aŋèn-aŋèncharm consisting of a bit of paper with something written on it which is waved over the fire to compel a thief to return something stolen (PMP: *haŋin)

aŋkatlift, raise, pick or take up (PWMP: *aŋkat)

apiunopium (LOAN)

apōŋfloating on the water, light in weight (PMP: *apuŋ)

apuyfire (PMP: *hapuy) *Sapuy

asahope; trust; expectation (LOAN)

asabsmoke, soot, steam (PAN: *qaseb)

asahwhet, sharpen, file off (teeth) (PMP: *hasaq) *Sasaq

asamsour, tart, acid; make something sour; smear with citrus juice (as the blade of a weapon to make it shine); also name of various citrus fruits (PWMP: *qalesem)

asayorigin, provenance; provided that (LOAN)

aséëdog (PAN: *asu₁)

asèë pu-buruhunting dog (PAN: *buRaw)

asòëcontents, load, flesh (living or dead, but not slaughtered; also the flesh of fruits (PWMP: *asi₁)

asòë naŋgròëthe peopling of the land (PWMP: *asi₁)

Acehnese (40 / 363)

ateuëhup, above; high (PMP: *atas) *aCas

ateuëŋdyke in a wet ricefield (PWMP: *ataŋ₁)

awancloud (PWMP: *hawan)

awaʔbody; person; crew (PMP: *hawak) *Sawak

awerattan (PWMP: *away₄)

aya-hfather (PMP: *aya₂)

ayōncradle (generally an oblong basket of plaited rattan filled with cushions) (PWMP: *hayun)

bagofësort, kind, manner; just like, identical to (LOAN)

baléʔturned over or around (PMP: *balik₂)

baluytake revenge; restore or replace after a loss (PMP: *baliw₄) *baliw₁

bambaŋred, yellow, jaundiced (PWMP: *baŋbaŋ₈)

bambaŋ, baŋbaŋbutterfly (PMP: *baŋbaŋ₂)

ban-duaboth (PMP: *duha) *duSa

banieplank-like outgrowth under the branches of some trees (NOISE)

baŋkécorpse, cadaver (of a non-Muslim or animal) (PWMP: *baŋkay)

baŋònform, shape, figure, posture, build, figure (PMP: *baŋun₂) *baŋuN

barahorizontal tie-beams in a house (PMP: *bara₂)

baraŋordinary, everyday; gives a general sense to: whoever, whichever (PMP: *baraŋ₁) *baraŋ

baratwest, westerly (PMP: *habaRat) *SabaRat

barōnew; just, just now; first (PMP: *baqeRu) *baqeRuh

Acehnese (60 / 363)

baròëyesterday (PMP: *baqeRu) *baqeRuh

basahwet, damp (PMP: *baseq)

bateəstone, rock, boulder; net sinkers (PMP: *batu) *batux

bayeuëpay, satisfy (in monetary terms) (PMP: *bayaD)

baʔtree, trunk, stem, stalk (NOISE)

besiiron (LOAN)

beudaʔwhitener, ointment (rubbed into the body of a sick person as medicine (LOAN)

beudéweapon, gun (LOAN)

beukahbreak, break through; broken; piece; broken off; to disperse, of a meeting (PMP: *bekaq)

beukaïhtrace, footprint; impression left behind, remains (PMP: *bekas₃)

beukayprovisions for a journey, supplies (PWMP: *bekel)

beunato rise, of the tide (PMP: *bena)

beunatrue, genuine, real, essential, certain, precise, good, upright, honest, fair (PMP: *bener)

beundaobject, thing, matter, affair, visible evidence, visible sign (LOAN)

beuneuŋthread, yarn (PWMP: *benaŋ)

beuŋèhangry, furious, malicious, bad-natured (PMP: *beŋis₁)

beureukaïhbunch, sheaf, bundle; tie into a bundle (PMP: *beRkes)

beureukat, beurkatblessing, salvation; blessed, prosperous (LOAN)

beureutéhburst open, rice that has popped while being roasted (PWMP: *beRtiq)

beutéhshinbone, the leg bone below the knee (PAN: *beties)

Acehnese (80 / 363)

biasaordinary, customary, in the habit of; experienced, practiced (LOAN)

biayaexpenses, costs; gifts (LOAN)

bibilip (PMP: *bibiR) *biRbiR

bibi mataeyelid (PMP: *bibiR) *biRbiR

bibi pukòëlabia of the vulva (PMP: *bibiR) *biRbiR

bicaraadvice, counsel; deliberation, discussion; consultation; opinion, intention; judgment (LOAN)

bidadifference, distinction (LOAN)

bidanmidwife (LOAN)

bideuëŋbroad, breadth; stretched out, spread out; unit of measure for cloth, mats, etc. (PWMP: *bidaŋ)

bideuëŋbroad, wide; width; extended, spread out (LOAN)

bidoʔkind of outrigger canoe (LOAN)

bieuëpermit, allow, let (PWMP: *bihaR)

bijéhgrain, pip, pit, seed; seedlings (LOAN)

bilathe person who in justice is the object of blood revenge (LOAN)

biléhsmall fish, kind of anchovy especially eaten dried (PWMP: *bilis)

bileuenofficial enjoined with calling the faithful to prayer, and with the upkeep of the mosque (LOAN)

bileuëŋcount, sum up, enumerate, reckon (PAN: *bilaŋ₁)

biléʔroom, apartment (PMP: *bilik)

binasadestroyed, spoilt, devastated, annihilated (LOAN)

binataŋanimal, beast; cattle (opposed to manusia 'people') (LOAN)

Acehnese (100 / 363)

bintaŋstar; order of knighthood (LOAN)

bintaŋ lheəthe three brightly shining stars in the middle of Orion (PAN: *telu)

bintaŋ paròëa constellation, the Southern Cross (PMP: *paRih) *paRiS

bintaŋ tujōha constellation, the Pleiades (PMP: *bituqen pitu) *bituqen

biŋètpeevish, touchy, short-tempered; difficult, troublesome; malicious (of animals) (PAN: *biŋiC)

biŋkèrim, edge, border, frame (PWMP: *biŋkay)

biŋkōʔcrooked, bent, curved (PMP: *biŋkuk)

biŋóŋstupid, silly, confused, stupefied, dazed; to doze (LOAN)

biŋóŋstupid, silly, confused, stupefied, dazed; to doze (NOISE)

biraheasily hurt, hypersensitive; a type of Alocasia (PMP: *biRaq₁)

biri-biriberi beri (disease) (LOAN)

bisapoison, venom (esp. of animals) (LOAN)

bisanthe relationship of persons whose children have intermarried (the bisan of the bride are thus the consanguineal kin of her husband) (PWMP: *baisan)

biséʔto whisper (PWMP: *bisik₃)

biulaviolin (of European manufacture) (LOAN)

blahsplit, cleave, hack; be split, cloven (PAN: *belaq)

-blaïhformative for numerals from 11-19 (LOAN)

blòëbuy (PMP: *beli)

bóbóto babble, chatter (LOAN)

bòhfruit, bud, seed, nut, button, ball, weight, importance, egg, calf of the leg, nit (louse egg), spout of a vessel, penis, male sex organs; numeral classifier; element in names of body parts; objects used in games or gambling; also used in a number of figurative expressions (PMP: *buaq)

Acehnese (120 / 363)

bòh asèëpenis of a dog; bolt of a rifle (PMP: *buaq)

bòh atéhypocoristic term, sweetheart (PWMP: *buaq qatay) *buaq

bòh beutéhcalf of the leg (PAN: *beties)

bòh beutéhcalf of the leg (PMP: *buaq ni bities) *buaq

bòh euŋkōtroe of fish (PMP: *buaq)

bòh gōŋboss of a gong; bolt of a rifle (PMP: *buaq)

bòh haleukōmAdam's apple (PMP: *buaq)

bòh kayèëfruit (PMP: *buaq ni kahiw) *buaq

bòh keumiròëoleaginous nut; also human testicles (PMP: *buaq)

bòh Klèŋlit. penis of a Kliŋ (Tamil) = kind of sea cucumber (PMP: *buaq)

bòh manoʔchicken egg (PMP: *buaq)

bòh meureuyamcannon shot (PMP: *buaq)

bòh pisaŋupper arm (PMP: *buaq)

bratheavy; important; pregnant (PMP: *beReqat)

breuëhhusked rice (PMP: *beRas)

bri, beurigive, endow, present to; allow, permit (PMP: *beRay)

bubèëkind of fish trap (many named varieties) (PAN: *bubu₂)

bubōŋroof, roof covering (PMP: *bubuŋ₁)

budaʔchild, lad, boy (LOAN)

budhéenkind of preserve of small fish in brine (much eaten in Daya) (LOAN)

Acehnese (140 / 363)

budi, budi-manexhibit good behavior, sensible, wise (LOAN)

budōstupid, silly (LOAN)

buëhwild, savage; lewd (PWMP: *buas)

buëtwork, occupation, business; matter, affair, question, concern; action, way of acting; behavior, conduct, deed; suitable (PMP: *buhat₂)

buihleak, leak through an opening; flow, stream (PMP: *busbus)

bujaŋbachelor; squire, page, herald (LOAN)

bujaŋ rajathe king's herald (LOAN)

bukaopen (PMP: *buka)

buka puasabreak the fast (PMP: *buka)

bukètmountain (PAN: *bukij)

bukònno, not, not be something; isn't it? (PWMP: *buken₁) *buken

bulèëbody hair, feathers, wool, quills of a porcupine, etc. (PMP: *bulu₁)

buleuënmoon, month (PMP: *bulan₃) *bulaN

buleuën peunòhfull moon (PAN: *peNuq)

bulōhkind of bamboo used for blowpipes, cooking vessels, bobbins, sharpened spikes in pitfall traps (PAN: *buluq₂)

bunitree sp. (PWMP: *buRnay)

buñòesound, noise, tone; rumor (PMP: *buñi)

buntéŋpregnant, with young; also used of rice when the head is on the point of appearing (LOAN)

buntoʔinflated, swollen up (PMP: *buntuʔ)

buŋa apuyfireworks (PMP: *buŋa ni hapuy) *buŋa

Acehnese (160 / 363)

buŋkaihfor something to emerge, break the surface of the water; for the day to break (PMP: *bu(ŋ)kas) *bukas

buŋkoihpackage, bale, bundle; to wrap, pack up, roll up (PWMP: *buŋkus)

buŋkoʔhump; bent, curved (as the back, or the shoulders) (PMP: *buŋkuk)

buŋòkind of tree with good wood (PAN: *buŋuR)

buŋòŋflower, blossom; flower motif (in weaving, embroidery, wood carving, ornamentation, etc.); interest on a loan (PMP: *buŋaŋ)

buŋóŋ lawaŋclove (LOAN)

buŋòŋ uroefirst rays of the rising sun (PMP: *buŋaŋ)

buŋsuyoungest child, last-born (LOAN)

buréʔspeckled (PWMP: *burik)

burōŋto accept (a job); payment of a previously stipulated salary (LOAN)

burōthernia, enlarged scrotum (LOAN)

burōthernia, enlarged scrotum (NOISE)

buruhunt, drive before one (PAN: *buRaw)

buruto hunt, go hunting (NOISE)

busōŋswelling of the stomach; sandbank (PWMP: *busuŋ)

busuarcher's bow (PMP: *busuR₂)

butablind (PMP: *buta₁) *buCa

buta tuloëblind and deaf (PMP: *buta₁) *buCa

butōhpenis, male sex organ (PMP: *butuq) *buCuq

butōh Kléŋkind of inedible black sea cucumber (lit. 'penis of a Tamil') (PMP: *butuq) *buCuq

Acehnese (180 / 363)

dadachest, breast (PWMP: *dahdah) *daSdaS

danoh darahdysentery (PAN: *daRaq)

dapukitchen, fireplace (PMP: *dapuR₁)

dapu pandésmith’s furnace (PMP: *dapuR₁)

darahblood (PAN: *daRaq)

daratland, shore (PMP: *daRat)

datu ~ datoʔ ~ toʔgrandfather, ancestor; term of address for elders; title for the guardians of traditional law on the west coast; title of animals or things that are regarded as holy or especially feared (PMP: *datu)

deupafathom (PAN: *depah)

dipreposition of location: in, to, by, on, at, out, from (PAN: *di)

diriridge post, used to support the ridge pole of a house (PMP: *hadiRi) *SadiRi

duatwo (PMP: *duha) *duSa

duroethorn, spike (PMP: *duRi)

gaséŋspinning top (PWMP: *gasiŋ)

gatayitch, itchy; also restless, inconstant, desirous, lascivious (PMP: *gatel) *gaCel

geugatdecayed through dampness, etc.; moth (PWMP: *getget₁)

geunabfull, complete; even (opposite of odd) (PWMP: *genep)

habéhfinished, done, at an end (PWMP: *qabiq)

hambōstrew, sow, scatter (PWMP: *qambuR)

hampato spread out; to be spread out, as a stone that from above appears stretched out and flat (PMP: *hampaR) *SapaR

hañòtfloat away, be carried away (by a current) (PAN: *qañud)

Acehnese (200 / 363)

hantughost, evil spirit (PMP: *qanitu) *qaNiCu

Hantu buruan evil spirit, the Spectre Huntsman (PAN: *buRaw)

hantu rimbaforest spirit (PMP: *qanitu) *qaNiCu

haŋétodor of perspiration (PAN: *qaŋeSit)

(h)awiha tied cloth, cloth tied into a bundle (PWMP: *qawis)

(h)ayaʔsieve of plaited bamboo or metal wire; to sieve, sift (PWMP: *qayag)

hiehdecorate; ornament (LOAN)

himponcollected, gathered (PMP: *qi(m)pun)

hiramdark (of the face, through rage or shame) (PWMP: *qirem)

iboihthe gebang palm: Corypha gebanga Bl. (PWMP: *ibus₁)

idoŋnose (PMP: *ijuŋ)

iə matatears (PMP: *mata) *maCa

indahpretty (LOAN)

indaŋwooden vessel in which gold is panned (PWMP: *indaŋ)

ipōhvegetable poison (PWMP: *qipuq)

irehslice (PMP: *qiris)

iréŋwalk single-file, follow, accompany, form a procession (PMP: *iriŋ₁)

iseueŋgills (PWMP: *isaŋ)

isotshove (PMP: *isud)

kamɔə1pl. excl., we, us (PAN: *k-ami) *ami

Acehnese (220 / 363)

karamsuffer an accident, sink, shipwreck (PWMP: *kaRem)

katithe outrigger floats of a canoe (PMP: *katiR)

kawanherd, flock, crowd; friend, comrade, companion, mate; follower; assistant; adherent (PWMP: *kaban₁)

kawéangling; fishing line; fishhook (PAN: *kawil₁)

kawéthook, as on clothing (PAN: *kawit)

kayeəwood, tree, stick, pole, beam (PMP: *kahiw) *kaSiw

kukuëtlower leg of an animal from the hoof to the ankle (PAN: *kudkud)

kulattoadstool, fungus (PMP: *kulat₂) *kulaC

kulétskin; bark; rind; hide; leather (PMP: *kulit) *kuliC

kulubreadfruit tree: Artocarpus incisa (PMP: *kuluR)

labaihcareless, without worries (NOISE)

lakòëhusband (PMP: *laki₁)

lalata fly (PMP: *lalej)

laŋian aromatic salve (PWMP: *laŋiR)

laŋkaha step, pace, stride (PMP: *laŋkaq₁)

layeuësail (PAN: *layaR)

leumah buleuënmenstruation (PMP: *bulan₃) *bulaN

lheəthree (PAN: *telu)

lɨbehmore, in a high degree; remainder (PMP: *lebiq)

lidah ~ dilahtongue (PMP: *dilaq₁)

Acehnese (240 / 363)

lihiëneck (PAN: *liqeR)

likōtbehind; rear part; back (anat.) (PMP: *ta-likud) *likud

lulōnspin with a spinning wheel; a roll of cleansed cotton; (PMP: *lulun) *luluN

lumpòëdream (PWMP: *lupi)

lutōŋlong-tailed monkey with gray fur (PAN: *luCuŋ)

ma-kan-anto eat; all food other than rice (PAN: *ma-kaen) *kaen

manoʔchicken, fowl; hen (PMP: *manuk)

manoʔ uteuënjungle fowl (PMP: *manuk)

m-asamsour tasting (PWMP: *ma-qalesem) *qalesem

mataeye; germ of a seed kernel; joint, articulation (of stalks like bamboo or sugarcane); gemstones, etc. (PMP: *mata) *maCa

mata apuythe space above the hearth where foodstuffs are hung in the smoke to preserve them (PMP: *mata) *maCa

mata ceŋmeasuring marks on a scale (PMP: *mata) *maCa

mata gɨnukuteeth of a coconut rasp (PMP: *mata) *maCa

mata gōŋboss on a gong (PMP: *mata) *maCa

mata iəspring, well, source of a river (PMP: *mata nu wahiR) *maCa

mata itampupil of the eye (PMP: *mata) *maCa

mata kawethe sharp point of a fishhook (PMP: *mata) *maCa

mata kayεəknot in wood (PMP: *mata nu kahiw) *maCa

mata laŋayplowshare (PMP: *mata) *maCa

mata-mataa spy (PMP: *mata-mata) *maCa

Acehnese (260 / 363)

mata pukatmesh of a net (PWMP: *mata nu puket) *maCa

mata sərampaŋprongs of a harpoon (PMP: *mata) *maCa

mata sikinthe blade of a knife (PMP: *mata) *maCa

mata ueyeholes in a coconut shell (PMP: *mata) *maCa

mata urɔəsun (‘eye of the day’) (PMP: *mata) *maCa

meu-awihcarry in a carrying cloth on the back (PWMP: *qawis)

meu-darahbleeding, bloody (PAN: *ma-daRaq) *daRaq

meu-duadivide in two, to halve (PMP: *duha) *duSa

meu-gaséŋto spin tops (PWMP: *gasiŋ)

meu-geunabto discuss or deliberate with one another (PWMP: *genep)

meu-layeuëgo on a trip, to sail, be under sail, at sea (PAN: *layaR)

meu-salahsprained (as an ankle) (PWMP: *maR-salaq) *salaq₁

meu-tanɔhowning land (PMP: *taneq)

meu-tarōhto wager, place a bet on something (PWMP: *maR-taRuq) *taRuq

meu-ʔapuyburning, sending off sparks (PWMP: *ma-hapuy) *Sapuy

mɨʔ-anɨʔgive birth (PMP: *maR-anak) *aNak

mu-bòhbearing fruit (PMP: *buaq)

mu-buleuën-buleuënfor months (PMP: *bulan-bulan₂) *bulaN

nibōŋpalm sp.: Oncosperma filamentosum Bl. (PMP: *qanibuŋ)

nòhsquid, cuttlefish, octopus (PMP: *nues)

Acehnese (280 / 363)

padaŋfield, plain (PWMP: *padaŋ)

pageuëfence, hedge (PMP: *pager)

pagiDay of Judgement (PWMP: *pagi)

paguattic, loft, ceiling (PWMP: *pagu)

pakufern (PWMP: *paku) *paheku

palanutmeg tree and fruit (LOAN)

palaŋanything used as a barrier: crossbeam, bolt, etc. (PMP: *palaŋ₁)

paléhunlucky (PWMP: *palis₂)

paleŋturn, swerve, avert (PMP: *paliŋ)

paleuëtpalm of the hand (PMP: *palaj₁)

palikatcheckered cloth imported from the Palikat region of India (north of Madras) (LOAN)

paloŋtrough (PWMP: *paluŋ₁)

paluhit with a stick or other object (as in striking a gong) (PMP: *palu) *palu₃

panèëspots on human skin (PMP: *panaw₁) *panaw

paŋèwild tree from the seeds of which a good cooking oil is prepared (PWMP: *paŋi)

paŋgaŋroast (meat or fish) on a spit (PWMP: *paŋgaŋ)

paŋgecall, summon (LOAN)

papeuënplank (as in a coffin or grave) (PMP: *papan)

paraattic, loft (under the ceiling) (PAN: *paRa₁)

parahorde, troop (PMP: *paRa₂)

Acehnese (300 / 363)

parohoarse (PAN: *paRaw)

paròëstingray (PMP: *paRih) *paRiS

pasaŋpair, team, spouse, partner, equal (PMP: *pasaŋ₁)

pasibeach, sand (PWMP: *pasiR)

peu-geunabto complete (PWMP: *pa-genep) *genep

peunòhfull, as a rice field full of water; laden (PAN: *peNuq)

peu-taloetie with a rope or string (PWMP: *pa-talih) *CaliS

piléhchoose (PAN: *piliq)

prahō pukatfishing boat used especially for seine fishing (PMP: *puket₁)

pu-blòësell (PMP: *pa-beli) *beli

pu-bukato open, loosen (PMP: *buka)

pukatseine, large dragnet (PMP: *puket₁)

pukɔəfemale genitals (PAN: *puki)

pukɔə ma kahyour mother’s vagina! (term of abuse) (PAN: *puki)

p<um>iléhto choose (PAN: *p<um>iliq) *piliq

pusatnavel, mid-point; also, touch-hole of a cannon or other weapon (PMP: *pusej)

putehwhite, gray (of hair); pure, upright, good-natured (PMP: *putiq)

raketraft (PMP: *Rakit)

rayabig, wide, extensive; considerable, very; vehement; full-grown (PAN: *Raya)

reuñeunsteps, ladder (PMP: *haRezan)

Acehnese (320 / 363)

reunoŋ meu-kawétfruiting pole, pole with a hook at the end for bringing down fruit (PWMP: *maR-kawit) *kawit

rɨsamkind of fern (PMP: *aResam)

rɨsamfern sp. (PMP: *qaRsam)

rumòhhouse, dwelling (PAN: *Rumaq)

rusoʔribs (of the body, of a leaf, a roof); side, border (PAN: *Rusuk)

sakétpain; sick, indisposed; labor (in childbirth); difficult, painful; trouble; torment; grief (PMP: *sakit)

sakét ulεəheadache (PMP: *sakit)

salahmistake, error, fault; offense (PMP: *salaq₁)

salɛsmoke something over a fire; to roast; suspend something in the smoke in order to dry in out (PWMP: *salay)

sambayvarious finely chopped leaves mixed with Spanish pepper, roasted coconut, salt, etc. (a kind of condiment) (LOAN)

seumaŋatsoul of a living person, life-force, (impersonal) soul; be conscious (PMP: *sumaŋed)

seumaŋat padésoul of the rice (PMP: *sumaŋet nu pajay) *sumaŋed

siaŋmade clean, bright (PWMP: *siaŋ)

s<ɨn>ambaʔdyke, dam, mound of earth, wall, rampart, parapet (PMP: *tambak₂)

s<ɨn>umpéta blowpipe (PMP: *sumpit)

sirasalt (PAN: *qasiRa)

sugɔεtoothbrush, specifically a roll of tobacco with which one brushes the teeth after chewing betel (PWMP: *sugi)

sulōhtorch (PMP: *suluq)

sumpétshoot with a blowpipe (PMP: *sumpit)

susahtrouble, burden, distress, worry, grief, adversity (LOAN)

Acehnese (340 / 363)

taloerope, line, string, cord (PMP: *talih) *CaliS

talòë pusatnavel string (PWMP: *talih pusej) *CaliS

talɔə pusatumbilical cord (PMP: *pusej)

tanɔhground, land, earth (PMP: *taneq)

tanɔh kliət(‘sticky earth’) clay, potter’s clay (PMP: *taneq)

taŋirɔεkind of sea fish (PMP: *taŋiRi)

tarōhput down, wager (in a game or gambling contest) (PMP: *taRuq)

tarōh luathe wagers of the bystanders at a cockfight (PMP: *taRuq)

tawantake captive, make a war captive, take as booty (PMP: *taban) *tabaN

təkato come, arrive (PMP: *teka₁)

t<eum>akōtfrightened, afraid, anxious about (PMP: *t<um>akut) *takut

teuneunto drive in the weft (in weaving) (PAN: *tenun)

thɛəto know, have knowledge of something, be able (PMP: *taqu₂) *Caqu

t<ɨm>ambaʔto dam up, make a dyke; heap up earth; fill up (PWMP: *t<um>ambak) *tambak₂

t<ɯm>ubato catch fish by stunning them with tuba (PAN: *t<um>uba) *tubah

tubapoison, venom (PAN: *tubah)

tuba jinu ~ tuba jɯnua poisonous root-sap used to stun fish (so that they can easily be caught) (PAN: *tubah)

tujōhseven (PAN: *tuzuq₁)

tumεtheel, hock (PWMP: *tumid)

turōn ~ trōnto descend, go down; to reduce, of prices; be descended from (PMP: *tuRun₁)

Acehnese (360 / 363)

ureuəŋ dapudescendants of slaves (PMP: *dapuR₁)

urɯəŋ mɯ-kulatpreparer of poison (PWMP: *ma-kulat) *kulaC

warehconsanguineal kin (LOAN)

Achinese (363) WMP. see: Acehnese

5. Adonara (54) CMP (Lebar 1972) [adr] Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara)

ahodog (PAN: *asu₁)

amafather (PAN: *amax)

aŋiwind (PMP: *haŋin)

apefire (PMP: *hapuy) *Sapuy

ariyounger sibling (PCEMP: *waji) *Suaji

ataperson (PMP: *qaRta)

baʔatheavy (PMP: *beReqat)

binesister (man speaking) (PCEMP: *b<in>ai) *bahi

ikutail (PAN: *ikuR)

inamother (PCEMP: *ina)

ipetooth (PMP: *ipen)

ka-awukashes (PMP: *qabuk)

kajotree (PCEMP: *kayu) *kaSiw

kakaelder sibling (same sex?; Lebar 1972:93) (PMP: *kaka₂)

kamewe (excl.) (PAN: *k-ami) *ami

lakehusband (PMP: *laki₁)

lima-thand (PAN: *qalima)

manuk-utabird (PMP: *manuk)

meared (PMP: *ma-iRaq)

Adonara (20 / 54)

me-nipithin (PMP: *ma-nipis) *Nipis

m-enuto drink (PMP: *inum)

me-nuragreen (PMP: *ŋuda)

m-oriliving, alive (PMP: *ma-qudip) *qudip

m-utato vomit (PAN: *um-utaq) *utaq

naŋeto swim (PMP: *naŋuy) *Naŋuy

nithis (PAN: *-ni)

nithis (PAN: *i-ni) *-ni

panato walk (PMP: *panaw₂) *paNaw

patfour (PMP: *epat) *Sepat

pitoseven (PAN: *pitu₁) *pitu

puloten (PAN: *puluq₁) *puluq

ramutroot (PMP: *Ramut₁)

rarapath, road (PMP: *zalan)

rerasun (PMP: *qalejaw)

ruatwo (PMP: *duha) *duSa

siasalt (PAN: *qasiRa)

tahiksea (PMP: *tasik)

talerope (PMP: *talih) *CaliS

tana ekaearth, soil (PMP: *taneq)

Adonara (40 / 54)

telothree (PAN: *telu)

te-ratuone hundred (PMP: *Ratus) *RaCus

t-itewe (incl.) (PAN: *ita₁)

turu-tto sleep (PAN: *tuduR)

tuʔuold (people) (PMP: *tuqah) *tuqaS

ulasnake (PMP: *hulaR) *SulaR

urarain (PMP: *quzan) *quzaN

wairiver; fresh water (PMP: *wahiR)

wanaright side (PMP: *wanan) *wanaN

watostone (PMP: *batu) *batux

wau ~ waʔusmell, odor (PMP: *bahuq)

wuafruit (PMP: *buaq)

wulamoon (PMP: *bulan₃) *bulaN

wuʔunew (PMP: *baqeRu) *baqeRuh

6. Adzera (14) OC (Hooley 1971) [aka: Azera]

bururuŋburn, be on fire (POC: *pururuŋ)

gaitree (POC: *kayu) *kaSiw

inumto drink (PMP: *inum)

ma-ntongue (POC: *maya)

mara-neye (PMP: *mata) *maCa

nigitnest (POC: *ñikut)

nipu-ntooth; mouth (POC: *nipon) *nipen

rai-nbrother (POC: *taci) *Suaji

rama-nfather (PMP: *t-amax) *amax

rina-nmother (PMP: *t-ina) *ina

riŋa-near (POC: *taliŋa) *Caliŋa

sisu-nbreast (PAN: *susu₁)

yu-nnose (POC: *icuŋ) *ijuŋ

zaffire (POC: *api) *Sapuy

7. Agta (Central Cagayan) (177) WMP (Reid 1971) [agt] (Agta, Central Cagayan) Philippines (dialects: Eastern (Nickell and Nickell 1987) [duo] 47, Dupaningan (Robinson 2011) [duo] 98) [aka: Central Cagayan Agta]

addumany (PMP: *hadu) *Sadu

alalitype of fish (PMP: *alali) Eastern

amótto clamp one’s hand over one’s own or someone else’s mouth to prevent talking or breathing; hold one’s nostrils so no air enters (PMP: *hemut) *Semut Eastern

amot-ánto pinch one’s nostrils so water doesn’t enter (PMP: *hemut) *Semut Eastern

appánbait for fishing (PAN: *paen) Dupaningan

ba-bbeywoman (PAN: *ba-bahi) *bahi Dupaningan

bahakpiglet (PAN: *beRek) Eastern

bátaŋkind of very hard, rather large bracket fungus, in the shape of an ear. It grows on trees and is not edible. (PMP: *bataŋ) *bataŋ₁ Eastern

begloincloth, traditional g-string (PMP: *bahaR) Dupaningan

bitáŋlog (PMP: *bataŋ) *bataŋ₁ Eastern

bitáŋanimal trap (PPH: *batéŋ) Eastern

bitustone (PMP: *batu) *batux Dupaningan

biyawin-law (PWMP: *bayaw) Eastern

búgsokto descend (PPH: *bug(e)suk) Eastern

búnogsmall fish (PPH: *búnuR) Eastern

dad-dákalparents (PPH: *dakél) Dupaningan

dakálbig, large (PPH: *dakél) Dupaningan

danʌold (persons) (PWMP: *dana)

daŋdáŋ-anput a pot next to the fire to keep food warm (PMP: *daŋdaŋ₁) *daŋdaŋ Dupaningan

dapánsole of the foot (PMP: *dapan) *dapaN Eastern

Agta (Central Cagayan) (20 / 177)

dələkthunder (PWMP: *delek)

demefather (ref.) (PAN: *da-amax) *amax

di-diyaupstream (cp. di-lod ‘downstream’) (PWMP: *di-daya) *daya Dupaningan

digetsea, ocean (PMP: *daRat) Dupaningan

digiblood (PAN: *daRaq) Dupaningan

dilátongue (PMP: *dilaq₁) Dupaningan

dilanroad, path, trail (PMP: *zalan) Dupaningan

dinómwater (PMP: *danum) *daNum Dupaningan

dipogashes, dust (PMP: *dapuR₁) Dupaningan

ditagplain, small clearing (PAN: *dataR) Dupaningan

donleaf (PMP: *dahun) Dupaningan

d<um>igito bleed (PAN: *daRaq) Dupaningan

d<um>itáŋto arrive (PWMP: *d<um>ateŋ) *dateŋ Dupaningan

dúwatwo (PMP: *duha) *duSa Dupaningan

e-nuwhat? (PAN: *-nu₁)

gisáto fry in fat (LOAN) Eastern

guhamayfinger, toe (PPH: *gulamay)

gúlpisudden, quick; very large amount of something; suddenly get everything of something (LOAN) Eastern

gúsoksternum, center of chest below breasts (PAN: *Rusuk) Dupaningan

gutgutto bite and tear with the teeth (PMP: *gutgut₁) *gutgut Eastern

Agta (Central Cagayan) (40 / 177)

háyupanimal, creature, spirit (generic for any non-human creature, especially mammals, whether natural or supernatural; includes fairies, elves, goblins, etc.) (PPH: *háyup) Eastern

hiklemnight (ROOT)

hulibuttocks (PMP: *buliq₂)

i-ditáŋbring something (PMP: *dateŋ) Dupaningan

igateel (PPh: *ígat)

iklug (< D)egg (PMP: *qiteluR) *qiCeluR

i-ko2sg., you/thou (PMP: *i-kahu) *kaSu

i-kuyógto accompany, go with (PPH: *kúyug) Dupaningan

i-lákadrun away with, kidnap (PPH: *i-lákaj) *lakaj Dupaningan

i-nataŋcook vegetables (PMP: *nateŋ) *NaCeŋ Dupaningan

i-ped-pedto fan (PAN: *paid) Dupaningan

i-saŋlagto fry (PMP: *saŋelaR) Dupaningan

i-tánamto bury (PPH: *i-tanem) *CaNem Dupaningan

ka-həbiyesterday (PMP: *ka-Rabiqi) *Rabiqi

kali-dúwasoul (PMP: *duha) *duSa Dupaningan

kan-anfood, especially rice (PAN: *kaen-en) *kaen Dupaningan

ka-nuwhen? (PMP: *ka-nu₂) *-nu₁

katálto scratch (PMP: *gatel) *gaCel Eastern

kayúliving tree (PMP: *kahiw) *kaSiw Dupaningan

kemethand (PPH: *kemet)

Agta (Central Cagayan) (60 / 177)

kilátlightning (PMP: *kilat₁) *likaC Dupaningan

kilay-anraise one’s eyebrows; wink (PWMP: *kiray)

kíliŋbamboo (for odd jobs, not building) (PPH: *kilíŋ₂) Eastern

kisapto blink (PWMP: *ki(n)sap) Eastern

-kitawe, you and I; first person dual inclusive enclitic pronoun (PAN: *k-ita) *ita₁ Dupaningan

-kita-mwe, first person plural inclusive nominative enclitic pronoun (PAN: *k-ita) *ita₁ Dupaningan

kon-pseudo-verb used to indicate quoted speech (PWMP: *kua-n) *kua₁ Dupaningan

kugitáoctopus (PMP: *kuRita) *guRiCa Dupaningan

kulata mushroom that grows from a dead tree (PMP: *kulat₂) *kulaC Dupaningan

kulemrain cloud (PWMP: *kulem)

kulettree bark, peel of a fruit, shell (PMP: *kulit) *kuliC Dupaningan

k<um>agetto bite (PMP: *k<um>aRat) *kaRaC Dupaningan

kútulouse (PMP: *kutu₁) *kuCux Dupaningan

lakad-ín-anleave someone, walk out on (from *lakad-an-an, with low vowel fronting) (PPH: *lakáj-an) *lakaj Dupaningan

lá-lakayold man; husband (PWMP: *lakay) Dupaningan

lallákiman, male (historically a plural) (PWMP: *la-laki) *laki₁ Dupaningan

láŋawhousefly (PMP: *laŋaw) Dupaningan

láŋetsky (PMP: *laŋit) *laŋiC Dupaningan

lapdasto get marks on one’s shoulders from carrying a heavy backpack; to spank or whip s.o. with a switch or whip and raise welts (PPH: *lap(e)des) Eastern

layáginger, Zingiber officinale (PMP: *laqia) Dupaningan

Agta (Central Cagayan) (80 / 177)

legneck, throat (PAN: *liqeR) Dupaningan

ləppuash, dust (LOAN)

lésleshold up one’s skirt or pants legs (when crossing a river) (PPH: *lesles₁) Eastern

límafive (PAN: *lima) Dupaningan

lollobutterfly (NOISE) Dupaningan

ludludto scrape one’s body with a rock when bathing to remove dirt (PPH: *ludlud₁) Eastern

l<um>ákadto leave, to exit (PPH: *l<um>ákaj) *lakaj Dupaningan

lumótmoss (PMP: *lumut) Dupaningan

lupáypaybroken arm that flops around (PPH: *lupaypáy) Eastern

luwáteardrop (PMP: *luheq) *luSeq Dupaningan

luwásgo out (PMP: *luas₁) Eastern

ma-digetrough, of the sea (PMP: *daRat) Dupaningan

mag-degustake a bath, bathe; play in water, swim around (PAN: *diRus) Dupaningan

mag-digito menstruate (PWMP: *maR-daRaq) *daRaq Dupaningan

mag-gisgisto brush, as teeth (PAN: *gisgis₁) Dupaningan

mag-gutgutto gnaw, bite into something, tear at something with the teeth (PMP: *gutgut₁) *gutgut Dupaningan

mag-kalito dig (PMP: *kali₂) *kalih Dupaningan

mag-kanto eat, especially rice or a meal containing rice (PPH: *maR-kaen) *kaen Dupaningan

mag-kuletto peel, skin (PMP: *kulit) *kuliC Dupaningan

mag-lákadto walk (PPH: *maR-lákaj) *lakaj Dupaningan

Agta (Central Cagayan) (100 / 177)

mag-laŋoyto swim (PWMP: *laŋuy) Dupaningan

mag-lesleslift or roll up clothes when crossing a body of water so that they do not get wet (PPH: *lesles₁) Dupaningan

mag-lututo cook, especially rice (PWMP: *lutuq) Dupaningan

mag-naŋoyto swim (PMP: *naŋuy) *Naŋuy Dupaningan

mag-ŋalŋalto chew, gnaw (PAN: *ŋalŋal) Dupaningan

mag-ŋatŋatto chew, gnaw (PAN: *ŋeCŋeC) Dupaningan

mag-potpotharvest a vegetable that grows in the ground; pluck, uproot (PAN: *putput₁) Dupaningan

mag-saŋetto cry, to weep (PMP: *taŋis) *Caŋis Dupaningan

mag-sa-sáŋlagto fry; sizzle, hiss (PMP: *saŋelaR) Eastern

ma-katálitchy (PMP: *ma-gatel) *gaCel Dupaningan

maki-affix indicating associative activity by a few people (PPH: *maki-) Eastern

ma-manukbird (PMP: *manu(k)-manuk) *manuk

mamitsweet (PAN: *ma-hemis) *hemis

manokbird, chicken (PMP: *manuk) Dupaningan

manukchicken (PMP: *manuk)

mapetbitter (PMP: *ma-paqit) *paqiC

ma-puluten (PWMP: *ma-puluq) *puluq Dupaningan

ma-sakétsick (PMP: *ma-sakit) *sakit Dupaningan

matáeye (PMP: *mata) *maCa Dupaningan

ma-tídugto sleep (PMP: *ma-tiduR) *tiduR Dupaningan

Agta (Central Cagayan) (120 / 177)

meg-ke-teweto laugh (PWMP: *maR-ka-tawa) *Cawa

məg-təguto hide (PMP: *taRuq)

mə-sidugto sleep (PMP: *ma-tiduR) *tiduR

me-ʔitato see (PAN: *kita₂) *kita

nagenitive of common nouns (PAN: *na₃)

namokmosquito (PMP: *ñamuk) Dupaningan

nataŋvegetable (PMP: *nateŋ) *NaCeŋ Dupaningan

nimarker of (singular) personal names (PAN: *ni) Dupaningan

niyógcoconut (PMP: *niuR) Dupaningan

ŋábŋabcrunching sound of chewing on something hard (PAN: *ŋabŋab) Eastern

ŋadaspalate (PMP: *ŋadas) Eastern

ŋadasgums (PMP: *ŋadas) Dupaningan

ŋasŋaschew through (as for a dog to chew through his leash and get away) (PMP: *ŋasŋas) Eastern

ŋátŋatchew food, betel nut, gum, etc. (PWMP: *ŋatŋat) Eastern

ŋilosensitive teeth (PAN: *ŋilu) Eastern

ŋipantooth (PAN: *ŋipen) Dupaningan

ŋítŋitfood stuck between the teeth (PAN: *ŋitŋit₁) Dupaningan

pa-causative prefix (PAN: *pa-₂)

payet, still (PAN: *pa₁) Eastern

pa-kan-anto feed a person or animal (PAN: *pa-kaen-en) *kaen Dupaningan

Agta (Central Cagayan) (140 / 177)

pakófern (PWMP: *paku) *paheku Eastern

ped-peda fan (PAN: *paid) Dupaningan

pigəhow many? (PAN: *pijax)

pili-anchoose (PMP: *piliq-an) *piliq Dupaningan

pílitto force, make something act against its will (PPH: *pílit) Eastern

pítuseven (PAN: *pitu₁) *pitu Dupaningan

potput-anpluck, pull out, uproot, as a hair or a vegetable in the ground (PAN: *putput₁) Dupaningan

puléŋdirt or other matter stuck in the eye (PWMP: *puliŋ₂) Dupaningan

púsadnavel (PMP: *pusej) Dupaningan

pusúheart (PMP: *pusuq₁) Dupaningan

putputpull out of the ground; shed (feathers or hair) (PAN: *putput₁) Eastern

risalouse egg (PMP: *lisehaq, liseqah) *liseqeS Dupaningan

sáklothold crossways in the arms (as to hold a sleeping child crossways in the arms) (PPH: *sak(e)lut-en) *sak(e)lút Eastern

salaŋdammar pine tree; its raw wood is waxy, as is burned as candles, Agathis philippinensis (PAN: *saleŋ) Dupaningan

saŋetcry, weep (PMP: *taŋis) *Caŋis Dupaningan

sáŋoto scent (animal using nose to seek or track prey) (PPH: *sáŋu) Eastern

sʌpʌwwaterfall (PPH: *sampaw)

sayáddrag on the ground, scrape across the ground (as a boat being pushed across a sandbar, or a woman’s long dress dragging on the ground) (LOAN) Eastern

síkatsunrise (PPH: *sikát) Eastern

sikátpopular (< Tagalog) (PPH: *sikát) Eastern

Agta (Central Cagayan) (160 / 177)

síloloop, lasso, collar; trap made of loops for birds, pigs or deer (PPH: *síluq) Eastern

s-inathere (2p) (PMP: *i-na) *-na

sinagsunlight; weather; summer (PMP: *sinaR) *siNaR Dupaningan

siŋótto sniff, snurf (PWMP: *siŋ(e)hut) Eastern

siyákcry, yelp (PWMP: *ciak) Eastern

siʔlaksplit; crack (PWMP: *siqelak) Eastern

sululight, any kind of device for emitting light (PMP: *suluq) Dupaningan

suŋsuŋ-anheadwaters, source of a stream or river (PWMP: *suŋsuŋ₁) Dupaningan

supitnarrow (PWMP: *supit) Eastern

tabógwallowing hole for wild pigs (PPH: *tebug) Eastern

tallóthree (PAN: *telu) Dupaningan

ta-titusmall puppy (PMP: *titu) Dupaningan

títupuppy (PMP: *titu) Dupaningan

tudknee (PMP: *tuhud) *tuduS

tulaŋbone (PWMP: *tuqelaŋ)

útasto continue (PPH: *útas) Eastern

úttogsexually aroused (male) (PPh: *qutuR) Eastern

yanthis (PWMP: *ian₃)

Agta (Dupaningan) (98) WMP (Robinson 2011) [duo] (Agta, Dupaninan) Philippines

appánbait for fishing (PAN: *paen) Dupaningan

ba-bbeywoman (PAN: *ba-bahi) *bahi Dupaningan

begloincloth, traditional g-string (PMP: *bahaR) Dupaningan

bitustone (PMP: *batu) *batux Dupaningan

dad-dákalparents (PPH: *dakél) Dupaningan

dakálbig, large (PPH: *dakél) Dupaningan

daŋdáŋ-anput a pot next to the fire to keep food warm (PMP: *daŋdaŋ₁) *daŋdaŋ Dupaningan

di-diyaupstream (cp. di-lod ‘downstream’) (PWMP: *di-daya) *daya Dupaningan

digetsea, ocean (PMP: *daRat) Dupaningan

digiblood (PAN: *daRaq) Dupaningan

dilátongue (PMP: *dilaq₁) Dupaningan

dilanroad, path, trail (PMP: *zalan) Dupaningan

dinómwater (PMP: *danum) *daNum Dupaningan

dipogashes, dust (PMP: *dapuR₁) Dupaningan

ditagplain, small clearing (PAN: *dataR) Dupaningan

donleaf (PMP: *dahun) Dupaningan

d<um>igito bleed (PAN: *daRaq) Dupaningan

d<um>itáŋto arrive (PWMP: *d<um>ateŋ) *dateŋ Dupaningan

dúwatwo (PMP: *duha) *duSa Dupaningan

gúsoksternum, center of chest below breasts (PAN: *Rusuk) Dupaningan

Agta (Dupaningan) (20 / 98)

i-ditáŋbring something (PMP: *dateŋ) Dupaningan

i-kuyógto accompany, go with (PPH: *kúyug) Dupaningan

i-lákadrun away with, kidnap (PPH: *i-lákaj) *lakaj Dupaningan

i-nataŋcook vegetables (PMP: *nateŋ) *NaCeŋ Dupaningan

i-ped-pedto fan (PAN: *paid) Dupaningan

i-saŋlagto fry (PMP: *saŋelaR) Dupaningan

i-tánamto bury (PPH: *i-tanem) *CaNem Dupaningan

kali-dúwasoul (PMP: *duha) *duSa Dupaningan

kan-anfood, especially rice (PAN: *kaen-en) *kaen Dupaningan

kayúliving tree (PMP: *kahiw) *kaSiw Dupaningan

kilátlightning (PMP: *kilat₁) *likaC Dupaningan

-kitawe, you and I; first person dual inclusive enclitic pronoun (PAN: *k-ita) *ita₁ Dupaningan

-kita-mwe, first person plural inclusive nominative enclitic pronoun (PAN: *k-ita) *ita₁ Dupaningan

kon-pseudo-verb used to indicate quoted speech (PWMP: *kua-n) *kua₁ Dupaningan

kugitáoctopus (PMP: *kuRita) *guRiCa Dupaningan

kulata mushroom that grows from a dead tree (PMP: *kulat₂) *kulaC Dupaningan

kulettree bark, peel of a fruit, shell (PMP: *kulit) *kuliC Dupaningan

k<um>agetto bite (PMP: *k<um>aRat) *kaRaC Dupaningan

kútulouse (PMP: *kutu₁) *kuCux Dupaningan

lakad-ín-anleave someone, walk out on (from *lakad-an-an, with low vowel fronting) (PPH: *lakáj-an) *lakaj Dupaningan

Agta (Dupaningan) (40 / 98)

lá-lakayold man; husband (PWMP: *lakay) Dupaningan

lallákiman, male (historically a plural) (PWMP: *la-laki) *laki₁ Dupaningan

láŋawhousefly (PMP: *laŋaw) Dupaningan

láŋetsky (PMP: *laŋit) *laŋiC Dupaningan

layáginger, Zingiber officinale (PMP: *laqia) Dupaningan

legneck, throat (PAN: *liqeR) Dupaningan

límafive (PAN: *lima) Dupaningan

lollobutterfly (NOISE) Dupaningan

l<um>ákadto leave, to exit (PPH: *l<um>ákaj) *lakaj Dupaningan

lumótmoss (PMP: *lumut) Dupaningan

luwáteardrop (PMP: *luheq) *luSeq Dupaningan

ma-digetrough, of the sea (PMP: *daRat) Dupaningan

mag-degustake a bath, bathe; play in water, swim around (PAN: *diRus) Dupaningan

mag-digito menstruate (PWMP: *maR-daRaq) *daRaq Dupaningan

mag-gisgisto brush, as teeth (PAN: *gisgis₁) Dupaningan

mag-gutgutto gnaw, bite into something, tear at something with the teeth (PMP: *gutgut₁) *gutgut Dupaningan

mag-kalito dig (PMP: *kali₂) *kalih Dupaningan

mag-kanto eat, especially rice or a meal containing rice (PPH: *maR-kaen) *kaen Dupaningan

mag-kuletto peel, skin (PMP: *kulit) *kuliC Dupaningan

mag-lákadto walk (PPH: *maR-lákaj) *lakaj Dupaningan

Agta (Dupaningan) (60 / 98)

mag-laŋoyto swim (PWMP: *laŋuy) Dupaningan

mag-lesleslift or roll up clothes when crossing a body of water so that they do not get wet (PPH: *lesles₁) Dupaningan

mag-lututo cook, especially rice (PWMP: *lutuq) Dupaningan

mag-naŋoyto swim (PMP: *naŋuy) *Naŋuy Dupaningan

mag-ŋalŋalto chew, gnaw (PAN: *ŋalŋal) Dupaningan

mag-ŋatŋatto chew, gnaw (PAN: *ŋeCŋeC) Dupaningan

mag-potpotharvest a vegetable that grows in the ground; pluck, uproot (PAN: *putput₁) Dupaningan

mag-saŋetto cry, to weep (PMP: *taŋis) *Caŋis Dupaningan

ma-katálitchy (PMP: *ma-gatel) *gaCel Dupaningan

manokbird, chicken (PMP: *manuk) Dupaningan

ma-puluten (PWMP: *ma-puluq) *puluq Dupaningan

ma-sakétsick (PMP: *ma-sakit) *sakit Dupaningan

matáeye (PMP: *mata) *maCa Dupaningan

ma-tídugto sleep (PMP: *ma-tiduR) *tiduR Dupaningan

namokmosquito (PMP: *ñamuk) Dupaningan

nataŋvegetable (PMP: *nateŋ) *NaCeŋ Dupaningan

nimarker of (singular) personal names (PAN: *ni) Dupaningan

niyógcoconut (PMP: *niuR) Dupaningan

ŋadasgums (PMP: *ŋadas) Dupaningan

ŋipantooth (PAN: *ŋipen) Dupaningan

Agta (Dupaningan) (80 / 98)

ŋítŋitfood stuck between the teeth (PAN: *ŋitŋit₁) Dupaningan

pa-kan-anto feed a person or animal (PAN: *pa-kaen-en) *kaen Dupaningan

ped-peda fan (PAN: *paid) Dupaningan

pili-anchoose (PMP: *piliq-an) *piliq Dupaningan

pítuseven (PAN: *pitu₁) *pitu Dupaningan

potput-anpluck, pull out, uproot, as a hair or a vegetable in the ground (PAN: *putput₁) Dupaningan

puléŋdirt or other matter stuck in the eye (PWMP: *puliŋ₂) Dupaningan

púsadnavel (PMP: *pusej) Dupaningan

pusúheart (PMP: *pusuq₁) Dupaningan

risalouse egg (PMP: *lisehaq, liseqah) *liseqeS Dupaningan

salaŋdammar pine tree; its raw wood is waxy, as is burned as candles, Agathis philippinensis (PAN: *saleŋ) Dupaningan

saŋetcry, weep (PMP: *taŋis) *Caŋis Dupaningan

sinagsunlight; weather; summer (PMP: *sinaR) *siNaR Dupaningan

sululight, any kind of device for emitting light (PMP: *suluq) Dupaningan

suŋsuŋ-anheadwaters, source of a stream or river (PWMP: *suŋsuŋ₁) Dupaningan

tallóthree (PAN: *telu) Dupaningan

ta-titusmall puppy (PMP: *titu) Dupaningan

títupuppy (PMP: *titu) Dupaningan

Agta (Eastern) (47) WMP (Nickell and Nickell 1987) [duo] (Agta, Dupaninan) Philippines

alalitype of fish (PMP: *alali) Eastern

amótto clamp one’s hand over one’s own or someone else’s mouth to prevent talking or breathing; hold one’s nostrils so no air enters (PMP: *hemut) *Semut Eastern

amot-ánto pinch one’s nostrils so water doesn’t enter (PMP: *hemut) *Semut Eastern

bahakpiglet (PAN: *beRek) Eastern

bátaŋkind of very hard, rather large bracket fungus, in the shape of an ear. It grows on trees and is not edible. (PMP: *bataŋ) *bataŋ₁ Eastern

bitáŋlog (PMP: *bataŋ) *bataŋ₁ Eastern

bitáŋanimal trap (PPH: *batéŋ) Eastern

biyawin-law (PWMP: *bayaw) Eastern

búgsokto descend (PPH: *bug(e)suk) Eastern

búnogsmall fish (PPH: *búnuR) Eastern

dapánsole of the foot (PMP: *dapan) *dapaN Eastern

gisáto fry in fat (LOAN) Eastern

gúlpisudden, quick; very large amount of something; suddenly get everything of something (LOAN) Eastern

gutgutto bite and tear with the teeth (PMP: *gutgut₁) *gutgut Eastern

háyupanimal, creature, spirit (generic for any non-human creature, especially mammals, whether natural or supernatural; includes fairies, elves, goblins, etc.) (PPH: *háyup) Eastern

katálto scratch (PMP: *gatel) *gaCel Eastern

kíliŋbamboo (for odd jobs, not building) (PPH: *kilíŋ₂) Eastern

kisapto blink (PWMP: *ki(n)sap) Eastern

lapdasto get marks on one’s shoulders from carrying a heavy backpack; to spank or whip s.o. with a switch or whip and raise welts (PPH: *lap(e)des) Eastern

lésleshold up one’s skirt or pants legs (when crossing a river) (PPH: *lesles₁) Eastern

Agta (Eastern) (20 / 47)

ludludto scrape one’s body with a rock when bathing to remove dirt (PPH: *ludlud₁) Eastern

lupáypaybroken arm that flops around (PPH: *lupaypáy) Eastern

luwásgo out (PMP: *luas₁) Eastern

mag-sa-sáŋlagto fry; sizzle, hiss (PMP: *saŋelaR) Eastern

maki-affix indicating associative activity by a few people (PPH: *maki-) Eastern

ŋábŋabcrunching sound of chewing on something hard (PAN: *ŋabŋab) Eastern

ŋadaspalate (PMP: *ŋadas) Eastern

ŋasŋaschew through (as for a dog to chew through his leash and get away) (PMP: *ŋasŋas) Eastern

ŋátŋatchew food, betel nut, gum, etc. (PWMP: *ŋatŋat) Eastern

ŋilosensitive teeth (PAN: *ŋilu) Eastern

payet, still (PAN: *pa₁) Eastern

pakófern (PWMP: *paku) *paheku Eastern

pílitto force, make something act against its will (PPH: *pílit) Eastern

putputpull out of the ground; shed (feathers or hair) (PAN: *putput₁) Eastern

sáklothold crossways in the arms (as to hold a sleeping child crossways in the arms) (PPH: *sak(e)lut-en) *sak(e)lút Eastern

sáŋoto scent (animal using nose to seek or track prey) (PPH: *sáŋu) Eastern

sayáddrag on the ground, scrape across the ground (as a boat being pushed across a sandbar, or a woman’s long dress dragging on the ground) (LOAN) Eastern

síkatsunrise (PPH: *sikát) Eastern

sikátpopular (< Tagalog) (PPH: *sikát) Eastern

síloloop, lasso, collar; trap made of loops for birds, pigs or deer (PPH: *síluq) Eastern

Agta (Eastern) (40 / 47)

siŋótto sniff, snurf (PWMP: *siŋ(e)hut) Eastern

siyákcry, yelp (PWMP: *ciak) Eastern

siʔlaksplit; crack (PWMP: *siqelak) Eastern

supitnarrow (PWMP: *supit) Eastern

tabógwallowing hole for wild pigs (PPH: *tebug) Eastern

útasto continue (PPH: *útas) Eastern

úttogsexually aroused (male) (PPh: *qutuR) Eastern

8. Agutaynen (767) WMP (Caabay et al. 2014) [agn] Philippines

abayfor people to sit or walk side by side; for boats to travel side by side; bridesmaid (PPH: *abay)

aboloyfood or money donated or given to a family who has just lost their house or lost a loved one (PPH: *abúluy)

adey ~ areyinterjection of pain or distress (PPH: *aráy)

ag-kabag-anfor someone to have gas pains, bloating (PPH: *kábag)

ag-ka-pilay-enfor one’s leg, foot, arm to be asleep, feel numb or paralyzed (PAN: *piNay)

ag-laŋsi-anto be bothered by fishy smells (PMP: *laŋ(e)si)

ag-mata-mata-ento see something or visualize something in your mind, such as the face of a dead person (PPH: *mata-en) *maCa

ag-pa-ŋan-ento be eaten (PWMP: *pa-ŋaen) *kaen

alasace, as in playing cards (LOAN)

alawidfar, a great distance (PWMP: *alawid)

alipolotsmall whirlwind, dust devil (PPH: *qali-puRut)

amat-amatlittle by little (of continuous effort) (PWMP: *amat)

antabay-ento assist, support someone in walking somewhere by holding their arm; to lead someone by the hand or arm (PPh: *antábay)

apenlarge monofilament line usually used for catching large fish (said to be ‘archaic’) (PMP: *hapen)

apros-onto rub a person’s back; to brush dirt, sand, etc. off the surface of something; to remove grain heads of rice by rubbing or sliding the fingers down the stalk (PPH: *ap(e)rus)

aradoplow (LOAN)

araŋsomething that is in the way, or purposely placed somewhere as a barrier in order to prevent people, animals, or a flow of water from entering (PWMP: *qadaŋ)

atadoone kilogram bundle, or string of meat for retail sale (LOAN)

atola large permanent fish trap made of rocks in the shape of a spade on a playing card; these atol fish traps are very large, and can easily be seen from an airplane (PAN: *atuR)

atoliground rice, cooked like porridge (sometimes it is used as a substitute for baby’s milk) (LOAN)

Agutaynen (20 / 767)

aʔketbelt (PPH: *hag(e)kes)

baflood (PMP: *bahaq₂) *baSaq

bagaya thing, an object; things to do; things in general (PPH: *bágay)

bakaŋbowlegged; for one’s walk or stance to be slightly bowlegged (PAN: *bakaŋ₁)

bakláa male with feminine tendencies; effeminate; homosexual (said to be borrowed from Tagalog) (LOAN)

bakokoa small land turtle (PPH: *baququ)

balloincloth (PMP: *bahaR)

balagenvines that grow as weeds in a field or forest (PWMP: *balaRen)

balatsea cucumber (generic); these are found in the tidal flats, are cylindrical in shape and express a white, sticky substance when squeezed; some are edible (PPh: *balát)

banabakind of large tree; the leaves or bark are boiled and then the water is drunk when one has a kidney problem or urinary tract infection (PPh: *banabá)

baŋbaŋto destroy something by making holes in it (as a wall destroyed by a dog making holes in it because he wanted to come into the kitchen) (PWMP: *baŋbaŋ₄)

baŋil-anto wedge something under something to make it level or prevent it from wiggling (PPH: *baŋil)

baŋkorothe “noni” fruit. It turns black when ripe. Some people boil it and then use the water for medicinal purposes. (PWMP: *baŋkudu)

baŋlófragrant smell of something; nice, good smell (PPH: *baŋ(e)lúh)

basiŋ-anto reach out and grab someone’s calf (PPH: *batiŋ) *baq(e)tiŋ

batala kind of round grain which can be mixed with rice (it is good for making bibingka cakes, and is also fed to chickens) (PAN: *baCaR)

bataŋdriftwood (PMP: *bataŋ) *bataŋ₁

batiŋtiŋa musical triangle or wind chimes (PPH: *batiŋtiŋ)

bawbreakfast, morning snack (PAN: *baSaw)

bawalprohibited; forbidden; taboo to do (LOAN)

Agutaynen (40 / 767)

bawaŋ-ana place where the water runs downhill (PPH: *bawaŋ₂)

bawik-ento help someone stand up after falling over; to return something to an upright position; (PPH: *bawiq-en) *báwiq

bayato intentionally leave, desert or abandon someone or something, such as a husband leaving his family (PPH: *bayáq)

baybáyseashore; beach (PPh: *baybáy)

bayoŋbasket for shopping or carrying things in, made of woven bori leaves or abaca, or colorful plastic (LOAN)

baʔbakto split something by tearing or peeling it apart; to forcefully split or rip something apart, usually with a downward tearing action (PMP: *bakbak₁)

beltayoar; paddle (PMP: *beRsay)

belt-ento get revenge on someone; to avenge; to retaliate; to “get even” with someone (PAN: *bales₁)

beteŋ-ento pull something, or pull on something; to yank or jerk suddenly on a line (PPH: *beteŋ₃) *beteŋ₂

beteŋ-en ta talitug-of-war game (PPH: *beteŋ₃) *beteŋ₂

biglasudden; immediately; instantly (PPh: *big(e)láq)

bilaŋas if (PPH: *bilaŋ₂)

bilashusband of one’s sister-in-law; wife of one’s brother-in-law (PPH: *bilas)

bodbodpowdery substance such as laundry soap, sugar (PPH: *budbud₂)

bogbog-onto beat someone up; to hit someone forcefully, non-stop (PPH: *bugbug-en) *bugbug

bogtoŋonly offspring of a human or animal (PPH: *buR(e)túŋ)

b<om>awaŋfor water or rain to rush downhill, overflow a canal or bank; for water to flood a yard (PPH: *bawaŋ₂)

bonolk.o. small fish with yellow, white, and black stripes around the body (they live around large rocks in the reef) (PPH: *búnuR)

boŋboŋdynamite; explosives (PPh: *buŋbuŋ₂)

bosala muzzle for a dog; a halter for a horse or cow, including the bit (LOAN)

Agutaynen (60 / 767)

botonisbutton (LOAN)

boyboy-onto scold or belittle someone after giving them help, money, etc. (PPH: *buybúy)

boʔboksmall insects that eat wood or bamboo; woodborer; small weevils that bore into dried beans (PMP: *bukbuk₃)

boʔlilie, falsehood; a fib (PWMP: *buqeli)

butandiŋwhale shark (PPh: *butandiŋ)

dadagrandmother or great-grandmother (this is an old term of reference) (PPH: *dada₂)

da-dala-ŋ-dala-ŋteenager: more often used about girls (PWMP: *da-daRa) *daRa₂

dalamistraw, dried rice stalk (PMP: *zaRami)

dalanroad, street; fig., the way, methodology, standards one follows in one’s work, life, beliefs; the way by which something is achieved, accomplished (PMP: *zalan)

dala-ŋpuberty, male and female (PMP: *daRa₂)

dalawdaw-ento talk loudly, usually using rude language (NEAR)

d<al>ayaw-enpraiseworthy (PPH: *dáyaw)

daliksudden; unplanned (PPH: *dalíq)

dalik-ento startle someone by not giving prior notice about something (PPH: *dalíq)

dalitvenom (PPH: *dalit₃)

damaa game similar to checkers (LOAN)

damalday; morning (PPH: *damaR₂)

daŋawa measurement, the breadth of one hand span (PPH: *daŋaw)

daonleaf of a plant or tree (PMP: *dahun)

dapaka type of yellowish-brown, wide-bodied fish, caught with hook and line (PPH: *dapak)

Agutaynen (80 / 767)

dapatshould do something; should be a certain way; supposed to do (PPH: *dapat₄)

dapitto accompany a procession to, from church for a funeral, wedding, baptism, etc. (PWMP: *dapit)

dapoa person or animal that is hanging around a place that is not theirs (PPH: *dapu)

dapogleaves burned in slash and burn farming (PMP: *dapuR₁)

dapog-anto burn dried leaves (PWMP: *dapuR-an) *dapuR₁

dawamillet, a small grain used for porridge, or chicken feed (PAN: *zawa₂)

dawasmall, round grain, such as millet, sesame seeds or poppy seeds (some types can be made into porridge, others can be fed to birds) (PAN: *zawa₂)

dayopeople who are living at a place but are not from there, or are not permanent residents (PPH: *dáyu)

daʔtalfloor (PPH: *daq(e)taR)

depaa unit of measure the distance of outstretched arms (PAN: *depah)

depa-ento measure with outstretched arms (PWMP: *depa-en) *depah

didalthimble (LOAN)

dilaktongue (PMP: *dilaq₁)

dilisa type of small, long-jawed anchovy fish used to make fish paste when soused in brine (PPH: *dilis)

dodoyterm of reference or address for a little boy (PPH: *duduy)

doldolthunder (PPH: *duldúl₂)

dolibone (PMP: *duRi)

doloŋbow, front of a boat (PWMP: *duluŋ)

domaother, other people (PAN: *duma)

d<om>apatfor something to lie flat, smooth, without sticking up all over; for something to settle down flat (PPH: *dapat₃)

Agutaynen (100 / 767)

d<om>apoto alight on or swarm on, gather around something; be attracted or drawn to something like a magnet (PPH: *dapu)

d<om>eʔdetto press up against another person’s back or side in a crowded place; to squeeze one’s way through a crowd (PAN: *detdet)

do-roatwo (PMP: *da-duha) *duSa

doyanhammock; swinging cradle for a baby (can be made from a basket, blanket, net, etc.) (PPH: *dúyan)

doyoŋwhale (PMP: *duyuŋ₂)

ebebto scrunch one’s body over; to curl one’s body up in a ball; for a chicken to sit in her nest with her wings curled over her body (PPH: *qebqeb)

elaŋa room divider; walls between rooms; separated by something (PMP: *qelaŋ)

enat-ento remove, take something off the stove (PPH: *enat-en) *enat

galaŋrespect (PPH: *gálaŋ)

galaŋ-ento show respect to someone or something (PPH: *galaŋ-en) *gálaŋ

galoŋgoŋhard-tail mackerel; this is a small fish, steel gray in color, without scales (LOAN)

gamitthings; possessions; tools; equipment; utensils, etc. (PPH: *Rámit)

gamitthings; possessions; tools; equipment; utensils, etc. (PPH: *gámit)

gaŋamouth open (PPH: *gaŋa)

gapasa small sickle, used for harvesting rice or cutting cogon grass (PPH: *gápas)

gasgasa bad scrape, scratch or abrasion on the skin or on an object (PMP: *gasgas)

gatoŋfirewood (PPH: *gatuŋ)

geret-ento cut something with a knife or scissors (PAN: *gereC)

golayvegetables (this can also include dried native beans and edible leaves) (PWMP: *gulay)

golay-anto add vegetables, beans, or edible leaves to a meat or fish dish (PPH: *gulay-an) *gulay

Agutaynen (120 / 767)

golpisuddenly; immediately; instantly (LOAN)

gosokrib (PAN: *Rusuk)

goyoda kind of long-grain white rice that smells good when cooked (PPH: *guyud₂)

goyod-anto drag something; to tow something (PPH: *gúyud-an) *guyud₃

i-babawto weed, to cut or pull out weeds (PMP: *babaw₄)

i-bilaŋto count or consider in a certain way (PPH: *bilaŋ₂)

ibosa snack made of steamed sticky rice and wrapped in coconut plam leaves or banana leaves (often served at wakes, birthdays, weddings, or just as a snack) (PPH: *ibus₂)

ibosa snack made of steamed sticky rice and wrapped in coconut palm leaves or banana leaves (LOAN)

i-boʔbokto pour or dump something out; to anoint with oil by pouring the oil on the person’s head (PPH: *i-bukbuk) *bukbuk₄

i-dagtato be carried away, drift away with the current; to wash up on shore (PPH: *dág(e)saq)

i-daldalto talk nonstop about something; to gab about something (PPH: *daldál)

i-geretto cut something with a knife or scissors; to accidentally be cut, or cut something; to slice something up; to slice into small pieces; to make a cut on something (PMP: *geret)

i-lambedto tie or wrap a rope around something, scuh as a tree trunk (PPH: *la(m)béj)

ilapto fillet fish or meat (PPH: *irap)

ilap-ento fillet fish or meat (PPH: *hilap₃) *hilap

ilap-ento fillet fish or meat (PPH: *iráp-en) *irap

ilep-emto sip something, such as soup (PPH: *ilep)

ilotto massage muscles, joints; to set a fracture (PPh: *hílut)

impasconsumed; all used up; all gone; completely finished (PPH: *impas)

-in-marker of past tense, undergoer or instrument focus (PAN: *<in>) *-in-

Agutaynen (140 / 767)

ipa-laŋanto intentionally skip or miss something, be absent; to habitually do something every other time or every other day (PPH: *laŋan)

ipa-takoto make known (PMP: *taqu₂) *Caqu

i-pa-tandigto lean one thing against another (as a ladder against a house) (PMP: *sandiR)

ipa-tepeŋto elevate oneself to the same position or status as another; to make, consider oneself equal to another (PPH: *tepeŋ₂)

irawa type of medium-sized black snake which is not poisonous (they are very common, and often live in houses) (PPH: *idau)

i-sabitto hang something up on a nail; to attach something to something; to pin something on something, as a ribbon or leaf on a shirt; to be involved in something, be a part of (PPH: *i-saqebít) *saqebit

i-salinto transfer, move something, as a cake from one plate to another (PWMP: *salin)

i-saysayto explain; narration (PPH: *sáysay)

i-tabed-tabedto wrap a rope around something; to tie something up (PWMP: *tambej)

itakinner/upper thigh, groin area (PPh: *hitaq)

i-talokto hide or put something away; to conceal something; to keep or save something for future use; to store something away (PMP: *taRuq)

i-tambelto patch a hole in clothing or fabric, using a patch or scrap of material (PWMP: *tambel)

i-taʔpawto put, place something on top of something else (PPH: *i-taq(e)paw) *taq(e)paw

i-teltelto dip food in a sauce, liquid, or salt when eating (PPH: *teltel)

i-teretto squash something by pinching between one’s thumbnails, for example small insects, hair lice, a pimple, dandruff, etc. (PWMP: *tedes)

kaindeed (PPH: *qa)

kabalthe thin, cellophane-like membrane that sometimes covers a newborn infant when it is born (PAN: *kabal₁)

kabana wooden box or trunk used like a bag or suitcase (these boxes were used in the past and are rarely used today) (PWMP: *kaban₂)

kabana measurement for rice, holds approximately one “pasong” or 25 “ganta” of rice, which is equivalent to 62.5 kilos (LOAN)

Agutaynen (160 / 767)

kakaolder sister (PMP: *kaka₂)

kaladitaro root crop; this is a plant, not a vine, and the tuber can grow quite large; they are found in low-lying areas where the water stocks up (PWMP: *kaladi)

kalata basket made of rattan in a U-shape, used in trapping small fish (PWMP: *qalat)

kalat-enfor something to rust, become rusty (PWMP: *karat₁)

kalibonkind of shrub with large pointed leaves which can be used for medicinal purposes; the leaves can be boiled and then the water drunk to relieve a cough or intestinal problems (PPH: *qalibun)

kalimahand (PAN: *qa-lima) *lima

kalimahand (PAN: *qalima)

ka-lipayjoy, happiness (PPH: *lípay)

kalit-anto change place or activity (PPH: *qalis-an) *qalís

kaloa large wooden pestle used to pound rice, or to grind or mash something in a large wooden mortar (PMP: *qahelu) *qaSelu

kamandagsmall black fuzzy worms, like caterpillars, which live on leaves (they eat the leaves of rice plants, causing much damage) (PPH: *kamandag)

kandilacandle (LOAN)

kanonaŋkind of large tree that produces green fruit; inside its green fruit there is a sticky substance which can be made into glue (PAN: *qaNuNaŋ)

kanotsoot from a flame, or from the exhaust of a vehicle or engine (PWMP: *qanuqus)

kapidtwin (PMP: *qapij)

kapitclothespins (PMP: *qapit) *qapiC

kapit-enput a clothespin on something (PMP: *qapit) *qapiC

kapoy-onto be overcome, as by sleep or tiredness; become out of breath when doing something (PPH: *kápuy)

karaykaya rake with a metal claw-like end (not the same as the homemade bamboo rakes used in slash-and-burn farming) (PPH: *k<ar>aykáy) *kaykáy

kasilthe long outrigger of a boat (PMP: *katiR)

Agutaynen (180 / 767)

ka-soayenemy (PPH: *suay)

ka-talon-anforest, woods, jungle (PPH: *ka-talun-an) *CaluN

katosmoke (PMP: *qasu₃)

katod-anfor two people to pound rice together in the same mortar (PPh: *qasúd)

katombalvarious kinds of peppers (LOAN)

kawaywave the hand back and forth (PMP: *kaway₁)

kepathe fine chaff left after milling rice grain (it is usually fed to pigs) (PWMP: *qepah)

ketarice bran (PMP: *qeta) *qeCah

ketelstrength; vigor (PAN: *keseR)

kiawmyna bird (PAN: *kiaw)

kilaw-anto squint because of looking at something very bright or glaring (PWMP: *kilaw₂)

kilaw-onto fillet or thinly slice raw fish or meat and then mix it with vinegar, onions, and spices (it is eaten raw or just partially cooked) (PPH: *kilaw₁)

kilpitclothespin (PPH: *qiR(e)pit)

kilpit-ento hand clothes on a line with clothespins (PPH: *qiR(e)pit)

kimon-anto feel or act jealous (PPh: *qímun)

kirodog (PPH: *qiduq)

kirodog (dogs are kept mostly as guard dogs, although people do get attached to them as pets; men are fond of eating dog meat along with alcoholic drinks) (NEAR)

kiwshark (PAN: *qiSu)

koamthrush infection in the mouth or throat (PMP: *guham) *guSam

kodalfence (LOAN)

Agutaynen (200 / 767)

kokofingernail, toenail (PMP: *kukuh) *kuSkuS₁

kolintatnecklace (PPH: *kulintas)

kolintat-ento wear a necklace (PPH: *kulintas)

kolodworms that live in the earth, on leaves, etc.; maggots or larvae that infest food or decaying flesh (PMP: *qulej)

k<om>abotto arrive at, or reach, a destination (PPH: *qábut)

k<om>alitto interrupt one’s work to take a few minutes to do another job (PPH: *qalís)

komboa native rice cake also known by the Tagalog term bibingka (LOAN)

k<om>opasto fade, as of colors, clothing; for flowers to lose their brilliance; for jewelry to become tarnished, or have the gold worn off (PPH: *kúpas)

kopasfaded (PPH: *kúpas)

koranrain (PMP: *quzan) *quzaN

korita line made with a pencil, ballpoint pen, or a sharp object (PPH: *kurit)

korok-onto call a chicken (PWMP: *kuruk)

kotolsexual feelings or urges; orgasm (PPh: *qutuR)

k<um>eletto shrink, as wood or bamboo (PPH: *keles)

labawfor someone or something to be greater, higher, more important than everything else (PPH: *labaw₂)

labinight (PMP: *Rabiqi)

lagadihandsaw (LOAN)

lagaybribe (LOAN)

la-lanay dato be totally exhausted, without any more strength; to feel weak and limp (PPH: *lanay₂)

laloŋyoung cockerel with no comb yet (PMP: *laluŋ)

Agutaynen (220 / 767)

lamaŋonly; just; only just now; just as soon as (PPH: *lámaŋ)

lambanogsugarcane wine (PPH: *lambanug)

lambata traditonal large fishing net made of hemp rope and used in deep water (PWMP: *Rambat)

lambedto tie or wrap a rope around something, such as a tree trunk (PPH: *la(m)béj)

lambid-enfor two things, such as trees or pieces of wood, to be crossed over each other; to cross one’s arms on top of each other; to cross one’s legs/ankles (PPH: *lambid)

lamboŋclothes, or an article of clothing; garment (PPH: *lambuŋ)

lamotroot, as of a plant; a magic love charm, directed at a person by another in order to cause him/her to be attracted to her/him (PMP: *Ramut₁)

lamota magic love charm directed at a person by another in order to cause him/her to be attracted to him/her (PPH: *Ramut₂)

lamot-onto put a love charm on somebody (PMP: *Ramut₁)

lampakto intentionally throw or slam something down forcefully, or smash it against something; to beat or club a person or animal forcefully with a stick or piece of bamboo (PWMP: *lapak)

lampaso-anto mop a floor (LOAN)

lampincloth diapers (PWMP: *lampin)

laŋenstones for supporting a pot (usually three stones are used); hearth, native stove made of a firebox filled with sand, and stones or a metal rack for setting the cooking pot on (PMP: *laŋen₁) *laŋen

laŋen-ento use something to support a cooking pot (PMP: *laŋen₁) *laŋen

laonold rice or cashew nuts, which have been stored for 1 to 2 years; old maid, spinster; old bachelor (PWMP: *laun)

lapidasomething made of marble or polished stone and engraved with a name, usually a gravestone or a name marker on a person’s office desk (LOAN)

lapikto intentionally snap or break something in half, or break something off (PWMP: *Rapiq)

lapotfor a person or animal to pass through a space, opening; for something to pass or drain through to the other side of something (PPH: *lápus)

lapot-onto bind or tie up a person by the arms and/or feet, or an animal by the feet, usually with a rope (PWMP: *Rapus-en) *Rapus

lasonpoison (LOAN)

Agutaynen (240 / 767)

latoktype of edible seaweed which looks like small clusters of green grapes (it is dipped in vinegar and eaten raw) (PMP: *latuq)

lawaysaliva; spittle (PPH: *láway)

lawita single long piece of bamboo (PPH: *ráwis)

lebatcompletely undressed, naked (PWMP: *lebas)

lebek-ento pound rice with a traditonal, large wooden mortar and pestle (PPh: *lebék)

lemektender, soft, as of meat, beans that are boiled; soft, as of a mattress, rotten fish, etc.; loose, as of a cough (PWMP: *lemeq)

lemektender, soft, as of meat, beans that are boiled; soft, as of a mattress, rotten fish, etc. (PWMP: *ma-lemek) *lemeq

lemet-ento intentionally drown a person or an animal (PWMP: *lemes-en) *lemes

lenlen-ento push something aside, or scrunch it up, in order to make room for something else (PPH: *lenlen)

letekthe sound of something clanging, pinging, or hitting against a metal object; a popping sound, as when lice eggs are squashed; a clicking or snapping sound; the hollow sound of wood or a skull being tapped; crunchy sound of candy, etc. being eaten (PWMP: *letek)

liabikey (LOAN)

liabi-anto unlock something with a key (LOAN)

líbatcross-eyed; a lazy, wandering eye (PPH: *libat)

libegbe worried, upset, troubled; to be confused (PPH: *libeg)

lihasandpaper (LOAN)

likedfootprints (PPH: *liqed)

likelneck (PAN: *liqeR)

liketlouse egg; nit (PWMP: *liqes)

likoto turn a certain direction; to turn away; to be crooked (PWMP: *liku₂)

likocrooked, bent; curved (PMP: *likuq)

Agutaynen (260 / 767)

liko-onto intentionally bend something, like a wire (PMP: *likuq)

limat-anto bail out water (PWMP: *limas-an) *limas

limat-ento bail out water; water inside a boat (PWMP: *limas-en) *limas

limosalms; money or goods given as charity to people (LOAN)

l<in>asonto be poisoned (LOAN)

linawabreath; air in the lungs (PPH: *linawa)

línolinen cloth; flax (from which linen is made) (LOAN)

l<in>ogawrice porridge (PPH: *l<in>ugaw) *lúgaw

lípeŋto feel faint, breathless; to faint, lose consciousness (PPH: *lipeŋ)

líralyre (LOAN)

liʔbelsediment, particles or dirt in water (PPH: *liq(e)beR)

lobakbumps in a road (LOAN)

lobak-lobakuneven area of road with many bumps and potholes; rough road (LOAN)

lobid-lobida native pastry like donuts, twisted into the shape of a figure eight (PPH: *lúbid)

lobid-lobid-ento twist into a figure eight (PPH: *lubid-en) *lúbid

lodto kneel down, to kneel down in front of someone (PPH: *luhúd)

logaw-onto make rice porridge (PPH: *lugaw-en) *lúgaw

loktears (PMP: *luheq) *luSeq

Agutaynen (280 / 767)

lok-anto produce tears; to tear, water (of the eyes) (PPH: *luheq-an) *luSeq

lokoba curved chisel for making holes in wood or bamboo (LOAN)

loksato be in mourning for a close relative for a specified time period, usually one year (PPH: *luk(e)saq)

lolagrandmother (LOAN)

lolograndfather (LOAN)

lolodshin; bones in the front of the lower leg (PAN: *luluj)

lolonto roll up a mat (PMP: *lulun) *luluN

lolon-onto roll up a mat (PWMP: *lulun-en) *luluN

lo-lotaw-lotawfor something to float, bob around on the surface, without going forward (PWMP: *lutaw)

lomathings which are old, have been around a long time, or are worn out (PPH: *lúmaq)

l<om>apawfor water to rise, come up and overflow a boundary, flowing into structures or submerging bridges (PWMP: *la(m)paw)

l<om>apotfor a person or animal to pass through a space, opening; for something to pass or drain through to the other side of something (PPH: *l<um>ápus) *lápus

l<om>apotfor a person or animal to pass through a space, opening; for something to pass or drain through to the other side of something (PWMP: *la(m)pus₂)

l<om>awigfor something, someone to become taller; to an item to increase, go up in price; for one’s blood pressure to go up (PPH: *lawig)

lomaya magic love charm directed by a person at another in order to cause him or her to be attracted to them (PPH: *lumay)

lomay-ento put a love charm on someone (PPH: *lumay-en) *lumay

lomboythe Java plum, a type of dark purple berry that grows in clusters on a tree; they are round or oblong and are the size of a medium to large olive, with a single seed; when eaten, they leave a fleeting, numb feeling in the mouth (PPH: *luŋ(e)búy)

l<om>igidto roll, as of a stone, coconut, etc. (PWMP: *ligid)

l<om>iŋgaŋfor a boat to rock back-and-forth, from side to side; to intentionally rock something back-and-forth (PWMP: *liŋgaŋ)

lomomeat without tendons, the part called the ‘loin’ in English (PMP: *lumu₂)

Agutaynen (300 / 767)

l<om>odto kneel (PPH: *l<um>uhúd) *luhúd

lomonto live with someone in their house for free, without payment (PPH: *lumun)

lomotmoss (PMP: *lumut)

lomot-onfor something to be covered with moss (PWMP: *lumut-en) *lumut

lonatarp; tarpaulin; awning on house (LOAN)

londaysmall boat without outriggers (at one time these were made from one long piece of hollowed-out wood, much like a canoe) (PPH: *lunday)

lonoa person in a vegetative-type state (PPH: *lunu₂)

lopiŋpiŋfor the crown of a chicken to be flopping over; for an animal to have ears that are long and floppy; for the brim of a hat to be floppy, not stiff (PPH: *lupíŋ)

lotawfor something to float on the surface of water; the waterline of a boat; the part of the hull which is above the waterline (PWMP: *lutaw)

lotoŋa large wooden mortar used in pounding rice, or grinding or mashing something with a large wooden pestle (PMP: *lusuŋ) *Nusuŋ

ma-bagbagfor a boat or passengers to suffer problems out at sea; for a boat or people to be shipwrecked (PPH: *bagbág)

ma-baŋlofragrant, nice smelling; to smell good (PPH: *ma-baŋ(e)luh) *baŋ(e)lúh

ma-bawcooled down, cooled off (PAN: *baSaw)

ma-belakfor something to accidentally become cracked or split; for the earth to crack open during an earthquake (PAN: *belaq)

ma-boat taŋ dilaktalkative (derogatory; lit. ‘long tongue’) (PMP: *dilaq₁)

ma-dagdagfor an object to fall off from where it is attached; for fruit to fall off a tree; to fall out of a bag or container (PPH: *dagdag)

ma-daldaltalkative (PPH: *daldál)

ma-dalitvenomous, poisonous (PPH: *dalit₃)

ma-dalosdosto accidentally slide down from somewhere (PPH: *darusdús)

ma-deketto be crowded or squeezed together (PPH: *ma-deket) *dekeC

Agutaynen (320 / 767)

ma-dolichoke on a bone or have one stuck in one’s throat (PWMP: *ma-duRi) *duRi

ma-elettight; tightly; firm (PMP: *heRet) *SeReC

mag-abosoto create a disturbance, often using insulting language or cursing (LOAN)

mag-agagto sift flour, sand, etc. (PWMP: *agag)

mag-alsato raise, lift something up; to carry something by lifting it up; to elevate something (LOAN)

mag-aminto admit to doing something; to confess a wrong or sin (LOAN)

mag-amomato entertain visitors, care for their needs; to host visitors, show hospitality to them (PPH: *amuma)

mag-anadto get used to doing something; to train, accustom yourself to do something; to train a dog, small child, etc. to do something (PPH: *anad)

mag-aŋkatfor a person to ride a bike or drive a motorcycle together with another person riding on the back; to let another person ride behind you (PPH: *aŋkás)

mag-aradoto plow (LOAN)

mag-arnis-anto box or sword fight, usually in play (LOAN)

ma-gasgas-anfor something to become scraped or scratched up (PMP: *gasgas)

mag-ayosto fix or repair something; to arrange things; to get something ready, in order; to solve a problem, fix things up between people (PPH: *áyus)

mag-aʔketto wear a belt; to tie, fasten something around the waist (PPH: *hag(e)kes)

mag-bakaŋto become bowlegged (PAN: *bakaŋ₁)

mag-batiŋtiŋfor something to make a tinkling sound (PPH: *batiŋtiŋ)

mag-bawasto reduce, lessen, decrease the amount of something; to subtract from, deduct from (PPH: *bawas)

mag-bawikto help someone stand up after falling over; to return something to an upright position; for a group of people, organization, or country to recover after a disaster or political collapse (PPH: *báwiq)

mag-belakto crack or split something open with a blade or knife (PAN: *belaq)

mag-beletto repay, return a favor or help; to reciprocate (PAN: *bales₁)

Agutaynen (340 / 767)

mag-beltayto row or paddle a boat or raft (PMP: *beRsay)

mag-boalfor a tree or large post to be uprooted or pulled out of the ground by strong winds (PPh: *buál)

mag-botonisto sew buttons onto clothing (LOAN)

mag-boʔbokto pour or dump something out; to anoint with oil by pouring the oil on the person’s head (PPH: *bukbuk₄)

mag-boʔlito lie about something; to lie to someone (PWMP: *buqeli)

mag-daliŋto moan in pain (PAN: *daRiŋ)

mag-damalfor an event or activity to continue all night long, until daybreak (PPH: *damaR₂)

mag-dapogto burn dried leaves (PMP: *dapuR₁)

mag-dáwatto reach, hand something to someone; to reach out and take something that is being handed (PPH: *dáwat)

mag-dayato cheat in a game; to cheat a person (LOAN)

mag-dayawto praise or think highly of a person; to praise or glorify God (PPH: *dáyaw)

mag-dayoto go and stay in a place temporarily for a purpose, usually to trade or to fish (PPH: *dáyu)

mag-daʔtalto make a floor (PPH: *daq(e)taR)

mag-deŋanto go together somewhere; to do something together at the very same time; familiar spirit (a familiar spirit is one which acts as a companion or a servant to a person) (PMP: *deŋan)

mag-depato measure with outstretched arms (PPH: *maR-depa) *depah

mag-dilam-dilamto stick one’s tongue out at someone and wiggle it (PPH: *dilam)

mag-dodato doubt something or someone; to be doubtful of a person’s actions; to suspect (LOAN)

mag-dokotto be resentful, or hold a grudge against someone; to refuse to speak to someone (PWMP: *dukut₁)

mag-dolokto clean up a field after it has been burned (any remaining brush which wasn’t burned is now burned, and the large rocks are put to the side to form the boundary of the field (PPH: *duluk)

mag-doloŋto be positioned on the bow of a boat (PWMP: *duluŋ)

Agutaynen (360 / 767)

mag-galoto mix, stir something such as cement (PMP: *galu)

mag-gamitto use something (PPH: *Rámit)

mag-gamitto use something (PPH: *gámit)

mag-gapasto cut, harvest with the use of a sickle (PPH: *gápas)

mag-gisato sauté food in a small amount of oil (LOAN)

mag-goyodto drag something; to tow something (PWMP: *guyud₃)

mag-idalto complain, fuss about the amount of one’s work or chores as compared to someone else’s; to push off the work onto someone else (PPH: *idal)

magin-iwikto oink or squeal, as of a pig or a large fruit bat (PPh: *íwik)

mag-ipesto quiet down, stop laughing, talking or crying; to keep quiet about a secret (PPH: *hipes)

mag-isipto think, to give thought to something; to consider something (PPh: *ísip)

mag-kaliawto yell, shout loudly, as of a drunk person or people fighting; to scream (PPH: *qaliaw)

mag-kalog-kalogto shake something (PPH: *kalug)

mag-kanotfor a kerosene torch, firewood, etc. to produce soot and get things sooty (PWMP: *qanuqus)

mag-kiʔkibto eat or gnaw on something large while holding with the hands; to tear something apart with the teeth (PPH: *kibkíb)

mag-kodalto build a fence, to enclose something with a fence (LOAN)

mag-kopitto pilfer; to steal small amounts of money (PPH: *kúpit)

mag-koskosto rub, scour something, such as a pot or floor (PWMP: *kuskus₂)

mag-koykoyfor an animal to dig in the ground with their claws; for a person to dig in the dirt with their hands; to dig away the dirt or sand covering or surrounding an object (PPH: *kuykúy₂)

mag-labrato shave, make straight and smooth a piece of wood with a bolo or knife (LOAN)

mag-lagadito saw something with a handsaw (LOAN)

Agutaynen (380 / 767)

mag-lagayto bribe someone (LOAN)

mag-lamboŋto wear clothes; to get dressed; to change clothes (PPH: *lambuŋ)

mag-lampasoto mop a floor (LOAN)

mag-lampinto put diapers on a baby, have a child wear diapers (PWMP: *lampin)

mag-lapoto steam or scald food in hot water; to parboil food (PPH: *lapu₁)

mag-lapotto bind or tie up a person by the arms and/or feet, or an animal by the feet, usually with a rope (PMP: *Rapus)

mag-larato start weaving the bottom of a basket, using strips of bori or pandanus leaves, or to start weaving the edge of a sleeping mat (PWMP: *laja)

mag-lasonto poison a person or animal (LOAN)

mag-latagto spread something out flat on the ground, as tree branches or leaves to burn in a field, gravel before laying cement, or clothes to dry in the sun (PPH: *latag)

mag-latayto walk on a gangplank or makeshift bridge; something placed across a canal or muddy area in order to walk to the other side (PPH: *latay)

mag-layasto run away, run off; to flee, escape;to take off, leave, or abandon someone (PPH: *layas₁)

mag-laʔlakto drink deeply; to guzzle (as a dog drinking) (PPH: *rakrak)

mag-lebatto take off, remove an article of clothing or shoes (PWMP: *lebas)

mag-liatfor something to become dislocated; to slip out of one’s grasp; to move out of position; to veer off, go off course (PWMP: *lias)

mag-libakto backbite, talk badly of others behind their back; to slander someone (PPH: *libák)

mag-libotto walk around; go around from place to place; to circle around an area; to make a loop around a place (PWMP: *libut)

mag-likedto step in or on something (PPH: *liqed)

mag-likofor something to become bent or crooked (PMP: *likuq)

mag-limatto bail out water, such as when cleaning out a well, or from the bottom of a boat (PMP: *limas)

mag-lipayto cheer someone up; to console or comfort someone (PPH: *lípay)

Agutaynen (400 / 767)

mag-lipokto break or snap something in half (as a pencil) (PPH: *lipuk)

mag-loatto remove, take off clothing (PPH: *luas₂)

mag-lodlodto scrub the skin or an object hard with the hands to remove dirt (PPH: *ludlud₁)

mag-lonlonto eat food all by itself rather than eating it along with the foods that usually accompany it (PWMP: *lunlun)

mag-lotokto cook something (PWMP: *lutuq)

mag-níwaŋbecome thin, lose weight (as a domestic pig) (PMP: *niwaŋ) *Niwaŋ

mag-okasto take something off, remove an item such as shoes, a ring; for something to unintentially come off or fall off (PWMP: *hukas)

mag-oripto repair woven material such as nipa palm shingles on a root, a mat, or a basket (PPH: *udip)

mag-osisato investigate; search, research; examine; question; interview (LOAN)

mag-oyon-anto agree together about something; for a group of people to be agreed, united, unified in a decision (PPH: *uyun₂)

magpa-dalosdosfor a person to intentionally slide, cause themselves to slide down from somewhere (PPH: *darusdús)

mag-palato shovel earth, cement, etc.; to use a shovel to dig a hole (LOAN)

mag-pa-sineŋto stare intently; carefully; to scrutinize (PWMP: *sineŋ)

mag-pa-sirapto glance at somebody; to look at, view something from a distance (PPH: *sirap)

mag-pa-takonwithin a year; for one year (PMP: *taqun)

mag-patisfor fermented fish to become, turn into fish sauce (the fish becomes watery and the salted water is what is called patis) (LOAN)

mag-pegeŋto hold tightly to something; to put pressure on something (PWMP: *pegeŋ)

mag-penpento cover up one’s ears, eyes, nose, etc.; to put one’s hands over a person’s mouth; to hold onto one’s private area when needing to urinate (PWMP: *penpen₂)

mag-piarto lend money or other things with trust, believing it will be handled carefully or will be repaid (LOAN)

mag-pikoto break things up with a pickaxe (LOAN)

Agutaynen (420 / 767)

mag-pilafor people to form a line; to line up one behind the other (LOAN)

mag-pintasto put a curse or hex on someone with the help of an evil spirit, by using a picture of the person or an item of clothing; to practice sorcery (PPH: *pintás)

mag-pintikto release the rubber strip on a spear gun or slingshot, i.e. to shoot the spear gun (PMP: *pitik₁) *pitik

mag-pirek-pirekto blink the eyes or flutter the eyelids; for an electric light to flicker on and off (PWMP: *pidek₁)

mag-poasfor the wind to lessen, die down, diminish; for the rain to stop or let up; for a flood to subside, recede; for a fever to go down (PWMP: *puas)

mag-potolto cut something off (PMP: *putul) *putun

mag-sabitto hang something up on a nail; to pin something on, as a ribbon or leaf on a shirt (PWMP: *sabit)

mag-saboagto spread, as of news or gossip, to scatter news or have it come out suddenly (PPH: *sabuag)

mag-salinto pour a liquid into another container; to transfer something to another container or plate (PWMP: *salin)

mag-santikto hit or clink two things together, as stones, or even heads; to strike a match using a matchbox (PPH: *santik)

mag-silotto punish (LOAN)

mag-soay-anto fight each other; quarrel (PPH: *suay)

mag-solsolto stir up; prod somebody to do something; to convince; to incite; make people discontented with the way things are (LOAN)

mag-sontokto box, to hit with the fist (PPH: *suntúk)

mag-soplakto oppose; to contradict, go against (NEAR)

mag-soʔsokto insert something inside a space; to plug into a socket (PAN: *suksuk)

mag-tabanto carry away wrongfully or forcefully; snatch or grab by the mouth, as an animal stealing food (PWMP: *maR-taban) *tabaN

mag-taban-anto elope (PMP: *taban) *tabaN

mag-tabatto cut something, as material (PWMP: *tabas₂)

mag-tagayto pour liquor into individual glasses (PPH: *tágay)

Agutaynen (440 / 767)

mag-tagayto pour liquor into individual glasses (LOAN)

mag-taketto measure something, someone using a tape measure (PPH: *takes₂)

mag-taki-takito have diarrhea (PMP: *taqi) *Caqi

mag-talokto hide something somewhere; to keep or reserve something for future use (PWMP: *maR-taRuq) *taRuq

mag-tambakto pile or stack things up; to cover or fill in a depression in the ground; to fill in a large hole (PMP: *tambak₂)

mag-tampelto cover up a hole in something; plug something so that the contents will not spill out; put a patch on something (as a patch of oregano on the head to cure headache) (PMP: *tapel) *Capel

mag-taŋato branch into two or three parts, or directions, such as a road (PMP: *saŋa₁)

mag-taŋkebfor something to shut, close tightly, close all the way (PWMP: *ta(ŋ)keb) *ta(ŋ)keb₁

mag-tapalto apply something to a surface, as leaves to a wound or sore area (PWMP: *tapal)

mag-tapokto shake, knock the dust off something (PPH: *tapuk₂)

mag-tastasto rip out the seams of a garment; to undo stitching (PAN: *tastas)

mag-tawadto bargain; to give a discount, lower the price of something (PWMP: *tawaD)

mag-tebekto stick a needle, pin into something; to thread a needle (PAN: *tebek)

mag-tekelto grab tightly around the neck; to choke or strangle a person or animal; to accidentally be strangled (PMP: *cekel)

mag-tipidto be thrifty, careful with finances and other resources (LOAN)

mag-toaŋfor two people to carry something, such as a stretcher, between them; for two people to carry a heavy item, like a bucket of water or a pig, hung in the middle of a long bamboo pole (PPH: *tuaŋ₂)

mag-tobli-anto miss each other by passing different ways or arriving at different times (PPH: *sub(e)líq)

mag-tokato vomit (PPH: *suka₂)

mag-tokodto start building a house; to put in the first posts for a house, or to lay the foundation (PAN: *tukud)

mag-tokonto carry something on the head or shoulders (PPH: *tuqun₁)

Agutaynen (460 / 767)

mag-tokonto carry something on the head or shoulders (PAN: *suquN)

mag-toldokto point something out to someone; to show someone the location of something; to teach (PPh: *tulduq)

mag-toldokto point to or at something (LOAN)

mag-tompokto pile something up in a heap (PWMP: *tumpuk)

mag-torolto give something; to give something that is asked for; to offer something; to submit something (PPH: *tudul)

mag-walito give advice, to advise; to “lecture” someone, often a teen-ager (PPH: *wali₂)

mag-waswasto shake something out to remove dirt, bugs, etc.; to swish clothes up and down in water to remove dirt or soap (PPh: *waswás₁)

ma-idal-ena complainer (PPH: *idal)

ma-iŋgitto envy; feel envious; jealous (PPH: *iŋgit)

makaŋstand with the legs spread apart (as someone blocking a doorway) (PAN: *bakaŋ₁)

ma-kilawglaring, as of a bright light (PWMP: *kilaw₂)

ma-kimayfor a part of the body to become atrophied; small bananas with no flesh because of excessive heat (PPH: *kimay)

ma-kiwifacial paralysis of one side of the mouth, causing the mouth to appear crooked and droopy; to intentionally screw up one’s mouth in disgust (PPH: *kiwih)

ma-labi-anto be overcome by the night; to be benighted (PPH: *ma-Rabi-an) *Rabiqi

ma-lakarare, seldom; to be spaced or thinned out (PWMP: *ma-laka) *la(ŋ)ka

ma-lanetfor plants, leaves, crops to become dried up, withered (PPH: *lanés)

ma-lanetfor plants, leaves, crops to become dried up, withered (PPH: *lanét)

ma-láŋegrancid; musty smelling (of rancid food, or clothes that have been sitting in water) (PPH: *laŋeg)

ma-laŋsifishy smelling (PMP: *laŋ(e)si)

ma-lāwayimpolite, rude, coarse, vulgar; immodest, indecent, shameful, immoral (PPH: *law(e)qay)

Agutaynen (480 / 767)

ma-lemektender, soft, as of meat, beans that are boiled; mushy, of rotten fish, etc. (PAN: *lemek₁)

ma-lemetto accidentally drown (PPH: *ma-lemes) *lemes

ma-líbog na túbigcloudy or murky water (PPH: *libeg)

ma-ligitthe action of rolling a round or cylindrical object over something, for example, expressing juice from leaves by rolling a glass jar over them like a rolling pin (PWMP: *li(ŋ)gis)

ma-lipayto be joyful, to feel happy (PPH: *lípay)

ma-lisedpoor; needy; destitute (PPH: *lised)

ma-liwagdifficult or hard to do or endure; scarce, hard to come by (PPH: *liwag)

ma- liʔbelturbid; cloudy water; water having sediment stirred up or suspended (PPH: *ma-liqeb(e)R) *liq(e)beR

ma-lobot-anfor something to become consumed, be used up; to run out of something; for something to cease (PPH: *lubús)

ma-logawto be watery, like porridge; to be soft and spongy (PPH: *lúgaw)

ma-lomotmossy (PMP: *lumut)

ma-loslosfor something like a pair of pants to slip down; fallen testicle, often resulting in a hernia (PMP: *luslus)

ma-lotafor vegetables to become overcooked; to overcook vegetables (PPH: *lusa₂)

ma-lotokcooked; ripe, as of fruit, vegetables (PWMP: *ma-lutuq) *lutuq

mamagrandfather (PMP: *mama) *mamah

mamag-lamanothe action in the ring game, idal-idal, where young people clasp hands in a circle with their fingers intertwined; then, as they move their hands back-and forth, to the right and left, a ring is passed unseen from one to another (LOAN)

mamag-tayawto dance, perform a folk dance (PPH: *tayaw)

ma-maŋanto eat a meal, to eat something (PMP: *paŋan)

ma-masiŋto reach out and grab someone’s calf (PPH: *ma-masiŋ) *baq(e)tiŋ

ma-milikto choose something (PWMP: *ma-miliq) *piliq

Agutaynen (500 / 767)

ma-mositto go out looking for squid (PPH: *pusít)

manparticle showing concession; whether; even if; no matter what (PPH: *man)

ma-nabanto elope (PWMP: *ma-naban) *tabaN

ma-nalokto hide from (PWMP: *ma-naRuq) *taRuq

ma-nalokfor a person to hide from others (PMP: *taRuq)

ma-nambelto patch a hole in clothing or fabric, using a patch or scrap of material (PWMP: *ma-nambel) *tambel

man-delepto bathe, play, swim in the ocean, lake, or river (PMP: *delep)

ma-nebekto catch sea worms, octopuses, etc. by sticking a sharp stick into their holes to pierce them (PAN: *tebek)

manipeanut (LOAN)

ma-nipitthin (as cloth) (PMP: *ma-nipis) *Nipis

ma-níwaŋthin, skinny (PMP: *ma-niwaŋ) *Niwaŋ

man-liked-likedto walk carefully in tidal flats, in the sea greass, trying to detect or feel small clams with the feet, in order to gather them to eat (PPH: *liqed)

maN-lolonto pack up; get ready to leave (PMP: *lulun) *luluN

ma-nobato catch fish using the sap from the root of the toba tree (PWMP: *ma-nuba) *tubah

ma-nolōkfor a rooster to crow (PPH: *tuRauk)

man-takito defecate (PMP: *taqi) *Caqi

man-tampokto clap one’s hands (as in applause) (PMP: *tampuk₁)

maŋ-agatto sift flour, sand, etc. (PWMP: *maŋ-agag) *agag

maŋ-enatto remove, take something off the stove (PPH: *enat)

maŋ-inemto drink water, juice, etc. (PWMP: *inem)

Agutaynen (520 / 767)

maŋ-ŋanito definitely, really do something (PPH: *ŋani)

ma-oyonto like the taste of something; to like, to find something agreeable (PPH: *uyun₂)

ma-pakitbitter (PMP: *ma-paqit) *paqiC

ma-pa<n>tekfor a hen to hatch (lit. crack) her eggs (PMP: *peceq₂) *peceq

ma-paosto become hoarse (as from too much shouting) (LOAN)

ma-pasofor the skin to be accidentally burned or scalded by hot or caustic substances (PPH: *ma-pásuq) *pásuq

ma-petekfor something fragile like glass to crack or shatter, become broken (PMP: *peceq₂) *peceq

ma-pietnarrow; tight; crowded (PPH: *piet)

ma-pikotto trap somebody into marriage, often by the girl getting pregnant (PPH: *píkut)

ma-pilikchoosy, picky (PMP: *ma-piliq) *piliq

ma-pitoto make something seven (PWMP: *ma-pitu) *pitu

ma-popodto become worn down, small, flattened (as of a lamp wick, tooth, soap, pencil lead) by being consumed in use (PPH: *ma-pudpud) *pudpud

ma-potolto cut off (PMP: *putul) *putun

mā-poyatto go to bed; to sleep, be asleep; to fall asleep (PPH: *ma-púyat) *púyat

ma-sebsebto fall on one’s face (PPH: *sebseb)

ma-silawglaring, as of a bright light, or light being reflected off something (PWMP: *ma-silaw) *silaw

mataeye (PMP: *mata) *maCa

ma-tabed-tabedto become wrapped around something; to become tangled up in something (PWMP: *tambej)

ma-tagekvery juicy and/or sticky (PPH: *tagek)

ma-tamadlazy; unmotivated; bored (PPH: *tamád)

Agutaynen (540 / 767)

ma-tandato remember, recall; to keep in mind (PPH: *tandaq)

ma-tanek-ena person who owns a lot of land (PMP: *taneq)

ma-tanek-tanekdiscolored, with a reddish color, particularly of white clothes that are still dirty even after being washed (PMP: *taneq)

ma-taŋladto run aground on rocks, coral, or sand; for a boat to run over a rock in shallow water (PPH: *saŋ(e)lád)

ma-tebatfor rice, grain to be completely harvested (PWMP: *tebas₁)

ma-tenekfish with sharp dorsal fins; something that is covered with thorns or spikes; for a part of the body to be pierced by a thorn, or jabbed or stuck by the sharp dorsal fin of a fish (PPH: *ma-tenek) *tenek

ma-tipidthrifty (LOAN)

ma-toltokfor an eye to be pierced with a sharp instrument or a stick (PPH: *tuRsúk)

ma-tonay-anto be pierced, stuck by a thorn, etc., with a piece left deep in the flesh (PPH: *tunay₁)

ma-topadto fulfill a promise or agreement; for something to come true or be realized; to achieve one’s goal; for a prophecy to be fulfilled (PPH: *tupáj)

ma-topadto fulfill a promise or agreement; for something to come true or be realized; for a prophesy to be fulfilled (PPH: *tupád)

ma-tuʔlidstraight (PWMP: *tuq(e)lid)

mayaricebird; sparrow; they are small, brown, or black, or sometimes reddish in with lighter stripes, and can be found in flocks in rice fields, where they eat the rice (PPH: *máya)

mostasamustard (LOAN)

namomosquito (PMP: *ñamuk)

nanagrandma (term of reference and address) (PPH: *nana₂)

nanakpus (PMP: *nanaq) *naNaq

nan-takonlast year (PMP: *taqun)

naraNarra tree or wood; this is a forest tree whose wood is yellowish-red and is used for furniture (now protected) (PMP: *nara)

nipitthin (PMP: *nipis) *Nipis

Agutaynen (560 / 767)

niwaŋthinness (PMP: *niwaŋ) *Niwaŋ

ŋaniindeed; really; very (PPH: *ŋani)

obad-ento untie or unwrap something (PPh: *hubád-en) *hubád

oŋotdrinking cup or dipper made from a coconut shell (PPH: *úŋut)

oŋ talokin secret; secretly; in private (PMP: *taRuq)

opawbald (PPH: *upaw)

oyawto laugh at something concerning an animal, and then be struck by lightning, as if it is revenge by the animal (PPH: *uyaw)

oyaw-ento laugh at something concerning an animal, and then be struck by lightning (PPH: *uyaw-en) *uyaw

payet; still; additionally; what’s more; moreover (PAN: *pa₁)

pa-baw-ento let something cool down, such as hot water (PPH: *pa-bahaw-en) *baSaw

pag-tepeŋ-ento put two things or people next to each other to see if they are level or the same height (PPH: *tepeŋ₂)

pa-isolto step back a bit; walk backwards (PPh: *isul)

pakathigh; leg (PAN: *paqa₁)

pa-ketel-anto push hard to get a job done; to exert effort; to make something loud, strong (as one’s voice) (PAN: *keseR)

pakiawcontractual work (the parties involved decide on the amount of money which will be paid for the job, rather than paying an hourly or daily wage) (LOAN)

pakitbitter taste; bitterness (PMP: *paqit₂) *paqiC

paksiwfish or meat cooked in vinegar with salt and garlic added (LOAN)

palashovel (LOAN)

pa-laka-ento become thinned out; to be spaced out, as to plant seed with spaces between (PWMP: *la(ŋ)ka)

pala-ma-ŋan-andining room (PMP: *ma-ŋaen) *kaen

Agutaynen (580 / 767)

paliscar (PWMP: *paliq₂)

pali-ento be scarred (PWMP: *paliq₂)

pa-likoto turn a certain direction (PMP: *likuq)

pa-lotawsmall doughy balls cooked in coconut milk which float to the surface when fully cooked (PWMP: *lutaw)

palpalstakes used for tethering an animal or securing a tent (PPH: *palpál₂)

palpal-anto stake an animal out to graze (PPH: *palpál₂)

pa-masosomething which causes a caustic burn (PPH: *pásuq)

panakan arrow (this can refer to both the bow and the arrow) (PAN: *panaq)

pa-nipit-ento make something thin (as cloth when weaving) (PMP: *nipis) *Nipis

panoldokindex or forefinger (PPh: *tulduq)

pantalanwharf, pier (LOAN)

paŋajaw (PPH: *paŋah)

paŋelstupid; asinine; idiot (PPH: *paŋel)

paŋelstupid; asinine; idiot (PPH: *paŋeR)

paŋ-ígpitclip, hairpin (PPH: *qiR(e)pit)

paŋpaŋcliff; steep dropoff into the ocean (PWMP: *paŋpaŋ)

pa-oyonto agree to something; to consent (PPH: *uyun₂)

papagstretcher made of bamboo (PPH: *papag)

pa-popod-onto cause, or wait for, something to be completely consumed, used up, worn down, burned down/up (PPH: *pa-pudpud-en) *pudpud

parawa boat similar to a lansa (cargo boat), but with outriggers, used for fishing (it pulls smaller outriggers out to deeper water where they can fish); the entire entourage is called a paraw (PWMP: *padaw)

Agutaynen (600 / 767)

p<ar>ompoŋa kind of white rice with very small kernels; the grain heads are numerous, and are in clusters on the end of the stalk (PWMP: *puŋpuŋ₂)

paspasquickly, in a rush (PPH: *paspás₄)

paspas-ando something quickly, at once, nonstop, or in a rush (PPH: *paspas-an₂) *paspás₄

pa-tako-onto make known (PMP: *taqu₂) *Caqu

pa-taʔpawto go up to the surface (PPH: *taq(e)paw)

patiincluding; even; also (This is a Tagalog word, but is widely used nowadays, especially by younger people) (PPH: *patí)

patisfish sauce (LOAN)

patoŋa type of bamboo which grows very large but without thorns (PWMP: *patuŋ)

pegeŋ-anto control oneself; to exercise self control, self discipline; to restrain, hold oneself in check (PWMP: *pegeŋ)

peltaboil; abscess (PPH: *peRsa)

pelta-ento have or develop a boil or abscess (PPH: *peRsa)

petek-ento intentionally crack something open (PMP: *peceq₂) *peceq

piaŋa person with a crippled or deformed leg (the person can still walk, but with a limp) (LOAN)

pidasoa single, whole piece of something (LOAN)

pikopickaxe (LOAN)

pilaa line, row (LOAN)

pilaksilver (LOAN)

pilayfor a person to be paralyzed, crippled in the legs, due to a stroke or accident (PAN: *piNay)

pilikchoose something (PAN: *piliq)

pilik-anchoosy, picky (PMP: *piliq-an) *piliq

Agutaynen (620 / 767)

pilik-ento choose something (PWMP: *piliq-en) *piliq

pinpinan old hide-and-seek game played at night, with two groups (LOAN)

pintasa strong curse or hex, put on a person by a traditional healeer who has the power to do this (PPH: *pintás)

pipinocucumber (LOAN)

pisopeso (LOAN)

pispiscricket (if the sound of a cricket is heard in the house it means that a visitor is arriving) (PWMP: *pispis₂)

pitoseven (PAN: *pitu₁) *pitu

pito-m-polokseventy (PAN: *pitu₁) *pitu

pito-onto make something seven (PWMP: *pitu-en) *pitu

piyakbaby chicken (PAN: *piak)

pokthe sound made by an owl (PMP: *puk₂) *puk

polawa wake for the dead (PPH: *pulaw)

polpoldumb; not smart (LOAN)

poniala machete with a sharply pointed end (LOAN)

ponsibanana (PAN: *punti₁)

poŋpoŋ ~ pompoŋa cluster of fruit, berries, or grain heads on the end of a stalk (PWMP: *puŋpuŋ₂)

poŋsosmall mound of earth (PWMP: *puŋsu)

popod daworn down flat (as a tooth that becomes hard to extract) (PPH: *pudpud)

poroisland (PPH: *pujuq)

Agutaynen (640 / 767)

positsquid (PPH: *pusít)

potosmall, round steamed cakes made with rice flour; these are often served at birthday parties, and at other special occasions (LOAN)

potokbanana heart (PMP: *pusuq₁)

potol-onto cut something off (as bamboo that has grown too long) (PMP: *putul) *putun

potota short person (PWMP: *putut₂)

poyadnest (LOAN)

poyat-ento feel sleepy, drowsy, tired (PPH: *puyat-en) *púyat

rawita long pole with a blade on the end, used for cutting down leaves and branches (PPH: *ráwis)

remek-ento crush or pulverize somethingusing a pestle, large spoon, etc. (PMP: *remek)

sakaŋcrotch (PMP: *sakaŋ)

santik-anto hit or clink two things together, as stones, or even heads; to strike a match using a matchbox (PPH: *santik-an) *santik

sawalisplit woven bamboo walling material (LOAN)

seŋet-seŋetfor a wound or tooth to throb with sharp, on and off pain (often occurs with the production of pus) (PPH: *seŋet-seŋet)

siamnine (PPH: *siám)

sibokawa type of tree with red wood; it can be used for medicinal purposes, and is also used for tool handles (PPH: *sibukaw)

sikathis is said to a cat to shoo it away (LOAN)

sikaŋ-kaŋto be in the position of having one’s legs spread apart (as when slipping on a waxed floor) (PWMP: *sikaŋ)

sikepto catch, trap fish in a kalat trap made of rattan (PMP: *cikep)

s<in>abatthat which was cut, leftover material or scraps (PWMP: *tabas₂)

si-no-pawho (singular; da-no-pa = ‘who?, plural’) (PPh: *si-nu) *-nu₁

Agutaynen (660 / 767)

sipithair clip (PAN: *sipit)

sisiŋring worn on a finger (LOAN)

solibreach birth, delivery; impossible (going against reality) (PAN: *suli₂)

s<om>ilabfor a fire to blaze or flare up, or spread; for something to burst into flames (PWMP: *sirab)

s<om>iŋarato look up above (PWMP: *tiŋadaq)

s<om>ogodto continue on going; to go directly somewhere or to somebody, with no delay; to rush to confront or challenge somebody about a disagreement (PPH: *sugud)

s<om>ogodto continue on going; to go directly somewhere or to somebody, with no delay; to rush to confront or challenge somebody about a disagreement (PPH: *s<um>ugud) *sugud

sompoŋto be moody; to have, be in a bad mood; to act according to one’s mood, feelings (LOAN)

sompoŋ-onmoody (person); be overcome bysomething; have an attack of some kind (high blood pressure, stroke, heart attack); become temporarily crazy, insane; be overcome by one’s power to become a witch, causing one to do strange things (LOAN)

soŋkaa native shell game, played with a board with scooped-out holes in it referred to as balay, ‘houses’, and using small cowry shells called sigay as tokens (LOAN)

sosoa kind of banana, small to medium size (PMP: *susu) *susu₂

taour; us; we (PAN: *-ta)

tabakotobacco (LOAN)

taban-ento carry away wrongfully or forcefully; snatch or grab by the mouth, as an animal stealing food (PMP: *taban) *tabaN

tabat-ento cut something, as material (PWMP: *tabas₂)

tageksap of trees, plants; juice of fruits (PPH: *tagek)

tag-si-siamnine each (PPH: *siám)

taketmeasurement; dimention; size (PPH: *takes₂)

takifeces, manure (PMP: *taqi) *Caqi

takoto know a fact; to know how to do something; to learn something (PMP: *taqu₂) *Caqu

Agutaynen (680 / 767)

takonyear (PMP: *taqun)

takon-anyears gone by (PMP: *taqun)

takon-takonyearly (PMP: *taqun)

talaksin; fault; wrong; crime; guilt, guilty (PMP: *salaq₁)

talatansoutheast direction, wind (PWMP: *salatan)

talinoma type of vegetable with edible leaves (it is the top, tender leaves which are cooked and eaten) (PPH: *talínum)

talonforest, woods, jungle (some people believe that evil spirits and elves live in places like this) (PMP: *talun₁) *CaluN

tamacorrect, right; accurate; appropriate; proper (PAN: *tama₁)

tamad-anfor a person to feel lazy, tired; to be disinterested in, bored or tired of doing something (PPH: *tamad-an) *tamád

tambak-ento pile up; to fill in, such as a hole (PMP: *tambak₂)

tamiloka type of large, edible worm; they burrow into driftwood or boat hulls to lay their eggs; the young worms, which are white and elongated and look similar to an umbilical cord, are considered a delicacy (PWMP: *tamiluk)

tamilok-onfor the hull of a boat to become full of holes made by these worms burrowing in to lay their eggs (PWMP: *tamiluk)

tamiŋshield used by soldiers for protection (PMP: *tamiŋ)

tamohere (close to the speaker) (PMP: *tani₂)

tananall; every; the total amount or number of something (PPH: *tanan)

tandig-anback of a chair (PMP: *sandiR)

tanekground, land; earth, soil, dirt; land owned by somebody (PMP: *taneq)

taniŋa certain amount of time left to live; for one’s life to be limited, have a limit or end point (LOAN)

tanodlocal security guards or watchmen (they help the police keep peace and order by patroling the barangay at night and investigating disturbances) (PPH: *tánud)

taŋabranch of a tree (PMP: *saŋa₁)

Agutaynen (700 / 767)

taŋ geretone slice of something (PAN: *gereC)

taŋkalpigpen or chicken coop made of bamboo (PPH: *taŋkal)

taŋkoŋa plant with leaves and stalks like spinach, used as a vegetable (PPH: *taŋkuŋ)

taŋladlemon grass, used in flavoring dishes, and also as one of the leaves in the pamegat bath water (medicinal wine or bath water, for preventing a relapse) (PMP: *taŋelaj) *Caŋelaj

tapik-ento tap or slap somebody lightly on the back or other part of the upper body (excluding the face); if a person slaps you lightly on the shoulder, it could mean that they are poisoning you or putting a curse on you; in order to reverse or stop the poison or curse the recipient must return the slap (PMP: *tapik)

tapos-onto finish or complete work, a project, a speech, etc,; to finalize something, to finish school, graduate from school (PAN: *tapus)

t<ar>abako-ancontainer used to hold tobacco (LOAN)

ta-tandak-tandakstamping the feet, as a child who is angry about being told to do something (PWMP: *tanzak)

tawaddiscount (PWMP: *tawaD)

tawasalum (LOAN)

tawtawpupil of the eye (PMP: *tau tau) *Cau

tayawfolk dance (PPH: *tayaw)

taʔnaya small handful of something (as of rice porridge) (PPH: *taq(e)nay)

taʔpawthe surface or top of something; on top of something (PPH: *taq(e)paw)

taʔpaw-anto put, place something on top of something else (PPH: *taq(e)paw-an) *taq(e)paw

tebhigh tide (PWMP: *taeb)

tebelto be constipated (PPH: *tebel₁)

tebel-anto be constipated (PPH: *tebel₁)

tekebto attack or fight, as of dogs, cats, or people, particularly two women; to pounce on (PPH: *tekeb₂)

telegcurrent (PWMP: *seleg)

Agutaynen (720 / 767)

t<el><el>epeŋsame height (PPH: *tepeŋ₂)

tenekthorn; the sharp dorsal fin of a fish (PPH: *tenek)

tilemvery dark-skinned (not a polite word to use) (PWMP: *tilem₁)

tinahair dye (LOAN)

t<in>abanbe snatched or carried away wrongfully (as a fish by a hungry cat) (PWMP: *t<in>aban) *tabaN

tintiŋ-ento ring a bell, such as the church bell; to make a ringing sound, usually by hitting metal against metal (PMP: *tiŋtiŋ)

tiŋeldeaf, hard of hearing (PPH: *tiŋeR)

tisaorange (or other colored) chalk used by tailors and seamstresses to mark fabric (LOAN)

titinipple; breast; udder (PMP: *titi)

titinipple; breast; udder (LOAN)

titololand title; deed of purchase (LOAN)

tiʔgaymaggots (LOAN)

toal-ento pry out, dig out something that is exposed, such as a rock (PMP: *sual)

tobaa kind of tree whose root can be used to blind or poison fish around rocks in shallow water and cause them to come to the surface (PAN: *tubah)

toblito rob; to steal, take something that is not yours (lit. to inherit it); for a man to have an affair with another man’s wife (lit. to steal or inherit someone’s wife); for a person to inherit something; the thing inherited (PPH: *sub(e)liq)

tobolinstructions; command; order (PPH: *tubul)

tobol-onto instruct or order someone to do something; to send someone on an errand (PPH: *tubul)

togtogthe sound of something being played, such as an instrument, music, radio, etc. (PWMP: *tugtug)

tokayoterm of address used by two people having the same name; a person’s namesake (LOAN)

tokot-onto charge a fee, to collect a fee, a fare, or a debt; to request payment for a fee or a debt (PPH: *sukut)

Agutaynen (740 / 767)

tolaybridge (PPH: *tuláy)

toldokfinger (PPh: *tulduq)

toldokfinger (LOAN)

toli-toliearwax (PMP: *tuli₁) *Culi

toli-toli-ento clean the earwax out of the ears (PMP: *tuli₁) *Culi

toloktorch (made of a bottle filled with kerosene and with a rag for a wick, or a coconut palm frond or piece of bamboo with fire on the end; rarely used anymore) (PMP: *suluq)

tolōkcrow of a rooster (PPH: *tuRauk)

t<om>akasto escape from prison (PMP: *taŋkas)

t<om>akonnext year (PMP: *taqun)

t<om>ampekfor waves to hit and spray up over, or into, a boat (PMP: *tampek)

t<om>andakto stamp one’s foot; to stamp or stomp on something (PWMP: *tanzak)

t<om>andigto lean, recline against something (PMP: *sandiR)

t<om>aŋkabfor an animal, such as a dog or lion, to lunge at someone, something; for an animal to snatch, grab s.t. in its mouth and eat it; for s.o. to viciously bite, or bite off s.t., usually in a fight (PPH: *sa(ŋ)kab)

t<om>aŋladto run aground on rocks, coral, or sand (PPH: *s<um>aŋ(e)lád) *saŋ(e)lád

t<om>ayato lay out one’s bet in a gambling game (PPH: *tayáq)

t<om>ogboto step into a river, lake, ocean; to wade out into the ocean; to go out wading (PPH: *sug(e)bu)

t<om>okokfor a person to duck or bow their head; to look down at the ground; to bend over slightly from the waist; for mature fruit to bend over on the vine or branch (PWMP: *tukuk)

t<om>omawfor worms, termites, insects, etc. to seem to appear out of nowhere, in large numbers (PPH: *tuq(e)maw)

t<om>ompokfor things to pile up, such as clothes to wash, work to do (PWMP: *tumpuk)

tompolfor the sharp point of something to become dull, worn down, or broken off, e.g. a pencil, stick pin, bamboo fencing (PMP: *tumpul)

Agutaynen (760 / 767)

tonayreal, not fake; authentic; genuine (PWMP: *tunay₂)

toŋawfor the air to escape from a baloon or a tire; for a smell to escape; for the ground to steam and smell; for something to evaporate; for a fever to go down (PPH: *suŋáw)

toŋkodsupport post; cane; staff (PAN: *tukud)

toŋkod-onto brace something up (PAN: *tukud)

toŋtoŋ-onto go forwards against the wind or current (PWMP: *suŋsuŋ₁)

toroŋhead covering, such as a piece of cloth wrapped around the head, or a hat with a brim (PMP: *tuduŋ)

totoyeuphemism for the penis of a small boy (PPH: *tutuy)

waliadvice (archaic) (PPH: *wali₂)

watak-watakthings dropped and scattered around, often referring to trash or food scraps (PPH: *watak-watak)

wisik-anto sprinkle water or another liquid on something; to accidentally be splattered, spattered by something (PPH: *wisik)

yatatbreast milk (PMP: *Ratas₂)

9. Ahus (50) OC (Blust n.d. (1975)) [anx] (Andra-Hus) Papua New Guinea

a-heŋto feed (POC: *paŋan) *kaen

aŋo-anyellow (POC: *aŋo)

a-teŋto weep, cry (PMP: *taŋis) *Caŋis

buhbanana (POC: *pudi) *punti₁

calpath, road (POC: *jalan) *zalan

ciltopstick of the sail (POC: *jila)

cu-cuhirsmall cockatoo (POC: *supiri)

ha-hufour (PEMP: *pat) *Sepat

hassea, saltwater (PMP: *tasik)

heliŋa-ear (POC: *taliŋa) *Caliŋa

isewho? (PMP: *i-sai) *sai

-k1sg possessive suffix; my (POC: *-gu) *-ku

kamalman/male; men’s house (PMP: *kamaliR)

ka-mawleft side (POC: *mawiRi) *wiRi

kanasmullet (POC: *kanase) *kaNasay

kaurbamboo (POC: *kauru)

kiecoutrigger boom (POC: *kiajo)

kitoctopus (PMP: *kuRita) *guRiCa

kutlouse (PMP: *kutu₁) *kuCux

laltrochus shell (PMP: *lalak)

Ahus (20 / 50)

laŋa-name (POC: *ŋacan) *ŋajan

laŋa-nhis/her name (POC: *ŋacan) *ŋajan

lime-hfive (PAN: *lima)

liyginger (PMP: *laqia)

luo-htwo (POC: *rua) *duSa

mara-eye (PMP: *mata) *maCa

mihi-mihdream (PCEMP: *mipi) *Sipi

mosesgoatfish (POC: *mwasasi)

nattall latex-yielding tree with edible sweet green fruit (PMP: *ñatuq)

nhahconch shell trumpet (POC: *tapuRi) *tabuRi

nhalslitgong (POC: *drali)

niwcoconut palm (PMP: *niuR)

ono-hsix (POC: *onom) *enem

pahpandanus tree and fruit (POC: *padran) *paŋudaN

patstone (POC: *patu) *batux

paythe smallest kind of stingray (POC: *paRi) *paRiS

pitolhungry (POC: *pitolon)

poscanoe paddle (POC: *pose) *beRsay

punsea turtle (POC: *poñu) *peñu

sa-ŋ-atone hundred (PMP: *sa-ŋa-Ratus) *RaCus

Ahus (40 / 50)

se-ŋ-ohten (PMP: *sa-ŋa-puluq) *puluq

susu-female breast (PAN: *susu₁)

tama-nhis/her father (PMP: *t-amax) *amax

teluthree (PEMP: *tolu) *telu

tine-nhis/her mother (PMP: *t-ina) *ina

tolawnorth wind; north (POC: *tokalaur)

ullobster (POC: *quraŋ) *qudaŋ

wafresh water; lake (PCEMP: *waiR) *wahiR

we-lawspiderweb (PMP: *lawaq₂)

yahfire (POC: *api) *Sapuy

10. Aklanon (1578) WMP (Zorc 1969) [akl] (Inakeanon) Philippines

aexclamation of discovery; "ah" (with high intonation) (PMP: *a₃)

-asuffix attached to verbs of object focus #1 (with infix -in- or suffix -on) to express a command (PAN: *-a₁)

abága(h)shoulder(s); take responsibility, to shoulder, take on (PMP: *qabaRa₁)

abá(h)to get, climb up on one's back (PPh: *aba₂)

abá(h)an exclamation expressing strong disbelief: Really? Ah, go on! (PWMP: *abá)

abaká(h)abaca fibres, Manila hemp: Musa textilis (PPh: *abaká)

ábaŋobstruct, block, hinder; waylay, ambush (PMP: *abaŋ₁)

ábaysponsor (at wedding or baptism) (PPH: *abay)

abó(h)ash(es); to make ashes (PMP: *qabu)

abótarrive, get to one's destination, go as far as; catch up (with/to); overcome by, overwhelmed (PPH: *qábut)

ábota late-comer to dinner (or any meal) (PPH: *qábut)

ábota late-comer to dinner (or any meal) (NOISE)

abuh-óngray, ashen color(ed) (PWMP: *qabu-en) *qabu

ádlawday; sun (PMP: *qalejaw)

ádlaw-ádlawdaily, every day (PMP: *qalejaw-qalejaw) *qalejaw

ae-agaw-án (< *ar-agaw-anmake a scramble for (in order to take or get) (PAN: *qaRaw)

áeakto distil (any alcohol or alcoholic beverage) (LOAN)

ae-ayag-án (< *ar-ayag-an)screen (for sifting) (PWMP: *qayag)

ágapgive time to, concentrate, think carefully (while working) (PWMP: *a(ŋ)gap)

ágawgrab, take, seize, snatch, get (without being one's due) (PAN: *qaRaw)

Aklanon (20 / 1578)

ágda(h)invite, remind someone of an invitation (NEAR)

ágiwsoot, black smoke deposit on wall or ceiling; to smudge, blacken with soot (PPH: *ágiw)

agíw-onsooty, smudged (PPH: *ágiw)

ágomto taste, receive one’s due, enjoy, obtain, attain (PPH: *águm)

akó1sg. nominative pronoun: I (PAN: *aku)

ákopgreedy, selfish (PMP: *aŋkup₁) *aŋkup

alímato use one’s hands on (PAN: *qa-lima) *lima

alíma(h)hand (PAN: *qa-lima) *lima

alim-pu-púdw-an (< R)crown of head (where hair whorls) (PAN: *qali-puju-an) *qali-puju

ali-pudw-anhair whorl (PAN: *qali-puju-an) *qali-puju

alitáptapglowworm, found on rocks at high tide (PMP: *qali-petpet)

ali-táptapglowworm, founds on rocks at high tide (PMP: *teptep)

áma-ámastepfather (PWMP: *ama ama) *amax

amá(h)father (PAN: *amax)

amák-anmat of woven bamboo (PWMP: *amak)

ámanto beware of, be careful with (PPH: *áman)

ámbonfog, mist, haze (PWMP: *ambun)

amíhannortheast wind (PMP: *qamihan) *qamiS

amihán-annorth(erly) (PPh: *qamihan-an) *qamiS

ámo(h)lord, master, overseer (LOAN)

Aklanon (40 / 1578)

ámpawpopped rice candy (PMP: *ampaw)

amúma(h)to entertain, take care of (PPH: *amuma)

-ancommon suffix denoting a place or a referent. Used with (1) verbs: ginbáke-an sánda it dúlsi 'candy was bought for them', (2) nouns: simbáh-an 'church' (from símba(h) 'worship'), tindáh-an 'market' (from tínda(h) 'goods for sale'), (3) adjectives: baʔbá-an 'talkative' (from báʔbaʔ 'mouth') (PAN: *-an)

ánadto be used to, be accustomed to; familiar with (PPH: *anad)

anáhawfan palm: Livistona rotundifolia (PMP: *qanahaw)

anákgodchild; become a godparent, be a godparent (PMP: *anak) *aNak

ananáyto go slowly, work carefully, do gradually (PPH: *ananay₂)

ánaytermite (general term) (PAN: *aNay)

ánito harvest, gather a crop (PMP: *qanih) *qaniS

aníh-anthe harvest (PWMP: *qanih-an) *qaniS

anílawsmall tree: Grewia eriocarpa (PMP: *qanilaw)

anino(h)shadow, reflection; image; silhouette (PMP: *qaninu) *qaNiŋu

anítosbenevolent lesser spirits who go around counteracting the evil done by devils or evil spirits (the pagan version of a "saint") (PMP: *qanitu) *qaNiCu

ánodfollow the current, drift (PAN: *qañud)

a-nó(h)what?; do what? (particle that can be used as any part of speech) (PMP: *a-nu) *-nu₁

antábaywait for (PPh: *antábay)

antabáy-anwait for one another (PPh: *antábay)

ántadgap, distance, space (PPH: *antad)

ántiŋkeen, good, sharp (of hearing) (PPh: *ántiŋ)

ántiŋ-ántiŋamulet, charm (supposedly possessing a secret power allowing a person to avoid injury); power of invulnerability (LOAN)

Aklanon (60 / 1578)

ánwaŋcarabao, water buffalo (PMP: *qanuaŋ) *qaNuaŋ

aŋáyto complement, be a good match for, be fitting, harmonize; to adjust; to tune a musical instrument (PPH: *aŋáy)

áŋhitsmelly, having strong body odor (or an odor like the body odor; said of butter and some animals) (PAN: *qaŋeSit)

áŋkasto ride together, hop on (a bicycle) (PPH: *aŋkás)

áŋkatget on credit (PWMP: *aŋkat)

áŋkitto bite, nip (PMP: *a(ŋ)kit)

áŋkobseal, filling, joiner, gap-filler (PWMP: *aŋkeb)

áŋsodunderarm odor (PWMP: *aŋ(e)cej)

áŋsodunderarm odor (PWMP: *qaŋ(e)sej)

áŋso(h)having the smell of urine (PPh: *qaŋ(e)su)

áŋtodsmelling overcooked (said of food, esp. rice) (PPh: *qaŋ(e)téj)

apánlocust (NOISE)

apasfollow after, go a little later (NOISE)

ápdohbile; bile duct (and/or) gall bladder (PAN: *qapejux)

ápdoʔbile; bile duct (and/or) gall bladder (PWMP: *qapejuq)

ápeodhaving the flavor of raw or unripe bananas (PMP: *apeled)

apídjoin, attach, enclose (PAN: *qapid)

ápogpowdered lime (used in chewing betel nuts); to put lime (into) (PAN: *qapuR)

apog-ánlime box, case used for storing lime powder (PWMP: *qapuR-an) *qapuR

apó(h)grandchild (PMP: *ampu) *apu

Aklanon (80 / 1578)

á-pʔatfour (PMP: *a-epat) *Sepat

asáwaspouse: husband, wife; married (said of a woman) (PAN: *qasawa)

ásiksplash, spatter (Also Hiligaynon ágsik 'fly off, scatter, spray') (ROOT)

asínsalt; to salt, put salt into (PAN: *qasiN)

asin-isalt it! (imperative) (PWMP: *qasin-i) *qasiN

áslommake sour (PWMP: *qalesem)

ásoglesbian; any woman who acts outside of the female role; tomboy (PWMP: *asug)

asó(h)smoke, fumes (visible); to give off smoke, to smoke (PMP: *qasu₃)

áswaŋvampire, evil creature (preying on people, sucking liver bile and leaving them weak or with some strange afflictions) (LOAN)

átaboverflow slightly, flood over a little bit (PPh: *atáb)

atá(h)Oh, my goodness (expression of surprise) (PPh: *atá)

atáŋa room divider (PWMP: *ataŋ₁)

atáŋput up, hoist (PWMP: *ataŋ₂)

átasevaporate (PMP: *asat)

atáyliver (of animals or people) (PMP: *qatay) *qaCay

átaʔfluid, potion, liquids, semen (NOISE)

atímoncanteloupe: Cucumis melo L. (PMP: *qatimun)

átiplarge board or piece of wood used as a brace or support, particularly when grinding (PMP: *qatip₁)

atipúyoŋfeel faint, be dizzy (PAN: *qaCi-)

átisa fruit, the sugar apple: Anona squamosa Linn. (LOAN)

Aklanon (100 / 1578)

átissugar apple: Annona squamosa L. (LOAN)

átissugar apple: Annona squamosa Linn. (LOAN)

atóproof (PMP: *qatep)

atsi(h)sneeze (NOISE)

atúbaŋface (up to), confront, stand/appear in front of; front (PPh: *atúbaŋ)

atubáŋ-anfront, in front of (PPh: *atúbaŋ)

atubaŋ-ángenitals (PPh: *atúbaŋ)

áwayto fight, quarrel, argue (PPH: *áway)

ayinterjection: my! oh! what? (shock, surprise) (PAN: *ai₂)

ayágto screen, sift (PWMP: *qayag)

áyamdog; chase with a dog, sic a dog on (PWMP: *qayam₂)

ayátto challenge (to a fight) (PWMP: *ayat)

ayáwabandon, leave behind (PPh: *ayáw)

ayód-ayódmove the waist up and down, back and forth (as in the act of intercourse) (PWMP: *ayud)

áyonto be in favor of, support, agree with (PPH: *áyun)

ayonbe in favor of, support, agree with (LOAN)

bæágonvine (generic) (NOISE)

bæaŋkaʔtake apart, dismantle (ROOT)

bábadsoak (PPh: *bábad)

ba-báyiwoman; female (PAN: *ba-bahi) *bahi

Aklanon (120 / 1578)

bádbadunravel, take apart (as threads in a garment); to fray, get unravelled (PWMP: *bajbaj)

bádlitlines or marks in the palm (ROOT)

baeábagblocking, obstructing, put across, stretching over; thwart, hindrance, obstruction (PPh: *bala(R)báR)

baeágonvine (generic term) (PWMP: *balaRen)

b<ae>ahóg-anfeeding trough for pigs (PWMP: *bahuR)

baeánakfish sp. (PWMP: *balanak)

baeanáwpuddle (of water) (ROOT)

baeáŋaloss of attention, distraction (PWMP: *balaŋa(q))

baeássand (PMP: *badas)

baeas-ónsandy, having sand (in) (PMP: *badas)

baeátedible green or black eel found at seashore (PPh: *balát)

baeátikbooby trap, improvised trap, (to catch by surprise) (PWMP: *bala(n)tik)

baeáyi(h)the relationship of the parents of each wedded couple; co-parents-in-law (PPh: *balaqih)

báebaeto whip, beat (PAN: *balbal₁)

báeosrevenge, repayment; pay back (a favor), revenge (a crime), get even (PAN: *bales₁)

bága(h)glowing ember; be aglow, smoulder (PMP: *baRah)

bagáni(h)hero, patriot (PMP: *baRani)

baganíh-anheroism, patriotism; heroes, patriots (collectively) (PMP: *baRani)

bágaysuits, matches; complementary, becoming; to complement, be appropriate, match; tune a musical instrument (PWMP: *bagay)

bágaything, case; the right thing (PPH: *bágay)

Aklanon (140 / 1578)

bágaʔlung (PAN: *baRaq₁)

bagáʔswollen, swelled up (PAN: *baReq)

bágbagto crash, come or fall down (as a plane that crashes) (PPH: *bagbág)

bagóbefore, prior to (PMP: *baqeRu) *baqeRuh

bágo(h)bago tree: Gnetum gnemon (PWMP: *baguh)

bágsakto crash, fall down (PPH: *bag(e)sák)

bagsákbedbug (NEAR)

bágyo(h)hurricane, storm (PAN: *baRiuS)

bágʔaŋmolar tooth, molar teeth (PMP: *bageqaŋ)

bagʔó(h)new; recently (PMP: *baqeRu) *baqeRuh

ba(h)interjection, expressions of disbelief (PMP: *ba₂)

bahágG-string, breechcloth; underwear (PMP: *bahaR)

báhawcold rice; cool off, get cool (said of food) (PMP: *bahaw) *baSaw

baháʔflood; to overflow, flood (PMP: *bahaq₂) *baSaq

báhiʔhard stick (PPH: *báhiq)

bahógswill, slop, pig food; to feed pigs; pour soup on (PWMP: *bahuR)

báhoʔsmell, odor, stench; to stink (PMP: *bahuq)

bakánkind of tree (PWMP: *bakan)

bakáŋto walk with the knees apart, walk bowleggedly; bowlegged (PAN: *bakaŋ₁)

bákashurry up, hasten, quicken (PMP: *bakas₁)

Aklanon (160 / 1578)

bakáw-antree that is good for firewood: Rhizophora mucronata (PWMP: *bakehaw)

bákbaktake off the bark of a tree (PMP: *bakbak₁)

bakláʔhomosexual, queer; effeminate man (LOAN)

baléteʔbalete tree: Ficus benjamina L. (PPh: *balítiq)

balíbroken, fractured (PMP: *baliq)

baliláʔfish -- quite long, with plenty of spines (PWMP: *balidaq)

balintawáknative dress, knee-length, worn only for dances (LOAN)

baliŋ-baliŋunsteady, aimless (said of a flying object without aim) (PWMP: *baliŋ baliŋ) *baliŋ₂

balisóŋlong, sharp knife common to Batangas (LOAN)

balítaʔnews, report; newspaper; to report (LOAN)

balíwbewitched (PMP: *baliw₂)

báliʔget broken in two, get fractured (as an arm) (PMP: *baliq)

banabá(h)medicinal tree: Premna cumingiana Schaver (PPh: *banabá)

bana-bana(h)tree, fruit, guayabano. Anona muricata L. (NOISE)

bánawto wash (hands, feet) (PMP: *bañaw)

banáʔagrays (of the rising sun); to be rising (said of sun), send off rays (PMP: *banaqaR)

banaʔ-banaʔestimation, calculation; opinion (NOISE)

bánbanherb used for roofing: Donax cannaeformis (PWMP: *banban)

bánlawrinse out (with water after soaping) (PPh: *bal(e)ñáw)

banógbird of prey (hawk) (PPh: *banúR)

Aklanon (180 / 1578)

bánsagfamous, popular, noted (PPH: *ban(e)sag)

bántaeto dam up (PWMP: *bantal)

bántogfamous, noted, well-known; to announce (PPH: *bantug)

banwá(h)town, country (PMP: *banua)

banyágaʔcriminally-inclined, evil-minded (LOAN)

baŋa(h)palm tree: Orania palindan (PWMP: *baŋa₁)

baŋbaŋfall down, cave in (such as sides of riverbank) (PWMP: *baŋbaŋ₄)

baŋgáʔambush; collide, hit together (LOAN)

baŋílshim (something used to level off an unbalanced table or chair that is wobbling) (PPH: *baŋil)

báŋkaetree with reddish fruit: Nauclea junghuhnia (PMP: *baŋkal)

báŋkatwoven basket (for small fishes) (PWMP: *ba(ŋ)kat)

báŋkawspear (PWMP: *baŋkaw)

báŋkaycorpse, dead person (PWMP: *baŋkay)

baŋkilíŋa tree: Cicca acida (PWMP: *baŋkiriŋ)

báŋonget up (out of bed), arise (PMP: *baŋun₂) *baŋuN

báogto putrefy, rot (like old eggs) (PPH: *báqug)

baógputrid, ruined, spoiled, rotten; sterile (incapable of bearing children) (PPH: *báqug)

bæo(h)knowledge, awareness of (NOISE)

báraŋblack magic, voodoo, witchcraft (NOISE)

baráŋgaynative boats -- of historical import, which brought the first Malaysian settlers; club, group, organization (PPh: *baraŋgay)

Aklanon (200 / 1578)

bárlakshine, radiate (ROOT)

básagto break (PPH: *basag)

baságbroken (PPH: *basag)

basbáschip off, trim off (PWMP: *basbas₃)

bátaʔchildish, young, youthful, immature (PWMP: *bataq)

bátbatpound out metal (PWMP: *batbat)

batíʔiscalf, lower leg (PWMP: *baties)

batóstone (PMP: *batu) *batux

bató-báto(h)kidney (PMP: *batu₂)

bátoknape of neck (PWMP: *batuk₂)

báwiʔto reclaim, repossess, take back, salvage (PPH: *báwiq)

bawogbamboo spring in a booby trap (PPH: *baweR)

báyadpayment; pay (PMP: *bayaD)

bayáʔto ignore (PPH: *bayáq)

bayáʔto ignore (NOISE)

báybaybeach, seashore; bank (of a river) (PPh: *baybáy)

bayóto box, hit, pound, pummel (PAN: *bayu)

bayúoŋburi bag (usually for one cavan) (PWMP: *bayuquŋ)

báyw-on taI’ll box you (PAN: *bayu)

báʔakcut bamboo lengthwise (PMP: *baqak₁)

Aklanon (220 / 1578)

báʔbaʔmouth (PMP: *baqbaq)

bíbiduck (LOAN)

bibíglip(s) (PMP: *bibiR) *biRbiR

bi-bíŋkacake made of rice or cassava, cooked between two fires (LOAN)

bída(h)hero (of story, movie); main actor (LOAN)

bidh-án-anfilled with fish eggs (PWMP: *bihed)

bigá-onoversexed (female) (PMP: *biRaq₁)

bígaʔsexual excitement or feeling (PMP: *biRaq₁)

bígkissash (piece of cloth wrapped around the waist) (ROOT)

bíhagcapture; get the prize (at a cockfight) (PWMP: *bihaR)

bíhodfish eggs, caviar (PWMP: *bihed)

biká(h)shard, potsherd (broken piece, chip off earthenware vessels) (PWMP: *bika)

bíkaʔspread the legs apart, do a split (PMP: *bikaq₂)

bílaŋsomewhat like, considered as, like; consider (as), reckon (as) (PAN: *bilaŋ₁)

bílaŋsomewhat like, considered as, like; to consider as, reckon as (PPH: *bilaŋ₂)

bilaŋgó-anprison, jail (LOAN)

biláŋgoʔto imprison, jail (LOAN)

bilásthe relationship between two outside in-laws, such as the wife of one brother to the wife of another brother (PPH: *bilas)

bilí(h)cost, price, value, worth; be worth, have a value, be priced at (PMP: *bili)

bílinleave behind; order, request (PWMP: *bilin)

Aklanon (240 / 1578)

b-il-itay-ángallows, place of hanging (PPh: *bítay)

bílogconsolidate, unify, make into a single unit; unit (LOAN)

bilógsolid, entire, whole; full (moon) (LOAN)

b<in>abáyiact like a female (said of a male), be effeminate (PPh: *b<in>a-bahi) *bahi

bínhiʔseed, grain (PMP: *binehiq) *bineSiq

b-in-íraysailboat -- usually three boats tied together during a water festival (LOAN)

b-iniʔássection, internode, joint (of plant, finger) (PWMP: *biqas)

bíntoefish trap (PWMP: *bintul)

b-in-úeanmonthly (PMP: *bulan₃) *bulaN

b-in-úhatcreature, creation (PMP: *buhat₂)

b-in-úmbawas pumped by (LOAN)

b-in-umbah-ánwere bombed (LOAN)

b-in-útw-anblistered, having blisters (PMP: *betu₃) *beCu

b-in-útw-anblistered, having blisters (PMP: *butu₁) *buCu

bíŋatpull open, pull apart (PPh: *biŋát)

bíŋka(h)dessert cake (LOAN)

bíŋkitjoin, unite, tie together (PPh: *biŋkit)

bíŋkoŋcurl up (fingers, paper) (PMP: *biŋkuŋ)

birásock, punch, box, hit (PWMP: *bida)

bíri-bíriberi beri (disease caused by lack of thiamine) (LOAN)

Aklanon (260 / 1578)

bísaeffect, result (LOAN)

bítasslit open, split up; pull apart (PMP: *bitas)

bítayhang, suspend (PPh: *bítay)

bítbitcarry in one's hand (usually by a handle, like a suitcase or a trunk) (PMP: *bitbit₂) *bitbit

bitíkflea (as on dogs) (PMP: *bitik₁)

bitíkflea (as on dogs) (NOISE)

bítinpull up; dangle, hang (from) (PPh: *bítin)

bitínpoisonous snake (PPh: *bítin)

bitúʔonstar (general term) (PAN: *bituqen)

biʔásjoint, notch (of finger); internode of flora, the part between the joints of flowers and plants (PWMP: *biqas)

biʔásjoint; notch (of finger); internode (of flora -- the part between the joints of flowers and plants) (LOAN)

bóbofish trap (PAN: *bubu₂)

bólaball (LOAN)

bolah-ánballfield (LOAN)

bolímbodto tie up (by running the string around many times) (ROOT)

bosínahorn (as on motor vehicles) (LOAN)

botítipoisonous fish with bloated stomach; bloated, swollen, inflated (PWMP: *butiti)

bóto(h)to vote for (LOAN)

bótoʔpenis, male organ (PMP: *butuq) *buCuq

bóʔboʔpour out, dump out (PMP: *buqbuq)

Aklanon (280 / 1578)

buástomorrow (PPh: *buás)

bubónopen well (PMP: *bubun₁) *bubun

búbon-búbonsoft spot or crown (of infant's head) (PWMP: *bubun bubun) *buNbuN

bubóŋinside roof (PMP: *bubuŋ₁)

buboŋ-ánrafters, attic, inside area of roof (PMP: *bubuŋ-an) *bubuŋ₁

búdbudto wind up; spindle (PMP: *bejbej₂) *bejbej

búdbudwind up; spindle (NOISE)

budíŋsoot, carbon (PWMP: *budiŋ)

bueáddry out in the sunshine (PWMP: *belaj)

bueágto separate, disjoin, put/pull apart; leave one another, separate, go apart (NOISE)

búeakflower (generic) (PWMP: *bujak)

búeak-búeakembellishment (in speech); artificial flower (PWMP: *bujak)

búeanmoon, month (PMP: *bulan₃) *bulaN

bueáŋblade (used in cock fighting); enter a rooster into a cockfight (PWMP: *bulaŋ)

bueáŋ-angallery, arena, place for a cockfight (PWMP: *bulaŋ)

bueáwbecome jaundiced (PAN: *bulaw)

bueáwfish with yellow stripe (NOISE)

bueáw-angold (PAN: *bulaw-an) *bulaw

bueawán-ongolden (PAN: *bulaw-an) *bulaw

bueáʔfroth, foam, bubbles; to form bubbles or foam; talk with pride about oneself or others (PMP: *bujeq₂) *bujeq

Aklanon (300 / 1578)

búebuehair (of animals or people); feathers (of fowl) (PPh: *bulbúl)

bueo-bukóankle (PMP: *bukuh)

buéoŋmedicine, cure; to medicate, cure, administer medicine (PMP: *buluŋ₂)

b-ue-uhát-onwork, deed (PMP: *buhat₂)

bufyʔadhave one's stomach protrude or stick out (NOISE)

bugá(h)exhale, blow out (smoke of a cigarette) (PMP: *buRah) *buReS

bugáŋkind of grass used for making brooms: Phragmites vulgaris (NOISE)

bugásuncooked, polished rice (PMP: *beRas)

búgawto shoo, drive away, evict (PAN: *buRaw)

bugáwfly whisk; matchmaker, pimp (PAN: *buRaw)

bugáygive, offer (PMP: *beRay)

búgbugbeat to unconsciousness, knock out; get knocked out (PWMP: *bugbug)

búgkosbundle, package; to tie up, bundle, package (PMP: *beRkes)

búgnaytree with red fruit: Antidesma bunius (L.) Spreng. (PWMP: *buRnay)

búgsaypaddle; oar (for boat); to paddle, row (a boat) (PMP: *beRsay)

búgtoŋonly child (PPH: *buR(e)túŋ)

búgtoʔto break, snap (PPH: *buR(e)tuq)

búgʔakproud, haughty, boastful (ROOT)

búgʔatbecome heavy, get heavier (PMP: *beReqat)

búhatto make, do, work; create (PMP: *buhat₂)

Aklanon (320 / 1578)

buhísa tax; impose a tax (PWMP: *buhis) *buhís

buhókhair (on head) (PMP: *buhek) *bukeS

búhosto open a dam (PWMP: *buhus)

búkadunroll, roll open, unwrap (PWMP: *bekaj)

bukáeto boil (said of heated liquids) (PMP: *bukal₁) *bukal

bukásto open up (window, door) (PMP: *bu(ŋ)kas) *bukas

búkawowl (PWMP: *bukaw)

bukáʔto open up (usually something that is hinged, like an oyster or can; also lips); get opened up (PWMP: *bukaʔ)

búkbukbamboo gnat; powder or dust left by boring of insects (PMP: *bukbuk₃)

búkeadopen up (as the hand) (PMP: *bekelaj)

búkeadto open up (as hand) (PPh: *buk(e)lad)

búkidmountain (PAN: *bukij)

bukíd-nonmountaineer (PAN: *bukij)

bukójoint (of bamboo); wrist (PMP: *bukuh)

búkoevery young coconut; swell up, protrude, stick out, stick through (like a pen underneath a piece of paper) (PMP: *buŋkul)

bukónnot, no, it is not (used to negate nominals and adjectives or similar descriptions) (PWMP: *beken)

bukónnot, no, it is not (used to negate nominals and adjectives or similar descriptions) (PWMP: *buken₁) *buken

búktothunchbacked, stoop-shouldered (PWMP: *beketut)

búktothunchbacked, stoop-shouldered (PPh: *buk(e)tút)

buladórkite (LOAN)

Aklanon (340 / 1578)

bulalákawbird, believed to be carrier of evil spirits (PPh: *bulalákaw₂)

búligto help, assist; help, assistance (PWMP: *bulig)

búligbunch of bananas or similar fruits (PMP: *buliR)

bulilítdwarfish, tiny (PPh: *bulilít)

bulináwvery small fish (PPh: *bulínaw)

bulíʔrear, back (PMP: *buliq₂)

bulíʔrear, back (NOISE)

bulóŋwhisper, speak softly (LOAN)

bulóŋ-buloŋ-anrumor, gossip, whisperings (LOAN)

búmbato bomb, drop bombs on (LOAN)

búmbato pump (water, gas) (LOAN)

búmba(h)pump (for water, gasoline, etc.) (LOAN)

búnaebeat up, batter (PWMP: *benal)

bunáestick (used for beating) (PWMP: *benal)

búnaebeat up, batter (PPh: *bunal)

bunáestick used for beating (PPh: *bunal)

bunákwet, damp; to moisten, dampen, wet (NOISE)

búnbunyoung rice seedlings, rice shoots (PMP: *bunubun) *bunabun

búnokrain heavily, rain "cats and dogs" (NOISE)

bunótcoconut husk or fibers; to husk a coconut (PMP: *bunut₁)

Aklanon (360 / 1578)

bunóʔto stab (PMP: *bunuq₂) *buNuq₂

búnt-ihusk it! (PPh: *bunut-i) *bunut₁

búntispregnant (PWMP: *bentis)

búntispregnant (PPh: *buq(e)tis)

búnyagto water, sprinkle with water; baptize; watering, sprinkling; baptism (PPh: *buniag)

bunyag-í ro búeakwater the flowers! (PPh: *buniag)

búnʔiwhite skin disease, ringworm (PMP: *buqeni)

búŋabear fruit (PMP: *buŋa)

búŋa-buŋásmall mouse (PMP: *buŋa)

búŋa(h)fruit; betel nut (palm, nut): Areca catechu var. Alba (PMP: *buŋa)

buŋah-ánlist of answers for an exam, 'cheat sheet' (PMP: *buŋa)

búŋbuŋpartition; temporary wall (PWMP: *beŋbeŋ) *beŋbeŋ₁

buŋíʔhaving a harelip (PPH: *buŋiq)

buŋíʔharelip (NOISE)

búŋkagdismantle, take apart, undo; be disrupted, get taken apart (PMP: *be(ŋ)kaR)

búŋkagdismantle, take apart, undo; be disrupted, get taken apart (PMP: *buŋkaR)

búŋkoghump (bump on back of some animals) (PWMP: *buŋkug)

buŋkog-ánhaving a hump (PWMP: *buŋkug)

buŋóedeaf, unable to hear; become deaf (PMP: *beŋel)

búŋogfool, stupid fellow, jerk (NOISE)

Aklanon (380 / 1578)

búŋotwhiskers, beard, facial hair (PPh: *beŋet₂)

búŋotwhiskers, beard, facial hair (PWMP: *buŋut)

buŋóʔskull (PPH: *buŋuq)

buŋóʔskull (NOISE)

buŋúeana delicious, long, yellow-green banana: Musa sapientum, var. suaveolens (PPH: *buŋuran)

burbúrsemen; sexual fluids (NOISE)

burí(h)buri palm (tree, fibers): Corypha elata (PMP: *buri₁)

buriŋótbad-humored, moody, out-of-sorts, crabby (ROOT)

buróeto embalm (PPH: *burul)

búsbustear open, puncture, slit open (as with a knife, a chicken tearing open a sack so that the rice inside gets scattered) (PMP: *busbus)

búskadto open wide (like a flower) (PPh: *bes(e)káj)

busógbe full, satisfied (after eating) (PAN: *besuR)

busónmail box, postal box (LOAN)

búswaŋerupt, open up (sore, boil) (PPh: *busuáŋ)

búsʔakto chop (wood) (PPh: *bus(e)qák)

butáblind; blinded (PMP: *buta₁) *buCa

butá-bútaa game, 'Blindman's bluff' (PWMP: *buta buta₁) *buCa

butígwart (PMP: *buteliR)

butíʔpopcorn, popped rice (PWMP: *beRtiq)

butíʔpopcorn, popped rice (PPh: *butíq)

Aklanon (400 / 1578)

bútkonarm, upper arm; sleeve (of shirt, dress) (PWMP: *beteken)

butóblister (PMP: *betu₃) *beCu

butóblister (PMP: *butu₁) *buCu

butódswell up (due to gas), become bloated (stomach) (PWMP: *buntuD)

butóŋbamboo: Bambusa vulgaris (PAN: *betuŋ₁)

bútoŋto pull, yank (PPH: *beteŋ₃) *beteŋ₂

butóttadpole (baby frog) (NOISE)

búybuy'cotton tree', used for stuffing pillows and mattresses: Ceiba pentandra Linn. (PPh: *buybuy)

búybuycotton tree, used for stuffing pillows and mattresses: Ceiba pentandra L. (NOISE)

buyó(h)to deceive about, conceal one's real intentions (LOAN)

búyokcharmed, convinced (PWMP: *buyuk)

búyoŋspin, turn round and round, go in circles (LOAN)

búyoŋspin, turn round and round, go in circles (NOISE)

búyoʔleaves for chewing: Piper betle (PWMP: *buyuq)

buyʔón-anhaving a bloated stomach or beer belly (PPh: *buyequŋ-an) *buyequŋ

buʔóeheel (of foot) (PPh: *buqel)

búʔoŋto break (PPh: *búquŋ)

dáanolder, ancient; the former (PMP: *daqan₂) *daqaN

dáboŋbamboo shoot (Masbatenyos, like most Filipinos, boil young bamboo shoots for food); immature, young (refers to children, unripe fruits or untempered metal) (PPH: *dabuŋ)

daeágagirl, young lady, young unmarried woman; maiden (PWMP: *da-daRa) *daRa₂

Aklanon (420 / 1578)

dáeanroad,way, path, trail, street; be carried away by, be led by; almost forget (something else) (PMP: *zalan)

d<ae>apit-ánferry landing (PWMP: *dapit)

daeásoften, frequently (PPH: *darás)

dáeomto get deep(er) (PMP: *dalem)

dagámirice stalk, straw (from rice) (PMP: *zaRami)

dágatsalt water; sea (PMP: *daRat)

dagátget motion sickness, get seasick (PMP: *daRat)

dágitto pounce upon, swoop down and seize (said of birds seizing prey) (PPH: *daRit)

dágsaʔget washed ashore (PPH: *dág(e)saq)

dáhilbecause (PWMP: *dalih)

dáhonleaf, leaves; to produce leaves (PMP: *dahun)

dahón-dahóngrass snake (PMP: *dahun-dahun) *dahun

dakídandruff (PMP: *daki)

daki-hónhaving dandruff (PMP: *daki)

dakópto capture, catch (as dog, person, fish) (PAN: *dakep)

dalísaypure, genuine; saturated through and through; strong (flavor) (PPH: *dalísay)

dálitvenom, poison (PPH: *dalit₃)

dalit-anvenomous, poisonous (PPH: *dalit₃)

damá(h)Spanish checkers; king checkers (LOAN)

damah-áncheckerboard (LOAN)

Aklanon (440 / 1578)

danáwlake, pond (PAN: *danaw)

danáʔthat (PPH: *danáq₂)

dáŋawhandsbreadth (unit of measurement about 8 inches long) (PPH: *daŋaw)

dáŋdaŋwarm up, put near the fire, heat up (PMP: *daŋdaŋ₁) *daŋdaŋ

dápdapkind of tree (PMP: *dapdap₁)

dápeosto slide down (as down the railing of a stairway); to slip down (unable to take hold) (PPH: *dapílus)

dápitto ferry across (PWMP: *dapit)

dapítsituated, located (PWMP: *dapit)

dápitsituated, located (PWMP: *dapít)

dáplisgrazed, scratched, having an abrasion, slightly cut (PPH: *dap(e)lis)

dapógstove, hearth (PMP: *dapuR₁)

datágopen field, plain, prairie (PAN: *dataR)

dátu-ʔruler, king; rich, wealthy, powerful (through money) (PMP: *datu)

dáwa(h)grass; rice grain dessert preparation (PAN: *zawa₂)

dáwatto take, receive, get from above (PPH: *dáwat)

dáyawto praise, honor, laud (PPH: *dáyaw)

da-ywato make into two, raise or lower to two (PMP: *da-duha) *duSa

da-ywa(h)two (PMP: *da-duha) *duSa

dílapto lick (PWMP: *dilap₂)

dílaʔtongue (PMP: *dilaq₁)

Aklanon (460 / 1578)

diláʔ-ansharp-tongued (referring to a gossiper) (PMP: *dilaq₁)

d<in>ugo-ána Filipino dish made from the blood and intestines of pigs, chickens, etc. (PMP: *zuRuq)

díŋdiŋwall (PMP: *diŋdiŋ₁)

dueásto slip (PMP: *dulas)

dúeokto clear away the stumps of trees and other vegetation in order to plant (PPH: *duluk)

dueómto get darker (PPH: *dulem)

dúgmonnest or mat for a pig (PPH: *dug(e)mún)

dugóʔblood; to bleed (PMP: *zuRuq)

dúha-dúhahesitation, doubt, fear (PMP: *duha duha₂) *duSa

dúha-dúha(h)to doubt, be hesitant; delay, hesitate (PMP: *duha duha₂) *duSa

dúkotto stick together (PMP: *deket₁) *dekeC

dukóthard cooked rice at the bottom of the　pot; to stick to, cling to; to get pregnant (PMP: *deket₁) *dekeC

dúkotto pick someone’s pocket (PPH: *dúkut)

dúlisshooting star (PPH: *dúlis)

dúmdumto remember, keep in mind (PAN: *demdem₁)

dúnoŋwisdom, knowledge (PPH: *dunuŋ)

dúŋoglisten to, hear, give ear to (PMP: *deŋeR)

duŋógfame, honor, reputation (PMP: *deŋeR)

dupáarmsbreadth, armspan [unit of measure]; to stretch out one’s arms, hold one’s arms out sideways (PAN: *depah)

dúsdusto push, shove (PPH: *desdés)

Aklanon (480 / 1578)

dútdutto tighten, squeeze together (usually by pushing) (PAN: *detdet)

dúyanhammock; cradle; to rock [a baby] to sleep (PPH: *dúyan)

dúyan-dúyanto rock back and forth (PPH: *dúyan)

eaba(h)to launder, wash clothes (LOAN)

eábnoga medicinal shrub: Ficus hauili Blanco. (PPH: *lab(e)nuR)

eáboŋgrow steadily, multiply, expand, be prolific (PWMP: *labeŋ)

eábotaffair, concern, business (PPH: *labut)

eaeá (h)to weave mats (PWMP: *laja)

eagáʔred, reddish (ROOT)

eákadto step over (with big steps) (PMP: *lakaj)

eakáwto amble, go around (PMP: *lakaw)

eákiman, male (PMP: *laki₁)

eakin-onmannish (PMP: *laki₁)

eáli(h)fish (PMP: *lajih)

eámboŋshirt; blouse; dress (PPH: *lambuŋ)

eámonto eat (of an animal); to eat like a pig, eat voraciously and sloppily (PPH: *lamun₂)

eanábto flood a little bit, overflow a little (PPH: *laq(e)nab)

eanábto flood a little bit, overflow a little (PWMP: *lanab)

eanáb-eanábto rise (said of the river’s water level) (PPH: *laq(e)nab)

eánosa somewhat old coconut (PPH: *lanés)

Aklanon (500 / 1578)

eánotabaca fiber (PPH: *lánut)

eantíŋhigh-pitched (voice) (ROOT)

eaŋjust, only (PPH: *laŋ)

eáŋawfly (general term for this family of insects) (PMP: *laŋaw)

eáŋitsky, heaven (PMP: *laŋit) *laŋiC

eaŋóyto swim (after/the length of) (PWMP: *laŋuy)

eaónold (rice; maid); spinster, spinstress (PWMP: *laun)

eapáwsurpass, exceed, excel (PWMP: *la(m)paw)

eápdosto strike with a downward motion (PPH: *lap(e)des)

eápidto join, unite, put together (PPH: *lapid)

eápotsticky, pasty (PPH: *lap(e)qut)

eápotsticky, pasty (PPH: *lap(e)qút)

easáwnot sticky; liquidy, watery (PPH: *lásaw)

eásg-onhaving enlarged testicles (PMP: *laseR)

eásogtesticle (PMP: *laseR)

eátayto cross a small bamboo bridge (PPH: *latay)

eatay-ánriver-crossing, small bamboo bridge (PPH: *latay)

eátiʔfield (for farming) (PWMP: *latiq)

eátʔastry to get to some place by a route not ordinarily taken (PWMP: *la(n)t(e)qas)

eáwayto salivate, froth at the mouth (PPH: *láway)

Aklanon (520 / 1578)

eáwaʔspider (PMP: *lawaq₂)

eawáʔ-eawáʔcobweb, spiderweb (PMP: *lawaq-lawaq) *lawaq₂

eawódocean, sea (PAN: *lahud)

eáwʔayto be indecent; become, get ugly (PPH: *law(e)qay)

eayádry land (PAN: *daya)

eayágsail [of boat] (PAN: *layaR)

eáyoglong range; high; very high; tall (as coconut trees) (PPH: *láyug)

eubák-eubákholes in the road (LOAN)

eubógmurky, clouded, dirty (water) (PWMP: *lebuR)

eúbosdeep; sincere; true (PPH: *lubús)

eudh-ankneeler, kneeling bench (PPH: *luhúd)

eúeodshin (part of leg) (PAN: *luluj)

eúgawto make rice broth, cook rice porridge (PPH: *lúgaw)

eúhaʔteardrop (PMP: *luheq) *luSeq

euháʔto shed tears; to water (of the eyes) (PMP: *luheq) *luSeq

euhódto kneel (PPH: *luhúd)

eúksamourning (PPH: *luk(e)saq)

eúkso(h)to jump over (PPH: *luk(e)súh)

eúktonsmall locust (PPH: *luktun)

eúktonsmall locust (PPH: *luk(e)tún)

Aklanon (540 / 1578)

eumó (h)to consider easy, find easy (PWMP: *lemu)

eúmonto live with or dwell with as an outsider (PPH: *lumun)

eumósto drown (either accidentally or intentionally) (PMP: *lemes)

eúmotmoss, algae – growing in sea (PMP: *lumut)

eúnudsink, go under water (PWMP: *leñej)

eupíʔto get bent, crushed (PWMP: *lupiq)

eupóʔpoisonous freshwater fish (PMP: *lepuq₂)

eútoʔripe, ready to eat (fruit); ripen, get ripe (PWMP: *lutuq)

euwásoutside; to save from [troubles, evil]; free, liberate; aside from, outside of (PMP: *luas₁)

eúya(h)weak, feeble, not strong (PWMP: *luya₂)

gábitaro: Colocasia esculenta (PPH: *gabi)

gabíievening, nighttime (PMP: *Rabiqi)

gabókto rot, become rotten (PMP: *Rabuk)

gábotto pull (out) (PPH: *gábut)

gáliŋto grind, mill (PWMP: *galiŋ)

galiŋ-ángrinder, mill (PWMP: *galiŋ)

gamótroot (PMP: *Ramut₁)

gáodpaddle; oar (PPH: *gáqud)

gaódto paddle; to row (a boat) (PPH: *gáqud)

gáposto tie up, bind (PMP: *Rapus)

Aklanon (560 / 1578)

gapóstwine, rope (PMP: *Rapus)

gásagauze; wick of lamp (LOAN)

gatóŋfuel, firewood; to use fuel or firewood (PPH: *gatuŋ)

gatóshundred; one hundred (PMP: *Ratus) *RaCus

gawaŋdoor (PWMP: *Rawaŋ)

gawáŋdoor (PWMP: *gawaŋ)

gáwgawraw starch (LOAN)

gíkasstrip, trim, cut (PWMP: *Ri(ŋ)kas)

gilákglitter, shine (PMP: *gilak)

gilákglitter, shine (ROOT)

gi-nháwabreath, health (PMP: *nihawa) *NiSawa

gi-nháwa(h)to breathe (PMP: *nihawa) *NiSawa

gin-unáh-anwent ahead of (PMP: *unah)

gíŋawkind of fish (PWMP: *Riŋaw)

gíʔokto thresh rice with one’s feet (PAN: *Riqek)

gúeaŋto get older (PAN: *Rudaŋ)

gulpi(h)sudden(ly), quick(ly), without warning; to be taken aback, surprised, be a victim of a sudden act (LOAN)

gúntiŋscissors, shears; to cut with scissors or shears (LOAN)

gúsokrib bone (PAN: *Rusuk)

gúyodto drag, pull along [the ground] (PWMP: *guyud₃)

Aklanon (580 / 1578)

gúyodto drag, pull along the ground (PWMP: *guyud₃)

habágatsouth wind (PMP: *habaRat) *SabaRat

háboeblanket, use a blanket (PPH: *habél)

habóeto weave (PPH: *habél)

háeabto graze, eat grass (PPH: *hárab₂)

haeó(h)large lizard which eats chickens (PWMP: *haluh)

haeókto kiss (PMP: *hajek) *Sajek

háeʔopestle, pounding stick (PMP: *qahelu) *qaSelu

hágakbragging, boastful, proud, over-exaggerating (ROOT)

hágdanstair(s), step(s) (PMP: *haRezan)

hágoŋgroan, moan (due to severe pain or sickness) (PMP: *haRuŋ) *SaRuŋ

hagóŋin death throes due to disease (PMP: *haRuŋ) *SaRuŋ

hágoŋgroan, moan (ROOT)

hákotget, gather, bundle up (PMP: *hakut) *SakuC

hákot-hákotbee-like insect building nests of mud (PWMP: *hakut hakut)

halígi(h)column, post, mainstay, support (of house) (PMP: *hadiRi) *SadiRi

hálintransfer, move to another place (PMP: *halin)

hamakparticle used for strong emphasis or stress (NOISE)

hámbogproud, swell-headed, boastful (PPh: *hambúg)

hámpakto beat, belt, spank, slap (PPh: *hampak)

Aklanon (600 / 1578)

hámpaŋto play (a game) (PWMP: *hampaŋ)

hámtaklong bean: Vigna sesquipedalis (PWMP: *hametak)

haŋádintend, try, aspire (for/to) (LOAN)

háŋgaejoke, trick (LOAN)

háŋinair, wind (PMP: *haŋin)

haŋín-onpretentious, boastful; crazy, foolish (PWMP: *haŋin-en) *haŋin

háŋitirritated, provoked, angry (PMP: *haŋit)

háŋospant (from loss of breath); breathless (PWMP: *haŋus₁)

háŋosto pant (from loss of breath); breathless (PPH: *haŋes)

hápdiʔcause pain, smart, hurt a lot; be in pain, feel a smarting pain (PMP: *hapejiq) *Sapejiq

hápdoshurt a little, be painful (PMP: *hapejes)

hápinput something underneath (to protect the bottom surface from heat, dirt or the like) (PMP: *hapin)

hapíncover, covering, placemat (PMP: *hapin)

hápitstop for, pick up (when on one's way) (NOISE)

háplitto whip, lash (PPh: *hap(e)lít)

háponafternoon; to roost, go to roost, settle down (birds) (PPh: *hápun)

hapón-anperching rod or twig, roost (PPH: *hapun-an) *hápun

hapuhápfeel around, feel for (something -- as when searching a thief for something stolen or for a weapon) (PMP: *hapuhap) *SapuSap

hásaŋgill (of fish) (PMP: *hasaŋ)

hátagto give (something) (PPH: *hátaR)

Aklanon (620 / 1578)

hátd-an imáwescort him (imperative) (PMP: *hateD-an) *SateD

hátœto judge, render judgment (LOAN)

hatódto escort, take, deliver safely, conduct (PMP: *hateD) *SateD

háwakwaist (PMP: *hawak) *Sawak

háwanclear up, clean up, make open (PWMP: *hawan)

háwʔasto take out (from container) (PPH: *haq(e)was)

háyopmammals, cattle (PPh: *hayep)

hiásjewels, treasures (LOAN)

híasseed; idea, thought (NOISE)

hi-bílin, i-bílinleave behind; order, request (PPh: *hi-bilín) *bilin

hígopinhale, sip (PMP: *hiRup) *SiRup

hígottie up (PPh: *hiRét)

higótstring (for tying) (PPH: *higút)

hígotto tie up (PPH: *higút)

híla(h)to pull (PWMP: *hilah)

hilamónto pull grass out, pull weeds (LOAN)

hiláwraw, uncooked; unripe (PPh: *hiláw)

híligfond of, inclined to, having a liking for; hobby (PPh: *hírig)

hilítcorner, side (PPh: *hilít)

hílotrestore a broken bone; massage (PPh: *hílut)

Aklanon (640 / 1578)

hímokpersuade, convince (NOISE)

hi-níŋa(h)take out food particles between one's teeth (PMP: *tiŋah) *CiŋaS

hi-ŋáeanto pronounce, say, name (PMP: *ŋajan)

hi-ŋutóto take out lice from someone’s hair (PMP: *kutu₁) *kuCux

hípagsister-in-law (PMP: *hipaR₁) *hipaR

híponsmall shrimp (PPh: *hípun₂)

híposto keep silence, be quiet; to keep secret (PPH: *hipes)

hítaʔcrotch, groin (PPh: *hitaq)

hítoʔfish sp. (PMP: *hituq)

híwiʔuneven, askance, off to one side (PWMP: *hiwiʔ)

híwiʔuneven, askance, off to one side (NEAR)

hoecry to stop a carabao (PMP: *huy)

hoyexpression used to call the attention of another; term used to drive a dog away or stop it from barking or biting another (PMP: *huy)

húbadunravel, untie, unwind (PPh: *hubád)

húbadunravel, untie, unwind (ROOT)

hubáslow tide (PPh: *hebás)

hueámborrow (PMP: *hezam) *Sezam

húeawstop raining, "let up" (rain only) (PMP: *hedaw)

húeogto drop (something); mail (a letter); to fall, get dropped (PMP: *huluR) *SuluR

hueom-ónto borrow (PPh: *hedam-en) *Sezam

Aklanon (660 / 1578)

húgasrinse, wash off (PMP: *huRas) *SuRas

hugóŋ-húgoŋrumors (PMP: *heReŋ)

hugóŋ-hugóŋrumors (PMP: *huRuŋ)

hugótto tighten, make firm (PMP: *heRet) *SeReC

húkastake off, unstitch (PWMP: *hukas)

húlidsleep with, share a bed with, be in bed with (PMP: *hulij) *Sulij

hulíkapto pet, feel around (the body) (ROOT)

humáycooked rice (PMP: *hemay) *Semay

húmbakwave, crest (PWMP: *humbak)

húnaʔ-húnaʔspeculate, think of, consider; speculation, idea, thought (PPh: *henaq)

huní(h)chirp, sing (like birds or crickets); to blow (said of whistle or siren) (PMP: *huni) *Suni

húnosto pull (out); draw (gun) (PMP: *hunus) *SuNus

húnos-húnosjerk back and forth, push and pull (PMP: *hunus) *SuNus

hurósslip (off), become loose (PWMP: *hurus)

húyaŋshake, rattle (PWMP: *huyaŋ)

huyápto count, enumerate (PPh: *huyáp)

huyáʔface, pride; shame; be disgraced, be shamed (PMP: *heyaq) *Seyaq

húyoŋshake, rattle (PMP: *huyuŋ)

huyópto blow (air) on (PMP: *heyup) *Seyup

húyʔabto yawn (PMP: *huyeʔab) *Suyeʔab

Aklanon (680 / 1578)

húʔoyes. Used quite differently than the English equivalent -- the Aklanon "yes" can mean "the former" or "yes, your statement (in the negative) is true" (PMP: *heqe)

iclassic noun prefix used to show locations (PAN: *i₂)

i-prefix for future and command verb forms in the instrumental focus (PMP: *i-) *Si-₁

iáhere (near the speaker) (PMP: *ia₂)

i-bábawtop, uppermost part; upstairs (PAN: *i babaw) *babaw₃

íba(h)go together, be companions (PMP: *ibah) *ibaS

ibá(h)accompany, go along with; different, other, another (PMP: *ibah) *ibaS

ibá(h)different, other, another (PPH: *iba)

ibaʔtree with sour fruit: Averrhoa bilimbi L. (LOAN)

íbogattracted to, desire, like (PMP: *ibeR)

i-dáeombelow, bottom, underneath (PMP: *i dalem) *dalem

ídlapshine, glow (ROOT)

ígateel (PPh: *ígat)

ígpitto clip, catch, hold between two things (PPh: *hig(e)pít)

ígpitto clip, catch, hold between two things (PPH: *qiR(e)pit)

íhiʔurine, urinate (PMP: *ihiq) *iSiq

ika-pitóseventh (PMP: *ika-pitu) *pitu

ika-siyámninth (PPH: *siám)

ika-siyámninth (PPH: *ika-siám) *siám

i-káwyou (singular) (PMP: *i-kahu) *kaSu

Aklanon (700 / 1578)

i-ka-waeóeighth (PMP: *ika-walu) *walu

íkogtail (of any creature) (PAN: *ikuR)

íkotto go around; revolve (PPH: *íkut₃)

íkʔikto cheep, chatter (sound of animal -- like monkey) (PWMP: *qikqik)

ilá(h)wild, untamed, undomesticated (fowl) (PMP: *ilah)

i-lawódthe seaward part of any town (PMP: *i-lahud) *lahud

i-layáinland (section of town) (PAN: *daya)

ilígto flow (downstream); to flow, drop (PWMP: *qiliR)

ilih-ánplace, location (PMP: *qilih)

il-ihiʔ-ánurinal, place to urinate (PMP: *ihiq) *iSiq

ilógto flow (PAN: *iluR₂)

ílo(h)orphan; to be left an orphan (PWMP: *ilu)

ilóŋ-anfish sp. (PWMP: *ijuŋ-an) *ijuŋ

ílosto ladle out (PAN: *qidus)

íluk-onunderarms, armpit (NOISE)

ímbawclam shell (PMP: *qibaw₁)

imn-adrink (imper.) (PWMP: *inum-a) *inum

ímoyour (sg.), you (PMP: *imu) *Simu

ímonbe possessive (of), hold on to (PPh: *qímun)

imótmiserly, thrifty, penny-pinching (PPh: *ímut)

Aklanon (720 / 1578)

ímpaspay in full, pay one's account (PMP: *qimpas)

ímponmingle, mix with; consist of (PMP: *qi(m)pun)

-in-object focus and intensive infix (PAN: *<in>) *-in-

ináM (PMP: *ina)

ína-ínafoster mother; stepmother (PWMP: *ina ina) *ina

in-ápograndchildren (PPh: *in-apu) *apu

in-atáyliver disease (PMP: *qatay) *qaCay

in-áyamact like a dog (implying overt sexual behavior) (PWMP: *qayam₂)

índaŋa tree: Artocarpus cumingiana Trec. (NOISE)

índoŋ-índoŋeel (NEAR)

in-ínsikChinese (language) (LOAN)

ínitto heat, make hot (PWMP: *qinit)

inog-turóʔindex finger (PAN: *tuzuq₁)

inómto drink (up) (PMP: *inum)

ínotsave up, be thrifty with (PWMP: *qinut)

ínsikChinese, Chinaman (LOAN)

íntokbecome smaller, shrink (PMP: *itek)

iŋaʔto bellow (carabao) (< *-ŋaq?) (ROOT)

iŋítcrabby, out of sorts, in a bad mood (ROOT)

íŋkiŋtrifling, trivial, insignificant (PWMP: *iŋkiŋ)

Aklanon (740 / 1578)

iŋókto grunt (like a pig) (ROOT)

íŋosmoan in sadness; purr (PMP: *iŋus)

iótfuck; very strong term of anger or disgust (PAN: *qiut)

ipa-causative verb prefix used in giving commands about direct objects (PPh: *ipa-)

ípila tree: Intsia bijuga (PMP: *qipil)

ípiŋside-by-side with, next to (NOISE)

isdáʔfish (PPh: *sidáq)

ísipegoistic, selfish, always considering oneself; think of, consider, reckon, ponder; thought, consideration (PPh: *ísip)

isíp-onthink over (PPh: *isip-en) *ísip

ísoemove backwards (PPh: *isul)

isótbecome smaller; almost, barely, nearly (PWMP: *isut₁)

itíkduck (PWMP: *itik₂)

itikto tickle (PWMP: *qitik₂)

itíphard-cooked rice (at the bottom of the pot) (PPh: *itíp)

itlógegg; testicle (PMP: *qiteluR) *qiCeluR

itúmblack, dark (colored) (PMP: *qitem)

iwíkto squeal, howl (said of a pig) (PPh: *íwik)

iyót“fuck” (very strong term of anger or disgust) (PPH: *iut₂)

kayou singular (contraction of ikáw) (PMP: *ka₄)

ka-very productive adjective prefix, indicating a high degree (when standing alone), or the superlative (when with the -an suffix) ka-gwápo ‘very good looking’ (cp. gwápo ‘handsome’) (PPH: *ka-₃)

Aklanon (760 / 1578)

ka-noun prefix: ka-támɁis ‘sweetness’ (cp. ma-támɁis ‘sweet’) (PAN: *ka-₅)

ka-amah-ánfatherhood (PWMP: *ka-ama-en) *amax

ka-áŋhitbody odor (PAN: *qaŋeSit)

ka-áŋsothe smell of urine (PPh: *qaŋ(e)su)

ka-apó-apó-hanfuture generation(s) (of grandchildren) (PPh: *ka-apu-an) *apu

ka-áwayenemy (PPH: *áway)

ka-ba-bátw-anstony area/place (PWMP: *ka-batu-an) *batux

kábagto have gas pains (in stomach), suffer from hyperacidity or indigestion (PPH: *kábag)

kabánfootlocker, trunk (for clothes) (PWMP: *kaban₂)

kabáncavan (unit of measure-- 25 gantas); a sackful of grain weighing approximately 100 pounds (LOAN)

ka-bantog-anfame, popularity (PPH: *bantug)

kabáoŋcoffin (LOAN)

kabásikind of fish (PWMP: *kabasi)

kabítto cling to, hang on to; franchise, collaborate; mistress, paramour (PPH: *kabít₂)

káblitto touch lightly with one’s finger (PPH: *kab(e)lít)

káblitto touch lightly with one’s finger (PPH: *kab(e)lit)

kabógfruit bat (PPH: *kabég)

kabósto be short, run short of, not have enough of (PMP: *kabus₁)

ka-bukír-anmountain range (PPh: *ka-bukij-an) *bukij

ka-búlighelper, assistant (PWMP: *bulig)

Aklanon (780 / 1578)

ka-dáeomdepth (PMP: *dalem)

ka-dahil-án-anreason, cause (PWMP: *dalih-an) *dalih

kádlitmark, draw a line (ROOT)

ka-duŋg-án-anhonor, fame, repute (PWMP: *ka-deŋeR-an) *deŋeR

kaeámaybrown sugar (PWMP: *kalamay)

ka-eánot-anabaca plantation (PPH: *lánut)

ka-eaŋít-anthe heavens; Heaven (PMP: *laŋit) *laŋiC

kaeátrope (made of abaca fibers) (PWMP: *kalat)

kagátclaw, pincher (of crab) (PMP: *kaRat) *kaRaC

ka-gueáŋ-anforest (PAN: *Rudaŋ)

ka-gueaŋ-áneldest, oldest (PAN: *Rudaŋ)

kahílnative pomelo orange: Citrus maxima (LOAN)

ka-hípossilence, quietude (PPH: *hipes)

káhoytree (general term); wood, lumber (PMP: *kahiw) *kaSiw

ka-hulidbedmate, bed partner (PWMP: *ka-hulij) *Sulij

ka-ibáto be different, differ (PPH: *iba)

ka-ibah-ancompanion (PWMP: *ka-ibah-an) *ibaS

ka-ìmonpossessiveness, jealousy (PPh: *qímun)

ka-ísipegoism, selfishness, self-consideration (PPh: *ka-ísip) *ísip

ka-isótlittleness, tininess; triviality (PWMP: *ka-isut) *isut₁

Aklanon (800 / 1578)

ka-kahóy-anforest, jungle (PWMP: *ka-kahiw-an) *kaSiw

kakáwcacao tree and fruit --- used to make chocolate: Theobroma cacao L. (LOAN)

ka-kiláeaan acquaintance, friend (PAN: *kilala)

k<al>íŋkiŋlittle finger, pinky (PWMP: *k<al>iŋkiŋ) *kiŋkiŋ₃

ka-lípayjoy, happiness (PPH: *lípay)

ka-lisóddifficulty, hardship (PPH: *lised)

kamáliggrain house or shed (PMP: *kamaliR)

kámaŋcrawl on all fours (PWMP: *kamaŋ)

kamáŋa(h)flint, fine stone used for sharpening razor (PPH: *kamaŋa)

kamátistomato: Lycopersicum esculentum Mill. (LOAN)

kámyawhite flower, camia (PPH: *kamiá)

ka-nípáʔ-annipa swamp (PMP: *nipaq)

ka-níwaŋthinness, skinniness (PMP: *niwaŋ) *Niwaŋ

kán-onrice; staple food (PAN: *kaen-en) *kaen

ka-nyog-áncoconut plantation, coconut grove (PMP: *niuR)

kanʔ-aeat it! (imper.) (PMP: *kaen-a) *kaen

káŋkaŋto stretch or spread out one’s feet (PWMP: *kaŋkaŋ₁)

káonto eat; to take (in chess), jump (in checkers) (PAN: *kaen)

kápaypropeller (on ship); to propel, paddle (boat) (PMP: *kapay)

kapínmore so, all the more, especially (PWMP: *kapin)

Aklanon (820 / 1578)

kápitcling to, adhere to (PMP: *kampit)

kaputi(h)raincoat (LOAN)

ka-putíʔwhiteness (PWMP: *ka-putiq) *putiq

ka-ragát-anopen sea; ocean (PPh: *ka-daRát-an) *daRat

káraŋbamboo sled (PWMP: *kazaŋ₁)

ka-saeáʔto sin (morally), do evil (PWMP: *ka-salaq) *salaq₁

ka-saeʔ-án-ansinfulness; sins (PWMP: *ka-salaq-an) *salaq₁

ka-sákítsuffering, pain (PWMP: *ka-sakit) *sakit

ka-saŋáyto have the same first name (PWMP: *saŋay)

ka-sári-sáribe varied, be assorted/different (LOAN)

kásiŋ-kásiŋheart; core (PWMP: *gasiŋ)

ka-taeón-anrural areas (PPH: *ka-talun-an) *CaluN

ka-támadlaziness, indolence (LOAN)

ka-tamn-anorchard, plantation (PMP: *tanem) *CaNem

ka-támn-anorchard; plantation (PAN: *ka-tanem-an) *CaNem

ka-tawóh-anhumanity (PMP: *ka-tau-an) *Cau

ka-táʔasheight, tallness (PMP: *atas) *aCas

kati-ándecoy; “stool-pigeon” (PPH: *kátiq)

kátigoutrigger (of a boat) (PMP: *katiR)

ka-tímbaŋequal, equivalent (PWMP: *timbaŋ)

Aklanon (840 / 1578)

kátiʔto decoy, entice (like using one chicken to catch another) (PPH: *kátiq)

kátl-anoversexed, sex-crazy (female) (PMP: *gatel) *gaCel

katóeitchy; disease – having an itchy head (PMP: *gatel) *gaCel

katókcrazy (PPH: *katúk)

kátribed (LOAN)

ka-túbw-ansugarcane plantation (PMP: *tebuh₁) *tebuS

ka-tueógto be asleep; to doze off, fall asleep (PWMP: *ka-tuduR) *tuduR

ka-tueóg-onsleep (PWMP: *ka-tuduR-en) *tuduR

ka-tunáy-antruth, genuineness (PWMP: *tunay₂)

katúraytree with edible blossoms: Sesbania grandiflora (PPH: *katúday)

ka-tuyóʔ-anpurpose, aim (PPH: *tuyuq)

ka-uháw-onthirst (PMP: *quhaw) *quSaw

ka-utaŋ-ándebts, accounts payable (PWMP: *ka-qutaŋ-an) *qutaŋ

kawáyanbamboo: Dendrocalamus merrillianus (PAN: *kawayan)

kawíllong deep sea fishing line with reel (PAN: *kawil₁)

káwiŋto have intercourse with; fuck; to draw near to, approach (PWMP: *kawiŋ)

kiláeato be acquainted, get introduced (PAN: *kilala)

kilátflash of lightning, lightning bolt (PMP: *kilat₁) *likaC

kílawto marinate in vinegar and serve raw (PPH: *kilaw₁)

kili-kíliarmpit (PPH: *kili-kíli)

Aklanon (860 / 1578)

kilíŋ-kilíŋto ring a bell (PPH: *kilíŋ₁)

kilíŋ-kilíŋto ring (a bell) (ROOT)

kímpittweezers, tongs; clothespin; to pinch together; to press or hold between two things (PAN: *kipit)

k<in>abásibolo (having shape of kabási) (PWMP: *kabasi)

kina-daánvery old, ancient (PMP: *daqan₂) *daqaN

k<in>áonwas eaten by someone (PAN: *k<in>aen) *kaen

k<in>ilawmeat or fish marinated and served raw (PPH: *kilaw₁)

kíŋkiŋhop (on one foot) (PWMP: *kiŋkiŋ₂)

kípotto close, shut; tighten (up) (PMP: *kiput)

kipóttight, not loose (PMP: *kiput)

kisáw-kisáwto flicker, have a tic (said of one’s eyes) (PPH: *kisaw)

kitáŋdeep fishing line with hooks (PPH: *kitáŋ)

kiyawkind of bird (PAN: *kiaw)

-komy, mine, I (PAN: *-ku)

kóŋkoŋto curl inwards (of one’s toes) (PMP: *kuŋkuŋ₂)

kue-ka-túeogto pretend to be asleep (PWMP: *ka-tuduR) *tuduR

kueóbface down(wards) (PWMP: *kureb)

kueóbface downwards (PPH: *keléb)

kúeonearthenware pot (for cooking) (PAN: *kuden)

ku<eu>yog-ánplace of assembly, meeting grounds (PPH: *kúyug)

Aklanon (880 / 1578)

kugítaoctopus (PMP: *kuRita) *guRiCa

kugontall grass: Imperata cylindrica and Imperata exaltata (PMP: *guRun)

kukú(h)fingernail; toenail (PMP: *kukuh) *kuSkuS₁

kulíntasnecklace, medallion and chain (PPH: *kulintas)

kúlismark up, scratch (PWMP: *kuris₂)

k-um-a-íŋkiŋlittle finger, "pinky" (PWMP: *iŋkiŋ)

kúmpayfodder, grass or food for cattle; to feed (cattle) (PPH: *kumpáy)

kúpasto fade (color), to lose color (PPH: *kúpas)

kúpitto pickpocket; to embezzle a small amount; a small amount which was embezzled (PPH: *kúpit)

kúpkopto embrace, hug (PMP: *kupkup₃)

kúritmark up, make lines in (PMP: *kur(e)qit)

kurótto pinch (PWMP: *kezut₂) *kezut

kusógbicep; strength, vigor, power (PAN: *keseR)

kuták-kutákcackle (sound of chickens) (PPH: *kuták)

kutánato ask, question, inquire, query (PMP: *kutaña)

kútibto mutter (PPH: *kútib)

kútkutdig, excavate; gnaw at, said of rats (PWMP: *kutkut₁)

kútolouse, lice (PMP: *kutu₁) *kuCux

kúyogto assemble, congregate, group together (PPH: *kúyug)

lapádsmall flat-sided bottle; hit with the broad side of a bolo (ROOT)

Aklanon (900 / 1578)

liádto bend backwards, bend over backwards (PWMP: *liad)

libákmalicious gossip; slander; backbiting (PPH: *libák)

libátcross-eyed (PPH: *libat)

libógto be confused, be in a quandary (PPH: *libeg)

líbotturn, spin, revolution (PWMP: *libet)

líbtoŋquiet, deep, silent (waters) (PPH: *lib(e)túŋ)

lígidto roll in circles (PWMP: *ligid)

lígisharrow (farmer's tool) (PWMP: *li(ŋ)gis)

ligísroll over, smooth out (by rolling); harrow, run over (PWMP: *li(ŋ)gis)

lígtasto escape, get free (PPH: *lig(e)tas)

lígwanlarge horsefly (< *qali-Ruan) (PMP: *qani-Ruan)

likáwto avoid, veer away from (PAN: *likaw)

likódback (as of a building, one’s body) (PAN: *likud)

likóʔto turn (around a corner) (PMP: *likuq)

likóʔ-ancrossing, turning point (PMP: *likuq)

limáfive; make into five, raise or lower to five (PAN: *lima)

limásto bail water out of a boat (PMP: *limas)

límbokpounded rice (ROOT)

l<in>a-eakíto act like a man (said of a woman) (PWMP: *la-laki) *laki₁

línogearthquake (PAN: *linuR)

Aklanon (920 / 1578)

l<in>úgawporridge (rice soup) (PPH: *l<in>ugaw) *lúgaw

l-in-úmotcovered with algae (PMP: *lumut)

líŋa líŋahard of hearing, slightly deaf; not listening (PWMP: *liŋa₂)

líŋa-liŋáhard of hearing, slightly deaf; not listening (PWMP: *liŋa₁)

liŋáwto be noisy, make a racket (PWMP: *kaliŋaw)

liŋáwbe noisy, make a racket (PWMP: *liŋáw)

liŋíʔaskew, awry, crooked, unbalanced, not level (PPH: *liŋiq)

líŋliŋpeer at (while hiding), sneak a look at, peek or peep at (PWMP: *liŋliŋ)

lipátto forget, to leave behind (something) (PPH: *lipat)

lípayto be happy, glad (PPH: *lípay)

lipáyvine like poison ivy --- causes swelling and itching (PPH: *lipay)

líwanoutside; outside of, aside from (PPH: *líwan)

líʔogneck (PAN: *liqeR)

ma-ámbonfoggy, covered with haze, hazy (PWMP: *ambun)

ma-áslomsour (PWMP: *ma-qalesem) *qalesem

ma-asósmoky (PMP: *ma-qasu) *qasu₃

ma-báhoʔsmelly, malodorous, stinky (PWMP: *ma-bahuq) *bahuq

ma-bákasquick, fast, speedy (PMP: *bakas₁)

ma-búgʔatheavy, weighty (PMP: *ma-beReqat) *beReqat

ma-buŋah-ónfruitful (PMP: *buŋa)

Aklanon (940 / 1578)

ma-busógfull, satisfied (after eating) (PAN: *ma-besuR) *besuR

ma-dáeomdeep (PAN: *ma-dalem) *dalem

ma-dueásslippery (PMP: *dulas)

ma-ga-gabókrotten (PMP: *Rabuk)

mag-amárelated as father and child (PAN: *maR-amax) *amax

mag-asawábe husband and wife, be married (PWMP: *maR-qasawa) *qasawa

Mag-bu-búhatCreator (PMP: *buhat₂)

mag-ináto be mother and child (relationship) (PAN: *maR-ina) *ina

mag-salápidto plait, to braid, to twist (hair, etc.) (PWMP: *salapid)

ma-gúeaŋold, elder (PAN: *Rudaŋ)

ma-gueáŋelder sibling (PAN: *Rudaŋ)

ma-háŋinwindy, stormy (PPh: *ma-haŋin) *haŋin

ma-haŋít-onirritable (PMP: *haŋit)

ma-háwanclear, having no obstructions, expansive (PWMP: *hawan)

ma-hípossilent, quiet (PPH: *hipes)

ma-húmbakwavy, stormy, rough (sea) (PWMP: *ma-humbak) *humbak

ma-huyáŋshaky (PWMP: *huyaŋ)

ma-ilá(h)wild, untamed (PWMP: *ma-ilah₁) *ilah

ma-ila(h)wild, untamed (PWMP: *ma-ilah₂) *ma-ilah

ma-ímonpossessive, overly protective, selfish (PPh: *qímun)

Aklanon (960 / 1578)

ma-inithot (PPh: *ma-qinit) *qinit

ma-intoksmall, short, tiny (PPh: *ma-intek) *itek

ma-ísipegoistic, selfish (PPh: *ma-ísip) *ísip

ma-isótlittle, tiny, small (PWMP: *ma-isut) *isut₁

ma-itúmblack, dark-colored (PMP: *ma-qitem) *qitem

maka-aptative future verb prefix in actor focus, marking ability to do something (PWMP: *maka-)

maka-bu-e-úsogfilling, quickly makes one satisfied (PWMP: *maka-besuR) *besuR

maka-ŋi-ŋílo(h)causes one to grimace, sets the teeth on edge (as when eating something very sour or hearing a grating noise) (PAN: *ŋilu)

makúpaa tree and its fruit: Eugenia aquea (PPH: *makúpa)

ma-kúsogstrong, powerful, mighty (PAN: *ma-keseR) *keseR

m-alícome on! let's go! (PWMP: *um-ari) *ari

ma-líkoʔroundabout, indirect; improper (way of doing) (PMP: *likuq)

ma-liŋáwnoisy, boisterous, raucous (PWMP: *kaliŋaw)

ma-liŋáwnoisy, boisterous, raucous (PWMP: *liŋáw)

ma-lípayhappy, glad, joyous (PPH: *lípay)

ma-lisódto find something hard, difficult (PPH: *lised)

mamáhgreat grandfather (PMP: *mama) *mamah

mama-matáythose destined to die (PMP: *m-atay) *aCay

mamáʔto chew (tobacco, betel nut) (PMP: *mamaq)

ma-mísoat one peso each (LOAN)

Aklanon (980 / 1578)

mananswer or response particle; it can mean “also” or “too”, but is used far more frequently than those English equivalents (PPH: *man)

ma-nákawthief (PWMP: *ma-nakaw) *Cakaw

man-d<ur>úkotthief, pickpocket (PPH: *dúkut)

maniclitoris (LOAN)

mani(h)peanut (LOAN)

ma-nipísthin, narrow, not thick (PMP: *ma-nipis) *Nipis

ma-níwaŋskinny, thin (PMP: *ma-niwaŋ) *Niwaŋ

manóg-pa-kiláeaemcee, master of ceremonies; introducer (PAN: *kilala)

manókchicken (PMP: *manuk)

manók-manók-onalmondine (said of eye’s shape) (PPh: *manuk-en) *manuk

ma-nu-nuróʔa teacher (PWMP: *ma-nuzuq) *tuzuq₁

ma-ŋa-ŋáhoywood-gatherer (PWMP: *ma-ŋahiw) *kaSiw

ma-paʔítbitter (PMP: *ma-paqit) *paqiC

ma-píliʔchoosy, selective, “spoiled” (PMP: *ma-piliq) *piliq

ma-píntascruel, savage, mean, brutal (PPH: *pintás)

ma-putíʔwhite (PMP: *ma-putiq) *putiq

ma-sakítpainful, hurting; sick, ill (PMP: *ma-sakit) *sakit

matáeye; to be awake; to wake up, awaken, awake; to observe, raise, rear (PMP: *mata) *maCa

ma-taeómsharp-edged, razor-sharp (PWMP: *ma-tazem) *Cazem

ma-támadlazy, inactive, indolent (LOAN)

Aklanon (1000 / 1578)

matá-matá (h)to look down on, belittle (PMP: *mata-mata) *maCa

m-atáydie (PMP: *m-atay) *aCay

ma-táʔastall, high (PWMP: *ma-atas) *aCas

ma-tíbaydurable, longlasting (cloth) (PPH: *tíbay)

ma-tínʔawclear, crystalline, crystal clear (PPH: *tin(e)qaw)

ma-unodfleshy (PPh: *ma-qunej) *qunej

máyarice bird (destructive of crops) (PPH: *máya)

m<in>a-gueáŋrelating to older people or ways; “of the older generation”; “adult way” (PAN: *Rudaŋ)

múhmuhcrumbs of rice, scattered rice droppings (PPH: *muhmuh)

mustásamustard (plant): Brassica integrifolia (LOAN)

naparticle showing that an action has begun and/or is enduring; now, already, just (PMP: *na₄) *Na₂

nábawbecome shallow(er) (ROOT)

námnamdelicious, flavorful (PAN: *ñamñam)

nánaʔpus (PMP: *nanaq) *naNaq

ná-nowhat (noun form only) (PAN: *na-nu) *-nu₁

n-átonour; we (incl.) (PPH: *n-aten) *iten

nátoʔa tree with reddish fruit, Nauclea junghuhnii (PMP: *ñatuq)

nisingular associate marker for the name of a person or a pet, used in postpositive position [marks possession] (PAN: *ni)

nípaʔpalm --- used for roofing or siding: Nipa fruticans (PMP: *nipaq)

nipísto become thin(ner), less thick (PMP: *nipis) *Nipis

Aklanon (1020 / 1578)

níwaŋget thinner, become skinny, lose weight (PMP: *niwaŋ) *Niwaŋ

niyógcoconut tree and fruit (PMP: *niuR)

nunóktree -- believed to be bewitched or enchanted (PMP: *nunuk)

ŋáeanname (one’s personal name); give a name to (PMP: *ŋajan)

ŋáeŋaeto cry, whimper (PPH: *ŋalŋál)

ŋákŋakbabble, sing or say meaningless syllables (PMP: *ŋakŋak)

ŋáŋa(h)to open up (as the mouth) (PMP: *ŋaŋa₂)

ŋiló(h)very sour, acrid, caustic (PAN: *ŋilu)

ŋípontooth, teeth (PAN: *ŋipen)

ŋísŋisto giggle, snicker (PMP: *ŋisŋis₁)

ŋísŋisto giggle, snicker (PPH: *ŋisŋis₂)

ŋúsŋusto whine, whimper; purr (PAN: *ŋusŋus)

ŋuyŋuywhimper, cry, simper (in the fashion of a spoiled child trying to get its way) (PPH: *ŋuyŋuy)

óba(h)undressed, naked, bare; to take off one’s clothes (PPH: *úba)

óbusgone, used up, exhausted, all out (PWMP: *ebus)

óbus, úbosgone, used up, exhausted, all out (PMP: *qubus)

olitáwomaster, sire; bachelor, young man (PPh: *ulitáu)

-oncommon object focus verb suffix for future time; common adjective suffix showing the quality of a person or thing (PAN: *-en)

ótoʔ-ótoʔtake advantage of, play for a fool (NOISE)

pasustaining particle with the sense of English “yet” or “still” (PAN: *pa₁)

Aklanon (1040 / 1578)

pa-causative prefix (PAN: *pa-₂)

pæa-common noun or adjective prefix denoting a fondness for or a continuous repetition of some act (NOISE)

pa-ágawthrow things for others to catch (PAN: *qaRaw)

pa-ánodgo downstream; let drift (PAN: *pa-añud) *qañud

pa-áslomcause to become sour, let get sour (PWMP: *qalesem)

pa-áyonto parallel, agree with (PPH: *áyun)

pa-báŋonto awaken, wake (someone) up (PMP: *baŋun₂) *baŋuN

pa-báŋonto awaken, wake someone up (PWMP: *pa-baŋun) *baŋuN

pa-bayáʔto let pass, not care about, ignore (PPH: *bayáq)

páboturkey (LOAN)

pa-buás-buásprocrastinate, put off until later, delay (PPh: *buás)

pa-bueáʔtalk nonsense, 'foam at the mouth' (PWMP: *pa-bujeq) *bujeq

pa-búkaeto boil in water, bring to a boil (PMP: *bukal₁) *bukal

pa-búkidgo to the mountains, head for the hills (PAN: *bukij)

pa-búligask for help, have someone assist (PWMP: *bulig)

pa-búnaeaccept a beating (PPh: *bunal)

pa-búŋato bear fruit (PMP: *buŋa)

pa-buŋóeact as if deaf, play deaf (PMP: *beŋel)

pa-dugóʔto bleed, let bleed (PMP: *zuRuq)

pa-dúkotto dance close together (PMP: *deket₁) *dekeC

Aklanon (1060 / 1578)

pa-dúmdumto remind (of) (PAN: *demdem₁)

pa-duŋógto honor, celebrate, give honor to (PWMP: *pa-deŋeR) *deŋeR

pa-eagíwrun away and hide, avoid (PMP: *pa-laRiw) *laRiw

p<ae>ákpakto clap for, applaud (PAN: *pakpak₁)

pa-eámonto feed an animal (used insultingly of people) (PPH: *lamun₂)

pa-eatʔas-anshortcut (PWMP: *la(n)t(e)qas)

páeayrice (growing in the fields), Oryza sativa; rice seeds (freshly harvested, unmilled) (PAN: *pajay)

paeófish sp. (PPH: *palú)

páeoŋto put out (fire), turn off (light); to die out (fire), to go out (light) (PAN: *padeŋ)

pagátpata tree: Sonneratia caseolaris (Linn.) (PWMP: *paRatpat)

págbobeam, girder (supporting roof) (PPh: *paR(e)bu)

pághidrub one's hands on something in order to get dirt off; clean off (by scraping -- without water) (LOAN)

págiray, ray fish (PMP: *paRih) *paRiS

pag-káonfood (PAN: *kaen)

págotgrind one's teeth (PWMP: *pagut)

pagútputlet out much air while defecating (PPh: *p<aR>utput) *putput₂

pa-háŋinlet fresh air blow over something (PMP: *pa(ka)-haŋin) *haŋin

pa-háŋin-háŋingo out for some fresh air (PMP: *pa(ka)-haŋin-haŋin) *haŋin

páhoʔsmall mango: Mangifera altissima Blanco (PMP: *pahuq₁)

pa-hueámlend (PAN: *pa-hinzam) *hinzam

Aklanon (1080 / 1578)

pa-hueómto lend (PAN: *pa-Sezam) *Sezam

pa-i-lawódto go seawards (PMP: *i-lahud) *lahud

pa-i-layáto go inland (PAN: *daya)

pa-inomto give to drink (PMP: *pa-inum) *inum

paka-matáycommit suicide (PMP: *pa(ka)-m-atay) *aCay

pa-káonto feed (PAN: *pa-kaen) *kaen

pakig-ímpongather, mingle with (PMP: *qi(m)pun)

pa-kiláeato introduce, acquaint (PMP: *pa-kilala) *kilala

pakótbutton (PMP: *pakut)

pákpakwing; to spank, slap (children) (PAN: *pakpak₁)

pakú(h)a fern: Athyrium esculentum (PWMP: *paku) *paheku

pálhiinhabited with evil spirits, enchanted (PAN: *paliSi)

pa-líbatto cross one’s eyes; to look out of the corner of one’s eye (in observation) (PPH: *libat)

palidget blown away by the wind (PWMP: *palij)

pa-líkoʔto turn (something); have someone turn (PMP: *likuq)

paltikhomemade gun--for only one bullet (PWMP: *paletik)

páltikhomemade gun -- for only one bullet (PWMP: *pale(n)tik)

pa-máhawbreakfast; snack (so-called because it generally consists of cold leftovers, particularly rice; to eat breakfast (PMP: *bahaw) *baSaw

pa-matáyslaughter, kill off, exterminate (in great numbers) (PWMP: *paŋ-m-atay) *aCay

pa-míhaginvade and capture, take over, seize (PWMP: *bihaR)

Aklanon (1100 / 1578)

pa-mínhiʔprepare seeds for planting (PMP: *binehiq) *bineSiq

pa-múkawserenade; alarm clock (PWMP: *pukaw₃)

p<am>únoʔto lead, start out first (PWMP: *p<am>uqun) *puqun

pa-nábaŋprayer (imploring divine help or favor) (PMP: *tabaŋ)

pa-nábascut or style of clothing (PWMP: *tabas₂)

pa-naeóg-ansupport or brace for bamboo flooring (PMP: *saleR)

pa-nagáʔto fish with a hook (LOAN)

pa-nakáwtheft (PMP: *pa-nakaw) *Cakaw

pa-nambít-anproverb, saying (PWMP: *pa-ña(m)bit-an) *sa(m)bit

pánawgo on foot, walk; leave, depart, go (PMP: *panaw₂) *paNaw

pa-nawágto call out (PWMP: *tawaR₂)

panáʔbow and arrow; shoot with bow and arrow (PAN: *panaq)

panihóewhistle, whistling (with lips) (PMP: *sihul)

pa-níktikto spy (on) (PPH: *tiktík₃)

pa-nímbaŋto adjust one’s personality or ways to others; to be cautious or careful with others (PWMP: *timbaŋ)

pa-nimbáŋ-ancounterbalance (PWMP: *timbaŋ)

pa-nípisto have a very close call (danger, death); to pass through a crowd or crowded area with great difficulty (PMP: *nipis) *Nipis

pánitskin, flesh; to peel off, to skin (PWMP: *panit)

pa-núbliʔinheritance (PPH: *sub(e)liq)

pa-nulíto clean one’s ears (of ear wax) (PMP: *tuli₁) *Culi

Aklanon (1120 / 1578)

pa-númdumto ponder, think, concentrate (PAN: *demdem₁)

paŋáhook (for getting fruits) (PAN: *paŋa₁)

pa-ŋahóyto gather/collect wood (PWMP: *pa-ŋahiw) *kaSiw

paŋánayfirst born, first to do (PPH: *paŋánay)

paŋ-ánodcloud (PPh: *paŋ-añud) *qañud

pa-ŋawílto go deep sea fishing (PWMP: *pa-ŋawil) *kawil₁

paŋ-áyamto hunt (with dogs) (PWMP: *qayam₂)

paŋ-ayátto affront, challenge (a whole group) (PWMP: *ayat)

páŋdana tree and its fruit: Pandanus tectorius (PMP: *paŋedan) *paŋudaN

paŋ-diláʔ-diláʔstick out one’s tongue (in a taunting manner) (PMP: *dilaq₁)

paŋ-hi-nakítto feel sorry for, sympathize with; to bear a grudge, feel bad about, take ill (someone’s actions or talk) (PMP: *sakit)

pa-ŋilátto be lightening, flashing, of lightning (PMP: *kilat₁) *likaC

pa-ŋ<in>áonto have an appetite, eat well (PAN: *k<in>aen) *kaen

pa-ŋitáŋto fish with a long line having many hooks (PPH: *kitáŋ)

páŋpaŋbank (of river); shoreline (PWMP: *paŋpaŋ)

paŋ-túeogpyjamas, sleeping clothes (PAN: *tuduR)

paŋ-úeoto lead, head, be the head (of) (PWMP: *paŋ-qulu) *quluh

paŋ-umáto farm land, be a farmer (PWMP: *paŋ-quma) *qumah

paŋ-utánaquestion, inquiry (PMP: *kutaña)

paónbait (for fishing); to put on bait (PAN: *paen)

Aklanon (1140 / 1578)

pa-palidto winnow, separate the grain from the chaff in the wind (PWMP: *palij)

pa-putíʔto whiten, make white (PMP: *pa-putiq) *putiq

parakóeaxe (LOAN)

paráwsailboat (PWMP: *padaw)

pa-rípato have a raffle (LOAN)

pa-sákitto cause/inflict suffering on (PMP: *pa-sakit) *sakit

pa-síkatto be a show-off, exhibit one’s prowess conceitedly (PPH: *pa-sikat) *sikát

pa-sósoto suckle, breastfeed (PAN: *pa-susu) *susu₁

páspasto hurry up, speed up, go faster; fast, quick, hurried; rash, too quick (PPH: *paspás₄)

pa-tábasto have tailor-made, bring to a tailor (PWMP: *tabas₂)

pa-takáeto have a sow serviced (PPH: *takál₂)

pa-ta-likódto make someone turn around; to do behind one’s back (PMP: *ta-likud) *likud

pa-táwadto forgive (PWMP: *tawaD)

p-atáykill (person, animal); put out, turn off (a light); corpse, dead person (PMP: *p-atay) *aCay

patáy-pátay"dead", poor, slim, inadequate, lousy (PMP: *p-atay) *aCay

pa-táʔaslet get taller, let grow (PMP: *atas) *aCas

patíkbeat, rhythm, count (in music) drumstick (PWMP: *pa(n)tik)

patísseasoning made from fish oils and salt (LOAN)

pa-túboʔto let grow; lend with/on interest (PPh: *pa-tubuq) *Cubuq

pa-túeogto put to sleep, hypnotize (PWMP: *pa-tuduR) *tuduR

Aklanon (1160 / 1578)

pa-túeoʔto let trickle or drip (PAN: *tuduq)

pa-tukár-onsteep, uphill (PAN: *tukad₂)

pa-udtoh-óngibbous (waning); 3rd quarter (PPh: *ugtu)

pa-úliʔhave (something) returned; ask to return (PMP: *pa-uliq) *uliq₁

pa-útaŋcredit; lend money; give, extend credit (PWMP: *pa-qutaŋ) *qutaŋ

pawíkanlarge sea turtle (PPH: *pawíkan)

páypayto beckon to, call over by waving one’s hands (PPH: *paypáy)

páʔathigh, upper leg (PAN: *paqa₁)

paʔítbitterness (PMP: *paqit₂) *paqiC

paʔpáʔto chew thoroughly (PMP: *paqpaq₁)

píhakto cut into two equal parts; halve (PWMP: *pihak)

pihákthe other side; half (PWMP: *pihak)

pihak-ánuneven-sized, one is larger than the other (PWMP: *pihak-an) *pihak

pikíttight; get tight(er) or more crowded (PMP: *pikit)

píkomattock, hoe (LOAN)

píkpikpat with one's hand (PAN: *pikpik)

piláhow much? [money], how many? [in quantity] (PAN: *pijax)

pílaksilver; wealth (LOAN)

pilák-anwealthy, well-to-do (LOAN)

piláŋ kasome, a few (PAN: *pijax)

Aklanon (1180 / 1578)

pili-li-ánelection(s); choosing (PAN: *piliq)

pílitto force, compel, insist on (PPH: *pílit)

pílitglue, paste (PMP: *pilit₁)

pilítto glue, stick together, fasten with paste (PMP: *pilit₁)

píliʔto select, choose, pick out; to take out any bad or ruined grains from rice pile (PAN: *piliq)

pilóʔfold, bend, crease; hem (of dress) (PMP: *piluq)

p<in>a-súgbo(h)smelted (in another metal) (PPH: *sug(e)bu)

p<in>ilí-anleftovers (after others have taken the best) (PMP: *piliq-an) *piliq

píntasto treat cruelly, be brutal with (PPH: *pintás)

pisíksplatter, fly off in all directions (PMP: *picik)

píso ~ písospeso (LOAN)

pitákgranary, warehouse (for grain) (PWMP: *pitak₂)

pitíka flick of one’s finger; to flick with one’s finger; a line (usually made by flicking a taut piece of string coated with ink or dye) (PMP: *pitik₁) *pitik

pitóseven (PAN: *pitu₁) *pitu

pítowhistle (instrument blown) (LOAN)

píto(h)to blow a whistle (LOAN)

poʔpoʔgather, harvest (fruits) (PMP: *puqpuq₁)

púasto become clear (said of weather); to become optimistic (after some dark days) (PWMP: *puas)

puea(h)become red or reddish (PMP: *pula₁)

pueáwstay up late at night, go to bed late (PPH: *pulaw)

Aklanon (1200 / 1578)

púeohandle of a bolo (PAN: *pulu₁) *pulu

pueótsticky sap, syrup (PMP: *pulut)

pueóʔisland (PPH: *pujuq)

púgadnest; to nestle, be in the nest (PPH: *pugad)

pugar-ánnest, nesting place (PPH: *pugad-an) *pugad

púgaʔto wring out, squeeze (to get out excess water) (PAN: *peReq)

pukánto cut down a tree (PPH: *púkan)

púkawto awaken, wake up (someone) (PWMP: *pukaw₃)

púkpukto pound, knock, bang (PAN: *pukpuk)

púliŋto get something in one’s eye, get blinded (with foreign elements in the eye) (PWMP: *puliŋ₂)

púnaytype of dove (PAN: *punay)

puno-ánleader, leadership (PWMP: *puqun-an) *puqun

púnoʔtree, trunk (of tree); base, bottom; beginning, start; leader, head (PMP: *puqun)

punóʔfull; to fill up (as a bottle with liquid) (PAN: *peNuq)

punta(h)point, end (top part) (LOAN)

púŋpuŋto bundle up; a bundle (PWMP: *puŋpuŋ₂)

púslitto spurt, gush out (PPH: *pus(e)lít)

púsodnavel, belly button (PMP: *pusej)

púsoʔbanana flower, banana heart (PMP: *pusuq₁)

púsʔonstomach area below the navel (PPH: *pus(e)qun)

Aklanon (1220 / 1578)

putíʔto become white(r) (PMP: *putiq)

pútorice bread (LOAN)

putóeshort, brief; trimmed, clipped; cut off, amputated; to shorten, clip off; amputate (PMP: *putul) *putun

putótshort, little, small, runt (PWMP: *putut₂)

pútputto putt (make the sound of a slow engine) (PMP: *putput₂)

puyómudfish (PWMP: *puyu₁)

ramífibers woven into cloth: Boehmeria nivea L. (LOAN)

ráya-ráyastripe(s) (LOAN)

rímabreadfruit (LOAN)

ríparaffle; chance (on a raffle) (LOAN)

sareferent marker, used to illustrate locations, indirect objects, beneficiaries and agents in causative constructions; it is also used to indicate future time with any words stating time (PAN: *sa₂)

sabáwjuice; soup, broth (PWMP: *sa(m)baw)

sábodto feed (fowl or poultry) (PWMP: *sabuD)

sáboŋcockfight, cockfighting (PWMP: *sabuŋ₁)

sabótpubic hair (PWMP: *sabut)

sábsabto lap up. drink (with tongue), said of animals (PAN: *sabsab)

sabsáb-anfeeding trough (PAN: *sabsab)

sabúnotto pull hair when fighting (PPH: *sabunut)

sábwagto sow, to scatter (seeds); to broadcast seeds (PPH: *sabuag)

sábʔasmall round banana, good for cooking, Musa sapientum var. compressa (PWMP: *sabeqa)

Aklanon (1240 / 1578)

sábʔitto hang up (on the wall) (PMP: *saqebit)

saeápaŋspear, javelin (PWMP: *sarapaŋ)

saeápidto braid, entwine (PWMP: *salapid)

saeáʔsin, error, mistake, wrongdoing; to err, make a mistake, do wrong (PMP: *salaq₁)

sáeodcatch a dripping liquid like tuba (coconut wine) (PWMP: *saluD)

saeódvessel used for gathering tuba (PWMP: *saluD)

saeógsplit bamboo stick (used for flooring); floor (PMP: *saleR)

sáeoŋsap of tree (PAN: *saleŋ)

sáeotevil; the work of the Devil. or evil spirits (PPH: *sárut)

ságocarrion, dead or decaying flesh or body (PWMP: *saRu₂)

sagocarrion, dead/decaying flesh or body (PWMP: *sagu₂)

sago(h)ball of starch made from araro (arrow root), and used in desserts (PMP: *sagu₁)

ságʔobto fetch water, get water; bamboo container about two meters long used to fetch water—carried on shoulder (PPH: *saR(e)qeb)

sa idáeomunderneath (PAN: *sa₂)

sakáyride (on), travel (on), get on (vehicle), mount (an animal) (PMP: *sakay₁)

sakítillness, ailment, infirmity; to be hurt by, suffer from; to hurt (physically), cause pain (PMP: *sakit)

salídsidto slice thinly, cut near or on the surface (PPH: *sarijsij)

sa Lúneson Monday (PAN: *sa₂)

sámbitto speak of, mention (PWMP: *sa(m)bit)

saŋáa branch; to branch off (river); produce branches (tree) (PMP: *saŋa₁)

Aklanon (1260 / 1578)

saŋáynamesake, person having the same first name (PWMP: *saŋay)

sáŋeadto run aground (ship) (PPH: *saŋ(e)lád)

saŋgáɁbase, platform; dish of water used to keep ants from getting into another container on that dish (PWMP: *saŋgaq)

sáŋitto get entangled, get tangled up, delayed, get hung up (PPH: *saq(e)ŋit)

sáŋkaptool, utensil; well-equipped, complete, having all that is needed (PPH: *saŋkap)

sáŋkaptool, utensil; well-equipped, complete, having all that is needed (NEAR)

saŋ-kurótlittle, few, a little bit, just a little (PWMP: *kezut₂) *kezut

sáŋsaŋbe harsh on, be stern with (PPH: *saŋsáŋ)

sapáɁpond, small lake (PAN: *sapaq₁)

sapáɁ-sápaɁpond, very small lake (PAN: *sapaq₁)

sapáɁ-sapáɁ-anoverflooded in areas, covered with puddles, ponds (PAN: *sapaq₁)

sapínshoes (PPH: *sapín)

sápsapfish sp. (PPH: *sapsáp)

sápsapchip, piece of; to chip off, get a piece of (PWMP: *sapsap)

sapúpo(h)to nurse back to health; revive, help (the sick) (PPH: *sapúpu)

sári-sáriassorted, varied, different; sári-sári store (LOAN)

sasánipa leaves (for roofing) (PMP: *sasah)

sasá(h)to derib nipa leaves (PMP: *sasah)

sawásnake (generic term) (PMP: *sawa)

sawáliʔwoven bamboo (< Tagalog) (LOAN)

Aklanon (1280 / 1578)

sáwa-sáwagame where a group of people line up, hold on to the waist of the one in front of each, and follow the leader (PMP: *sawa)

sáysayto tell, relate, describe, narrate (PPH: *sáysay)

sitopic marker for the name of a person or a pet, denoting the singular (PAN: *si₁)

síbaɁto devour, swallow (said of large animals, as a crocodile) (PPH: *sibáq)

sibítto scratch or cut out (a sliver or thorn embedded) (PPH: *sibít)

sígasparkle, shine (PMP: *siRa₂)

sígato sparkle, shine (PMP: *siga)

sígaŋto make fish and vegetable soup (PPH: *sigáŋ)

sigáysea shell --- used as toy by children or as gambling pieces by some gamblers (PWMP: *sigay)

sí<g>lak-sí<g>lakto shine, radiate (PMP: *sirak₁)

síkadto press/push with one’s foot; brace oneself; to kick (PPH: *síkad)

sikátpopular, popularly accepted; “cool”, “groovy”, “neat” (PPH: *sikát)

síkoelbow (PAN: *sikux)

síkoeto elbow, hit with elbow (PMP: *siŋkul)

síkuto elbow, hit with elbow (PAN: *sikux)

sílaksunshine, sunlight; to shine (of the sun) (PMP: *silak₁) *silak

s<in>igáŋsoup made with fish and vegetables (PPH: *sigáŋ)

siŋkamástuber --- yam bean (Pachyrrhizus erosus) (LOAN)

síŋkitalmondine (eyes) (PPH: *siŋkít)

sipíɁsection, as of an orange or jackfruit (PPH: *sipíq)

Aklanon (1300 / 1578)

sípiŋextra digit, extra finger or toe (PAN: *sipiŋ)

sipíŋ-onhaving an extra finger or toe (PAN: *sipiŋ)

sípitcarry under one’s arm (PAN: *sipit)

sipítlarge tongs (used for asjusting a fire); hairpin (PAN: *sipit)

sípotto consume totally, exhause, use up all; totally used up (PPH: *sipet)

sítsitto hiss; call a person with “pssst” (PMP: *sitsit) *sitsit₁

sítsitto hiss; call a person with “pssst” (PWMP: *citcit)

siyámnine (PPH: *siám)

sósofemale breast (PAN: *susu₁)

súbliʔto take another’s place, replace, substitute for (PPH: *sub(e)líq)

súbliʔto take another’s place, replace, substitute for (PPH: *sub(e)liq)

súbsubto be headed downwards; dip; fall headlong; have the front down (PPH: *sebseb)

súdlaycomb; to comb out (NEAR)

súdsudblade of plow (PPH: *sudsud₂)

súdsudblade of plow (PPH: *sedsed₃)

sueóʔtorch; to use as a torch (PMP: *suluq)

súesueto ignite, set on fire, kindle (PPH: *súlsul)

súgbo(h)to immerse, dunk into liquid (PPH: *sug(e)bu)

súgodbite, sting (said of insects) (PWMP: *seRed)

súkato vomit (out), throw up (PPH: *suka₂)

Aklanon (1320 / 1578)

súkiʔregular customer; regular agent or dealer; to always do business with (LOAN)

sukótto collect debts (PPH: *sukut)

súksukhouse lizard (small) (PWMP: *cekcek)

súmpaʔpromise, oath, pledge, vow (in good connotation); curse (in bad connotation); to vow, swear, promise; to curse (PWMP: *sumpaq)

súmpitto jet out, splurt, squirt (out); blowgun (PMP: *sumpit)

súmpoŋto ‘blow up’, get/become hot-headed (PPH: *sumpuŋ)

súmpoŋto ‘blow up’, get/become hot-headed (LOAN)

súndaŋknife (LOAN)

súntokto rap or hit with one’s knuckles, especially on the head (PPH: *suntúk)

súntokrap or hit with one's knuckles (ROOT)

súŋayhorn (of animals) (PPH: *súŋay)

súŋitserious, solemn, crabby, out of sorts (PWMP: *seŋit)

súŋkaʔgame played with stones or marbles, attempting to get all the pieces of one’s opponent (LOAN)

súŋo“whisker” of shrimps (PWMP: *suŋu₁)

súŋsuŋstopper, cork; to cork up, stop up, put a stopper in (PWMP: *suŋsuŋ₂)

supáʔto munch on, chew thoroughly with the pupose of getting out the juice or the flavor (PWMP: *sepaq)

súpotpaper or cloth bag (PPH: *súput)

súyodsteel-spiked harrow; to harrow with this implement (LOAN)

Aklanon (1340 / 1578)

táanfish net (across river) (PAN: *taqan₁)

tabákswordlike beak (of a swordfish); long pin, hat pin (PPH: *tabák)

tábansnatch with one’s jaws (like a dog stealing food) (PMP: *taban) *tabaN

tábaŋto help, assist (PMP: *tabaŋ)

tábasto cut into shape, tailor (PWMP: *tabas₂)

tabáʔfat, stout, plump (PWMP: *tabeq)

tabídattach, join (PWMP: *ta(m)bid)

tábogto shoo, scare away (PPH: *tabuR₂)

tabógsomething used to shoo away (flies) (PPH: *tabuR₂)

tábogto shoo, scare away (PPH: *tabuR₂)

tabógsomething used to shoo away (flies) (PPH: *tabuR₂)

tábtabto chop, cut (up) (PWMP: *tabtab₁)

ta-bulíʔturn the rear to (PMP: *buliq₂)

ta-bulíʔturn the rear to (NOISE)

tábʔáŋfresh drinking water; insipid, flat, tasteless (PWMP: *taq(e)baŋ)

tábʔaŋfresh drinking water; insipid, flat, tasteless, flavorless (PWMP: *taq(e)baŋ)

tádtadto hack, hit repeatedly with a blade (PWMP: *tadtad)

tadtar-ánchopping block, cutting board (PPH: *tadtad-án) *tadtad

taeabáoyster (PPH: *talabá)

t<ae>ámn-anfield [for planting] (PAN: *tanem-an) *CaNem

Aklanon (1360 / 1578)

taeómsharp-edged, razor-sharp (PMP: *tazem) *Cazem

táeonfield; underdeveloped or overgrown land (PMP: *talun₁) *CaluN

táetaeto remove, take down (PWMP: *taltal₁)

tagá-noun prefix denoting a place of origin or where a person hails from, often thought of as an equivalent for the English preposition “from” (LOAN)

taga-búkidperson from the mountains (derogatory, implying backwardness) (PAN: *bukij)

taga-liʔóg“neck-deep” (in troubles), be on edge, edgy (PAN: *liqeR)

tágayto pour out (slowly) (PPH: *tágay)

tagáʔto strike with a sharp object (PAN: *taRaq₁)

tagáʔhook (LOAN)

tag-b-ue-uŋáfruit-bearing season (PMP: *buŋa)

tag-búhatcraftsman, creator (PMP: *buhat₂)

tag-íhiʔfeel like urinating (PMP: *ihiq) *iSiq

tagi-pusóʔ-onheart (PMP: *pusuq₁)

tágkosbinder, a piece of cloth wrapped around a painful part of the body, usually head or waist (PPH: *tag(e)kés)

tagóksap (of tree) (PPH: *tagek)

tagómmedicinal tree (PMP: *taRum)

tahíʔto sew (manaN-, paN-) (PMP: *tahiq) *CaqiS

tahópto sift (PMP: *tahep) *tapeS

táistool, feces; to defecate (PMP: *taqi) *Caqi

takáeboar, male pig; oversexed man, sex maniac (PPH: *takál₂)

Aklanon (1380 / 1578)

tákaŋto totter, half walk (said of baby only) (PPH: *tákaŋ)

tákawsteal, take (without permission) (PMP: *takaw₁) *Cakaw

tákbato service, engage in intercourse (like animals, from behind rather than in front) (PPH: *tak(e)bá)

takósto measure out, allot; mete out (PPH: *takes₂)

ta-likódto turn one’s back to; turn one’s back on, refuse help; give up (PMP: *ta-likud) *likud

talinuman herb: Talinum triangulare (PPH: *talínum)

talísaytree with edible nut: Terminalia catappa L. (PMP: *talisay)

ta-líwanto bypass, go by, pass by (PPH: *líwan)

tamádto feel lazy, not feel like working; a lazy person (LOAN)

tamárawspecies of wild carabao found only on Mindoro (PWMP: *tamadaw)

támaʔright, correct, enough; to hit directly, make a bullseye, hit straight on (PMP: *tamaq₁)

támbaemedicine: coagulant; to stop bleeding (PMP: *tambar)

tambaemedicine --- coagulant (PPH: *tambal₂)

támbakpile; to pile up (one on top of another); fill (hole) (PMP: *tambak₂)

támbawbe over one another, overlapping (ROOT)

tamíloklarge edible worm found in trees (PWMP: *tamiluk)

tamíŋshield (PMP: *tamiŋ)

tamíʔtest food, taste (using one's finger) (PMP: *tamiq)

támpoemedicinal leaf used as plaster (PMP: *tapel) *Capel

támsakto splash, splatter (ROOT)

Aklanon (1400 / 1578)

támsiksplash, splatter (ROOT)

tanaŋáwrice bug (damages rice by sucking the unripe grains) (PWMP: *tanaŋaw)

tándaʔto mark; remember, commemorate (PPH: *tandaq)

taníŋlimit (to life); predestination (LOAN)

tánomrice seedling, rice shoot (PMP: *tanem) *CaNem

tanómto plant (PMP: *tanem) *CaNem

tánʔawto see, look at (PPH: *taq(e)náw)

taŋáscatter-brained, absent-minded, foolish, gullible (PMP: *taŋa) *taŋa₁

táŋagto elope with (PPH: *taŋaR)

taŋáʔto look upward (PWMP: *taŋaq₂)

táŋeadlemon grass (used for seasoning): Andropogon citratus DC (PMP: *taŋelaj) *Caŋelaj

taŋígilarge, delicious fish (PMP: *taŋiRi)

taŋílshim, something used to level off an unbalanced table or chair that is wobbling (PPH: *taŋíl)

taŋíliʔa tree: mahogany (PPH: *taŋíliq)

táŋisto cry, bawl (tears) (PMP: *taŋis) *Caŋis

táŋpaʔto pay tax for (PPH: *taŋ(e)paq)

tápadried meat (PMP: *tapa₁) *Capa

tapá(h)to dry out (PMP: *tapa₁) *Capa

tapah-ándrying rack (PWMP: *tapa-an) *Capa

tápayyeast (PWMP: *tapay)

Aklanon (1420 / 1578)

tápiʔboard, lumber (PPH: *tapiq₁)

tapósto finish, complete, end, come to a close (PAN: *tapus)

tarántato be confused, nervous (LOAN)

tásikbrine, salty water (PMP: *tasik)

tátlothree (PAN: *ta-telu) *telu

tátlo(h)to raise or lower to three, make three (PAN: *ta-telu) *telu

táwaddiscount (PWMP: *tawaD)

tawágto call (for), page (PWMP: *tawaR₂)

táwoperson, people; man (PMP: *tau₁) *Cau

tayáʔa bet, wager; to bet, wager something (PPH: *tayáq)

táʔasbecome taller, grow taller; raise, elevate (PMP: *atas) *aCas

taʔónfish trap in river (PMP: *taqen)

tiáwa delicious soft-boned fish (PMP: *tiqaw₂) *Ciqaw

tibókto beat, thump (said of the heart) (PAN: *tibuk)

tígisto pour out (PMP: *tiRis)

tig-pitóseven-by-seven, seven at a time (PAN: *pitu₁) *pitu

tigú-dwatwo by two, two at a time (PMP: *duha) *duSa

tíktikwitch, evil spirit (in form of bird or human -- named after the sound it makes (PMP: *tiktik₁)

tíktikdetective, spy, agent (PPH: *tiktík₃)

t<il>ipon-ánplace of assembly (PPH: *típun)

Aklanon (1440 / 1578)

tímbaŋto balance, compare weight; equate; partner, pair (PWMP: *timbaŋ)

tímogthe east wind (PMP: *timuR)

timónrudder of a boat; to steer, man the helm (LOAN)

t<in>ábasrags; clothing scraps (PWMP: *tabas₂)

t-in-uhog-anpierced ears (for earrings) (PMP: *tuhuR) *CuSuR

tínʔawto become clear or clean (PPH: *tin(e)qaw)

tiŋáfood particles caught between teeth (PMP: *tiŋah) *CiŋaS

tíŋgilclitoris (PPH: *tuŋgíl)

tíŋkoʔclink, hit lightly against (as glasses carried in a tray) (PMP: *tiŋkuq)

típonto gather, collect, assemble (non-homogeneous things) (PPH: *típun)

títinipple, teat (childrens word) (PMP: *titi)

tiyánstomach, abdomen; womb (PMP: *tian) *tiaN

tiyan-ánhaving a large, curved stomach; fish with a big stomach (PMP: *tian) *tiaN

tubashrub, nut, medicinal: Jatropha curcas L. (PAN: *tubah)

túbasto end, finish off (harvesting) (PWMP: *tebas₁)

tubáʔto cut down bananas (PMP: *tebah) *tebaS

tubósugarcane (PMP: *tebuh₁) *tebuS

tubódflow out, gush, well up (said of liquids) (PAN: *Cebuj)

tubóehard, dry stool (feces) (PPH: *tebel₁)

tubor-ánspring, well (PAN: *Cebuj)

Aklanon (1460 / 1578)

túboʔto grow, sprout, develop; increase; interest on loan, growth (PMP: *tubuq, tumbuq) *Cubuq

tueáya bridge (PPH: *tuláy)

túeogto be asleep; to sleep off/through (PAN: *tuduR)

túeotto permit, allow (NOISE)

túeoʔto drip, leak (of faucet, water) (PAN: *tuduq)

t-ue-úbd-anspout, place where water flows out (PAN: *Cebuj)

túgonto order, request (PWMP: *tuRun₂)

túgonto order, request (PPH: *tugen)

túgotto permit, allow (PWMP: *tuRut)

tugótstring of/for kite (PWMP: *tuRut)

túhodknee (PMP: *tuhud) *tuduS

túhogpierce, pass or cut through, penetrate (PMP: *tuhuR) *CuSuR

tukádto go out of town; to go uphill (PAN: *tukad₂)

tukóbto bite, nibble (said of fish) (PPH: *tekeb₂)

tukónbamboo pole (PMP: *teken)

túktukto chop continually; tenderize (meat) by pounding it with a blade (PAN: *tektek₁)

tulíear wax; ear drainage (PMP: *tuli₁) *Culi

túliʔto circumcise (PPH: *turiq)

tulíʔcircumcised (PPH: *turiq)

túmanobey, follow, oblige (PWMP: *tuman)

Aklanon (1480 / 1578)

túnawto melt, dissolve (PPH: *túnaw)

túnaypure, true, genuine, real, actual (PWMP: *tunay₂)

tuŋáwvery, very small red insect (PWMP: *tuŋaw₁)

túŋaʔto cut in half (PMP: *teŋaq)

tuŋáʔone half; middle (PMP: *teŋaq)

tuŋógtree with bark used as food coloring (PMP: *teŋeR)

túŋtuŋstand on; upon; be on top (of); step on (PMP: *tuŋtuŋ₂)

tuŋtúŋ-anplatform, stage (PMP: *tuŋtuŋ₂)

tuódstump of a tree (PAN: *tuqed)

tupádto go or be side-by-side with (PPH: *tupáj)

túpoŋto level, make equal (PPH: *tepeŋ₂)

tupóŋlevel, equal; enjoying/having the same privileges (PPH: *tepeŋ₂)

turósto squeeze, crush with one’s fingernails (as lice) (PWMP: *tedes)

turóʔto teach (a subject), point out (PAN: *tuzuq₁)

tústusto lower, let down, loosen (PPH: *tustús)

tuwádput one's rear end out to, bend over and stick one's buttocks toward (PWMP: *tuad)

tuwáyclam --- shell (PMP: *tuay)

túyoʔpurpose, aim, intention (PPH: *tuyuq)

úaŋto howl, cry, screech (about) (PAN: *quaŋ₂)

úbangray hair (PMP: *quban) *qubaN

Aklanon (1500 / 1578)

ubán-ongray-haired, having gray hair (PWMP: *quban-en) *qubaN

úbipurple yam: Dioscorea alata (PMP: *qubi)

úbodthe inner white part of the trunk of banana, nipa or coconut palms; core, pith (PMP: *qubuj)

údtoabout directly overhead (in the sky) (PPh: *ugtu)

ueánrain; rain water; to rain (PMP: *quzan) *quzaN

ueáŋriver shrimp (PAN: *qudaŋ)

ueátscab, scar; miscolored skin (left by a wound); to heal, form a scar (said of a wound) (PWMP: *ulat)

úeh-anthe head, top (of bed) (PMP: *qulu-an) *quluh

úeodstomach worm(s) (PMP: *qulej)

úeo(h)head (PMP: *qulu) *quluh

ueónlie down, rest one's head on a pillow (PMP: *qulun₂)

ueótinterval, space, unit of space (PMP: *qelet) *qeleC

ugáliʔcustom, tradition; habit (PWMP: *ugaliq)

ugámcoating or deposit on the tongue when one is sick, resulting in bad-tasting food or drink (PMP: *guham) *guSam

ugátblood vein; tendon (PMP: *uRat) *huRaC

úgbosyoung leaves or foliage; young frond (of fern) (PPH: *ugbús)

ugótbe angry; get peeved (ROOT)

ugtoat the zenith, directly overhead; half moon (waxing or waning) (PPh: *ugtu)

úhawbe thirsty (PMP: *quhaw) *quSaw

úhaystalk (of rice) (PPh: *quhay)

Aklanon (1520 / 1578)

úhoŋmushroom (PMP: *quhuŋ) *quSuŋ

ulíhi(h)be late, tardy; behind; later on (PMP: *udehi)

úliŋcharcoal; make charcoal out of (PAN: *qujiŋ)

ulíŋ-onany wood or substance to be made into charcoal (PPh: *qujiŋ-en) *qujiŋ

úliʔreturn, bring/give (something) back (PMP: *uliq₁)

ulíʔgo home, return (to one's place, country) (PMP: *uliq₁)

-um-verbal infix used on command or conditioned forms (PMP: *<um>) *-um-

umá(h)parm; plantation; field(s) (PMP: *quma) *qumah

umánnext time; repetition; repeat, do again, do over (PAN: *quman)

umánnext time; to repeat, do again, do over (PMP: *uman) *umaN

úmaŋhermit crab (PAN: *qumaŋ)

úmoepress with one's palm, squeeze into small balls (PPh: *qemel)

úmʔumsuck on, dissolve in the mouth without swallowing, as is done to medicine or candy (PAN: *qemqem)

únafirst; go first, go ahead, precede (PMP: *unah)

únatstretch, straighten out; unbend, unkink (PPh: *uñat)

únl-anpillow, cushion (PMP: *qulun-an) *qulun₂

unódmeat, flesh, muscle (PMP: *qunej)

únosbe in motion; blow (wind), flow (water) (PMP: *qunus)

úntayto stretch, straighten out, extend (PWMP: *quntay₁)

uŋáecry out, scream (PMP: *quŋal)

Aklanon (1540 / 1578)

uŋásidiot, fool (LOAN)

uŋáʔchild; son/daughter; give birth (humans) (PWMP: *uŋaq)

upárice husk (PWMP: *qepah)

úpakskin, peeling (of fruits, vegetables); rind; to peel, take off (the skin or peeling) (PWMP: *upak₁)

úpawto fall out (said of hair); to be flat broke (PPH: *upaw)

úpawfall out (said of hair) (NOISE)

upóŋgather stalks of rice and bundle them together during the harvest (PAN: *qupuŋ)

upósconsumed, used up; cigarette butt (PMP: *upus)

usá(h)deer (PWMP: *uRsa)

usokpole (of a fence), fencepole (PMP: *usuk)

usókpole (of a fence) (PMP: *u(n)sek)

usókpole of a fence, fencepole (PMP: *esek₂) *hesek₂

utáka blunted knife (used for weeding) (PPh: *eták)

útanvegetables (PMP: *qutan) *quCaN

útaŋdebt; owe to, be indebted to (PMP: *qutaŋ)

utásslash, cut off (with a blade) (PWMP: *etas)

utásslash, cut off (with a blade) (PWMP: *qutas)

utógerection of penis; to erect, be sexually excited (penis) (PAN: *qeCuR)

utógerection (of penis); to erect, become sexually excited (penis) (PPh: *qutuR)

útogbe/get sexually excited (PPh: *qutuR)

Aklanon (1560 / 1578)

útokbrain (PMP: *hutek)

útok it bulináwdull, stupid, brainless (PPh: *bulínaw)

utótflatulence; let some gas (PMP: *qetut)

utótflatulence, bad air, fart (PMP: *qutut)

uwákcrow (PMP: *uak₁)

uwáyrattan (PAN: *quay)

waeáʔdisappear, become nothing; run out of; left without (PWMP: *wada-q) *wada

waeóeight (PAN: *walu)

wágwagrice (traditional variety) (PPh: *wagwág₁)

wákatroots of mangrove trees (PMP: *wakat)

wakwáklarge bat-like creature (believed to be a witch's messenger) (PAN: *wakwak)

wáliŋ-wáliŋorchid (LOAN)

wásayaxe; chop with an axe (PWMP: *wasay)

wáswasshake (off), rid something of dirt (PPh: *waswás₁)

wawáʔmouth of a river (PPh: *wáqwaq)

wíʔwiʔsplit open further (e.g. a buttonhole), enlarge by splitting (PPh: *wíqwiq)

yakála hardwood tree: Shorea gisok or Shorea balangeran (PPH: *yakál)

yúgyugto shake (usually by the shoulders) (PPH: *yegyeg)

11. Alas (22) WMP (Akbar, Ahmaddin and Mardjo 1985) [btz] (Batak Alas-Kluet) Indonesia (Sumatra)

abetcoil; cloth that is wound around the body (PWMP: *ambet)

abinhug a child who is cold (PMP: *qabin)

asakstuff or press in (PWMP: *qasak)

bayoubrother-in-law (woman speaking), sister-in-law (man speaking) (PWMP: *bayaw)

burikspotted, striped (PWMP: *burik)

lakihusband (PMP: *laki₁)

lateŋstinging nettle (PMP: *lateŋ) *laCeŋ

limefive (PAN: *lima)

linurearthquake (PAN: *linuR)

lisenit, louse egg (PMP: *lisehaq, liseqah) *liseqeS

saburscatter seed, sow (PMP: *sabuR)

sandarlean against (PWMP: *sandaR)

sawepython (PMP: *sawa)

sikuelbow (PAN: *sikux)

siresalt (PAN: *qasiRa)

susunstack up (PMP: *susun) *susuN

taŋkowto steal (PMP: *takaw₁) *Cakaw

terepforest tree with fruit similar to breadfruit (PWMP: *teRep)

tuhutrue; truly, really (PMP: *tuqu₂)

ubunfontanel (PWMP: *ubun (ubun))

Alas (20 / 22)

udanrain (PMP: *quzan) *quzaN

utahvomit (PAN: *utaq)

12. Ali (25) OC

aiwood, tree (POC: *kayu) *kaSiw

amyou (pl.) (PMP: *kamu₂) *amu

ati-liver (PMP: *qatay) *qaCay

e-seiwho? (PMP: *sai)

lasto sniff, smell (POC: *acok) *Sajek

-mato come (POC: *maRi) *aRi

mamfather (POC: *mama) *mamah

mawáŋright side (PMP: *wanan) *waNan

miəŋbird (POC: *manuk)

miətto die; dead (POC: *mate) *aCay

muaŋman, male (POC: *maRuqane) *RuqaNay

ñuəmmosquito (PMP: *ñamuk)

routwo (POC: *rua) *duSa

rouŋleaf (PEMP: *raun) *dahun

seito sew (POC: *saqit) *zaqit

susfemale breast (PAN: *susu₁)

tapu-ŋyoung drinking coconut (POC: *tabwa)

tiəŋto cry (PMP: *taŋis) *Caŋis

tuəlthree (PEMP: *tolu) *telu

warrope (PMP: *waRej)

Ali (20 / 25)

wuli-skin (POC: *kulit) *kuliC

wutlouse (PMP: *kutu₁) *kuCux

yisu-nose (POC: *icuŋ) *ijuŋ

yitwe (PAN: *ita₁)

ʔeilto dig (POC: *kali ~ keli) *kalih

Allang (23) CMP. see: Wakasihu

Alu (99) OC. see: Mono-Alu

Alumbis Murut (41) WMP. see: Murut (Tagol)

13. Alune (103) CMP (Niggemeyer 1951-52) [alp] Indonesia (Maluku) [aka: Murnaten]

aiwood; tree (PCEMP: *kayu) *kaSiw

ai-lamut-itree root (PMP: *Ramut₁)

aku~ au1sg. nominative pronoun: I (PAN: *aku)

alakwehornbill (PMP: *kalaw₁)

amafather (PAN: *amax)

ami1pl. excl., we, us (PAN: *ami)

amu2pl. possessive, your (PMP: *kamu₂) *amu

anuflow, stream (PAN: *qañud)

asudog (PAN: *asu₁)

babaabove, on top (PAN: *babaw₃)

besay, tell (PCMP: *bei)

bedapowder (LOAN)

betasibling of opposite sex (PMP: *betaw)

betuwake up; emerge, appear suddenly; be awake (PMP: *betu) *betu₁

binawoman; female (PCEMP: *b<in>ai) *bahi

boi-niits stench; stench of (PMP: *bahuq)

buafruit (PMP: *buaq)

bualeap up (PMP: *buhat₃)

bua-inumeral classifier for roundish objects such as eggs, pearls, heads, etc. (PMP: *buaq)

bubuleinsect, beetle, worm; wood worm (PMP: *buRbuR₂)

Alune (20 / 103)

bukato open (PMP: *buka)

bukademolish (PMP: *buŋkaR)

bulanemoon, month (PMP: *bulan₃) *bulaN

bulibear fruit (PMP: *buliR)

buli-nia cluster of fruit (PMP: *buliR)

bulufeather, fur (PCEMP: *bulu₁)

bunukill (PMP: *bunuq₂) *buNuq₂

bunu-eextinguish (PMP: *bunuq₂) *buNuq₂

busukstinking, rotten (PMP: *busuk)

busulepig trap; spring-set spear trap; hunting bow (PMP: *busuR₂)

butu-iheap, pile (PCEMP: *butu₂) *butu

dani ~ ranito weep, cry (PMP: *taŋis) *Caŋis

esaone (PAN: *esa)

ianefish (PMP: *hikan) *Sikan

ilahow much? how many? (PAN: *pijax)

ile3pl., they, them (PMP: *ida)

itewe, us (incl.) (PAN: *ita₁)

ituseven (PAN: *pitu₁) *pitu

kaneto eat (PAN: *kaen)

kenabe hit, injured (PAN: *keNa)

Alune (40 / 103)

keteto bite (PMP: *keteb)

keteto bite (PMP: *ketep₁)

-ku, au... -ku1sg possessive suffix (PAN: *-ku)

kutulouse (PMP: *kutu₁) *kuCux

kʷalaspider (PMP: *lawaq₂)

kwalisibling of the same sex (PCEMP: *waji) *Suaji

kwalueight (PAN: *walu)

kwelewater; river (PCEMP: *waiR) *wahiR

laidirt (PMP: *daki)

lalablood; red (PAN: *daRaq)

lalanepath, road (PMP: *zalan)

laleheart, inner part; contents (PMP: *dalem)

lanitesky (PMP: *laŋit) *laŋiC

lapiasago (PMP: *Rambia)

latalelevel land, plain (PAN: *dataR)

latuvillage head (PMP: *datu)

leneto hear (PMP: *deŋeR)

limafive (PAN: *lima)

loi-niits leaf; leaf of (PCEMP: *daun) *dahun

lo-laudownstream, toward the sea (PCEMP: *laur) *lahud

Alune (60 / 103)

luatwo; both (PMP: *duha) *duSa

maito come; here (PAN: *um-ai) *ai₃

ma-kwayawn (PCEMP: *mawab) *Suab

malilaugh (PCEMP: *malip)

m-anuflow, stream; float away; carried off on a current (PMP: *ma-qañud) *qañud

manuebird (PMP: *manuk)

masacooked, done; ripe, mature (PMP: *ma-qesak) *qesak

masacooked, done; ripe, mature (PMP: *ma-hasak) *Sasak

matadead, die (PCEMP: *matay₁) *aCay

mataeye (PMP: *mata) *maCa

mata-ledead (PCEMP: *matay₁) *aCay

mata-losiwindow (PMP: *mata) *maCa

ma-torato belch (Ludeking 1868:217) (PMP: *teRab) *CeRab

matua-neold man (PMP: *ma-tuqah) *tuqaS

ma-tulusleep (PMP: *ma-tuduR) *tuduR

meteneblack (PCEMP: *ma-qitem, ma-qetem) *qitem

mtuaold (PMP: *ma-tuqah) *tuqaS

m-uliafter, behind; to follow (PCEMP: *m-udi) *udehi

nabuto fall, drop (PMP: *nabuq)

nikwelecoconut (PMP: *niuR)

Alune (80 / 103)

ninureflection (PMP: *qaninu) *qaNiŋu

nunubanyan (PMP: *nunuk)

nusaisland, land (PMP: *nusa₁)

penufull (PAN: *peNuq)

salafault; mistake (PMP: *salaq₁)

sanabranch (PMP: *saŋa₁)

sikwanine (PMP: *siwa) *Siwa

susufemale breast (PAN: *susu₁)

susu mata-inipple of the breast (PMP: *mata nu susu) *maCa

tabuliconch shell trumpet (PMP: *tabuRi)

tamataperson (PMP: *tau-mata) *Cau

tauneyear (PMP: *taqun)

təluthick (PCEMP: *təlu)

teluthree (PAN: *telu)

teta ~ tetecut off, chop off, split into two pieces (PAN: *tektek₁)

tia-belly (PMP: *tian) *tiaN

tibalegong (PCMP: *tibal)

ulanerain (PMP: *quzan) *quzaN

uleneearthenware cooking pot (PAN: *kuden)

upugrandparent/grandchild (PMP: *umpu)

Alune (100 / 103)

uribanana (PAN: *punti₁)

uri buli-nia stalk of bananas (PMP: *buliR)

utanewild vegetables (PMP: *qutan) *quCaN

14. Amara (23) OC (Thurston 1987)

a-puacrocodile (POC: *puqaya) *buqaya

emekbird (POC: *manuk)

-into drink (PMP: *inum)

-k1sg possessive suffix; my (POC: *-gu) *-ku

kat-kateliver (PMP: *qatay) *qaCay

-keneat (POC: *kani) *kaen

-lago (POC: *lako) *lakaw

-loŋoto hear (POC: *roŋoR) *deŋeR

-mecome (POC: *mai) *ai₃

meteeye (PMP: *mata) *maCa

motoufear (POC: *matakut) *takut

o-loŋofly (insect) (POC: *laŋo) *laŋaw

o-puonet (POC: *pukot) *puket₁

peiget (POC: *pa-i) *pa₂

-ponfull (POC: *ponuq) *peNuq

-punto hit, kill (POC: *punuq₃) *buNuq₂

ruotwo (POC: *rua) *duSa

soŋoulten (PMP: *sa-ŋa-puluq) *puluq

ta-manemale (POC: *maRuqane) *RuqaNay

telthree (PEMP: *tolu) *telu

Amara (20 / 23)

telŋe-ear (POC: *taliŋa) *Caliŋa

temefather (PMP: *t-amax) *amax

tnemother (PMP: *t-ina) *ina

15. Ambai (20) SHWNG (Anceaux 1961) [amk] Indonesia (Papua)

aiwood, tree (PCEMP: *kayu) *kaSiw

atatbird with blue feathers that nests in the holes of trees (LOAN)

baia plant: Falcataria Moluccana (PCEMP: *bail)

bofruit (PMP: *buaq)

bo-rutwo (PMP: *duha) *duSa

bo-toruthree (PEMP: *tolu) *telu

-humy, mine, marker of general possession (house, book, boat, etc.) (PAN: *-ku)

ituseven (PAN: *pitu₁) *pitu

karacockatoo (PEMP: *kaRa)

mataifear (PAN: *ma-takut) *takut

raŋpath, road (PMP: *zalan)

riŋfive (PAN: *lima)

tawaa tree: Pometia spp. (PMP: *tawan)

u3sg., he, she (PAN: *ia₁)

ul-utulouse (PMP: *kutu₁) *kuCux

ve-vorunew (PEMP: *baqoRu) *baqeRuh

viviŋwoman, female (PMP: *ba-b<in>ahi) *bahi

wefoot, leg (PAN: *waqay)

yau1sg. nominative pronoun: I (PAN: *i-aku) *aku

yau1sg., I (PAN: *i-aku) *aku

16. Amblau (23) CMP (Stresemann 1927, van der Miesen 1911) [amv] (Ambelau) Indonesia (Maluku)

afufire (PMP: *hapuy) *Sapuy

auwood (PCEMP: *kayu) *kaSiw

barustone (PMP: *batu) *batux

berasister (man speaking) (PMP: *betaw)

bulamoon (PMP: *bulan₃) *bulaN

faafour (PMP: *epat) *Sepat

falarice (PAN: *pajay)

fitoseven (PAN: *pitu₁) *pitu

lanaoil (van der Miesen) (PMP: *laña)

laniresky (PMP: *laŋit) *laŋiC

lima-hand (PAN: *qalima)

luatwo (PMP: *duha) *duSa

matecuscus (PCEMP: *mansər)

m-odalto rain (PMP: *q<um>uzan) *quzaN

olohead (PCEMP: *qulu) *quluh

puriwhite (PMP: *putiq)

rehoegg (PMP: *qateluR)

reluthree (PAN: *telu)

ularain (PMP: *quzan) *quzaN

ula-ishrimp (PAN: *qudaŋ)

Amblau (20 / 23)

urulouse (PMP: *kutu₁) *kuCux

waloeight (PAN: *walu)

waʔacanoe (PCEMP: *waŋka)

17. Amblong (40) OC (Tryon 1976)

aiwater (PCEMP: *waiR) *wahiR

amalmen’s house (PMP: *kamaliR)

ani-anto eat (POC: *kani) *kaen

batu-head (POC: *batuk) *batuk₃

bembebutterfly (POC: *bebe)

budo-navel (POC: *buto)

eldigging stick (POC: *kali ~ keli) *kalih

fatustone (POC: *patu) *batux

fulu-hair (POC: *pulu₃) *bulu₁

imahouse (PAN: *Rumaq)

lanohousefly (POC: *laŋo) *laŋaw

leso-testicles (POC: *lasoR) *laseR

luato vomit (POC: *lua-ki) *luaq

ma-satbad (PMP: *ma-zaqat) *zaqat

matto die (POC: *mate) *aCay

mata-eye (PMP: *mata) *maCa

matasnake (POC: *mwata)

mo-bonnight (POC: *boŋi) *beRŋi

mo-limafive (PAN: *lima)

mo-ruatwo (POC: *rua) *duSa

Amblong (20 / 40)

mo-tolthree (PEMP: *tolu) *telu

mo-vatfour (PEMP: *pat) *Sepat

mo-vizahow much/how many? (POC: *pica) *pijax

na-nizawhen? (PMP: *ŋa-ijan) *ijan

natu-child (PEMP: *natu)

n-au1sg., I (POC: *ŋau₂) *aku

no-matdead (POC: *mate) *aCay

savawhat? (PMP: *sapa)

sonavulten (PMP: *sa-ŋa-puluq) *puluq

susubreast (PAN: *susu₁)

tama-father (PMP: *t-amax) *amax

tanto cry (PMP: *taŋis) *Caŋis

tofusugarcane (POC: *na topu) *tebuS

tšamanaoutrigger (POC: *saman) *saRman

turto stand (POC: *tuqur₁) *tuqud

uracrayfish (POC: *quraŋ) *qudaŋ

uri-skin (POC: *kulit) *kuliC

utulouse (PMP: *kutu₁) *kuCux

uzarain (POC: *qusan) *quzaN

vanto go (POC: *pano) *paNaw

Ambon Malay (2) WMP. see: Malay (Ambon)

Amganad Ifugaw (4) WMP. see: Ifugaw (Amganad)

18. Amis (613) Form. (Fey 1986) [ami] Taiwan (dialects: Utrecht ms. 1, Central (Blust 2002) [ami] 10, Kiwit (Ogawa 1933, Ferrell 1979) 28)

aa connecting particle with some of the meaning of "and"; modifying particle (PAN: *a₅)

afalashoulder (PAN: *qabaRa₁) Central

akuŋcrooked (ROOT)

alato take (PAN: *ala)

ala-enbe taken (PAN: *ala-en) *ala

alafohdust blown by the wind (ROOT)

alunahlarge variety of ant (PAN: *alujah) Kiwit

amafather (Hualien county) (PAN: *amax)

amoyou (plural) (PAN: *amu)

ano-cilatomorrow (PAN: *siRa₁) Kiwit

anu-sauniafter, later (Tsuchida 1976) (PAN: *Sauni)

anu-tsilatomorrow (PAN: *siRa₁) Kiwit

apaclate in arising; slow to arrive; primitive (NOISE)

apekpowder, flour (ROOT)

asikto sweep (PAN: *aSik)

atalet's go! (PAN: *ata)

awano, nothing, none; negative of action (NEAR)

ayáexclamation showing displeasure or question (PAN: *aya₁)

ayaexclamation showing displeasure or question (NOISE)

Amis (20 / 613)

canominative case marker for plural personal names (PAN: *sa₁)

cadiwto sharpen (PAN: *saNiw)

cafaycompanion to do something (PAN: *sabay₁)

cahdalthe condition when the sun comes out for a moment between rain showers (PAN: *saheNaR)

cakalmuzzle for ox, water buffalo (PAN: *sakal)

cakatarise, go up (PAN: *sakat)

cakcakcut into pieces with a machete, as sweet potatoes; hoe ground until it is well tilled (PAN: *saksak₁)

caleŋpine tree or wood (PAN: *saleŋ)

caliwborrow, lend (PAN: *saliw)

camolmixture (PAN: *samuR)

caŋrayto lean back against something (PAN: *saŋeday)

capetto grab with the hand; catch (PAN: *sapet)

cekcekto press, crowd together, shake down (of people, grain, etc.) (PAN: *seksek₁)

celcelslip through a crowded place (PAN: *selsel₁)

celemto sink into (as setting sun); dive into the water (PAN: *selem₁)

ceŋettick (insect) (PAN: *seŋet₂) Kiwit

cepcepto suck (as a mosquito sucking blood) (PAN: *sepsep)

cfosto splash liquid or water on something (PAN: *sebuS)

ciproper name prefix (PAN: *si₁)

cidalsun (PAN: *siNaR)

Amis (40 / 613)

cikoelbow; intersection, corner (PAN: *sikux)

cila-cilafrequently (PAN: *siRa₁) Kiwit

cila satonext day (PAN: *siRa₁) Kiwit

ci-losaʔto have tears (PAN: *luSeq)

c-imawho? (PAN: *si-ima) *ima

c-ima c-imawhoever (PAN: *si-ima) *ima

c-ima c-ima-anto whomever (PAN: *si-ima) *ima

ci-mataable to see; to wear glasses (PAN: *maCa)

ci-tiyad-to cigrashe has a belly (i.e. she is pregnant) (PAN: *tiaN)

ciwciwbaby chick, baby bird (PAN: *siwsiw)

ckelbow the head (PAN: *sekel)

ckelbow the head (ROOT)

cmetan interval of sleep (NEAR)

cocobreast of a female; udder; teat (PAN: *susu₁)

cokcokto lock (PAN: *suksuk)

cokerto prop up, support, help, as the cross pole in the hitch of a wagon (PAN: *suked)

cokorwalking stick, cane (PAN: *sukud)

coledinsert; push inside a slot or opening; put into a handbag or basket (PAN: *suleN)

colireturn, retort (PAN: *suli₂)

copcopto suck (as a mosquito sucking blood) (PAN: *supsup)

Amis (60 / 613)

cowiɁa bird, Common Sandpiper (appears at sunset with its call) (PAN: *suiq)

dateŋgeneric term for vegetables; any kind of cooked food served except rice (PAN: *NaCeŋ)

demdemendure, referring to illness or personal feelings (PAN: *demdem₁)

dihifcave, den (PAN: *Nihib)

ditaʔa lump of clay for making pottery; clay; a type of soil (PAN: *diteq)

ditaʔclay, type of soil; a lump of clay for making pottery (PAN: *Nitaq)

ditaʔclay (ROOT)

doʔesbone marrow (PAN: *NuqeS)

facaʔwash clothes (PAN: *baseq)

facfacto hit, strike -- as a child or a water buffalo (PAN: *basbas₁)

fadalthorny briar plant (PAN: *baNaR)

fafacarry a baby tied on one's back; to ride piggy back (PAN: *baba₁)

fa-fahiwife (PAN: *ba-bahi) *bahi

fa-fahi-anfemale; woman (PAN: *ba-bahi) *bahi

fafawheadwaters, source of a river; leaders with higher rank (PAN: *babaw₃)

fafoypig; wild boar (PAN: *babuy₃)

fafoy-anpigpen (PAN: *babuy-an) *babuy₃

fakecput a belt on (PAN: *bakes₁)

fakigrandfather (Ferrell 1969); uncle (the authoritiy figure in the home for giving instructions; Fey 1986) (PAN: *baki₂)

fakoŋname of an herb used on broken bones (PAN: *bakuŋ₁)

Amis (80 / 613)

falahember (PAN: *baRah) Kiwit

falatcrossbeam in a house; horizontal, as opposed to vertical (PAN: *baRat₁)

falatcrossbeam in a house; horizontal, as opposed to vertical (PAN: *barat₁)

falaʔlung (PAN: *baRaq₁)

faliwind (PAN: *bali₃)

faliwind, air (LOAN)

faliyostyphoon; monsoon winds and rain (PAN: *baRiuS)

faloeight (PAN: *walu)

falodto bind; a bundle (PAN: *baluN)

falodto bind; a bundle (PPH: *balud)

fanawto wash articles of any kind (not cloth) (PAN: *bañaw)

fanawlake, pond (PAN: *banaw)

fanawlake, pond (LOAN)

fanaʔgeneric term for knowledge, including understanding what is heard (PAN: *bajaq₁) *bajaq

fanaʔgeneric form for knowledge (NOISE)

faniwmushrooms (PAN: *bajiw)

fanolAshy wood pigeon (PAN: *baRuj)

faŋasChinaberry tree: Melia azedarach (PAN: *baŋaS)

faŋawbedbug; flying insect (PAN: *baŋaw)

faŋesskin (PAN: *baŋeS)

Amis (100 / 613)

faŋsissweet (PAN: *baŋeSiS)

fariostyphoon (PAN: *baRiuS) Central

fasawcooled off (PAN: *baSaw)

faʔigrandmother (PAN: *baqi) Central

faʔlohnew; renew (PAN: *baqeRuh)

fecolfull, satisfied from eating (PAN: *besuR)

fedfedbe bound with a lot of string wrapped around; ball of string with a hollow center (PAN: *bejbej₁) *bejbej

fedoledema, have fluids retained in one's flesh causing swelling (PAN: *bedul)

fəkotbend one's body, as to hump over double (in praying, etc.) (PAN: *bekuC)

felacmilled rice grain (PAN: *beRas)

fesobloated; filled with air (stomach, bread, balloon); bladder (PAN: *beCu)

fetakcracked; dry, as of soil (PAN: *betak)

fetikwet fingers with wine and snap them to the gods; pluck the strings of a musical instrument (PAN: *betik₁) *betik

fickotto cramp, double up with pain; have a spasm, convulse (ROOT)

fikfikshake off, shake out (as clothing) (NOISE)

filaʔleaf used to wrap betel nut for chewing; plant sp. (PAN: *biRaq₁)

filfillips (PAN: *biRbiR)

firaŋanger (PAN: *biraŋ)

firaŋanger (NOISE)

fitokastomach, place where food is digested (PAN: *biCuka)

Amis (120 / 613)

fitokoldried and bent over, though still alive (trees) (ROOT)

flatto flicker; light appearing and then disappearing, as of a lighted match (ROOT)

focolquiver, sheath for arrows (PAN: *busuR₂)

fofoa fish trap for catching fish and crabs in rivers (PAN: *bubu₂)

fofograndchild/grandparent (PAN: *bubu₆)

fohaŋlarge hole (PAN: *buhaŋ)

fohetsquirrel (PAN: *buhet)

fokeshead hair (PAN: *bukeS) Central

foladmoon, month; menstruation cycle (PAN: *bulaN)

folawto fight; war against, causing the community to leave (PAN: *buRaw)

folesa tree: Chinese mahogany (PAN: *buleS)

folfolbreak into small pieces, to crumble (PAN: *bulbul)

foloddo or go together (PAN: *buluN)

foloʔspecies of bamboo that makes very small poles (PAN: *buluq₂)

fonorthe falling of dry twigs or leaves or fruit from a tree (NOISE)

fonosmachete (PAN: *bunuS)

foŋohhead (PAN: *buŋuh)

foŋohhead (NOISE)

fotfotto pull up, as weeds (PAN: *buCbuC)

fowakto bubble, gurgle, motion of water (PAN: *buak)

Amis (140 / 613)

hakaptouch lightly, intending to find out the identity of an object (ROOT)

hcekpost, wooden pillar (PAN: *hesek₂)

hcekpost, pillar (ROOT)

hcepsoak up (ROOT)

hicepto slurp water (PAN: *hisep)

hicepslurp water (ROOT)

hmaycooked rice (PAN: *Semay)

hokaʔloosen something that was tight, as a belt (PAN: *hukaq)

honi, soninoise, sound (PAN: *Suni)

igrammatical particle indicating place (PAN: *i₂)

iparticle indicating time past (NOISE)

ikorafter, behind (PAN: *ikuD)

inamother (PAN: *ina)

ina-cilayesterday (PAN: *siRa₁) Kiwit

inihere, near at hand (PAN: *i-ni) *-ni

iruswooden spoon (PAN: *qiduS) Kiwit

isiʔurine, urinate (PAN: *iSiq)

iso2sg. (PAN: *iSu)

ka-connective in negative word combinations where ma- would be used in a positive statement (Fey 1986:370): caay ka-fanaɁ kako ‘I don’t know’ (cp. ma-fanaɁ kako ‘I know’) (PAN: *ka-₂)

ka-active verbal particle: ka-tayal ‘work as an activity not necessarily in process’ (cp. ma-tayal ‘refers to the activity of working’) (PAN: *ka-₅)

Amis (160 / 613)

ka- -anformative for nouns of location; ka-tayal-an ‘place of business’ (cp. tayal ‘work’) (PAN: *ka- -an₂)

kaenpertaining to food (PAN: *kaen)

ka-fanaʔbe known (PAN: *ka-bajaq) *bajaq

kafitattached to, stuck to; to hang (PAN: *kabit₁)

kafoŋhat, anything worn on the head (LOAN)

kahotto take in one’s hand (as rice when eating); a handful (PAN: *kahut)

kahotto take in one’s hands; a handful (NOISE)

kakaolder sibling (brother or sister); one more advanced than Ego; in a superior position (PAN: *kaka₂)

ka-kaen-enfood, things to eat (PAN: *ka-kaen-en) *kaen

ka-kawita small sickle (PAN: *kawit)

kako1sg.; I (PAN: *k-aku) *aku

ka-k<om>aen-antable, dining area (PAN: *ka-kaen-an) *kaen

ka-lafi-andinner time (PAN: *ka-Rabi-an) *Rabiqi

kalaŋcrab (PAN: *ka-Rabi-an) *Rabiqi

kalaŋcrab (PAN: *gaRaŋ)

kalaweyebrows (PAN: *kalaw₂)

(ka)-lawalflying squirrel (PAN: *lawaR)

kaleŋa deep voice (ROOT)

kalichannels for water in the fields; ditch (PAN: *kali₁) *kali

kali-tosa-enbe divided into two (PAN: *duSa)

Amis (180 / 613)

kaloŋkoŋthe echo of thunder (PAN: *kaluŋkuŋ)

kamay ~ kayamhands, including the arm (PAN: *kamay)

kamayaa bush, the Taiwan Ebony Velvet Apple: Diospyros discolor (PAN: *kamaya)

kami1pl. excl. nominative, we (PAN: *k-ami) *ami

kamo2pl. nominative, you all (PAN: *k-amu) *amu

kamorawpomelo (in some areas) (LOAN)

kamorawpomelo tree (in some areas) (NEAR)

kanoosfingernail, toenail, claw (PAN: *k<aN>uSkuS) *kuSkuS₁

kanuʔusfingernail, claw (PAN: *k<aN>uSkuS) *kuSkuS₁ Kiwit

kaŋkaŋa plow (LOAN)

ka-panay-anthe time of harvest (PAN: *ka-pajay-an) *pajay

ka-piliʔ-anone who is chosen (PAN: *ka-piliq-an) *piliq

kapkapreach out and feel with the hands for something you cannot see, grope (PAN: *kapkap)

karkardig in the soil (PAN: *karkar)

karotrake the muddy fields with a buffalo; rake rubbish (PAN: *karut₁)

kasoyfirewood (PAN: *kaSiw)

kasuytree; firewood (PAN: *kaSiw) Kiwit

katawacastor oil plant, castor bean (PAN: *katawa)

katiexhortation to call a person or animal (PAN: *kati₁)

kawananright side (PAN: *ka-wanaN) *wanaN Central

Amis (200 / 613)

kawasheaven (Ferrell 1969); Kawas-God; gods; spirits, supernatural beings, ghosts’ (PAN: *kawaS₁)

ka-wilileft (as opposed to right); out of step; awkward (PAN: *ka-wiRi) *wiRi

kawitto knit, crochet; to make nets (PAN: *kawit)

kawkawsickle, long-blade knife with curved handle (PAN: *kawkaw₁)

kawkawlong-bladed knife with curved handle, sickle (LOAN)

kawkawsickle (PAN: *kawkaw₁) Kiwit

kayakaybridge (LOAN)

ka-ʔorip-ansource of livelihood (PAN: *ka-qudip-an) *qudip

keɫatsaygray mullet (PAN: *kaNasay)

kelkelheart response causing a person to shake (PAN: *keRkeR)

kemkemto chew something hard (PAN: *kemkem₂)

kepitto close eyes (PAN: *kepit)

kiaw-kiawpullet, young chicken (PAN: *kiaw)

kickicto cut flesh off the bones (PAN: *kiskis)

kilimlook for, search for (PAN: *kiRim)

kilim-enlook for (it) (PAN: *kiRim-en) *kiRim

kiŋkiŋbells (PAN: *kiŋkiŋ₁)

kiri-kiriʔto tickle a person (PAN: *kidiq)

kiskisscrape off a surface, strip (PAN: *kiSkiS)

kitawe (plural incl.) (PAN: *k-ita) *ita₁

Amis (220 / 613)

kletuse a sickle to cut off twine (PAN: *keRet)

kliwthread; the plant from which string or thread is made: China Grass-Ramie (Boehmeria frustescens) (PAN: *keRiw)

kloŋresounding noise, as to hear a door being closed (PAN: *keRuŋ)

kodicmange; skin disease (PAN: *kudis)

kofitbutton (ROOT)

kohpicthin (opp. thick) (ROOT)

kolitthin, underweight (PAN: *ma-kuliC) *kuliC

k<om>aento eat (PAN: *k<um>aen) *kaen

komespubic hair found in the groin area (PAN: *kumeS)

koŋkoŋto knock at the door; to knock on a drum (slit-gong or hollow log) (PAN: *kuŋkuŋ₁)

kopiteyes closed; to close eyes (PAN: *kupit)

korawitgrasp or pull in with a hook (ROOT)

koreŋlarge earthen vessel for salted meat, water, or wine (PAN: *kudeŋ)

korkorto dig in the soil (PAN: *kurkur)

koskosto scratch one's body (PAN: *kuSkuS₂)

kotkotto use metal to scrape (PAN: *kutkut₂)

kotolouse, lice (PAN: *kuCux) Amis

kowaweagle (PAN: *kuaw)

ktilpinch with fingernails (PAN: *ketil)

ktilto pinch with fingernails (PAN: *getil)

Amis (240 / 613)

ktoncut something long, with literal and figurative meanings (includes promises and agreements) (PAN: *ketun)

kuanhamlet (PAN: *kuan₁)

kurenpottery (Vakon dial.) (Chen 1988:111) (PAN: *kuden)

lafelto let run loose, roam (as sheep that are not penned up) (PAN: *labeR₂)

lafidinner; the evening meal (PAN: *Rabiqi)

lafiithe middle of the night; midnight (PAN: *Rabiqi)

lahodsteam, vapor (PAN: *lahuN)

lalanpath, road, street, highway; direction figuratively; means to do something (PAN: *zalan)

lalaŋto forbid, refuse permission (PAN: *laRaŋ)

lalaʔto menstruate, have monthly period (PAN: *daRaq)

la-lima-yfive (people) (PAN: *la-lima) *lima

ɬa-ɬintaqmountain leech (PAN: *qaNi-meCaq) *-meCaq Kiwit

laliwleave behind; desert, escape (PAN: *laRiw)

laliʔclay (PAN: *daRiq)

lamecto mix with the hands (PAN: *Rames)

laviʔievening, night (PAN: *Rabiqi) Kiwit

lawatto step, to take a step; a single step (NEAR)

lciksmall broken pieces that have flown and landed someplace (PAN: *lecik)

lidoŋshelter; shadow, shade (PAN: *liduŋ)

lifawaswell, be swollen; tumor (PAN: *Ribawa)

Amis (260 / 613)

ɬihivcave (PAN: *Nihib) Kiwit

likatlight from a source (PAN: *likaC)

likatlight, ray; lamp (PAN: *likaC) Kiwit

likat nu tsiɬalray of sunlight (PAN: *likaC) Kiwit

likesmosquito, fly (PAN: *likeS)

limafive (PAN: *lima)

liʔelneck (PAN: *liqeR)

lolodto roll up, as to roll up a mat or paper (PAN: *luluN)

lomaʔbuilding, a house, a home (PAN: *Rumaq)

losaʔtears (PAN: *luSeq)

lotayto be exhausted, either physically or emotionally (PAN: *lutay)

lotoŋFormosan rock monkey (PAN: *luCuŋ)

ɬukawound, injury (PAN: *Nuka) Kiwit

l<um>akatto walk (PAN: *lakat₂) Central

ɬuqus nu ukakmarrow (lit. ‘marrow of the bones’) (PAN: *NuqeS) Kiwit

ma-alabe taken (PAN: *ma-ala) *ala

maca-colidisagree with each other (two parties) (PAN: *suli₂)

ma-caʔitto be hung up (PAN: *saqit)

ma-cidalshining, of the sun (PAN: *siNaR)

ma-dokaʔwounded, hurt (PAN: *ma-Nuka) *Nuka

Amis (280 / 613)

ma-faŋawrice which doesn't mature (PAN: *baŋaw)

ma-fasawcold, as rice that has been left to sit too long; cooled off, of anger; grown cool, as one’s feelings toward someone (PAN: *ma-baSaw) *baSaw

ma-folawto leave the village (PAN: *ma-buRaw) *buRaw

ma-kaento have eaten (PAN: *ma-kaen) *kaen

ma-kilimfound (PAN: *ma-kiRim) *kiRim

ma-koŋkoŋto be hollow inside (PAN: *kuŋkuŋ₁)

ma-lafito eat dinner (as in ma-lafi kita ‘Let’s eat dinner!’) (PAN: *Rabiqi)

mali-kakabrothers and sisters belonging to each other (PAN: *kaka₂)

ma-likatto be burning, glowing (PAN: *likaC)

mal-oinafamily with the mother (< wina 'mother') (PAN: *maR-ina) *ina

mamoʔmoʔa mole (rodent) (NEAR)

ma-nanamtamed (PAN: *ma-najam) *najam

ma-oradrainy (PAN: *ma-quzaN) *quzaN

mapa-pdekto blink (PAN: *pedek)

ma-pikpikflap the wings (PAN: *pikpik)

ma-piliʔbe chosen (PAN: *ma-piliq) *piliq

ma-potonbobbed, as a cat’s tail; amputated, as a person’s arm (PAN: *putun₂) *putun

ma-psiʔsqueeze out juice, as from a pepper (PAN: *peSiq)

ma-simdimdark (PAN: *ma-demdem) *demdem₂ Utrecht ms.

mataeye (PAN: *maCa)

Amis (300 / 613)

ma-talawafraid (PAN: *ma-talaw) *talaw

ma-tawato laugh (PAN: *Cawa)

ma-tawato laugh (PAN: *ma-Cawa) *Cawa

ma-toʔasold, of people (PAN: *ma-tuqaS) *tuqaS Central

ma-ʔinapjealous (PAN: *qijap)

mecmecto massage (PAN: *mesmes)

metmetto hold in one’s hand; to grasp the hand of someone; handshake (PAN: *metmet)

mi-camolto mix (PAN: *samuR)

mi-caʔitto hang up (PAN: *saqit)

mi-cocoto suck or nurse; give the breast to (PAN: *susu₁)

mi-folawto force to leave the village (PAN: *buRaw)

mi-kalatto bite; to be burned, as by the sun; to have an allergic reaction (PAN: *kaRaC)

mi-kaŋkaŋto plow a field (LOAN)

mi-kasoyto hunt for firewood (PAN: *kaSiw)

mi-keskesscratch (PAN: *keskes₁)

mi-kiŋkiŋto ring a bell or bells (PAN: *kiŋkiŋ₁)

mi-ɬaŋuyto swim (PAN: *Naŋuy) Kiwit

mili-matato put out someone’s eye (PAN: *maCa)

mili-ŋaŋanto take the name of someone else for oneself; to take land distributed for oneself (PAN: *ŋajan)

mi-osato approach a person (PAN: *uSa)

Amis (320 / 613)

mi-pacekto nail, hammer a nail into (PAN: *pasek)

mi-paluto fight with fists (PAN: *palu₃) Kiwit

mi-patsukto stab (PAN: *pasuk) Kiwit

mi-pikpikto fly, of birds (PAN: *pikpik)

mi-porodto wind string into a ball (PAN: *puduN)

misaka-lafito prepare dinner (PAN: *Rabiqi)

misa-lomaʔto build a building or house (PAN: *Rumaq)

misa-ʔadado evil against; make a person out to be bad (PAN: *qaNa)

mi-taqisto sew (PAN: *CaqiS) Kiwit

mi-tfosto harvest sugarcane (PAN: *tebuS)

mi-tivukpound rice (PAN: *tibuk)

molamolsuck something hard until it is dissolved and swallowed (PAN: *mulmul)

molaʔ ~ muraʔimmature, unlearned, uneducated, childish, without experience (PAN: *mudaq)

molmolto chew without teeth; to fill the mouth and mix with saliva before swallowing (PAN: *mulmul)

mu-nanawwash (hands, feet) (PAN: *ñawñaw)

nagenitive of plural personal nouns (PAN: *na₃) Central

namoyour, by you (agent/possessor form) (PAN: *n-amu) *amu

nanamto be familiar with, accustomed to (PAN: *najam)

nanomwater (PAN: *daNum)

neŋneŋto look, see (PAN: *NeŋNeŋ)

Amis (340 / 613)

neŋneŋ-enlook at someone or something (PAN: *NeŋNeŋ)

nigenitive of singular personal names (PAN: *ni) Central

nokato make thread or twine (PAN: *nuka)

nugenitive case marker for common nouns (PAN: *nu₃)

ŋafŋafeat grass, as a cow does (PAN: *ŋabŋab)

ŋaŋanname, title, designation; character, reputation (PAN: *ŋajan)

ŋisŋisbeard (PAN: *ŋiSŋiS)

ŋitŋitto gnaw (on bones or wood) (PAN: *ŋitŋit₁)

ŋosoʔnose (PAN: *ŋusuq)

olattendons; blood vessels (PAN: *huRaC)

omahfield, farm (PAN: *qumah)

o-nathis (PAN: *-na)

opira braid of hair or of rope (PAN: *qupid)

osaapproach (PAN: *uSa)

otaʔvomit (PAN: *utaq)

otaʔ-envomit (a command) (PAN: *utaq-en) *utaq

pa-causative prefix (PAN: *pa-₂)

pa-cafayto be a companion, to go with (PAN: *sabay₁)

pa-camolto add something to (PAN: *samuR)

paceka nail, nails (PAN: *pasek)

Amis (360 / 613)

pa-cidalto put out in the sun (PAN: *siNaR)

pa-cmetto nap (NEAR)

pacokto slaughter, to kill with a knife or sword (PAN: *pasuk)

pa-colito oppose, rebel (PAN: *suli₂)

pacpacbeat hard; thresh out; hit with twigs (PAN: *paspas₁)

padeŋto put out, literally to extinguish a fire; to turn off (PAN: *padeŋ)

pa-fa-fahi-enget someone a wife (PAN: *ba-bahi) *bahi

pa-hcekput stakes of wood in the ground, as when staking claims (PAN: *hesek₂)

pahkotype of fern that is edible (PAN: *paheku)

paka-causative prefix (PAN: *pa-ka-) *pa-₂

pa-kaento feed, give food (PAN: *pa-kaen) *kaen

pa-kafoŋ-ento put a hat on someone (LOAN)

paka-tawa-enmake someone laugh (PAN: *Cawa)

paki-foŋohto put on one’s head to carry (PAN: *buŋuh)

paki-ʔafalacarry on the shoulders (PAN: *qabaRa₁)

pakpakto clap hands, to hit with the hand (PAN: *pakpak₁)

pa-lafito give dinner to (as in feeding a child) (PAN: *Rabiqi)

palittied, ensnared (ROOT)

paloto hit with something large or flat-surfaced, or with the hand (PAN: *palu₃)

panayrice; the harvested grain (PAN: *pajay)

Amis (380 / 613)

panaʔbow for shooting arrows (PAN: *panaq)

pa-osatake food to someone, as to workers in a field (PAN: *pa-uSa) *uSa

pa-pinahow many? (of people) (PAN: *pa-pija) *pijax

pa-pina-pinaseveral (people) (PAN: *pija pija) *pijax

pa-pitoseven (people) (PAN: *pa-pitu) *pitu

parparto beat out grain or beans from the shells or husks (LOAN)

pa-semastick out the tongue (PAN: *Sema)

pa-talato prepare (PAN: *taRah)

pa-talawto threaten (PAN: *talaw)

pa-taŋic-ento beseech, try to force someone to comply (PAN: *pa-Caŋis) *Caŋis

pataydeath; die; figuratively to be crushed and despair; go to extreme limits to do something (PAN: *pa-aCay) *aCay

patseknail (PAN: *pacek)

pa-walito dry outside (PAN: *waRi₁)

pa-ʔorip-ayprovider, rescuer; deliverer, saviour (PAN: *pa-qudip) *qudip

pa-ʔorip-enbe saved (physically, as from drowning; spiritually) (PAN: *pa-qudip) *qudip

paʔpaʔchew; the action of the jaws and teeth in chewing (PAN: *paqpaq₁)

pdekto put out, as when lights are turned off (PAN: *pedek)

pedpedto crown, pack solid (PAN: *pedped₁)

pekpekto beat with hand or board (PAN: *pekpek₁)

pi-flac-ana basket for rice that has been milled (PAN: *beRas-an) *beRas

Amis (400 / 613)

pi-kaŋkaŋ-antime to plow; field to be plowed (LOAN)

pikointersection; place where there is a turn in the road (PAN: *piku)

pi-koŋkoŋ-ana drum made from a tree trunk, used to arouse the village to action (PAN: *kuŋkuŋ₁)

piliʔto choose, pick one (PAN: *piliq)

pinahow many?; several (PAN: *pijax)

pisa-dateŋ-anvegetable garden (PAN: *NaCeŋ)

pispisto tear in pieces (paper or material) (LOAN)

pitoseven (PAN: *pitu₁) *pitu

pi-tosorto kneel (PAN: *tuduS)

plaʔsplit in two (ROOT)

plocpull off (as a ring), disengage (as to let down a baby that has been tied on its mother's back) (PAN: *pelus)

pokiwomen’s genitals; labia; a vegetable called komiyat [chayote] is given this term for a nickname because of its shape (PAN: *puki)

poloŋall, all together (as people gathering for some occasion) (PAN: *puluŋ)

poloʔgroup of ten (PAN: *puluq₁) *puluq

ponanavel (PAN: *puja)

ponoʔbrain (PAN: *punuq₁) *punuq

poroda ball of string or yarn (PAN: *puduN)

pota7soil, soft mushy dirt (ROOT)

potapotto work in the rice field pulling weeds and cultivating young rice plants (PAN: *putput₁)

potapotto work in the rice field pulling weeds and cultivating young rice plants (NOISE)

Amis (420 / 613)

potonto cut off, referring to someone or thing with a stump from a missing limb (PAN: *putun₂) *putun

procslide down (PAN: *perus)

procslide down (ROOT)

psiʔto smash dead, as an insect; to squeeze juice (PAN: *peSiq)

puluʔquail, partridge (PAN: *puRuq)

rafrafbe inflamed with (anger) (NOISE)

rakatmovement; walk (PAN: *rakat)

rakescamphor tree (PAN: *dakeS)

risristo hoe out grass, roots and all (PAN: *riSriS)

rohrohthe sound of far-away thunder (PAN: *duhduh)

romaother, another; different; some, some other, sometimes (PAN: *duma)

roma-satomoreover (PAN: *duma)

sa-instrument to accompish a task (asik ‘to sweep’, sa-asik ‘broom’) (PAN: *Sa-₂)

sa-asikbroom (PAN: *aSik)

sa-cadiwinstrument used for sharpening, as a rock (PAN: *saNiw)

sa-fakeca belt (PAN: *bakes₁)

safalatsouth wind (PAN: *SabaRat)

sa-falodthing used to bind, as string (PPH: *balud)

safitlong cloth used as a band to tie a baby on one's back; cloth used as a belt; cloth used as a headdress; cloth wrapped around the feet to help climb betel nut tree (PAN: *Sabit)

sa-kafoŋ-ento put on one’s hat (LOAN)

Amis (440 / 613)

saka-limathe fifth (PAN: *lima)

saka-siwaninth (PAN: *Siwa)

sakina-tosasecond time (PAN: *duSa)

salilipost (Chen 1982:141) (PAN: *SadiRi)

samaʔtender edible greens which look somewhat like dandelions (PAN: *Samaq)

saneka bad odor, smell (PAN: *Sajek)

sanekto sniff, smell something (PAN: *Sajek) Central

sa-pa-ʔoripthe provision of salvation (PAN: *pa-qudip) *qudip

sa-pdekeyelashes, something for blinking (PAN: *pedek)

sa-pikpíkwing (PAN: *pikpik)

sapsapfeel with one's hands; figuratively feel: find out (PAN: *SapSap)

sa-qaɬevdoor (PAN: *qaNeb) Kiwit

sa-spatfour (animals and humans) (PAN: *Sa-Sepat) *Sepat

sa-toktoka hammer (PAN: *tuktuk₃)

sawquestion particle indicating that the speaker expects the answer to be obvious (PAN: *Saw)

sawsawgeneric word for wash (PAN: *SawSaw)

sa-ʔdefa door (PAN: *qeNeb₁)

sematongue (PAN: *Sema)

siketbe attached, joined to (PAN: *Siket)

siketattached to, joined to (ROOT)

Amis (460 / 613)

simaloil, grease, fat; gasoline (PAN: *SimaR)

sirigoat (PAN: *Sidi)

sisirscraping sound; to slide (NOISE)

siwanine (PAN: *Siwa)

siwitslant, set at an angle, off course (PAN: *Siwid)

siwitto slant, set at an angle (NEAR)

skakthe crow of a rooster; to crow (PAN: *Sekak)

sodocpull out, draw, as a sword (PAN: *SuNus)

sololslide down (as a log down a hill) (PAN: *SuluR)

solotto pull; draw something literally; attract, exert influence on (PAN: *SuRut)

solot-enpull (imper.) (PAN: *SuRut-en) *SuRut

solsolto thread through holes and draw, as to run a drawn string through holes; to string together (PAN: *SuRSuR)

sosoʔto let drip out, to drain (PAN: *SuSuq)

sotaʔearth, dirt; mud; land (ROOT)

sowafto yawn (PAN: *Suab)

soʔawthirsty (PAN: *quSaw)

soʔsoʔto drip, drain water off (PAN: *SuqSuq)

spatfour (PAN: *Sepat)

stekto literally cut, sever (PAN: *Setek)

tademgrave, tomb (PAN: *CaNem)

Amis (480 / 613)

tadem-ento bury (PAN: *CaNem-en) *CaNem

tafada disembodied head gotten in headhunting or war (PAN: *tabaN)

tafaktobacco (LOAN)

tafoto wrap up, to make a bundle (PAN: *Cabu)

takawsteal (PAN: *Cakaw)

takecembrace (PAN: *ta(R)kes)

takecto embrace, to hold in one’s arms (PAN: *takes₁)

takecembrace (ROOT)

taktakto pour out of a container (PAN: *taktak₁)

talato wait (PAN: *taRah)

talawbe afraid, fear (generic term) (PAN: *talaw)

talitaro (PAN: *Cali)

taliyokperimeter, area around the outside; go around (PAN: *taliuk)

talodall kinds of grass, weeds (generic term) (PAN: *CaluN)

taloʔanhut, temporary shelter for use in the fields (PAN: *taRuqan)

tamato find; to be right; to hit on target (PAN: *tama₁)

tamohoŋhat, cap (PAN: *tamuhuŋ)

tanamto try to do something; to taste (PAN: *tañam)

ta-neŋneŋ-ansomething to look at and get an idea from (PAN: *NeŋNeŋ)

tano-cokorto take along nothing but a cane; for an old person to have only a cane on which to lean (PAN: *sukud)

Amis (500 / 613)

taŋiccry; expressed or unexpressed grief (PAN: *Caŋis)

taŋilaear, ears (PAN: *Caŋila)

tarodoʔfingers, toes (LOAN)

ta-tolothree, of humans (PAN: *ta-telu) *telu

ta-tosatwo, of people (PAN: *da-duSa) *duSa

tawageneric for laugh with positive and negative meanings (PAN: *Cawa)

təfossugarcane (PAN: *tebuS)

tekepthe name of a trap (PAN: *tekep)

tekoŋto bang; the sound of a thud (PAN: *tekuŋ₂)

tektekto peck, with reference to birds and chickens (PAN: *tektek₁)

tepeŋto measure grain with a large measure (PAN: *tepeŋ₃)

terter ~ teltelto be shaken or jolted, as when riding in a vehicle (PAN: *terter)

tevunwell (water source) (PAN: *Cebuj) Kiwit

tfona well, a source of water (PAN: *Cebuj)

tifekto mill grain (ROOT)

tikolaca quail, bamboo partridge (PAN: *tikuRas)

timolsouth (PAN: *timuR)

tinaɁiintestines (PAN: *C<in>aqi) *Caqi

tiŋashave food caught in one's teeth (PAN: *CiŋaS)

tisekto stick a needle through the middle of to hold together, as a hair bun (NEAR)

Amis (520 / 613)

t-ita-ananto us (incl.) (PAN: *ita₁)

tiyadbelly, stomach (PAN: *tiaN)

tkepkind of trap (ROOT)

tkessmall species of bamboo (PAN: *CekeS)

tkiʔmake a sound; the sound of rocks hitting (PAN: *tekiq)

tkoŋto bang (ROOT)

tnemsalty water (as is found in the village of Haciriwan) (PAN: *tenem)

todaan eel (PAN: *tuNa)

todohto burn (generic); to roast, barbecue (PAN: *CuNuh)

todoh-ento burn something (PAN: *CuNuh)

tokara ladder, stairs (PWMP: *tukad₁)

tokeda crossbeam in a building (PAN: *tuked)

tokothe large center beam of a house or a ship's mast (PAN: *tuku₁)

toktokto hit with a hammer (PAN: *tuktuk₃)

tolothree (PAN: *telu)

t<om>aŋicto cry, weep (PAN: *C<um>aŋis) *Caŋis

tomaythe Formosan black bear; be fierce, violent (PAN: *Cumay)

t<om>okolto sprout, come out of the ground (PAN: *tukul)

tonathese (unnamed) people (NOISE)

toŋtoŋthe sound of drums (PAN: *CuŋCuŋ)

Amis (540 / 613)

toris, tosira line on paper or a line of planted rice plants (PAN: *Curis)

toros ~ tosorknee (PAN: *tuduS)

toroʔto point with the finger; to point figuratively; to pick (PAN: *tuzuq₁)

toroʔ-enbe pointed at (PAN: *tuzuq-en) *tuzuq₁

tosatwo (non-humans) (PAN: *duSa)

tsekpierce, stab (PAN: *Cesek)

tsiɬalsun (PAN: *siNaR) Kiwit

tumushead louse (PAN: *CumeS) Kiwit

vaŋesskin (PAN: *baŋeS) Kiwit

vetuʔcallus (Ferrell 1969) (PAN: *beCu)

wadistooth (PAN: *waNiS)

wakwakwhite-breasted water hen (PAN: *wakwak)

walaystring; noodles (PAN: *walay)

waliEast (PAN: *waRi₁)

w-amafather (PAN: *amax)

warayseparate two parties that are quarreling (PAN: *waray)

watawatwave something back and forth (as a flag) (PAN: *watawat)

wawaoffspring, children (NOISE)

waʔaylegs including the feet (PAN: *waqay)

wiŋawiŋwag one's tail (PAN: *wiŋawiŋ)

Amis (560 / 613)

ʔacawachild’s spouse, son-in-law or daughter-in-law (PAN: *qasawa)

ʔadaenemy (PAN: *qaNa)

ʔadawaŋgateway (ROOT)

ʔadigoshadow; human soul or spirit (PAN: *qaNiŋu)

ʔaditscab over a healing wound (PAN: *qaNiC)

ʔafalashoulder (PAN: *qabaRa₁)

ʔafaraʔ-anshoulder (Ferrell 1969) (PAN: *qabaRa-an) *qabaRa₁

ʔafoashes; fertilizer (PAN: *qabu)

ʔalapittweezers, chopsticks (ROOT)

ʔalemanteater with long tongue: Manis tricupis (PAN: *qaRem)

ʔaƚipaŋpaŋbutterfly (Ogawa 1934) (PAN: *qaNi-)

ʔalolbe carried away by water so that it is no longer seen (PAN: *qaluR₁) *qaluR

ʔalolbe carried away by water so that it is no longer seen (PAN: *qañud)

ʔalopalpersimmon tree and fruit: Diospyros kaki (PAN: *qalupaR)

ʔamisnorth (PAN: *qamiS)

ʔanikakcrow (ROOT)

ʔaŋlisstrong smell of fish (PAN: *qaŋeRiS)

ʔaŋsitthe stink of a skunk; the smell of certains kinds of plants (PAN: *qaŋeSit)

ʔaolbamboo (generic) (PAN: *qauR)

ʔapocokthe very top of a mountain (PAN: *qapucuk)

Amis (580 / 613)

ʔapolwhite; lime paste made from burnt white stone soaked in water that becomes powder (PAN: *qapuR)

ʔardoswamp grass, used in making things (PAN: *qaReNu)

ʔasoloa wood or stone pestle used to mill rice (PAN: *qaSelu)

ʔatayliver (PAN: *qaCay)

ʔatimelafleas (PAN: *qatimela)

ʔatipa weaver's bar (PAN: *qatip₁)

ʔawʔawto bark; the noise of a dog (PAN: *qawqaw)

ʔayambird, chicken (PAN: *qayam₁)

ʔcakripe, edible; cooked, done (PAN: *qesak)

ʔdefto close (PAN: *qeNeb₁)

ʔdefspread out over the whole area (PAN: *qeNeb₂)

ʔəkuŋowl (PAN: *qekuŋ)

ʔəmuNew Year’s cake, made of sweet sticky rice (PAN: *qemu)

ʔetolsexual arousal, sexual passion (PAN: *qeCuR)

ʔian untranslatable particle at the end of a dependent clause (NOISE)

ʔilostoilet paper; anything used for wiping (PAN: *qiluS)

ʔinapjealousy, be jealous (PAN: *qijap)

ʔisʔisto shave (referring to beard or hair) (PAN: *qiSqiS)

ʔmincomplete; all; every one included (PAN: *qemin)

ʔoaŋto howl; high-pitched sound of a dog (PAN: *quaŋ₂)

Amis (600 / 613)

ʔokotto huddle, as when cold (PAN: *qukut)

ʔokothuddle, as when cold (ROOT)

ʔoniŋdirt, soil of clothing or skin (PAN: *qujiŋ)

ʔoŋtopipe for smoking (LOAN)

ʔoradrain (PAN: *quzaN)

ʔoriplife (PAN: *qudip₁) *qudip

ʔosŋetan expression of anger (PAN: *quSeŋeC)

ʔotkokto huddle, as when cold (ROOT)

ʔowalpry with a crowbar (NOISE)

ʔowayreeds made from a plant that grows in the mountains; plant used in tying together poles, furniture, baskets (PAN: *quay)

ʔpihem (< *-pi) (ROOT)

ʔtahchaff (PAN: *qeCah)

ʔtotto pass gas from bloating (PAN: *qetut)

ʔuƚuqbeads (PAN: *quNuq)

ʔuɬuqbeads (Tsuchida 1976) (PAN: *uNuq)

Amis (Central) (10) Form. (Blust 2002) [ami] (Amis) Taiwan

afalashoulder (PAN: *qabaRa₁) Central

fariostyphoon (PAN: *baRiuS) Central

faʔigrandmother (PAN: *baqi) Central

fokeshead hair (PAN: *bukeS) Central

kawananright side (PAN: *ka-wanaN) *wanaN Central

l<um>akatto walk (PAN: *lakat₂) Central

ma-toʔasold, of people (PAN: *ma-tuqaS) *tuqaS Central

nagenitive of plural personal nouns (PAN: *na₃) Central

nigenitive of singular personal names (PAN: *ni) Central

sanekto sniff, smell something (PAN: *Sajek) Central

Amis (Kiwit) (28) Form. (Ogawa 1933, Ferrell 1979)

alunahlarge variety of ant (PAN: *alujah) Kiwit

ano-cilatomorrow (PAN: *siRa₁) Kiwit

anu-tsilatomorrow (PAN: *siRa₁) Kiwit

ceŋettick (insect) (PAN: *seŋet₂) Kiwit

cila-cilafrequently (PAN: *siRa₁) Kiwit

cila satonext day (PAN: *siRa₁) Kiwit

falahember (PAN: *baRah) Kiwit

ina-cilayesterday (PAN: *siRa₁) Kiwit

iruswooden spoon (PAN: *qiduS) Kiwit

kanuʔusfingernail, claw (PAN: *k<aN>uSkuS) *kuSkuS₁ Kiwit

kasuytree; firewood (PAN: *kaSiw) Kiwit

kawkawsickle (PAN: *kawkaw₁) Kiwit

ɬa-ɬintaqmountain leech (PAN: *qaNi-meCaq) *-meCaq Kiwit

laviʔievening, night (PAN: *Rabiqi) Kiwit

ɬihivcave (PAN: *Nihib) Kiwit

likatlight, ray; lamp (PAN: *likaC) Kiwit

likat nu tsiɬalray of sunlight (PAN: *likaC) Kiwit

ɬukawound, injury (PAN: *Nuka) Kiwit

ɬuqus nu ukakmarrow (lit. ‘marrow of the bones’) (PAN: *NuqeS) Kiwit

mi-ɬaŋuyto swim (PAN: *Naŋuy) Kiwit

Amis (Kiwit) (20 / 28)

mi-paluto fight with fists (PAN: *palu₃) Kiwit

mi-patsukto stab (PAN: *pasuk) Kiwit

mi-taqisto sew (PAN: *CaqiS) Kiwit

sa-qaɬevdoor (PAN: *qaNeb) Kiwit

tevunwell (water source) (PAN: *Cebuj) Kiwit

tsiɬalsun (PAN: *siNaR) Kiwit

tumushead louse (PAN: *CumeS) Kiwit

vaŋesskin (PAN: *baŋeS) Kiwit

Amis (Utrecht ms.) (1) Form.

ma-simdimdark (PAN: *ma-demdem) *demdem₂ Utrecht ms.

Amis (Sakizaya) (42) Form.. see: Sakizaya

19. Ampana (12) WMP (Adriani 1928)

ajabreeding animal, stud (PWMP: *qayam₂)

ali-wombobutterfly (PMP: *beŋbeŋ₄)

anachild (PMP: *anak) *aNak

ilabirthmark, mark on skin (PMP: *qila)

kawu-kawukapok tree: Eriodendrum anfractuosum (PMP: *kabu-kabu)

ma-wunihidden (PMP: *buni₁) *buNi

mo-kali-mumurinse the mouth (PWMP: *kali-muRmuR) *muRmuR

padahigh grass, cane grass (PWMP: *padaŋ)

pusu mbuainflorescence of the areca palm (PMP: *pusuq₁)

susufemale breast (PAN: *susu₁)

t<in>ujuindex finger (PWMP: *t<in>uzuq) *tuzuq₁

tiŋafood or other matter between the teeth (Adriani 1928) (PMP: *tiŋah) *CiŋaS

20. Ampibabo-Lauje (26) WMP (Himmelmann 2001) [law] (Lauje) Indonesia (Sulawesi)

apifire (PMP: *hapuy) *Sapuy

babipig (PAN: *babuy₃)

bonuohouse (PMP: *banua)

bulaŋmoon (PMP: *bulan₃) *bulaN

buliŋsoot (PWMP: *budiŋ)

eleosun (PMP: *qalejaw)

itoŋblack (PMP: *qitem)

lanolake (PAN: *danaw)

mataeye (PMP: *mata) *maCa

mo-nalagto fry (PWMP: *ma-naŋelaR) *saŋelaR

mo-ñavato breathe (PMP: *ma-ñawa) *NiSawa

mo-tuluto sleep (PMP: *ma-tuduR) *tuduR

mo-ʔopugrandchild (PMP: *kempu)

nugenitive case marker for common nouns (PAN: *nu₃)

obolsmoke (from a fire) (PAN: *qebel)

ogo baafloodwaters (PMP: *bahaq₂) *baSaq

pampaŋland; plain (PWMP: *paŋpaŋ)

pasigcoral reef (PWMP: *pasiR)

tai nu tuliʔearwax (PMP: *tuli₁) *Culi

tooperson (PMP: *tau₁) *Cau

Ampibabo-Lauje (20 / 26)

ujaŋrain (PMP: *quzan) *quzaN

(u)ŋa-lagavirgin, young girl (PWMP: *da-daRa) *daRa₂

utipenis (PMP: *qutin) *qutiN

ʔayuwood (PMP: *kahiw) *kaSiw

ʔilatlightning (PMP: *kilat₁) *likaC

ʔitoto see (PAN: *kita₂) *kita

Anakalang (51) CMP. see: Anakalangu

21. Anakalangu (51) CMP (Fox n.d.) [aka: Anakalang]

amafather (PAN: *amax)

amuroot (PMP: *Ramut₁)

apifire (PMP: *hapuy) *Sapuy

asudog (PAN: *asu₁)

atiliver (PMP: *qatay) *qaCay

authou (PMP: *kahu) *kaSu

awaŋsky (PMP: *awaŋ)

binufull (PAN: *peNuq)

buatuheavy (PMP: *beReqat)

dauŋuyear (PMP: *taqun)

inamother (PCEMP: *ina)

inuto drink (PMP: *inum)

itato see (PAN: *kita₂) *kita

kukuclaw (PMP: *kukuh) *kuSkuS₁

laralara (PMP: *zalan)

la-wanaright side (PMP: *wanan) *wanaN

limafive (PAN: *lima)

maito come (PAN: *um-aRi) *aRi

ma-raninear (PMP: *adani)

masisalt (PCEMP: *maqasin) *qasiN

Anakalangu (20 / 51)

mataeye (PMP: *mata) *maCa

matito die (PCEMP: *matay₁) *aCay

ma-winiwoman (PAN: *ma-b<in>ahi) *bahi

moniman, male (PMP: *ma-Ruqanay) *RuqaNay

mutavomit (PCEMP: *mutaq) *utaq

ŋanito swim (PMP: *naŋuy) *Naŋuy

ŋaraname (PMP: *ŋajan)

paluto hit (PMP: *palu) *palu₃

patufour (PMP: *epat) *Sepat

piraŋuwhen? (PCMP: *pijan) *ijan

pituseven (PAN: *pitu₁) *pitu

puhuheart (PMP: *pusuq₁)

rablood (PAN: *daRaq)

raŋuhear (PMP: *deŋeR)

rarared (PMP: *rara)

rauleaf (PCEMP: *daun) *dahun

rutugrass (PMP: *dukut₂)

taat (PCEMP: *ta₁)

tabuniafterbirth, placenta (PMP: *tabuni₁)

tauperson (PMP: *tau₁) *Cau

Anakalangu (40 / 51)

tunuburn (PMP: *tunu) *CuNuh

umahouse (PAN: *Rumaq)

uraŋrain (PMP: *quzan) *quzaN

waiwater (PCEMP: *waiR) *wahiR

walueight (PAN: *walu)

watustone (PMP: *batu) *batux

wausmell (PMP: *bahuq)

wuafruit (PMP: *buaq)

wulamoon (PMP: *bulan₃) *bulaN

wulufeather (PCEMP: *bulu₁)

wutulouse (PMP: *kutu₁) *kuCux

22. Andra (29) OC

ate-liver (PMP: *qatay) *qaCay

batstone (POC: *patu) *batux

bihinfemale, woman (POC: *papine) *bahi

biŋnight (POC: *boŋi) *beRŋi

calpath, road (POC: *jalan) *zalan

deŋto cry (PMP: *taŋis) *Caŋis

draŋahwrasse (POC: *taŋapa)

drassea, saltwater (PMP: *tasik)

gutlouse (PMP: *kutu₁) *kuCux

i3sg., he, she (PAN: *ia₁)

laŋa-nname (POC: *ŋacan) *ŋajan

lehe-tooth (POC: *lipon) *lipen

lima-hfive (PAN: *lima)

lime-hand (PAN: *qalima)

liwo-htwo (POC: *rua) *duSa

meto come (POC: *maRi) *aRi

metto die; dead (POC: *mate) *aCay

mihi-mihto dream (PCEMP: *mipi) *Sipi

onsand (POC: *qone) *qenay

ono-hsix (POC: *onom) *enem

Andra (20 / 29)

ou2sg., you (POC: *ko) *kaSu

ro-mutvomit (PCEMP: *mutaq) *utaq

sa-ŋatone hundred (PMP: *sa-ŋa-Ratus) *RaCus

susbreast (PAN: *susu₁)

talo-hthree (PEMP: *tolu) *telu

tamofather (PMP: *t-amax) *amax

tine-mother (PMP: *t-ina) *ina

umhouse (PAN: *Rumaq)

wawater (PCEMP: *waiR) *wahiR

23. Anejom (25) OC (Lynch 2001a)

a-haŋečforage on the reef (POC: *paŋoda)

a-pan ~ hango (POC: *pano) *paNaw

a-tleŋ/e-tleŋto swallow (POC: *toloŋ)

e-mtaγfear (POC: *matakut) *takut

e-tma-father (PMP: *t-amax) *amax

-iconstruct suffix: of (inja era-i pikad ‘blood of a pig’ [blood passive.possessive-construct suffix pig] (PAN: *ni)

-k1sg possessive suffix: my (POC: *-gu) *-ku

masdie; dead (POC: *mate) *aCay

maslow tide (POC: *maqati) *qaCi

matraw (POC: *mataq) *hataq

na-ŋaicanarium almond (POC: *kaŋaRi)

na-teŋa shrub or tree with medicinal uses: Ficus adenosperma (POC: *taŋa₃)

na-θeθfemale breast (PAN: *susu₁)

na-tpʷa(-nean)spongy mass inside a coconut that has started to shoot (POC: *tabwa)

n-aubamboo (PMP: *qauR)

na-urasMorinda citrifolia (POC: *kurat)

ne-γetlouse (PMP: *kutu₁) *kuCux

ne-koablenny: Ecsenius sp. (POC: *kakawa₂)

ne-tosugarcane (POC: *na topu) *tebuS

n-haua flowering plant, Hibiscus tiliaceous (POC: *paRu) *baRu

Anejom (20 / 25)

ni-jhotooth (POC: *lipon) *lipen

n-iθaname (POC: *isa₂)

no-hosbanana (POC: *pudi) *punti₁

n-umwearth oven (PMP: *qumun)

n-waifresh water (PCEMP: *waiR) *wahiR

Angkola-Mandailing (10) WMP. see: Angkola-Mandailing Batak

24. Angkola-Mandailing Batak (10) WMP (Siregar 1977, Warren 1959) [akb] (Batak Angkola) Indonesia (Sumatra) [aka: Batak, Angkola-Mandailing]

anak ni taŋanfinger (PMP: *anak i lima) *aNak

antatadurather large caterpillar that adheres to leaves (PWMP: *hantatadu)

antatadurather large caterpillar that adheres to leaves (PWMP: *qantatadu)

asak-asakiron used to clean gun barrel (PWMP: *qasak)

atasabove, over (PMP: *atas) *aCas

hali-mismishave a sty on the eye (PWMP: *mismis₁)

lai-laitip, extremity (PWMP: *lawi₂)

ma-ñuanto plant (PWMP: *suan)

-nia3sg. possessor (PAN: *ni-a) *-a₂

sabawet ricefield, rice paddy (PWMP: *sabaq)

Aniwa (4) OC. see: Futuna-Aniwa

25. Ansus (28) SHWNG (Anceaux 1961) [and] Indonesia (Papua)

aefoot (PAN: *qaqay)

aytree, wood (PCEMP: *kayu) *kaSiw

ayabird (PAN: *qayam₁)

bocanoe paddle (PMP: *beRsay)

-enasleep (PAN: *qinep)

i3sg., he, she (PAN: *ia₁)

ina-mother (PCEMP: *ina)

karacockatoo (PEMP: *kaRa)

ko-dutwo (PMP: *duha) *duSa

rato walk (PMP: *lakaj)

ra-macome (PAN: *um-ai) *ai₃

tama-father (PMP: *t-amax) *amax

tapuypig (LOAN)

tawana tree: Pometia spp. (PMP: *tawan)

tobusugarcane (PMP: *tebuh₂) *CebuS

unu(ŋ)to drink (PCEMP: *unum)

ura-ruavein (PMP: *uRat) *huRaC

utulouse (PMP: *kutu₁) *kuCux

vavi(ŋ)woman (PMP: *ba-b<in>ahi) *bahi

ve-vorunew (PEMP: *baqoRu) *baqeRuh

Ansus (20 / 28)

wacanoe (PEMP: *waŋka)

wanuvillage; house (PMP: *banua)

warahand (PMP: *baRa₁)

we-rauŋleaf (PEMP: *raun) *dahun

woaroot (PMP: *wakaR)

wonasix (PEMP: *onəm) *enem

wurubody hair, feathers (PCEMP: *bulu₁)

y-au1sg, I (PAN: *i-aku) *aku

26. Anuta (240) OC (Feinberg 1977) [aud] Solomon Islands

aparticle placed between a preposition and a personal pronoun or a proper name, but not before a common noun (PMP: *a₁)

akoto learn (POC: *akot)

alo-alobelly inside (POC: *qarop) *qadep

amaoutrigger (POC: *saman) *saRman

anusaliva, spit, spittle (POC: *qanus₂)

anusaliva, spit, spittle (POC: *qanusi)

aodaytime (as opposed to night), day (as in day of the week) (POC: *qaco) *qajaw

apifire (POC: *api) *Sapuy

arapath, road (POC: *jalan) *zalan

ateliver (PMP: *qatay) *qaCay

ateplant sp.: Wedelia biflora, Adenostema lavenia (PMP: *qatay qatay₁)

atubonito (POC: *qatun)

atuindicates action directed away from the speaker or point of reference (PMP: *atu)

atuaspirit being (PMP: *qatuan)

aturetype of small fish that comes into the shallow reef water in large schools. Ranges in size from about one to one and a half pounds (PMP: *qatulay)

auocean current (PMP: *qaRus)

e aiby whom? (PMP: *sai)

e mata piahow many tens of fish? (POC: *pica) *pijax

e-nathat, there (PAN: *-na)

e piahow many is it? (POC: *pica) *pijax

Anuta (20 / 240)

e toko piahow many people? (POC: *pica) *pijax

i aiwith whom? (PMP: *sai)

ie-nihere, in this place (PAN: *ia-ni) *-ni

iioyes (PMP: *qio)

ikewooden hammer or mallet for pounding bark cloth or pandanus leaf (POC: *ike) *ikay

inuto drink (PMP: *inum)

ipia tree: Inocarpus fagiferus (POC: *ipi₂)

ipoto descend; downwards (POC: *sipo)

iramole (on a person's skin) (PMP: *qila)

ivibone (in certain constructions and words) (POC: *suRi₁)

kaito eat; generic name for food crops (POC: *kani) *kaen

kai taeeat shit! (curse) (POC: *kani) *kaen

kapa-kapato flap wings (POC: *kaba-kabak) *kapak

kipreposition: to, toward (PMP: *ki₂ₐ) *ki₂

ki aito whom? (PMP: *sai)

kiatothwart or outrigger boom of canoe (POC: *kiajo)

kira-kirashiny (PMP: *kila-kilat) *likaC

kiriskin, outer covering (POC: *kulit) *kuliC

kiuismall bird which comes only during monsoon season (POC: *kiwiwi)

ko aipronoun: who? (PMP: *sai)

Anuta (40 / 240)

kopito embrace (POC: *kobit₁) *kepit

ku piahow many was it? (POC: *pica) *pijax

kutuhead louse (PMP: *kutu₁) *kuCux

loant (generic) (POC: *loRo)

maa-ramathe light part of the day; daylight; light, bright; intelligent (POC: *ma-ramaR) *damaR₁

maatoruthick (POC: *matolu) *təlu

maiparticle indicating action toward some point of reference, generally the speaker; from (POC: *mai) *ai₃

mai aifrom whom? (PMP: *sai)

makasling (for hurling stones) (POC: *maga)

malomen’s loin garment, made from a strip of bark-cloth (PCEMP: *malaw)

mamato prepare food to be fed, usually to an infant, by chewing; may also be used as a generic term for chewing, but the usual word in that case would be kamu (PMP: *mamaq)

ma-mapaheavy (POC: *mapat)

manapower; almighty (POC: *mana₂)

manava-navashort of breath (POC: *mañawa) *NiSawa

manipi-nipithin (POC: *manipi-nipis) *Nipis

maraeopen area in which traditional religious rites were held, or for “dart” matches, which are still held at the present time (POC: *malaqe)

maru ~ maruuprotected; dry (as the inside of a well-constructed house when it is raining); shady; protector (PEMP: *maluRu)

maru-marushady; dry (as a result of being protected from the rain) (POC: *maluRu maluRu) *maluRu

mataraw; green (PMP: *ma-hataq) *hataq

mataraw (POC: *mataq) *hataq

Anuta (60 / 240)

mataeye (including the immediate surrounding area); face (has this meaning when used in plural); front end of an object (PMP: *mata) *maCa

matakuto be afraid, frightened; fear (POC: *matakut) *takut

mataŋiwind; old name for Anuta (POC: *mata ni aŋin) *maCa

mata putinew shoot springing from old banana plant (‘eye of banana’) (PMP: *mata) *maCa

mata taua line of men in battle formation (PMP: *mata) *maCa

matautatooing chisel (POC: *matau)

matedie (POC: *mate) *aCay

matuahusband; important, major, primary; adult, mature; ripe (POC: *matuqa) *tuqaS

ma-urilive, be alive; life, soul (PMP: *ma-qudip) *qudip

mimiurine; to urinate (PMP: *mimi)

mitito suck (POC: *miti)

miti-mitihard candy or other object to be sucked (POC: *miti-miti) *miti

mo aiwith whom? (PMP: *sai)

mo-monafat, grease; greasy (POC: *moñak₂) *meñak

muriback; the rear portion of something; behind; a village just to the west (i.e. "behind") Mua (POC: *muri) *udehi

namumosquito (PMP: *ñamuk)

nimafive (PAN: *lima)

nima matauright hand (PMP: *ma-taqu₂) *taqu

nipotooth, teeth (POC: *nipon) *nipen

niucoconut tree and fruit (PMP: *niuR)

Anuta (80 / 240)

niu matayoung coconut (PMP: *niuR)

nonua tree, of which there are two subvarieties; te nonu kuru (with larger fruit), and te nonu vao (POC: *ñoñu) *ñəñu

nopoto dwell; to sit; to be alive (POC: *nofo)

ŋa maatuaaparents (POC: *matuqa) *tuqaS

(ŋa)-roŋonews (POC: *roŋoR) *deŋeR

ŋarubreakers, surf (rarely: wave) (POC: *ŋalu)

ŋauto chew (POC: *ŋau₁)

ŋutumouth; cutting edge (of knife, scissors, axe, adze, etc.) or the striking edge of a club or point of a spear (PAN: *ŋusuq)

ŋutu korekoreto curse someone or shout in anger (PAN: *ŋusuq)

ŋuua hum or soft groan; to utter such a sound (POC: *ŋuRuR)

ōto go, to come (POC: *oRo)

okatransverse beams supporting roof of house (POC: *oka₂)

okatransverse beams supporting roof of house (POC: *sokar) *seŋkar

onebeach; beach sand (POC: *qone) *qenay

one-onebeach; beach sand (POC: *qone qone) *qenay

onosix (POC: *onom) *enem

oŋefamine (POC: *soŋe)

ooprovisions for a voyage (POC: *qoso)

otasago palm (NOISE)

otifinish (POC: *qoti) *qeti₃

Anuta (100 / 240)

pafour (PEMP: *pat) *Sepat

pai matauright side (PMP: *ma-taqu₂) *taqu

paka-causative prefix (mate ‘die’ : paka-mate ‘commit suicide’, taŋi ‘to cry, to moan’ : paka-taŋi ‘to blow a conch shell or other type of whistle, horn, etc.’) (POC: *paka-) *pa-₂

paka-akoto teach (POC: *akot)

panaany implement which discharges projectiles (PAN: *panaq)

pano-panowash the hands (POC: *paño) *bañaw

papacarry a person -- generally a small child -- on one's back, piggyback fashion (POC: *papa₁) *baba₁

papaboard, plank; any hard flat surface, as the top of a plank, a flat rock (POC: *baban) *papan

papiefirewood (POC: *papian) *Sapuy

papinewoman; female (POC: *papine) *bahi

parusmall red reef fish (NOISE)

patastorage shelf inside a house (PMP: *pataR₁)

paturock, stone (POC: *patu) *batux

patu manavaheart (POC: *patu) *batux

penurubbish (POC: *benu)

pikisticky sap, as that of the breadfruit; glue (POC: *bikit) *pikit

piki-pikisticky (POC: *bikit) *pikit

piri-pirinear (PMP: *pilit₁)

pitonavel, umbilical cord (POC: *bito)

pituseven (PAN: *pitu₁) *pitu

Anuta (120 / 240)

ponogeneral assembly of the island; generic for any council of a political nature; to meet in political council (POC: *ponor) *pened₂

ponusea turtle (POC: *poñu) *peñu

poroto swallow (POC: *polon) *belen

pua pituseventy (PAN: *pitu₁) *pitu

pukuprotuberance; erection of penis (POC: *buku) *bukuh

puŋatop surface of something (POC: *pupuŋan) *bubuŋ₁

puŋacoral stone abrader (POC: *buŋa₃) *buŋa

puŋatop surface of something (POC: *puŋa-puŋa)

puŋa pareceiling, roof (lit.: top of house) (POC: *pupuŋan) *bubuŋ₁

puŋa teatype of white coral which is used for finishing woodwork (POC: *buŋa₃) *buŋa

pu-puruwash an object other than oneself (POC: *pulu₂) *bulu₂

puput-ipull something up from the ground; stretch something like a piece of rubber (POC: *puput-i) *buCbuC

purafor a spark to ignite upon rubbing a stick on a wood platform or fire plow (POC: *bula₁)

puratype of fish (NOISE)

puriturn something around (POC: *buliŋ) *puliŋ₁

purito turn something around (POC: *puri)

puri-iturn something over (POC: *buliŋ) *puliŋ₁

purucoconut husk and fiber (POC: *bulut₂) *bulut

purufibrous material including body hair (not head hair, which is te rau uru), animal fur, bird feathers (POC: *pulu₃) *bulu₁

puru-ŋakere(lit. 'washing the dirt') name of the Anuta circumcision rite (POC: *pulu₂) *bulu₂

Anuta (140 / 240)

puru o manubird feather (POC: *pulu ni manuk) *bulu₁

puru-puruwash one's self (POC: *pulu₂) *bulu₂

puru-puru ou nimawash your hands (POC: *pulu₂) *bulu₂

put-ipull in a length of line such as fishing line or anchor line (POC: *puput-i) *buCbuC

putibanana (generic term) (POC: *pudi) *punti₁

putukind of tree: Barringtonia asiatica (POC: *putun₁) *butun

putu-putufor crops to be planted close together (POC: *putu, butu) *butu

puu-kaaconch shell (blown to signify the start of church); shell trumpet (POC: *buu₅) *buu₂

raasail (PAN: *layaR)

raa-kautree, plant, wood, stick, club, plank, timber, log (POC: *raqan kayu) *daqan

raa-kau ~ ra-kautree, plant, wood, stick, club, plank, timber, log (POC: *kayu) *kaSiw

raeforehead (POC: *raqe) *daqiS

rakato step over something (POC: *lakas) *lakaj

rakato step over something (PMP: *laŋkaq₁)

raka-rakato walk taking large brisk steps; to walk quickly (POC: *lakar-lakar) *lakaj

raka-rakato walk taking large brisk steps; to walk quickly (PMP: *laŋkaq₁)

rakinorthwest; wind coming from northwest; season during which winds from this direction predominate (i.e. monsoon season) (PCEMP: *raki)

raŋofly (insect) (POC: *laŋo) *laŋaw

raotesticle (POC: *lasoR) *laseR

rapaa kind of skin fungus marked by severe itching, and very difficult to cure (POC: *lapa₂)

Anuta (160 / 240)

rararoast something on a spit over an open fire (only birds are prepared this way on Anuta) (PMP: *daŋdaŋ₁) *daŋdaŋ

rarodown (direction); below (place); west (POC: *ralom) *dalem

rauleaf; frond; head hair; sheet of paper (PEMP: *raun) *dahun

rau tariŋaearlobe (POC: *raun ni taliŋa) *dahun

rereto travel quickly – to run; to fly; a ship or canoe racing over the water is also said to rere (POC: *rere₂)

rianit (egg of head louse) (POC: *lisa) *liseqeS

rikismall (POC: *rikit) *dikit

rimuseaweed; algae growing on the reef (PMP: *limut)

rimu ŋa utamoss (lit. ‘inland algae’) (PMP: *limut)

roalong (in time) (POC: *loan)

Roaroalong (in either time or distance) (POC: *loan)

roŋoto hear (POC: *roŋoR) *deŋeR

roŋo-roŋoto hear about (POC: *roŋoR) *deŋeR

ruatwo (POC: *rua) *duSa

ruato vomit; to be seasick (PMP: *luaq)

ruohole (PMP: *luaŋ₁)

ruruhawk; owl (POC: *druru)

taa ~ tato strike, to hit; an implement used for striking (i.e. a club); to chop down; to cut; to build (as in cutting out the shape/building a canoe) (PAN: *taRaq₁)

taeentrails; excrement (POC: *taqe₂) *taqay

tae-pikointestines (lit. ‘crooked feces’) (POC: *taqe₂) *taqay

Anuta (180 / 240)

taiwater covering the reef (PMP: *tasik)

t-ai-na"sibling" of the same sex, "sibling-in-law" of opposite sex (POC: *taci) *Suaji

tainamumosquito net (POC: *tai ñamuk)

ta-ku, to-kupossessive pronoun, first person singular (my), with singular object (POC: *-gu) *-ku

tanuto bury (POC: *tanum₂) *tanum

taŋataman, person; male (PMP: *tau-mata) *Cau

taŋito cry, to moan (PMP: *taŋis) *Caŋis

taospear (POC: *jaot) *saet

tapato cut the stomach of a fish in order to remove the gut; to circumcise (POC: *tapa₂) *tapa₁

tapeocean current (POC: *tape₁)

tape-ato drift (POC: *tape-a) *tape₁

tarabarb (of a spear, fishhook, etc.) (POC: *salaŋ)

tarabarb (of a spear, fishhook, etc.) (PEMP: *sala)

tarisennit cord used for lashing canoes (POC: *tali₁) *CaliS

tarotaro, Colocasia esculenta (POC: *talos) *tales

ta-tou ~ taa-toufirst person plural inclusive personal and possessive pronoun; we, us; our, ours (PEMP: *tolu) *telu

tauyear (PMP: *taqun)

te ponua string figure (POC: *poñu) *peñu

te rau poethe flat surface of canoe paddle blade (PEMP: *raun) *dahun

tikaa type of dart made from a reed shaft about four feet long, and tipped with a heavy hardwood head; a type of contest in which men compete to see how far they can throw their tika darts before they come to rest (POC: *tika)

Anuta (200 / 240)

tike-tiketo squat (POC: *tike)

tikoto defecate (POC: *tiko)

tiko-ŋatoilet (POC: *tiko)

timuto rain lightly, drizzle (PMP: *timuR)

tinobody (LOAN)

tioto look (POC: *tiro) *tindaw

tioa kind of very small shellfish (POC: *tiRom) *tiRem

toaironwood tree (POC: *toRas) *teRas

tokaa boulder in the sea which is submerged at least part of the time (POC: *toka₃) *tekas

tokaa boulder in the sea which is submerged at least part of the time (POC: *toka₂)

tokoto set, of the sun (POC: *toko)

tonuright, correct; true, truthful (POC: *tonuq)

toruthree (PEMP: *tolu) *telu

totoblood; red (POC: *toto)

tuaback (anatomical part); rear portion of something; outside; away (POC: *tuqa₁)

tueiwait; old, ancient (POC: *tuaRi)

tuito point with one’s finger (PMP: *tusiq)

tuk-ito strike by extending one’s arm, as in boxing or karate (as opposed to slapping or hitting by bringing the arm down, which is ta); to puncture or drive an object through something; to hammer, strike, or beat something, as in mashing tubers to make a pudding; club (PMP: *tuktuk-i) *tuktuk₃

tunuroast something over an open fire; roasted (PMP: *tunu) *CuNuh

tupaland crab (POC: *tubaRa)

Anuta (220 / 240)

tuputo grow (POC: *tubuq, tupuq) *Cubuq

tupuaa spirit which was never a human being (POC: *tupuqa)

t-upu-nagrandparent/ancestor (POC: *tubu₂) *umpu

tututo pound something, as in the preparation of bark cloth or pandanus leaf for making mats (POC: *tutuk₂) *tuktuk₃

tu-turideaf (POC: *tuli₁) *Culi

uaneck (POC: *Ruqa)

ukathin line or cord (POC: *uka₂) *uka₁

unaturtle shell (POC: *qunap₂) *quSeNap

unu-ipull out (POC: *unus-i) *SuNus

upiyam (generic) (PMP: *qubi)

urepenis (POC: *ule₁) *ule

uruhead (POC: *qulu) *quluh

utasupplies or cargo lying in the hold of a boat or canoe (POC: *ucan) *ujan

uubreast; nipple (PAN: *susu₁)

vaedivide a group of objects into subsets (POC: *wa(n)se)

(vae)-raŋiheavens, sky (PMP: *laŋit) *laŋiC

vaiwater container (PEMP: *waip)

vai-akaroot (PMP: *akaR)

vai niucoconut shell water bottle (PEMP: *waip)

vaograss (POC: *wao)

Anuta (240 / 240)

varueight (PAN: *walu)

27. Aore (30) OC (Tryon 1976) [aor] Vanuatu

a ruatwo (POC: *rua) *duSa

asechin (POC: *qase) *qazay

asu-smoke (PMP: *qasu₃)

a suanine (PMP: *siwa) *Siwa

a toluthree (PEMP: *tolu) *telu

a walueight (PAN: *walu)

laŋohousefly (POC: *laŋo) *laŋaw

matasnake (POC: *mwata)

mata-eye (PMP: *mata) *maCa

m̈atedie, dead (POC: *mate) *aCay

na-tuaiold (POC: *tuaRi)

niudry coconut (PMP: *niuR)

onesand (POC: *qone) *qenay

raniday (POC: *raqani) *daqaNi

rau-leaf (PEMP: *raun) *dahun

salapath, road (POC: *jalan) *zalan

sama-outrigger (POC: *saman) *saRman

tae-excrement (POC: *taqe₂) *taqay

tassea (PMP: *tasik)

tia-belly, abdomen (PMP: *tian) *tiaN

Aore (20 / 30)

tine-guts (PMP: *t<in>aqi) *Caqi

tovusugarcane (POC: *na topu) *tebuS

uracrayfish (POC: *quraŋ) *qudaŋ

usarain (POC: *qusan) *quzaN

utlouse (PMP: *kutu₁) *kuCux

visiɣo-flesh (POC: *pisiko)

vosecanoe paddle (POC: *pose) *beRsay

vua-fruit (POC: *puaq) *buaq

wari-root (PEMP: *wakaR-i) *wakaR

witasquid (PMP: *kuRita) *guRiCa

28. Apma (48) OC (Tryon 1976) [app] Vanuatu

agacanoe (POC: *waga) *waŋka

bekeshark (POC: *bakewak)

bopig (POC: *boRok) *beRek

buŋnight (POC: *boŋi) *beRŋi

cisugarcane (POC: *na topu) *tebuS

cineguts (PMP: *t<in>aqi) *Caqi

daliŋa-ear (POC: *taliŋa) *Caliŋa

halpath, road (POC: *jalan) *zalan

hawinwoman (POC: *papine) *bahi

idoliegg (PMP: *qiteluR) *qiCeluR

ikfish (PEMP: *ikan) *Sikan

ka-cilthree (PEMP: *tolu) *telu

ka-limfive (PMP: *ika-lima) *lima

ka-limfive (PAN: *lima)

kamelmen’s house (PMP: *kamaliR)

ka-rutwo (POC: *rua) *duSa

ka-vetfour (PEMP: *pat) *Sepat

kilito dig (POC: *kali ~ keli) *kalih

kitato see (PAN: *kita₂) *kita

-kitato see (PAN: *kita₂) *kita

Apma (20 / 48)

kuitsquid (PMP: *kuRita) *guRiCa

kutlouse (PMP: *kutu₁) *kuCux

leŋhousefly (POC: *laŋo) *laŋaw

liwo-tooth (POC: *lipon) *lipen

manubird (POC: *manuk)

matto die (POC: *mate) *aCay

mbito-navel (POC: *bito)

mcuto sleep (POC: *maturuR) *tuduR

mtaciafraid (POC: *matakut) *takut

nucuchild (PEMP: *natu)

ŋusunose (PAN: *ŋusuq)

onsand (POC: *qone) *qenay

renday (POC: *raqani) *daqaNi

roŋoto smell (POC: *roŋoR) *deŋeR

su-bone (POC: *suRi₁)

susu-breast (PAN: *susu₁)

tanearth (POC: *tanoq) *taneq

tema-father (PMP: *t-amax) *amax

te-matdead (POC: *mate) *aCay

Apma (40 / 48)

te-mnipnipthin (PMP: *ma-nipis) *Nipis

te-saŋwulten (PMP: *sa-ŋa-puluq) *puluq

usrain (POC: *qusan) *quzaN

valhouse (POC: *pale) *balay

vanto go (POC: *pano) *paNaw

vetstone (POC: *patu) *batux

wohcanoe paddle (POC: *pose) *beRsay

wulmoon (POC: *pulan₃) *bulaN

29. Araki (47) OC (François 2002) [akr] Vanuatu

aiwater; fresh, drinkable water, collected from rain or from rivers (PCEMP: *waiR) *wahiR

akaboat (POC: *waga) *waŋka

alov-ibeckon, wave to someone (POC: *qalop) *qalep

dauleaf, palm leaf (PEMP: *raun) *dahun

doŋoto hear someone or something; feel physically; feel one way or another, feel well or ill; feel that, realize that something is going on; feel like, fancy (doing) (POC: *roŋoR) *deŋeR

esechin, lower jaw (between ears) (POC: *qase) *qazay

ha-possessive classifier for food (POC: *kana-)

ham̈alimen’s clubhouse, where eminent men traditionally meet and take important decisions (PMP: *kamaliR)

huriskin; tree bark (POC: *kulit) *kuliC

hurulouse (PMP: *kutu₁) *kuCux

ilawild, from the bush (of animals) (POC: *ila₁) *ilah

imahouse, home (PAN: *Rumaq)

inuto drink (PMP: *inum)

jihicroton: Codiaeum variegatum (PMP: *siRi)

-ku1sg possessive pronoun: my (POC: *-gu) *-ku

laŋiwind (PMP: *laŋit) *laŋiC

laŋoa fly (POC: *laŋo) *laŋaw

laso-testicles (POC: *lasoR) *laseR

loin, on, at; locative preposition referring to space (POC: *lom) *lem

lo-los-iswim (POC: *loso-loso)

Araki (20 / 47)

luato vomit (PMP: *luaq)

lum-lummoss, seaweed, lichen (PMP: *lumut-lumut) *lumut

m̈anukind of black and white flying-fox (POC: *manuk)

ma-vusa-heart (POC: *pusa₃)

mo visahow many? (POC: *pica) *pijax

nahoface (POC: *nago)

naho danimorning (‘face of the day’) (POC: *nago)

naho hocofront teeth, including canines and incisors (POC: *nago)

naru-child (of someone) (PEMP: *natu)

-n(i)construct suffix, always followed by a noun phrase referring to possessor (PAN: *ni)

oβusugarcane (POC: *na topu) *tebuS

paratrunk of a tree; hence the tree itself, vs. its fruits (vae), or its other parts (PMP: *bataŋ) *bataŋ₁

par̃atrunk of a tree; hence the tree itself vs. its fruits (vae), or its other parts (PMP: *bataŋ) *bataŋ₁

rasisea; salt (PMP: *tasik)

rasisea, saltwater (PMP: *tasik)

roluthree (PEMP: *tolu) *telu

ruaibefore, beforehand; in olden time, a long time ago (POC: *tuaRi)

salaroad, path, way (POC: *jalan) *zalan

sa-ŋa-vuluten (PMP: *ŋa)

seinterrogative, who? (PMP: *sei) *

Araki (40 / 47)

suato row, paddle (PEMP: *suak)

sui-bone, skeleton (POC: *suRi₁)

susu-breast; milk (PAN: *susu₁)

usarain (POC: *qusan) *quzaN

va-punered-bellied fruit dove: Ptilinopus greyii (POC: *bune) *punay

visihoflesh, meat (POC: *pisiko)

xuariroot (PEMP: *wakaR-i) *wakaR

30. 'Āre'āre (430) OC (Geerts 1970) [alu] (’Are’are) Solomon Islands

-apersonal pronoun, 3sg., suffixed to verb (with or without verbal suffix) as object, and to prepositions as an anticipatory object, and used both of persons and things: him, her, it; where the object is collective the anticipatory object is used in the singular, and not in the plural (PMP: *-a₂)

ae-naanus (POC: *taqe₂) *taqay

ahara-nashoulder (POC: *qapaRa₁) *qabaRa₁

ahe-ta ni waia dry river bed (POC: *tape₁)

aiaexclamation of assent, of wonder (PAN: *aya₁)

ana apa maion this side (POC: *taba₂)

ani-ato eat; to wear out, to burn (POC: *kani-a) *kaen

aniria fish (PMP: *taŋiRi)

ānogarden, garden-ground (POC: *tanoq) *taneq

ano-ato bury, fill a grave with sand, to fill a hole, cover with earth (POC: *tanom) *CaNem

āno-ānodust (POC: *tanoq tanoq) *taneq

ano-miato bury (POC: *tanom) *CaNem

anu-iato shake, move (POC: *kañul-kañul) *kañul

aothe black heron (POC: *kao)

ao ekethe white heron, egret (POC: *kao)

apawing (POC: *kabak) *kapak

apa-ato flap the wings (POC: *kabak) *kapak

apa-apaside, part, portion, half (POC: *taba₂)

a-pinutwisted, out of shape, flabby, folded, bend over (POC: *pinu)

apotaegg (POC: *posaq) *peceq

Are'āre (20 / 430)

āpusacred, forbidden, taboo; used also as a prohibitive, dehortative to children (POC: *tabu) *tambu

āpu-nataboo (there are four varieties of taboo, each causing a different sickness) (POC: *tabu-na) *tambu

āpu-ni-aput a taboo under curse; forbid (POC: *tabu-ni-a) *tambu

aralarge green parrot, red under the wings (POC: *kaRa)

ara-iato bite (POC: *kaRati) *kaRaC

arami-ato permit, consent, allow (POC: *taRamwi)

ārotaro (several varieties) (POC: *talos) *tales

arua green coconut, good for drinking (POC: *karut₂)

āsisea, saltwater (PMP: *tasik)

asihesneeze (NOISE)

āsi māethe calm sea in lagoons and passages, as opposed to āsi mauri, the open sea (POC: *mate) *aCay

āsi maethe quiet sea in the lagoon (lit. ‘dead sea’) (PMP: *tasik)

āsi maurithe open sea (lit. ‘living sea’) (PMP: *tasik)

asuherat (POC: *kasupe) *kazupay

a-teiinterrogative pronoun: who? (PMP: *sei) *

atoa rafter of wood or bamboo (PMP: *kasaw₁)

eri-ato dig, harvest; dig a hole; bury, cover with earth (PCEMP: *keli)

fiuseven (PAN: *pitu₁) *pitu

fiu-naseventh (PAN: *pitu₁) *pitu

hāstage, shelf, small platform above the fireplace, used as a depository (PMP: *pa(n)tar₂)

Are'āre (40 / 430)

hahacarry one the back (POC: *papa₁) *baba₁

haifour (PCEMP: *pat-i) *Sepat

hakastrange, foreign; ship (POC: *pakaq) *baŋkaq

haka ro-rohoairplane (POC: *Ropok) *Rebek

haneclimb, ascend, rise (of sun and moon); rise, ferment (POC: *panek) *panahik

haneia ūnuordeal, judgement by hot stones, trial by fire (PMP: *tunu) *CuNuh

hanoa skin disease, white spots without scales (PMP: *panaw₁) *panaw

hanualand, as opposed to asi sea; district, place, country, island; the territory, area where a person lives, where his possessions are, such as food, bamboo, trees, pigs, water and graves is called his hanua (POC: *panua) *banua

haorunew, fresh, young (PEMP: *baqoRu) *baqeRuh

hapatimber; a canoe seat (POC: *baban) *papan

haraspread, of the arms; stretch; to stroke (NOISE)

harehouse of retirement for women during menstruation and after childbirth (POC: *pale) *balay

harepalate (NOISE)

haristingray (POC: *paRi) *paRiS

harilop off branches, cut off a bunch of bananas, betelnuts (POC: *paRi₃) *paRi

hari-a(OG. lop off branches (NOISE)

hari-manubig ray fish (PMP: *paRih manuk) *paRiS

harisigrass, small clover (POC: *palici) *baliji

harisigrass, small clover (POC: *palisi₂) *balizi

haropierce, bore, drill (POC: *paRo₁)

Are'āre (60 / 430)

harua few, some, several (POC: *palu₆) *balu₃

hasi-ato plant (of food except taro) (POC: *pasi)

hau manu-manupumice stone (POC: *mañur mañur) *qañud

haʔa-mata-ato dry fish or meat over the fire before the final cooking between hot stones (PMP: *ma-maja) *maja

haʔa-usuri-ato teach, instruct (POC: *paka-usuri) *usuri

haʔuthe pandanus tree, which has broad leaves; used by men as perineal bandage; also used to make a kind of mat called haʔu (POC: *pakuŋ) *bakuŋ₂

hihi-nalabia (POC: *pipiR) *biRbiR

hinanataro pudding (PMP: *p<in>aŋan) *paŋan

hinaŋataro pudding (PMP: *p<in>aŋan) *paŋan

hioroto fast, starve (POC: *pitolon)

hioro-nahunger, fasting, famine, starvation (POC: *pitolon)

hirawild taro; there are several varieties, of which some are edible. It is used also in magical curing of the sick (POC: *piRaq₂) *biRaq₁

hira-hirato scar, to cut; a scar, a cut (POC: *pilat₂) *bilat₂

hiri-achoose, pick out, select (PMP: *piliq-an) *piliq

hiri-si-achoose, pick out, select (PAN: *piliq)

hiriʔ-iatwist, entwine, tie, bind, with a vine; tighten a vine around the waist of a woman in order to provoke an abortion (PMP: *pirit)

hiro-atowring out, squeeze, twist (POC: *piro)

hirucurly, of hair; to wind (round) (POC: *piluk₂) *biluk

hirua palm tree with digital leaves, used for making bows (POC: *piRu) *biRu

hitasplit, hit, struck (POC: *pisak₁) *biseqak

Are'āre (80 / 430)

hitahow much? how many? (POC: *pica) *pijax

hita roʔuahow often?, how many times? (POC: *pica) *pijax

hita ʔārehow many? (of things and persons) (POC: *pica) *pijax

hokobundle; faggot (POC: *pokos) *beRkes

hokos-iamake into a bundle (POC: *pokos) *beRkes

honufull (POC: *ponuq) *peNuq

honutortoise, turtle (POC: *poñu) *peñu

honu akoa sickness caused by the turtle, a cough and vomiting of blood (POC: *poñu) *peñu

hori-abuy, pay; reward (POC: *poli-a) *beli

hori-a kenipurchase a bride (POC: *poli-a) *beli

horo-horobroken into many pieces (POC: *poro poro)

horos-iato cross, go across, swim across (POC: *polos₁)

hotea paddle; to paddle, row (POC: *pose) *beRsay

hote ruaruato paddle alternately on both sides of the canoe (of steerer) (POC: *pose) *beRsay

houraʔ-ishown (NOISE)

hūa littoral tree; extracts of its bark used to poison fish; its fruit (POC: *putun₁) *butun

huato bring, carry, of person or thing that cannot move by itself (reanalyzed as hu-a) (POC: *puat₂) *buhat₃

huaracrocodile (POC: *puqaya) *buqaya

huhudry, powdery, of powdered substance such as hena (POC: *pupuk₂) *bukbuk₃

huhuswollen, of callosity in the stomach (POC: *pupuŋ) *buŋbuŋ₄

Are'āre (100 / 430)

huhudry, powdery, of powdered substance such as lime (POC: *pupus) *busbus

hu-hua-naseeds, of fruits (POC: *puaq puaq) *buaq

huhus-i-aspill, shake off, of powdered substance (POC: *pupus) *busbus

huia wart (POC: *putiR) *buteliR

huia taro (NOISE)

hui-apour out, pour water over, on (PCEMP: *buqi₂)

hunu-acut up an animal, operate on people (POC: *punuq-a) *buNuq₂

hunu-a pōbutcher a pig (POC: *punuq-a) *buNuq₂

hunu-a pōna meracut the umbilical cord (POC: *punuq-a) *buNuq₂

huramoon, lunar month (POC: *pulan₃) *bulaN

hura-ʔarorainbow (POC: *pulan₃) *bulaN

hururun, go fast (NOISE)

huru motaʔahairy (POC: *pulu₃) *bulu₁

husibanana (there are many varieties) (POC: *pudi) *punti₁

hutabe born, appear, rise up (POC: *pusa₁)

hutāblood relatives; birth, generation (POC: *pusa₁)

huto-hutoslime, saliva (POC: *pucoq pucoq) *bujeq

huʔonet, fishing net (POC: *pukot) *puket₁

huʔo-ato fish with a net (POC: *pukot) *puket₁

Are'āre (120 / 430)

ilocative preposition: in, to, at, on; always used before names of places, and with words denoting time and direction (PAN: *i₂)

ipast participle ending (NOISE)

ianapregnant (PMP: *tian-an) *tiaN

ihu-nahair, feather (POC: *ipu-)

imaa big clam shell; a big clam shell armlet, worn by the elder men and by the rāmo (mythical ancestral warriors) to break the ribs of their victims (PMP: *kima)

i naʔo-ibefore, in front of; in former times (POC: *nago)

i naʔo-kubefore my time (POC: *nago)

īoyes (PMP: *qio)

ipemat, bed (POC: *ibe)

irea pandanus, its leaves used to make armlets (POC: *kiRe) *kiRay

irea stone axe (PMP: *kiRam)

irolook for, collect (POC: *qiro)

irolook for, collect (POC: *tiro) *tindaw

iroan oyster living on the roots of mangrove trees (POC: *tiRom) *tiRem

iro-iroreflection, mirror (POC: *qiro)

i-rorobowstring (POC: *rolos) *deles

iruh-iadrink slowly (POC: *iRup) *SiRup

isumove, remove, of persons and things (PMP: *icud)

isumove, remove, of persons and things (PMP: *isud)

isu maimove here, nearer (PMP: *isud)

Are'āre (140 / 430)

isu woumove away a bit (PMP: *isud)

i waritaformerly, in the old days (POC: *waRisa)

iʔafish (generic) (PEMP: *ikan) *Sikan

kamuchew betelnut (POC: *kamu₃) *kamu₂

kanasing, in incantations to a spirit in order to know a cure against a sickness (POC: *kanam)

kania skin disease, white spots (POC: *kani-kani)

kapia trap (POC: *kabi)

katococonut leaf basket (POC: *kaso₂) *kaso

kau-ato hook, catch hold of (POC: *kau₂)

keni haorua marriageable girl (PEMP: *baqoRu) *baqeRuh

keni naowidow (POC: *ñao)

kiokiothe kingfisher (PAN: *kiaw)

kokonarrow, confined (POC: *kokop) *kebkeb₁

koracharcoal, ashes, embers (POC: *koran)

-ku1sg possessive ending: my; suffixed to nouns of parts of the body, and relationship, to adverbs and prepositions connected with persons (POC: *-gu) *-ku

kua ~ kuakuaa fowl (POC: *kua kua)

kukuhang down (POC: *kukut)

māeunconscious; faint; ill; die; paralyzed; numb; war (POC: *mate) *aCay

mae ana hioronastarve (POC: *pitolon)

māe-sibe ill of, die of (POC: *mate) *aCay

Are'āre (160 / 430)

māe-tadeath feast, memorial feast (POC: *mate) *aCay

mahocured, healed (of wounds) (POC: *mapo)

mailow-tide, ebb-tide (POC: *maqati) *qaCi

maihere, hither, this way, said of things and persons coming nearby; come here; give it to me; let me see, show me (POC: *mai) *ai₃

(ma)-marushade, shadow; to shade, overshadow (PEMP: *maluRu)

ma-mataripe, wise, sensible (PEMP: *ma-qosak) *qesak

mami-ʔasweet (POC: *mamis) *hemis

mā-naeye, face, front (PMP: *mata) *maCa

mā-na nimadoorway (PMP: *mata) *maCa

mā-na panonanostril (PMP: *mata) *maCa

mā-na susunipple, teat (POC: *mata ni susu) *maCa

mā-na suuentrance of a bay (PMP: *mata) *maCa

mā-na suʔapoint of a spear (PMP: *mata) *maCa

māne haorua young unmarried man, a newcomer (PEMP: *baqoRu) *baqeRuh

mā ni waimouth of river (POC: *mata ni waiR) *maCa

mā ni ʔaʔecore of a boil (PMP: *mata nu bisul) *maCa

manōniaromatic, having a pleasant smell (POC: *manoŋi)

manu-manuto float (POC: *mañur mañur) *qañud

marāusoutheast trade winds (POC: *marau)

marosubmerged coral reef (POC: *mwaloq)

Are'āre (180 / 430)

maru-anaunder, below (PEMP: *maluRu)

maru-iunderneath (PEMP: *maluRu)

maru-marutime between three and six in the afternoon (POC: *maluRu maluRu) *maluRu

mataripe, of fruit (PEMP: *ma-qosak) *qesak

mataripe, of fruit (PEMP: *masak) *Sasak

matara ni tanimorning star’ (tani = ‘daylight’) (PMP: *mantalaq)

matarislippery (POC: *madrali)

matasimullet (POC: *mwasasi)

mataʔito have fever, to have an attack of malaria (POC: *masakit) *sakit

mauaunripe, of food (POC: *matuqa) *tuqaS

ma-urilive, be alive; be green, of wood; grow well, of food; new, fresh (PMP: *ma-qudip) *qudip

ma-uri roʔurecover, of health, rise from the dead (PMP: *ma-qudip) *qudip

mauruto sleep, slumber (POC: *maturuR) *tuduR

mauru hāhi-ato watch with a dead person (POC: *maturuR) *tuduR

mauru suusuupretend to sleep (POC: *maturuR) *tuduR

maʔuto be afraid (POC: *matakut) *takut

maʔu-niato fear, be afraid of (POC: *matakut) *takut

memeto chew the betel nut mixture; to masticate food for babies (POC: *meme) *maymay

mera-merared (of fruit) (PCEMP: *meRaq meRaq) *ma-iRaq

munocaterpillar (POC: *muno)

Are'āre (200 / 430)

naand (PMP: *na₅) *Na₁

nakosticky, gluey (POC: *ñakot) *ña(ŋ)ket

nama-ato lick, taste (PMP: *ñaman)

namuchew betelnut; chew, masticate (POC: *ñamu)

na-namastrong, powerful, in a metaphysical sense; something extraordinary, effected by a spiritual power (POC: *mana₂)

naowidower (POC: *ñao)

narewhite ants (POC: *ane) *aNay

nas-ichew, gnaw (PCEMP: *ŋaŋas) *ŋasŋas

natotoothless (NEAR)

naʔo-hiabefore, preparatory to (POC: *nago)

naʔo-nafront (POC: *nago)

naʔo-na lorathe stem, bow of a canoe (POC: *nago)

nigenitive particle: of, belonging to (rata-na ni hanua ‘clan name’, waisia ni hanua ‘land animals’) (PAN: *ni)

nimafive (PAN: *lima)

nima-nathe fifth (PAN: *lima)

nini-suakind of bee (PCEMP: *ñiñik) *ñikñik

niucoconut tree and fruit (PMP: *niuR)

niu mānaa coconut over which incantations are said, and the cream of which is used to wash the region of the eyes of a corpse (PMP: *niuR)

niu ni taohaa palm, Nipa fruticans taoha = ‘canoe house; shrine on the beach’) (PMP: *niuR)

noku(-mia)to fold, crease, entwine (POC: *noku)

Are'āre (220 / 430)

noro-ahear, hear tidings of, understand (POC: *roŋoR) *deŋeR

noro-a kenito inquire about a girl as a prospective bride for a man (POC: *roŋoR) *deŋeR

nunuquake; loose (POC: *nunu₁)

nunu-nashadow of persons or things as cast by the sun; likeness, phantom, portrait, figure, carving; a man's very self (POC: *qanunu)

nurumurmur, growl, mumble, groan (POC: *ŋuRuR)

nutocuttlefish, squid (POC: *nuso)

oho-naattempt, try (in compounds); sample, taste (of drinks) (POC: *topoŋ) *tepeŋ₁

ōhusugarcane (POC: *na topu) *tebuS

okacross beam (POC: *oka₂)

okato root the ground for food (of pigs); to eat food raw (of crazy people) (POC: *qodaq) *qetaq

omuroll the food in one's mouth (of toothless people) (POC: *omuR) *emuR

onaposts, stakes, put in a hole -- used as a trap for humans (POC: *ona₂) *ena

onaposts, stakes put in a hole -- used as a trap for humans (POC: *ona₁) *ona

ona-onato wound, harm (POC: *ona₁) *ona

oneonelittoral tree with berries (eaten by pigeons) (LOAN)

onosix (POC: *onom) *enem

opana huhua swollen stomach, inflated by wind (POC: *pupuŋ) *buŋbuŋ₄

opugreen coconut (NOISE)

orafireplace (POC: *koran)

orireturn; come back, go back (home) (PCEMP: *oliq, uliq) *uliq₁

Are'āre (240 / 430)

ori-ato skin, peel, scrape (of roasted food) (POC: *orit) *erit

oruthree (PEMP: *tolu) *telu

osi-ato cut, bevel timber for joints (PEMP: *tosi)

osi-acut, bevel timber for joints (NOISE)

otapalm tree with big edible leaves (NOISE)

otoprovisions, food for a journey (POC: *qoso)

otoa war spear, arrow with one barb (POC: *kojom)

otomi-ato spear (POC: *kojom-i) *kojom

oto-otostraight; correct and proper in conduct (POC: *oto)

oto-otostraight; correct and proper in conduct (POC: *kodos)

pana-ato fill a hole (POC: *pwaŋa)

parafence, trap (POC: *bala₄) *bala₂

parafence, trap (POC: *baRa) *baRa₂

parafence, trap (POC: *bara₄) *bara₁

parasmall platform, mostly above the fireplace, used as a depository (POC: *paRa, baRa) *paRa₁

paraa fishhook used for catching bonito (POC: *potok) *betek₁

para ni kenian enclosure of girls, virgins, taboo for men (POC: *bala₄) *bala₂

para ni kenian enclosure of girls, virgins, taboo for men (POC: *baRa) *baRa₂

para ni kenian enclosure of girls, virgins, taboo for men (POC: *bara₄) *bara₁

para-parawhite, pale (POC: *balaR₂) *balaR

Are'āre (260 / 430)

pari-a(NG. cut up (animals and fish) (NOISE)

pariparipalm tree sp. (NOISE)

pata māevery fine shell money, having great value, used to make necklaces and for buying pigs (pata = 'money') (PCEMP: *matay₂) *matay

pau ni rāoa length of stitched sago palm leaves (POC: *qatop) *qatep

pau-paufirm, hard (POC: *patu₃) *patu₂

paʔewashark (POC: *bakewak)

paʔewa erape (POC: *bakewak)

paʔewa inonian owned shark (POC: *bakewak)

paʔewa waisiʔaan unowned shark (POC: *bakewak)

pepebutterfly (POC: *bebe)

pinahornbill (POC: *binam)

pina ni ānoa big grey pigeon (POC: *binam)

pinuto roll a leaf in form of a horn, for drinking purposes (POC: *pinu)

pinu-ato fold, hem (POC: *pinu)

piraopen one's eyes wide (POC: *pilat₁) *bilat₁

pirathe white of an egg (POC: *piRa₁) *biRaS

piragreen, unripe (POC: *piras)

pira-nathe roe of fish (POC: *piRa₁) *biRaS

pisispurt, splash, crackle (POC: *bisik) *bicik

pisisplurt, splash (PMP: *picik)

Are'āre (280 / 430)

pisih-iato wet, spurt on, squirt (POC: *bisik) *bicik

pona-adecayed, rotten, bad (POC: *bona₁)

ponievening, after sunset, night; an appointed day (POC: *boŋi) *beRŋi

poni oru-sithree days ago (POC: *boŋi) *beRŋi

poua green coconut, good to drink (POC: *poku)

puaa betel nut tree; betel nut (POC: *buaq)

pua-puaa palm tree, used for bows for children (NOISE)

puricowrie (shellfish), the shell being used as sinkers for fishnets (POC: *buliq₁)

puribehind, after (POC: *burit₃) *burit₁

puruputtynut, used to caulk canoes; a tree gum, puru nari, a resin (POC: *bulut) *pulut

puru-i-ato gum, stick, caulk the joints of canoe planks with puttynut (POC: *bulut) *pulut

puru-puru-ʔablack, blue (POC: *buluŋ₃) *buluŋ₁

puru-puru-ʔa kaku(a)pitch black (POC: *buluŋ₃) *buluŋ₁

pusuburst, explode, spurt out, squirt, blow (of whale), spray (PMP: *pucut₁)

pwela ni niu1,000 coconuts (PMP: *niuR)

rae hitari-aunderstand (PMP: *qatay) *qaCay

rae-kuI want, like (PMP: *qatay) *qaCay

rae-nastomach, heart, liver, lungs, womb, mind, seat of affections, intention, will (PMP: *qatay) *qaCay

rae-na e taʔabe angry ( = 'his liver is wrong/bad/evil') (PMP: *qatay) *qaCay

rae nisu-na, rae ʔohuʔohu-nalung (PMP: *qatay) *qaCay

Are'āre (300 / 430)

rahaobig white worm living in dead trees (POC: *qapator) *qabated

rahuuprooted; pull out (PMP: *abut₁)

rahuuprooted; pull out (POC: *Raput) *RabuC

rahu-ʔato be old, worn-out and dirty, of things (POC: *rapuR) *dapuR₁

rahuʔ-ato be old, worn out and dirty, of things (POC: *Rapuk) *Rabuk

raiathe puttynut tree; the nut is used for caulking purposes and inlay work (POC: *qatita)

rāothe sago palm; its leaves are used for thatch (POC: *qatop) *qatep

rapia twin; two stones in one fruit (POC: *apic) *Sabij

rapuhit, strike, whip, beat (PMP: *dabuk₁)

rarato be warm, hot, of sun; fade, wither, dry up (PMP: *daŋdaŋ₁) *daŋdaŋ

rarihecentipede (PCEMP: *qalipan) *qalu-Sipan

raruironwood, a littoral tree (POC: *aRu) *aRuhu

rarupike fish (PMP: *qalu)

rasuto smoke, of fire (PMP: *qasu₃)

rasu-ato smoke, blacken with smoke (PMP: *qasu₃)

rataa very strong liana, used especially to sew canoe planks (POC: *qasam) *qaRsam

rata-iname (POC: *acan) *ajan

rata-naname (POC: *acan) *ajan

ratosun, sunshine, no rain, good weather (POC: *qaco) *qajaw

rautuna fish (POC: *qatun)

Are'āre (320 / 430)

rawaa spider; cobweb (PMP: *lawaq₂)

riaa ginger with perfumed roots, used as a medicine by witch doctors; there are several varieties for different diseases (PMP: *laqia)

ria ni marutanaa ginger used to enlist the affections of women (PMP: *laqia)

riteeggs of louse and flea (POC: *lisa) *liseqeS

riu-aused to form the comparative and superlative; surpass, win, excel, go beyond, pass over, of time (PMP: *liu₁)

rohe-ato put up the sail; to draw, bend a bow (POC: *ropeq-a) *ropeq

rohoto fly (POC: *Ropok) *Rebek

rokaopen, unfolded (PMP: *le(ŋ)kaq)

ro-rorahastily, quickly, hurriedly (POC: *roRas) *deRas

rotocloudy; black cloud, squall; to be dark, night; blind (POC: *rodrom₁) *demdem₂

ruatwo (POC: *rua) *duSa

ruaflood tide, incoming tide (POC: *Ruap) *Ruab

ruā-nasecond (POC: *rua) *duSa

rua-nathroat, neck, back (POC: *Ruqa)

rua-rua-ʔato doubt (POC: *rua rua₂) *duSa

rua susularyngitis (POC: *Ruqa)

rumuseaweed; a moss on trees, used in ceremonial purification; it is wrung out over the head of a newborn baby when taken into somebody’s house (PMP: *lumut)

ruru-raokind of nettle (POC: *latoŋ) *laCeŋ

rusuthe ribs of a canoe, cut out of a slab of hardwood, used to strengthen the canoe and to support the seats (PAN: *Rusuk)

rutato charge, load, carry a load (POC: *Rucan) *Rujan

Are'āre (340 / 430)

rutato charge, load, carry a load (PMP: *lujan)

rutāa load, charge, cargo (PMP: *lujan)

ruta-niato load, charge (POC: *Rucan) *Rujan

sahua lime, used in magic, on which incantations are done and put over the doorway outside on the ridgepole or blown around in the house; used as a protection for the house, the inhabitants and the belongings, against evil spirits, and sickness (PAN: *qapuR)

sau-rahidusk, evening (about 6:00 p.m.) (POC: *Rapi) *Rabiqi

sinashine, brighten, phosphorescent; light, brightness (PMP: *sinaR) *siNaR

sina-rishine (of moon and stars); moonlight, light of stars (PMP: *sinaR) *siNaR

sirired hen parrot (POC: *siri)

siwanine (PMP: *siwa) *Siwa

siwā-naninth (PMP: *siwa) *Siwa

suaharpoon, arrow, spear (with four barbs) (POC: *sua₁)

suhi-ato shave the head, beard; scrape (PEMP: *supi)

suraa comb with four prongs, the two outer ones long, the two inner ones short (PEMP: *sura)

suruboiled coconut cream (POC: *suRuq₁) *zuRuq

suru sahuput or blow the lime over the doorway, etc. (PAN: *qapuR)

susuto suck the breast (PAN: *susu₁)

susu-ato dig the earth (PAN: *suksuk)

susu-nabreast (PAN: *susu₁)

susuʔi-apierce, spear, take with a needle; prick of the poisonous nohu [stonefish] (PMP: *suksuk-i) *suksuk

taɁerise, get up, stand (POC: *sake) *sakay₄

Are'āre (360 / 430)

taɁe-ato raise up, make get up, put somebody on their feet, lift up (POC: *sake) *sakay₄

tahana ni rāoa fathom length of stitched leaf (POC: *qatop) *qatep

tai-ato entangle (of spider’s web entangling a person); entwine, mix together; jumble up; sew (POC: *saqit) *zaqit

tamain line, in pairs (POC: *jama) *sama

tana-nathigh, groin (POC: *saŋa₁)

ta-na-rauhundred (PMP: *sa-ŋa-Ratus) *RaCus

tani na poniday and night (POC: *boŋi) *beRŋi

tapaikatobacco (LOAN)

tarato fail, miss (PMP: *salaq₁)

tara ni puristring of white cowrie shells around the neck or on the forehead (POC: *buliq₁)

tarito stick in the throat; to be tangled up in, be caught in, be aground, stick fast in (POC: *sariŋ) *zariŋ

tarudraw, dip water (PMP: *saRup₁)

tarudraw, dip water (PMP: *saruk)

taru-aneedle, the bones of a flying fox (POC: *saRum) *zaRum

taru-aneedle, the bones of a flying fox (POC: *saRu) *saRu₃

taru-a, tarus-iabail out water, draw water (PMP: *saruk)

tā-tarasweep the house (POC: *salap)

tauto say, often used in narratives (PMP: *sau₄)

tawaa channel in the shore reef; a landing place (POC: *sawaŋ₂)

taʔawrong, bad, evil; be dying, be in a bad condition (POC: *saqat) *zaqat

Are'āre (380 / 430)

taʔeride, embark; used to denote the numerical strength of a canoe (PMP: *sakay₁)

taʔe ruaa two-man canoe (PMP: *sakay₁)

taʔe taʔaia one-man canoe (PMP: *sakay₁)

toroinland, the mountain, hill country (POC: *solos)

totoh-iasuck, inhale, draw, absorb (POC: *sosop) *sepsep

ūlouse, flea (PMP: *kutu₁) *kuCux

ūhi-ablow, breathe from the mouth (POC: *upi-a) *upi

uma-aclear the undergrowth when commencing a new garden (PMP: *quma) *qumah

ūmustone oven (PMP: *qumun)

ūnaa demonstrative, thus, so, like that, that way, referring to something that has been said; locative: here (NOISE)

una-una-nafish scales (PMP: *qunap qunap) *quSeNap

ūnutorch made from dry coconut leaf; go fishing at night with this torch (PMP: *tunu) *CuNuh

urashrimp, crayfish, prawn (POC: *quraŋ) *qudaŋ

uraa shrub, the roots of which are used to make red dye (POC: *gurat)

urahua fish (taboo for women and children) (PMP: *kuRapu)

ura-paulobster (POC: *quraŋ) *qudaŋ

ura-urabone marrow; vein (PMP: *uRat uRat) *huRaC

uria fruit tree; its fruit (PCEMP: *quRi)

urucloud, heaven, sky, top (POC: *qulu) *quluh

uruto wade (POC: *tuRu₁)

Are'āre (400 / 430)

usupush, shove (POC: *qusur) *qunzur

usurub, grate, wipe (PMP: *usuq)

usuri-ato follow, copy, imitate (POC: *usuri)

utato rain (POC: *qusan) *quzaN

uta mairain is coming (POC: *mai) *ai₃

uta paraparasunshower ( = "white rain") (POC: *qusan) *quzaN

uwea liana (POC: *que) *quay

uwoa piece of skinned soft wood used as a float for fishing nets (POC: *uton)

uwo-woipith, heart (of tree) (POC: *quto)

waifresh water (as opposed to āsi 'saltwater'); moisture, sap, juice; river (PCEMP: *waiR) *wahiR

waritaformer, previous, past (POC: *waRisa)

waroliana; string, rope; fishline; string of money (POC: *waRoc) *waRej

warueight (PAN: *walu)

wasu ponaʔato smell (of a decaying object) (POC: *bona₁)

wateto herald the assigned food portions at a feast to the different villages; make an oration at a feast (POC: *wa(n)se)

wate-agive (the thing given has not to be returned to the donor, as opposed to ta) (POC: *wa(n)se-a) *wa(n)se

wate-nagift (POC: *wa(n)se-ŋa) *wa(n)se

waʔasplit, cut in sections; yam section (PMP: *wakaq)

ʔahesurf, flooded river, current caused by tide, wind, rain; tidal-rip; to flow; a current, stream; to drip quickly (POC: *tape₁)

ʔahe-siato drift away, to be carried away by the current (POC: *tape₁)

Are'āre (420 / 430)

ʔahe-tahato flow (POC: *tape₁)

ʔaigeneric name for wood, tree (POC: *kayu) *kaSiw

ʔarasi-ato scrape, polish, of wooden articles such as combs, bows; to sharpen, point a stick; grate coconuts (POC: *karasi)

ʔāre māeweapons, instruments for killing (POC: *mate) *aCay

ʔāru masiuabandoned, overgrown; last year's garden (PMP: *talun₁) *CaluN

ʔirarainvoke a spirit in order to know what to do to cure a sick person (PAN: *kilala)

ʔora-ʔoraashes, dust (POC: *koran)

ʔūnaover there, there, yonder (NOISE)

ʔuruʔururipe (of coconuts only) (POC: *kulu₂)

ʔuruʔuru ana niua fully grown ripe coconut (POC: *kulu₂)

31. Arguni (14) SHWNG (Grace n.d.) [agf] Indonesia (Papua)

bababreak one thing on another, chip a stone (PEMP: *babak₁) *babak

bababreak one thing on another, chip a stone (PAN: *bakbak₂)

fatfour (PEMP: *pat) *Sepat

ite1pl. incl., we (PAN: *ita₁)

manibird (PMP: *manuk)

natusmall (PEMP: *natu)

poresoar, paddle (PMP: *beRsay)

pu-purefeather (PCEMP: *bulu₁)

rimfive (PAN: *lima)

rutwo (PMP: *duha) *duSa

sire3pl., they, them (PEMP: *sira) *ida

wirfresh water (PCEMP: *waiR) *wahiR

yaffire (PEMP: *api) *Sapuy

yaimother (PMP: *aya₂)

Aroma (17) OC. see: Keapara

32. Arop (50) OC [aka: Arop-Lokep, Arop-Lukep]

a-kanito eat (POC: *kani) *kaen

a-kelto dig (POC: *kali ~ keli) *kalih

a-loŋoto hear; to know (POC: *roŋoR) *deŋeR

-anaattributive suffix (POC: *-ana)

a-taŋto weep, cry (PMP: *taŋis) *Caŋis

a-tara-beto cut, hack (PAN: *taRaq₁)

au1sg., I (PAN: *aku)

baniwing (POC: *banic) *paNij

boŋnight (POC: *boŋi) *beRŋi

dalapath, road (POC: *jalan) *zalan

darablood (POC: *draRaq) *daRaq

i-kenato sleep (POC: *qenop) *qenəp

i-lu-luto vomit (PMP: *luaq)

i-matato die (POC: *mate) *aCay

i-noto fly (POC: *Ropok) *Rebek

kaiwood (POC: *kayu) *kaSiw

kate-liver (PMP: *qatay) *qaCay

ke-foot, leg (POC: *qaqe) *qaqay

kilalightning (PMP: *kilat₁) *likaC

ku-inuto drink (PMP: *inum)

Arop (20 / 50)

kuli-skin (POC: *kulit) *kuliC

kutlouse (PMP: *kutu₁) *kuCux

laŋsky (PMP: *laŋit) *laŋiC

mato come (POC: *maRi) *aRi

manbird (POC: *manuk)

mata-eye; sharp (as a knife) (PMP: *mata) *maCa

miatongue (POC: *maya)

motasnake (POC: *mwata)

nanwater (POC: *ranum) *daNum

natu-child (PEMP: *natu)

numahouse (PAN: *Rumaq)

patstone (POC: *patu) *batux

rau-leaf (PEMP: *raun) *dahun

rutwo (POC: *rua) *duSa

salistrip leaves from branch or palm frond (POC: *sali)

sa-ŋa-ulten (PMP: *ŋa)

seiwho? (PMP: *sai)

tama-father (PMP: *t-amax) *amax

tanaearth (POC: *tanoq) *taneq

taŋlaear (POC: *taliŋa) *Caliŋa

Arop (40 / 50)

tina-mother (PMP: *t-ina) *ina

tolthree (PEMP: *tolu) *telu

uto-head (POC: *qutok) *qutek

wanaright side (PMP: *wanan) *waNan

wararope (POC: *waRoc) *waRej

warointestines (POC: *waRoc) *waRej

yaifire (POC: *api) *Sapuy

yaŋenwind (POC: *aŋin) *haŋin

yaŋo-ŋo-anayellow (POC: *aŋo-aŋo-ana) *aŋo

yifish (PEMP: *ikan) *Sikan

Arop-Lokep (50) OC. see: Arop

Arop-Lukep (50) OC. see: Arop

33. Arosi (882) OC (Fox, C. 1970) [aia] Solomon Islands (dialects: Southern 1, Western 2, Eastern 5)

apersonal article, used with names native or foreign; used with a common noun to personify; with verbs or adjectives to form a descriptive noun or nickname; and with pronouns; it seems to have been used once with names of places; also used with relationship terms (PMP: *a₁)

-apersonal pronoun: he, she, it; suffixed to verbs and prepositions (PMP: *-a₂)

a-an adjectival prefix, showing condition, often a shortened form of the prefix ta or ma (POC: *a-) *ha-

a-a prefix of spontaneity (PMP: *ta-₂)

-asuffix added to the transitive termination of verbs to make a past participle passive, and so a passive form of the verb (NOISE)

aadato look up, raise the eyes (POC: *tadra)

aadaʔ-ilook up to (POC: *tadra)

abathe half, a part, side, portion, chapter; the slope of a hill, one side of a ridge (POC: *taba₂)

abahalf, part, side (POC: *tabal)

abecarry something against the chest, as firewood (POC: *tabe)

abiraa basket made of coconut leaf (POC: *tabiRa)

abudehortatory: don’t; sacred, in a few names of places, etc. (POC: *tabu) *tambu

aedung; food in process of digestion (POC: *taqe₂) *taqay

aeno, not, negative particle (POC: *taqe₁) *taqe

ae-niapolluted (POC: *taqe₂) *taqay

agohudirt, dust (<*-puk₂?) (ROOT)

aheto flow, as a current; to float gently along in water or air; to dissolve into liquid; to be in flood, to come down in a freshet (POC: *tape₁)

ahe-aheto float gently; a flood, freshet (POC: *tape-tape) *tape₁

ahe-ahe-aan early name for foreign ships, whalers on the south coast (POC: *tape-tape) *tape₁

ahe-aurua waterfall (auru = ‘down’) (POC: *tape₁)

Arosi (20 / 882)

ahe-siacarried away to sea (POC: *tape₁)

ahorabroad, wide; to broaden (POC: *tapola)

ahubranching coral (PAN: *qapuR)

ahuflock together (PMP: *tapuk₁)

ahucome together in a group, flock together (PAN: *tapun)

ahuto bury; a pile, heap of firewood, mound of earth (POC: *tapun₂) *tabun₂

ahufall, come down (ROOT)

ahuflock together (ROOT)

ahunito bury, cover, conceal, hide (POC: *tapuni) *tabuni₁

ahuriconch, usually a Triton shell blown at the side; blown only on solemn occasions, e.g. at a death, or at feasts (POC: *tapuRi) *tabuRi

aithere, that place (POC: *ai₁)

aia native of, person of (POC: *kai)

ai (ni) Wangoa native of Wango (POC: *kai)

akuruto thunder; thunder (ROOT)

amadibetel pepper (POC: *tamaji)

Ɂa-nahis, hers, its; when food, drink, medicine or anything acting on the person is referred to (POC: *kana-)

anethe white ant which bores and destroys (POC: *ane) *aNay

ane-haua variety which lives in the ground; the name for its nest; these ants were thought to be incarnations of the dead (POC: *ane) *aNay

anithat one; there (referring to objects out of sight) (PAN: *qa-ni) *-ni

anothe ground, earth, soil, the land (POC: *tanoq) *taneq

Arosi (40 / 882)

ano-anolow, of shrub, tree, house, hill; lowering, of clouds; a drop of liquid left at the bottom of a vessel (POC: *tanoq) *taneq

ano-ito bury (POC: *tanom) *CaNem

ano-iaa landslip (POC: *tanoq) *taneq

ano-mito hide, conceal (POC: *tanom) *CaNem

a-nutathe name of a small island on the south coast (POC: *a-nusa) *nusa₁

aŋato have in a bag (POC: *taŋa₂)

aŋa-aŋato have a bag, to carry in a bag (POC: *taŋa₂)

aŋa(-na)a plaited bag with string handles, hung over the shoulder, or from the head in carrying burdens (POC: *taŋa₂)

aŋito cry; to sound, of bell, gong, panpipes, trumpet; to sing, of birds; to shout; indeed, almost any sound, as the swish of water or the whistle of a steamer (PMP: *taŋis) *Caŋis

aŋi-aŋicry or sound long continued (POC: *taŋi-taŋis) *Caŋis

aŋi-hi ~ aŋi-sito cry for (PMP: *taŋis-i) *Caŋis

aŋi-siacried for (POC: *taŋis-ia) *Caŋis

aosago palm; the leaves are used for thatching (POC: *qatop) *qatep

arato chop, cut, cut down a tree; to lop off branches, break off; to hoe; to make equal, level (PAN: *taRaq₁)

aragaufish hawk: Haliaster girrenera (POC: *taragau)

ara-ito chop, cut, cut down a tree (PAN: *taRaq-i) *taRaq₁

aramianswer, acknowledge, assent to (POC: *taRamwi)

arereto be joyful, a word used only in songs (NOISE)

arito plait; rope; wind up, make a noose; lie curled up (dog or snake) (POC: *tali₁) *CaliS

arito fold; to plait; to wind up, make a noose; to bend, of a string or creeper; to lie curled up like a dog or snake (POC: *tali₂) *tali

Arosi (60 / 882)

ariaa large species of freshwater fish (POC: *kalia)

arimaŋovery large crab with paddles, found in mangrove swamps (POC: *qali-maŋo) *qali-maŋaw

arirismall gastropod shell (PMP: *qaliliŋ)

aritea tree of a semi-sacred character: Terminalia catappa (POC: *talise₁) *talisay

aroa name for taro in some names of varieties (POC: *talos) *tales

arua dug garden; an overgrown garden, land formerly used for a garden (PMP: *talun₁) *CaluN

arumany; of men, islands, etc. (POC: *aru) *Sadu

aruto cover up, as with pandanus mat (POC: *taRu)

asi-sibling of the opposite sex (POC: *taci) *Suaji

asisea, saltwater, salt (PMP: *tasik)

asusua crab: Birgus latro (PMP: *qayuyu)

ataname (POC: *acan) *ajan

atascrape, rub, sharpen with rubbing (PEMP: *asaq) *Sasaq

ata-ataa rasp, scraper (POC: *asaq-i) *Sasaq

ata-iscrape, rub, sharpen with rubbing (POC: *asaq-i) *Sasaq

atei (< *asa-i)who; interrogative pronoun, but not indefinite like Mota isei (POC: *acan) *ajan

atodistribute food at feasts, yams in holes for planting; give food to the sick (POC: *qaso)

ato, ato-atodistribute food at feasts, yams in holes for planting (POC: *asok) *hasek₁

awaa tree, sp. of lychee, but the San Cristobal species is only edible by birds (PMP: *tawan)

baastrike one upon another, as firewood in breaking it (POC: *bak) *bak₁

Arosi (80 / 882)

bababreak one thing on another, chip a stone (POC: *babak₃) *bakbak₂

babacheek, temples; side of a stream, etc. (POC: *babaR) *papaR

babato break one thing on another, chip a stone (POC: *babak) *papak

babakbreak one thing on another, chip a stone (PEMP: *babak₁) *babak

baba-riachipped (POC: *babak) *papak

bahacarry pick-a-back or in cloth on back (NG, OG) (POC: *papa₁) *baba₁

bana-banaplant sp. (NOISE)

barapale in color (as a yellowish coconut); pale from fear or illness, of men (POC: *balaR₂) *balaR

barahedge; fence made of wood (POC: *bala₄) *bala₂

barahedge; fence made of wood (POC: *baRa) *baRa₂

barahedge; fence made of wood (POC: *bara₄) *bara₁

barapale in color, as a yellowish variety of coconut (NOISE)

bara-baraa fence around a grave (POC: *bala₄) *bala₂

bara-baraa fence around a grave (POC: *baRa) *baRa₂

bara-baraa fence around a grave (POC: *bara₄) *bara₁

barifish sp. (POC: *bali₆)

barubarufish sp. (NOISE)

baʔewaa shark; the shark was sacred; men had familiar sharks which killed their enemies, and a man and shark sometimes exchanged souls (POC: *bakewak)

bebebutterfly (POC: *bebe)

bīcook with hot stones; to dye, soak in dye and boil; to stew bii-bii fold up, make a parcel of (usually in a leaf) (LOAN)

Arosi (100 / 882)

biawhite limestone rock, a cliff of crumbly white limestone (POC: *bia)

bia-biadust from white limestone; a cascade of water over white limestone rocks (POC: *bia-bia) *bia

bibito crush, squeeze, crowd (POC: *bibit) *pitpit₂

bibito crush, squeeze, crowd (NOISE)

bibiŋ-iasqueezed, crowded (NOISE)

bina ahuriNicobar pigeon (POC: *binam)

bina awahornbill (POC: *binam)

bina ni asibooby (POC: *binam)

bina uhihawk (POC: *binam)

biradregs, starch, sediment, as in making tapioca (POC: *biRaq₃) *biRaq₂

biradregs, starch, sediment, as in making tapioca (POC: *biRas₂) *biRas

bira-(na)roe of a fish, yolk of an egg (POC: *piRa₁) *biRaS

boboto overcrowd, be too many to fit in (POC: *boboŋ₂) *beŋbeŋ₃

bobomake a bundle; a bundle of faggots, sago palm leaves, etc. (POC: *boboc) *bejbej

boboŋ-aʔibe overcrowded by (POC: *boboŋ₂) *beŋbeŋ₃

boicome here; to approach, come towards (POC: *boi₃)

bonoto close, stuff up, mend with a patch (POC: *bonot)

boŋia night; last night (POC: *boŋi) *beRŋi

boo-hita, too-hitaa wedge (POC: *pisak₁) *biseqak

borok.o. fish (POC: *bolo bolo)

Arosi (120 / 882)

botabreak by knocking on something else, as an egg on bamboo (POC: *posaq) *peceq

buabetel nut (POC: *buaq)

buaa-buawild betel nut; species of tree with white flowers and large leaves (NOISE)

bubufish sp.: Balistes (POC: *bubu₇)

bubunimoisten, smear over, paint; horizontal lines of charred lime smeared on cheek (POC: *bubuni)

bu-buŋu(-na)bunch of betel nuts or almonds (PMP: *puŋun) *puŋuN

bu-buŋu(-na)bunch of betel nuts or almonds (POC: *puŋu)

buricowrie; the buri has a sacred character and should only properly be worn by chiefs. Cowries were placed with dead chiefs (POC: *buliq₁)

buribehind, at the back (POC: *burit₃) *burit₁

burito wallow, roll on the ground, as a dog (POC: *buliŋ) *puliŋ₁

burito wallow, roll on the ground, as a dog (POC: *bu(lR)i)

buri-na rumaat the back of the house (POC: *burit₃) *burit₁

buriŋ-aʔito roll on (something) (POC: *buliŋ) *puliŋ₁

burua constellation: the Pleiades (POC: *puluq₂) *buluq₁

burublack, dark, dark blue (POC: *buluŋ₃) *buluŋ₁

burua tree, Parinarium laurinum; the gum of this tree, rubbed into paste and sets hard quickly; glue, paste; a torch of gum (POC: *bulut) *pulut

buru-naink of cuttlefish (POC: *buluŋ₃) *buluŋ₁

bwau-head; chief, leader (POC: *batuk) *batuk₃

damamate, fellow, companion, corresponding part; like, similar (POC: *jama) *sama

damuto chew betel nut (POC: *d(r)amut)

Arosi (140 / 882)

daŋiday (POC: *draŋi)

daraospecies of nettle, species of jellyfish; Portuguese man of war, Physalia (sea nettle) (POC: *salatoŋ) *zalateŋ

didiwall of a house; make a wall or partition (POC: *ridriŋ) *diŋdiŋ₁

diriDracaena (PMP: *siRi)

diwathe U groove of the main posts in which the ridgepole rests (POC: *jiwaŋ) *siwaŋ

dodoto think; to be silent (POC: *rodrom₂) *demdem₁

doŋaa pair (as of coconuts) (POC: *droŋan) *deŋan

duʔuto be unable to get away, be cornered, as a fish in a net, mosquito in a net (POC: *jukul₁) *sukul₂

duʔua measure, (a) hands outstretched, fathom, (b) a man stands on a rope and brings hands to full extent above head holding the rope; to measure in this manner (POC: *jukul₂) *sukul₃

duʔu-sito corner, close in upon (POC: *jukul₁) *sukul₂

eindefinite article; used with nouns including numerals, and verbs treated as nouns (used with 1-9) (POC: *e)

ere-vulva (POC: *keRe)

e-taone (in counting only (PAN: *esa)

e-ta-nafirst (PAN: *esa)

gafirst person plural pronoun, usually possessive, we, us, our’s (POC: *-da₂) *-ta

gahumist, to be misty, dim (POC: *kaput₂) *kabut

ganato sing (POC: *kanam)

gana-ganato sing (POC: *kanam)

gana-riaacclaimed in song, sung of (POC: *kanam)

ga-raŋinear (POC: *raŋi) *daŋi

Arosi (160 / 882)

gaura ~ kaurathe frigate hawk, a sacred bird tattooed on chiefs (POC: *(dr,d)aula)

giawe (plural incl.) (PAN: *k-ita) *ita₁

gomosqueeze, hold tight, clutch (POC: *gomol) *gemel

gomosqueeze, hold tight, clutch (POC: *gomol) *kemel

gomoto squeeze, hold tight, clutch (POC: *komos) *kemes

gorato shrivel up and turn brown, as a green leaf in the fire (POC: *koRaŋ₁) *keRaŋ₃

-gu1sg possessive pronoun: my; occasionally gu or ku is a personal pronoun, first person singular, especially in old songs (POC: *-gu) *-ku

guguto be fast, firm, clinging to; a sea creature like a starfish with tentacles --- clings so tightly it cannot be removed (PMP: *kukuq)

guruto growl, of a dog; mew, hum, buzz, hum a song or chorus (ROOT)

guru-guruthunder (POC: *guRuŋ)

haaplatform built on the edge of the reef for fishing (PMP: *pataR₁)

haa-hutato bear, beget (of either parent) (POC: *pusa₁)

haa maiGive me (POC: *mai) *ai₃

hahaiguana (NOISE)

haha-nafrond of a palm (PMP: *papaq₁) *papaq

haha-nafrond of a palm, branch of a plant or tree that is not an ‘ai, as sago palm, coconut, cycad, screw palm (PMP: *paqpaq₂)

hahicook in a native oven; food cooked so (POC: *papi)

hahoabove, upon, over (POC: *papo₁) *babaw₃

hahoto weed (POC: *papo₂) *babaw₄

hahoencircling reef (POC: *papo₃) *papo

Arosi (180 / 882)

haiwhere, what place, which? (PMP: *pai₁)

haifour (PCEMP: *pat-i) *Sepat

haihinewoman (POC: *pai-p<in>ai) *bahi

hakaa foreign ship; foreign; a white man (POC: *pakaq) *baŋkaq

hanashoot (PAN: *panaq)

hanaa prickly yam, but regarded by Melanesians as distinct from a yam (NOISE)

haneclimb (not a hill) a rope, tree, cliff, using hands (POC: *panek) *panahik

hane-ʔiclimb (POC: *panek) *panahik

hanomake a journey, set out; go (POC: *pano) *paNaw

hanua, henuaisland, village (in compounds) (POC: *panua) *banua

haŋanipet animal, adopted animal (POC: *paŋan-i) *paŋan

haorunew, fresh (PEMP: *baqoRu) *baqeRuh

hapaa board; flat; mid-seats of a canoe (POC: *baban) *papan

haramouth; jawbone; double tooth, molar (POC: *paRaŋ) *baReqaŋ

harato swell, of the body; become hard and round, of a swelling (POC: *paRaq₁) *paRaq

haraten, of bananas (NOISE)

haratakind of fish (POC: *palaja)

hareshrine, small house on poles (POC: *pale) *balay

hareshed for yams (POC: *pale) *balay Eastern

harehouse with one side of roof only, made in gardens (POC: *pale) *balay Western

Arosi (200 / 882)

hare-haresheath for knife (POC: *pale) *balay

haristingray (POC: *paRi) *paRiS

hari-reciprocal prefix generally having the force of united action, rather than mutual action (PEMP: *paRi-)

haritear, tear off, pull off a cluster of fruit (POC: *paRi₃) *paRi

haritear off (NOISE)

haroto bore, twist a stick in making a hole (NOISE)

harorotight, taut, of line (NOISE)

harugive the final death feast six months after death; the final death feast (POC: *paluq) *baluq

harutree sp. (POC: *(bp)alu) *balu₁

harusome, certain (POC: *palu₆) *balu₃

haru, harus-ito scratch (POC: *palus)

haruruclose together, of a number of things (cf. ruru 'call together, come together') (NOISE)

harutato paddle (POC: *paluca) *aluja

hasito plant (POC: *pasi)

hasi-aplanted (POC: *pasi)

hasu-hasu-(na)eyebrow (POC: *paju)

hauplait (POC: *patuR) *batuR₁

haustone, rock, iron (recent); expressing strength; coral (POC: *patu) *batux

hau-boŋabe angry (hau = ‘mind’) (POC: *boŋa)

hau nagiflint (POC: *patu) *batux

Arosi (220 / 882)

hau-ŋari-ŋariangry (POC: *ŋali-ŋali)

haʔa-abuforbid (POC: *tabu) *tambu

haʔa-abuforbid (POC: *paka-tabu) *tambu

haʔa-burito farewell, speed a parting guest (POC: *burit₃) *burit₁

haʔa-haifour times (POC: *paka-pat) *Sepat

haʔa-horiexpose for sale (PEMP: *poli) *beli

haʔa-mae-sikill (POC: *paka-mate) *aCay

haʔa-ma-matato make dry (PMP: *ma-maja) *maja

haʔa-ma-mata susuthe last born (lit’ ‘to make the breast dry up’) (PMP: *ma-maja) *maja

haʔa-manihito make thin (PMP: *ma-nipis) *Nipis

haʔa-maru-ato put in the shade, out of the sun (POC: *paka-maluRu) *maluRu

haʔa-oruthree times (POC: *paka-tolu) *telu

haʔa-rimafive times (POC: *paka-lima₂) *lima

haʔa-rohoto let fly, loose (POC: *Ropok) *Rebek

haʔa-roŋoto tell, give news, inform (POC: *paka-roŋoR) *deŋeR

haʔa-ruatwice (POC: *paka-rua) *duSa

haʔa-sihahow often? (POC: *paka-pica) *pijax

haʔa-siwanine times (POC: *paka-siwa) *Siwa

haʔa-subuto beget (POC: *paka-tupuq) *Cubuq

haʔa-ta-ŋa-raua hundred times (PMP: *sa-ŋa-Ratus) *RaCus

Arosi (240 / 882)

haʔa-taufar off (POC: *sauq₁) *zauq

haʔa-usurito teach, cause to copy; a teacher; a model, copy, pattern (POC: *paka-usuri) *usuri

haʔua pandanus; a mat made by sewing together the dried leaves of pandanus (POC: *pakuŋ) *bakuŋ₂

he-heʔadefecate (POC: *bekas₄)

he-heʔa-sidefecate (POC: *bekas₄)

heŋuhold the nose (ROOT)

hinaŋayams for sacrifices, one or two tubers; seed yams for planting; vegetable food (PMP: *p<in>aŋan) *paŋan

hinaŋayams for sacrifices, one or two tubers; seeds yams for planting; vegetable food (PMP: *p<in>aŋan) *paŋan

hiorohungry (POC: *pitolon)

hioro-hafamine, hunger (POC: *pitolon)

hiralightning (POC: *pilak₂) *bilak₁

hiraa scar (POC: *pilat₂) *bilat₂

hiraa plant, giant caladium; used in magic, and taboo to children; leaves burnt to drive off ghosts (POC: *piRaq₂) *biRaq₁

hirascar (POC: *piras) *biras₁

hirascar (PMP: *birat)

hirascar (PMP: *pilaɁ) *pilaq

hiralightning (ROOT)

hira-hirascarred (POC: *pilat₂) *bilat₂

hira-ialightning (POC: *pilak₂) *bilak₁

hiripay a fine for, make atonement for, death by violence (POC: *pili) *bili

Arosi (260 / 882)

hiritwist, twine round, coil (of a snake), wind a line round (PMP: *pirit)

hirito choose (PAN: *piliq)

hiri-hiritwist, twine round, coil (of a snake), wind a line round; a thread for tying a hook to a line (PMP: *pirit)

hiri-hiria thread for tying a hook to a line (POC: *piri-piri) *pirit

hiriʔ-ito twist, twine round, coil (of a snake), wind a line round (PMP: *pirit)

hiruflow in a circle; an eddy; be curly, of the hair (POC: *piluk₂) *biluk

hirua palm sp. used in making the war-bow rau which differed from the basi and baʔe through its wrappings of coconut fibre or pandanus (POC: *piRu) *biRu

hirube curly, of the hair (POC: *pilul)

hiru-hirularge fish which swims in circles and is the sign of a shark being near (POC: *pilu-pilu) *pilu

hiru-hirularge fish sp. which swims in circles, and is the sign of a shark being near (PMP: *bilu-bilu)

hiru-hirua large fish which swims in circles, and is the sign of a shark being near (POC: *piRu-piRu)

hisuto pluck, as fruit (NOISE)

hitato split, hit, strike (POC: *pisak₁) *biseqak

hiʔustar (POC: *pituqun) *bituqen

hoadivide, cleave asunder, separate (POC: *potak) *betak

hoacut with a bamboo knife (POC: *potas) *be(R)tas

hoadivide, cleave asunder, separate (PMP: *peka)

hogacome apart (PMP: *peka)

hohoswelling (testicles) (POC: *popol) *belbel₂

hohoswelling on woman's body (POC: *popol) *belbel₂ Western

Arosi (280 / 882)

hokamove the legs apart, stretch legs (POC: *pokaŋ) *be(ŋ)kaŋ

hokamove the legs apart, stretch the legs (PMP: *pekaŋ)

honuto fill (POC: *ponuq) *peNuq

honusea turtle (POC: *poñu) *peñu

honu-siafilled (POC: *ponuq) *peNuq

horibuy, sell, pay (PEMP: *poli) *beli

horocross over, lie across (POC: *polos₁)

horoto grow tall (POC: *polok)

horo-taʔito spring up from (POC: *polok)

hotea paddle; in names of trees, people, etc.; in old songs; and names of paddling strokes (POC: *pose) *beRsay

hoʔasit with legs apart (POC: *pokaŋ) *be(ŋ)kaŋ

hua i bubuthe constellation Southern Cross (POC: *bubu₁)

hua i haua round stone (PMP: *buaq na batu) *buaq

hua i kuaan egg (fowl) (POC: *puaq) *buaq

hua i ʔaikidneys (POC: *puaq) *buaq

hua-nafruit; to bear fruit; a unit in counting such objects as fruit, stones, eggs, fish, round or lump-like objects; a descriptive prefix with similar objects (POC: *puaq) *buaq

huasacrocodile (POC: *puqaya) *buqaya

huas-icarry suspended from the head, on the neck, as a bag (POC: *puat₂) *buhat₃

hugibanana or plantain (many named varieties) (POC: *pudi) *punti₁

huhularge wickerwork eel trap (POC: *pupu₂) *bubu₂

Arosi (300 / 882)

huhuto pluck fruit (POC: *puput) *buCbuC

huhuleak, drip, flow out; soak (POC: *pupus) *busbus

huhupluck fruit (PMP: *pupu₁)

huhupluck fruit (PMP: *puqpuq₁)

hu-huabear abundantly (POC: *puaq puaq) *buaq

huhurascar; sore under skin of sole of foot (POC: *pupula)

huhuʔiplant a garden; dig, mound up (NOISE)

huitaro in an early stage; a species of taro (NOISE)

huketo lever up, turn over (POC: *puke) *buka

hunia skin disease, species of ringworm, Tinea circinata tropica (POC: *puni₃) *buqeni

huni-hunito hide, conceal (POC: *puni-puni) *buNi

huni-ʔaaffected by ringworm (POC: *puni₃) *buqeni

hunukill, extirpate; to finish, complete in counting; last, complete (POC: *punuq₃) *buNuq₂

hunu-s-ikill (POC: *punuq₃) *buNuq₂

hunu-s-iadead (POC: *punuq₃) *buNuq₂

hunu-ʔ-ikill, extirpate (POC: *punuq-i) *buNuq₂

hunu-ʔ-iadead of (POC: *punuq-i) *buNuq₂

huŋaa crowd of people; all the people of a place; many, a mass; to crowd (POC: *puŋa₂) *puŋa

huŋa-huŋaa hill or mountain (POC: *puŋa-puŋa)

Arosi (320 / 882)

huŋa-muon you (POC: *pupuŋan) *bubuŋ₁

huŋa(-na)above, upon; the top of the roof of a house; put on the roof-top; the centerpost of a round house, which extended well above the roof and had carvings of birds, fish, etc. (POC: *pupuŋan) *bubuŋ₁

huŋa-naon it (POC: *pupuŋan) *bubuŋ₁

huŋa-naabove, upon; the to,p of the roof of a house (POC: *puŋa-puŋa)

huŋa-ʔiheap together a number of things (POC: *puŋa₂) *puŋa

huŋu(-na)bunch or cluster of fruit (PMP: *puŋun) *puŋuN

huŋu(-na)bunch or cluster of fruit (POC: *puŋu)

huragush out, as water from a spring (POC: *buraq) *budaq₁

huramoon, month. It is said there were twelve native months beginning July (the planting) and ending in the following June (POC: *pulan₃) *bulaN

hurathe round pearl shell disk of a chief, representing the full moon (POC: *pulan₁) *bulan₁

hura-huragush out; a spring (POC: *puraq puraq) *budaq₁

hurebeech creeper: Convolvulus sp. (POC: *puRe₂)

huro-huroto bubble, boil, be churned up (POC: *puro puro) *puro

huruthe hair of the body (POC: *pulu₃) *bulu₁

hururun (NOISE)

huru-huru-ʔahairy (POC: *pulu₃) *bulu₁

huru-reredowny hair on a child; hair on the legs and arms (POC: *pulu₃) *bulu₁

huru-rimaarmlets worn at feasts (POC: *pulu₃) *bulu₁

hus-ipluck, pull off, as fruit, crab's legs, etc.; to wean (POC: *puput-i) *buCbuC

hutabe born (POC: *pusa₁)

Arosi (340 / 882)

hutofoam (POC: *pucoq pucoq) *bujeq

hutofoam, suds (POC: *busa₂) *busa₁

huto-hutofroth, foam; to curdle, of coconut milk (POC: *pucoq pucoq) *bujeq

huua tree: Barringtonia speciosa (POC: *putun₁) *butun

huumass (as of black ants), clump (as of tomaho shrubs), cluster (as of singers) (POC: *putu, butu) *butu

huubeginning, origin; mass, clump, cluster (PMP: *puqun)

huu i gaua branch of coral; to cluster, mass together (POC: *putu, butu) *butu

huʔeto overturn, prise up (POC: *puke) *buka

huʔoa large net, seine net (POC: *pukot) *puket₁

huʔuto cough (POC: *pukuR)

iexclamation of disgust (PAN: *i₁)

i-instrumental prefix (PMP: *i-) *Si-₁

idefinite article used with nouns, verbs treated as nouns, and pronouns. (NOISE)

ia3sg. (PAN: *ia₁)

idu ganacompose a song (usually in dreams) (POC: *kanam)

iha-BW (m.s.), ZH (m.s.), WB, HZ (POC: *ipaR-) *hipaR

ihaunwrap, as food cooked in leaves (ROOT)

ihato unwrap, as food cooked in leaves (ROOT)

iha-ihaquiver, as tops of trees (NOISE)

ineto wonder, be astonished (PMP: *qina)

Arosi (360 / 882)

inithis; here (PAN: *i-ni) *-ni

inonia man (human) (PEMP: *tinoni)

inoni huŋacrowd of men (POC: *puŋa₂) *puŋa

ioyes (PMP: *qio)

irathey, them (PEMP: *ira) *ida

irato remain (POC: *tira) *tida

irato remain (POC: *tira) *tidaq

i-raŋoroller for a canoe; place rollers for a canoe (with instrumental prefix i-) (POC: *laŋon) *laŋen

iri, iriŋ-ito pour (PMP: *iliŋ₁)

iroto look; to stare (POC: *tiro) *tindaw

iroa small gastropod shell from which earrings are made; earrings (POC: *tiRom) *tiRem

iro-hilook into, look for; stare at, gaze into (POC: *tiro) *tindaw

iro-iroclear pool in the reef in which one can see one's reflection (POC: *iro iro)

iro-ŋ-aʔigaze at (POC: *tiro) *tindaw

iruyam soup; to sip yam soup (POC: *iRup) *SiRup

iruh-i(trans.) (POC: *iRup) *SiRup

isithere, that (POC: *iti) *ti

isu-isunose ornament, made of clam shell (POC: *icuŋ) *ijuŋ

iʔafish (PEMP: *ikan) *Sikan

kakatorn, split (PMP: *kakaq)

Arosi (380 / 882)

kakato split (POC: *kakas(-i))

kaka-sito split something (POC: *kakas(-i))

kana-kanato have a nice taste in the mouth (POC: *kana) *kana₁

kapeto flutter the wings (POC: *kape₁) *kapay

karaparrot (POC: *kaRa)

karasito scrape, bruise, take off skin (POC: *karasi)

karuto scratch (PMP: *kaRud)

karuto scratch (PAN: *kaRus)

kaubranching coral burnt for lime (POC: *kau₁)

kauto catch and hold, as a shirt in a nail; a crook for pulling down fruit; a thorny, flax-like plant (POC: *kau₂)

kau-haʔito catch on, be hooked by (POC: *kau₂)

kawia hook; to hang to, as a bat; be hitched, hooked to (PAN: *kawit)

kawia hook; to hang to, as a bat; be hitched, hooked to (PAN: *kawil₁)

kawi-kawito hang, cling to (PAN: *kawil₁)

kawoua hermit crab (POC: *katou)

kiokiolarge kingfisher (PAN: *kiaw)

kira-kiraa green parrot (POC: *kiRak)

kire ~ girea pandanus, Pandanus odoratissimus (POC: *kiRe) *kiRay Eastern

kirislice with a knife, cut open a tin (NOISE)

kirikiritickle under the armpits (POC: *kirik) *gidik

Arosi (400 / 882)

kirikiritickle under the armpits (POC: *kiri) *giri

kirikiritickle under the armpits (PAN: *kidiq)

kirikiritickle under the armpits (PMP: *kirik)

kirubent, to bend (PAN: *kiluŋ)

kirubent, to bend (PMP: *kiluq)

kiru-sito bend (PMP: *kiluq)

kitorestless, nervous (POC: *kisog) *kiseg

kito-kitoto twist, wriggle (as an eel’s tail cut off) (POC: *kisog) *kiseg

kokoroot of many words meaning to enclose, shut in (POC: *kokop) *kebkeb₁

ko-kohudisturbed, troubled, dirty, of water (POC: *kopuR) *kebuR

ko-komoto shut in, as ship in harbor, man in cave (POC: *komos) *kemes

ko-komos-ito shut in, enclose (POC: *komos) *kemes

komo, komos-ito close tight upon, as a giant clam (POC: *komos) *kemes

koomake unintelligible sounds, as a baby (PMP: *keŋ₁)

kopito put or hold in the lap (POC: *kop-i) *kepkep

korasound of a gong, or tree struck with stick (PMP: *keRaŋ₁)

koruto gnaw, eat hard food, as a biscuit (PMP: *keRut) Eastern

koto-mito spear (POC: *kojom-i) *kojom

koto-miaspeared (POC: *kojom-i) *kojom

kukaa crab (generic) (POC: *kuka)

Arosi (420 / 882)

kukua small bivalve mollusc, Arca sp. (POC: *kukur) *kuDkuD

maand, but; the vowel changes (PAN: *maS)

maathe face; hole, opening, mesh of a net, gate; edge, point, brim; front of a person or house; numerical unit in counting fish hooks, needles, stakes, flints, fishing rods, houses, traps, slings, armlets and matches; a spot, stain, crystal in rock (as hornblende phanocrystal in dolerite, etc.), a groove for rubbing fire in a soft stick; to look at, stare; a circle; to lead (PMP: *mata) *maCa

maa-(na)the eye (PMP: *mata) *maCa

madaripe (POC: *madrar) *madar

madaramorning star (PMP: *mantalaq)

ma-dariwet and slippery, as rocks (POC: *maralis) *dalis

madariwet and slippery, as rocks, an oiled stone (POC: *madrali)

maenumb, unable to move, ill; be eclipsed (of moon); be unconscious, faint; die; death; enemy; fighting party; weapons; lee side of an island (where the sea is maé) (POC: *mate) *aCay

maepayment for work done or land bought (PCEMP: *matay₂) *matay

mae-maevery weak, wasting; infirmity, weakness (PMP: *m-atay m-atay) *aCay

mae-ta(-na)death feast (POC: *mate) *aCay

ma-hitasplit, hit, broken (POC: *pisak₁) *biseqak

mahoto heal, become sound (POC: *mapo)

mailow tide; ebb (POC: *maqati) *qaCi

maihither; nearer (POC: *mai) *ai₃

mai hei?Where do you come from? (POC: *mai) *ai₃

ma-kirucrooked (PMP: *ma-kiluq) *kiluq

ma-matadry (PMP: *ma-maja) *maja

mamifresh, good drink, water; mixed with fresh water, as the sea water near a river mouth; sweetened, freshened, as ahuhu (yam sp.) put in fresh water and its salt flavor removed (POC: *mamis) *hemis

Arosi (440 / 882)

-mami1pl. excl. possessive, our (PMP: *m-ami) *ami

managhostly power (in a few phrases) (POC: *mana₂)

manaand, but; much used in narrative (not ma, na, as it is used with na, i articles) (POC: *mana)

manatatame, trained, gentle, of man or animal (POC: *ma-nacam) *najam

manawato breathe, rest; pant (POC: *mañawa) *NiSawa

manihithin (PMP: *ma-nipis) *Nipis

manihi-nihithin (POC: *manipi-nipis) *Nipis

manihis-ito be thin from (PMP: *ma-nipis) *Nipis

manoŋisavory, of smell or taste (POC: *manoŋi)

manuto float in water or air, as pumice, the moon, frigate hawk (POC: *maqañur) *qañud

manua creature that flies, insect, bird, angel, etc., a winged creature (POC: *manuk)

maŋaan opening, mouth (PMP: *maŋaq)

maŋaV shaped bend where a tributary meets the main stream; a groove, fork, as in a mainpost for the ridgepole (POC: *maŋa₂)

maŋabits of food in the crevices of the teeth after eating (POC: *maŋan) *kaen

maŋa(-maŋa)to eat (POC: *maŋan) *kaen

ma-ŋari-ŋariangry (POC: *ŋali-ŋali)

mapusustinking, rotten (POC: *mabusuk) *busuk

marāusoutheast trade winds (POC: *marau)

marihither, come hither (= mai); rarely used (POC: *maRi) *aRi

Arosi (460 / 882)

maroa species of tree, paper mulberry; beaten cloth of the maro (the bark was soaked in water an then beaten out, and later painted in gay colors and used as a sling to carry a child, or as a loincloth); a loincloth (PCEMP: *malaw)

marushade; to shade, overshadow; the lee of an island (PEMP: *maluRu)

maru-marushade (POC: *maluRu maluRu) *maluRu

ma-rumu-rumusoft (PMP: *lumut-lumut) *lumut

marumu-rumusoft, gentle (PMP: *ma-lumu) *lumu₂

m-aru(-na)shade; to shadow, overshadow (PMP: *aluŋ)

maru-ŋito reign over, rule, command (PEMP: *maluRu)

masaashamed (PCEMP: *ma-mayaq) *Seyaq

masismell of stale fish or urine (PMP: *maŋsit)

masithe smell of stale fish or urine; to smell stale or sour; to be ill from eating stale fish, or fish put in the sun (PMP: *maŋsit)

masuto have had enough, be full, replete, satisfied; with food (POC: *masuR)

mataʔito have fever, malaria; be feverish (POC: *masakit) *sakit

mauafull grown (POC: *matuqa) *tuqaS

ma-uribe in good health; live, flourish (PMP: *ma-qudip) *qudip

mauruto sleep (POC: *maturuR) *tuduR

maurur-aʔito be sleepless (POC: *maturuR) *tuduR

mawaa cleft, a space between two rocks (PEMP: *mawa)

memeto chew food; chewed food; to spit out chewed food (POC: *meme) *maymay

meraspecies of small red fish (POC: *meRaq) *ma-iRaq

mera-mera-ʔared (POC: *meRaq) *ma-iRaq Eastern

Arosi (480 / 882)

momoa bit of food fallen (PMP: *mekmek)

momoclasp in hand and squeeze (POC: *momos) *mesmes

monagicuttlefish (POC: *monaki)

monolive, dwell, reside (POC: *mono)

moraoriginal, true, real; customary (PEMP: *molaŋ)

-mu2sg. possessor, your (PMP: *-mu)

muribehind; the back; the outside of egg, bottle, etc., opposed to raro; after, afterwards; to follow; left hand, facing an object (POC: *muri) *udehi

mwaaa snake (POC: *mwata)

mwa-mwanaPandanus sp. with leaves that are plaited (POC: *mwaña)

mwaroa hidden rock or shoal (POC: *mwaloq) Eastern

-na3sg. possessor; his, her, its, with certain classes of nouns; suffix to noun of relationship (POC: *-ña) *-a₂

naarticle with common nouns, used with subject rather than object (PMP: *na₁)

nagiflint, obsidian (POC: *nadi)

nahosurf, waves on the beach (POC: *napok) *Nabek

namito taste, lick (PMP: *ñamit)

namoa landlocked, shallow lagoon near the shore (POC: *namo) *namaw

nanapus of a sore (PMP: *nanaq) *naNaq

na-namumosquito (PMP: *ñamuk)

naoa widow fasting for husband or widower fasting for wife; a widow, in modern translations of the Bible, copying Mota naro (POC: *ñao)

naua tree often used as the sacred tree of the Ho’asia (annual harvest sacrifice); the fruit is eaten (PMP: *ñatuq)

Arosi (500 / 882)

na wari-saof old time (POC: *tuaRi)

na waritaof old time (POC: *waRisa)

na waritalong ago, some time ago (POC: *waRisa)

naʔoformer period of time; to go before, to steer for; the front part of a thing, not of a man (rarely used) (POC: *nago)

naʔo-hito steer for (POC: *nago)

naʔo-naprincipal, chief; the genital organs of a man (POC: *nago)

niof, belonging to; showing genitive relation (PAN: *ni)

niucoconut tree and fruit (PMP: *niuR)

niu taohaa species of palm, Nipa fruticans (PMP: *niuR)

noho-nohoto fear, be in awe of, be shy of, as tame pigs of wild or Melanesians of Englishmen (POC: *nopo-nopo)

nohufish with spiny ridge (POC: *nopuq) *nepuq

nonoa fly (POC: *nonok) *neknek

nonoput the lips to, suck, as a sweet (POC: *ñoñop) *ñepñep

nonoto suck (POC: *ñoñop) *ñopñop

nono iasisandfly, midge (POC: *nonok) *neknek

nunuan earthquake; to quake (POC: *nunu₁)

nunubare, stripped of leaves; lose leaves, take off ornaments (POC: *nunu₂)

nunu-naimage, shape, reflection, picture, carved post; it is also rarely used as auŋa, soul (POC: *qanunu)

nu-nutaan island at the mouth of a stream (PMP: *nusa₁)

nutonuto (POC: *nuso)

Arosi (520 / 882)

ŋadathe gums (POC: *ŋadasₐ) *ŋadas

ŋaŋato eat (PCEMP: *ŋaŋas) *ŋasŋas

ŋarato cry (POC: *ŋara)

ŋara i suʔua duck (suʔu = swamp) (PMP: *ŋaRaq)

ŋara-ŋarato cry (POC: *ŋara)

ŋara-sito cry for (POC: *ŋara)

ŋari-ŋari-amove about, annoy by change of position (POC: *ŋali-ŋali)

ŋas-ito chew, as sugarcane (PCEMP: *ŋaŋas) *ŋasŋas

ŋauto eat food (POC: *ŋau₁)

ŋauto beat, strike (POC: *ŋau₃) *ŋau₂

ŋau-ŋauto eat; a meal (POC: *ŋau-ŋau) *ŋau₁

ŋau-ŋau-raagluttonous; a glutton (POC: *ŋau₁)

ŋgoroto cut up, as for planting (PMP: *keleŋ₁)

ŋirito whine, of a dog; mew, of a cat; hum, buzz, of insects (ROOT)

ŋoniask for, beg (POC: *ŋoni) *ŋeni

ŋorato snore (POC: *ŋodra)

ŋuruto growl, of a dog; mew, hum, buzz, hum a song or chorus (POC: *ŋuru) *ŋurut

ŋuruto growl, of a dog; mew, hum, buzz, hum a song or (POC: *ŋuRuR)

ŋusuto spit (POC: *aŋusu)

ŋusu-ŋususpittle, poison of snakes (POC: *aŋusu)

Arosi (540 / 882)

ŋuuhum (PMP: *ŋuŋ)

oba-obathe lap (POC: *topwa)

obʷacoral reef; a pool in rocks (POC: *tobwa) *tobwa₁

obʷa-obʷaa bay, harbor (POC: *tobwa) *tobwa₁

odo ~ odo-odostraight (POC: *kodos)

odo ~ odo-odostraight (POC: *kodoŋ) *kedeŋ

odo-nathe right hand (POC: *kodos)

odo-odostraight (POC: *oto)

Ɂoethou; you there! friend! (used continually in address where English uses no word) (POC: *koe)

ogaeat food raw, uncooked (POC: *qodaq) *qetaq

oguPalolo sea worm; the month of October in which it appears (NOISE)

oho-ŋaan attempt, try (POC: *topoŋ) *tepeŋ₁

oho-ŋitry, test; tempt (POC: *topoŋ) *tepeŋ₁

ohucomplete, finish; completely (POC: *opus) *epus

ohucomplete, finished; completely (PMP: *te(m)pus)

oneshore, beach (POC: *qone) *qenay

oneonelarge tree with bright-colored foliage (LOAN)

onosix (POC: *onom) *enem

ono-mito swallow (POC: *toñom)

oŋomangrove (PMP: *teŋeR)

Arosi (560 / 882)

oraa species of tree from which the best canoes are made; a plank-built canoe (POC: *toRas) *teRas

oraa plank-built canoe (POC: *tola)

orireturn; stroll about (PCEMP: *oliq, uliq) *uliq₁

orocome or go with a set purpose, e.g. to help, as Christ came to the world (POC: *oRo)

oruthree (PEMP: *tolu) *telu

oru-nathird (PEMP: *tolu) *telu

osito cut, score (PEMP: *tosi)

osicut, score; level off with a plane (NOISE)

osi-osistriped, slashed (PEMP: *tosi)

oʔato stay, dwell, abide; to settle, of birds (POC: *toka₃) *tekas

oʔato stay, dwell, abide; to settle, of birds (POC: *toka₂)

pirayoung fruit of areca tree (POC: *piras)

piroto plait the edge of a bag (POC: *piro)

pokua young nut, of coconut (POC: *poku)

pokupokudraw up the legs (PMP: *pekuq₁)

popodisease in which wrists and ankles swell (POC: *popol) *belbel₂

pou-poua round object; knot of a bowstring; lump or knot in wood; pearl; seed of pawpaw (POC: *potu₂) *potu

poʔu-poʔu-naa round object; an egg (POC: *poku)

puradropsy, elephantiasis (POC: *pwiRa)

pusupuff; spurt, splutter, as boiling fat, to discharge, of a boil (PMP: *pucut₁)

Arosi (580 / 882)

pwaato rise, rising, of the sun (POC: *pwaka)

pwa-(ruru)knee (ruru = ‘knee, elbow’) (POC: *pwatu)

pwisisplurt, splash (PMP: *picik)

rabustrike, knock, hit, knock in a nail (PMP: *lambuk)

rabustrike, knock, hit, knock in a nail (PMP: *ra(m)buk)

radecoral (POC: *laje)

ragastrong, strengthened, invigorated (PMP: *la(ŋ)kas)

ragaopen with unfolding motion (PMP: *rakaq)

ragaopen with unfolding motion (ROOT)

ragu-s-iatied (PMP: *Rakut)

rahspecies of fish (POC: *lapa₁)

rahaa skin disease (POC: *lapa₂)

rahabig, great, large (POC: *lapa) *laba

rahabig, great, large (POC: *lapat₁)

rahuold, worn out, as an old bag (POC: *Rapuk) *Rabuk

rahuold, worn out, as an old bag (PMP: *lapuk)

rahu-aawhite with dust and dirty; pale with skin disease (POC: *rapuR) *dapuR₁

rahu-(na)ashes (POC: *rapuR) *dapuR₁

rahu-rahu-ʔagrey (POC: *rapuR) *dapuR₁

rakutie, fasten (PMP: *Rakut)

Arosi (600 / 882)

rama-ramadeep water beyond the edge of the reef (POC: *laman)

ramu-ramusmall fibrous aerial roots, loose ends of bag, hanging strings, etc. (PMP: *Ramut₁)

ramu-ramu-ahairy, as a ghost or a man’s legs (ghosts are hairy) (POC: *lamu₂)

ramu-ramu-ʔahairy, as a ghost or a man’s legs (ghosts are hairy) (PMP: *Ramut₁)

raŋaspider shell, with long spines (PMP: *Raŋa) *Raŋa₂

raŋaspider shell, with long spines (PMP: *Raŋak)

raŋaspider shell, with long spines (PMP: *RaŋaR)

raŋito rain; rain (PMP: *laŋit) *laŋiC

raŋoa fly (POC: *laŋo) *laŋaw

raŋowithered, dead, of grass, green boughs, etc. (PCEMP: *Raŋaw₂)

raŋo buruthe bluebottle fly (POC: *laŋo) *laŋaw

rarato shrivel up, as leaves; to be hot (PMP: *daŋdaŋ₁) *daŋdaŋ

raraa species of tree with red flowers, Erythrina indica (POC: *rarap) *dapdap₁

rariroot; shin (POC: *ralic) *dalij

rarishin, front bone of leg from knee to foot (PMP: *lali)

rarishin, front bone of leg from knee to foot (PMP: *laliŋ)

rarothe inside, inner part; the feelings, heart, mind, disposition; in, within (POC: *ralom) *dalem

rasifish sp. (POC: *laji₂) *lajih

rauleaf; prefix to names of trees; plank (PEMP: *raun) *dahun

rauside, bank of stream; shore (POC: *laur) *lahud

Arosi (620 / 882)

rau-na i asibeach (POC: *laur) *lahud

rau-na i wairiver bank (POC: *laur) *lahud

rawasmall net (PMP: *lawaq₁)

rawasmall net (PMP: *lawan₁)

rawaa small net; a cobweb (used in fishing with a kite); a spider (PMP: *lawaq₂)

rawa-rawacatch fish or turtles with a net (PMP: *lawaq₁)

rawa-rawacatch fish or turtles with a net (PMP: *lawan₁)

raʔesore on the hands or lips (POC: *lake)

raʔutake a handful (PMP: *ra(ŋ)kup)

rerea current, tide; to spread, of fire (POC: *rere₂)

riaginger, much used in charms (PMP: *laqia)

ria-riato change, as the sound of a trumpet, call of a bird; to change one’s tune, try another tack, give different advice (PMP: *lian)

rikocross the hands on the breast (POC: *liko₂) *likaw

rimafive (PAN: *lima)

rima-nathe fifth (PAN: *lima)

riŋito pour, incline a vessel (PCEMP: *liŋi)

ririgo off in a slanting direction, go aside (PMP: *liliŋ₁)

ririgo in a circle (PMP: *liliŋ₂)

riroto flash; to lighten, of lightning (POC: *rilop) *dilep

risicut off, cut up (tobacco), shave (PMP: *Risi)

Arosi (640 / 882)

risicut off, cut up (tobacco), shave (PMP: *Risiq)

riugo on, go past (PAN: *liuS)

riugo on, go past; beyond; forms a superlative: goro riu ‘very good’ (PMP: *liu₁)

riʔismall (POC: *rikiq) *dikiq

rododark, black; night (POC: *rodrom₁) *demdem₂

rodo-burupitch black (POC: *rodrom₁) *demdem₂

rohabreak something brittle (PMP: *lepak₁)

rohato break something brittle (POC: *Ropak) *Repak

rohato break s.t. brittle; crumbling under pressure; dry and brittle (POC: *ropak) *re(m)pak

rohaʔ-iabroken (POC: *Ropak) *Repak

roheto set a sail, a net, string a bow, etc. (POC: *ropeq)

rohoto fly, as a bird (POC: *Ropok) *Rebek

roho-sito fly to (POC: *Ropok) *Rebek

rohusugarcane (POC: *na topu) *tebuS

rokaopen, set open wide (POC: *rokaq) *re(ŋ)kaq

rokocontract, contracted (POC: *Rokoŋ) *Re(ŋ)keŋ

rokuto fold up (POC: *loguŋ) *leŋkuŋ

roŋoto hear, listen, obey; to feel, endure; correct, as the use of a word; disciple (POC: *roŋoR) *deŋeR

roŋo-taʔaa discord, ugly sound; incorrectly used, of a word (POC: *roŋoR) *deŋeR

ropito fold arms tightly (POC: *lobi) *lepit₂

Arosi (660 / 882)

rorato hasten, be early, make haste (POC: *roRas) *deRas

roro-ʔito string a bow (POC: *rolos) *deles

rosito wring, twist, squeeze, as coconut fiber in straining coconut scrapings (PMP: *lecit)

roʔuto bend, fold; curl up the legs (POC: *roku) *deku

ruatwo; a company of related persons (POC: *rua) *duSa

rua-nasecond (POC: *rua) *duSa

rua-(na)companion, fellow, mate (POC: *rua) *duSa

rua-ruatwo at a time, two by two (POC: *rua rua₁) *duSa

rua-ruaa flood of water (POC: *Ruap) *Ruab

rua-rua-ʔadoubting, doubtful (POC: *rua rua₂) *duSa

ruhato lose, let go, untie (POC: *Rupas)

ruhato lose, let go, untie (POC: *lupas₂)

ruha-sito lose, let go, untie, set free from debt, forgive (modern) (POC: *Rupas)

ruha-sito lose, let go, untie, set free from debt, forgive (modern) (POC: *lupas₂)

ruha-siaset free, let go, untied (POC: *Rupas)

ruha-siaset free, let go, untied (POC: *lupas₂)

ruhipress down, as the contents of a bag (POC: *lupit) *luqepit

rumaa house, oblong in shape; a family (PAN: *Rumaq)

ruma-nahand, arm; forefoot of animal (POC: *luma)

rumito fold (PMP: *lumiq)

Arosi (680 / 882)

rumito fold (PMP: *luqemit)

rumuoil (PMP: *lumuk)

rumuoil (POC: *lumu₁)

rumu-rumumoss, lichen, seaweed (PMP: *lumut-lumut) *lumut

rumu-ʔaoily (POC: *lumu₁)

ruruto call together (as an assembly); to come together, collect, crowd, gather, swarm (PPH: *ruru₃)

ru-rutathrow a volley of spears (POC: *lusa) *lusa₁

rususupports for seats of canoe (PAN: *Rusuk)

rutaload a canoe, carry to canoe and stow (PMP: *lujan)

rutato load a canoe, carry to canoe and stow; cargo, to carry cargo (POC: *Rucan) *Rujan

saea man, homo; mind, heart, thought; only in phrases (PMP: *qatay) *qaCay

sae-naliver of a pig (PMP: *qatay) *qaCay

sae warian old man (POC: *tuaRi)

sahefloat in water or air, as thistledown or a feather (NOISE)

saho-sahohigh, lofty; tilt up, tip up, elevate (POC: *apo) *abaw

sahudust, sawdust (POC: *qapuk) *qabuk

sahudust, sawdust (PMP: *apuk)

sahu-adust, sawdust, decayed wood (POC: *qapuk) *qabuk

sakuclose tightly on (POC: *akup) *aŋkub

sanewhite ant; to spread over, as ants (POC: *ane) *aNay Southern

Arosi (700 / 882)

saŋito wedge; a wedge (NOISE)

sarospot over the heart on the breast (POC: *qarop) *qadep

saro, hai-saroh-ito beckon (POC: *qalop) *qalep

sarusp. of tree, Casuarina, fruitless, unlike tarumare (sp. of Casuarina planted in villages, and more or less sacred; a wreath of Casuarina needles thrown into a grave either by each mourner, or by one of each clan') (POC: *aRu) *aRuhu

sasucloudy, smoky (PMP: *qasu₃)

saubonito, a rare word except in names, when it is very common (POC: *qatun)

saustrike down, crush food in a bowl with a pole or coconut frond (POC: *qatu)

sawafreshwater mullet (PMP: *qawas)

sihahow many? (POC: *pica) *pijax

siha-nahow many?, what number so far? (POC: *pica) *pijax

siɁibreak wind (POC: *siki)

sinathe sun; a torch (PMP: *sinaR) *siNaR

sinaa large species of echinus (NOISE)

sina-rito shine on; moonlight (PMP: *sinaR) *siNaR

siria parrot: Lorius chlorocereus (POC: *siri)

sisilay bare, show the teeth, as a dog grinning (POC: *sisiq₂) *ziziq

sisito lay bare, show the teeth, as a dog grinning (POC: *sisi₂)

sisilay bare, show the teeth, as a dog grinning (POC: *sisir₂) *zizir

siwanine (PMP: *siwa) *Siwa

siwa-naninth (PMP: *siwa) *Siwa

Arosi (720 / 882)

suato meet, fall in with, come across (NOISE)

sua ~ suasuato root up earth, as a pig (PMP: *sual)

subuto begin to grow; to burst, of seed (POC: *tubuq, tupuq) *Cubuq

sudaa stake set in a pit for the enemy, set slanting and sharpened (POC: *suca) *suja

suhito peel yams (PEMP: *supi)

sukipoke out, poke through (PMP: *su(ŋ)kit)

surato take out a thorn with a needle (PMP: *sulam)

surialong, at, to, through, in, following, after, because of, on account of, according to; to follow (POC: *suRi₂)

suri-ariarivertebra (POC: *suRi₁)

suri-nabone (POC: *suRi₁)

suruto leak (as a roof) (POC: *turuq) *tuduq

surucoconut milk, liquid of coconut; yam soup with strained coconut scrapings and cabbage, octopus, etc. (POC: *suRuq₁) *zuRuq

susuto suck the breast (PAN: *susu₁)

su-sukípoke fruit off a tree with a pole (PMP: *su(ŋ)kit)

susu-nabreasts (PAN: *susu₁)

susu-raʔito prick, pierce, impale (PMP: *suksuk-i) *suksuk

susuʔ-iprick, pierce, sew (POC: *susuk) *cukcuk

susu-ʔito plant a cutting; to prick, pierce, impale (PMP: *suksuk-i) *suksuk

suudown; set, of the sun; dive; sink (PMP: *surup₁)

suu-rahievening (POC: *Rapi) *Rabiqi

Arosi (740 / 882)

tabaslap, slash, slap (as water with fishing line) (POC: *sabak) *sambak

tabi-tabiear ornaments (POC: *sabi-sabi)

taɁeto alight on a branch, perch, of a bird; to go up,l ascend; to climb a hill; to rise to the surface (POC: *sake) *sakay₄

taɁe(-na)embarcation party (PMP: *sakay₁)

tahainterrogative pronoun, what? (PMP: *sapa)

tahean abortion (POC: *sape₂)

tahubore holes; species of wood-boring insect (ROOT)

tahuruspecies of black mussel used in making bonito hooks (POC: *sapulu)

takito knock, stumble against; touch (PMP: *sakil)

taŋaa crotch; fork of the legs (POC: *saŋa₁)

taŋa-aa hand’s breadth, fingers extended (POC: *saŋa₁)

ta-ŋa-huruten (PMP: *sa-ŋa-puluq) *puluq

ta-ŋa-huruten (PMP: *ŋa)

ta-ŋa-raua hundred, of men only (PMP: *sa-ŋa-Ratus) *RaCus

tarato do without sufficient cause or reason; to do badly, carelessly, foolishly (PMP: *salaq₁)

tararake, sweep, gather; a broom (POC: *salap)

tara-(na)path, road; a seam in sewing; a row; place, resting place for something; cause, reason, beginning (POC: *jalan) *zalan

tarefloat; flow; dribble (POC: *sale sale)

taria noose; bring in a profit, enrich, get gain (POC: *sariŋ) *zariŋ

tarito strip off (POC: *sali)

Arosi (760 / 882)

taribeat a gong (ROOT)

tarudraw, dip, get water; take up in nets, as Palolo worms; a measure of liquid, a cupful (PMP: *saRup₁)

tarubat’s bone for tattooing (POC: *saRum) *zaRum

tarubat’s bone for tattooing (POC: *saRu) *saRu₃

taruto draw, dip, get water; to take up in nets, as Palolo worm; a measure of liquid, a cupful (PMP: *saruk)

ta-tarahisweep (s.t.) (POC: *salap-i) *salap

taubat’s bone for tattooing (POC: *sau₃)

taʔabad, poor; of poor quality; very (POC: *saqat) *zaqat

taʔa-ha(na)badness, poorness (POC: *saqat) *zaqat

taʔarushoal, shallow spot in the sea (PMP: *sakaRu)

taʔito sew, join together (POC: *saqit) *zaqit

tehato stray, wander (PCEMP: *sepat)

tei ~ a-tei ~ ia-teiwho, interrogative pronoun; not used as indefinite pronoun, which is nei (PMP: *sei) *

togomake up a fire, set more wood on (POC: *sokot) *zeket

tohogroan in sickness (ROOT)

tokochoke (POC: *sokol) *cekel

tokubent, of an arm which cannot be straightened (POC: *sokuŋ) *zeŋkuŋ

toroa hill (rare use); the interior, inland country of the hills (POC: *solos)

toro ni henuathe hills (POC: *solos)

toruto hiccup (PAN: *sedu)

Arosi (780 / 882)

totoput lips to, drink with lips, suck; to sip honey, of birds (POC: *sosop) *sepsep

tuhato spit; puff out (PMP: *supaq)

uto stand (POC: *tuqur₁) *tuqud

uagrandfather, grandchild (PMP: *uaʔ)

uagrandfather, grandchild (PMP: *ua₂)

uagrandfather, grandchild (PMP: *uaq)

ubuto swell; a swelling, large boil (POC: *tubu₁)

ubu--ubuthick (POC: *tubu₁)

udiannoy, disturb (PMP: *usik)

ugu, ukubowstring (POC: *quku)

uhaa species of creeper (POC: *tupa₂) *tubah

uhia yam (the prickly variety is called hana) (PMP: *qubi)

uhito blow, breathe on (PCEMP: *upi)

umefish sp. (PMP: *qumay)

umuround earth oven with loose stones on top (PMP: *qumun)

umwato weed a garden (PMP: *quma) *qumah

unascales of fish (POC: *qunap₂) *quSeNap

unah-iremove shell from turtle, scale a fish (POC: *qunap-i) *quSeNap

unah-iascaled (POC: *qunap-ia) *quSeNap

una-nashell of turtle (POC: *qunap₂) *quSeNap

Arosi (800 / 882)

una-unascales, tortoise shell platess (PMP: *qunap qunap) *quSeNap

unuraise cicatrices on the body with a burning brand (PMP: *tunu) *CuNuh

unutake out of (POC: *unus) *SuNus

unus-itake body out of shirt, i.e. take off shirt; fall out of (POC: *unus-i) *SuNus

uraa small prawn (POC: *quraŋ) *qudaŋ

ura-uravery small crayfish or prawns as they come from the sea (POC: *quraŋ) *qudaŋ

uria tree: Spondias dulcis (PCEMP: *quRi)

uroworm, maggot (PMP: *qulej)

uruto wade (POC: *tuRu₁)

uruto go down; the west; the horizon; to pass on a tale or news, hand down historical events (PMP: *tuRun₁)

uruh-aʔiwade with, wade and carry (POC: *tuRu₁)

usito worry, annoy (PMP: *usik)

usustretch out, as a branch (POC: *qusur) *qunzur

usuto point out, as a path or place; to draw, paint, write (POC: *tusuq) *tuzuq₁

usurihand on a tale; transplant; to copy (POC: *usuri)

utarain (POC: *qusan) *quzaN

uta orasunshower ( = "rain posssessed by a foul ghost") (POC: *qusan) *quzaN

utopithy core of breadfruit (POC: *uso)

uuspecies of freshwater fish (PMP: *qutud)

uureal, true (PMP: *tuqu₂)

Arosi (820 / 882)

uwothe flesh, edible part of a yam (POC: *quto)

uwoa float (POC: *uton)

vasu-vasu-eyebrow (POC: *pasu₂)

wabring, carry, take (NOISE)

wagalet loose, set free (PMP: *wakas₁)

waihusband or wife; to marry (POC: *wati₂)

wai-husband or wife; to marry (POC: *wati₂)

waiwater (PCEMP: *waiR) *wahiR

waicoconut shell water bottle (PEMP: *waip)

waiaubonito; a fish of sacred character with many customs and ceremonies connected with it (LOAN)

wariold, chiefly of living things; old man (POC: *waRi₂)

wariold, chiefly of living things; long ago (POC: *tuaRi)

waritaan old man (POC: *waRisa)

waropiece of string; prefix to names of creepers (POC: *waRoc) *waRej

waro-warovines (POC: *waRoc waRoc) *waRej

warueight (PAN: *walu)

wateto give (POC: *wa(n)se)

waʔato split; burst through, as a pig through a fence (PMP: *wakaq)

wouaway from, there, yonder (PMP: *wa-tu) *-Cu

ʔabea creeping, jointed plant, from whose strands string is made; a woman’s string girdle (POC: *kabe₁)

Arosi (840 / 882)

ʔabofirm, tight, as a cork in a bottle (ROOT)

ʔadothink (ROOT)

ʔahiput a broken limb into splints; splints (PMP: *kapit)

ʔahiput a broken limb into splints; splint (PMP: *kaq(e)pi)

ʔaia tree or plant having stem and branches; not used of a fern cycad, sago palm, coconut, etc. (POC: *kayu) *kaSiw

ʔanaru, kanarutree sp. with large leaves (PMP: *kanarum)

ʔanawewhite; Tropic Boatswain bird: Phaeton aethurus (POC: *kanawe) *kanaway

ʔanobulb, tuber, part of a tree below the ground (POC: *kanoŋ)

ʔapojam tight, be fixed firm, as cork in bottle, arm in cleft (PMP: *ka(m)pet)

ʔapoh-iclose tight, block up (PMP: *ka(m)pet)

ʔaragaa seaweed; it appears when the yams are planted and grows with them, coming to maturity when they do (POC: *karagwam)

ʔaroto itch; to scratch (POC: *kaRo) *kaRaw₁

ʔasuhe ~ kasuherat, mouse (POC: *kasupe) *kazupay

ʔatorafter of a house (PMP: *kasaw₁)

(ʔau) uhi-uhipanpipes (PCEMP: *upi)

ʔawafish sp. (PMP: *katawan)

ʔaʔawaa fish, blenny sp. (POC: *kakawa₂)

ʔete-adifferent; alone (PCEMP: *kese)

ʔete-ʔetealone (PCEMP: *kese-kese) *kese

ʔirarato know, understand, perceive; divination, seance, ordeal; answers to questions were given by the ghosts by movements of natural objects without human intervention (PAN: *kilala)

Arosi (860 / 882)

ʔome hirito select; to divide, separate, judge (PAN: *piliq)

ʔonu-hito shake (something) (POC: *kañu-kañu)

ʔonu-ʔonuto shake, as tree in wind, house in earthquake (POC: *kañu-kañu)

ʔoostraight; stretch the legs, straighten (PMP: *keteŋ)

ʔooa spear (POC: *koto)

ʔorablaze, gleam, shine (PMP: *ke(R)lap)

ʔorato blaze, gleam, shine (PMP: *kelap₂)

ʔorato blaze, gleam, shine (PMP: *kerap)

ʔorato blaze, gleam, shine (POC: *koran)

ʔoriscrape (PMP: *gerit) *geriC

ʔorito scrape (POC: *korit) *kerit

ʔori-siascraped (POC: *korit) *kerit

ʔoʔowooden gong made from a hollowed tree (PAN: *keŋkeŋ₁)

ʔuahow, of what sort, why? (PMP: *kua₁) *kua₂

ʔubenaa large net (POC: *kupwena)

ʔunuto speak, tell, name, say, call (PMP: *kunu₂)

ʔuraa species of tree; the root gives a scarlet dye (POC: *gurat)

ʔurahua species of fish, Oligorus gigas, famous in tales (PMP: *kuRapu)

ʔurucurly, of hair (PMP: *kurut)

ʔurucurly, of hair (PMP: *kulut)

Arosi (880 / 882)

ʔuʔube shrunken in body (PMP: *kunkun)

ʔuʔube shrunken in body (PMP: *kuŋkuŋ₃)

Arosi (Eastern) (5) OC

hareshed for yams (POC: *pale) *balay Eastern

kire ~ girea pandanus, Pandanus odoratissimus (POC: *kiRe) *kiRay Eastern

koruto gnaw, eat hard food, as a biscuit (PMP: *keRut) Eastern

mera-mera-ʔared (POC: *meRaq) *ma-iRaq Eastern

mwaroa hidden rock or shoal (POC: *mwaloq) Eastern

Arosi (Southern) (1) OC

sanewhite ant; to spread over, as ants (POC: *ane) *aNay Southern

Arosi (Western) (2) OC

harehouse with one side of roof only, made in gardens (POC: *pale) *balay Western

hohoswelling on woman's body (POC: *popol) *belbel₂ Western

34. Arta (21) WMP [atz] Philippines

abaŋboat (PAN: *qabaŋ₁)

akkup-ento scoop with both hands, collect (PMP: *aŋkup₁) *aŋkup

amuluŋtype of wild vine (substitute for betel nut) (PPH: *amuluŋ)

aŋudyoung, immature (of plant) (PWMP: *aŋ(e)hud)

apdugall (PAN: *qapejux)

artaself designation used by a group of Negritos in Quirino Province, Northern Luzon (Reid 1989:47) (PMP: *qaRta)

búligbunch (bananas) (PMP: *buliR)

búrunew (PMP: *baqeRu) *baqeRuh

dupuranhearth (PWMP: *dapuR-an) *dapuR₁

ianfish (PMP: *hikan) *Sikan

kèracry of a small monkey (PPH: *keraq)

ligneck (PAN: *liqeR)

manubird (PMP: *manuk)

ŋadinname (PMP: *ŋajan)

pusednavel (PMP: *pusej)

ramutroot (PMP: *Ramut₁)

tastastorn, as clothing (PAN: *tastas)

uratvein (PMP: *uRat) *huRaC

utabrain (PMP: *hutek)

utulouse (PMP: *kutu₁) *kuCux

Arta (20 / 21)

wígileft hand (PAN: *wiRi)

35. As (32) SHWNG (Grace n.d.) [asz] Indonesia (Papua)

a-launleaf (PEMP: *raun) *dahun

alinpath, road (PMP: *zalan)

amwe (excl.) (PAN: *ami)

binwife (PCEMP: *b<in>ai) *bahi

-bunto kill (PMP: *bunuq₂) *buNuq₂

fafour (PEMP: *pat) *Sepat

figood (PMP: *pia₂)

fɔlɔnɔto hear (PWMP: *pa-deŋeR) *deŋeR

ia3sg., he, she (PAN: *ia₁)

i-laufar (PMP: *zauq)

kailto dig (PMP: *kali₂) *kalih

lanitsky (PMP: *laŋit) *laŋiC

lutwo (PMP: *duha) *duSa

luto vomit (PMP: *luaq)

mato come (PAN: *um-aRi) *aRi

manman (PMP: *ma-Ruqanay) *RuqaNay

manibird (PMP: *manuk)

masinsea (PCEMP: *maqasin) *qasiN

matɛmblack (PCEMP: *ma-qitem, ma-qetem) *qitem

maʔdead (PCEMP: *matay₁) *aCay

As (20 / 32)

nimto drink (PMP: *inum)

saone (PAN: *esa)

sirethey, them (PEMP: *sira) *ida

susbreast (PAN: *susu₁)

talimsharp (PMP: *tazim)

talɔegg (PMP: *qateluR)

tanaear (PMP: *taliŋa) *Caliŋa

taniscry (PMP: *taŋis) *Caŋis

tuthree (PEMP: *tolu) *telu

watuʔhead (PMP: *batuk₃)

wɛʔwater (PCEMP: *waiR) *wahiR

yapfire (PEMP: *api) *Sapuy

36. Asilulu (286) CMP (Collins n.d.) [asl] Indonesia (Maluku)

ahesitation word: umm, uh (PAN: *a₄)

aplural noun marker (NOISE)

ai ta-tunufirewood (PMP: *tunu) *CuNuh

akalmind, attitude; deceptiveness, chicanery (LOAN)

alachin, jaw (PMP: *qazay)

ala pulutkind of glutinous rice (PMP: *pulut)

alu huapestle, especially rice pestle (PMP: *qahelu) *qaSelu

amafather (archaic); a rank in the village hierarchy related to adat (PAN: *amax)

amu2sg. genitive for alienable possession, your (PMP: *kamu₂) *amu

asagills (PMP: *hasaŋ)

asarafter (PMP: *kasaw₁)

asaorigin; as long as; however, whereas (LOAN)

asarthe time and ritual of the Muslim prayer about 4 P.M. (LOAN)

asatdrought (PMP: *asat)

asudog (PAN: *asu₁)

ata-spleen (PMP: *qatay) *qaCay

ataslave (archaic) (PMP: *qaRta)

atusomething sent; shipment (NOISE)

aufire (PMP: *hapuy) *Sapuy

au halaember (PMP: *baRah hapuy) *baRah

Asilulu (20 / 286)

au latufragments of live embers which scatter upward when the embers are blown on (PMP: *latu)

au lutenfaggots of wood with burnt or burning ends (PMP: *latu)

bebekduck (LOAN)

biasaordinary behavior, usual custom; sense of being accustomed to something; usually (LOAN)

bicaraengage in legal disputes (LOAN)

biludukind of cloth, felt (LOAN)

binataŋanimal; common term of abuse (LOAN)

biolaviolin (LOAN)

bisacan; poison, (LOAN)

bodostupidity (LOAN)

bodo-bododeceive, make a fool of (LOAN)

budiproper behavior (LOAN)

buijail (LOAN)

buŋaflower, especially decorative flowers of European origin; spot, dot, esp. in fish nomenclature (PMP: *buŋa)

buruŋbird (LOAN)

dalimapomegranate: Punica granatum (LOAN)

guntiŋscissors; the forking timbers that support a peaked roof; to cut with scissors (LOAN)

hahasummit, top (PAN: *babaw₃)

ha-hitingleeful leaps, joyful commotion; cloth used for lifting hot pans (PMP: *bintiŋ)

hahupig; a term of abuse (PAN: *babuy₃)

Asilulu (40 / 286)

ha-husulbow and arrow; slingshot, speargun (PMP: *busuR₂)

ha-husularrow, dart (PMP: *busuR₂)

ha-husul inaquiver (PMP: *busuR₂)

halacharcoal; ember (PMP: *baRah)

halashoulder (PMP: *qabaRa₁)

halatwest, west wind, west monsoon (PMP: *habaRat) *SabaRat

halawangold, gold ornament (PAN: *bulaw-an) *bulaw

hanuwake up (PMP: *baŋun₂) *baŋuN

hanu-kawaken someone (PMP: *baŋun₂) *baŋuN

hasasharpen by continuously rubbing one side of the blade on a whetstone (PMP: *hasaq) *Sasaq

hatatrunk, stick, piece of timber; body; beam; numerical connector for long, stick-like objects (PMP: *bataŋ) *bataŋ₁

hataullarge shore tree yielding an orangish wood suitable for boat building (PMP: *bitaquR)

ha-tetekind of chisel; to chisel wood (PAN: *tektek₁)

hausmell (PMP: *bahu)

hau-esavery fishy smell (PMP: *bahu)

hau-minadelicious oily smell of roasting fish, especially with juices dripping on the embers (PMP: *bahu)

hau-nIt stinks! (PMP: *bahu)

haʔunkind of very tall pandanus with large inedible fruits (PMP: *bakuŋ₂)

hehathe interior of the mouth; animal's mouth; call out to someone, call after (PMP: *beqbeq)

hehupull out (hair, nails, etc.) (ROOT)

Asilulu (60 / 286)

heketie, tie up, fetter (PMP: *beRkes)

heliprice (PMP: *beli)

heli-nexpensive; the price of something (PMP: *beli)

hesito split bamboo or the exterior sago petioles from the interior pith (PMP: *besiq)

hetachop down; strike downward with a weapon (PMP: *beta₂)

hetenmillet (Panicum spp.) (PMP: *beteŋ₁) *beCeŋ

hetikick (with a jerk of one's knee); jerk something upward (PAN: *betik₁) *betik

hetuget up, wake up (PMP: *betu) *betu₁

hiakcut wood (for kindling) (PMP: *biqak)

hihi-mouth; orifice; lip (PMP: *bibiR) *biRbiR

hikuto adze wood, to hew and shape wood; an adze (PMP: *biŋkuŋ)

hilagiant taro: Alocasia macrorrhiza (PMP: *biRaq₁)

hiniseeds for planting (PMP: *binehiq) *bineSiq

hisito peel (with the hands, e.g. bananas); rip open durian carpels to extract the fruit segments; to open (draperies, etc.) slightly, to part (curtains, etc.) (PCEMP: *bisik₁)

hitilift something held close to the body; undertake a joint expense; hold an infant in one's lap (PMP: *bintiŋ)

hitijump up from a seated position (as in an emergency) (PMP: *bitik₁)

hitik mataraise one's eyes; to glance; jump up and gesticulate in glee (PMP: *bitik₁)

huato swell; be pregnant; fruit; protrusions; numeral connector for small objects (as cigarettes); areca nut (PMP: *buaq)

huasalt water crocodile: Crocodilus porosus L. (PCEMP: *buqaya)

huafruit; numeral connector for small objects (PMP: *buaq)

Asilulu (80 / 286)

huhucurving, four-cornered fish trap of plaited bamboo (PAN: *bubu₂)

huhube full of wood mites (as planks) (PMP: *bukbuk₃)

huhu kamu huavery fine-meshed fish trap (PAN: *bubu₂)

huhu katihushrimp trap made of a single piece of bamboo, slatted and tapering on both ends, used in streams (PAN: *bubu₂)

huhulsmall bits of rotten wood (PMP: *buRbuR₂)

huhu lau hahalarge-meshed fish trap (PAN: *bubu₂)

huhu puleplaited cone-shaped entrance on either end of the fish trap; fish trap characterized by such an entrance (PAN: *bubu₂)

huifood remnants, grease on plate (PCMP: *buqi₁)

hukua bump; to bulge (something hidden in clothes, something deep inside); become swollen (PCEMP: *buku) *bukuh

hulanmoon, month (PMP: *bulan₃) *bulaN

hula putibright moon (PMP: *bulan₃) *bulaN

hula-sispew out saliva mixed with chewed areca on some diseased body part (a medical treatment for all kinds of external and internal disorders, esp. those caused by unfriendly spirits, e.g. headache) (PMP: *buRah) *buReS

huluend (as of village, veranda) (PMP: *budu)

hulubody hair, feather, fur; insect setae (PCEMP: *bulu₁)

hulu panakind of black, spiked sea urchin (Echinodea) (PCEMP: *bulu₁)

hun-enthe ridgepole that rests on the roof ridge cover (PMP: *bubuŋ-en) *bubuŋ₁

hunukill; extinguish (fire or lamp); block out (another player or token) from a game (PMP: *bunuq₂) *buNuq₂

husushoot an arrow or a speargun; fire rubber bands (PMP: *busuR₂)

hutagrass, leaves; fallen leaves, rubbish (on the ground) (NOISE)

hutilwart (PCEMP: *butiR) *buteliR

Asilulu (100 / 286)

hutugroup, clump, gang, flock, etc. (PCEMP: *butu₂) *butu

hutun aikind of seaside tree: Barringtonia asiatica (L.) Kurz. (PMP: *butun)

huʔakextract, pry up; dig up objects implanted in the earth (e.g. half-buried stones); force open, as a jammed door (with some tool) (NOISE)

huʔalland mass, island (NOISE)

iɁa selukind of fish: longtom: Tylosurus macleayanus Ogilby (PMP: *selu)

inamother, mother’s sister (PCEMP: *ina)

iruscoconut shell ladle (PAN: *qidus)

isexclamation uttered upon failure to catch, hit, hook (etc.) something (PMP: *qis)

isi-flesh (PAN: *isi₅)

itewe (plural incl.), emphatic pronoun (PAN: *k-ita) *ita₁

iʔa maminkind of fish, including tripletail Maori wrasse (Cheilinus trilobatus Lacepede), and violet-lined Maori wrasse (Diagrammus Lacepede) (PMP: *mamin₁)

iʔanfish (PMP: *hikan) *Sikan

iʔan hutuschool of fish (PCEMP: *butu₂) *butu

ka-keleto keep standing, to stand around (PMP: *kedeŋ)

kaluto stir (PMP: *kalu)

kapaksound of two slaps (or more) (PMP: *kapak)

katihu ta-tunuroasted shrimp (PMP: *tunu) *CuNuh

katiksound of a rap on a plate or a seashell (PMP: *katik)

(k)eleto stand; to be erect, to rise upward (PMP: *kedeŋ)

kikito collapse in an epileptic fit; to shudder (of animals) (PMP: *gigil)

Asilulu (120 / 286)

kotacity; Ambon City (LOAN)

ku-1sg genitive pronoun for alienable possession (PAN: *-ku)

-ku1sg genitive pronoun for inalienable possession (PAN: *-ku)

kula huli-nstalk of bananas (PMP: *buliR)

lalandward side, landward direction (PAN: *daya)

lalablood; to bleed (PAN: *daRaq)

lalanroad, path (PMP: *zalan)

lalea fly, Diptera (PMP: *lalej)

lale-interior; one’s emotions (PMP: *dalem)

la-limabailing well (in a boat) (PMP: *la-limas) *limas

la-lua-tvomitus (PMP: *luaq)

la-lumubecome mossy (stagnant water, rocks, etc.) (PMP: *lumut)

lanitsky (PMP: *laŋit) *laŋiC

lasescrotum (PMP: *laseR)

lase hatutesticle (lit. ‘scrotum stone’) (PMP: *laseR)

latuking, village chief (PMP: *datu)

latu kairupaŋthe ancient ruler of Asilulu before the descent to the coast, and the spirit which guards over the site of the old village (PMP: *datu)

lauleaf; shutter, page; numerical connector for sheets of paper, etc. (PCEMP: *daun) *dahun

laufar, distant (PMP: *zauq)

lauseaward (PCEMP: *laur) *lahud

Asilulu (140 / 286)

lawa kimakind of large clam which can be domesticated, esp. Tridacna gigas (lawa = shellfish, mollusk, snail) (PMP: *kima)

lawa-lawaspider (PMP: *lawaq-lawaq) *lawaq₂

lawa-lawa taispiderweb (lit. ‘spider feces’) (PMP: *lawaq-lawaq) *lawaq₂

leafathom (PAN: *depah)

liancave (PMP: *liaŋ)

lilipost, pillar (PCEMP: *adiRi) *SadiRi

lili temathe northernmost house post (which is considered sacred) (PCEMP: *adiRi) *SadiRi

limafive (PAN: *lima)

limato bail water (PMP: *limas)

lima huafingers (PMP: *buaq ni lima) *buaq

lima-tscoop for bailing (PMP: *limas)

linacalm (PMP: *linaw)

lirito wall up, to fence in, as in enclosing a garden (PCMP: *dindiŋ₁) *diŋdiŋ₁

loi bidadarikind of traditional dance (with scarves) (LOAN)

luatwo (PMP: *duha) *duSa

luato vomit (PMP: *luaq)

lua-luaboth (PCEMP: *dua-dua) *duSa

luinsea-cow (Dugong dugong Muller) (PCEMP: *ruyuŋ₂) *duyuŋ₂

luli-bone; thorn, fish bones; sew by hand, string together (PMP: *duRi)

luli-elakbackbone (PMP: *duRi)

Asilulu (160 / 286)

lumahouse, building (PAN: *Rumaq)

luma siku-nthe corner of the house (PAN: *sikux)

luma-tauan extended family, all of whom bear a single family name, passed on patrilineally; a clan comprising a single family in this sense, and usually one or two smaller families which are historically dependent on that clan (PAN: *Rumaq)

lumutmoss (PMP: *lumut)

lupukto gather (as people at a meeting); to gather together (fruit, stones, etc.) into a pile, cluster (PMP: *lumpuk)

lusu-ribs, rib-cage; kind of fastening which fixes the gunnels to the dugout base of an outrigger sailboat (PAN: *Rusuk)

ma-(fossilized in e.g. mataɁu) (PAN: *ma-₁)

maladry (PMP: *maja)

mala aikind of tree the bark of which was formerly used to make loincloths (PCEMP: *malaw)

malanaman, male; husband (PMP: *ma-Ruqanay) *RuqaNay

ma-lataflat, level (as land) (PAN: *dataR)

mamato chew on (as guava leaves to relieve a sore throat) (PMP: *mamaq)

ma-minagreasy and delicious (PMP: *miñak)

maniwathin (of cloth or hair) (PMP: *ma-niwaŋ) *Niwaŋ

manuchicken (Gallus spp.); bird (with qualifying term) (PMP: *manuk)

m-anuto float (in the current), as a bottle; to drift (PMP: *ma-qañud) *qañud

manu hutuflock of chickens (PCEMP: *butu₂) *butu

marəlphalanger, including Phalanger orientalis orientalis Pallas (PCEMP: *mansər)

matadead; die; lose consciousness; end in a receptacle without markers in the joŋka game (game language) (PCEMP: *matay₁) *aCay

mataeye; origin, source; numerical connector (for roads, currencies, etc.) (PMP: *mata) *maCa

Asilulu (180 / 286)

mata-duathe two lines which connect the uppermost par of the sail (PMP: *mata) *maCa

mata-lumaclan, sub-clan, extended family (luma = ‘house’) (PMP: *mata) *maCa

mata-nuluentrance, portal, doorway (PMP: *mata) *maCa

matanulu laudoor (PCEMP: *daun) *dahun

mataʔuto fear, be afraid (PAN: *ma-takut) *takut

matuavery old, of huge trees, animals, etc.; too old, of tubers and fruits allowed to ripen too long; past one’s prime, of spinsters and old bachelors (PMP: *ma-tuqah) *tuqaS

maʔusi nipiskind of lime (PMP: *nipis) *Nipis

minaoily and delicious; to exude delicious oils (as a broiling fish) (PMP: *miñak)

mu-2sg. genitive pronoun for alienable possession, your (PMP: *-mu)

-mu2sg. genitive pronoun for inalienable possession, your (PMP: *-mu)

-n3sg. (human and non-human) genitive pronoun for inalienable possession (PAN: *ni-a) *-a₂

na-3sg. (human and non-human) genitive pronoun for alienable possession (PAN: *ni-a) *-a₂

naa particle indicating finality (weu na ‘I’ll be going then’) (PMP: *na₄) *Na₂

nala-name (PMP: *ŋajan)

nanuto swim and dive around in fairly shallow water (PMP: *naŋuy) *Naŋuy

nanu-nanuto swim for some time (PMP: *naŋuy) *Naŋuy

nawabreath (archaic, in fixed phrases) (PCEMP: *ñawa) *NiSawa

nenuthe Indian mulberry: Morinda citrifolia L. (PCEMP: *ñəñu)

nenu maʔasi aikind of small tree, the roots of which yield soda (PCEMP: *ñəñu)

-ni3sg. human genitive pronoun for inalienable possession (PAN: *ni-a) *-a₂

Asilulu (200 / 286)

ninalecho (PMP: *aniŋal)

niŋalecho (PMP: *niŋal)

niwelcoconut, Cocos nucifera (PMP: *niuR)

nono-esuck (Stresemann 1927:63) (PMP: *ñepñep)

nono-eto suck (PCEMP: *ñopñop)

n-unafish scale; sea turtle shell (PCEMP: *qunap₁) *quSeNap

paka-matadeliver the final blows, administer a coup-de-grace; finish off (PMP: *pa(ka)-m-atay) *aCay

pata-laudistant; far (from each other) (PMP: *zauq)

penuto be at the peak (of the tide) (PAN: *peNuq)

pikalplate, crockery (LOAN)

pule-kto twist (PMP: *pules)

roko taicigarette ashes (PMP: *taqi) *Caqi

saone (PAN: *sa₃)

saɁato ride (as in a boat) (PMP: *sakay₁)

saɁato climb (as a coconut palm), to rise (as the moon) (POC: *sake) *sakay₄

salaerror; be wrong (PMP: *salaq₁)

sala-sala-nunclear (of vision) (PMP: *salaq₁)

sanabranch (PMP: *saŋa₁)

sana-kto lean one’s folded arm on something (PMP: *saŋa₁)

sa-sasomething (PAN: *sa₃)

Asilulu (220 / 286)

sa-saɁuhoe-like tool used for scraping sago (PMP: *saku₁)

saɁuto chop sago pith away from the trunk with a hoe-like tool (PMP: *saku₁)

saʔalua natural barrier just below the sea surface, especially of coral reefs (PMP: *sakaRu)

semanoutrigger (PMP: *saRman)

seseto press down in order to fill up completely (as in pressing down the contents of a basket so it will be full) (PAN: *seksek₁)

sikuelbow; corner (PAN: *sikux)

sina-ta ray of light (PMP: *sinaR) *siNaR

siwanine (PMP: *siwa) *Siwa

sulaanimal traps; stakes at the base of garden fence posts (PMP: *suja)

susubreast (PAN: *susu₁)

susuto stab; to perforate (PAN: *suksuk)

susu hatunipple, teat (breast stone) (PAN: *susu₁)

susu waemothers milk (breast water) (PAN: *susu₁)

suɁunbreadfruit (Artocarpus sp.) (PMP: *sukun)

tanot, esp. in fast speech or as an emphatic sentence-final particle (PMP: *taq₃)

tahuliconch shell (Strombus spp.); conch shell trumpet (PMP: *tabuRi)

taifeces, excreta, filth (PMP: *taqi) *Caqi

taksound of knock on door or tap on head (PMP: *tak)

takar-ana measurement of volume (LOAN)

talato cut down (as a banana plant); to scrape, to rasp (PAN: *taRaq₁)

Asilulu (240 / 286)

taluto place, to put (PMP: *taRuq)

talutunseveral fish, including diagonal-banded toado, also called black-lined pufferfish (Arothron aerostaticus Jenyns), Myers’ porcupine fish (Dicotylichthys myersi Ogilby), and three-bar porcupine fish (D. punctulatus Kaup) (PMP: *taRutuŋ)

tanalato gaze in amazement; to stare for a long time (PCMP: *tanaRa)

tanito cry (PMP: *taŋis) *Caŋis

tani pak-anituto wail and keen (on the death of a loved one) (PMP: *taŋis) *Caŋis

taŋsound of metallic crash or gunshot (PMP: *taŋ)

tatafather (archaic) (PAN: *tata₁)

ta-talacoconut rasp (PAN: *taRaq₁)

ta-tuluto descend in large numbers or repeatedly (PMP: *tuRun₁)

ta-tunusomething roasted or burned (PMP: *tunu) *CuNuh

tehusugarcane, Saccharum officinarum (PMP: *tebuh₁) *tebuS

teluthree (PAN: *telu)

teteto cut something which is not very thick until it is severed (as in beheading an enemy) (PAN: *tektek₁)

tetuncape, promontory (PCMP: *tetun)

tia-belly; pregnant (PMP: *tian) *tiaN

tilenoyster (PMP: *tiRem)

timuleast wind, east monsoon season (PMP: *timuR)

titito flow a little (as blood); to drip (as tears) (PMP: *tiktik₂)

titito beat a drum in order to signal a meeting (PAN: *titik)

tuaeldest, among one’s parents’ siblings (PMP: *tuqah) *tuqaS

Asilulu (260 / 286)

tuhakind of vine, Derris elliptica Benth., the root of which is used as a medicine and fish poison (PAN: *tubah)

tuluto go down, to get off (as from a bus); to move from a respected place to an ordinary place; to go ashore (PMP: *tuRun₁)

tulu helubedtime (about 10:00 PM) (PAN: *tuduR)

tulu-kto bring downward, to cause to descend (PMP: *tuRun₁)

tululslumber (PAN: *tuduR)

tunuto burn; to roast or bake; to shoot (PMP: *tunu) *CuNuh

tuŋsound of a gun (PMP: *tuŋ)

ulepot (PAN: *kuden)

ule laleclay cooking pot (PAN: *kuden)

ule litiwok, esp. of brass (PAN: *kuden)

upalsago palm midribs or petiole, esp. when dried (PMP: *kumbal)

uʔeta round weighted fish net which is cast on the water’s surface (PMP: *puket₁)

uʔifemale genitals (in general); vulva; a common term of abuse (PAN: *puki)

waelwater, sap, liquid; river (esp. in place names) (PCEMP: *waiR) *wahiR

waka-root (PMP: *wakaR)

waletrope, cord, string; intestines; vines and creeping plants in general (PMP: *waRej)

wali-younger sibling of the same sex (PCEMP: *waji) *Suaji

walueight (PAN: *walu)

wa-waispecies (of mangos only) (PCEMP: *waiwai) *wai

Asilulu (280 / 286)

waʔat aimangrove tree (PMP: *wakat)

welato file (PMP: *qa(m)pelas)

wela-tkind of abrasive leaf used for sanding (PMP: *qa(m)pelas)

weli hutuclump of grass (PCEMP: *butu₂) *butu

welugall (PAN: *qapejux)

wenusea turtle: Chelonia sp. (PMP: *peñu)

Ata (26) WMP. see: Manobo (Ata)

Ata Manobo (26) WMP. see: Manobo (Ata)

37. Atayal (160) Form. (Egerod 1980) [tay] Taiwan (dialects: Palŋawan 1, Cʔuliʔ 5, Squliq 14, Mayrinax 18)

-asuffix forming active subjunctive from the reduced stem, sometimes preceded by the prefix m- (PAN: *-a₃)

aaamaybe; hesitation syllable (PAN: *a₄)

abafather. Used in direct address only; otherwise i-aba (< i 'prefix for persons' + aba) (PAN: *aba₁)

aiexclamation (PAN: *ai₂)

aifinal particle (NOISE)

aiamother, mother's sister. Used in direct address only; otherwise iaia ( < i 'prefix for persons', plus aia) (PAN: *aya₂)

akiʔpaternal or maternal grandmother (PAN: *aki)

-ansuffix forming first passive indicative from the reduced stem, and suffix forming first passive perfect from the reduced stem in connection with the infix -in-. Forms an imperative with the reduced or extra reduced stem. Forms nouns indicating place or time. Common suffix in place names, and less common suffix in personal names (e.g. qalup 'to hunt' : qlup-an 'hunting ground') (PAN: *-an)

arastake, take along, bring (PAN: *adaS)

auexclamation: yes; alright; oh! (PAN: *au₂)

babawsurface; on top of, above; later, get ahead, cross over (PAN: *babaw₃)

bahoqto wash (clothes) (PAN: *basuq)

baqcan; know, understand; learn, teach (PAN: *bajaq₁) *bajaq

basaytype of vine (PAN: *baSay) Mayrinax

bhutsquirrel (PAN: *buhet)

(b)lukuʔlarge bamboo basket; umbrella (NOISE)

buaxhulled, uncooked cereal; grains (of rice or millet) (PAN: *beRas)

buayfruit (occurs as the head of fruit names such as banana, plum and peach) (PAN: *buay₂)

bunaʔisand (NEAR) Cʔuliʔ

busukdrunk (PAN: *buSuk)

Atayal (20 / 160)

buuŋsound of buzzing (as a fly) (PAN: *buuŋ)

ca-capuhbroom (women’s speech) (PAN: *Ca-Capuh) *Capuh Mayrinax

cimusalt (PAN: *timu)

cinunweaving (PAN: *tinun)

c<um>apuhto sweep (women’s speech) (PAN: *C<um>apu) *Capuh Mayrinax

gahapseeds for sowing (PAN: *Rahap)

gbi-anlate afternoon, evening (PAN: *Rabi-an) *Rabiqi

g<əm>ahapto sow (PAN: *R<um>ahap) *Rahap

ginuʔa small-sized winnowing basket (PAN: *Rinu) Mayrinax

gituevergreen tree with yellow plumlike fruit: the loquat: Eriobotrya deflexa (PAN: *Ritu) Squliq

hakutcarry, bring (PAN: *sakut)

hayuŋpine tree (PAN: *saleŋ)

hia3sg. (PAN: *si ia₁) *ia₁

hirayesterday (PAN: *siRa₁) Cʔuliʔ

h<m>akutto carry, bring (PAN: *s<um>akut) *sakut

hopaupocket (LOAN)

htgan wagiEast (PAN: *waRi₁)

iprefix for persons (PAN: *i₃)

-isuffix forming first passive negatable indicative and imperative from the reduced stem (PAN: *-i₁)

ianithis; here; now (PAN: *ia-ni) *-ni

Atayal (40 / 160)

iluka plant with edible berry: Rubus parvifolius (PAN: *RiNuk) Mayrinax

imawho; anyone (PAN: *ima)

imaʔwho; anyone (NOISE)

(-)in-infix or prefix forming the passive perfect; infix forming nouns (PAN: *<in>) *-in-

inipreverbal negator, usually negating past tense (less commonly present tense); negated possibility or a prohibition (PAN: *ini) Squliq

inuwhere? anywhere (PAN: *inu)

i-nuwhere, anywhere? (PAN: *i-nu) *-nu₁

irahsister-in-law; wife's elder sister, husband's elder sister, elder brother's wife (man or woman speaking (PAN: *idas₁)

isunominalized pronoun II; you sg. (PAN: *iSu)

itawe (incl.) (PAN: *ita₁)

kawasyear (PAN: *kawaS₁)

kaʔnominative case marker for common nouns (PAN: *ka₃)

kgiyhemp plant (PAN: *keRiw) Squliq

kiopan wagiWest (PAN: *waRi₁)

kitato see, look upon, see in a dream; a mirror (PAN: *kita₂) *kita

kiʔlocative case marker for personal nouns (PAN: *ki₂) Mayrinax

kkagaŋcrab (PAN: *gaRaŋ)

k<m>atto bite (PAN: *k<um>aRaC) *kaRaC

k<n>at-ana bite (dog, snake, etc.) (PAN: *k<in>aRaC-an) *kaRaC

kta-nbe seen by someone (PAN: *kita-en) *kita

Atayal (60 / 160)

-kuprimary pronoun, I (PAN: *-ku)

kumishair (of animal), fur (PAN: *kumiS) Cʔuliʔ

lamaʔfirst, do first, before (PAN: *lama₂)

luhuŋmortar (PAN: *Nusuŋ)

lukusclothes, put on clothes (LOAN)

l<um>aŋuyto swim (PAN: *N<um>aŋuy) *Naŋuy Mayrinax

-m-infix forming an active indicative corresponding to active negatable indicative without affixes (PAN: *<um>) *-um-

mahoqto wash (clothes) (PAN: *b<um>asuq) *basuq

ma-ima-lfifty (PAN: *ma-lima-N) *lima

mamauncle, brother of father or mother (PAN: *mamah)

maqawa plant: Litsea cubea (PAN: *maqaw) Mayrinax

m-arastake, take along, bring (PAN: *um-adaS) *adaS

ma-tanahred (PAN: *taNah) Mayrinax

ma-tanahred (LOAN) Mayrinax

ma-tanahred (PAN: *taNah) Palŋawan

matasto tattoo (PAN: *p<um>ataS) *pataS

m-busukdrunk (PAN: *ma-buSuk) *buSuk

mə-nagato wait (PAN: *naRa) Squliq

m-itato see, to look upon (PAN: *k<um>ita) *kita

m-quasto sing (PAN: *quyaS)

Atayal (80 / 160)

m-suyapto yawn (PAN: *Suyeʔab) Squliq

m-talahred (PAN: *taNah) Squliq

m-talahred (LOAN) Squliq

m-usato go (PAN: *um-uSa) *uSa

nagenitive of common nouns (PAN: *na₃)

na-nuwhy, anyhow, what, anything, to do what? (PAN: *na-nu) *-nu₁

niahis, hers; he, she (PAN: *ni-ia) *ia₁

ni-aʔ3sg. agent/possessor (PAN: *ni-a) *-a₂

nukaʔhemp which has been through the hatchel; hemp thread; to make hemp thread (PAN: *nuka)

p-causative prefix (PAN: *pa-₂)

pagathe stand used for the heads taken in headhunting (PAN: *paRa₁)

pagayunhulled rice, rice in the husk (PAN: *pajay)

pahpahflower (PAN: *pahpah) Mayrinax

parisenemy (PAN: *pajiS)

patastattoo (PAN: *pataS)

pətas-anbe tattooed (PAN: *pataS-an) *pataS

pilaʔsilver (LOAN) Cʔuliʔ

pipiʔvulva (PAN: *pipi₂)

piraʔseveral, several times; how many, how many times, how long a time; only (PAN: *pijax)

pituseven (PAN: *pitu₁) *pitu

Atayal (100 / 160)

p-kitalook at one another (PAN: *kita₂) *kita

p-qmah-ancultivate, till, work the field (PAN: *pa-qumah-an) *qumah

p-utaqto vomit; to emit semen; semen (PAN: *pa-utaq) *utaq

qagiraŋbean, pea (PAN: *qaRidaŋ) Mayrinax

qaglua plant: Phragmites longivalis (PAN: *qaReNu) Mayrinax

qaisboundary (PAN: *qajiS)

qalaŋvillage (LOAN) Squliq

qalipuguʔhair whorl (Li 1980) (PAN: *qali-puju) Cʔuliʔ

qalupto hunt; chase away (PAN: *qanup) *qaNup

qanithis, these; here (PAN: *qa-ni) *-ni

qanithis, these, here (PAN: *qani₁) *qani

qa-nithis, these; here (PAN: *qa₁)

qa-qnusa plant: Begonia aptera (PAN: *qanus₁) Mayrinax

qasuupestle (PAN: *qaSelu) Mayrinax

qataqto eat raw (as taro) (PAN: *qataq)

qesipasoft-shelled turtle: Trionix sinensis sinensis (Tsuchida 1976:266) (PAN: *qaCipa)

qlup-anto hunt (PAN: *qaNup-an) *qaNup

qlup-unbe hunted (PAN: *qaNup-en) *qaNup

q-m-alupto hunt; chase away (PAN: *q<um>aNup) *qaNup

qmisanwinter (PAN: *qamiS-an) *qamiS

Atayal (120 / 160)

qompangolin, anteater (PAN: *qaRem)

quparticle designating nominal unit mostly with definite reference, preceding noun ("the"), or verb ("the one who", "the one which"); as member of a verb-noun or noun-noun construction (PAN: *qu₂)

quai-uxrattan (PAN: *quay)

quaŋcrack, crevice, fissure, gorse (PAN: *quaŋ₁)

quassong (PAN: *quyaS)

qumahcultivate, till, work the field (PAN: *qumah)

ragathe Formosan maple, fam. Aceraceae (PAN: *daRa₁)

rakuscamphor laurel: Cinnamomum camphora (PAN: *dakeS) Mayrinax

ramoʔblood (PAN: *damuq₁) Squliq

rapalsole of the foot; footprint (PAN: *dapaN) Squliq

rapaʔpalm of the hand (PAN: *dapa)

raralold times, the old days, formerly, a long time ago, of yore, ancient (PAN: *dadaN)

rumaʔsome; sometime; some time ago; sometimes, from time to time (PAN: *duma)

rusatwo (PAN: *duSa) Squliq

s-marker of instrumental passive (PAN: *Si-₁)

saparticle of subjugation, and particle with various prepositional and demonstrative usages; at, in, on, to, by; that; there (PAN: *Sa₂)

sabuʔto wrap (PAN: *Cabu)

s-akuprimary pronoun, I (PAN: *aku)

s-ami1pl. excl. nominative, we (PAN: *ami) Squliq

saonia little while ago; today (Tsuchida 1976) (PAN: *Sauni)

Atayal (140 / 160)

si-instrumental prefix (PAN: *Si-₁) Mayrinax

simuprimary and nominalized pronoun II plus III; you and he or she (PAN: *Simu)

sinaa plant: Erechtites spp. (PAN: *Sina) Mayrinax

ska waginoon (PAN: *waRi₁)

sokto smell (PAN: *Sajek)

sonitoday (up till this moment, opposite of kira 'the rest of today') (Egerod 1980) (PAN: *Sauni)

suagiʔwife’s younger sister; husband’s younger brother; man’s younger brother’s wife; woman’s younger sister’s husband (PAN: *Suaji)

talamto try, to taste; to ask about the future, to tell the future (PAN: *tañam)

tbakuʔtobacco (LOAN)

t<m>inunto weave (PAN: *tinun)

t<m>tuto crush (Huang 1993:10) (PAN: *tutuh)

turiŋto point; digit, finger, toe (PAN: *tudiŋ)

-un2nd passive indicative (PAN: *-en)

usago (PAN: *uSa)

wagisun (PAN: *waRi₁)

wahfinal particle of mild exclamation and exhortation (NOISE)

walaythread (PAN: *walay) Squliq

waluhoneybee (PAN: *waNu) Squliq

waqitcanine tooth, fang, tusk; tooth of a tool or instrument (as a tattooing tool) (PAN: *waqit)

yuŋaymonkey; substitute for girl whose real name is tabooed; to become a monkey (PAN: *uŋay)

Atayal (Cʔuliʔ) (5) Form.

bunaʔisand (NEAR) Cʔuliʔ

hirayesterday (PAN: *siRa₁) Cʔuliʔ

kumishair (of animal), fur (PAN: *kumiS) Cʔuliʔ

pilaʔsilver (LOAN) Cʔuliʔ

qalipuguʔhair whorl (Li 1980) (PAN: *qali-puju) Cʔuliʔ

Atayal (Mayrinax) (18) Form.

basaytype of vine (PAN: *baSay) Mayrinax

ca-capuhbroom (women’s speech) (PAN: *Ca-Capuh) *Capuh Mayrinax

c<um>apuhto sweep (women’s speech) (PAN: *C<um>apu) *Capuh Mayrinax

ginuʔa small-sized winnowing basket (PAN: *Rinu) Mayrinax

iluka plant with edible berry: Rubus parvifolius (PAN: *RiNuk) Mayrinax

kiʔlocative case marker for personal nouns (PAN: *ki₂) Mayrinax

l<um>aŋuyto swim (PAN: *N<um>aŋuy) *Naŋuy Mayrinax

maqawa plant: Litsea cubea (PAN: *maqaw) Mayrinax

ma-tanahred (PAN: *taNah) Mayrinax

ma-tanahred (LOAN) Mayrinax

pahpahflower (PAN: *pahpah) Mayrinax

qagiraŋbean, pea (PAN: *qaRidaŋ) Mayrinax

qaglua plant: Phragmites longivalis (PAN: *qaReNu) Mayrinax

qa-qnusa plant: Begonia aptera (PAN: *qanus₁) Mayrinax

qasuupestle (PAN: *qaSelu) Mayrinax

rakuscamphor laurel: Cinnamomum camphora (PAN: *dakeS) Mayrinax

si-instrumental prefix (PAN: *Si-₁) Mayrinax

sinaa plant: Erechtites spp. (PAN: *Sina) Mayrinax

Atayal (Palŋawan) (1) Form.

ma-tanahred (PAN: *taNah) Palŋawan

Atayal (Squliq) (14) Form.

gituevergreen tree with yellow plumlike fruit: the loquat: Eriobotrya deflexa (PAN: *Ritu) Squliq

inipreverbal negator, usually negating past tense (less commonly present tense); negated possibility or a prohibition (PAN: *ini) Squliq

kgiyhemp plant (PAN: *keRiw) Squliq

mə-nagato wait (PAN: *naRa) Squliq

m-suyapto yawn (PAN: *Suyeʔab) Squliq

m-talahred (PAN: *taNah) Squliq

m-talahred (LOAN) Squliq

qalaŋvillage (LOAN) Squliq

ramoʔblood (PAN: *damuq₁) Squliq

rapalsole of the foot; footprint (PAN: *dapaN) Squliq

rusatwo (PAN: *duSa) Squliq

s-ami1pl. excl. nominative, we (PAN: *ami) Squliq

walaythread (PAN: *walay) Squliq

waluhoneybee (PAN: *waNu) Squliq

38. Atchin (32) OC (Tryon 1976) [upv] (Uripiv-Wala-Rano-Atchin) Vanuatu

amalmen’s house (PMP: *kamaliR)

enumeral prefix (used only with 2-5) (POC: *e)

e-siwnine (PMP: *siwa) *Siwa

e-tulthree (PEMP: *tolu) *telu

i-sewho? (PMP: *i-sei) *

mi-masasick (POC: *masakit) *sakit

mi-matsdie, dead (POC: *mate) *aCay

mi-menivnivthin (of materials) (PMP: *ma-nipis) *Nipis

mwaturight side (PMP: *ma-taqu₂) *taqu

na-itsquid (PMP: *kuRita) *guRiCa

natu-child (PEMP: *natu)

n-eitree (POC: *kayu) *kaSiw

ne-imhouse (PAN: *Rumaq)

ne-te-feces (PMP: *taqi) *Caqi

ne-visbow (POC: *pusuR) *busuR₂

ni-manbird (POC: *manuk)

ni-mwetsnake (POC: *mwata)

ni-nammosquito (PMP: *ñamuk)

ni-selpath, road (POC: *jalan) *zalan

ni-vastingray (POC: *paRi) *paRiS

Atchin (20 / 32)

ni-vatstone (POC: *patu) *batux

no-urcrayfish (POC: *quraŋ) *qudaŋ

no-usrain (POC: *qusan) *quzaN

no-utlouse (PMP: *kutu₁) *kuCux

n-tahsalt (PMP: *tasik)

n-tanearth (POC: *tanoq) *taneq

n-tassea; salt (PMP: *tasik)

n-tassea (PMP: *tasik)

paeshark (POC: *bakewak)

ra-blood (POC: *draRaq) *daRaq

susubreast (PAN: *susu₁)

tima-father (PMP: *t-amax) *amax

39. Atoni (62) CMP (Blust n.d.) [aoz] (Uab Meto) Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara)

a-mafu-tdrunkard (PMP: *buhuk) *buSuk

amaʔfather (PMP: *ama-q) *amax

anaxchild (PMP: *anak) *aNak

anericeplant, rice in the field (PAN: *pajay)

an fetowife-takers (PMP: *anak bahi, anak babahi, anak binahi) *aNak

aninwind (PMP: *haŋin)

an monewife-givers (PMP: *anak ma-Ruqanay, anak (la)laki) *aNak

asudog (PAN: *asu₁)

auʔ1sg. nominative pronoun: I (PAN: *aku)

baba-fMB, FZH (Lebar 1972) (PMP: *baba₂)

benasmachete, bush knife (PCMP: *belas)

beti-nvagina (van Wouden 1968 [1935]:114) (PMP: *betiq₂)

beʔi-fgrandmother, female ancestor (PAN: *baqi)

fafipig (PAN: *babuy₃)

fanigo home (PMP: *balik₂)

fefamouth (PMP: *beqbeq)

hai1pl excl., we, us (PAN: *k-ami) *ami

hanito dig (PMP: *kali₂) *kalih

hau-(b)tree (PCEMP: *kayu) *kaSiw

(hau) baʔatroot of a tree (PMP: *wakat)

Atoni (20 / 62)

hau-b unbase of a tree (PCEMP: *kayu) *kaSiw

hau ufmother’s brother (lit. ‘tree trunk’) (Fox 1980:14) (PMP: *puqun)

hitwe (plural incl.) (PAN: *k-ita) *ita₁

hɔ2sg., you/thou (PMP: *kahu) *kaSu

hutulouse (PMP: *kutu₁) *kuCux

inu lekofine coral beads (PMP: *hinuq) *SiNuq

kana-fclan (PMP: *ŋajan)

kuanhamlet (PAN: *kuan₁)

lalanpath, road (PMP: *zalan)

lofar (PMP: *zauq)

lopothe lopo is the village granary and meeting-place; it is a house without walls, with four pillars in addition to a maternal pillar (ni ainaf) in the center (Schulte Nordholt 1971:96) (PMP: *lepaw₂) *lepaw₁

maand (PAN: *maS)

ma-ftongue (PCEMP: *maya)

ma-ktongue (PMP: *hema) *Sema

manilaugh (PCEMP: *malip)

ma-nihisthin (PMP: *ma-nipis) *Nipis

masisalt (PCEMP: *maqasin) *qasiN

masusmoke (PCMP: *masu)

mata-feye (PMP: *mata) *maCa

mategreen (PMP: *ma-hataq) *hataq

Atoni (40 / 62)

mutiʔwhite (PMP: *ma-putiq) *putiq

naoto walk, go (PMP: *lakaw)

nɛnɔday (PMP: *qalejaw)

nipillar (PCEMP: *adiRi) *SadiRi

ni ainafmaternal pillar (PCEMP: *adiRi) *SadiRi

nifu-n meseʔone thousand (PMP: *Ribu)

nimfive (PAN: *lima)

ni monefmasculine pillar (PCEMP: *adiRi) *SadiRi

noʔoleaf (PCEMP: *daun) *dahun

nuatwo (PMP: *duha) *duSa

nuibone (PMP: *duRi)

sananest (PMP: *salaR)

sinthey, them (PMP: *si ida) *ida

sɔʔto sew (PCMP: *sora)

tanirope (PMP: *talih) *CaliS

tasisea (PMP: *tasik)

tenuthree (PAN: *telu)

tina-fvagina (PMP: *tila)

t-nananinside; between (PMP: *dalem)

tɔnyear (PMP: *taqun)

Atoni (60 / 62)

tu-kknee (PMP: *tuhud) *tuduS

tusidraw a picture; write (PCEMP: *tusi)

Atta (42) WMP. see: Atta (Pamplona)

40. Atta (Pamplona) (42) WMP (Reid 1971) [att] (Atta, Pamplona) Philippines [aka: Atta, Pamplona]

ajjipan, aripanslave (PPh: *qadipen)

ammayrice on the stalk (PMP: *hemay) *Semay

aranninear (PMP: *adani)

arino, not (PWMP: *hadiq)

arinot (negating a verb) (PAN: *qazi)

arino, not (PAN: *adi)

arumany (PMP: *hadu) *Sadu

attuŋrice mortar (PMP: *esuŋ)

ayóŋmonkey (PWMP: *ayuŋ₁)

ayóŋmonkey (NOISE)

babidomesticated pig (PAN: *babuy₃)

bisinhunger (PWMP: *bitin)

dagúnyear (PPH: *dag(e)qún)

dapanmat (PMP: *depen)

gamuʔroot (PMP: *Ramut₁)

itudog (PPH: *ituq₂)

kakáolder sibling or cousin (PMP: *kaka₂)

kirayeyebrow (PWMP: *kiray)

kunamcloud (PWMP: *kunem)

lutu-ancook (PWMP: *lutuq)

Atta (Pamplona) (20 / 42)

makka-tudukto sleep (PPH: *maka-tuduR) *tuduR

ma-liːnissmooth (PWMP: *linis)

man-gaga:ʔto bite (PMP: *gatgat)

ma-piagood (PMP: *ma-pia) *pia₂

ma-siŋanto see (PPH: *tiŋén)

n-ataydead (PMP: *in-atay) *aCay

nuif (PAN: *nu₁)

nuáŋcarabao (PMP: *qanuaŋ) *qaNuaŋ

ŋáganname (PMP: *ŋajan)

pa-patay-ankill (PWMP: *pa-p-atay-an) *aCay

pukivagina (PAN: *puki)

putuheart (PMP: *pusuq₁)

sikaw2sg., you (PWMP: *s-ikaw) *kaSu

siːmikchin (PMP: *timid) *timij

simukmouth (PWMP: *simuj)

siráfish (PPh: *sidáq)

s-ittawe (dual incl.) (PAN: *ita₁)

s-itta-mwe (plural incl.) (PAN: *ita₁)

takkifoot, leg (PPH: *seki)

ulaʔblanket (PPH: *ules)

Atta (Pamplona) (40 / 42)

upaːʔbark of tree (PWMP: *upak₁)

wagisibling (without respect to relative age) (PMP: *huaji) *Suaji

41. Aua (61) OC (Blust n.d.) [wuv] (Wuvulu-Aua) Papua New Guinea

afaastorm wind (PMP: *habaRat) *SabaRat

ai-aitree (POC: *kayu-kayu) *kaSiw

anafood (POC: *kana) *kana₁

anosoil (POC: *tanoq) *taneq

anunushadow; reflection (POC: *qanunu)

apunadon’t! (POC: *tabuna)

ara-nagills (PEMP: *asaŋ₂) *hasaŋ

arisaltwater, salt (PMP: *tasik)

aro-spouse (PAN: *qasawa)

aru-gall, gall bladder (POC: *qasu₂)

arusmoke (POC: *kasu)

arurucoconut crab (PMP: *qayuyu)

auna/marusatiated (POC: *masuR)

awashore tree with red flower (PMP: *tawan)

aʔafafrigate bird (POC: *katapa)

aʔe-heart (PMP: *qatay) *qaCay

aʔothatch (POC: *qatop) *qatep

beafruit bat, flying fox (POC: *bweka)

cia shrub: Cordyline, Dracaena (PMP: *siRi) Aua

civiricockatoo sp. (POC: *sipiri)

Aua (20 / 61)

e-rua-itwo (POC: *rua) *duSa

foʔa fa-maʔe-iakill (POC: *paka-mate-ia) *aCay

fuaracrocodile (POC: *puqaya) *buqaya

fua-uʔulouse (PMP: *kutu₁) *kuCux

-iaimperative suffix: inu 'drink', inum-ia 'drink it!'; maʔa 'see, look', maʔa-ia 'look at it!'; uʔu 'submerge a container to fill it', uʔuf-ia 'fill it!' (POC: *-ia)

inuto drink (PMP: *inum) Aua

inu-body (LOAN)

inu-miadrink it! (imper.) (POC: *inum-ia) *inum

iro-iroshine, reflect (Hambruch 1908) (POC: *iro iro)

lumumoss (PMP: *lumut)

luʔuknee (PMP: *qulu tuhud₂) *quluh

mafoto heal, dry up, as a wound (POC: *mapo)

ma-maradry up, as rice that is cooking (PMP: *ma-maja) *maja

manuasea eagle (POC: *manuka)

manu-manu vilevilugabird (POC: *manu-manuk) *manuk

maʔedie, dead (POC: *mate) *aCay

mimito urinate (PMP: *mimi)

mukistern of a canoe (POC: *muri) *udehi

mu-muʔato vomit (POC: *mu-mutaq) *utaq

nutosmall squid (POC: *nuso)

Aua (40 / 61)

oaa hardwood tree: Intsia bijuga (POC: *toRas) *teRas

parakind of broad-leaved littoral pandanus used in plaiting mats and baskets (POC: *padran) *paŋudaN

piawild taro, Alocasia spp. (POC: *piRaq₂) *biRaq₁

piesand (POC: *pika)

pieearth, soil (POC: *bia)

piʔawa shore tree: Calophyllum inophyllum (POC: *pitaquR) *bitaquR

pomaseaweed used to paint canoes (POC: *boma)

pulaeye (POC: *bulat₂) *bulat

punalarge flat fish sp. (= Pidgin plaŋpis) (POC: *buna)

pupuaridgepole of a house (POC: *pupuŋan) *bubuŋ₁

ranufresh water (POC: *ranum) *daNum

rau-afar (POC: *sauq₁) *zauq

tiDracaena (PMP: *siRi)

uhousepost (POC: *tuRu₂)

uciLalightning (POC: *qusila)

ukashrimp, lobster (POC: *quraŋ) *qudaŋ

ulubreadfruit (PMP: *kuluR)

unum-iacook it! roast it! (imper.) (PMP: *qumun)

upuyoung coconut (POC: *ubu) *upu

wane-wanesmooth, level; straight (POC: *wane wane)

Aua (60 / 61)

wataatwins (POC: *masaŋa)

wa-taa (< *mwa-saŋa)twins (PMP: *ma-saŋa) *saŋa₁

Avasö (2) OC. see: Babatana (Avasö)

42. Avava (48) OC

a-laŋsky (PMP: *laŋit) *laŋiC

a-lihnit (POC: *lisa) *liseqeS

a-manbird (POC: *manuk)

a-mwatsnake (POC: *mwata)

a-nammosquito (PMP: *ñamuk)

a-nanpus (PMP: *nanaq) *naNaq

a-nicoconut (PMP: *niuR)

a-ŋathundred (PMP: *sa-ŋa-Ratus) *RaCus

a-salpath, road (POC: *jalan) *zalan

a-talrope, string (POC: *tali₁) *CaliS

a-tanearth (POC: *tanoq) *taneq

a-uhrain (POC: *qusan) *quzaN

a-utlouse (PMP: *kutu₁) *kuCux

a-vatstone (POC: *patu) *batux

a-waŋcanoe (POC: *waga) *waŋka

bathead (POC: *batuk) *batuk₃

bostink (POC: *bou) *bahu

gitwe (incl.) (PAN: *k-ita) *ita₁

i-imhouse (PAN: *Rumaq)

ilto dig a hole; dig up (POC: *kali ~ keli) *kalih

Avava (20 / 48)

i-limfive (PAN: *lima)

i-rutwo (POC: *rua) *duSa

i-tlthree (PEMP: *tolu) *telu

i-vatfour (PEMP: *pat) *Sepat

kanto eat (POC: *kani) *kaen

kilalook, open the eyes (PMP: *kilat₂) *kilat

kil-kilalook, open the eyes (PMP: *kilat₂) *kilat

koitoctopus (PMP: *kuRita) *guRiCa

liŋto pour (PCEMP: *liŋi)

lushoot (something); fire at (bullet, arrow) (POC: *lusa) *lusa₁

mapheavy (POC: *mapat)

matto die; dead (POC: *mate) *aCay

matakafraid (POC: *matakut) *takut

mata-neye; source (of river) (PMP: *mata) *maCa

maturto sleep (POC: *maturuR) *tuduR

mauralive (PMP: *ma-qudip) *qudip

metblack; dirty (PMP: *qitem)

m-into drink (PMP: *um-inum) *inum

o-oviyam variety (PMP: *qubi)

o-urlobster (POC: *quraŋ) *qudaŋ

Avava (40 / 48)

o-wewater; river (PCEMP: *waiR) *wahiR

randawn (POC: *raqani) *daqaNi

rarhot (PMP: *daŋdaŋ₁) *daŋdaŋ

roŋto feel; to hear (POC: *roŋoR) *deŋeR

sakto go up, ascend (POC: *sake) *sakay₄

sianpregnant (PMP: *tian) *tiaN

silgo fishing at night with burning torches (PMP: *suluq)

up(person) blow, blow on (PCEMP: *upi)

43. Axamb (58) OC (Tryon 1976)

a-mevheavy (POC: *mapat)

a-römfive (PAN: *lima)

a-rutwo (POC: *rua) *duSa

a-rürthree (PEMP: *tolu) *telu

asuo-husband (PAN: *qasawa)

a-vacfour (PCEMP: *pat-i) *Sepat

kanto eat (POC: *kani) *kaen

kikismall (PMP: *kikit)

kikismall (POC: *kiki₂)

-ko-maiCome here! (= ‘you come’) (POC: *mai) *ai₃

mæcdead (POC: *mate) *aCay

maurliving, alive (PMP: *ma-qudip) *qudip

-mento laugh (PCEMP: *malip)

me-raxto fear, be afraid (POC: *matakut) *takut

məsaxsick (POC: *masakit) *sakit

na-cömoutrigger float (POC: *saman) *saRman

na-imhouse (PAN: *Rumaq)

na-ixfish (PEMP: *ikan) *Sikan

na-mwersnake (POC: *mwata)

na-rivo-tusk (POC: *lipon) *lipen

Axamb (20 / 58)

na-rœvsugarcane (POC: *na topu) *tebuS

næru-child (PEMP: *natu)

na-rvo-tooth (POC: *lipon) *lipen

na-serpath, road (POC: *jalan) *zalan

na-süsü-female breast (PAN: *susu₁)

na-urcrayfish (POC: *quraŋ) *qudaŋ

na-usrain (POC: *qusan) *quzaN

na-voscanoe paddle (POC: *pose) *beRsay

na-vsoxmeat (POC: *pisiko)

na-vüčbanana (POC: *pudi) *punti₁

na-vue-fruit (POC: *puaq) *buaq

na-vürü-body hair, feather (POC: *pulu₃) *bulu₁

na-vüsbow (POC: *pusuR) *busuR₂

na-xaitree (POC: *kayu) *kaSiw

na-xersquid (PMP: *kuRita) *guRiCa

na-xurlouse (PMP: *kutu₁) *kuCux

nə-mænbird (POC: *manuk)

nə-mbaxoshark (POC: *bakewak)

nə-næmmosquito (PMP: *ñamuk)

Axamb (40 / 58)

nə-ranearth (POC: *tanoq) *taneq

nə-raŋhousefly (POC: *laŋo) *laŋaw

ne-rassalt (PMP: *tasik)

nə-værstone (POC: *patu) *batux

nə-xasurat (POC: *kusupe)

ni-vestingray (POC: *paRi) *paRiS

ni-vüturtle (POC: *poñu) *peñu

nu-woiwater (PCEMP: *waiR) *wahiR

nu-woŋcanoe (POC: *waga) *waŋka

ŋa-vishow much/how many? (POC: *pica) *pijax

raŋ-(is)to weep, cry (PMP: *taŋis) *Caŋis

rasö-testicles (POC: *lasoR) *laseR

raunleaf (PEMP: *raun) *dahun

sŋavürten (PMP: *sa-ŋa-puluq) *puluq

suo-wife (PAN: *qasawa)

-uvto blow (PCEMP: *upi)

vænto go (POC: *pano) *paNaw

xaistick (POC: *kayu) *kaSiw

44. Ayta Abellan (365) WMP

abalaactivity; doings; labor, productive work (especially physical work done for wages); to cause annoyance in; disturb, especially by minor irritations (PPH: *abála)

abohoabuse (LOAN)

aboloyaid; alms; offering; money or assistance given to the poor (PPH: *abúluy)

abotto move forward or upward in order to touch something; to reach a point in time, or a certain state or level; to reach a destination, arrive by movement or progress (PPH: *qábut)

adapto turn so as to face; turn the face in a certain direction (LOAN)

agomto join, put together (PPH: *agúm)

ahasharpen with a whetstone (PMP: *hasaq) *Sasaq

ahaŋgills (PMP: *hasaŋ)

ahinsalt (PAN: *qasiN)

ahodog (PAN: *asu₁)

ahodto pound rice (done by more than one person) (PPh: *qasúd)

akehbelt; a band to tie or buckle around the body (usually at the waist) (PPH: *hag(e)kes)

alaŋanto hesitate (PPH: *alaŋ-án) *alaŋ

alekto kiss (PMP: *hajek) *Sajek

aliyounger sibling (PMP: *huaji) *Suaji

alihto remove or take away; to go away; cause someone leave (PPH: *qalís)

aliliservant, one who serves another (for pay) (PPH: *alílaq)

a-limehto drown (PPH: *limes)

alonwave of water, one of a series of ridges that moves across the surface of water (PMP: *qalun)

aninoshadow (PWMP: *qaninuŋ)

Ayta Abellan (20 / 365)

anohsmoke (PWMP: *qanuqus)

anolto be carried by current (PAN: *qañud)

antabayto put a hand on someone’s shoulder (PPh: *antábay)

antalato be delayed by a hindrance (LOAN)

apahchaff (PMP: *qapah)

apahrice husk, chaff (PWMP: *qepah)

apátto wait or watch for a wild pig; to put a trap below a dammed up place in a stream (PPH: *apat)

aplaglying as dead (PPH: *ap(e)lag)

aplogall (PAN: *qapejux)

aplohto swipe (PPH: *ap(e)rus)

apoylime (PAN: *qapuR)

apoyfire (PMP: *hapuy) *Sapuy

ataŋsacrifice or offering made to the spirits (PPh: *átaŋ₄) *átaŋ

awahto bring out of some kind of container; to get out of a container (PPH: *haq(e)was)

awayto quarrel, argue, fight (PPH: *áway)

aydanstairs (PMP: *haRezan)

ayonto take sides with, join with (PPH: *áyun)

ayopanimal (PPH: *háyup)

aytaman; human being (PMP: *qaRta)

bagaything (PPH: *bágay)

Ayta Abellan (40 / 365)

bahtonwalking stick (LOAN)

baibow (PPH: *báhiq)

bákaliron (PPH: *bákal)

bakbakbark of a tree (PMP: *bakbak₁)

bakbak-anto remove bark (PMP: *bakbak₁)

bakemonkey (PPH: *bakés)

balakaŋhips (PWMP: *balakaŋ)

balitokgold (Ilokano loan?) (PPH: *balitúk)

banabakind of tree with fruit that cannot be eaten (PPh: *banabá)

banhagnickname that is disliked by the person so called (PPH: *ban(e)sag)

baŋohfragrant, sweet smell (PPH: *baŋ(e)lúh)

bataŋa seasoned log, fallen tree in the stream (PMP: *bataŋ) *bataŋ₁

batekdesign on a piece of clothing (PMP: *batek)

bayalungs (PAN: *baRaq₁)

bayahlive coal (PMP: *baRah)

bayoto pound; to mill (PAN: *bayu)

behaya kind of mountain rock found mostly in waterfalls and dry falls (PWMP: *besay)

bekbeksmall broken particles of milled rice (PMP: *bekbek₁)

beyekpiglet (PAN: *beRek)

biahwaterfall (PWMP: *besay)

Ayta Abellan (60 / 365)

bilahrelation of brothers’ wives or sisters’ husbands (PPH: *bilas)

bogtoŋthe only one (PPH: *buR(e)túŋ)

bogtoŋsingle; only one (PPh: *bug(e)túŋ)

bohbohto pour (PMP: *busbus)

bohoyfor a person to be full (of food) (PAN: *besuR)

boklidto stumble or trip, thereby causing one to twist or sprain the foot or ankle (PPH: *buk(e)lid)

bokohjoints, nodes or sections in bamboo; knots in wood; knuckles in fingers (PMP: *bukuh)

boktotto be pregnant (PPh: *buk(e)tút)

bolaŋspurs on rooster (PWMP: *bulaŋ)

bologboar, uncastrated male animal (e.g. pig or cow) (PPH: *bulug)

boniringworm (PMP: *buqeni)

bonoenemy; to act as an enemy toward someone (PMP: *bunuq₂) *buNuq₂

boŋhoyoungest child (PWMP: *buŋsu)

boŋoskull (PPH: *buŋuq)

boŋolank.o. banana (PPH: *buŋuran)

borolto be laid out after death (of a corpse) (PPH: *burul)

botakala large monkey (PPh: *butakál)

botbotto make holes in sack of rice, etc., as chickens or rats do (PPH: *butbut₃) *butbut₂

boyawto scare off animals (PAN: *buRaw)

Ayta Abellan (80 / 365)

boytoto break s.t. flexible, such as rope (PPH: *buR(e)tuq)

dagawgame, play; to play; a toy (PPH: *dagaw)

dalayapsour citrus fruit (PAN: *dalayap)

dalifor someone to wait a moment; hurry, to do in a short time limit (PPH: *dalíq)

dalitto stick to (PMP: *dalit₁)

damaysympathy, help (as an ally) (PWMP: *damay)

daokappalm of hand, sole of foot (PPH: *dalukap)

dapítpart, place, side, direction (PWMP: *dapít)

dapoto surround and attack, like flies or gnats surrounding and attacking (PPH: *dapu)

dayablood (PAN: *daRaq)

dayamirice husk (PMP: *zaRami)

dayawto praise someone, to compliment (PPH: *dáyaw)

deehbowstring (PAN: *deles)

deemthe last quarter of the moon, the dark of the moon (PMP: *delem)

dekdekto smash (PMP: *dekdek) *dekdek₁

delepto submerge, to swim underwater; to dive, to duck under water (PMP: *delep)

depaharmsbreadth (PAN: *depah)

ditavenom of a snake; saliva of a rabid dog (PPH: *dítaq)

dolokto clean the hillside field after burning (PPH: *duluk)

dolotto serve food (dish it up) (PPH: *dúlut)

Ayta Abellan (100 / 365)

d<om>amayto sympathize with, to help (as an ally) (PWMP: *damay)

donoŋan ability or knowledge that others do not have; to be wise (PPH: *dunuŋ)

doyocorner, nook (PWMP: *zuRu)

etakmachete; to use a machete (PPh: *eták)

gahgahto clean by scrubbing or rubbing; to scrape (PMP: *gasgas)

galamayfinger, toe (PPH: *galamáy)

gayatto slice, as onions, saloyot, cabbage, bamboo shoots, etc. (PPH: *gáyat)

gihgihto clean by scrubbing (PAN: *gisgis₁)

gilidbeside (PPH: *gílij)

gogottooth (PMP: *gutgut₁) *gutgut

habekto crave or desire some kind of food; eagerness or desire to see someone (PPH: *sab(e)lék)

hakaand (PPH: *saká)

hakato go up (PPH: *saka)

hakebcover or lid; cap or top of a bottle; to cover (PWMP: *sa(ŋ)keb)

halimbeŋto conceal, cover up; a cover (PPH: *salimbeŋ)

halotto have fever; epidemic, pestilence; plague; disease that spreads rapidly, causing many deaths (PPH: *sárut)

haloyotokra (PPH: *salúyut)

hampopoto carry a child, person or other things in the arms (PPH: *sapúpu)

haŋayto toast (as insects for food) (PMP: *saŋelaR)

haŋgato be caught or hung on something when falling from a higher place (PWMP: *saŋgaq)

Ayta Abellan (120 / 365)

haŋkaputensils (as plates, cups, etc.) (PPH: *saŋkap)

hapasmall stream; lake (PAN: *sapaq₁)

hapucut meat into pieces (PPH: *sapuq)

hawato be tired of doing something (LOAN)

hayahappy (LOAN)

haynohliquid from or in the nasal cavity (LOAN)

hayofluid that comes out of a sore; sap from a tree (PWMP: *saRu₂)

hedhedcompact; to shake in order to compress contents in sack (PPH: *sedsed₂)

helepto enter (PMP: *selep)

heŋheŋto stop up; to cover; to put fingers in ears (PAN: *seŋseŋ)

hephepto puff on a cigarette; to suck snails from shell; to sip, as through a straw (PAN: *sepsep)

hidemgeneric term for ant (PWMP: *sijem)

higaŋto cook fish, shrimp, or pork with something sour (like adding tomatoes, tamarind, guava, etc.) (PPH: *sigáŋ)

higi-higito continue (as working); to insist (LOAN)

hignohfate; something destined to happen (LOAN)

hikhikto remove lice from one’s hair, delouse (PWMP: *siksik₁)

hikhikscales on a fish; to remove the scales (PMP: *siksik₂)

hilaʔshining of sun or moon; rays of sun or moon (PAN: *silaq)

hilemafternoon (PWMP: *silem)

hilemafternoon (PWMP: *sidem)

Ayta Abellan (140 / 365)

hilorope of hallong trap (trap for wild chicken); to trap with a rope (PPH: *síluq)

hiloŋunder (PPH: *siluŋ)

hindolbumping or striking the head against something (PPH: *sindul)

hinʔekto hiccup (PPH: *sin(e)qek)

hiŋawfumes, vapor, steam; the steam from boiling water (PPH: *siŋaw)

hiŋihalf hand of bananas; to buy one at a time (PPH: *siŋiq)

hiŋintwins (PPH: *síŋin)

hipetto consume all; to leave none remaining (PPH: *sipet)

hipiŋseated or lying side by side (PPH: *sípiŋ)

hipʔona head cold (PPH: *sip(e)qun)

hiwhiwchick (PAN: *siwsiw)

hofingernail; toenail (PPH: *sulu₂)

hoblayto bypass each other unintentionally (PPH: *sub(e)laR)

hoboto feed (as in feeding one’s baby brother); to eat with the hands (PPH: *subu₂) *súbuq

hododdelousing tool (PWMP: *sujud)

hokato vomit (PPH: *suka₂)

hokbitto stick money, etc. inside belt or waist band; to tuck something in at waist; money in belt (LOAN)

hoklichange; to make change (LOAN)

hokoto surrender (PPH: *suku₂) *sukuq

holotto wear (PPH: *suq(e)lút)

Ayta Abellan (160 / 365)

homboŋto tell on; to report (PPH: *sumbuŋ)

homboŋto tell on, to report (LOAN)

h<om>ilemevening (PWMP: *silem)

h<om>ilemevening (PWMP: *sidem)

hompoŋto be attacked by an illness or anito (evil spirit) (PPH: *sumpuŋ)

hoŋayanimal horns (PPH: *súŋay)

hoŋitharshness, sternness; surly, ill tempered, unfriendly; dour-faced (PPH: *suŋit₃)

hoŋotcat’s whiskers, shrimp feelers, and catfish’s feelers (PWMP: *suŋut₃)

hootclothes; to wear clothes (PPH: *suq(e)lút)

howia breach baby (PMP: *suliq)

hoyodto harrow (LOAN)

huhosnail (PMP: *susuq)

igpitto not give freedom, and be strict with (PPh: *hig(e)pít)

ilabpain; to experience pain (PPH: *hilab)

ilamonweed; grass (LOAN)

imonjealous (PPh: *qímun)

imotstingy, selfish (PPh: *ímut)

in-oma-anwas kissed by (PPH: *umah-an) *umah

iŋgitto be envious (PPH: *iŋgit)

iyopto sip (PAN: *siRup)

Ayta Abellan (180 / 365)

ka2sg. subject pronoun, you (PMP: *ka₄)

kadaŋlong; to make something long; tall (PWMP: *kazaŋ₁)

ka-haŋkap-anhousehold goods (furniture, cooking utensils, comb, iron, tools, baskets, etc. (PPH: *saŋkap)

kalantahkind of tree (PPH: *kalantas)

kaliteptepfirefly (PWMP: *kalim-petpet)

kapeyweak; slow (PPH: *kápuy)

kapohend (as of time, or supplies) (PPH: *kapus)

kapotiraincoat (LOAN)

katito trap wild chickens (PPH: *káti)

k<ay>aŋkaŋcrying or yelping of a dog (PAN: *kaŋkaŋ₂)

kayasakasto swish, noise produced when walking in grass, straw, etc. (PPH: *kayasakas)

kebetwrinkled by shrinking, swelling goes down (PPH: *kebet₂)

kehkehto be wrapped up with, bound (PWMP: *keskes₂)

kibkibto gnaw away, to eat away little by little (as cockroaches gnawing at a sock) (PPH: *kibkíb)

kihkihto scrape something, as soot from a roasted sweet potato (PAN: *kiskis)

kiwihto be crooked or off-center (as one’s mouth) (PPH: *kiwih)

kobosmall shelter (PMP: *kubu)

kohkohto scratch (PMP: *kuhkuh) *kuSkuS₂

kokohfingernail, toenail (PMP: *kukuh) *kuSkuS₁

kopaŋkind of tree (PPH: *kúpaŋ)

Ayta Abellan (200 / 365)

kopkopto hover over (as a mother hen over her chicks); to keep and protect under one’s care (PPH: *kupkup₂)

koskosto scrub the floor with a coconut husk (PWMP: *kuskus₂)

kotakcackling of a hen (PPH: *kuták)

kotimto nibble (as at watermelon seeds) (PPH: *kutím)

kotohhead louse (PMP: *kutu₁) *kuCux

labagdisobey; to transgress, go across a line of what is right and wrong; be against (as against one’s will) (PPH: *labag)

labahto pass by (PPH: *labas)

labihmore than; excess (PPH: *lábis)

labnawthin in consistency, as laundry starch or blood (PPH: *lab(e)náw)

labohnaked; to undress (PPH: *labus)

laboŋmany; to grow, increase (as the membership of a group) (PPH: *labuŋ)

lagoyoung, not yet mature (of rice); soft, tender (PPH: *lagúq)

lakatana variety of banana with thick-skinned, yellow, delicious fruit; this variety is the ‘national banana’ (PPH: *lakatán)

laloto worsen (as a swollen leg) (PMP: *lalu₁)

lampahto pass by (PPH: *lampás)

lanabflood; rushing water (PPH: *laq(e)nab)

lanabflood; rushing water (PWMP: *lanab)

lanomwater; to water (PMP: *danum) *daNum

laplapto skin an animal; to remove meat from the bone (PPH: *lapláp)

lapohto finish (PWMP: *la(m)pus₁)

Ayta Abellan (220 / 365)

lateŋarrive, come (PMP: *dateŋ)

lawaysaliva; to salivate (PPH: *láway)

lebeŋarea down river (PPH: *lebeŋ₂)

ledekfor someone to pound grain in a mortar with a pestle (PWMP: *ledek)

leeyneck (PAN: *liqeR)

leŋeto hear; to listen (PMP: *deŋeR)

lepadflight; to fly (PPH: *lepad)

letakto crack (as earth, a glass jar, wood that thin) (PWMP: *letak₁)

libahto pass by (PWMP: *libas₂)

libakto ambush, catch by surprise (PPH: *libák)

ligtahto save, rescue (PPH: *lig(e)tas)

lihasandpaper (LOAN)

liklikto sneak by, go around something, avoid (PPH: *liklík)

likopchisel scoop (PPH: *likup₂)

lilinhoneycomb (PMP: *lilin)

limafive (PAN: *lima)

limohalms, offering (LOAN)

linihto clean (PPH: *línis)

liŋayto turn one’s head to the side (PWMP: *liŋaR)

liŋayto turn one’s head to the side (PPH: *liŋay₂)

Ayta Abellan (240 / 365)

liŋliŋwall of a house (PMP: *diŋdiŋ₁)

liŋoto mislead (PWMP: *liŋu)

lipaythe other side of a body of water; to cross a body of water (PWMP: *di hipaR) *SipaR

lipeŋto be dizzy (PPH: *lipeŋ)

lipotto betray in private (PPH: *liput₂)

loblobto burn, be aflame (PPH: *lublúb)

lobohcomplete, integrity; do something wholeheartedly (PPH: *lubús)

lobothole; to make a hole (PPH: *lubut)

loloyshin (PAN: *luluj)

lopihskin of fruit or vegetable (PPH: *lupis₂)

lowatear (from crying) (PMP: *luheq) *luSeq

lowatwo (PMP: *duha) *duSa

lowaŋopening; sky (PPH: *luaŋ₂)

loyloyto sag or droop because under pressure; to lower with a rope (PPH: *luylúy)

lwahoutside (PMP: *luas₁)

ma-donoŋtalented, skilled; wise because of studies (PPH: *dunuŋ)

ma-hilemafternoon (PWMP: *sidem)

ma-ilabpainful (PPH: *hilab)

ma-kadaŋlong in length (PWMP: *kazaŋ₁)

ma-lagoyoung, of fruits (as coconuts) (PPH: *ma-laguq) *lagúq

Ayta Abellan (260 / 365)

mama-hakafor someone to climb a mountain or hill (PPH: *saka)

manindeed; please, I entreat you (PPH: *man)

maŋa-plural adjective marker (PMP: *maŋa₁)

ma-ŋihgihto clean a cooking pot (PAN: *gisgis₁)

māŋi-ligtahsavior (PPH: *lig(e)tas)

ma-patala flat, level place (PMP: *pa(n)tar₁)

ma-taŋhitproud (LOAN)

momocrumbs that fall when people are eating (PPH: *muhmuh)

nayahNarra tree: Pterocarpus indica (PMP: *naRah)

ŋaʔŋato chew (PPH: *ŋaqŋaq₂)

obotto pull out something that is deeply embedded (PMP: *ubut) *ubuC

ogtomidday, lunchtime; directly over or under (PPh: *ugtu)

olayto allow or tolerate something (a situation or condition) (PMP: *huRay) *SuRay

omato kiss (PPH: *umah)

omanto repeat; again (PMP: *uman) *umaN

omelnot able to speak, make no sound (PMP: *umel)

onato go first; to go ahead (PMP: *unah)

onatto stretch, as a rubber band or elastic (PPh: *uñat)

oŋótthe fruit of the coconut, the meat of the coconut, the juice of the coconut (PPH: *úŋut)

owehblanket; sheet; any kind of cover (PPH: *ules)

Ayta Abellan (280 / 365)

oyahto wash or clean something (PMP: *huRas) *SuRas

paŋahjaw and jawbone (PPH: *paŋah)

pa-olay-an moynanever mind (PMP: *huRay) *SuRay

patalan extensive tract of level, open land (PMP: *pa(n)tar₁)

payohoarse (PAN: *paRaw)

pegpegtrembling (as with cold) (PPH: *pegpeg₂)

pehpehto squeeze (as juice from a fruit); to wring out clothes (PMP: *pespes)

pihpihtemples, the flat part of the head on each side (PAN: *pispis₁)

pihpihtemple, the flat part of the head on each side (PMP: *pihpih) *piSpiS

piŋicheek (PPH: *pis(e)ŋí)

podpodworn at the point or ends (PPH: *pudpud)

pogotto cut off someone’s head (PWMP: *pugut)

pohekto insert inside something else (PPH: *pusek)

pohlitto have something or someone slip out of one’s hands and get away (can be a fish or a person) (PPH: *pus(e)lít)

pohoheart; banana blossom (PMP: *pusuq₁)

pokoldeformed, maimed (PPH: *pukul₂)

polotto pick up something (PWMP: *pu(n)zut)

pontopitch (of a song), intonation (LOAN)

poŋanpillow (PPH: *puŋan)

poŋohone bunch or bundle of something, as corn tied together; to bunch together (PPH: *puŋus)

Ayta Abellan (300 / 365)

sapalhand of bananas (PPH: *sápad)

sikoelbow (PAN: *sikux)

tabahto cut grass (PWMP: *tabas) *tabas₁

taboyto chase or drive away (PPH: *tabuR₂)

takehto embrace, to hug (PAN: *takes₁)

takepto capture (PMP: *ta(ŋ)kep₂)

talagatrue; real (PPH: *talagá)

taleka dance; to dance (PPH: *tadék)

taliŋoto make someone make a mistake, lead astray (PPH: *taliŋu)

talohto understand something; meaning (PPH: *tarús)

tambalto consult a doctor; to get a physician to cure one’s ailment (PPH: *tambal₂)

tambayhelp; to help (PPH: *tambaR)

tambobamboo shoot (PPH: *taŋ(e)buq₂)

tanamfeeling (psychological); to feel something emotionally (PAN: *tañam)

tandato know (PPH: *tandaq)

tandaŋrooster (LOAN)

taŋahsilly; fool; foolish; to act foolishly (PPH: *taŋah)

taŋayto take something and go away with it (as a cat stealing a fish that people are planning to cook) (PPH: *taŋaR)

taŋayto take something and go away with it (PPH: *taŋay₂)

taŋgoŋto carry in the arms (PWMP: *taŋguŋ)

Ayta Abellan (320 / 365)

taŋilikind of tree with fruit that cannot be eaten (PPH: *taŋíliq)

taŋonod, nodding or bowing of the head as a sign of assent; agree or assent (PPH: *taŋuq)

taŋo-taŋonodding of one’s head (PPH: *taŋuq)

taponcork (LOAN)

tayoto hide, conceal (PMP: *taRuq)

tebayto answer (PPH: *tebáR)

tepeta question (PPH: *tepet₂)

tepet-ento ask a question (PPH: *tepet₂)

tikilizard (PPH: *tikiq)

tikihan anticipated outcome that is intended or that guides planned actions (PPH: *tikís)

tiklopto fold up s.t. (e.g. mat) (PPH: *tik(e)lúp)

timoncontroller or rudder of a boat (LOAN)

timpotime, season (LOAN)

tiponto gather together (PPH: *típun)

titololand title (LOAN)

tobágto be rash, cruel (PPH: *tubág)

tobaha species of shrub from the seeds of which croton oil is extracted (PAN: *tubah)

tobolto send someone (in place of one who can’t go) (PPH: *tubul)

tokabill or beak of a bird; a peck with the bill or beak; bite of a snake; pecking of a chicken (PPH: *tukaq)

tokadstep; something to step on while climbing up (PWMP: *tukad₁)

Ayta Abellan (340 / 365)

tokayonamesake: a person who has the same name as oneself (LOAN)

tokhoto be tempted in one’s heart to do something evil (LOAN)

toktokto peck, as birds (PAN: *tuktuk₁)

toktoktop (PAN: *tuktuk₂)

tolito circumcise (PPH: *turiq)

toloyto sleep (PAN: *tuduR)

tomahtiny insect like a louse found on dirty clothes (PMP: *tumah) *CumeS

tompoka pile of vegetables (PWMP: *tumpuk)

tondato escort someone somewhere, partway to their destination (PPH: *tundaq)

tonoysound or noise; to make noise, sound (PPH: *tanúR)

tonoysound or noise; to make noise, sound (PPH: *tunuR)

toŋeltree stump (PPH: *tuŋel)

toyosoy sauce (LOAN)

toʔónfor someone to put something on something (PPH: *tuqun₁)

wagwágact of shaking unhusked rice from the stalks that are being threshed (PPh: *wagwág₂)

wahagto scatter; to pour out (PPH: *waság)

wahwahto bathe by immersing in stream; to wash clothes (PPh: *waswás₁)

wakahto end (PPH: *wakas₂)

watak(-watak)widely scattered; isolated in different places, disunited (PPH: *watak-watak)

wehwehto swing s.t. or s.o. with outstretched arm (usually turn a complete circle) (PPH: *weswés)

Ayta Abellan (360 / 365)

wihikto sprinkle (PPH: *wisik)

yaŋodry; of weeds, plants, to wither (PMP: *Raŋu)

yawedbetel leaf (for chewing preparation) (PWMP: *Rawed)

yegyegto shake up and down (especially branches of trees) for a short time; shaky (PPH: *yegyeg)

yokibcave (PPH: *Rukib)

45. Ayta Maganchi (43) WMP [aka: Ayta Mag-antsi]

abuhashes (PMP: *qabu)

ahaŋgills (PMP: *hasaŋ)

ahawaspouse (PAN: *qasawa)

ahinsalt (PAN: *qasiN)

ahodog (PAN: *asu₁)

akotto haul, carry, bring along (PMP: *hakut) *SakuC

alalfence (PAN: *qalad)

aliyounger sibling (PMP: *huaji) *Suaji

alloday, sun (PMP: *qalejaw)

anitoindwelling spirit (beneficent) (PMP: *qanitu) *qaNiCu

balahsand (PMP: *badas)

bayalungs (PAN: *baRaq₁)

bayato swell (PAN: *baReq)

bayaember (PMP: *baRah)

bəhaywaterfall (PWMP: *besay)

bəyəkpiglet (PAN: *beRek)

ditapoison, venom (PPH: *dítaq)

gomimoustache (PMP: *gumi)

hakayto ride, get in or on (PMP: *sakay₁)

halaybird’s nest (PMP: *salaR)

Ayta Maganchi (20 / 43)

hawatired of (PWMP: *saweqaq)

hikoelbow (PAN: *sikux)

hirəmsmall black biting ant (PWMP: *sijem)

is-náwabreath (PMP: *nihawa) *NiSawa

i-toroto teach (PAN: *tuzuq₁)

karaŋlong (PWMP: *kazaŋ₁)

kirɨpeyelash (PPH: *pidek₂)

kotolouse (PMP: *kutu₁) *kuCux

ləməhsink, drown (PMP: *lemes)

maŋ-ina-náwato breathe (Jason Lobel p.c.) (PMP: *nihawa) *NiSawa

maŋ-is-náwato breathe (PMP: *nihawa) *NiSawa

palirice (PAN: *pajay)

takəpcover, lid (PMP: *ta(ŋ)kep₁) *takep

talobeeswax (PWMP: *tadu)

toroteaching (PAN: *tuzuq₁)

tutubto be covered, hidden (as from sun or rain) (PMP: *tutub)

ubuhto use up, finish something (PPH: *ubus)

ulaŋshrimp (PAN: *qudaŋ)

ulitrepeat (PWMP: *ulit)

uranrain (PMP: *quzan) *quzaN

Ayta Maganchi (40 / 43)

uyatmuscle, tendon, blood vessel (PMP: *uRat) *huRaC

wakatroot that projects above ground (PMP: *wakat)

wakayvine (PMP: *wakaR)

Ayta Mag-antsi (43) WMP. see: Ayta Maganchi

Azera (14) OC. see: Adzera

A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W Y Z Proto-Languages

Austronesian Comparative Dictionary, web edition
Robert Blust and Stephen Trussel
www.trussel2.com/ACD
2010: revision 6/21/2020
email: Blust (content) – Trussel (production)
D:\Users\Stephen\Documents\Visual Studio 2008\Projects\prjACD\prjACD\bin\Debug\acd-l_a.htm