Updated: 6/21/2020
| Updated: 6/21/2020 |
Austronesian Comparative Dictionary
Cognate Sets
ua ub ud ug uh ui uj uk ul um un uN uñ uŋ up ur uR us uS ut uu uy uz
u
28704 5896 Note: Also Buli o ‘suffix which expresses the genitive’. Probably an allomorph of *nu ‘genitive particle’. Parallel to the distribution of *i and *ni, *u probably followed consonant-final stems, while *nu followed vowel-final stems.
28582 *ua₁ exclamation of surprise, etc. 5709 PAN *ua₁ exclamation of surprise, etc.
Note: Also Atayal wah ‘final particle of mild exclamation and exhortation’, Bikol waʔ ‘whoa! (said to horses)’, Malay wah ‘why! Well I never! An interjection of surprise; a cry for calling dogs’. The possibility that some of these forms may be convergent products of universal expressive symbolism is not overlooked. However, it is equally likely that universal expressive symbolism would have been operative in PAn itself.
33296 *ua₂ parents’ elder sibling: FeB, FeZ, MeB, Me 11831 PMP *ua₂ parents’ elder sibling: FeB, FeZ, MeB, Me [disjunct: *uaq]
28580 *uak₁ harsh cry, bellow, loud cry 5707 PMP *uak₁ harsh cry, bellow, loud cry [doublet: *wáak 'crow']
Note: Also Itbayaten howak ‘bird sp.’, Toba Batak tahuak ‘to crow, of cocks’. Bimanese oa ‘sound of a carabao lowing’. Although PPh *uak clearly meant ‘crow (Corvus sp.)’, this meaning cannot safely be attributed to any higher level reconstruction on presently available evidence.
28581 5708 Note: Also Tagalog duwák ‘retching’, Malay luak ‘experience a slight feeling of nausea or disgust’, Malay muak ‘disgust; nausea; be sick and tired of something’, Tagalog duwál ‘gas expulsion from the stomach’, Tarakan dual ‘sick’, Malay mual ‘disgust’. Bahasa Indonesia uak is not cited by Poerwadarminta (1976), but appears in Verheijen (1967-70). This reconstruction may be identical to *uak₁.
33297 *uaq parents’ elder sibling: FeB, FeZ, MeB, MeZ 11832 PMP *uaq parents’ elder sibling: FeB, FeZ, MeB, MeZ [disjunct: *ua]
Note: Also Makassarese uaɁ ‘father; uncle, aunt’
28583 5710 PMP *uaʔ parents' elder sibling
Note: Also Rejang woʔ ‘FeB, FeZ, MeB, MeZ’, Wolio ʔua ‘grandparent (esp. as a term of address), term of address used by noblemen for the highest officials’. This term may be related to PAn *tuqaS ‘mature, elder’.
33492 *úba naked 12214 PPh *úba naked
28584 5711 PWMP *ubak tree bark [doublet: *upak₁]
Note: With root *-bak₃ split off, separate.
28585 *ubal rise to the surface of water 5712 PWMP *ubal rise to the surface of water [doublet: *umbaŋ]
Note: Also Sasak ompal ‘float, bob on the surface’, Makassarese umba ‘any object that rises to the surface of water’.
28586 5713 PWMP *ubek immature rice grain (?) [doublet: *upek]
28588 5715 Note: With root *-beŋ₂ ‘block, stop, dam’.
28587 5714 Note: Also Bontok kóbet ‘buttocks’, Bikol lubót ‘backside, behind, buttocks, rear end, rump, seat; anus, rectum’, Singhi Land Dayak rubat ‘bottom (anat.)’, Sika ubeŋ ‘backside, posterior’. With possible root *-bet ‘buttocks’.
28589 5716 11901 Note: With root *-buC ‘to weed, pluck, pull out’.
28590 *ubun (ubun) fontanel; crown of the head 5717 PWMP *ubun (ubun) fontanel; crown of the head [doublet: *buNbuN]
28591 5718 Note: Also Ngadha obo ‘summit, top’. With root *-buŋ ‘roof top’.
31436 *ubus to finish, consume, use up 9544 PPh *ubus to finish, consume, use up
Note: Possibly with a variant of the root *-pus₁ ‘end, finish’
28592 *udahik upstream part of a river 5719 PWMP *udahik upstream part of a river
5720 Note: Also Iban pudik ‘go upriver’.
28593 *udaliq deception 5721 PWMP *udaliq deception
28595 *udehi last; come after or behind; late, later; 5725 PMP *udehi last; come after or behind; late, later; future; stern of a boat; youngest child
5726 5727 5728 PMP *kama-udehi rear part, stern or rudder of a boat
5729 PWMP *ka-udehi-an the last, at the rear
5730 5731 PCEMP *m-udi last, come after or behind; late, later; future; stern of a boat; youngest child; west; young; outside
5732 POC *muri after, behind; the outside of an object; stern of a canoe
5733 POC *m-uri qaqe, m-uri waqe heel
5734 5736 PWMP *udehi-an the one who is behind (?)
Note: Also Isneg uddí ‘last, hindmost’, Bontok oddí ‘back legs of an animal; last in a series’, Hanunóo uríʔ ‘state or position of being last, final late’, Buli pulī ‘yonder, over there’, Numfor pur ‘last, furthest behind’. The reduplication in Maranao ori ori ‘last to come, one at the end of the line’, Samoan muli muli ‘follow, be done afterwards; last’ and some other languages probably is convergent, as is the assimilation of the last vowel in Loniu muʔu tun ‘stern of a canoe’, Duke of York muru ‘to follow behind, afterwards; the back; the last’.
The number of instances of *h in this form is somewhat unclear. Tagalog, Bikol, Manobo (Western Bukidnon) and Tausug appear to reflect *h-, but Bisayan reflexes (which show epenthetic vowels inserted after the regular syncope of shwa) suggest that these forms may involve metathesis of earlier *urhí (> hurí). The presence of final /h/ is suggested by suffixed forms in Aklanon, but is contradicted by Itbayaten and Cebuano.
The most interesting feature of this form undoubtedly is its meaning, which cannot be captured by any single, readily available semantic category of English. Perhaps the most basic and concrete sense of *udehi and its derivatives is ‘behind, coming after or later; be last’. In this sense it (like the demonstrative pronouns *-Cu, *-na, *-ni, etc.) has both a spatial and a temporal reference.
In its temporal sense *udehi referred not only to posteriority in sequence, but to future time in general (cf. Malay kemudian hari, and semantically similar reflexes in Wolio, Sika, Kei, Tuvaluan and Maori). This usage is striking, since the spatial imagery of the future in Indo-European languages typically places it before, not behind the observer.
Two other concrete senses of *udehi that are widely reflected are ‘stern/rudder of a boat’ (reflexes in Kelabit, Malay, Kambera, various languages of western Melanesia, and Hawaiian), and ‘youngest child’ ( = ‘one who comes last’, with reflexes in Isneg, Ifugaw, Kambera, Rotinese, Yamdena and Maori).
A number of other meanings appear to be confined to CEMP languages, and it is assumed that these are semantic innovations rather than retentions that have been lost in all non-CEMP languages. These include: 1. the meaning ‘west’, attested in Rotinese of the Lesser Sundas, and in such Polynesian languages as Rennellese and Anuta, 2. ‘young’, reflected in Rotinese, Selaru, Tongan, Niue, Samoan and Hawaiian, 3. ‘outside’, reflected in Yamdena, Fordata, Gedaged, Nggela and Arosi, and 4. ‘heel’, reflected in Lau, Rennellese and Kapingamarangi. Of these four innovative meanings the last appears to have arisen in POc or some descendant thereof. Although it is not attested in strictly cognate forms, it appears safe to infer that POc *m-uri qaqe, *m-uri waqe meant ‘heel’. The second semantic innovation evidently is an extension of the PMP sense ‘youngest child’, and requires no further comment. The last two innovated meanings are best treated together, as they appear to reflect a broader symbolism of directionality.
Terms for the cardinal directions cannot be reconstructed for any early Austronesian proto-language, but the symbolic association of *udehi with the west is understandable through the sense ‘later; the future’. In many Austronesian-speaking societies (and, indeed, many traditional societies in general) the east is associated with life and the west with death, a transparent symbolism deriving from the daily course of the sun. If PMP *ma-udehi was used in the sense of ‘west’ it seems likely that this usage was figurative or symbolic (in some ritual sense) rather than literal, given the other, more basic senses of the term. The cultural context of such symbolism remains unclear.
Finally, the semantic evolution from ‘behind, later’ to ‘outside’ in a number of languages is puzzling, and can be compared to the development *babaw ‘above’ to ‘outside’ in other languages. Paths of semantic change such as these suggest that the underlying system of spatial relations in Austronesian languages is fundamentally different from that in Indo-European languages, even though one-to-one category matches such as *babaw = ‘above’ can easily be made (cf. Blust (1997)).
33504 *udip to patch a hole in a net or mat 12230 PPh *udip to patch a hole in a net or mat
28598 *udu grass 5739 PAN *udu grass
Note: Also Sasak urut ‘grass’.
28599 5740 PMP *uduŋ hut, temporary shelter
11902 POC *uruŋ a shelter
Note: With root *-duŋ ‘shelter, protect’.
28596 *uduq₁ stammer 5737 PMP *uduq₁ stammer
Note: Also Old Javanese uḍū ‘an exclamation (oh! ah!)’, Chamorro udu ‘dumb, mute, speechless, destitute of the power of speech’. Tae' udu (for expected **udo) shows an irregularity which may be due to the expressive character of this word.
29888 *uduq₂ carved wooden figure, charm used to provide magical protection 6551 PMP *uduq₂ carved wooden figure, charm used to provide magical protection
Note: Also Kapampangan úlu ‘medicine’, ulu-an ‘to cure, medicate’. Although it is only weakly attested in the available literature, this is an extremely interesting comparison, as it relates to an aspect of traditional culture in the Austronesian world that has all but disappeared. In some communities it is possible that a word still exists for this referent, but due to the influence of major world religions (Islam, Christianity) there is a reluctance to acknowledge that such a cultural practice once existed, or even to speak about it. Some Bornean reflexes suggest that *uduq referred both to a carved wooden figure set up outside a village to ensure supernatural protection, and to a ceremonial dance mask, but this is not confirmed by any witness outside Borneo. In addition, all known reflexes in Borneo show a lowered last-syllable vowel which is irregular, and may reflect a pattern of borrowing. Finally, it is possible that the forms meaning ‘medicine’ belong to a different cognate set.
28601 *ugaliq custom, manner, way, habit 5742 PWMP *ugaliq custom, manner, way, habit
Note: Through its irregular liquid correspondence Toba Batak ugari raises doubts as to whether the Philippine forms are native or borrowed. Although Malay ugahari ‘parity (in weight, rank or power); of a man being of royal blood on both his father's and his mother's side; a friend being one's social equal, etc.’ is a 28600 *ugaq loosely embedded, wobbly; to shake 5741 PWMP *ugaq loosely embedded, wobbly; to shake
Note: Also Sasak ogah ‘loose; loosen, shake to loosen’, Sasak orah ‘loose (of a rope)’.
33836 *ugbús tip or shoot of growing plant 12647 PPh *ugbús tip or shoot of growing plant
Note: A shorter version of this comparison was first brought to my attention by Jason Lobel (p.c.). Possibly a loan distribution from Central Philippine languages.
29887 *ugəŋ spin without wobbling, of a top 6549 PWMP *ugəŋ spin without wobbling, of a top
28670 5849 PPh *ugtu zenith; noon, mid-day
Note: Also Sambal (Botolan) ogtoy ‘noon’, Sa'a uwo ‘be directly overhead, of sun or moon’.
33344 *uhaŋ intervening space 11903 PWMP *uhaŋ inttervening space
Note: Possibly a chance resemblance.
28602 5743 PWMP *uhaq cry of a newborn infant
Note: Also Aklanon uhá ‘cry of a baby’, Cebuano uhá ‘for a newborn child to cry’. The medial consonant in Pangasinan and Kayan is irregular. I assume that in both cases it is a sporadic retention motivated by the onomatopoetic character of this word.
28603 *uit₁ move 5744 PWMP *uit₁ move
Note: Possibly identical to *uit₂.
28604 5745 5746 5747 PWMP *in-uit brought by, carried by
Note: Possibly identical to *uit₁.
28605 5748 PMP *ujan cargo; load a canoe [disjunct: *Rujan]
11904 POC *ucan load, cargo, freight
Note: With the third palatal reflex in Polynesian languages (Blust 1976).
28606 *ujuŋ nose 5749 PAN *ujuŋ nose [doublet: *ijuŋ]
11905 POC *ucuŋ nose
Note: Also Ngaju Dayak uroŋ ‘nose’. Motu udu- may reflect *ŋusu ‘nose, mouth, beak’.
28607 *uka₁ bowstring 5750 POC *uka₂ bowstring [doublet: *quku]
30253 *uka₂ negative existential: there is none 7128 PAN *uka₁ negative existential: there is none
Note: Also Saisiyat okak, Tsou ukʔa, Saaroa ukaʔa ‘not exist’.
28608 *ukaŋ slow and tentative movement 5751 PWMP *ukaŋ slow and tentative movement
Note: Also Iban beŋkaŋ ‘slow loris’.
28609 *u(ŋ)kaŋ spread open, as the legs 5752 PWMP *u(ŋ)kaŋ spread open, as the legs
Note: Also Javanese oŋkaŋ-oŋkaŋ ‘sit with the feet dangling’. With root *-kaŋ₁ ‘spread apart, as the legs’.
33487 *ukap pull off, remove covering 12208 PPh *ukap pull off, remove covering
28716 *u(ŋ)kaq open 5910 PMP *u(ŋ)kaq open
Note: Also Bisaya (Limbang) m-ukeʔ ‘to open, as a parcel, untie’. With root *-kaq₁ ‘open forcibly’.
28611 *uki vulva, vagina; pet name for girls 5756 PWMP *uki vulva, vagina; pet name for girls [doublet: *puki 'vulva, vagina']
Note: Malay (Jakarta) cuki, Muna wusi ‘vulva, vagina’. Evidently a shortened form of *puki used as a pet name for young girls (cp. PWMP *butuq ‘penis’, *utuq ‘vocative term for boys’).
28610 5753 5754 5755 PWMP *ukir-an carving, thing made by carving wood
Note: Also Tae' okiʔ ‘to write’. This term probably applied only to wood carving. It is likely that several of the reflexes cited here, including Bimanese uki and Manggarai ukir, are loans from Malay.
33601 *úkit to remove something from an attached position 12341 PPh *úkit to remove something from an attached position
28612 *ukub cover 5757 PWMP *ukub cover
Note: With root *-kub₁ ‘cover’.
28613 *ukuk cough; to cough; sound of coughing 5758 PMP *ukuk cough; to cough; sound of coughing
Note: With root *-kuk₂ ‘sound of a sob, cackle, etc.’.
28614 *ukup brood, sit on eggs; cover completely 5759 PMP *ukup brood, sit on eggs; cover completely
Note: Also Pazeh mu-kukup ‘to brood eggs’. With root *-kup ‘enclose, cover’.
28615 5760 PWMP *ukuq bent over, hunched [disjunct: *hukuq]
Note: With root *-ku(q) ‘bend, curve’.
28717 *u(ŋ)kuq puppy? 5911 PWMP *u(ŋ)kuq puppy (?)
Note: Also Paiwan kuku ‘a toy, pet (as a puppy)’, Ilokano óken ‘puppy, whelp (of a dog)’, Iban ukoi, ukui ‘dog’. Despite the complete semantic agreement of its reflexes, the meaning of this word remains uncertain. PWMP *asu clearly meant ‘dog’, and *uŋkuq thus presumably had some other closely related but distinctive meaning.
28616 *ulak reel, spool (in weaving) 5761 PWMP *ulak reel, spool (in weaving)
5762 PWMP *ulak-an reel, spool (in weaving)
Note: Possibly a loan distribution produced through borrowing from Malay. This item is not to be confused with Malay olak ‘eddying motion’, Old Javanese ulek ‘swirling (rushing, eddying) water’, Balinese ulek ‘whirl, go round (water)’, ulek-an ‘whirlpool’.
28620 5767 Note: Kambera ulaŋu may be a loan from Malay/Bahasa Indonesia.
33691 *ulaqul hypersensitive, weeping easily 12438 PPh *ulaqul hypersensitive, weeping easily
28617 *ulat scar 5763 PWMP *ulat scar [doublet: *kulad]
Note: With root *-lat₂ ‘scar’.
28618 *ulaw confusion, perplexity 5764 PAN *ulaw confusion, perplexity
5765 28619 *ulay₁ worm 5766 PWMP *ulay₁ worm
Note: Dempwolff (1934-38) reconstructed *uDay ‘worm’, but his comparison is unconvincing.
33787 12567 PMP *ulay₂ to stir, mix together
12568 POC *ule₂ to stir, mix together
33498 *ulayan tree sp. 12224 PPh *ulayan tree sp.
28621 *ule penis 5768 POC *ule₁ penis
33602 *ules blanket 12342 PPh *ules blanket
28626 5787 28622 *ulila orphan 5769 PWMP *ulila orphan
Note: Also Ivatan alilaʔ ‘slave’, Sambal (Botolan) alilaʔ ‘servant’. I assume that Kilivila -ula ‘adopted’ is a product of chance.
28623 *uliq₁ return home; return something; restore, repair; repeat; motion to and fro 5770 PMP *uliq₁ return home; return something; restore, repair; repeat; motion to and fro [doublet: *suliq]
5771 PCEMP *oliq, uliq return
5772 PPh *i-uliq take something home
5773 PPh *maka-uliq₂ able to return
5774 PWMP *maŋ-uliq return something; restore
5775 5776 PMP *pa-uliq return, send back
5777 PMP *paka-uliq return something to someone
5778 5779 5780 5781 5782 PMP *uliq uliq repeatedly
5783 Note: Also Isneg ullí ‘return, go or come back’, Cebuano húliʔ ‘go home, return to the place one lives or stays’, Ngaju Dayak buli ‘return, go back’. The basic sense of this term appears to have been ‘return (X) to its former place or condition’. More specific glosses include ‘return home’, ‘return something to someone’ and ‘restore, repair’. Either singly or reduplicated *uliq also conveyed the notion of repetition (reflexes in Itawis, Pangasinan, Hanunóo, Tboli, Karo Batak, Tolai, Nggela), or of motion to and fro (Karo Batak, Makassarese, Yamdena, Rarotongan). In both Kayan of central Borneo and in the Batak languages of northern Sumatra reflexes of *uliq refer to divorce; among the patrilocal Karo Batak the reference is specific to women, since upon divorce it is they who return to their natal family and own kin group. Dempwolff reconstructed ‘Uraustronesisch’ *muliq ‘return home’ (Heimkehren) as a ‘doublet’ of ‘Uraustronesisch’ *uliq ‘go back, return’ (zurückkehren), despite the transparent morphological connection. Finally, as noted in Blust (1983-84a), PMP *uliq developed two PCEMP variants, *uliq and *oliq.
28624 5784 5785 PWMP *maka-uliq₁ able to obtain
28843 *ulit repeat 6074 PWMP *ulit repeat
Note: This item shares many of the same semantic characteristics as PMP *uliq₁ (PPh *ulíq). The primary sense of *uliq appears to have been ‘return, restore’, from which ‘repeat’ is derived. The primary sense of *ulit, on the other hand, appears to have been ‘repeat’, from which the notions of renewal and restoration are derived in turn.
28625 *ulitáu bachelor, young unmarried man 5786 PPh *ulitáu bachelor, young unmarried man
Note: Bontok olitáo, Ifugaw ulitáu, Isneg ulitág, Ilokano ulitég ‘uncle’ appear to be distinct.
28627 5788 Note: Also Tagalog úlok ‘coaxing, cajolery, inducement’.
28628 5789 PWMP *uluR flow, stream together
Note: With root *-luR ‘flow’.
28629 5790 Note: With root *-lus ‘slip off’.
28642 *-um- verbal infix marking actor voice 5805 PAN *<um> verbal infix marking actor voice
5806 PMP *<um> verbal infix marking actor voice for intransitive verbs, and of inchoatives
Note: *-um- is, along with *-in-, one of the two commonest infixes in Austronesian, and was a cornerstone in Schmidt's (1906) Austric hypothesis, since an infix of partially similar shape is found in various Austroasiatic languages. Although no clear reflex is known in CEMP, reflexes of *-um- are widely distributed in Formosan and WMP languages. The syntax and semantics of these reflexes differs significantly across languages, in some cases across closely related languages (e.g. Hiligaynon, where -um- is described as "a verbal affix designating completed action", and Tagalog, where -um- marks the actor focus of certain transitive verbs, intransitive verbs that refer to natural actions in topicless sentences, and inchoatives).
These differences of meaning are most sharply marked by the boundary between Formosan and WMP languages. In the former reflexes of *-um- mark actor focus with no widely-shared semantic restrictions defining verb classes, and no competition with other affixes marking the same syntactic relations. In WMP languages, on the other hand, reflexes of *-um- compete with reflexes of PMP *maŋ-, and to some extent *maR- as markers of actor focus relationships. As a result there are restrictions on the type of verb to which a reflex of *-um- may attach, and some of these are widely shared within WMP.
Those which are most readily apparent are:
1. intransitive: cp. Ifugaw, Sambal (Botolan), Hanunóo, Murut (Timugon), Kadazan Dusun, Kelabit, Malagasy (affix rare) and Toba Batak,
References to future time have a more restricted distribution, but include several major Philippine subgroups, and Murut (Timugon) of northern Borneo. It is therefore likely that *-um- carried an inherently future or nonpast sense, and that in past tense constructions it co-occured with *-in-. in the form *-inum- or *-umin-, as suggested by Wolff (1973).
To date, all morphologically complex lexical reconstructions which contain *-um- on the PAn or PMP level are intransitive or optionally intransitive (PAn *l-um-aŋuy ‘to swim’, *C-um-aŋis ‘to weep’; *k-um-aen ‘to eat’; PMP *l-um-akaw ‘to go/walk’, *um-inum ‘to drink’, etc.). However, Formosan languages show no such restriction, and it is unclear whether the less restricted employment of *-um- in Formosan languages is a retention from PAn or an innovation. Tentatively I will assume the former, in part because the more complex morphological expression of focus in WMP languages (with prefixes *maŋ- and *maR- in addition to *-um-) cannot be reconstructed for PAn. However, historical inferences of this type suffer from an inherent indeterminacy when a cognate set is restricted to one of two primary branches of the collection of languages for which an ancestor is reconstructed (Blust 1978a:218ff).
Finally, it is noteworthy that reflexes of *-um- as an active affix show a distribution which closely parallels the distribution of languages with focus systems (fossilized in languages such as Malay, modern Javanese and Makassarese, which lack focus systems, but active in Formosan and Philippine languages generally, and in Toba Batak and Old Javanese which have/had focus systems). Despite this general correspondence some languages with fully developed focus systems lack a known reflex of *-um- (Rukai and Bunun in Taiwan, Isneg, Bikol and some others in the Philippines).
32700 11112 11113 28630 5791 PAN *umaN again
11906 PMP *uman again
Note: Zorc (n.d.) gives PPh *uman ‘repeat; do again’.
30328 *umaS to pickle, preserve meat or fish 7299 PAN *umaS to pickle, preserve meat or fish
33499 *umat inquire about, mention someone 12225 PPh *umat inquire about, mention someone
34014 12862 PPh *umaw mute, dumb [doublet: *umel]
Note: Also Tiruray Ɂemow ‘dumb, unable to speak’.
28631 *umbak umbak pump, pumping motion 5792 PWMP *umbak umbak pump, pumping motion
Note: Possibly a reduplication of *humbak ‘wave’ (from the up-and-down motion of pumps and the traditional bamboo bellows used in smithing).
28633 5794 PWMP *umbaŋ to float [doublet: *ubal]
28632 5793 Note: Also Bikol uŋbáw ‘filed to the brim’. With root *-baw₁ ‘high; top’.
28634 5795 28635 *umel speechless, dumb, mute 5796 PMP *umel speechless, dumb, mute
32733 *umpan bait 11168 PWMP *umpan bait [doublet: *paen, *paniŋ]
28636 5797 PMP *umpaŋ plug, obstruct [disjunct: *umpeŋ]
28637 5798 PWMP *umpeŋ dam, water barrier [disjunct: *umpaŋ]
Note: With root *-peŋ ‘plug up, dam; cover’.
28638 5799 Note: With root *-pis₁ ‘deflate; empty’.
28640 *umpu grandparent/grandchild (recipr.); ancestor 5802 PMP *umpu grandparent/grandchild (recipr.); ancestor [doublet: *ampu, *empu, *impu]
5803 PMP *ta-umpu grandparent/grandchild (referential term used reciprocally)
10811 POC *tubu₂ grandparent/grandchild; ancestor
Note: Also Hanunóo umpút ‘great-grandparent/great-grandchild (recipr.)’, Manggarai ompu ‘grandmother’, Samoan tupuŋa ‘ancestor’, Maori tipuna ‘ancestor, grandparent’. For a justification of the prefix *ta- cf. Blust (1979).
28639 *umpuk heap, pile, collection 5800 PWMP *umpuk heap, pile, collection
5801 PWMP *umpuk-an heap, pile, collection
Note: With root *-puk₃ ‘gather, flock together’.
28641 5804 PAN *umuR hold in the mouth [disjunct: *qumuR]
Note: With root *-muR ‘gargle, rinse the mouth’.
33500 *unab to wash rice or plants preparatory to cooking 12226 PPh *unab to wash rice or plants preparatory to cooking
28643 *unah precede, go or be first; earlier, former 5807 PMP *unah precede, go or be first; earlier, former
5808 5809 PPh *unah-an first
5810 PPh *unah-unah precede, go before
Note: Also Isneg onna ‘first, former’, Manobo (Western Bukidnon) huna ‘go or be first; be first in relation to someone else’. Wetan ona shows semantic contamination (or perhaps simply parallel semantic evolution) with PMP *puqun ‘base of a tree; beginning, origin’.
33501 12227 PWMP *unduD retreat, move backward [disjunct: *undur]
28645 5812 PWMP *undur retreat, fall back
Note: Also Toba Batak udur ‘march in procession, single-file’; undur ‘go together’. Possibly a Malay loanword spread through western Indonesia within the past several centuries.
28646 *untay₁ hanging down, dangling 5813 PWMP *untay₁ hanging down, dangling
28647 5814 PMP *untay₂ citrus fruit [doublet: *muntay]
Note: Also Malagasy lamóty ‘small thorny tree with edible fruit similar in appearance and taste to a crab-apple’. Zorc (1971) gives PPh *-utay ‘fruit’.
28648 5815 28649 *unum drink 5816 PCEMP *unum drink [doublet: *inum]
5817 POC *unum-unum drinking (progressive)
33603 *unuŋ fixed, constant, steady; forever 12343 PPh *unuŋ fixed, constant, steady; forever
28651 5819 28652 *unzet startled, make a startled movement 5820 PWMP *unzet startled, make a startled movement [doublet: *kezut]
28653 5821 PWMP *unzur shove, thrust forward
Note: With root *-zur ‘thrust out, extend’.
28644 *uNay sliver, splinter, foreign body embedded in 5811 PAN *uNay sliver, splinter, foreign body embedded in the flesh
11907 Note: Also Sika una (expected **une) ‘splinter, foreign body embedded in the flesh’, possibly a loan from neighboring Li'o.
28650 5818 PAN *uNuq beads, necklace [doublet: *SiNuq]
11908 28707 *uñat to stretch, straighten out 5899 PPh *uñat to stretch, straighten out [disjunct: *huñat]
5900 PPh *ma-uñat stretched, straightened
5901 PPh *uñat-en be stretched, be straightened out
Note: With root *-ñat ‘stretch’.
28705 5897 Note: Also Roviana uŋa ‘asthma’. With root *-ŋap ‘open, of the mouth’.
28706 *uŋaq child 5898 PWMP *uŋaq child
Note: Also Tiruray eŋaʔ ‘child’, Tboli ŋaʔ ‘offspring’. This term clearly coexisted with PPh *anák ‘child’; it may have referred more particularly to babies.
30355 *uŋay ritually sacrificed monkey? 7348 PAN *uŋay ritually sacrificed monkey?
Note: This is an intriguing comparison. PAn *luCuŋ clearly referred to the Formosan rock monkey, the only species of monkey on the island, leaving *uŋay without a clear referent. Since Puyuma has reflexes of both terms, and distinguishes uŋay as a monkey killed at an annual (headhunting) festival, it seems likely that some such distinction between the ordinary term for the animal and a ritual term for monkeys that perhaps were ritually sacrificed in connection with headhunting was made in PAn. The initial palatal glide in Atayal and Taokas is initially puzzling, but many Taokas nouns have a non-etymological y- or yV- (usually ya-), as in yabali < *bali ‘wind’, yabatu < *batu ‘stone’, yatiat < *tiaN ‘belly, abdomen’, or yautat ~ yottat < *quzaN ‘rain’, and this may have been an article. The palatal onset of the Atayal form is more difficult to explain, but this word could be a loan from the now-extinct Taokas.
28708 *uŋet anger 5902 PWMP *uŋet anger
Note: With root *-ŋeC angry; gnash the teeth.
28709 5903 Note: With root PAn *-ŋiC ‘anger, irritation’.
28710 *uŋkat recall or drag up disagreeable past 5904 PWMP *uŋkat recall or drag up disagreeable past experiences
28711 *uŋkir deny, refuse to acknowledge 5905 PWMP *uŋkir deny, refuse to acknowledge
28873 6106 Note: With root *-ŋur ‘low-pitched sound’.
28714 5908 Note: Also Puyuma (Tamalakaw) uduŋ ‘mouth’, Yami usuŋ ‘tooth, fang’, SCH uuŋ ‘snout, beak’, Banggai suuŋ ‘mouth, snout, lips’. With root *-ŋus ‘snout’.
28715 5909 PWMP *uŋut mumble angrily, grumble
Note: Malay roŋot, be-roŋot, me-roŋot ‘mumble angrily to oneself’ may be a back-formation from earlier *ber-uŋut. With root *-ŋut ‘mumble, murmur, mutter’.
34066 *úŋut coconut shell drinking cup or dipper 12921 PPh *úŋut coconut shell drinking cup or dipper
28654 *upak₁ bark, rind, sheath; to peel off bark 5822 PWMP *upak₁ bark, rind, sheath; to peel off bark [doublet: *ubak]
28655 5823 Note: With root *-pak₁ slap, clap. For a parallel of l-infixation in Toba Batak cf. *pajay ‘riceplant, rice in the field’ > pa-l-ge ‘select larger and finer rice grains’.
28656 *upaq compensation, reward 5824 PMP *upaq compensation, reward
5825 PWMP *maŋ-upaq pay for the use of something
5826 PWMP *upaq-an be paid; payment
Note: Also Kapampangan upah-an ‘fare, rent, compensation’, Tagalog úpa ‘remuneration, payment for work done; rent’, Kayan upah ‘wages, remuneration’, Malagasy hofa ‘rent, money paid for the use of rice-ground’, Ngadha opa ‘wages, payment; reward’, Rotinese upa ‘to pay, hire’.
Much of this distribution appears to be a product of borrowing from Malay, and it is possible that the comparison should be discarded. However, reflexes of *upaq evidently are native in such languages as Rejang and Sasak. *upaq probably was a relatively late innovation in the common ancestor of some of the languages of western Indonesia, and its meaning must have referred to payment in goods rather than to monetary compensation.
28657 *upas₁ poison, venom of a snake 5827 PMP *upas₁ poison, venom of a snake
33657 12400 PPh *upas₂ fiber of banana stalk
33503 *upaw bald 12229 PPh *upaw bald
Note: Also Tiruray ufaw ‘bald head’. Dempwolff (1938) compared the Tagalog form given here with Malagasy ófo ‘scaling off’, mi-ófo ‘to scale off, to cast the skin or lough; to lose its color, as a garment’, but the lack of close semantic agreement raises questions about cognation, and until better evidence is found for external cognates, the present comparison is best treated as a Proto-Philippine innovation.
28659 *upe end of tuber that is kept for planting 5829 PEMP *upe end of tuber that is kept for planting
28658 5828 PWMP *upek piece broken off, husk [doublet: *ubek]
Note: With root *-pek decay, crumble; sound of breaking; powder.
28663 5833 5834 Note: Also Arosi uhu ‘to blow’, Rotuman ui ‘to blow (with the mouth, or on a nose flute)’.
28660 5830 28661 5831 28662 5832 PWMP *upit press, squeeze together
Note: Also Ifugaw ukpít ‘hold by pressing something between the knees, between the elbow (or the upper arm) and the side of the body, etc.’ With root *-pit ‘press, squeeze together; narrow’.
28667 *upu germinating coconut ? 5838 PEMP *upu germinating coconut (?)
5839 Note: Although POc *upu evidently referred to a young coconut, the meaning of Proto-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian *upu is less certain. 'Āre'āre uhu ‘to shoot, sprout’ is attributed to PMP *tubuq.
28664 5835 Note: With root *-puk₁ throb, thud, clap, break.
28665 *upun gather in masses, as smoke 5836 PMP *upun₁ gather in masses, as smoke
Note: With root *-pun ‘assemble, collect, gather’.
33973 *upup bullfrog 12814 PAN *upup bullfrog
Note: Also Paiwan qubqub ‘large bullfrog’. This is clearly an onomatopoetic formation, from the sound of its call at night. However, given the close agreement of the Thao and Puyuma forms it appears likely that this word has a long history, since other onomatopoetic formations are equally possible (cf. Proto-Philippines *bakbak ‘frog’). Given its imitative form I assume that each syllable began with a glottal stop that was otherwise not phonemic in PAn.
28666 *upus end, finish; used up, finished 5837 PMP *upus end, finish; used up, finished
Note: Also Ngadha opu ‘perish, die out, become extinct’. With root *-pus₁ ‘end, finish’.
34049 *urag sexual indulgence, orgy 12903 PPh *urag sexual indulgence, orgy
Note: Possibly a Central Philippine innovation that has been borrowed into Hanunóo and various languages of Palawan.
32616 11004 PPh *urit stripe, streak, line
28671 *urub flame 5850 PWMP *urub flame
Note: Also Itbayaten oxob ‘have smoke-like exhaust or emission or mass overhead’, Malagasy óro ‘burning’, Iban uru ‘singe, set fire or smoke to’, Malay m-urup ‘brilliant or fiery (of colour)’, Anuta uro ‘be aflame, glow’.
28669 *uRem hold in the mouth, hold with the mouth 5848 PWMP *uRem hold in the mouth, hold with the mouth
Note: Also Tontemboan urem ‘hold in the mouth, hold with the mouth’.
32528 10877 Note: The Bashiic forms are irregular, but contain what appear to be substratum reflexes of *R (Pick, to appear).
33354 *uRis albino, unnaturally white 11957 PPh *uRis albino, unnaturally white
28713 *uRsa deer 5907 PWMP *uRsa deer
Note: Probably the sambhur deer. This term was replaced by a reflex of *payaw over much of central and western Borneo.
28672 *uRup help, assistance; to help, assist 5851 PWMP *uRup help, assistance; to help, assist
Note: Also Ngaju Dayak dohop ‘help, assistance’. Dempwolff (1934-38) reconstructed *u(r)up ‘exchange, alternate; help’.
33505 *usauR to go downstream, go with the current 12231 PPh *usauR to go downstream, go with the current
Note: Thanks to Jason Lobel for the data from Ponosakan and Lolak, for drawing my attention to the related forms in Dunnebier (1951) for Mongondow, and for noting that a similar contraction of *-au- is found in e.g. Tagalog manaog ‘to go downstairs’, Ponosakan monah, Mongondow monag, and Lolak monog ‘downwards’
33692 *usay to explain, elucidate, talk through a problem 12439 PPh *usay to explain, elucidate, talk through a problem
28712 5906 PMP *u(n)sek press into [doublet: *usuk]
11909 Note: With root *-sek₂ insert, stick into a soft surface.
28675 *usi relative of the third ascending or descending 5856 PCMP *usi relative of the third ascending or descending generation [doublet: *nusi]
Note: Probably a reciprocal term.
28673 5852 Note: Also Gorontalo wusiʔo (expected **wutiʔo) ‘disturb, be disturbed’. This item may be a loan from one of the other 33650 *usiŋ charcoal 12393 PPh *usiŋ charcoal [doublet: *qujiŋ]
28676 5857 Note: Reflexes of this item and of POc *quto ‘pith of a tree’ are easily confused. Although the most widespread agreements suggest that *uso referred to the cores of fruits and *quto to the pith of trees, some languages reflect *uso with the meaning ‘pith of a tree’.
28680 5864 28677 *usuk press into, penetrate; enter crouching 5859 PMP *usuk press into, penetrate; enter crouching; drive in stakes [doublet: *u(n)sek]
5860 PWMP *usuk-an drive in (stakes, etc.)
Note: With root *-suk insert, penetrate, enter.
28678 5861 5862 POC *usuq-a rub (it), wipe (it)
32897 11356 POC *usuri copy, imitate, pass on
11357 Note: This comparison was first proposed by Ross and Osmond (2016e:565).
29971 *uSa go 6655 PAN *uSa go
6656 6657 28682 *uta chaff 5874 PCMP *uta chaff
33534 12266 28683 5875 PMP *utaña ask, inquire [doublet: *kutaña]
Note: Also Iban tañaʔ ‘question, ask, inquire, be on speaking terms’, Makassarese kutaʔnaŋ ‘ask about’.
28681 *utaq vomit 5865 PAN *utaq vomit
5866 PWMP *ka-utaq (gloss uncertain)
5867 5868 5869 5870 5871 5872 PAN *utaq-an vomit (imperative)
5873 PAN *utaq-en be vomited up; vomit (command)
Note: Also Old Javanese wutah ‘spit out, vomit up’, Lau mo-moa ‘to vomit’, Kwaio moa ‘to vomit’, 'Āre'āre moa ‘to vomit’, Sa'a moa ‘to vomit’, Bauro moa ‘to vomit’. The apocopation of initial *u and loss of the morpheme boundary in *um-utaq is characteristic of all CEMP languages. In POc the reanalyzed form *mutaq was then partially reduplicated to produce a partial paradigm *mutaq : *mu-mutaq. The semantic distinctions associated with these forms remain unclear.
33703 *útas to keep on doing something, continue in one’s ways 12451 PPh *útas to keep on doing something, continue in one’s ways
32768 *uteŋaq wobble, come loose, of something attached 11207 PWMP *uteŋaq wobble, come loose, of something attached
Note: Also Cebuano útŋa ‘come off, let go of something firmly attached to something else (as a leech letting go)’.
28685 *utik marine fish with thorny skin 5878 PMP *utik marine fish with thorny skin
Note: Also Malay ikan oték-oték ‘a catfish: Arius utik’, ikan duri oték ‘a catfish: Arius utik’. The latter name clearly indicates a fish with thorn-like projections (duri), hence comparable in this respect to the porcupine fish.
28686 5879 PMP *utiŋ tang of a knife, etc.
Note: Also Itbayaten otaŋ ‘handle of wasay (axe)’, Ifugaw utóŋ ‘tang beneath the blade of a spear or knife, driven into the shaft or handle’, Malay putiŋ ‘head of blade; shank; helve; (fig.) clitoris’.
28684 5876 Note: Also Bwaidoga/Bwaidoka utoga ‘the float of a fish-net’, Buli utam ‘floats of a fish net’.
28691 *utuŋ extremity, tip 5884 PWMP *utuŋ extremity, tip
Note: Also Kapampangan utaŋ ‘nipple of breast’. In PPh this item evidently replaced PMP *mata ni susu in the meaning ‘nipple, tip of the breast’. Casiguran Dumagat utúŋ ‘nipple (of a baby bottle), pacifier (for a baby) probably is a Tagalog loan, since it refers to a commercial nipple rather than a natural one.
28687 5880 PWMP *utuq vocative term for boys
28688 *utuR a string of something; to string 5881 PCMP *utuR a string of something; to string [doublet: *CuSuR]
28689 *utus₁ break under tension, as a rope 5882 PMP *utus₁ break under tension, as a rope
Note: With root *-tus ‘break under tension’.
28690 *utus₂ send on a mission, command someone to do 5883 PWMP *utus₂ send on a mission, command someone to do something
Note: Both the forms cited here from Philippine languages and some of the forms cited from western Indonesia (as Toba Batak utus-an) may be loans from Malay. If so, the entire comparison reduces to a relatively late innovation in western Indonesia.
28693 5886 Note: Also Bare'e uou ‘sound of the wild dove’, Buruese oo ‘an exclamation of disdain’.
28700 *uy exclamation to express surprise, call 5893 PMP *uy exclamation to express surprise, call attention, etc. [disjunct: *huy]
33506 *úyaŋ polite term of address to an older woman (?) 12232 PPh *úyaŋ polite term of address to an older woman (?)
12233 PPh *uyáŋ-en to address a younger woman politely
33507 *uyaw to mock, ridicule, jeer at 12234 PPh *uyaw to mock, ridicule, jeer at
12235 PPh *uyaw-en to mock, ridicule, jeer at
Note: The Agutaynen term cited here shows a connection with the widespread ‘thunder complex’ in insular Southeast Asia and the western Pacific (Blust 1981, 1991a).
28694 5887 PWMP *uyeg shake, sway, stagger [disjunct: *huyug, *uyug, *uyuR]
28695 5888 PWMP *uyug shake, sway, stagger [disjunct: *huyug, *uyeg, *uyuR]
28696 *uyun₁ bunch, bundle (probably of long objects) 5889 PWMP *uyun₁ bunch, bundle (probably of long objects)
33508 12236 28697 5890 PMP *uyuR shake, sway, stagger [disjunct: *huyug, *uyeg, *uyug]
28698 *uyut₁ carrying pouch or small basket 5891 PWMP *uyut₁ carrying pouch or small basket
28699 5892 PWMP *uyut₂ to swing, be unsteady
28701 *uzeg drive in, erect, as a piling 5894 PMP *uzeg drive in, erect, as a piling
Note: With root *-zeg ‘stand erect’.
28702 5895 PWMP *uzi test, assay, examine
Note: Also Kapampangan úriʔ ‘class, category, kind’, paːman-uriʔ ‘examination, investigation’, Tagalog úriʔ ‘kind, class, classification; karat (applied to gold, platinum, silver and precious stones)’, Old Javanese udi ‘test, check, assay’, Muna udhi ‘test, try’, Sika ʔuji ‘brideprice; to demand’, Buruese uji-h ‘test’. Many of these irregular forms appear to be loans from Malay, and it is possible that the evidence for PWMP *uzi is entirely an artifact of still undetected borrowing.
a b c C d e g h i j k l m n N ñ ŋ o p q r R s S t u w y z
Austronesian Comparative Dictionary, web edition
*u
WMP Karo Batak
u genitive marker
Sangir
u genitive particle
Formosan Seediq
wa final particle of exclamation
Paiwan
ua exclamation of pain or surprise
WMP Kapampangan
wa yes
Tagalog
wa shoo! (to drive off pigs, etc.)
Cebuano
wa expression of mild disappointment
Toba Batak
ua exclamation
Mandar
wa expression of surprise, etc.
OC Tolai
ua interjection expressing mild surprise
Gedaged
ua interjection: see! behold! aha!
WMP Melanau Dalat
ua FB, MB (add.)
Singhi Land Dayak
wa younger sibling of a parent
Jarai
wa uncle, aunt
Malay
ua elder (in certain local terms of relationship)
Sundanese
ua elder sibling of a parent: FeB, FeZ, MeB, MeZ
Old Javanese
ua uncle, aunt (older than father or mother, also used to address an older person who is not a relative)
Balinese
ua uncle, aunt
Bare'e
ua grandfather, grandmother
Palauan
ua-dám old man (term of reference for older male in-law)
CMP Bimanese
ua FeB, FeZ, MeB, MeZ
Manggarai
ua father (much used by Moslems, hence probably a loan)
Proto-Ambon
*ua aunt
Buruese
ua aunt
OC Lakalai
e-ua-gu parent-in-law (woman speaking); daughter-in-law
Proto-South-Huon-Gulf
*wa mother’s brother (and also father’s sister?)
Arosi
ua grandfather, grandchild
WMP Itbayaten
owak black crow: Corvus macrorhynchus philippinus
Pangasinan
owák crow (bird species)
Tagalog
uwák crow, raven
Bikol
uwák crow, raven; the cawing sound made by these birds
mag-uwák to caw
Hanunóo
ʔuwák the common crow, Corvus macrorhynchus
Aklanon
uwák crow
Cebuano
uwák crow
kaŋ-uwak-án place where crows abound
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
uwak a crow
Tiruray
ʔuwak a crow, Corvus macrorhynchus Wagler
Tboli
wak a bird similar to the crow
Ngaju Dayak
uak sound of a gibbon's call
Malay
meŋ-uak to bellow, of buffaloes and crocodiles
uak-uak the cry of the gibbon
buroŋ uak-uak white-breasted water-hen
Tondano
uak bird with large body and beak: hornbill
Tontemboan
uwak a bird: the hornbill, named from its cry
Mongondow
uak a cry, shriek, shout
CMP Manggarai
uak shout from a distance, call loudly
WMP Bahasa Indonesia
uak retching; physical nausea
Tae'
uaʔ sound of belching, sound of one about to vomit
CMP Manggarai
oak nausea, disgust, retching
Kambera
ua sound of retching when vomiting
WMP Palawan Batak
ʔuaʔ elder sibling
Rejang
waʔ ~ woʔ father’s or mother’s elder brother or sister, uncle, aunt
Sasak
uaʔ parents’ elder sibling: FeB, FeZ, MeB, MeZ
OC Arosi
ua grandfather, grandchild
WMP Melanau Dalat
ua FB, MB (add.)
Jarai
wa uncle, aunt
Malay
ua elder (in certain local terms of relationship)
Rejang
waʔ FeB, FeZ, MeB, MeZ
Sundanese
ua FeB, FeZ, MeB, MeZ
Old Javanese
ua uncle, aunt (older than father or mother; also used to address an older person who is not a relative)
Balinese
ua uncle, aunt
Sasak
uaʔ FeB, FeZ, MeB, MeZ
Bare'e
ua grandfather, grandmother
Makassarese
uaʔ father; uncle, aunt
CMP Bimanese
ua FeB, FeZ, MeB, MeZ
Manggarai
ua father (much used by Moslems, hence probably a loan)
Proto-Ambon
*ua aunt
Buruese
ua aunt
OC Lakalai
e-ua-gu parent-in-law (woman speaking); daughter-in-law
Proto-South-Huon-Gulf
*wa mother's brother (and also father's sister?)
Arosi
ua grandfather, grandchild
WMP Casiguran Dumagat
úba naked; to get undressed
Hanunóo
ʔúba naked; specifically, stripped from the waist down
Aklanon
óba(h) undressed, naked, bare; to take off one’s clothes
Hiligaynon
mag-úba to take off, especially clothing, to denude
WMP Kankanaey
ubák sheath of the banana leaf
Pangasinan
obák bark or skin of tree
Sambal (Botolan)
óbak bark of tree
Tagalog
úbak bark of tree
Bikol
úbak tree bark
Cebuano
úbak trunk of a banana or abaca tree; separate layers of the banana trunk
Malagasy
óvaka a chip of wood (Prov.)
mi-òvaka skinned, peeled, stripped
ovàh-ana be peeled or stripped
Sasak
ombak to peel, shell, hull
WMP Sundanese
ubal tie pieces of banana stalk or other buoyant material to a sunken object in order to make it float to the surface
Sasak
ubal-ubal float of a fishing-line
Bare'e
umba rise to the surface of water, appear on the surface
WMP Tboli
ubek rice husks
Kayan
ubek soft immature rice grain, prepared by early reaping, then drying over fire, and then pounding
WMP Kayan
ubeŋ fish trap fixed in a dam wall
CMP Manggarai
ubeŋ to cork, to plug or stop up
WMP Ilokano
úbet buttocks, rump, bottom (of men, animals, jars, etc.)
Isneg
úbat buttocks, seat, gluteal region; anus; bottom (of a basket, etc.)
Itawis
úbat anus, buttocks
Kankanaey
úbet extremity of the rectum
Kallahan (Kayapa)
ubɨt buttocks
Casiguran Dumagat
ubét female genitalia
Ibaloy
obet bottom, rear, base; buttocks
CMP Sika
ubet backside, posterior
Formosan Puyuma (Tamalakaw)
-uvuT pull out without much effort one by one, something small and rooted
WMP Ayta Abellan
obot to pull out something that is deeply embedded
Malagasy
ombotra plucked up by the roots, plucked out, as thorns in the flesh, etc.
Malay
umbut pull out gently; raise the line slightly in fishing
WMP Maranao
ombon-ombon-an fontanel
Malay
ubun-ubun fontanel
Alas
ubun fontanel
Makassarese
ubuŋ fontanel, crown
WMP Tausug
ubuŋ ridgepole
Kenyah
umboŋ apex
CMP Ngadha
ubu ridge, roof
Sika
ubuŋ summit, top of trees, mountains and fingers
Soboyo
ubu end, point (as of a knife), tip, top (as of a coconut tree)
WMP Itawis
maŋ-úfut to exhaust, to consume
Casiguran Dumagat
ubus to finish, to consume, be consumed; after
Ayta Maganchi
ubuh to use up, finish something
Tagalog
úbos act of using up or consuming by eating, drinking, spending, etc.
maŋ-úbos to eat, consume or use up all without leaving anything for others
Bikol
úbos consumed, exhausted, finished
mag-úbos to empty something out
Maranao
obos finish, consume, liquidate
WMP Casiguran Dumagat
udék go upstream, to travel going upriver
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
urahik to go in the direction of upstream
Kayan
udik upriver
Ngaju Dayak
urik travel upstream
Malagasy
mi-òrika ascend, go up against the stream
orìh-ina be gone against, of a current
Malay
udék upstream
Old Javanese
uḍik upstream
Javanese
uḍik upstream part of a river
Mongondow
uik go upriver
Bare'e
ure go upstream, follow the river in an upstream direction
Mandar
daiʔ climb, ascend; go
Buginese
uraiʔ west
WMP Kayan
m-udik ascend a river, go upstream
Malay
m-udék progress upstream; going back against the current, in contrast to drifting downward with the current
Old Javanese
m-uḍik to rise; to proceed upstream
Mongondow
muik upstream, eastward
WMP Tagalog
uráliʔ deceptive incitement, intrigue
Malay
daléh subterfuge; equivocation
ber-daleh to evade the issue
WMP Itbayaten
mana-wdi to be last
pana-wdi posterior, behind, hind leg, hind part, rear
Ilokano
údi last, latest, rear, hindmost
Isneg
údi last, hindmost
Kankanaey
udí-di hind leg
maŋ-ud-udí-di last, hindmost
Ifugaw
udí, udí-di last, the last
Tagalog
hulí <M late, tardy; last; tail-end; position behind
Bikol
hurí <M last; late, overdue, retarded, tardy
Aklanon
ulíhi(h) be late, tardy; behind; later on
Kalamian Tagbanwa
uri late, behind time
Cebuano
ulhí, ulahí last in a group to do something; late
Maranao
ori behind, late
ori-ori last to come, one at the end of the line; hindmost, rearmost
Tausug
huli <M last, end, rear
Kelabit
udʰih rudder; stern of a boat; rear
Iban
udi after, later; follow after
Malay
udi posterior; hindward; subsequent
kem-udi-an hari the future
Simalur
uri backside, back; afterwards, later
Balinese
uri back; come after, be behind, walk behind
Tae'
undi follow from behind; after, later
CMP Nuaulu
muni behind
CMP Sika
odi expression of future time; shall, will, must
OC Gedaged
uzi to follow, pursue; come after, succeed; go to the rear
WMP Ilokano
kama-údi hind leg, hind foot
Malay
kem-udi rudder (of a boat)
CMP Kambera
kam-uri rear part; stern of a boat, rudder; lag behind, come later
ana ka-muri youngest child
WMP Cebuano
ka-ulahí-an the last
k<in>a-ulahí-an the last one in the group
Tausug
ka-hulih-an <M behind, as of a person that follows in a line; at the last, as of a series of things; rear
Minangkabau
k-udi-an afterwards
WMP Yami
ma-udi stern of a boat
Itbayaten
ma-wdi stern of a boat
Isneg
m-ūdi last, hindmost
Ifugaw
ma-údi it will be made last
Bikol
ma-hurí be last, be late
Kelabit
m-udʰih behind, last
Wolio
m-uri m-uri future, later, coming afterwards; finally, eventually, ultimately
CMP Manggarai
m-usi behind; later, late
Rotinese
m-uli west; youngest child, last-born
m-uli-k young, of people, animals and plants
Selaru
m-ur young, of fruits
Yamdena
fa-mudi youngest child
m-udi only when used strictly as an adjective: posterior; otherwise always = mud the rear part; outside, the outside of
m-udi-n térik the boundary between reef and deep sea
Fordata
m-uri outside, the outside of; behind, at the back; stern of a boat; rear of a house
mar-m-uri later
Kei
m-ur rear part; later; following
entaha m-ur hold the till or rudder
wahan m-ur m-ur later; in the future
Dobel
muri younger
Alune
m-uli after, behind; to follow
Boano₂
muli back
OC Loniu
muʔu tun stern of a canoe
Likum
con e muh stern of a canoe
Wuvulu
muxi stern of a canoe
Aua
muki stern of a canoe
Duke of York
muru to follow; behind, afterwards; the back; the last
Kove
muhi back; later
Gedaged
muzik behind, in the rear; back part
muzin the rear, the back part, posterior, stern, after-part, the reverse, hind quarters, the outside (if one is inside a house, etc.)
Gitua
mur behind, after (posterior time)
Bunama
muli follow
Motu
muri behind, after (posterior time)
Dobuan
muria after, behind
Petats
mamur behind
Nggela
muri after, behind; the back; the outside of an object, box house, village; the after-birth; posterity
Arosi
muri behind; the back; the outside of egg, bottle, etc., opposed to raro; after, afterwards; to follow; left hand, facing an object
Fijian
muri after, following
e muri behind, later
ki muri to the rear
Tongan
mui place or space behind or further back; rear; background; end, extremity, tip; back, rear, hind; later; young, immature, only partly grown or developed (as yet)
Niue
mui the last; be last, follow; unripe, immature
Samoan
muli come last, be last; young, new
Tuvaluan
muli behind; the future; rear of a canoe, etc.;
tomuli late
fakamuli afterwards, later on
Rennellese
mugi follow, be or go behind or after; rear end, esp. lower or western end
Anuta
muri back; the rear portion of something; behind; a village just to the west (i.e. "behind") Mua
Maori
muri the rear, the hind part; the sequel, the time to come, the future; behind, afterwards, backwards; youngest child
Hawaiian
muli after, behind, afterward; last, following behind; younger, youngest; stern of a canoe
OC [Lau
buri ʔae heel]
Kapingamarangi
muli wae heel
Rennellese
mugi baʔe heel
WMP Cebuano
pa-ulahí be the last, do something as the last thing; allow oneself to be left behind
Toba Batak
p-udi back, behind; after
WMP Isneg
udi-ān youngest brother or sister
Ifugaw
udi-dí-an the youngest of the family
Bikol
hurih-án the hindmost part, posterior
Maranao
ori-an rear; behind; last; later; result
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
huzi-an following all the rest; final; the final one
Tausug
(h)ulih-an behind, as of a person that follows in a line
Malagasy
a-orí-ana back, behind, backward, passed
WMP Ilokano
udíp-en to mend, patch (mats, baskets, etc.)
Isneg
ikki-uríp a netting needle
max-uríp to repair a casting net when one or more meshes are torn
Agutaynen
mag-orip to repair woven material such as nipa palm shingles on a root, a mat, or a basket
Maranao
orip reweave, patch up, repair a mat
Binukid
hulip to cover, patch up a small hole in something
Mansaka
orip to mend (as a mat)
Formosan Siraya (Gravius)
uru ~ uro weed, grass
Siraya (Utrecht ms.)
usu weed
Proto-Siraya
*udu weed, grass
WMP Kelabit
uduh grass (generic)
Berawan (Long Terawan)
uroh grass
Kenyah
udu grass, weeds
m-udu overgrown with grass, weedy
Kayan
uroʔ grass, weeds; general term for jungle; vegetables (generic)
Kayan (Uma Juman)
uruʔ grass
m-uruʔ grassy
Bintulu
urəw grass, weeds
məŋ-urəw pull up grass, pull weeds
Bukat
uru grass
Lahanan
urow grass
Kapuas
uruʔ grass
CMP Kédang
uru sword grass: Imperata cylindrica
Yamdena
uru weeds
Ujir
ur grass
Dobel
kwuru grass
WMP Bikol
údoŋ a hunter's shelter or hut
Kalamian Tagbanwa
úloŋ shade, shadow
Toba Batak
unduŋ-unduŋ primitive hut, built as overnight lodging in transit, or for lepers
Minangkabau
undoŋ-undoŋ screen or veil thrown over the head as a protection against rain
CMP Ngadha
udhu small field hut; cover over, cover with a towel, etc.
Buruese
urun a forest booth or shelter
OC Tongan
ū be sheltered (esp. from wind or rain)
WMP Old Javanese
uḍuh an exclamation (oh! ah!)
Tae'
udu an exclamation of grief
CMP Ngadha
udu to coo
WMP Itawis
urú medicine
Ilongot
udu medicine
Rungus Dusun
uru medicine
Kelabit
udoʔ ghost; carved wooden figure kept to ward off misfortune or disease; ghost (Amster 1995)
Kenyah (Lepu Tau)
udoʔ a carving; a patron (Galvin 1967)
Kenyah (Lebu’ Kulit)
udoʔ mask, mask dance (Soriente 2006)
Kayan
udoʔ an image, formerly an idol (now used for a doll); a wooden mask used in entertainment; formerly used in pagan ceremonies
Nias
uru idol, kept for protection
maŋ-uru erect a protective image in front of the village to ward off pestilence
Minangkabau
uduah incantation; kind of basket with cooked rice, sugar and grated coconut, set in the field during rice-planting to guard against calamity
ma-uduah-kan place a taboo sign as proof of ownership (usually accompanied by a spoken formula intended to bring sickness or misfortune to anyone who steals what is so marked)
Sangir
uro charm, spell (against thieves of fruit in plantations)
Tontemboan
uruʔ charm, spell concealed on a fruit tree to prevent the theft of fruit
Mongondow
uyuʔ charm used to safeguard one's property, but also used to inflict harm on others
Bare'e
uru taboo sign or charm used to protect fruit trees, temporary shelters, etc. from thieves
CMP Ngadha
uru evil spirit
WMP Ilokano
ugáli custom, habit, character, nature, temperament, disposition
Bontok
ʔugáli custom; manner; way; practice; habit
Casiguran Dumagat
ugáli habit, custom, tradition, way, manners, inclination, style, mode, character, behavior
Pangasinan
ogáli custom; character (of a person)
Kapampangan
ugáliʔ character, habits, custom, demeanor
Tagalog
ugáliʔ personal conduct or behavior; habit; custom; tradition
Bikol
ugáliʔ character, manner, personality, temperament; characteristic, idiosyncrasy, trait; custom, habit, tradition
Hanunóo
ʔugáliʔ custom; superstition
Aklanon
ugáliʔ custom, tradition; habit
Toba Batak
ugari custom, manner, way (expected **/ugali/)
WMP Tagalog
ugáʔ act of shaking (a tree, house or some structure)
Malay
meŋ-ogah to shake, esp. of shaking for the purpose of loosening. Of working a pile or stake backwards and forwards so as to open out the soil around it; of shaking a tooth to make its extraction easier, etc.
Old Javanese
ugah shaking; to shake
Madurese
oga wobbly because it is not firmly embedded (of tooth, housepost, stake, etc.)
ŋ-oga to shake, make something shake or wobble
Balinese
ogah shake, move to and fro, be loose (a tooth)
WMP Casiguran Dumagat
ógbus sprout (of a tree, plant, vine); to sprout
Manide
ugbís tip of plant, shoot, young leaves
Aklanon
úgbos young leaves or foliage; young frond (of fern)
Waray-Waray
ugbós sprout; shoot; seedling
Hiligaynon
úgbus (of plants) bud
Cebuano
ugbús young and unopened palm frond; to remove young fronds
Central Tagbanwa
ugbot leaf
Mansaka
ogbos new tender leaves just coming out; to prolong life
Tausug
ugbus sprout (of a plant)
ugbus-an to remove the new shoots from a plant
WMP Cebuano
úguŋ spin a top; be steady and without a wobble
Kelabit
ugʰeŋ spinning without wobbling, as a top
WMP Pangasinan
ogtó noon
Ayta Abellan
ogto midday, lunchtime; directly over or under
Kapampangan
ugtú noon
Tagalog
udtó noon, noontime, midday
Bikol
udtó noon, noontime, mid-day
Hanunóo
ʔudtú mid-point of a vizualized celestial arch; more specifically, noon
ʔudtuh-an noontime
Aklanon
údto about directly overhead (in the sky)
ugto at the zenith, directly overhead; half moon (waxing or waning)
pa-udtoh-ón gibbous (waning); 3rd quarter
Hiligaynon
úgtu noon
Cebuano
udtú twelve o'clock, for the sun to be overhead; for the moon or something else to be in the heavens at the noon position
udtúh-an zenith
Maranao
oto lunch; eat noon meal
oto-n eat during lunch time, lunch on
Binukid
ma-udtu noon
udtu-an zenith, the point in the sky which is directly overhead
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
udtu action (of the earth's rotation) upon celestial bodies which causes them to rise to the zenith
Tiruray
ʔutuh to go on top of something
ge-utuh noontime
Blaan (Koronadal)
ltu du noon
Tausug
ugtu noontime, mid-day, whe the sun is at its zenith
Mongondow
utu zenith, point in the heavens directly overhead
utu-an the uppermost atmosphere
WMP Cebuano
uháŋ space between two things which are supposed to be touching or fitting each other
Kenyah
uaŋ empty
WMP Pangasinan
uhá cry of newborn baby
Tagalog
uháʔ cry of the new-born infant
Bikol
úhaʔ to cry (infants)
Hanunóo
ʔuháʔ cry of a newborn baby
Kayan
uha the crying of an infant
WMP Karo Batak
uit stir, move a little
Sasak
uit move something
WMP Maranao
oit take over, bring, carry
Subanen/Subanun
g-oit to carry
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
uwit take, carry in the hand
Tiruray
ʔuwit take something, bring something
Kelabit
uit way of bringing
Tontemboan
uwit carrying away of something; transport rice from field to house
WMP Kelabit
m-uit to bring
Tontemboan
m-uwit carry something away
WMP Maranao
in-oit brought or carried by
Kelabit
n-uit brought by
WMP Kayan
udan cargo on a boat
OC Motu
uda-uda load, of pots in lagatoi (cited only in the English index sub 'load')
uda-ia to place in box, canoe, etc.
Dobuan
ʔe-usana load
Chuukese
woos load, burden, thing carried
wosa-n his load
Puluwat
wútán cargo, load; to be loaded
Woleaian
iutal(a) load, burden, pack, cargo, freight
Fijian
usa carry a cargo by boat
Tongan
uta to carry or convey by boat or vehicle or on horseback; carrying or conveying in this manner, or goods (or load) so carried
Niue
uta to load (as a canoe or truck); a load
Futunan
uta cargo (as on a boat)
faka-uta to load cargo on a boat
Samoan
uta load, cargo
Tuvaluan
uta a canoe load
Kapingamarangi
uda to transport (cargo)
Nukuoro
uda to board (a ship or canoe)
Rennellese
uta to put aboard a canoe or ship, to go or have aboard; to bear nuts, as a coconut; to assume a role
haa-uta to take aboard or into a car; to yield well, as a harvest
Anuta
uta supplies or cargo lying in the hold of a boat or canoe
Rarotongan
uta to convey; to carry, as from one place to another; to load, to burden; to load up, as a canoe
uta-uta conveying, carrying, loading up
uta-uta-ŋia to overburden over-much; to be heavily weighed down, to be followed by different events in succession, etc.
Maori
uta put persons or goods on board a canoe, etc.
uta-ŋa burden, freight
Hawaiian
hoʔo-ūka to load, as cargo or freight; to put on, as gear on a horse; to send, as a letter
uka-na baggage, luggage, freight, cargo, supplies
Formosan Kavalan
unuŋ nose
WMP Buhid
uyóŋ nose
Inati
oroŋ nose
Kalamian Tagbanwa
uruŋ nose
Palawan Batak
ʔuruŋ nose
Samal
uuŋ nose
Kayan
uruŋ nose
Bintulu
uruŋ nose
Melanau (Mukah)
uduŋ nose
Melanau Dalat (Kampung Teh)
uduəŋ nose
Bukat
uruŋ nose
Bekatan
uruŋ nose
Kejaman
uruəŋ nose
Lahanan
uroŋ nose
Paku
uruŋ nose
Malagasy
órona nose
CMP Kambera
uru nose
OC Watut
su- nose
Motu
udu- mouth; nose; beak
Mele-Fila
usu- nose
Fijian
ucu- nose
OC Mota
uka draw the bow
uka-g let fly, release an arrow
Rotuman
uka thick, strong string, cord, esp. thick fishing-line
Tongan
uka bowstring (obsolescent)
Tuvaluan
uka fishing line
Kapingamarangi
uga fishing line
Rennellese
uka cord, line, rope
Anuta
uka thin line or cord (Formosan only)
Formosan Saisiyat
ʔoka empty
Seediq
uka not exist
Thao
uka negative existential: not have, not exist; so as not to
maka-uka lose something one cannot find
m-uka have nothing
mut-uka be less, be reduced in amount
Bunun
uka don’t have, without
WMP Tagalog
úkaŋ slow movements peculiar to the aged and the infirm
Iban
ukaŋ slow loris: Nycticebus coucang borneanus Lyon
WMP Ilokano
ukkáŋ to open (a razor, pocketknife, calipers, the legs, etc.)
Banjarese
ukaŋ to bite (with the mouth wide)
Malay
oŋkaŋ sit with legs dangling
Simalur
um-uŋkaŋ-uŋkaŋ squat with the legs spread wide
Sichule
ukaŋ ukaŋ to squat and thereby spread the legs
Javanese
uŋkaŋ-uŋkaŋ sit with the feet dangling
WMP Ibaloy
okap-en to remove something that is tightly in place, requiring considerable force to remove it (as floorboards)
Central Tagbanwa
ukap vegetable or fruit peel
ukap-an to peel something
Mansaka
okap to remove bark, to husk
WMP Tiruray
ʔuŋkaʔ to open
Kiput
m-ukaːʔ to open
Ma'anyan
uka to open (Ray 1913)
Mongondow
uŋkaʔ come loose, as a fingernail or a frond from a palm tree
CMP Manggarai
uka pry up, open
WMP Ilokano
úki vagina; cave at the base of two adjoining hills
ukinnam common profane phrase from [uki ni inam] ‘your mother’s vagina!’
Isneg
óki the vulva
Itawis
úki vagina
Bontok
ʔukí female genitals, used only in the expletive okin inam ('your mother's vulva!')
Maranao
oki pet name for girls
Kenyah (Long Wat)
uki-n vulva, vagina
Banggai
uki female pudendum; young girl
WMP Ilokano
ókir groove, furrow
Maranao
okir designs usually carved and painted; carve elaborately
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
ukir to carve out a bas-relief design on something
Tausug
ukkil native sculpture, carving
Ngaju Dayak
ukir carving, carved figures (on wood)
Iban
ukir carve, engrave; hence: draw designs, write; design or pattern carved or drawn
Malay
ukir graving; wood-carving; incising fine designs on the surface of wood or metal
Simalur
ukil to carve out
Karo Batak
ukir carve figures and designs in wood
Toba Batak
uhir cut or carve out figures or ornaments
Old Javanese
ukir carve, chisel (out), sculpture, provide (adorn) with carvings (sculptures, reliefs)
Javanese
ukir carved design
Balinese
ukir carve, engrave, decorate with carving (wood, stone or metal)
Sasak
ukir carve wood
Uma
mo-ʔukiʔ to write
Bare'e
mo-ʔuki engrave, carve, draw
Tae'
ukiʔ engrave, draw, write
Mandar
ukir write
Makassarese
ukiriʔ writing; write, engrave, put figures on (as a gravestone)
CMP Bimanese
uki to carve
Manggarai
ukir carve, make designs (on cloth, wood, stone, etc.)
WMP Malay
meŋ-ukir work as a carver
Toba Batak
maŋ-uhir cut or carve out figures or ornaments
Javanese
ŋ-ukir carve decoratively
Sasak
ŋ-ukir carve wood
Mandar
maŋ-ukir to write
WMP Ilokano
okír-an carve, engrave (metal, wood, etc.)
Malay
ukir-an carving, what has been made by carving
Balinese
ukir-an carved work; carving-tool
Sasak
ukir-an wood carving
Mandar
ukir-an writing
WMP Bontok
ʔúkit to remove an aggong snail from its shell by using the fingers (other snails are sucked from their shells)
Ibaloy
okit to remove, extract something from a fixed position that requires some degree of effort or digging (as dried nasal discharge from the nose, something from a cleft in a wall)
Cebuano (dialectal)
úkit peel off something with the front teeth (as watermelon seeds) or take little things off or apart with the fingers
WMP Cebuano
úkub cling or hold firmly to; for two convex things to fit together at their brims
Simalungun Batak
uhub cover with a blanket
Bare'e
uŋkub-i cover of a pot or pan, made of coconut shell or earthware
WMP Pangasinan
okók cough; to cough
Palawano
ukuk cough
CMP Manggarai
okok, okuk sound of coughing
OC Gedaged
uk name of the sound made when afflicted with asthma or whooping cough
WMP Ilokano
okóp sitting hen, brooder
Isneg
okúp to brood, sit on eggs
Bontok
ʔúkup to cover, as a sore; to line, as a rusty container before putting in the contents; to wrap, as a roll of tobacco
Maranao
okop airtight; protect from evaporation, as in perfume
okop-aʔ airtight bottle for perfume
Iban
ukup guard the ends of line of deer nets
Tondano
ukup cover with a blanket, etc.
CMP Manggarai
ukup to brood, sit on eggs; guard eggs before they begin to hatch
WMP Tagalog
ukóʔ with head bowed low in decrepitude
Malay
oŋkoh-oŋkoh walking about with a stoop
Balinese
uŋkuh walk in a bent posture, walk bowed down
WMP Murut (Tagol)
ukuʔ dog
Kelabit
ukuʔ dog
Mongondow
uŋkuʔ dog
mog-uŋkuʔ hunt with dogs
WMP Tagalog
úlak reel, spool
Malay
olak a wooden revolving spindle used in weaving
Sundanese
ŋ-ulak to wind thread in weaving
Balinese
ulak wind, wind up (yarn)
WMP Tausug
ulak-an shuttle, as in weaving
Malay (Java)
ulak-an a wooden revolving spindle used in weaving
Balinese
ulak-an reel, spool (of thread, yarn)
Sasak
ulak-an part of the loom
Formosan Seediq (Truku)
ulaŋ to repeat; periodic, habitual
WMP Ngaju Dayak
ulaŋ to repeat, reiterate
Iban
ulaŋ repeat; (of paths) well-trodden, much used
Malay
ulaŋ repetition; keep doing
CMP Kambera
ulaŋu repeat
WMP Ilokano
uláol hurt, wounded, injured
Pangasinan
olaol (of a person) very sensitive, weeping easily
Maranao
olaʔol to wail, weep, cry
WMP Aklanon
ueát scab, scar; miscolored skin (left by a wound); to heal, form a scar (said of a wound)
Kalamian Tagbanwa
ulat scar
Cebuano
ulát, úlat scar; form a scar
Kalagan
ulat scar
Kayan
ulat the scar of a wound in a person, or the scar on a tree)
Kayan (Uma Juman)
ulat scar
Formosan Paiwan
ulaw countless; a boundless number
m-ulaw lose sight of
paka-ulaw fail to recognize (someone whom one knows)
WMP Ilokano
úlaw feel dizzy, giddy, vertiginous, faint, inclined to swoon
Isneg
úlaw feel dizzy, faint, inclined to vomit; be surfeited, disgusted by excess
Bontok
ʔúlaw feel faint; giddy; nauseated; travel sick
Kankanaey
úlaw dizzy, giddy, vertiginous
Ifugaw
úlaw dizziness
Ibaloy
olaw state of disorientation, dizziness (as in vertigo, slightly drunken state)
Tagalog
úlaw disturbed movement of upset stomach or intestines due to dizziness (seasickness or the like) or to unfavorable climate
Kadazan Dusun
uhau become mad
Iban
ulau unable to see clearly, dazed
ulau manok night-blindness, nyctalopia
ŋ-ulau cause dim sight
Formosan Paiwan
ma-ulaw evade, get out of sight; lose way
WMP Ilokano
ma-úlaw feel dizzy; be confused, perplexed, muddled, flustered, flurried
Isneg
m-ólaw feel dizzy, faint, inclined to vomit
Kankanaey
ma-úlaw dizzy, giddy, vertiginous
Ifugaw
ma-úlaw dizzy
Dumpas
mo-ulaw crazy
WMP Tagalog
úlay intestinal worm, tapeworm
Banjarese
luai <M worm
WMP Malay (Jakarta)
ulay to stir up, e.g. rice in a saucepan
OC Nggela
ule to stir, stir up; stir in, as powder into a liquid
WMP Isneg
uláyan a forest tree whose white flowers are much frequented by bees; its bark is used in the brewing of sugarcane rum
Tagalog
ulayan a tree: Lithocarpus spp. (Madulid 2001)
Cebuano
ulayan a tree: Bischofia javanica Bl. (Madulid 2001)
Maranao
olayan a tree used for lumber and firewood
Binukid
ulayan a tree: Lithocarpus spp. (Madulid 2001)
OC Marshallese
wōl penis
wūle penis of
Mokilese
wil penis
wile-n penis of (construct form)
Tongan
ule penis
Samoan
ule (not in decent use) penis
Rennellese
uge penis
Anuta
ure penis
Rarotongan
ure membrum virile; used figuratively to denote a man or a male
Maori
ure membrum virile; man, male; courage
Hawaiian
ule penis; tenon for a mortise: pointed end of a post which enters the crotch of a rafter
WMP Atta (Pamplona)
ulaʔ blanket
Itawis
úlat blanket
Casiguran Dumagat
uləs blanket; to cover up with a blanket
Ayta Abellan
oweh blanket; sheet; any kind of cover
Kapampangan
úlas blanket
Maranao
oles together, of two using the same malong (sarong)
Manobo (Tigwa)
ulɨs-ɨn blanket
Proto-East Gorontalic
*(w)uloso blanket (used for sleeping)
CMP Bimanese
uli pry up with a bar
Buruese
uli-h pry, prise up, roll
WMP Ilokano
ulíla orphan
Tagalog
ulíla orphan
Hanunóo
ʔulíla orphan, i.e. only if the father is dead and the mother still living
Kenyah
ula slave
Kayan
ulaʔ orphan
Tontemboan
ula orphan, a child that has lost one of its parents
WMP Itbayaten
oli idea of going homeward or to town
Isneg
ūli return, go or come back
Itawis
ulí again; repetition
Pangasinan
olí return; become resurrected
Kapampangan
uliʔ go home
Tagalog
ulíʔ again, once more
uwíʔ return home; to turn (a process, conversation or the like) into something unexpected
Bikol
ulíʔ return home; return something, give something back; be reconciled; change, the balance of money returned; rebate; be reversed in its flow (water in a stream, food after eating); regurgitate
Hanunóo
ʔúliʔ again, i.e., repetition; going home, returning (to a certain place)
Aklanon
úliʔ return, bring/give (something) back
ulíʔ go home, return (to one's place, country)
Kalamian Tagbanwa
ulik return home; return to normal
Cebuano
úliʔ return something to someone
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
uliʔ return to the place of origin or to one's original state; to cure
Manobo (Tigwa)
uliʔ to return home
Tiruray
ʔuléʔ return home
Kalagan
uliʔ to return home
Tboli
ulék return; repetition; regrowth
Tausug
uwiʔ come or go home
Kadazan Dusun
uhi go home
Kenyah
uliʔ return home
Murik
uli go home
Kayan
uli return home; return an article to the owner; divorce a wife or husband
uli kenep to repent
Javanese
ulih act of returning home or to one's place of origin; to return (a borrowed item)
Balinese
ulih return, coming back, homecoming; through, because of
Sasak
uléʔ go home, return home
Mongondow
uliʔ repair, mend; return something to its original condition; quenching of thirst, hunger
Banggai
ulé return, go back
Bare'e
uli correct a mistake, restore to a previous condition
Makassarese
ulé to and fro, roll round and round on the ground
CMP Manggarai
olé restore, repair
Lamaholot
oli-n return
Selaru
r-oli-k go back, return
Yamdena
n-ol move to and fro
Masiwang
uli return, go back
Buruese
oli return (intr.)
pi-oli-k return (trans.)
OC Bugotu
oli change
oli-hi exchange
Nggela
oli back, again; come back, return
Kwaio
oli return, come back to; commit incest
'Āre'āre
ori return; come back, go back (home)
Sa'a
oli(oli) return, relieve, replace
oli-si change, alter
Arosi
ori return; stroll about
Rarotongan
uri turn round or turn about; to translate, as one language into another
WMP Itbayaten
i-oli bring to town/home
Tagalog
i-uwíʔ take something home; turn ( a processs, conversation or the like) into something not expected
Bikol
i-ulíʔ return something, give something back; give change, refund
WMP [Isneg
maka-ulli able to return]
Tagalog
maka-uwiʔ able to go home
WMP Itawis
maŋ-ulí repeat
Kayan
ŋ-uli return an article; return to its former shape (as a bent board that has been straightened)
Old Javanese
aŋ-ulih-i go home or come back to
Javanese
ŋ-ulih return someone to his home or place of origin; return a borrowed item
Mongondow
moŋ-uliq restore, cure
WMP [Isneg
max-ullí return, go or come back]
Tagalog
mag-ulíʔ revert to a former state
Bikol
mag-ulíʔ return something, give something back
Hanunóo
mag-ulíʔ go home
Mongondow
mog-uliʔ quitting of thirst, hunger or desire
WMP Pangasinan
pa-olí leave (something) for awhile
Tagalog
pa-uwíʔ homeward bound
Aklanon
pa-úliʔ have (something) returned; ask to return
Cebuano
pa-ulíʔ bring someone back home; go back to the place one started
Tiruray
fe-ʔuléʔ return something
Samal
p-oléʔ return home
Kadazan Dusun
po-po-uhi bring home, let one go home
Kayan
p-uli to divorce; divorced
Melanau (Mukah)
puliɁ to return
Malagasy
f-ody returned, sent back; withdraw from a bargain, retract
Malay
p-uléh return; revival; renewal
puléh-kan restore or bring back
[Toba Batak
pa-muli send home, dispatch home]
Nias
fa-uli(fa-uli) happen repeatedly
fa-uli-ta new moon
OC Roviana
p-ule again, once more; to return
Bugotu
va-oli exchange; in turn
WMP Kayan
pek-uli return an object to its former possessor; reverse or rewind
pek-uli kenep repent; experience a change of mind
OC Kwaio
faʔa-oli-a cause to return, send back; return something to a person
WMP Itbayaten
om-oli go or return to town, go to town from the fields
Tagalog
um-uwíʔ go home
Hanunóo
ʔum-ulíʔ live, dwell (in a certain place)
Subanun (Sindangan)
m-uliʔ return home
Kadazan Dusun
m-uhi go home, return home
Kelabit
m-uliʔ return home
Kenyah
m-uléʔ return
Kayan
m-uli return an article -- borrowed or bought; to divorce
Malagasy
m-ody go home, return home; pretend to be what one is not
Karo Batak
m-ulih go homeward, return to her family (term for divorce from the standpoint of the woman)
Toba Batak
m-uli return home; of a girl: to marry
pa-muli-hon marry a girl out
Old Javanese
m-ulih reach (go to) one's destination; go (come) home, go (come) back
Balinese
m-ulih return home
Sangir
m-ule return to a former state (as of health); ask back what has been borrowed
Sangir (Siau)
maŋ-ule restore, repair
CMP Dobel
ʔa-m-ul come back
Geser
m-uli return, go back
OC Tolai
m-ule again, afresh, more, yet; come back, return, of persons or things
Manam
m-ule return
Gedaged
m-ul turn back, return, come (go) back, come again, turn around, return home, revert, relapse, recoil, react
Gitua
m-ule return, back, again
Eddystone/Mandegusu
m-ule return; go back, come back; again, once again
WMP [Isneg
ulliy-ān be wandering about after having lost one's way]
Tagalog
uwi-án go home to (a place or someone); take (something) home to
uli-án eccentric (at dotage)
Bikol
uliʔ-án senile
Hanunóo
ʔuliʔ-án home, dwelling; room
Cebuano
uliʔ-án be home from time to time
Malagasy
odì-ana go home, return home; pretend to be what one is not
Sasak
ulé-aŋ bring home, take home; return (a borrowed object)
WMP Cebuano
uliʔ-un-ún something that is to be returned
Rungus Dusun
uliʔ-Un home
Kadazan Dusun
uhi-on go home, return home
WMP Pangasinan
olí-olí once more; mention something repeatedly
Tagalog
ulíʔ-ulíʔ next time (when the next opportunity comes round again)
Karo Batak
ulih-ulih every time, whenever, repeatedly; to and fro; off and on
Old Javanese
ulih-ulih that which one brings back (home), esp. for those left behind
OC Nggela
oli-oli go and return, go somewhere and come back
Rarotongan
ori-ori go about here and there, move about, walk about; ramble, stroll; wave, flutter in the wind
WMP Ngaju Dayak
ulih profit, benefit, what is acquired, earned or received; property
Iban
ulih by, because of; get, catch, obtain
Malay
oléh by; by reason of; by means of; owing to; because
Karo Batak
ulih what one receives
Old Javanese
ulih that which one obtains, attains or achieves; result, product, consequence, effect, fruit, achievement; prey, victim
Balinese
olih get, acquire, attain to
Sangir
uḷe that which one receives; that which one earns
Mongondow
uliʔ obtain, acquire, gain, get; put in order
Bare'e
uli get, obtain, take possession of
WMP Old Javanese
mak-olih obtain, get, overpower, defeat, catch
Mongondow
moko-ulih able to get
WMP Ilokano
úlit repeat, reiterate
Pangasinan
ólit repeat; again
Ayta Maganchi
ulit repeat
Kapampangan
úlit repeat
Tagalog
úlit repetition, renewal of action
Bikol
ulít repeat something, do something again, redo
Mongondow
(g)ulit restore something to its original condition
Gorontalo
wulito repeat, mention again
Totoli
ulit repeat
Dampelas
ulit repeat
WMP Casiguran Dumagat
ulitö́ young unmarried man, bachelor, lad; to reach the age of puberty (of a boy)
Aklanon
olitáwo master, sire; bachelor, young man
Cebuano
ulitáwu bachelor, unmarried man; young man old enough to be married
WMP Bikol
ulóg-ulóg to scorn, disdain; take someone's name in vain
Cebuano
ulug-úlug flatter someone to make him feel good or to get something out of him
Maranao
olog-olog ridicule, mock
Malay
olok-olok joking; chaff; a jester
ber-olok-olok speak jestingly
Bahasa Indonesia
olok-olok words intended to tease or ridicule, or just to have fun
WMP Sasak
oloh, olor brook, stream, waterway
oloh-oloh gutter
Tontemboan
ulu flow together, as the waters of a river in its lower course
WMP Bontok
ʔúlus slide down a slope
Ifugaw
úlu(h) slide, glide out, slip
Kadazan Dusun
uhus glide down
Formosan Saisiyat
-om- marker of actor focus
Atayal
-m- infix forming an active indicative corresponding to active negatable indicative without affixes
Seediq (Truku)
-m- prefix or infix in verbs of state or action
Thao
-m- marker of actor focus
Kanakanabu
-um- marker of actor focus
Saaroa
-um- marker of actor focus
Puyuma (Tamalakaw)
-em- marker of actor focus
Paiwan
-m- marker of actor focus
WMP Ilokano
-um- active 'casual' verbal infix
Ifugaw
-um- verbal infix used with intransitive bases, and to mark inchoatives or futures
Sambal (Botolan)
-om- infix used with intransitive and semitransitive verbs, and to mark inchoatives
Tagalog
-um- verbal infix "used to express simple, single or general acts. (a) simple or single performance: bumása, to read; sumúlat, to write. (b) general acts, like the functions of nature and the natural acts of the human body: umulán, to rain; bumagyó, to storm; umáraw, (the sun) to shine; or tumiŋín, to look; sumakít, to become painful; tumakbó, to run; lumákad, to walk, to go." (Panganiban 1966). "verbs like bumagyó, formed with bases that designate natural conditions (cf. bagyó 'storm'), occur in topicless sentences ... Many of the bases that occur in intransitive -um- verbs also occur as the bases of ma- adjectives and the verbs, which may be called -um- VERBS OF 'BECOMING,' denote the acquisition of the quality expressed by the adjective." (Schachter and Otanes 1972:310).
Hanunóo
-um- active verb infix, generally intransitive, and often with a future meaning (e.g. l-um-aŋúy 'to swim; will swim', t-um-índas 'to kick; will kick')
Aklanon
-um- verbal infix used on command or conditioned forms
Hiligaynon
-um- verbal affix designating completed action
Bilaan (Sarangani)
-om- subject focus, future tense
Kadazan Dusun
-um- verbal infix used with intransitive bases and to form inchoatives
Murut (Timugon)
-um- intransitive, subject focus, future temporal
Kelabit
-em- active verb infix used with intransitive bases (e.g. S nurun O = 'S lowers O', S t-em-urun O = 'S descends O')
Malagasy
-om- rare infix used with intransitive bases, and to form adjectives (Richardson 1885:xviiff)
Malay
-em- rare fossilized infix in a few reduplicated forms that refer to natural actions: gilaŋ g-em-ilaŋ 'scintillating', guroh g-em-uroh 'to thunder', etc.
Toba Batak
-um- verbal infix which "when it occurs intransitively, is both active and passive in meaning. When it is active it represents, often in contrast to the verb ... (with pa-), an action that does not result from the will of the thing carrying it out." The passive meaning occurs in constructions relating to: 1. the performing or satisfying of a natural need (eating, drinking, sleeping, urinating), 2. a movement that makes a marked impression on any of the sense organs, 3. a higher degree of some quality (g-um-abe 'be richer', um-balga 'be larger', etc.). Transitive verbs with the infix -um- "are simply variants of those with the prefix maŋ-, and they are used more in the elaborate poda language, in stories, laws, and aphorisms in verse form (uppama), than in daily life." (van der Tuuk 1971:117ff).
Enggano
bu- verb prefix
Old Javanese
-um- verbal infix used primarily in intransitive bases, including those that refer to natural conditions (e.g. kilat 'lightning', k-um-ilat 'flashing'; guruh 'thunder', g-um-uruh 'thundering, roaring')
Proto-South Sulawesi
*-um- verbal infix which "parallels //maN// to a considerable extent: as an "infinitive" or "participial" marker, or to mark transitive verbs with indefinite or implicit objects. In all of these the focus seems to be less on the agent than on the action itself, and in this respect it is noteworthy that /um/, unlike /maN/ can co-occur with clearly intransitive verbs (at least in the Sa'dan group) like 'sit', 'go' and 'walk'." (Mills 1975:1:145ff).
Makassarese
-um- unproductive infix found in verbs that designate a certain state or movement
Chamorro
-um- "Almost any noun can be converted to a verb-like word -- a word that can function as a predicate -- by adding the verbalizing infix -um-." Contrasts with man-, used with plural subjects. (Topping, Ogo, and Dungca 1975:226).
2. natural conditions (probably a subset of the preceding, including such meanings as ‘to rain’, ‘to thunder’, ‘to lighten’, ‘to eat’, ‘to drink’, ‘to vomit’, ‘to urinate’ and ‘to defecate’): Tagalog, Kelabit, Malay (fossilized in a few forms), Toba Batak, Old Javanese,
3. verbs of motion (another subset of intransitives, including ‘to go/walk’, ‘to swim’, ‘to fly’, etc.): Ilokano, Sama-Bajaw, Toba Batak, Makassarese,
4. inchoatives: Ilokano, Sambal (Botolan), Tagalog, Kadazan Dusun,
5. future: Ifugaw, Hanunóo, Bilaan (Sarangani), Murut (Timugon).
Collectively these conditions suggest that in PMP *-um- marked active verbs that were intransitive, but not stative.
WMP Itbayaten
omah kiss, osculation
maŋ-omah to kiss
Ayta Abellan
oma to kiss
Kapampangan
uma to kiss
WMP Itbayaten
omah-an to kiss someone
Ayta Abellan
in-oma-an was kissed by
Kapampangan
uma-n to kiss
Formosan Trobiawan
uman again
Kavalan
uman again, once more; to repeat
m-uman to repeat
Paiwan
m-umalʸ do again
WMP Ayta Abellan
oman to repeat; again
Hanunóo
ʔumán again
Aklanon
umán next time; to repeat, do again, do over
Maranao
oman add, include, frequent, repeatedly
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
uman repeat something
Tiruray
ʔuman add to one's amount of something
Malay
uman "keep harping on one string"
uman-uman long-winded, a bore (Formosan only)
Formosan Kavalan
umas to preserve (meat)
m-umas to preserve (meat)
ni-umas-an pickled meat or fish
Pazeh
in-umas pickled; pickles
ma-umas to pickle; to rub and crumble
WMP Ibaloy
omat-an to speak about, mention someone
Bikol
maki-umát to inquire about something
Cebuano (dialectal)
úmat to go over a series of events or genealogies to recall them
WMP Palawano
umew mute, dumb
Maranao
omaw simple-minded, innocent person, dullard
Tboli
umew mute, dumb
Tausug
umaw dumb, unable to speak
WMP Maranao
ombak-ombak artesian well; water pump; pump
Dairi-Pakpak Batak
umbak-umbak bellows, instrument for fanning the fire
WMP Malay
umbaŋ make a trip (of a ship), travel over the sea
Toba Batak
umbaŋ float on the water, drift
Old Javanese
umbaŋ to float
Makassarese
umbaŋ lift up, raise by placing something underneath, as a pregnant woman stretched out over cushions; boat raised by wooden floats for repair at a wharf
WMP Bikol
umbáw filled to the brim
mag-umbáw be full to the top
Cebuano
umbáw overlook, tower over; look down from a height over the edge of something
Maranao
ombaw exceed, go higher than another
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
umbew grow taller than someone
CMP Buruese
uba upper part
WMP Nias
umbu spring, well, fountain
Old Javanese
umbul arise, come up, well up
Balinese
umbul fountain, spring; bubble up, well up (water)
WMP Ilokano
úmel dumb, mute
Isneg
úmal dumb, mute
Ayta Abellan
omel not able to speak, make no sound
Tagalog
umí speechless due to shyness or embarrassment, shame, fear, etc.
SHWNG Buli
umal blockhead, stupid person
WMP Malay
umpan bait
umpan-kan to use as bait, to bait
Boano
umpan bait
Balaesang
upaŋ bait
Petapa Taje
upa bait
WMP Maloh
umpaŋ dam; barrage
CMP Manggarai
umpaŋ caulk, patch, plug
WMP Maloh
umpaŋ dam; barrage
Javanese
umpeŋ narrow water channel
WMP Tagalog
umpís deflated (said of balloons or air-filled sacs)
Kayan
upéh empty ears or husks of padi grain
WMP Cebuano
umpu-ʔ grandparent or a grandparent's sibling or cousin of the same generation; term of address for a relation of the grandparent's generation
Moken
opo the Lord
Makassarese (Salayar)
opu Sir, Madam; title of traditional community leader
CMP Komodo
umpu grandfather/grandchild (reciprocal); forefather
Manggarai
umpu grandmother
Ngadha
upu kin group, lineage
Kambera
umbu Sir, lord, title of address for a man of high origin; grandfather
Rotinese
upu grandchild
Erai
upu-n lord, master; spiritual chief and representative of a class of beings or things in Nature
upun hahata grandmother
upun mamane grandfather
Fordata
ubu grandparent/grandchild
Kei
ubu-n grandparent/grandchild
Alune
upu grandparent/grandchild
Proto-Ambon
*ubu ancestor
Wakasihu
upo grandchild
Buruese
upu grandparent/grandchild; ancestor, lord
Soboyo
uhu grandchild
WMP Kadazan Dusun
t-umpu wealthy man (any of the nobility)
Malagasy
tumpu master, owner; sir
Balantak
tumpu grandchild
OC Lou
t-upu ancestors
Nali
tubru grandparent/grandchild; ancestors
Tolai
t-ubu-na grandparent/grandchild; the relationship between them
Kove
tuvu grandparent
Watut
rumbu- grandparent/grandchild (recipr.)
Motu
t-ubu grandparent/grandchild; posterity; ancestors
Nehan
tubu- grandparent/grandchild (recip.); ancestor of
Nggela
t-umbu mother's brother/sister's child
Mota
t-upu-i grandparent/grandchild
Niue
t-upu-na ancestor
tupuna tane grandfather
tupuna fifine grandmother
Tuvaluan
t-upu-na grandparent
Nukuoro
d-ubu-na grandparent/ancestor
Rennellese
t-upu-na classificatory grandfather or grandmother; term of address used by classificatory grandchild
Anuta
t-upu-na grandparent/ancestor
Rarotongan
t-upu-na ancestor; grandparent
Maori
t-upu-na ancestor/grandparent
Hawaiian
k-upu-na grandparent, ancestor, relative of the grandparents' generation
WMP Tagalog
umpók small group of persons, usually engaged in conversation
Kalamian Tagbanwa
umpuk to pile up
Malay
umpuk heap, mound, pile
Javanese
umpuk (to heap) in a pile
ŋ-umpuk to pile
WMP Kapampangan
umpúk-an a talking group
Tagalog
umpúk-an small group of persons, usually engaged in conversation
Javanese
umpuk-an (to heap) in a pile
Formosan Seediq (Truku)
umul suck and hold in the mouth
CMP Sika
umur have the mouth full
Buruese
umu-k stuff the mouth (as with food)
WMP Ilokano
y-únab to put yams in a running stream
unab-an to shake after soaking (maguey fibers)
Isneg
max-unáb to wash rice thoroughly before putting it into the cooking jar
Maranao
onab to wash
onab-aʔ washbowl, wash vessel
WMP Ilokano
oná first, foremost; sooner
Isneg
oná the first
inagk-óna ancestors, elder brothers
Bontok
ʔuná go ahead of, be first
Ifugaw
uná be first, foremost; go ahead; do something first; accomplish something before anybody else
Pangasinan
oná first, do first
Ayta Abellan
ona to go first; to go ahead
Kapampangan
una first, go first, be first
Tagalog
úna first, prior; earliest
Bikol
úna first
Hanunóo
ʔúna first, i.e. before something or someone else
Aklanon
úna first; go first, go ahead, precede
gin-unáh-an went ahead of
Cebuano
úna ahead, earlier; the one that is first in position
Maranao
ona ahead; lead; first
Tausug
una go ahead or before
Narum
unéah ancient times
Kayan
unaʔ go ahead, go first; start first; formerly, before
ŋ-unaʔ forestall another, precede someone
Mongondow
una go before, go in front
CMP Wetan
ona tree-trunk (esp. the lower part); piece, lump in general; origin; chief, leader
WMP Ilokano
um-oná first, foremost; sooner
Bontok
ʔ<um>uná go ahead of, be first
Kapampangan
m-uná first, go first
Mongondow
um-una proceed, go forward; go first
m-una first; ancient
m-una mai earlier, formerly
OC Tolai
m-un first, firstly, formerly; go first, lead
WMP Pangasinan
oná-an first in order
Hanunóo
ʔún-ʔan first, i.e., before others
Tausug
unah-an front; forward
WMP Kankanaey
on-oná first; precede, go before
Kapampangan
m-una m-una first, go first
Hanunóo
ʔuna-ʔuná going on ahead
Cebuano
una-úna do something ahead of others when it is not proper or usual
Maranao
ona-ona go ahead; priority; first to come or go
WMP Binukid
undud to go, move backwards; to back something up; to move something back
Malay
undur retirement, retreat; falling back
WMP Kadazan Dusun
undul go backwards, retreat, retire, recoil, recede
Malay
undur retirement; retreat; falling back
Simalungun Batak
undur ebb, retreat
Old Javanese
undur retiring, retreating
Javanese
undur backward motion, withdrawal
Balinese
undur retreat, yield
Makassarese
unduruʔ slacken, decrease, as anger; not remaining by, given up
WMP Ilokano
ontáy hanging, suspended, dangling
Malay
untai hanging down loosely; dangling
WMP Toba Batak
unte citrus fruit: lemon, orange
CMP Ngadha
uté tree sp., kind of orange
WMP Bikol
untól bounce, rebound
Cebuano
untúl bounce, cause something to do so; rebound, fail to register or to take a firm hold on
Toba Batak
untul rebound, bounce back
CMP Kambera
ŋ-unuŋu to drink
maŋ-unuŋu drenched, saturated
W.Tarangan (Ngaibor)
n-un to drink
Paulohi
unu to drink
SHWNG Windesi
unum to drink
Pom
unu to drink
Ansus
unu(ŋ) to drink
Papuma
unuŋ to drink
Munggui
unu(n) to drink
Woi
unuŋ to drink
Serui-Laut
unuŋ to drink
OC Titan
un to drink
Lindrou
un to drink
Seimat
un to drink
Kove
unu to drink
Magori
unu to drink
Chuukese
wunum-i drink; smoke (tobacco); take (medicine); eat (honey); ingest (something) without chewing
Puluwat
wúnúm- drink, beverage, smoke; possessive classifier for anything drunk, tobacco smoked, medicine taken; to drink, smoke, take medicine
Woleaian
iul to drink, smoke a cigarette
iulium-i drink it, smoke it (a cigarette)
Mota
un to drink
unu-v sink in, be absorbed, of a fluid
Central Maewo
unu to drink
Fijian (dialectal)
unu to drink
Nukuoro
unu drink
unum-ia drink (trans.)
Maori
unu drink
unum-ia drink (trans.)
OC Seimat
unu-un drinking
Woleaian
iul-iul be drinking (progressive)
WMP Yami
mi-onoŋ forever
Itbayaten
onoŋ notion of constancy, permanency of nature, size, thickness
Casiguran Dumagat
unóŋ to be a long time in doing something or at a place
Ibaloy
onoŋ to remain, stay in the same place or condition
Cebuano
únuŋ stick to someone loyally, through thick and thin
Binukid
unuŋ to stick with someone loyally; to take along, include a loved one in death
WMP Maranao
ondan in addition, furthermore
Balinese
unjan increase, add to; rise, as a price (Panitia 1978)
WMP Tagalog
undót act of falling back suddenly in surprise or fear
Minangkabau
unjat to start; to spring up with a start
WMP Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
undur shove a stick of wood farther into the fire
Malay
unjur to thrust out, as one stretches out a leg
Formosan Paiwan
ulʸay something broken off inside something else (as thorn in flesh)
WMP Cebuano
unáy a deeply embedded sliver or foreign body
Formosan Amis
ʔuɬuq beads (Tsuchida 1976)
WMP Tiruray
ʔonoʔ necklace
WMP Ilokano
unnát stretch, strain, make tense, draw tight, extend, straighten out, lay out at full length; draw out, distend
Bontok
ʔúnat draw out, stretch, pull, as cotton from a reel or string from a ball
Pangasinan
onát to spread (e.g. spread out a mat), stretch
Ayta Abellan
onat to stretch, as a rubber band or elastic
Kapampangan
uñat stretch; yawn
Tagalog
únat straighten, smooth out, stretch out (something)
Bikol
unát stretch something; straighten something out
Aklanon
únat stretch, straighten out; unbend, unkink
WMP Bontok
ma-ʔúnat become tall and thin, of growing children
Bikol
ma-unát get stretched or straightened
WMP Ilokano
unnát-en stretched
Bontok
ʔunát-ən be drawn out, stretched out
Tagalog
unat-ín straightened, stretched out
Bikol
unat-ón stretched, straightened out
WMP Banjarese
uŋap open (of the mouth)
Malay
uŋap gasping for breath, as a dying fish
Old Javanese
uŋap with wide-open mouth
CMP Manggarai
uŋap yawn; to yawn
WMP Bontok
ʔuŋá child; baby
ʔuŋ-ʔuŋá young one; a person who has not reached the age of puberty; child
Ifugaw
úŋa child; boy or girl
Aklanon
uŋáʔ child; son/daughter; give birth (humans)
Dondo
uŋa child
Tialo
uŋa child
Lauje
uŋa child (Formosan only)
Formosan Taokas
yuŋay monkey
Atayal
yuŋay monkey; substitute for girl whose real name is tabooed; to become a monkey
Puyuma
uŋay the monkey-friend (the monkey killed at the annual festival maŋayaw is called uŋay. Everyday term is ɭuʈung); cf. Kaʈipul dialect uŋay ‘monkey’
Paiwan
p-uŋay-an monkey’s lair
WMP Ilokano
uŋét angry, irate, incensed
Kalinga (Guinaang)
uŋót strong anger
Kayan
uŋet anger, wrath, bad temper
WMP Ilokano
uŋít avenge oneself on (an innocent person)
Karo Batak
uŋit-uŋit-en naughty, mischievous, fond of teasing, unable to keep one's hands off someone else (said of children)
Simalungun Batak
uŋit grumble, complain
WMP Tagalog
uŋkát act of recalling or bring up again
Bikol
uŋkát recall, bring up or bring to mind the subject of something bad (such as a shameful or terrifying experience); reopen an old topic better forgotten
Cebuano
uŋkát revive, bring back to one's consciousness something which has long been forgotten
Iban
uŋkat repetition
uŋkat uŋkat repeatedly; reiterate
be-uŋkat-uŋkat intermittently; do or carry little by little
ng-uŋkat (of illness) recur or relapse
Javanese
uŋkat dwell on disagreeable past experiences
WMP Maranao
oŋkir disbelieve, disregard, oppose
Javanese
uŋkir deny, disavow; refuse to acknowledge something
WMP Ilokano
úŋor to moan with closed mouth (when hurt or dying); also: the sound of swollen streams, rought breakers, etc.
Bontok
ʔúŋul to moan, groan; the sound of distant motors as trucks or airplanes
Tagalog
úŋol grumble, growl
WMP Tagalog
uŋós upper lip; proboscis
Bikol
uŋós the snout or nose of animals
Kayan
usuŋ <M beak of a bird
Kayan (Uma Juman)
usuŋ <M upper lip; beak of a bird
WMP Tagalog
uŋót mumbling
Banjarese
uŋut meditate on
uŋut-uŋut wrapped up in one's thoughts
Toba Batak
uŋut-uŋut grumbling, grouching
WMP Ilokano
úŋot scoop, made of a coconut shell
sa-ŋa-úŋot one coconut scoopful
Bontok
ʔúŋut a coconut shell bowl; a piece of coconut shell; to place in such a container
Casiguran Dumagat
uŋót hollow coconut shell (with a small hole in the top); used for a drinking container
Ibaloy
oŋot bowl made from a half coconut shell (today the oŋot bowl is mainly used ceremonially in rituals)
Sambal (Botolan)
óŋot coconut
Ayta Abellan
oŋót the fruit of the coconut, the meat of the coconut, the juice of the coconut
Kapampangan
úŋut coconut
uŋút-an coconut grove, coconut plantation
Hanunóo
ʔúŋut three-fourths of an empty coconut shell, used as a water dipper and drinking cup
Agutaynen
oŋot drinking cup or dipper made from a coconut shell
WMP Atta (Pamplona)
upaːʔ bark of tree
Kallahan (Kayapa)
upak bark of tree
Ifugaw
upák dry leaf of a betel nut tree; usually it hangs down along the stem of the tree
Tagalog
úpak husk, bark (of trees); sheathing (of banana plant)
Bikol
úpak the bark of a particular tree used to put the finishing touches on boats; also used as a container for baking bread and referring as well to the bread baked in this way
mag-upak to remove such bark from the tree
Aklanon
úpak skin, peeling (of fruits, vegetables); rind; to peel, take off (the skin or peeling)
Hiligaynon
úpak peeling, skin of fruits
Cebuano
úpak bark of trees; peel off, get peeled off
Ngaju Dayak
upak bark, rind; bast (of trees) that is stripped off
Lawangan
upak skin
Taboyan
upak skin
Malagasy
ófaka scaling off, peeling off, as blistered skin; to scale, peel off
Bidayuh (Bukar-Sadong)
upak an outer skin (as of human being, animal, plant, etc.); sheath; rind; bark
Boano
umpak skin (of a person)
WMP Bikol
upak applaud for, clap for; hit or strike someone
Toba Batak
u-l-pak beat, hit, chop
WMP Ilokano
úpa work by the day, for daily wages
Itawis
úpa rent, wage
Casiguran Dumagat
úpa pay, payment for work; wages, salary; to pay wages
Kapampangan
úpa fare, rent, compensation
Kadazan Dusun
upa to bribe
Ngaju Dayak
(h)upah wages, payment; rent
Iban
upah reward, prize, wage (esp. for piecework)
Malay
upah payment for services rendered; tip; wage; salary
Simalur
upa wages, payment
Toba Batak
upa wages, payment
Rejang
upeaʔ remuneration, wages, fee
Old Javanese
upah pay
Balinese
upah wages, pay, hire
Sasak
upaʔ salary, wages; to rent
CMP Bimanese
ufa loan, salary
Ngadha
upa wages, payment; reward
WMP Itawis
maŋ-úpa to rent
Kadazan Dusun
moŋ-upa to bribe
[Malagasy
man-òfa pay rent for, hire anything]
Old Javanese
aŋ-upah pay a wage, give a reward
WMP Ilokano
upá-an to rent, to hold under a lease; to hire
Kadazan Dusun
upaʔ-an be bribed by
Old Javanese
upah-an pay, reward
Balinese
upah-ang be paid for for someone
upah-upah-an hireling, one who is paid
WMP Iban
upas poisonous latex of IPOH tree: Antiaria sp.
Malay
upas poison, esp. dart-poison or blood-poison
Old Javanese
upas (vegetable) poison; also figuratively of love, etc.
Javanese
upas poison, poisonous
Madurese
opas poison, venom of a snake
Balinese
upas poison (snake, etc.)
Sasak
opas poison, poisonous
Sangir
upaseʔ a sickness causing splitting headaches
Mongondow
opa-upat kind of snake
Banggai
bindana upas poisonous snake
CMP Manggarai
upas poisonous
Kambera
upahu poison, venom of a snake
WMP Sambal (Botolan)
ópah banana fiber used for walling, roofing, and window shutters (can also be used for a mat)
Tagalog
pag-úpas removing leaves of plants (esp. sugarcane)
Bikol
úpas abaca plant
maŋ-úpas to collect abaca from such a plant
Hanunóo
ʔúpas sheathing of banana, plantain and/or similar plants
Cebuano
úpas banana leaf stalk
Maranao
opas stalk of banana
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
upas the heart of a banana stalk, which is eaten as a vegetable
Mongondow
upat damp banana fiber
WMP Tagalog
úpaw baldness
upáw bald
Bikol
upáw bald; shaved to baldness
Aklanon
úpaw to fall out (said of hair); to be flat broke
Agutaynen
opaw bald
Maranao
opaw shave hair; bald head
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
upew bald; to be bald
Mansaka
opaw bald
Tiruray
ʔufaw bald head
Tausug
upaw bald on the crown of the head; bald pate
SHWNG Buli
uf the young tip of a plant shoot
OC Gitua
uve sprout for planting
Motu
uhe the end of the yam which is kept for planting; any seed for planting
Bugotu
ufe taro tops for planting
WMP Bontok
ʔupə́k rice bran, esp. of the bran which results from pounding roasted green rice in the preparation of the doom confection
Kankanaey
opék husk (of corn)
Ifugaw
upók chaff of rice ears, husks of winnowed rice grain
Toba Batak
upok broken to pieces
maŋ-upok-hon break something off
upoh-upok splinter, fragment
CMP Bimanese
ufi to blow
Buruese
upi-h to blow
SHWNG Buli
uf to blow (person or wind)
Irarutu
uf to blow
Numfor
uf to blow
OC Mono-Alu
ihu <M to blow
Nggela
uvi-uvi blow with the breath, play pipes
Kwaio
ufi play panpipes
Lau
ufi blow with the mouth; blow a conch or panpipes
Sa'a
uhi blow with the mouth upon an object, breathe upon
Arosi
uhi to blow, breathe on
(ʔau) uhi-uhi panpipes
Mota
uw to blow with the mouth, or of wind
Marino
uvi to blow
Northeast Ambae
ufi to blow
Naman
-up to blow
Avava
up (person) blow, blow on
Axamb
-uv to blow
Tongan
ifi <A blow with the mouth, blow into, blow up, inflate; to play a tune (on a bugle, etc.)
OC Seimat
uhi blow on the fire
Marovo
ivu-a <M to blow
Kwaio
ufi-a blow on (e.g. a flute); to sniff, of a dog
'Āre'āre
ūhi-a blow, breathe from the mouth
Fijian
uvu-ca <A blow with the mouth
WMP Toba Batak
upik broken off
Tontemboan
upiʔ tear off, pull off (as fruit or branches from a tree, the meat of a chicken or pig from the body)
WMP Ilongot (Kakiduge:n)
upit bark of tree; skin; shell; outer surface of fruits, etc.
Maranao
opis bark, peeling, skin; fade, peel off
Manobo (Ilianen)
upis husk of rice
Bidayuh (Bukar-Sadong)
upis the husk at the lower end of a palm branch
WMP Ilokano
ópit to compress, to compact, to consolidate, to harden, to press
Kelabit
upit tweezers
Totoli
upit carry under the arm
Boano
upit carry under the arm
Uma
upiʔ carry under the arm
Bare'e
upi press, clip, pinch, squeeze, carry under the arm
SHWNG Numfor
uf round, yellow germination in a coconut
OC Seimat
up coconut
Wuvulu
upu mature coconut with meat
Aua
upu young coconut
Kosraean
uf young coconut
Pohnpeian
uhpw drinking coconut
Mokilese
upw unripe coconut, younger than pen (drinking coconut)
WMP Tboli
ufuk to flap (as wings), clap
Melanau (Mukah)
upuk to wash clothes (by pounding)
WMP Bontok
ʔúpun place in one pile; gather in one place; form a group
Kankanaey
úpon together
Sasak
umpun smoke
ŋ-umpun form masses (as clouds of smoke, ants)
CMP Yamdena
upun hang in the air, of smoke in an enclosed area
Formosan Thao
upup large edible bullfrog with smooth green skin
Puyuma (Tamalakaw)
upʔup bullfrog (which cries [ɁupɁup]
WMP Kankanaey
upús up; spent; consumed; empty; finished
Ifugaw
upú(h) empty; consume all the things that are available, or have been gathered
Tagalog
upós consumed down to the butt (as candles, cigarettes, cigars, or the like); down to the bottom; butt or stub (of candle, cigar, cigarette or the like)
Aklanon
upós consumed, used up; cigarette butt
Cebuano
upús something long used up until only a stub is left; wear something down
Punan Tuvu'
upuh youngest (last) child; finally, at last
Mongondow
uput end, termination, conclusion; to complete
Tae'
upuʔ at an end, used up, finished
CMP Ngadha
opo end, finish, conclusion; out of, used up, come to an end; kill, last, later
WMP Bikol
ma-úrag virile
urág-on lascivious, licentious; hot (sexually)
Hanunóo
pa-ʔúrag adultery
ʔurág-in whore, prostitute
Masbatenyo
úrag lascivious, lewd, obscene, licentious, erotic
urág-on flirt
Palawan Batak
ʔúrag semen
Palawano
urag lewd demeanor, playing at making love, acting sensuously, flirting
Cebuano (dialectal)
úlag for animals to copulate; be in heat, crave intercourse
Central Tagbanwa
urag honeymoon
WMP Itbayaten
orit stripe, streak, line (vertical)
Ilokano
urít line, stripe, streak
y-urít to underline; write; mark
urit-án striped, marked, streaked
WMP Tagalog
úlob flame that reaches up high
Old Javanese
urub to burn; flare, flame, blaze, glow
Javanese
urub flash, flare, flame
WMP Bikol
ugóm suck on something (as a lollipop); carry something in the mouth
Cebuano
úgum hold or keep something inside the mouth
Kayan
uhem to suck in the mouth (as candy)
Formosan Seediq
uruŋ horn (Ferrell 1969:136)
Pazeh
uxuŋ horn of deer, cow or goat
WMP Yami (Imorod)
ozoŋ horn (as of a goat)
mi-ozoŋ to have horns
Itbayaten
oroŋ horn
Ibatan
oloŋ the horns of an animal
Berawan (Long Terawan)
uguŋ horn of an animal
Kenyah (Long Anap)
uəŋ horn of an animal
WMP Bikol
ugís albino
ugis-ón to be totally white
Cebuano (dialectal)
ugís having completely white feathers; fair of complexion
Maranao
ogis albino
Sangir
uhisəʔ white
WMP Ilokano
ugsá deer; venison
Isneg
ugtá the deer
Itawis
útta deer
maŋ-útta to hunt deer
Bontok
ʔugsá deer
Kankanaey
ugsá deer
Ifugaw
ulhá deer, stag
Gaddang
utta doe, female deer
Casiguran Dumagat
ógsa deer
Sambal (Botolan)
oyha deer
Kapampangan
usá deer
Tagalog
usá deer, stag
Bikol
usá deer
Aklanon
usá(h) deer
Cebuano
usá doe
Subanun (Sindangan)
gusa <M deer
Iban
rusaʔ <M Sambhur: Cervus unicolor Kerr.
Malay
rusa <M deer, specifically the sambhur, Cervus equinus
Toba Batak
ursa deer
WMP Pangasinan
olóp accompany, go together
Maranao
ogop help, serve
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
uɣup to help; aid in physical labor
Dairi-Pakpak Batak
urup to help, support
Toba Batak
urup to help; help or assistance
Balinese
ohop help, stand by, support
WMP Ilokano
um-usáor to sail upstream; to ascend a hill along the riverbank
Ifugaw
uhául downstream; to move or walk in the direction of the flow of a stream
Binukid
usaug to go downriver,downstream; to go with the current (in a body of water)
Mansaka
osaog to go with the current; to go downstream
Lolak
munsog seaward, downstream
Mongondow
untag Go downstream!
m-untag downstream, westward
Ponosakan
musah seaward, downstream
WMP Ilokano
usay-en to settle differences by talking
y-usay-usay to explain in detail
Maranao
osay to explain, elucidate; preface
Mansaka
osay to investigate; to unravel; to settle (as a controversy)
WMP Aklanon
usók pole (of a fence)
Cebuano
úsuk drive stakes into the ground
Banggai
usok enter, go in
Uma
uncoʔ insert, put on clothes
CMP Manggarai
ucek push through a crowd
OC Fijian
uso thrust a stick into, pierce
CMP Komodo
usi great grandchild (CCC)
Buruese
osi great grandfather (FFF)
Soboyo
use great grandfather (FFF)
WMP Malay
usik disturbance
meŋ-usik to disturb
Balinese
usik annoy, vex
OC Arosi
udi annoy, disturb
usi to worry, annoy
WMP Kalinga (Guinaang)
usiŋ charcoal
Itneg (Binongan)
osiŋ charcoal
Tboli
usiŋ dirt, charcoal
OC Kwaio
uto-na center of breadfruit
Lau
uto core of fruit
Sa'a
uto pith
Arosi
uto pithy core of breadfruit
Tongan
uho pith (lit. or fig.); central thick root of kava plant; core or core-like center (of plantain, pineapple, apple, etc., but not of breadfruit)
Niue
uho core, center
Samoan
uso pith
Tuvaluan
uho pith of tree
Rennellese
uso heart, seat of affections, soul; inside, center, middle, interior
Maori
uho heart of a tree, pith
OC Sa'a
usu push, shove; launch a boat
Tuvaluan
uhu push
Rennellese
usu to push, as a canoe into water
WMP Ilokano
y-ósok insert, etc. from below
um-ósok pass under something stooping or crouching; insert, etc. from below
Aklanon
usok pole (of a fence), fencepole
Cebuano
úsuk drive stakes into the ground; put stakes around
Maranao
osok stick with a sharp point
Tiruray
ʔohok to plant in general, specifically to dibble
Tae'
osok implant, drive in, as a grave post into the ground; also: erect a hut or house (that is not on houseposts)
CMP Manggarai
ucuk hide, enter crouching
Proto-Ambon
*usu enter
Buruese
oso-k enter; put into
OC Fijian
usu thread through, as a rope through a hole
Samoan
usu-i (of spear, etc.) stick, thrust
WMP Cebuano
usúk-an put (drive) stakes around something
Tae'
osok-an baruŋ-baruŋ the erection of a hut or house (that is not on houseposts)
WMP Kenyah (Long Wat)
m-usuʔ rub
Penan (Long Labid)
m-oso rub, wipe
Kayan (Long Atip)
m-usu rub
Siang
ŋ-usu rub, wipe
OC Motu
udu rub a stick to make fire
Lau
usu rub, wipe, rub off
'Āre'āre
usu rub, grate, wipe
Sa'a
usu rub, daub, wipe, grate
OC Motu
udu-a rub a stick to make fire
Lau
usu-a rub, wipe, rub off
OC Longgu
gere-usuli copy writing
Lau
usuli to follow along, beside
usuli-a to copy; to take after, resemble
'Āre'āre
usuri-a to follow, copy, imitate
Arosi
usuri hand on a tale; transplant; to copy
Bauro
usur-ia handed on, passed on (as a tale)
Mota
usur to pass on, relate
OC Patpatar
ha-usur to teach
'Āre'āre
haʔa-usuri-a to teach, instruct
Arosi
haʔa-usuri to teach, cause to copy; a teacher; a model, copy, pattern (Formosan only)
Formosan Atayal
usa go
Seediq
usa go
Pazeh
usa go!
ma-usa-y to go, to leave
muk-usa to leave
Amis
osa approach
mi-osa to approach a person
Favorlang/Babuza
usa go, leave
Thao
usha go
mapa-usha leave, go (of many at once)
Hoanya
usa go, leave
Puyuma
ua go
Formosan Seediq
p-usa to send, dispatch; dismiss
Amis
pa-osa take food to someone, as to workers in a field
Thao
p-usha to let go; send away
Formosan Taokas
m-uha to go, leave
Atayal
m-usa to go
Seediq
m-usa to go
Favorlang/Babuza
mosa <M to walk
m-usa to go, leave
Thao
m-usha to go, walk away
CMP Kambera
uta chaff
Selaru
ut chaff
Formosan Bunun
utan taro
WMP Tausug
utan taro when the leaves are not yet open (eaten as a vegetable)
WMP Malagasy
ontany enquiry, question, interrogation, examination
Malay
taña interrogation
ber-taña-kan to enquire about
Tialo
utaña to ask
Lauje
utaña to ask
Dampelas
taña to ask
CMP Rembong
tana ask, inquire; request
Palu'e
tana ask
Li'o
ale tana ask
Kambera
ka-tana ask about, inquire
SHWNG Buli
utan to ask
Formosan Seediq
utaq vomit
Amis
otaʔ vomit
Tsou
tra-vto vomit
Saaroa
taar-uta vomit
Puyuma (Tamalakaw)
-utaH vomit (from the stomach)
Paiwan
utjaq vomit
WMP Itbayaten
ota vomitus, what an adult vomits, matter that is vomited
Ilokano
úta vomit; spew violently
Isneg
óta vomit, spew
Itawis
utá vomit
Bontok
ʔúta vomit
Kankanaey
úta vomit, throw up
Ifugaw
úta what is vomited; act of vomiting
Casiguran Dumagat
óta vomit; to vomit
Pangasinan
otá vomit
Maranao
otaʔ regurgitate, spit, disgorge
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
utaʔ vomit; to vomit
Kelabit
utaʔ vomit
Sa'ban
toəʔ vomit
Kayan
uta vomit
Wahau
n-tuə̯ʔ to vomit
Gaai
tuʔ vomit, vomitus
Kelai
tuʔ vomit, vomitus
Mei Lan Modang
əntuə̯ʔ to vomit
Woq Helaq Modang
tuə̯ʔ vomit, vomitus
Long Gelat Modang
əntuʔ to vomit
Bintulu
utaʔ vomit
Melanau (Mukah)
utaʔ vomit
Bukat
n-utaʔ to vomit
Lahanan
n-utaʔ to vomit
Ngaju Dayak
uta what is vomited up: vomitus
Alas
utah vomit
Simalur
uta vomit
Toba Batak
uta-uta what is thrown up, what is vomited
Simalungun Batak
utah vomit
Nias
uta-ʔuta what is vomited
Sundanese
utah vomit; to vomit
Old Javanese
utah spit out, vomit up
Javanese
utah spill out
Madurese
ota vomit
Balinese
utah vomit
Sasak
utaʔ vomit
WMP Itbayaten
ka-wta act of vomiting; state/condition of vomiting
Isneg
ka-k-ota vomiting
[Old Javanese
ka-wutah throw up, vomit out]
WMP Kelabit
ŋ-utaʔ to vomit
Lawangan
ŋ-uta to vomit
Simalur
maŋ-uta-n vomit something up
Toba Batak
maŋ-uta-hon vomit something out
Nias
maŋ-uta to spew out, to vomit
Sundanese
ŋ-utah-kɨn to vomit, throw up
Madurese
ŋ-otaʔ to vomit
Balinese
ŋ-utah to vomit
Sasak
ŋ-utaʔ to vomit
OC Lou
mu-mut to vomit
Wuvulu
mu-muʔa to vomit
Aua
mu-muʔa to vomit
Motu
mu-muta vomit; to vomit
Nggela
mu-muta to vomit
Gilbertese
mu-muta regurgitation; to vomit, to regurgitate
Marshallese
ṃṃōj vomit; spit; saliva
Pohnpeian
mmwus vomit; to vomit
Chuukese
mwmwus to vomit, to throw up
Puluwat
mmwuh to vomit
Formosan Atayal
p-utaq to vomit; to emit semen; semen
Paiwan
pa-utjaq cause vomiting
WMP Itbayaten
pa-wta-en cause to vomit
Bintulu
p-utaʔ to vomit
Melanau (Mukah)
p-utaʔ to vomit (involuntarily)
Formosan Kavalan
m-uti to vomit
Saisiyat
m-om-otæ to vomit
Seediq (Truku)
m-utaq to vomit
Pazeh
m-utaʔ to vomit
Sakizaya
mutaʔ to vomit
Paiwan
m-utjaq to vomit
WMP Itbayaten
om-ota to vomit
Bontok
ʔ<um>úta to vomit
Ifugaw
um-úta he/she will vomit
Ngaju Dayak
m-uta to vomit
Moken
m-otak to vomit
Malay
m-untah to vomit
Simalur
um-uta to vomit
Toba Batak
m-uta-uta to vomit
Minangkabau
m-utah to vomit
Old Javanese
m-utah to vomit
CMP Adonara
m-uta to vomit
Tugun
muta to vomit
Luang
na-motə to vomit
W.Tarangan (Ngaibor)
mota to vomit
CMP Komodo
muta to vomit
Manggarai
munta to vomit
Rembong
mutaʔ to vomit
Ngadha
muta to vomit
Sika
muta to vomit
Anakalangu
muta vomit
Kambera
muta to vomit
Hawu
madu <M to vomit
Rotinese
muta to vomit
muta-s vomitus
Tetun
muta to vomit
Roma
na-muta to vomit
Leti
muta to vomit
Wetan
mota to vomit
Selaru
mut to vomit
Yamdena
mute to vomit; semen
Fordata
muta to vomit
Ujir
a-ma-muta to vomit
Hitu
ma-muta to vomit
Buruese
muta regurgitate, vomit
OC Loniu
a-mut to vomit
Nali
ulo-mut to vomit
ulo-mura-y vomitus
Andra
ro-mut vomit
Bipi
xa-muta-y vomitus
Seimat
mut vomitus
mutu-mut to vomit
Mendak
mura to vomit
Piva
vi-muta to vomit
Marovo
muta to vomit
Proto-Micronesian
*mʷumʷuta to vomit
Pohnpeian
mmʷus to vomit; vomitus
Mokilese
umʷwuj to vomit
Chuukese
mʷmʷus(a) to vomit, throw up
Woleaian
mmʷut(a) to vomit, throw up, disgorge contents of the stomach
Iaai
hmita to vomit
Formosan Puyuma (Tamalakaw)
utaH-an vomit (imperative)
WMP Itbayaten
otaʔ-an independent imperative form: vomit (it) out
Bontok
ʔuta-ʔán to vomit (object form)
Sundanese
utah-utah-an vomit continuously
Javanese
utah-an vomitus
Formosan Amis
otaʔ-en vomit (a command)
WMP Ifugaw
utá-on be vomited up
Nias
utaʔ-õ vomit up
WMP Agta (Eastern)
útas to continue
Cebuano
útas to do something always or constantly; keep doing s.t.
WMP Cebuano
útŋaʔ come off, let go of something firmly attached to something else (as a leech letting go)
Malay
uŋah to be shaking loose (as a tooth, or insecure stake)
WMP Cebuano
utík porcupine fish: Diodon spp.
Malay
ikan oték a catfish: Arius utik
Sundanese
utik kind of marine fish
SHWNG Numfor
us pufferfish (both spiny and spineless types)
WMP Tontemboan
utiŋ tang of a knife
Tae'
otiŋ pointed extremity at the base of a knife or machete which is stuck into the hilt
Makassarese
otiŋ iron pin at the base of the blade of a kris used to bind blade and hilt together
CMP Manggarai
utiŋ handle or hilt of a knife, etc.
Rembong
utiŋ hilt, as of a sword
Hawu
udi that part of a knife blade which is in the haft; the binding of haft and blade
OC Wuvulu
uʔo tree, the wood of which is used to make fishnet floats and headrests
Gitua
uton fish net float
Motu
uto float of a fishing-net
Lau
uo the float for a net
'Āre'āre
uwo a piece of skinned soft wood used as a float for fishing nets
Sa'a
uwo flying-fish float
Arosi
uwo a float
Gilbertese
ito very light wood found on beaches and used as cork
Marshallese
wūj cork; balsa driftwood
Pohnpeian
uhs float, as for a fishing net
Mokilese
uj-pei float for a net
Mota
uto to come above the surface in water
Tongan
uto floaters of fish-net
uton-i provide a net with floaters
Samoan
uto float (in a fish-net); bait (tied to a float, esp. in shark-hunting)
WMP Itbayaten
otoŋ nipple, tip of teat, protuberance of breast
Tagalog
utóŋ teat (of breast); nipple (of milk bottle)
Bikol
utóŋ nipple
Hanunóo
ʔútuŋ protuberance, nipple
Melanau (Mukah)
utuŋ end, tip
Bare'e
untu the highest point or extremity of something; the beginning of a river
WMP Bikol
utóʔ term used when calling small children
mag-utóʔ to call small children using such a term
Maranao
otoʔ boy
Tontemboan
utuʔ name for boys
Uma
utoʔ boy! (used in calling)
CMP Kambera
utu row, string; to string beads
Selaru
utur row, string of something; to string
WMP Kayan
utuh a billet of wood cut from a log
Chamorro
gutos break off (rubber band, string, etc.), snap off (neck of chicken, root)
OC Lakalai
utu to cut, as with a knife, cut off
Mbula
-ut cut with an axe
Motu
utu-a cut off, sever
Kilivila
-utu- to cut (sticks)
Bugotu
utu-utu clip, crop, cut short
utuh-i sever, cut off, cut in two, finish building a house
Nggela
utu-utu break, be severed, of a rope; pull and break, as a string
utuh-i break, be severed, of a rope
Mota
ut to cut or break across
Rotuman
ufu pull apart, pull in two, sever (lit. and fig.), esp to break (string, rope, net, etc.) or to divorce
WMP Casiguran Dumagat
utús order, command; command someone to do some menial task
Tagalog
útos command; order; mandate; edict; ordinance; law
Maranao
otos cajole
Malay
utus sending on a mission or embassy
meŋ-utus to send on a mission
utus-an representative
Toba Batak
utus-an representative
Sundanese
utus send someone
Old Javanese
utus order, command
Balinese
utus send (a person)
WMP Bare'e
uu sound of the wood-pigeon
CMP Ngadha
uu sob, sigh, moan
Rotinese
uu sound of a pig while rooting for food
Fordata
uu howling of dogs
OC Tolai
uu moaning sound of the wind or surf
Mono-Alu
uu noise or cry by a creature
Samoan
ū make a hollow sound, such as is made by waves, hornets, pigeons, engines, etc.
Rarotongan
ū noisy expulsion of wind, fart
Maori
ū an inarticulate sound
WMP Tagalog
uy say! (an expression of admiration)
Bikol
uy an expression of surprise or admiration; also used in calling people who are nearby
Cebuano
uy an impolite way of attracting attention; exclamation of surprise upon noticing something
Ngaju Dayak
oi yo! (answer when one is called)
CMP Tetun
oi hoy! (an exclamation to attract attention)
WMP Ilokano
úyaŋ a polite term of address given to a woman by an older woman
WMP Cebuano
úyaŋ title for one’s grandmother or a grandparent’s sister, or a female cousin of the grandparent’s generation
WMP Ilokano
uyáw to criticize; jeer; ridicule; mock; scorn
na-uyáw despising, critical
Bontok
ʔuyáw to criticize; to laugh at another person’s misfortune or physical disability
Agutaynen
oyaw to laugh at something concerning an animal, and then be struck by lightning, as if it is revenge by the animal
WMP Ilokano
uyaw-en to criticize; jeer; ridicule; mock; scorn
Ibaloy
oyaw-en to dislike something a lot, detest something
Agutaynen
oyaw-en to laugh at something concerning an animal, and then be struck by lightning
WMP Cebuano
úyug shake back and forth in any direction with quick motions; cause something to do so (as a house in an earthquake, a person to wake him up, etc.)
Kadazan Dusun
uzog to shake
WMP Cebuano
úyug shake back and forth in any direction with quick motions; cause something to do so (as a house in an earthquake, a person to wake him up, etc.)
Javanese
uyug unsteady (as someone who staggers along)
WMP Ilokano
úyon ten baár of palay (rice). This measurement differs from district to district: it may mean twenty, one hundred, two hundred, etc. up to six hundred bundles
Isneg
úyon one hundred bundles of rice
uyón-an tie into bundles
Bontok
ʔúyun a bundle of tobacco containing about twenty mános (one mános = one to five sticks)
Kankanaey
úyon band, anything used to bind a load of wood
Ifugaw
úyun bundle of firewood, grass, etc., but not of rice, since a bundle of rice is called botok
Casiguran Dumagat
uyón to bundle, tie in a bundle; a bundle
Bare'e
uju bunch, bundle
Tae'
uyun gather long objects into a bundle
Buginese
ujuŋ bundle, as of firewood
Makassarese
uyuŋ bundle of long objects, as sugarcane stalks
WMP Agutaynen
ma-oyon to like the taste of something; to like, to find something agreeable
mag-oyon-an to agree together about something; for a group of people to be agreed, united, unified in a decision
pa-oyon to agree to something; to consent
Binukid
uyun to agree, go along with (a decision, etc.)
Tausug
mag-uyun to agree with (another’s opinion); for two or more opinions to agree
WMP Cebuano
úyug shake back and forth in any direction with quick motions; cause something to do so (as a house in an earthquake, a person to wake him up, etc.)
CMP Sika
ojor move to and fro
WMP Maranao
oiot pouch, pocket
Kelabit
uyut small carrying basket worn on the back
Kayan
uyut the gourd receptacle, or bamboo container which is carried at the side of one's head when fishing with a lawaʔ net
Bintulu
uzut small carrying container used mostly by women to hold fish or small prawns while fishing in the river
Iban
uyut deep, narrow rattan basket carried slung on shoulder or back
WMP Tagalog
uyót disequilibrium
Iban
uyut swing or hammock
Sasak
oyot dilapidated, rickety
WMP Iban
ujak drive in, plant, stick upright
CMP Manggarai
udek drive in, as a piling or stake
WMP Iban
uji test, try, attempt
Malay
uji testing; trying with a touchstone
Simalur
uji test, try
Karo Batak
uji test, try
Toba Batak
uji test, try, attempt; test oneself in combat, endure an ordeal
Sundanese
uji testing of metals
Javanese
uji test, examination
Balinese
uji test, inspect, examine
Tae'
udi test, examine
Mandar
uji test, try
Makassarese
uji test, examine
Robert Blust and Stephen Trussel
www.trussel2.com/ACD
2010: revision 6/21/2020
email: Blust (content) –
Trussel (production)
CognateSets-Index-u