255)

kílatlightning (PMP: *kilat₁) *likaC Botolan

kirɨpeyelash (PPH: *pidek₂) Botolan

-ko1sg postnominal possessive pronoun (PAN: *-ku) Botolan

kókofingernail (PMP: *kukuh) *kuSkuS₁ Botolan

kolintahnecklace (PPH: *kulintas) Tina

ko-noblique case marker for common nouns (PAN: *ku) Botolan

kun-n-awən1pl ex oblique (PAN: *amen) Botolan

lákayhusband (PWMP: *laŋkay) Botolan

laklákto lap with the tongue (as a dog) (PPH: *rakrak) Botolan

lakoto go (PMP: *lakaw) Botolan

lanéhto wither (PPH: *lanés) Botolan

lantikto curl back, to tip back, to bend back (PPH: *lantik) Botolan

lánumwater (PMP: *danum) *daNum Botolan

láŋitsky (PMP: *laŋit) *laŋiC Botolan

lápatto fit well (of clothes, shoes, etc.) (PPH: *lapat₂) Botolan

láyasto go away, to flee (PPH: *layas₁) Botolan

likhíto be skilled in (LOAN) Botolan

lima-m-poʔfifty (PMP: *lima ŋa puluq) *lima Botolan

liŋáyto look behind one (PPH: *liŋay₂) Botolan

lɨpadto fly (PPH: *lepad) Botolan

Sambal (100 / 255)

loblóbto place on a fire (PPH: *lublúb) Botolan

l<om>parto fly (PPH: *lepad) Tina

luatwo (PMP: *duha) *duSa Botolan

ma-baŋófragrant (PPH: *ma-baŋ(e)luh) *baŋ(e)lúh Botolan

ma-bohoyfull after eating (PAN: *ma-besuR) *besuR Botolan

ma-dáboʔto fall (PWMP: *ma-dabuq) *dabuq Botolan

mag-dámotto be selfish (PWMP: *dámut) Botolan

mag-tipídto be thrifty (LOAN) Botolan

mag-tiʔísto suffer, to endure (PPH: *tiqís) Botolan

mákogo (PWMP: *makaw) Botolan

makoto go (PMP: *l<um>akaw) *lakaw Botolan

ma-lanéhwithered (PPH: *lanés) Botolan

ma-nakláʔto make a click with the tongue (PPH: *tak(e)laq) Botolan

man-dolaʔto spit (PMP: *dulaq) Botolan

ma-nipihthin (PMP: *ma-nipis) *Nipis Botolan

ma-noyaŋson-in-law, daughter-in-law (PPH: *ma-nuRaŋ) *tuRaŋ Botolan

manukchicken (PMP: *manuk) Botolan

manuk-manukbird (PMP: *manu(k)-manuk) *manuk Botolan

maŋ-ahohunt for game with a dog (PWMP: *maŋ-asu) *asu₁ Botolan

ma-ŋanto eat (PMP: *ma-ŋaen) *kaen Botolan

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ma-púluʔten (PWMP: *ma-puluq) *puluq Botolan

ma-putiʔwhite (PMP: *ma-putiq) *putiq Botolan

ma-raninear (PMP: *adani) Botolan

ma-tagtágbe shaken by riding over rough roads in a truck or carabao cart (PPH: *ma-tagtág) *tagtag Botolan

ma-toloyto sleep (PMP: *ma-tuduR) *tuduR Botolan

ma-tuʔaold, of people (PMP: *ma-tuqah) *tuqaS Botolan

ma-ʔalsumsour (PWMP: *ma-qalesem) *qalesem Botolan

ma-ʔapliʔstinging pain (PMP: *hapejiq) *Sapejiq Botolan

mi-banowash the hands (PMP: *bañaw) Botolan

mi-banowash hands, feet (PMP: *ma-bañaw) *bañaw Botolan

mi-talátalto stagger, as a drunk person (PPH: *talátal) Botolan

mi-taŋgóŋto pick up and carry (PWMP: *taŋguŋ) Botolan

-na3sg. agent and possessor (PAN: *ni-a) *-a₂ Botolan

nákemseat of the emotions (PPH: *nákem) Botolan

n-atidead (PMP: *in-atay) *aCay Botolan

na-ʔilounripe, raw (PPh: *hiláw) Botolan

noif (PAN: *nu₁) Botolan

nónoʔfemale breast (PAN: *nunuh) Botolan

nu-búkahtomorrow (PAN: *nu-) Botolan

ŋipɨntooth (PAN: *ŋipen) Botolan

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óbakbark of tree (PWMP: *ubak) Botolan

oɨhblanket (PMP: *qules₂) *qules Botolan

-om-infix used with intransitive and semitransitive verbs, and to mark inchoatives (PMP: *<um>) *-um- Botolan

óŋolto moan and groan with pain; the mooing of a cow when a bit angry (PMP: *quŋal) Botolan

óŋotcoconut (PPH: *úŋut) Botolan

ópahbanana fiber used for walling, roofing, and window shutters (can also be used for a mat) (PPH: *upas₂) Botolan

ótaŋdebt (PMP: *qutaŋ) Botolan

oyhadeer (PWMP: *uRsa) Botolan

pa-amo-onto tame (PPH: *haq(e)muq) Tina

padpádto be carried by the wind (as leaves, paper, feathers), to be carried by current of water (used of people, limbs, rubbish, etc.) (PPH: *padpád) Botolan

pagpag-énto shake dust off clothes, papers, etc.; this can be done by tapping against a hard surface (PPH: *pagpág) Botolan

páloŋthe comb of a chicken (PPH: *páluŋ) Botolan

paŋátto cook fish, shrimp, etc. with salt and small amount of water; onions, tomatoes, ginger, etc. may be added (PWMP: *paŋat)

pátaʔto break bones of something or someone (PMP: *pataq) Botolan

pati-enkill (PMP: *p-atay) *aCay Botolan

páʔathigh (PAN: *paqa₁) Botolan

páʔenbait (PAN: *paen) Botolan

piatscar (PWMP: *pilat) Botolan

piŋhancousin (PWMP: *pisan) Botolan

pi-pitoonly seven (PAN: *pi-pitu) *pitu Botolan

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pitoseven (PAN: *pitu₁) *pitu Botolan

pito-pitoseven by seven, seven at a time (PAN: *pitu pitu) *pitu Botolan

póloʔisland (PPH: *pujuq) Botolan

pónitto close up, to stick together, to pull something together (PPH: *punit) Botolan

ponítito hit with the fists, to box (LOAN) Botolan

pórito praise someone (LOAN) Botolan

porólto be dull, not sharp (used of knife, shears, pencil); slow to learn (PMP: *pudul) Botolan

pótohto cut in pieces (PWMP: *putus₂) Botolan

potóttail cut off, to cut off tail (as of a pig) (PWMP: *putut₂) Botolan

póyatto keep vigil, to not sleep, to be wakeful (PPH: *púyat) Botolan

pusuʔheart (PMP: *pusuq₁) Botolan

saluyota shrub, Corchorus aestuans (PPH: *salúyut)

siámnine (PPH: *siám) Botolan

siyamnine (PPH: *siám) Botolan

tábahto cut cloth (PWMP: *tabas₂) Botolan

tabásto cut grass (PWMP: *tebas₂) Botolan

tábiʔask to be excused when passing in front of one or more persons; ask someone to get out of the way (LOAN) Botolan

tabóyto drive or chase away (PPH: *tabuR₂) Botolan

taga-from a certain place, resident of (PPH: *taga-) Botolan

taghóycry pitifully, bewail, lament (LOAN) Botolan

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tagkéhgirdle, anything tied around the waist (PPH: *tag(e)kés) Botolan

tagyáŋrib (PAN: *tageRaŋ) Botolan

táhekto plant something by sticking it down into the ground (PWMP: *tasek) Botolan

tahóʔginger tea (LOAN) Botolan

takéhto embrace, hug (PAN: *takes₁) Botolan

takoríʔtea kettle (LOAN) Botolan

talábeffects, influences (LOAN) Botolan