K

Kadazan (739) WMP. see: Kadazan Dusun

238. Kadazan (Kimanis) (5) WMP

dooblique case marker for plural personal names (PMP: *daₐ) *da₁

hikup-anto cover (PWMP: *likup-an) *likup₁

mo-mupuʔto wash (clothing) (PWMP: *puqpuq₂)

nogenitive of personal names (plural) (PAN: *na₃)

pupuʔto wash (cloth type material) (PWMP: *puqpuq₂)

Kadazan (Labuk-Kinabatangan) (10) WMP. see: Labuk-Kinabatangan Kadazan

239. Kadazan (Membakut) (1) WMP

dooblique case marker for common nouns and plural personal names (PMP: *daₐ) *da₁

240. Kadazan (Papar) (3) WMP

dioblique case marker for singular personal names (PAN: *di)

nimarker of the genitive case of singular personal names (PAN: *ni)

zimarker of the nominative case of singular personal names (PAN: *si₁)

241. Kadazan Dusun (739) WMP (Antonissen 1958) [kzj] (Kadazan, Coastal) Malaysia (Sabah) [aka: Dusun (Kadazan), Kadazan]

a-adjectival prefix (PMP: *ha-₁) *ha-

abufloat, swim (LOAN)

agaŋto blush, redden (NOISE)

agat-aito tighten (PMP: *heRet) *SeReC

a-gazobig, great, large, chief, main, principal (PAN: *Raya)

ahaʔdefeat, overcome, conquer (PWMP: *alaq₂)

ahaʔbe overcome, defeated (PWMP: *alaq₂)

a-kanto eat, consume, wear away; (in such games as chess) take a piece, destroy (as if by eating) (PAN: *kaen)

a-kan-on(to be) eaten, destroyed (as if by eating) (PAN: *kaen-en) *kaen

amafather (addr.) (PAN: *amax)

ambittake with the hands (PMP: *ambit)

ambittake with the hand (Also Tiruray abit 'beckon') (ROOT)

ampunpardon, forgive, condone, remit, excuse, absolve (PMP: *ampun)

ampuŋfloat, swim (PMP: *apuŋ)

anakchild (PMP: *anak) *aNak

anak-onbe born, of children (PWMP: *anak-en) *aNak

anawpaddyfield, wet ricefield (ROOT)

anitskin, peel (PMP: *qanit) *qaNiC

ansakcook, ripen (intr.) (PMP: *hasak) *Sasak

ansauroam about, go astray (PWMP: *ansaw)

Kadazan Dusun (20 / 739)

antastake a shortcut (PWMP: *qantas)

antawaeither (LOAN)

aŋaŋgrowling, snarling (PAN: *qaŋqaŋ)

asawhetting, sharpening (PMP: *hasaq) *Sasaq

asaŋdove, pigeon (PWMP: *acaŋ)

asaŋ-anthe fish from which the gill is being taken out (PWMP: *hasaŋ-an) *hasaŋ

asa-onbe sharpened (PWMP: *hasaq-en) *Sasaq

a-sapucan be wiped (PMP: *sapu)

asi-an-anhave compassion for, have pity on (PMP: *qasiq)

asiz-anthe one for whom one makes rice beer (PWMP: *asi₃)

avidwindle away, finish (PWMP: *qabiq)

avospinning, weaving (PPH: *habél)

azouto plunder (PWMP: *ayaw)

aʔano (PWMP: *aqa)

babaksmash, crush, bread to pieces (PAN: *bakbak₂)

babocarry on the back (PMP: *baba₁)

bahatuŋbean (PWMP: *balatuŋ)

bahucanopy over the dead (PMP: *baluq)

balatakbasket (NOISE)

balikbackside; turn oneself round, come back (PMP: *balik₂)

Kadazan Dusun (40 / 739)

baŋkaycorpse, carcass, dead body, skeleton, cadaver (PWMP: *baŋkay)

bavaŋriver (PWMP: *bawaŋ₁)

biavakvery large lizard (PWMP: *bayawak)

biŋkucoil up (PMP: *biŋku)

biŋkucoil up (ROOT)

bo-bohizanpriestess (PWMP: *balian)

bogokdomesticated pig (Ray 1913) (PAN: *beRek)

bohibuy, purchase (PMP: *beli)

bohotcatch fish in an enclosure of bamboo sticks (PWMP: *belet)

bosito row, to paddle (PMP: *beRsay)

bouvaŋ (from earlier **bauwaŋ)bear (PWMP: *baRuaŋ)

bubuspour out (PMP: *busbus)

bubus-onbe poured out (PWMP: *busbus-en) *busbus

buhavangold dust (PMP: *taqi) *Caqi

buntakto throw with mud (PWMP: *butak)

buntakthrow with mud (ROOT)

dadaŋput something near a fire for drying; heat from a fire or rays (PMP: *daŋdaŋ₁) *daŋdaŋ

dadaŋ-onto be dried near a fire or by the sun (PWMP: *daŋdaŋ-en) *daŋdaŋ

d̲ahanway (PMP: *zalan)

dahidbuttress root (PMP: *dalij)

Kadazan Dusun (60 / 739)

dakitto dock, berth, come alongside (PMP: *dakit)

dampotto reach (PMP: *dapet)

danawpaddyfield, wet ricefield (PAN: *danaw)

dapitto cross (PWMP: *dapit)

ɗawato argue, summon (LOAN)

dihaʔtongue (PMP: *dilaq₁)

dipisthin (ROOT)

dokotattach, stick to, bind together (PMP: *deket₁) *dekeC

dopit-onplace where one crosses, docks (PWMP: *dapit)

duha-anto spit (PMP: *dulaq)

duhaʔsaliva (PMP: *dulaq)

d<um>apitto land (PWMP: *dapit)

d<um><in>okotstuck (PWMP: *d<um>eket) *dekeC

duu-duvothe two of them (PMP: *du-duha) *duSa

duvotwo (PMP: *duha) *duSa

duvo-duvoboth (PMP: *duha duha₁) *duSa

duvo ŋo-opodtwenty (PMP: *ŋa)

duzuŋmermaid (PMP: *duyuŋ₂)

gahuŋembrace (PWMP: *galuŋ)

gahusloosen and slide off (ROOT)

Kadazan Dusun (80 / 739)

gakitraft, ferry (PMP: *Rakit)

gakomcatch, capture, seize, arrest (ROOT)

galaŋfierce (as a person’s temperament) (PAN: *garaŋ₁)

gamutroot (PMP: *Ramut₁)

ganti-ancolored thread (LOAN)

gapusto embrace, hug, hold someone in one’s arms (PMP: *Rapus)

gatarubber, rubber tree (PWMP: *gateq)

gatasmilk from nursing mammals (PMP: *Ratas₂)

gavunmist, fog, (white) cloud (PMP: *Rabun)

gazaŋa long parang, about two and one half feet in length (PAN: *gayaŋ)

gazobig (PAN: *Raya)

giliŋto grind, mill (PMP: *giliŋ)

giliŋ-anto grind, mill for someone (PWMP: *giliŋ-an) *giliŋ

gimattalisman or charm that gives strength, power (LOAN)

g<in>alaŋfierceness (PAN: *garaŋ₁)

g<in>apushugged, embraced (PWMP: *R<in>apus) *Rapus

g-inavoheart, mind, intellect, mood, feelings (seat of affections) (PMP: *nihawa) *NiSawa

g<in>azosize, magnitude (PAN: *Raya)

g<in>onopfullness, perfection (PWMP: *genep)

gizakscream, shout, shriek (PWMP: *giak)

Kadazan Dusun (100 / 739)

gizak-anto be shouted at (PWMP: *giak)

gizak-anto be shouted at (PWMP: *Riak)

gohoŋbracelet, arm-ring (PWMP: *geleŋ)

gokit-anto build or to place a raft (PWMP: *Rakit-an) *Rakit

gonop(to become) perfect; (be) complete (PWMP: *genep)

gopus-onembraced, hugged (PWMP: *Rapus-en) *Rapus

g<um>-inavoto love, be fond of (PMP: *nihawa) *NiSawa

g<um>izakto cry, shout, scream, shriek (PWMP: *giak)

g<um>izakto cry, shout, scream, shriek (PWMP: *R<um>iak) *Riak

g<um>onop(to become) perfect, complete (PWMP: *g<um>enep) *genep

guntiŋscissors (LOAN)

guntiŋ-anto cut (for someone) (LOAN)

guntiŋ-onto have cut something (LOAN)

hadopepper, chili (LOAN)

hanatstretch (ROOT)

hanuttough (of meat); thick, congeal, curdle (PWMP: *lañut)

haŋkabcome off, come loose (as skin, something pasted on) (ROOT)

haŋkavitclaw, talon (ROOT)

hapakcrack, split (ROOT)

hapasafter, after something is finished (PWMP: *lapas)

Kadazan Dusun (120 / 739)

hapuspierce, get through (PWMP: *la(m)pus₂)

hasaʔmistake, error, fault, blunder, crime (PMP: *salaq₁)

hasoŋdammar, resinous pitch (PAN: *saleŋ)

haughowl (PWMP: *rauŋ)

havanto oppose, resist, disobey (PMP: *laban₂)

hazagsail (PAN: *layaR)

hazoginger (PMP: *laqia)

hiadto push back with hands, move back; tilted (PWMP: *liad)

hikobto fold (ROOT)

hikoucoil (PAN: *likaw)

hikuto bend (a branch) (PMP: *likuq)

hikudthe back (PAN: *likud)

hiku-onto be bent (PMP: *likuq)

hikupenvelop, cover (PWMP: *likup₁)

himatokjungle leech (PWMP: *qali-matek) *-matek

him-bukonhill-pigeon (PWMP: *buken₂) *buken (X + buken)

himbunpile up; heaped up (PMP: *limbun)

himofive (PAN: *lima)

himpakto split (intr.) (ROOT)

h-in-amumixture (of food) (PWMP: *lamuj)

Kadazan Dusun (140 / 739)

hinḏuŋsmall freshwater eel (NEAR)

h-in-osogthe speed of flowing or streaming water; the stream of water, the current (PWMP: *seleg)

h-in-upihem . (ROOT)

hiputto go around something; surround (PMP: *liput₁)

hiput-onto be all around, surrounded (PMP: *liput₁)

hiput-onto be all around, surrounded (PAN: *lipuC)

hobimore, extra, superfluous (in comparison) (PMP: *lebiq)

hobugto wallow (PWMP: *lebuR)

hobuʔcalabash, type of gourd (PWMP: *labuq₂)

hogoŋmake a booming sound (PMP: *re(ŋ)geŋ)

ho-hobug-anpool, buffalo pool (PWMP: *lebuR)

ho-hotuŋ-ongong (ROOT)

hokopto cover (ROOT)

homoksoft, muddy (PAN: *lemek₁)

honsifishy smell (PMP: *laŋ(e)si)

hontogto shake (of floor); tap, knock, rap (ROOT)

hoŋkivitpull down with the hand (ROOT)

hoŋkuas(a type of) root, rhizome like a ginger (PWMP: *laŋkuas)

hoŋonarm, hand, forearm (PMP: *leŋen)

hopifolds, plaits (PWMP: *lepiq)

Kadazan Dusun (160 / 739)

hopotto pack, wrap (PWMP: *lepet₃)

h<um>asaʔto make a mistake; to break the law (PWMP: *s<um>alaq) *salaq₁

h<um>iputto go around something (PWMP: *l<um>iput) *liput₁

h<um>iputto go around something (PAN: *lipuC)

h<um>omokto become soft or muddy (PAN: *lemek₁)

h<um>onodto drown (PWMP: *leñej)

huniŋvarnish (ROOT)

hunokfat (PWMP: *lunek₁)

huŋkabto open, peel off (by itself) (PWMP: *ruŋkab)

huŋkabto open, peel off (by itself) (PWMP: *lukab)

huŋkab-onto be opened, peeled off (PWMP: *ruŋkab)

huŋuncoffin (PWMP: *luŋun)

huombecome dim, become cloudy (PWMP: *ludem)

hupiʔseam (PWMP: *lupiq)

huvawloose (PMP: *luqaR)

ibutdraught, breeze, air (PWMP: *ibut₂)

ibut topuodstorm, gale (PWMP: *ibut₂)

ihobvomit (NOISE)

ikod-onto cough (PWMP: *ikej)

inaM (addr) (PMP: *ina)

Kadazan Dusun (180 / 739)

ina-onto be addressed as “mother” (PWMP: *ina-en) *ina

in-d̲ahan-anplace to walk (PMP: *zalan)

in-duvotwice, two times (PWMP: *in-duha) *duSa

insanonce (PWMP: *insan)

insan-iat once, forthwith (PWMP: *insan)

insud-onthe place to which one moves (PMP: *icud)

insud-onthe place to which one moves (PMP: *isud)

in-taŋaʔto be at the middle, among (PWMP: *taŋaq₄)

in-tohuthree times (PWMP: *in-telu) *telu

intonŋstare at, observe (ROOT)

inumto drink non-strong drinks (PMP: *inum)

inum-onto drink (passive) (PWMP: *inum-en) *inum

inutdo something slowly (PWMP: *qinut)

inutto do slowly, bit by bit, gradually (PWMP: *inut)

inut-onto be done slowly, bit by bit, gradually (PWMP: *inut)

in-vahueight times (PWMP: *in-walu) *walu

iŋattake care, look out, heed, bear in mind, pay attention, be careful, beware (PMP: *iŋat)

iŋg-apatfour times (PWMP: *iŋg-epat) *Sepat

iŋg-onomsix times (PWMP: *iŋg-enem) *enem

iŋ-himofive times (PWMP: *iŋ-lima) *lima

Kadazan Dusun (200 / 739)

ipidream (PMP: *hipi) *Sipi

isoone (PAN: *isa₁)

isopsink into (as water into soil) (PMP: *qisep)

isurub with something, as for instance in washing (PMP: *hisuq)

itomblack (PMP: *qitem)

ituŋ-onbe thought (PWMP: *qituŋ)

ivodbecome round (holes, eyes) (NOISE)

izan-andomicile, living place, place of residence (PWMP: *ian-an) *ian₂

izutact of having sexual intercourse, copulation (PAN: *qiut)

ka-ahabe able to overcome, beat or conquer (PWMP: *ka-alaq) *alaq₂

ka-dapitcan land, cross (PWMP: *dapit)

ka-ganap-anact of completing; completion (to celebrate completion of son’s first year) (PWMP: *ka-genep-an) *genep

ka-gaza-anact of growing; greatness, hugeness; desire, wish (PAN: *Raya)

ka-hamak-anact of softening (PAN: *lemek₁)

ka-hasa-an(act of making a) mistake; (act of committing a) sin (PWMP: *ka-salaq-an) *salaq₁

ka-hasaʔcan be wrong, mistaken (PWMP: *ka-salaq) *salaq₁

kahuŋdeformed (foot, hand) (PWMP: *kaluŋ)

kakaŋbridle, halter, reins (as for a horse) (PWMP: *kakaŋ)

kakatto lift, carry (PWMP: *katkat₁)

kakat-onto be lifted (PWMP: *kakat-en) *katkat₁

Kadazan Dusun (220 / 739)

kakomgrasp (ROOT)

kam-anak-onstepchild, nephew (PWMP: *kam-anak-en) *aNak

kamaŋto crawl (PWMP: *kamaŋ)

kampisflat and thin, flatten (PMP: *kampis)

ka-ŋaancan name; can be reputed (PWMP: *ka-ŋajan(-an)) *ŋajan

kapathick (of flat things) (PWMP: *kapal)

ka-papas-anact of making a ditch, drain, channel (PWMP: *paspas₃)

ka-pasaŋsuitable as a pair (PMP: *pasaŋ₁)

ka-pukot(can) catch fish with a dragnet (PWMP: *ka-puket) *puket₁

ka-sakaz-anact of going on, riding (a horse, bicycle, etc.) (PMP: *sakay₁)

ka-sakit(can make) sick, ill (PWMP: *ka-sakit) *sakit

ka-sasap-anact of sucking (PAN: *sepsep)

ka-savitcan hang, hook onto, entangle (PMP: *saqebit)

kasawa lath, stripping stick laid across purlins for thatching roof of a traditional house (PMP: *kasaw₁)

ka-tahan-anthe act of swallowing (PMP: *telen)

katamto plane; a tool for smoothing a surface (LOAN)

katam-anto plane for (LOAN)

ka-tamaʔdare, bold, brave (PMP: *tamaq₂)

katam-onto be planed (LOAN)

ka-tanam-anact of planting (PAN: *ka-tanem-an) *CaNem

Kadazan Dusun (240 / 739)

ka-taŋguŋcan carry something on the shoulder with a long stick (PWMP: *ka-taŋguŋ) *taŋguŋ

ka-tapat-anact of being truthful, correct, right (PWMP: *tepet₁)

katiʔweight measurement (one and one third pounds) (LOAN)

ka-vahueighth (PMP: *ika-walu) *walu

kavaʔa big wok (PWMP: *kawaq)

kavithook (PAN: *kawit)

kavitto hook, pluck with a hook (PAN: *kabit₁)

kavit-onbe hooked, plucked with a hook (PWMP: *kawit-en) *kawit

kazutree; wood (PMP: *kahiw) *kaSiw

ka-ʔapatfourth (PMP: *ka-epat) *Sepat

kibitbear or carry a baby in one's arm (ROOT)

kihapflash, sparkle (PMP: *kilap)

kikikcreak, croak, giggle (PMP: *kikik)

kikisto scrape (PAN: *kiskis)

kikis-anto be scraped (PWMP: *kiskis-an) *kiskis

kikis-onto be scraped (PWMP: *kiskis-en) *kiskis

ki-kizopfan (PWMP: *kiap)

kimo(a kind of) big oyster (PMP: *kima)

kinamto try, test (PWMP: *kiñam)

k<in>okotbitten (PWMP: *ketket)

Kadazan Dusun (260 / 739)

k<in>o-tuhuŋ-anact of having helped; assistance (PWMP: *ka-tuluŋ-an) *tuluŋ

k<in>uowhat has been done? (PAN: *k<in>uja) *kuja

kiŋkigfile, fish skin (Goossens) (PAN: *kiRkiR)

kiŋkiŋhopping (PWMP: *kiŋkiŋ₂)

kitowe (dual incl.) (PAN: *k-ita) *ita₁

kitosee, find, observe, discover, show (PAN: *kita₂) *kita

koboŋmake a banging noise (ROOT)

kodutto pinch, nip (PWMP: *kezut₂) *kezut

kodut-onto be pinched (PWMP: *kedut-en) *kezut

ko-duvothe second (PMP: *ika-duha) *duSa

ko-g-inava-anlove, affection (PMP: *nihawa) *NiSawa

ko-gomut-an(act of) producing roots; rooting (PMP: *Ramut₁)

ko-himofifth (ordinal numeral) (PMP: *ika-lima) *lima

koiŋto dry (in the sun) (PWMP: *keRiŋ)

koiŋ-onto be dried (PWMP: *keRiŋ)

ko-isafirst (PWMP: *ika-isa) *isa₁

koitikto rap, to knock (ROOT)

kokotto bite (PWMP: *ketket)

kokotto bite (ROOT)

ko-kovit-anact of hooking, plucking with a hook (PWMP: *kawit-an) *kawit

Kadazan Dusun (280 / 739)

ko-kozuv-anforest area or jungle (PWMP: *ka-kahiw-an) *kaSiw

ko-niabyesterday (PWMP: *niRab)

koniapyesterday (PAN: *ka-₁)

ko-pihi-an(act of) choosing; election; selection (PAN: *ka-piliq-an) *piliq

ko-pihiʔcan choose, elect, select (PWMP: *ka-piliq) *piliq

ko-piowhich?, what? (PWMP: *ka-pija) *pijax

ko-ponu-anact of filling (PWMP: *ka-penuq-an) *peNuq

ko-sikucan knock with the elbow (PWMP: *ka-siku) *sikux

ko-sinsiŋ-anact of wearing a ring (LOAN)

ko-suat-anact of writing (LOAN)

ko-susu(can) suck milk, nurse (PWMP: *ka-susu) *susu₁

kotikto tick, click (sound), switch on (a switch) (PWMP: *ketik)

ko-timbaŋcan be opposite (PWMP: *ka-timbaŋ) *timbaŋ

ko-tohu(the) third (PMP: *ika-telu) *telu

kotopto graze, gnaw (PMP: *ketep₁)

kotop-onto graze, bite on (PMP: *ketep₁)

ko-tuba-anact of poisoning with tubo (PAN: *tubah)

ko-tudu-anact of having pointed with one’s finger, touching (PWMP: *ka-tuzuq-an) *tuzuq₁

ko-tukad-anact of supporting or propping; act of putting up a ladder (PWMP: *tu(ŋ)kad)

kotuʔto pick, pluck (as vegetables, fruit) (PMP: *ketuq)

Kadazan Dusun (300 / 739)

ko-votu-hanplace where there are plenty of stones (PWMP: *ka-batu-an) *batux

ko-ʔonomsixth (PMP: *ika-enem) *enem

-ku1sg non-focus actor and possessor (PAN: *-ku)

kuamsickness of the tongue of buffalo calf (medical name is “stomatitis or thrush”, in humans the condition is known as sovohok) (PMP: *guham) *guSam

kuhatmushroom (PMP: *kulat₂) *kulaC

k<um>akatto raise by itself (PWMP: *katkat₁)

kumba(dry) sago branches (PMP: *kumbal)

k<um>ihapto produce flashes of light, sparkle (PMP: *kilap)

kumo-himothe fifth (PWMP: *kuma-lima) *lima

kuŋkuŋto imprison, handcuff, detain (PWMP: *kuŋkuŋ₄)

kuŋkuŋ-onto put into prison (PWMP: *kuŋkuŋ₄)

kuowhat for? why? (PMP: *kuja)

kuonearthenware pot (PAN: *kuden)

kuo-z-onwhat to do? (PMP: *kuja)

kuta-onto build a fort (LOAN)

kutaʔfort, fortress (LOAN)

kutulouse, lice (PMP: *kutu₁) *kuCux

kutuv-onto have lice (PWMP: *kutu-en) *kuCux

kuvoa circumlocution for someone or something which is not verbalized purposely, or because the name is forgotten; so and so, such and such (PWMP: *kua₂) *kua₁

kuza-onto be chewed (PWMP: *ŋuyaq)

Kadazan Dusun (320 / 739)

kuzaʔto chew, masticate (PWMP: *ŋuyaq)

lamaslippery (NEAR)

lonod-onto be drowned (PWMP: *leñej)

mag-ambittake with the hands (PWMP: *maR-ambit) *ambit

mag-anakbear children, bring forth children, generate, give birth (PMP: *maR-anak) *aNak

mag-avito finish completely, consume, use up, exhaust, spend (PWMP: *qabiq)

ma-kanto eat (PAN: *ma-kaen) *kaen

mama-gakitusing a raft (PMP: *Rakit)

ma-manashoot with a bow (PAN: *panaq)

ma-mapasto make a ditch or channel (PWMP: *paspas₃)

mama-vakasstrengthen, make strong, invigorate (PMP: *bakas₁)

ma-nahito make string (PWMP: *ma-nalih) *CaliS

ma-nanomto plant (PWMP: *ma-nanem) *CaNem

ma-natasto cut off (PWMP: *ma-nastas) *tastas

man-avu-nspread ashes in the nursery (PMP: *qabu)

ma-nuahiplay a flute (PWMP: *ma-nurali) *turali

manukhen, cock, fowl (PMP: *manuk)

manuk tahunwild fowl (PMP: *manuk)

maŋ-ahadefeat, overcome (PWMP: *maŋ-alaq₂) *alaq₂

maŋ-ambittake with the hands (PWMP: *maŋ-ambit) *ambit

Kadazan Dusun (340 / 739)

maŋ-ampunpardon, forgive, condone, remit, excuse, absolve (PWMP: *maŋ-ampun) *ampun

maŋ-anitto skin, to peel, to strip the skin off (PMP: *qanit) *qaNiC

maŋ-apidmarry two wives (PMP: *qapij)

maŋ-apuito spark, to sparkle (PWMP: *maŋ-hapuy) *Sapuy

maŋ-asasharpen, whet (PWMP: *maŋ-hasaq) *Sasaq

maŋ-asito make rice beer (PWMP: *maŋ-asi) *asi₃

maŋ-asokmake holes for seeds in the nursery (PWMP: *maŋ-hasek₁) *hasek₁

maŋ-atulaim with a gun; put in order, arrange; legislate (LOAN)

maŋ-avitto pluck with a hook (PAN: *kawit)

maŋ-avoto spin, to weave (PWMP: *maŋ-habel) *habél

maŋ-ogiktread out corn from the ears (PWMP: *maŋ-Riqek) *Riqek

mataydie, expire, breathe one's last (PMP: *m-atay) *aCay

mi-duvo ginavoto hesitate; undecided (‘be of two minds’) (PMP: *duha) *duSa

mimaŋ voŋito smell (PMP: *beŋi)

mod-titikto strike a match (PAN: *tiktik₁)

mog-iŋattake care, look out, heed, bear in mind, pay attention, be careful, beware (PWMP: *maR-iŋat) *iŋat

mog-ukasdrive away the soul of a dead person on the seventh day after his death (PWMP: *maR-hukas) *hukas

mo-mihiʔto elect, choose, select, appoint (PWMP: *ma-miliq) *piliq

mo-mikulto carry with a stick (LOAN)

momo-duhaʔto spit (PMP: *dulaq)

Kadazan Dusun (360 / 739)

mo-monuʔto fill (PWMP: *maŋ-penuq) *peNuq

mo-moŋkostie into a bundle (of firewood) (PWMP: *maŋ-beRkes) *beRkes

mo-mubusto pour out (PMP: *busbus)

mo-muhutto tap rubber tree (PMP: *pulut)

mo-mukotto fish with a dragnet (PWMP: *ma-muket) *puket₁

mo-mututto break, cut (PWMP: *putut₂)

mo-nimbaŋto weigh (PWMP: *ma-nimbaŋ) *timbaŋ

mo-nimpukto heap up soil on a bund (PWMP: *simpuk)

mon-isopto absorb moisture (of tobacco and clothing) (PWMP: *maŋ-qisep) *qisep

mo-nitikto light a match (PWMP: *ma-niktik) *tiktik₁

monon-dihaʔto stick out the tongue (PMP: *dilaq₁)

mo-nosopto suck (PWMP: *ma-ñepsep) *sepsep

mo-nuatto write, mark down, inscribe (LOAN)

mo-nuboto poison with tubo (PWMP: *ma-nuba) *tubah

mo-nuduʔto point out, touch (PWMP: *ma-nuzuq) *tuzuq₁

mo-nukodto support, prop up (as a house) (PWMP: *ma-nuked) *tuked

mo-nusuto suck (PWMP: *ma-ñusu) *susu₁

moŋ-imattake care of (LOAN)

moŋ-im-pusodto cut the umbilical cord, help the mother deliver the baby (PMP: *pusej)

moŋ-insoktrample down (PWMP: *isek)

Kadazan Dusun (380 / 739)

moŋ-inumto drink non-strong drinks (PMP: *maŋ-inum) *inum

moŋ-inutto do slowly, step by step, little by little (PWMP: *inut)

moŋ-itomblacken, make black (PWMP: *maŋ-qitem) *qitem

moŋ-ituŋto think (PWMP: *qituŋ)

moŋ-izutto have sexual intercourse or copulation (PAN: *qiut)

mo-ŋodutto nip, pinch (PWMP: *ma-ŋezut) *kezut

moŋ-ogotto tighten, hold it firmly (PMP: *heRet) *SeReC

moŋ-ogottie up tightly (PWMP: *maŋ-heRet) *SeReC

moŋ-ondomreflect, meditate, think about, remember, ponder over (PWMP: *qendem)

moŋ-onsomto make sour, to pickle; (PWMP: *esem)

moŋ-on-tizanpregnant (PMP: *tian) *tiaN

moŋ-uhinto steer (PWMP: *maŋ-qulin) *qulin

moŋ-unito make music, to sound, to produce sound, to chirp, to bleat, to neigh, to strike (of clock) (PMP: *huni) *Suni

mo-ŋuogoing where? (PMP: *kuja)

moŋ-upato bribe (PWMP: *maŋ-upaq) *upaq

moŋ-utaŋto borrow (PWMP: *maŋ-qutaŋ) *qutaŋ

moŋ-uuseat sugarcane (PWMP: *maŋ-ququs) *ququs

mo-ŋuzaʔto masticate, chew (PWMP: *ŋuyaq)

m-uhigo home, return home (PMP: *um-uliq) *uliq₁

mumuʔcrumb (of rice) (PWMP: *muqmuq)

Kadazan Dusun (400 / 739)

muta putafoaming (PAN: *puCaq)

naka-gamuthas rooted, settled down (PWMP: *maka-Ramut) *Ramut₁

nanamtaste; good taste (PAN: *ñamñam)

nanaʔpus, matter (as in a wound or boil) (PMP: *nanaq) *naNaq

na-pantak-anto have a spot in the eye (PWMP: *pantek)

na-sadap-anto have been overtaken by the dark (PMP: *sedep₁)

n-asinative beer made from rice (PWMP: *in-asi) *asi₃

natadcourtyard, house compound (PMP: *natad) *NataD

noalready, grammatical particle (PMP: *na₄) *Na₂

no-kuowhat is the matter? what is wrong? (PMP: *kuja)

no-pihiʔ(has been) chosen, elected, selected (PWMP: *na-piliq) *piliq

ŋaanname; reputation (PMP: *ŋajan)

ŋaan-anto be named (PWMP: *ŋajan-an) *ŋajan

ŋa-aviall, every, everything (PWMP: *qabiq)

ŋusapsmack the lips while eating (NEAR)

odopsleep, snooze (PWMP: *qezep)

ogiktread out corn from the ears (PAN: *Riqek)

ogottight, firmly held together (PMP: *heRet) *SeReC

ogot-onbe tied up tightly (PWMP: *heRet-en) *SeReC

o-hunokthick flesh (as of fruit, particularly durian) (PWMP: *lunek₁)

Kadazan Dusun (420 / 739)

omissweet (PMP: *hemis)

ompuscontinue, complete (PMP: *epus)

-onpassive marker; e.g. oŋgom-on be held in the fist (PAN: *-en)

onit-anto skin, to peel, strip the skin off (PWMP: *qanit-an) *qaNiC

onomsix (PAN: *enem)

onsomsour (PWMP: *esem)

opodismarting (of pain) (PMP: *hapejiq) *Sapejiq

opodossmarting (of pain); pungent; poisonous (of snakes, etc.) (PMP: *hapejes)

ovicarry, convey, bear, bring, take along (NOISE)

ovitcarry, convey, bear, bring, take along (ROOT)

ovoh-onwhat is spun or woven (PWMP: *habel-en) *habél

paaipaddy (PAN: *pajay)

pa-a-kan-onto cause or allow to be fed (PAN: *pa-kaen-en) *kaen

padaŋfield, playing ground, meadow (PWMP: *padaŋ)

padauboat, canoe, rowing boat, sailing boat (PWMP: *padaw)

pagaʔto press out, squeeze out, wring out (liquid) (PAN: *peReq)

pahadpalm, handpalm (PMP: *palaj₁)

pa-hasa-onto be blamed (PWMP: *pa-salaq-en) *salaq₁

paka-hasaʔto say that someone is wrong, to blame (PMP: *pa(ka)-salaq) *salaq₁

pampaŋrock, big stone (PWMP: *paŋpaŋ)

Kadazan Dusun (440 / 739)

panabow (PAN: *panaq)

pa-naka-anthe place where one steals (PWMP: *paŋ-takaw-an) *Cakaw

pa-naka-onbe stolen (PWMP: *paŋ-takaw-en) *Cakaw

pa-nakausteal (PMP: *pa-nakaw) *Cakaw

panauwalk, march (PMP: *panaw₂) *paNaw

pantoka spot in the eye (PWMP: *pantek)

paŋ-avitthe thing one uses for hooking, or a hook to be used for plucking (PWMP: *pa-ŋawit) *kawit

paŋgisummon, call for something important; convoke (LOAN)

paŋikind of fruit the seeds of which are added to salted fish (PWMP: *paŋi)

paŋotributary or side road; branch off (river, road) (PAN: *paŋa₁)

papa-gamutto cause or allow to root (PMP: *Ramut₁)

papasditch, drain, channel (PWMP: *paspas₃)

papas-anto make a ditch for (PWMP: *papas-an) *paspas₃

pa-pa-savogive in marriage; make or let marry (of boy) (PMP: *pa-qasawa) *qasawa

papaʔto feed a child mouth to mouth (PMP: *paqpaq₁)

pasaŋpair (PMP: *pasaŋ₁)

patodcut into two pieces; to cross, as a road (PWMP: *pated)

patod-onto be cut into two pieces (PWMP: *pated-en) *pated

pihatscar (PWMP: *pilat)

pihi-on(to be) chosen, elected, selected (PWMP: *piliq-en) *piliq

Kadazan Dusun (460 / 739)

pihiʔto choose, elect (PAN: *piliq)

pii-piofew, some (PWMP: *ka-pija) *pijax

pikofold (PMP: *pikel)

pikoh-onto be folded (PMP: *pikel)

pikulcarry with a stick; a measure of weight (LOAN)

pikul-onto be carried with a stick (LOAN)

p<in>ihiʔ(the thing) chosen, selected; choice (PWMP: *p<in>iliq) *piliq

p<in>onuʔfilled (PWMP: *p<in>enuq) *peNuq

p<in>ukotcaught fish with a dragnet (PWMP: *p<in>uket) *puket₁

piŋganplate (LOAN)

piohow many? (PAN: *pijax)

pi--pasaŋ-onto be put into pairs (PMP: *pasaŋ₁)

pipidclose together (PAN: *pijpij)

pipisto oppress, crush, squash; flat (PMP: *pipis₂) *pipis₁

pipisto oppress, crush, squash, compress (PMP: *pispis₄)

pipis-onto be compressed (PMP: *pipis₂) *pipis₁

pisukinside angle (PWMP: *picuk)

pizakbaby chick (PAN: *piak)

pogrammatical particle: yet (PAN: *pa₁)

po- ~ popo-causative prefix (PAN: *pa-₂)

Kadazan Dusun (480 / 739)

po-dokot-oncause or allow to attach, stick to (PMP: *pa-deket) *dekeC

pog-nominal affix: mog-odu 'to rebuke', pog-odu 'a rebuke' (PWMP: *paR-) *paR-₁

po-gomut-onallowed to root (PMP: *Ramut₁)

pog-on-tizan-onfetus (PMP: *tian) *tiaN

poko-vusuŋcurse someone (PWMP: *busuŋ)

p<om>opokthing one uses to knock (PWMP: *p<um>ekpek) *pekpek₁

po-muhutthing one uses for tapping rubber (PMP: *pulut)

po-muhut-anthe place where one taps rubber (PMP: *pulut)

po-nikuto knock with elbow (PWMP: *pa-ñiku) *sikux

ponodpacked, full (PMP: *pened₁)

po-nuba-an(place where to) poison fish with tubo (PAN: *tubah)

ponu-onto be filled (PWMP: *penuq-en) *peNuq

ponuʔto fill; to be full (PAN: *peNuq)

popokto knock (on door, wall) (PAN: *pekpek₁)

po-po-uhibring home, let one go home (PMP: *pa-uliq) *uliq₁

po-susuv-onto nurse, breastfeed a child (PAN: *pa-susu-en) *susu₁

puakwhite (PWMP: *pudak)

puhaŋpolish, make shiny (ROOT)

puhito pay back, recover payment (PWMP: *puliq)

puhutsap of trees (PMP: *pulut)

Kadazan Dusun (500 / 739)

pukotdragnet (PMP: *puket₁)

pukot-onto be caught with a dragnet (PWMP: *puket-en) *puket₁

pulut-antree with fruit similar to the jackfruit (PAN: *puluC)

punaifruit-eating pigeon (PAN: *punay)

pu-ŋaan-anto name (PAN: *pu-ŋajan) *ŋajan

puŋguto prune, cut or break off top of tree (PWMP: *puŋgu)

pusodnavel, belly button (PMP: *pusej)

putafoam, lather, froth (PAN: *puCaq)

putulto perforate (PMP: *putul) *putun

putusdecide (PWMP: *putus) *putus₁

pututto break off (as rope, string, belt, etc.) (PWMP: *putut₁)

pututto break off (as rope, string, belt, etc.) (PWMP: *putut₂)

puunstalk, trunk, stem; source, root; foot of a hill (PMP: *puqun)

puun-ansip a little bit; start (PWMP: *puqun-an) *puqun

puun-onreason for starting (PWMP: *puʔun-en) *puqun

sakayto go up; to ride (PMP: *sakay₁)

sakayto go up (PMP: *sakay₄)

sakitsick, ill (PMP: *sakit)

sand̲aŋto wear over shoulder, wear a sash or a rattan loop with a bundle of dried palm leaf strings, made frilly (worn around one shoulder during the sumazau dance) (PWMP: *sandaŋ)

saŋayto have the same name (PWMP: *saŋay)

Kadazan Dusun (520 / 739)

sa-pasaŋone pair (PMP: *pasaŋ₁)

sapsap-onto be cut off (of tree bark) (PWMP: *sapsap-en) *sapsap

saputo wipe (PMP: *sapu)

sasapto chip off, scrape off bit by bit (as with a knife (PWMP: *sapsap)

saukto scoop (PWMP: *sanduk)

savithook onto, entangle (PMP: *saqebit)

savitto hang, hook onto, entangle (PWMP: *sabit)

savohusband, wife; better half (PAN: *qasawa)

savuanchor (PWMP: *sabuq)

sidokto choke, stifle (as when swallowing a large amount of water or food)’ (PWMP: *si(n)dek)

sidok-onto be choked, stifled (PWMP: *si(n)dek)

siito sift with a woven tray-like basket (PMP: *siji)

sikoksob (ROOT)

sikuelbow (PAN: *sikux)

sikuvanspindle, needle for making nets (holds the thread) (PWMP: *sikuqan)

sikuv-onto be knocked with an elbow (PWMP: *siku-en) *sikux

simpukto heap up soil (PWMP: *simpuk)

simpuk-onto be thrown down (as from a horse) (PWMP: *simpuk)

s<in>aŋ-kazumade or carved from one tree (PWMP: *sa-ŋ-kahiw) *kaSiw

sindiɁa type of poetry/music that has hidden meaning (LOAN)

Kadazan Dusun (540 / 739)

s<in>ikube knocked with an elbow (PWMP: *s<in>iku) *sikux

s<in>impuka dike along a river (PWMP: *simpuk)

sinsiŋring (LOAN)

s<in>uatwrote (LOAN)

sizudsmall round fishing net (like a porous basket with a handle) (PWMP: *sihud)

sobotto penetrate (PWMP: *sebet)

sodopnight (PMP: *sedep₁)

sokotto stick to (PWMP: *seket₂)

sokotpasting, gumming, sticking (ROOT)

sondukto scoop food (PWMP: *senduk)

sonodto sink (ROOT)

son-tounone year (PMP: *taqun)

soŋiŋtinkle (ROOT)

soŋ-kikik-kikikcreaking, croaking, giggling (PMP: *kikik)

soŋ-kuohow much/how many? (PWMP: *saŋ-kuja) *kuja

soŋotangry (ROOT)

sopiɁto break off branches (PAN: *sepiq)

so-pikulone pikul, 100 kati (LOAN)

sopuv-onto be wiped out (opponents) (PMP: *sapu)

sosopto suck (PAN: *sepsep)

Kadazan Dusun (560 / 739)

sosop-onto be sucked (PAN: *sepsep-en) *sepsep

suatwriting, letter, note, inscription (LOAN)

suat-anto write (a letter) (LOAN)

suat-on(to be) written (LOAN)

sukata kind of basket for measuring; to measure (PWMP: *sukat)

sukat-onto be measured (PWMP: *sukat-en) *sukat

sukudrod, walking stick (PAN: *sukud)

sulamembroidery (PMP: *sulam)

s<um>akitfall sick, become ill (PWMP: *s<um>akit) *sakit

s<um>avitto get entangled; to hang, hook onto (PWMP: *s<um>abit) *saqebit

sumbulamp, torch, lantern, light (LOAN)

s<um><in>osopsucked (PAN: *s<um>epsep) *sepsep

s<um>okotto stick to (PWMP: *seket₂)

s<um>usuto suck the breast, nurse at the breast (PAN: *s<um>usu) *susu₁

susubreasts, paps, udder; milk (PAN: *susu₁)

suvia lever (PWMP: *suil)

taparticle used to express admiration, etc. (marks intensity or enthusiasm) (PWMP: *ta₂)

taagkosband, girdle (ROOT)

tadausun, day, weather (PAN: *qajaw)

tadau tadauevery day, daily, day by day (PMP: *qalejaw-qalejaw) *qalejaw

Kadazan Dusun (580 / 739)

t-adiyounger sibling (PMP: *ta-huaji) *Suaji

tagkosto girdle (PAN: *ta(R)kes)

tahirope (PMP: *talih) *CaliS

tahunjungle, wilderness (PMP: *talun₁) *CaluN

taidung (PMP: *taqi) *Caqi

ta-kavitwhat can be hooked (PAN: *kawit)

t-alakarrack (LOAN)

talama tray (LOAN)

tamafather (ref.) (PMP: *t-amax) *amax

tamaʔbrave, bold (PMP: *tamaq₂)

t-ambaŋfare (on bus, etc.); freight, freightage, passage money (PWMP: *abaŋ₃)

tam-paŋiankle (PWMP: *paŋil)

tanam-anto plant (PAN: *tanem-an) *CaNem

t-anaywhite ant (PAN: *aNay)

tanaʔsoil, land, earth, ground (PMP: *taneq)

tanomplant, crop (PMP: *tanem) *CaNem

taŋaʔmiddle; among, center (PWMP: *taŋaq₄)

taŋguŋcarry over the shoulder with a long stick (PWMP: *taŋguŋ)

taŋkasunbolt, loosen things, fittings (PMP: *taŋkas)

taŋkubto cover (PMP: *ta(ŋ)kub)

Kadazan Dusun (600 / 739)

t-apidtwins; concubine of a married man (PMP: *qapij)

t-apinswaddling clothes (PMP: *hapin)

tapiʔsarong (PWMP: *tapiq₂)

t-aponfishing-angle, fishhook (PMP: *hapen)

t-apuchalk, lime (PAN: *qapuR)

t-apuyfire (PMP: *hapuy) *Sapuy

t-asudog (PAN: *asu₁)

ta-tanomdibble for planting (PMP: *tanem) *CaNem

tatasto cut off, trim, lop (PAN: *tastas)

t-avakwaist, hips, loins (PMP: *hawak) *Sawak

t-avansky, firmament, heavens, expanse (PWMP: *hawan)

t-avuash (PMP: *qabu)

t-azamtame animals (PWMP: *qayam₂)

timbaŋbeside, opposite (PWMP: *timbaŋ)

timbaŋ-anto weigh, balance (for) (PWMP: *timbaŋ-an) *timbaŋ

timbaŋ-onto be balanced, weighed (PWMP: *timbaŋ-en) *timbaŋ

t<in>opottruth (PWMP: *tepet₁)

tinsukpierce, prick (PWMP: *tisuk)

titikstrike a match (ROOT)

titik-anto be lit with a match (PWMP: *tiktik-an) *tiktik₁

Kadazan Dusun (620 / 739)

ti-timbaŋa scale for weighing (PWMP: *timbaŋ)

tizanabdomen, belly (PMP: *tian) *tiaN

tobokto stab; push a knife or other sharp object into something (PAN: *tebek)

tobusugarcane (PMP: *tebuh₁) *tebuS

to-dokot(what can be) stuck on (PMP: *deket₁) *dekeC

togokto cluck (as a hen) (Also Kayan tegek 'knock, tap, bump', manukṭ 'woodpecker') (ROOT)

togonokmosquito (PPH: *taRenek)

to-hikudto turn backwards; to turn one’s back to (PMP: *ta-likud) *likud

to-hikud-anto turn one’s back on (PMP: *ta-likud) *likud

tohiŋoear (PMP: *taliŋa) *Caliŋa

tohiz-onbe made into string (PWMP: *talih-en) *CaliS

tohonto swallow (PMP: *telen)

tohon-onto be swallowed (PMP: *telen)

tohuthree (PAN: *telu)

to-hunoksomething that is fat, fleshy (PWMP: *lunek₁)

to-isa isaone by one, one at a time (PAN: *isa isa) *isa₁

tokuu-kuowhich one? what kind? (PMP: *kuja)

tonom-onto be planted (PAN: *CaNem-en) *CaNem

toŋo-duvoonly two (PMP: *duha) *duSa

to-onom-onomsix by six, six at a time (PMP: *enem enem) *enem

Kadazan Dusun (640 / 739)

topi-onto be worn as a sarong (PWMP: *tapiq₂)

topottrue, correct, right, indisputable, genuine (PWMP: *tepet₁)

tosuŋmortar (PMP: *esuŋ)

tounyear (PMP: *taqun)

toun-tounevery year (PMP: *taqun)

tovuda fountain, spring (PAN: *Cebuj)

tuahiflute (traditional local musical instrument) (PWMP: *turali)

t-uatsinew (PMP: *uRat) *huRaC

t-uat do zaaartery, vein (PWMP: *uRat i daRaq) *huRaC

t-ubatdrug, medicine, remedy (LOAN)

t-ubat do kupigunpowder (LOAN)

t-ubat do pinuluammunition (LOAN)

tubothe root of a poisonous creeper (used for poisoning fish) (PAN: *tubah)

tubo-onbe poisoned with tubo (PWMP: *tuba-en) *tubah

t-udiponslave (PWMP: *qudipen)

tudukto teach, show, consult, advise, indicate (PMP: *tuzuk)

tuduʔto point at, touch (PAN: *tuzuq₁)

tuhaŋbone, skeleton (PWMP: *tuqelaŋ)

tuhidstraight; honest (PWMP: *tuq(e)lid)

tuhid-onto be straightened (PWMP: *tuq(e)lid)

Kadazan Dusun (660 / 739)

t-uhinrudder (PMP: *qulin)

t-uhuhead, handle (PMP: *qulu) *quluh

t-uhunman, person (PMP: *qulun₁)

t-uhun-ancushion, pillow (PMP: *qulun-an) *qulun₂

tuhuŋto help (PMP: *tuluŋ)

tukadladder, staircase (PWMP: *tukad₁)

tukodto prop, support (PAN: *tuked)

tukod-onto be supported, propped (PWMP: *tuked-en) *tuked

t-um-ahoubecome a coward (PAN: *talaw)

tumbuka blow with fist, punch (PMP: *tumbuk)

t-umpuwealthy man (any of the nobility) (PMP: *ta-umpu) *umpu

t-unisound; bleating, neighing, etc. (PMP: *huni) *Suni

tuŋkakubtrap for birds (ROOT)

tuoŋuspig's snout, elephant's trunk (ROOT)

t-upanbait (PMP: *qumpan)

tupofowl of medium age (PMP: *qupa)

t-utaŋdebt; loan (PMP: *qutaŋ)

t-utokmarrow; brain (PMP: *hutek)

tutulto examine, question (PMP: *tutur₁)

t-uuthirst (PMP: *quhaw) *quSaw

Kadazan Dusun (680 / 739)

t-uuv-anget thirsty, be thirsty (PAN: *quSaw-an) *quSaw

tuuʔseven (PAN: *tuzuq₁)

t-uvaithin rattan, cane (PAN: *quay)

t-uvangrey (of hair) (PMP: *quban) *qubaN

udokstamp with the foot (ROOT)

uhamplant materials eaten raw with pickled fish (young leaves, shoots, fruits, ginger or onions) (PWMP: *qulam)

uhaubecome mad (PAN: *ulaw)

uhigo home (PMP: *uliq₁)

uhi-ongo home, return home (PWMP: *uliq-en) *uliq₁

uhusto glide down (PWMP: *hurus)

uhusglide down (PWMP: *ulus)

ukabto open (of boxes), to uncover (PWMP: *hu(ŋ)kab)

ukab-onwas opened by (PWMP: *hukab-en) *hu(ŋ)kab

ukasdrive away the soul of a dead person on the seventh day after his death (PWMP: *hukas)

ukas-onbe driven away, of the soul of a dead person on the seventh day after his death (PWMP: *hukas-en) *hukas

ukumpunishment, penalty, sentence (LOAN)

ukum-enbe punished (LOAN)

-um-verbal infix used with intransitive bases and to form inchoatives (PMP: *<um>) *-um-

um-aŋaŋto growl, to snarl (PAN: *q<um>aŋqaŋ) *qaŋqaŋ

um-onsomto become sour (PWMP: *esem)

Kadazan Dusun (700 / 739)

umpoŋusto snort (ROOT)

umulage (LOAN)

undaŋ-undaŋrule, law (LOAN)

undulgo backwards, retreat, retire, recoil, recede (PWMP: *undur)

untuŋgain, profit (LOAN)

unusto die out, finish, end (PWMP: *hunus)

upato bribe (PMP: *upaq)

upasto peel betel nut (ROOT)

upaʔ-anbe bribed by (PWMP: *upaq-an) *upaq

utalaNorth (LOAN)

utaŋ-onbe borrowed (PWMP: *qutaŋ-en) *qutaŋ

uuseat sugarcane (PMP: *ququs)

uus-onbe eaten, of sugarcane (PWMP: *ququs-en) *ququs

uvabyawn (PMP: *huab₂) *Suab

uzogto shake (PWMP: *uyeg)

vagunew, again, anew (PMP: *baqeRu) *baqeRuh

vaigwater (PMP: *wahiR)

vakasstrong (PMP: *bakas₁)

vakauclimbing plants (tough), twiners, lianas (PWMP: *bakehaw)

vananright hand (PMP: *wanan) *waNan

Kadazan Dusun (720 / 739)

vananright hand (PMP: *wanan) *wanaN

vaŋuncome about, get existence (PMP: *baŋun₂) *baŋuN

vataŋlog (PMP: *bataŋ) *bataŋ₁

vatuplait, weave (PMP: *batuR₁)

vatustone (PMP: *batu) *batux

viaksplit by itself (of long things) (PMP: *biqak)

vivikwhistle; to whistle (PWMP: *wikwik)

vogokpig, swine, pork (PAN: *beRek)

voŋiodor, smell, scent (PMP: *beŋi)

voŋkosbundle (of firewood) (PMP: *beRkes)

votikcolor; to carve, engrave (PMP: *betik₂) *beCik

vuawto drive, chase away (birds, chicken, etc.) (PAN: *buRaw)

vuhanmoon, month; calendar (PMP: *bulan₃) *bulaN

vuhan-vuhanmonthly (PMP: *bulan-bulan₂) *bulaN

vuhuhair on the body, down, fluff (PMP: *bulu₁)

vukufinger joint; node in bamboo (PMP: *bukuh)

vusakmarrow in wood (NOISE)

vutusto pluck up (ROOT)

vuvudshake something out of a pot, etc. (PWMP: *bubud)

Kahabu Pazeh (11) Form.. see: Pazeh (Kahabu)

242. Kahua (3) OC [agw] Solomon Islands

gasigaa fish: Lethrinus elongatus, Lethrinus olivaceus (POC: *kasika)

rahuashes (POC: *rapuR) *dapuR₁

waga-naroot (PMP: *wakaR)

243. Kaidipang (29) WMP [kzp] Indonesia (Sulawesi)

akutoto carry piecemeal (PMP: *hakut) *SakuC

anakochild (PMP: *anak) *aNak

anjaŋogills (PMP: *hasaŋ)

a-nu-kowhat? (PMP: *a-nu) *-nu₁

bugosohusked rice (PMP: *beRas)

busugusatiated, full (after eating) (PAN: *besuR)

du:ŋoleaf (PMP: *dahun)

duŋoguto hear (PMP: *deŋeR)

gosutohundred (PMP: *Ratus) *RaCus

gusukorib, ribs (PAN: *Rusuk)

hikutograss (PWMP: *rikut)

inumoto drink (PMP: *inum)

iuŋonose (PMP: *ijuŋ)

ka-anu-kowhere? (PMP: *ka-nu₂) *-nu₁

koŋgomoto hold in the fist (PWMP: *kemkem₁)

layagosail (PAN: *layaR)

lu-montikoant sp. (PMP: *me(n)tik) *me(n)tik (X + me(n)tik)

pagistingray (PMP: *paRih) *paRiS

puhiamaseason for planting rice or other crops, as shown by the position of the stars (PWMP: *pariama)

Ranaoil (esp. coconut oil) (PMP: *laña)

Kaidipang (20 / 29)

Raŋohousefly (PMP: *laŋaw)

Rayugutall (esp. of coconut trees) (PPH: *láyug)

ṛoo-nuwhen? (PAN: *-nu₁)

tauŋoyear (PMP: *taqun)

tubokind of plant used to poison fish (PAN: *tubah)

tubokind of plant used to immobilize fish (PAN: *tubah)

utavegetables in general (PMP: *qutan) *quCaN

utipenis (PMP: *qutin) *qutiN

waRueight (PAN: *walu)

244. Kairiru (43) OC (Wivell 1981) [kxa] Papua New Guinea

aroin front of (something) (POC: *qarop) *qadep

asa-name (POC: *acan) *ajan

ate-heart (PMP: *qatay) *qaCay

ayouficus tree (PEMP: *qayawan)

-furto appear, arrive on the scene (POC: *pura)

i-saufar away (POC: *sauq₁) *zauq

isu-nose (POC: *icuŋ) *ijuŋ

iuspear (POC: *iu₂)

-k1sg inalienable possessive pronoun; my (POC: *-gu) *-ku

(k)atolegg (POC: *qatoluR) *qateluR

leiginger (PMP: *laqia)

limfive (as a bound element in the numerals 6-9) (PAN: *lima)

limbailer, used for bailing out canoes (PMP: *limas)

limbailer (used for bailing out canoes) (POC: *nimas)

mam(my) father (POC: *mama) *mamah

masauoutside (as outside the reef) (POC: *masauq) *zauq

-myaicome; motion towards the speaker (POC: *mai) *ai₃

myalloincloth; traditionally used in times of war, now replaced by the laplap (PCEMP: *malaw)

myatdie; dead, deceased (POC: *mate) *aCay

niucoconut (PMP: *niuR)

Kairiru (20 / 43)

niu rryancoconut milk (= water) (POC: *ranum) *daNum

pilto peel skin off cooked vegetables by hand (POC: *pilit₂)

punpigeon (POC: *bune) *punay

qatoutrigger canoe (POC: *katiR)

qVnsspit out at (PEMP: *kanisu)

rapisago palm (POC: *Rabia) *Rambia

rryanwater, drink (POC: *ranum) *daNum

samoutrigger float (POC: *saman) *saRman

ta-we (plural incl.), subject prefix (PAN: *ita₁)

taŋirmackerel (two types) (PMP: *taŋiRi)

tarakʸauhawk, eagle (POC: *taragau)

tiye-belly (PMP: *tian) *tiaN

tourconch shell (POC: *tapuRi) *tabuRi

tunfreshwater eel (PMP: *tuna) *tuNa

tuolthree (PEMP: *tolu) *telu

tyenpregnant (PMP: *tian-an) *tiaN

umu-icook in an earth oven (POC: *qumun-i) *qumun

vispitpit, a wild sugarcane with edible fruit: Saccharum spontaneum (POC: *pijo)

wurrbanana (generic) (POC: *pudi) *punti₁

yassharpen something (PEMP: *asaq) *Sasaq

Kairiru (40 / 43)

yavarwind type (PMP: *habaRat) *SabaRat

yinrecline, lie down, settle (residentially) (PAN: *qinep)

-ʔan-to eat (POC: *kani) *kaen

Kaitetu (14) CMP. see: Seit

245. Kaiwa (1) OC

tavulkTriton shell (Ross 1988:147) (POC: *tapuRiq) *tabuRiq

Kajaman (27) WMP. see: Kejaman

Kakas Tondano (1) WMP. see: Tondano (Kakas)

Kalabakan Murut (1) WMP. see: Murut (Kalabakan)

246. Kalagan (55) WMP (Reid 1971) [kqe] Philippines [aka: Tagakaulu Kalagan]

abuashes (PMP: *qabu)

abulblanket (PPH: *habél)

asinsalt (PAN: *qasiN)

atɨproof (PMP: *qatep)

bagunew (PMP: *baqeRu) *baqeRuh

bayawbrother-in-law (m.s.) (PWMP: *bayaw)

buŋafruit (PMP: *buŋa)

dalidroot (PMP: *dalij)

danawlake (PAN: *danaw)

daunleaf (PMP: *dahun)

gusukrib (PAN: *Rusuk)

gusukrib (PAN: *Rusuk)

inithis, here (PAN: *i-ni) *-ni

inɨmto drink (PWMP: *inem)

iŋkudto sit (PMP: *iŋkud) *ikud

ka:nto eat (PAN: *kaen)

ka-gabiyesterday (PMP: *ka-Rabiqi) *Rabiqi

ka-liŋaw-anto forget (NEAR)

kami1pl. excl. nominative, we (PAN: *k-ami) *ami

kamu2pl. nominative, you all (PMP: *kamu₂) *amu

Kalagan (20 / 55)

kan-ɨn(cooked) rice (PAN: *kaen-en) *kaen

ka-nuwhen? (PMP: *ka-nu₂) *-nu₁

ka-tulugto sleep (PWMP: *ka-tuduR) *tuduR

kinu-nuwhen? (future) (PMP: *ka-nu₂) *-nu₁

kitaʔto see (PAN: *kita₂) *kita

-ku1sg postnominal possessive pronoun (PAN: *-ku)

lawódbetel leaf (PWMP: *Rawed)

limafive (PAN: *lima)

lum-túnonto swallow (PWMP: *tuñen)

ma-itɨmblack (PMP: *ma-qitem) *qitem

ma-lunawgreen (PPH: *luh(e)naw)

mamaʔbetel chew (PMP: *mamaq)

ma-paitbitter (PMP: *ma-paqit) *paqiC

ma-pulaʔred (PMP: *pulaq)

nya-biagfull after eating (PPh: *biaR₂)

ŋa:lanname (PMP: *ŋajan)

pilahow much/how many? (PAN: *pijax)

pituseven (PAN: *pitu₁) *pitu

pudthigh (PPH: *puéj)

sákilheel (PMP: *sakil)

Kalagan (40 / 55)

sampawwaterfall (PPH: *sampaw)

saŋaa tree: Prunus marsupialis (PWMP: *saŋa₂)

silataneast (PWMP: *silatan)

suloloffshoot (LOAN)

tayexcrement (PMP: *taqi) *Caqi

tiríscrushing of lice between thumbnails (PWMP: *tedes)

tuŋkab-ánto dislodge something from a certain place (stress on the place) (PPH: *tu(ŋ)kab-án) *tu(ŋ)kab

uayrattan (PAN: *quay)

ulatscar (PWMP: *ulat)

uliʔto return home (PMP: *uliq₁)

umayunhusked rice (PMP: *hemay) *Semay

unawwash the hands (PWMP: *huñaw)

upatfour (PMP: *epat) *Sepat

utukbrain (PMP: *hutek)

yamarker of definite predicate (PAN: *ya)

Kalamansig Cotabato Manobo (17) WMP. see: Manobo (Kalamansig Cotabato)

247. Kalamian Tagbanwa (177) WMP (Reid 1971, Ruch n.d.) [tbk] (Tagbanwa, Calamian) Philippines [aka: Tagbanwa, Northern Tagbanwa]

abwatlong (PWMP: *abuat)

aka-Ɂolder sibling (PWMP: *aka-q) *aka

alawidfar (PWMP: *alawid)

amaʔfather (PMP: *ama-q) *amax

ambunground fog, mist (PWMP: *ambun)

apukdust (PMP: *apuk)

aranname (PMP: *ajan)

ariʔyounger sibling (PMP: *huaji) *Suaji

bakɨsmonkey (PPH: *bakés)

batakpull up (e.g. anchor) (PWMP: *batak)

bawaŋriver (PWMP: *bawaŋ₁)

bayawbrother-in-law (m.s.) (PWMP: *bayaw)

begkesbind together (PMP: *beRkes)

bekasput tension on the spear of a pig trap or a spear gun so that it is ready to be released (PAN: *bekas₁)

bekladto spread out flat (PMP: *bekelaj)

belkaŋmolar tooth (PAN: *beReqaŋ)

bialfull after eating (PPh: *biaR₂)

biŋkitlying side by side in close proximity (PPh: *biŋkit)

bitukunstar (PAN: *bituqen)

bukalto boil (PMP: *bukal₁) *bukal

Kalamian Tagbanwa (20 / 177)

bukayacrocodile (PMP: *buqaya)

bukayacrocodile (PMP: *buqaya)

bukidmountain (PAN: *bukij)

bukliʔtell a lie (PWMP: *buqeli)

buktuthunchbacked, bent over (PPh: *buk(e)tút)

bulalakawshooting star (PPh: *bulalákaw₂)

dɨbdɨbchest (PAN: *debdeb)

dɨŋɨlto hear (PMP: *deŋeR)

duldulthunder (PWMP: *duRduR)

dulibone (PMP: *duRi)

du-rua-ŋ-puluktwenty (PMP: *ŋa)

elatwait (LOAN)

eleksleep (PPh: *helek)

enemsix (PAN: *enem)

epatfour (PMP: *epat) *Sepat

ine-yMZ, FZ; stepmother (PMP: *iná-i) *ina

isitooth (PWMP: *isi₁)

isiflesh, meat; tuber (PAN: *isi₅)

itawe (plural incl.) (PAN: *ita₁)

itakgroin (PPh: *hitaq)

Kalamian Tagbanwa (40 / 177)

itaʔto see (PAN: *kita₂) *kita

ɨyakashamed (PMP: *heyaq) *Seyaq

ɨyɨpto blow (PMP: *heyup) *Seyup

kaaphusk of rice (PMP: *qapah)

kabalaupper arm (PMP: *qabaRa₁)

kabuash (PMP: *qabu)

kabutarrive (PPH: *qábut)

kagiŋthoroughly dry (PWMP: *kaRiŋ)

kakayfoot (PAN: *qaqay)

kalawsnatch away (PAN: *qaRaw)

kalimaŋumangrove crab (PMP: *qali-maŋu)

kalimaʔhand (PAN: *qa-lima) *lima

kalsemsour (PAN: *qaRsem)

kalupestle (PMP: *qahelu) *qaSelu

kalugditch (PMP: *qaluR₂) *qaluR

kam-anak-onnephew, niece (Lebar (1975) (PWMP: *kam-anak-en) *aNak

kamiannortheast prevailing wind (PMP: *qamihan) *qamiS

kanibuŋkind of hard palm used for bows (PMP: *qanibuŋ)

kaniƀuŋtype of hard palm formerly used for bows (PMP: *qanibuŋ)

kaninawsee something indistinctly, but partially recognizable (PPh: *qaninaw)

Kalamian Tagbanwa (60 / 177)

kanitremove hide (PMP: *qanit) *qaNiC

kanitusupernatural power belonging to familiar spirits, evil spirits, and shamans by virtue of their relationship to spirits (PMP: *qanitu) *qaNiCu

kanuphunt with dogs (PAN: *qanup) *qaNup

kaŋitgood/bad body odor (PAN: *qaŋeSit)

kaŋkaŋhowling cry of a dog when he has flushed a wild pig (PAN: *qaŋqaŋ)

kapuslast child (PPH: *kapus)

kasawaspouse (PAN: *qasawa)

kasinsalt (PAN: *qasiN)

kaswalpry up with a heavy stick (PWMP: *qasual)

kataŋgrip between the teeth (NOISE)

kateproof; nipa palm (PMP: *qatep)

kayamto play, relax (PWMP: *qayam₃)

keladleaf, sheet of paper (PPh: *qelad₁)

kemelcongealed together, closely packed (PPh: *qemel)

kenaysand (PAN: *qenay)

keparice bran (PWMP: *qepah)

keparice husk; winnow rice (PWMP: *qepah)

kepesdeflated (PPh: *qepés)

kerepfade from sight, e.g. sun to set (PWMP: *qezep)

kibawtype of clam (PMP: *qibaw₁)

Kalamian Tagbanwa (80 / 177)

kɨgɨtto bite (PAN: *keRet)

kiklug (< D)egg (PMP: *qiteluR) *qiCeluR

kilawintense brightness (PMP: *qilaw)

kiluwhat is used to wipe the anus clean (PAN: *qiluS)

kimunto manifest sexual jealousy (PPh: *qímun)

kinitheat (PWMP: *qinit)

Kinut {k ??}to conserve resources; stunted growth (PWMP: *qinut)

kipilhardwood tree used for houseposts (PMP: *qipil)

kɨrɨŋto stand (PMP: *kedeŋ)

kiti-kitiʔtickle someone (PWMP: *qitik qitik) *qitik₂

kɨtɨlstrong (PAN: *keseR)

kuawfeel thirsty (PMP: *quhaw) *quSaw

kuayrice panicle (PPh: *quhay)

kuayrattan (PAN: *quay)

kubangray hair (PMP: *quban) *qubaN

kubiyam (PMP: *qubi)

kubudtender, edible shoot of coconut tree; inner core of banana trunk (PMP: *qubuj)

ku-kulun-anpillow (PMP: *qulun-an) *qulun₂

kulitwhite (PPh: *quRis)

kuluhead (PMP: *qulu) *quluh

Kalamian Tagbanwa (100 / 177)

kuludearthworm (PMP: *qulej)

kulunlay the head upon (PMP: *qulun₂)

kumaswidden (PMP: *quma) *qumah

kumaŋhermit crab; be emptied of contents (PAN: *qumaŋ)

kunultrails used by wild animals, especially wild pigs (PMP: *qenuR) *qeNuR

kuŋalsad cry of a dog left behind (PMP: *quŋal)

kupahen (PMP: *qupa)

kuranrain (PMP: *quzan) *quzaN

kuriŋcharcoal (PAN: *qujiŋ)

kuritdraw a straight line with something that leaves a surface mark rather than an indentation (PMP: *qurit)

kutinpenis (PMP: *qutin) *qutiN

kututbreak wind (PMP: *qutut)

kututfart (PMP: *qetut)

kuutsheaf to which rice grains are attached before threshing (PPh: *quhut)

lagoa tree: Myristica guatterifolia (Madulid 2001) (PPH: *lagu₂)

lakubhalf coconut shell; to cover with a half coconut shell (PPH: *lakub)

lamigcold (as water) (PAN: *ramig)

laŋuʔmedium degree of dryness (PMP: *Raŋu)

lawakspider (PMP: *lawaq₂)

lɨbɨkpound rice; wreck, demolish (PPh: *lebék)

Kalamian Tagbanwa (120 / 177)

lusuŋmortar (PMP: *lusuŋ) *Nusuŋ

ma-baŋluʔfragrant (PPH: *ma-baŋ(e)luh) *baŋ(e)lúh

ma-dulawyellow (PPH: *dulaw)

ma-kinithot (PPh: *ma-qinit) *qinit

ma-ktɨlstrong (PAN: *ma-keseR) *keseR

mamakchewed betel nut (PMP: *mamaq)

ma-nipisthin (PMP: *ma-nipis) *Nipis

manukchicken (PMP: *manuk)

ma-puŋawlonely (PWMP: *puŋaw)

nutnutsucking without use of teeth (breast, finger, shellfish, but not sugarcane) (PWMP: *ñutñut)

pakitbitter (PMP: *paqit₂) *paqiC

pa-ŋanto eat (PWMP: *pa-ŋaen) *kaen

paŋanto eat (PMP: *paŋan)

pataydead (PMP: *p-atay) *aCay

patay-enkill (PMP: *p-atay) *aCay

pinsancousin (PPH: *pinsan)

pinsancousin (PWMP: *pisan)

puntiʔbanana (PAN: *punti₁)

sa-nu pawhen? (PAN: *-nu₁)

siamnine (PPH: *siám)

Kalamian Tagbanwa (140 / 177)

takkiʔintestines, guts (PMP: *taki) *Caki

talakinīpdream (PPh: *taRa-qinép) *qinep

talíŋaear (PMP: *taliŋa) *Caliŋa

tananall (PPH: *tanan)

tanihere (closer than taa ‘here’) (PMP: *tani₂)

tanɨkearth (ground) (PMP: *taneq)

taŋitcry (PMP: *taŋis) *Caŋis

taoperson, human being (PMP: *tau₁) *Cau

taremsharp (PMP: *tazem) *Cazem

tianbelly (PMP: *tian) *tiaN

tibudwater jar (PPH: *tibud)

ti-nu pawho? (PAN: *-nu₁)

tinu pawho? (PPh: *si-nu) *-nu₁

tubalto answer (PPH: *tubaR)

tuklidstraight (PWMP: *tuq(e)lid)

tuklidstraight (PWMP: *tuq(e)lid)

tumaʔclothes louse (PMP: *tumah) *CumeS

tuuright hand (PMP: *tuqu₁)

-u1sg postnominal possessive pronoun (PAN: *-ku)

ukabbecome detached from (PWMP: *hu(ŋ)kab)

Kalamian Tagbanwa (160 / 177)

ukasremove a cover (PWMP: *hukas)

ulassweat (PPH: *hulas)

ulatscar (PWMP: *ulat)

ulatsmall root; vein (PMP: *uRat) *huRaC

ulatscar (ROOT)

ulikreturn home; return to normal (PMP: *uliq₁)

úloŋshade, shadow (PMP: *uduŋ)

umpukto pile up (PWMP: *umpuk)

unumstationary cloud on horizon (PWMP: *kunem)

urilate, behind time (PMP: *udehi)

uruŋnose (PAN: *ujuŋ)

utukbrain (PMP: *hutek)

wakwakwitch, spirit which flies around at night and causes the death of people (PAN: *wakwak)

waŋwaŋof a hole, to enlarge by continual use (PPh: *waŋwáŋ)

waswasrip off (clothing, bedding, or anything covering the body); pull down something in order to straighten it (PPh: *waswás₂)

y-ami1pl. excl. nominative, we (PAN: *i-ami) *ami

y-amu2pl. nominative, you all (PAN: *amu)

Kaliai-Kove (44) OC. see: Lusi

248. Kalinga (36) WMP (Reid 1971) (dialects: Guinaang (Reid 1971) [knb] 25)

adanínear (PMP: *adani) Guinaang

algáwday (PMP: *qalejaw) Guinaang

amaʔ-onuncle, great uncle (PWMP: *ama-en) *amax

anákchild, offspring (PMP: *anak) *aNak Guinaang

apíŋcheek (PPH: *apiŋ)

apúyfire (PMP: *hapuy) *Sapuy Guinaang

batústone (PMP: *batu) *batux Guinaang

bolókpig (PAN: *beRek)

bu-b áʔiwoman (PPH: *bu-bahi) *bahi Guinaang

bulánmoon (PMP: *bulan₃) *bulaN Guinaang

bútbutto pull (PMP: *butbut₂) *buCbuC Guinaang

dawakgeneral term for curing rite in which the medium's spirit helpers are named and invoked, and in which possession takes place (PWMP: *dawak)

do:yanhammock (PPH: *dúyan)

duátwo (PMP: *duha) *duSa Guinaang

íŋaear (PMP: *taliŋa) *Caliŋa Guinaang

manúkchicken (PMP: *manuk) Guinaang

na-ʔapgissting pain (McFarland 1977) (PMP: *hapejis)

-nu2sg possessor and non-subject agent (PAN: *-nu₂)

ŋálanname (PMP: *ŋajan) Guinaang

ŋípontooth (PAN: *ŋipen) Guinaang

Kalinga (20 / 36)

pigáhow many? (PAN: *pijax) Guinaang

pitúseven (PAN: *pitu₁) *pitu Guinaang

Rabiqinight (PMP: *Rabiqi) Guinaang

sapɁúy-anto blow (as on a fire) (PWMP: *sap(e)quy) Guinaang

si-adithat (3p) (PMP: *a-di) *-di

s-idithere (3p) (PMP: *i-di) *-di

siːgomant (McFarland 1977) (PWMP: *sijem)

si-nuwho? (PPh: *si-nu) *-nu₁ Guinaang

sogob ~ sobg-onto burn (PPH: *seReb) Guinaang

súsufemale breast (PAN: *susu₁) Guinaang

tulúthree (PAN: *telu) Guinaang

tulyʔaŋbone (PWMP: *tuqelaŋ)

udánrain (PMP: *quzan) *quzaN Guinaang

uŋótstrong anger (PWMP: *uŋet) Guinaang

usiŋcharcoal (PPH: *usiŋ) Guinaang

walúeight (PAN: *walu) Guinaang

Kallahan (Keleyqiq) (21) WMP. see: Keley-i

249. Kamarian (106) CMP (Ekris 1864-65) [kzx] Indonesia (Maluku)

aato eat (PAN: *kaen)

aiwood; tree (PCEMP: *kayu) *kaSiw

aileg/foot (PAN: *qaqay)

alachin (PMP: *qazay)

alahornbill (PMP: *kalaw₁)

ami1pl. excl., we, us (PAN: *ami)

anachild (PMP: *anak) *aNak

ana huaillegitimate child (PMP: *anak buaq) *aNak

apubelly (PCEMP: *kampuŋ)

asagills (PMP: *hasaŋ)

asuto ladle, scoop, fetch (of water) (PMP: *qasu₁)

asucheek (PAN: *pasu₁)

ataslave (PMP: *qaRta)

atuatcontainer woven of coconut leaves in which one cooks rice to a firm mass (LOAN)

elanladder (PMP: *ezan)

elanladder (PMP: *haRezan)

enuneck (NOISE)

epiburnt food which adheres to the pot (PMP: *epiq)

epitburnt food which adheres to the pot (PMP: *epit₁)

erilong grass: Imperata cylindrica L. (PMP: *eRiq)

Kamarian (20 / 106)

erishave, scrape off (PCEMP: *erit)

esunmortar for pounding rice (PMP: *esuŋ)

etepiece, lump (PMP: *hetek) *Setek

etutbreak wind; fart (PMP: *qetut)

halarice (in general) (PAN: *pajay)

halatwest (PMP: *habaRat) *SabaRat

hari-turn around, turn back, invert (PMP: *paliŋ)

harurice pestle (PMP: *balu₂)

hatustone (PMP: *batu) *batux

herito lie, tell a lie (PMP: *beliq₁)

heruto bend, curve (PMP: *beluk)

hesuputting on (of clothes) (ROOT)

hetuwake up; stand up (PMP: *betu) *betu₁

hiisnap lice between the fingernails (PCMP: *biqit)

hitacut, hew, beat (as sago) (PMP: *bitak₁)

holasplit in two (coconuts) (PAN: *belaq)

hoturise to the surface (in water) (PMP: *betu) *betu₁

huabetel nut; fruit; the heart (PMP: *buaq)

huathrow out money (as a wager) in a top-spinning competition (PMP: *buhat₂)

huaload a boat; lift anchor (PMP: *buhat₃)

Kamarian (40 / 106)

huaycrocodile (PCEMP: *buqaya)

huhufish trap (PAN: *bubu₂)

huhurdust from decayed wood (PMP: *buRbuR₂)

hun-enthatch which covers the ridge of the roof (PMP: *bubuŋ-en) *bubuŋ₁

huraspit something (such as medicine) over something else (PMP: *buRah) *buReS

huranmoon, month (PMP: *bulan₃) *bulaN

huribunch or cluster of fruit (PMP: *buliR)

hurufeathers, body hair (PCEMP: *bulu₁)

husedrive off, drive away (PMP: *busay)

husurhunting bow (PMP: *busuR₂)

hutagrass, rubbish, weeds (NOISE)

hutuflock (of birds) (PCEMP: *butu₂) *butu

huuthusk of a coconut (PMP: *buʔut)

i3sg. (PAN: *ia₁)

ikaraw pounded fish with vegetables (PMP: *hikan) *Sikan

imiyou (pl.) (PCEMP: *imi) *Simu

isaone (PAN: *isa₁)

kinaglitter, sparkle, shine (ROOT)

lai-adirty, filthy (PMP: *daki)

lalablood (PAN: *daRaq)

Kamarian (60 / 106)

lalanpath, road (PMP: *zalan)

lanitsky (PMP: *laŋit) *laŋiC

larian (< *qala-lipan)centipede (PCEMP: *qalipan) *qalu-Sipan

latarflat land (PAN: *dataR)

laufar (PMP: *zauq)

maihither, toward the speaker (PAN: *um-ai) *ai₃

makerbandicoot (PCEMP: *mansər)

malonaman, male (PMP: *ma-Ruqanay) *RuqaNay

manufloat, drift, be adrift (PMP: *ma-qañud) *qañud

manubird, chicken (PMP: *manuk)

manu apawild duck (PMP: *manuk)

masa-ecooked, ripe (PMP: *ma-esak) *esak

masa-ecooked, ripe (PMP: *ma-hasak) *Sasak

matadead (PCEMP: *matay₁) *aCay

mataeye (PMP: *mata) *maCa

minafat; mons veneris (PMP: *miñak)

nalaname (PMP: *ŋajan)

nitughost, spirit (PMP: *qanitu) *qaNiCu

palutouch lightly (PMP: *palu) *palu₃

panato shine, of the sun (PMP: *banaqaR)

Kamarian (80 / 106)

penusea turtle (PMP: *peñu)

putiwhite (PMP: *putiq)

reafathom (PAN: *depah)

rihu-nithousand (PMP: *Ribu)

rimafive (PAN: *lima)

rusurib (PAN: *Rusuk)

salakasilver (LOAN)

sesepress with the thumb (PAN: *seksek₁)

sirato split wood (PMP: *siraq₁)

siruscoop up (PAN: *sidu)

siwanine (PMP: *siwa) *Siwa

surabamboo trail spikes (PMP: *suja)

tahuritrumpet shell (PMP: *tabuRi)

taneto plant (PMP: *tanem) *CaNem

tasisalt (PMP: *tasik)

tehusugarcane (PMP: *tebuh₁) *tebuS

teruthree (PAN: *telu)

teteto cut (PAN: *tektek₁)

tia-belly (PMP: *tian) *tiaN

tiharnative drum (PCMP: *tibal)

Kamarian (100 / 106)

turuto descend, come down (PMP: *tuRun₁)

uivagina (PAN: *puki)

urenearthenware cooking pot (PAN: *kuden)

waarroot (PMP: *wakaR)

wae hua-icalf of the leg (PMP: *buaq ni bities) *buaq

waretrope (PMP: *waRej)

250. Kambera (500) CMP (Onvlee 1984) [xbr] Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara) (dialects: Mangili [xbr] 1)

áinterjection of surprise or terror (PMP: *a₃)

ahagrind (rice) (PMP: *hasaq) *Sasaq

ahisneeze (NOISE)

áhisneeze (NOISE)

ahudog (PAN: *asu₁)

ahu awaŋuwitch ( = heavenly dog) (PAN: *asu₁)

aiexclamation (PAN: *ai₂)

aiwood (PCEMP: *kayu) *kaSiw

àkastutter (onom.) (PMP: *e(ŋ)kak)

àkastutter (onom.) (PMP: *qekak)

àkakua stutterer (PMP: *e(ŋ)kak)

àkakua stutterer (PMP: *qekak)

ákidig, dig up (NOISE)

alahudark woods (PMP: *halas) *Salas

alu(rice) pestle (PMP: *qahelu) *qaSelu

alu bàhiiron pestle (for crushing areca nut) (PMP: *qahelu) *qaSelu

amafather, FB (PAN: *amax)

ámahumetal; gold or silver ornament; money (LOAN)

ambacheck, stop, hold back (as a horse); to hinder (PMP: *abaŋ₁)

ambacheck, stop, hold back (as a horse); obstruct the way (PMP: *qambat)

Kambera (20 / 500)

amuroot; cause (PMP: *Ramut₁)

anachild; young; small (PMP: *anak) *aNak

ana ka-muriyoungest child (PMP: *kama-udehi) *udehi

ana miniB (w.s.) (PMP: *anak ma-Ruqanay, anak (la)laki) *aNak

ana nduatwin (PMP: *anak apij) *aNak

ana ndua halafalse twins (of opposite sex) (PMP: *salaq₁)

ana puhusmall packet of steamed rice (PMP: *pusuq₂)

ana rarasuckling, infant (lit. 'red child') (PMP: *anak a ma-iRaq) *aNak

ana tausomeone else's child (PMP: *anak i tau) *aNak

ana tau wihicalf of the leg (PMP: *anak) *aNak

ana tuaolder child, older brother or sister (PMP: *tuqah) *tuqaS

ana tuhaŋueldest child (PMP: *anak a qulu) *aNak

ana winiZ (m.s.) (PMP: *anak bahi, anak babahi, anak binahi) *aNak

àŋgufirst sounds of a small child learning to talk (PMP: *eŋkut)

àŋuhowl, bark (PMP: *eŋut)

àpugrandmother (FM, MM) (PMP: *empu)

apuŋufloat, bob on the surface (PMP: *apuŋ)

arakuhard liquor (LOAN)

arúexclamation of pain, disappointment, astonishment (PMP: *aduq)

aruŋucharcoal (PMP: *qajeŋ)

Kambera (40 / 500)

atalong, tall; high (PMP: *atas) *aCas

ataservant, slave (PMP: *qaRta)

auhearth; ash; ash-colored, gray (PMP: *qabu)

aukind of think bamboo: Dendrocalamus strichus (PMP: *qauR)

awakind of fish: the milkfish, Chanos chanos (PMP: *qawa₁)

awaŋuatmosphere, firmament, sky (PMP: *awaŋ)

ayáexclamation of astonishment (PAN: *aya₁)

ayaelder sibling (PMP: *aya₂)

báhiiron (LOAN)

bakubent, curved (PMP: *ba(ŋ)kuq)

balahuretribution, retaliation; compensation; result (PAN: *bales₁)

balahu, mbalahuretaliation, compensation (LOAN)

bandagoods, property (LOAN)

banda wíligoods that make up the brideprice (PMP: *beli)

bándiluweapon, rifle (LOAN)

bàŋguwith bowed head; ashamed (PMP: *beŋkuq)

bàŋguwith bowed head; ashamed (PMP: *beŋkuŋ)

bàrisound of tearing (PAN: *beriq)

bidakuto wink (PMP: *bidak)

bikasplit in two (PMP: *bikaq₂)

Kambera (60 / 500)

bikucurve, bend, twist (as in a road) (PMP: *bikuq)

bikubend, coil (PMP: *biŋku)

biku-bakufull of twists and turns (PMP: *bikuq)

bilakind of fruit tree the sap of which is used as an adhesive: Aegle marmelos (PMP: *bila₁)

bilavalue, worth (as of a horse for sale) (PAN: *bilaŋ₁)

bilikuroom; family, household (PMP: *bilik)

bilikuto turn (as a horse to the left or right), bend around (as a branch to break it off) (NOISE)

bilikuŋubend, twist, distort (PMP: *bilikuŋ)

bindikuspring up, as one end of a plank when the other end is stepped on (PMP: *bitik₁)

binitupull on, pull out, extract (PMP: *binit₁) *biNiC

bíŋgubent, curved (PMP: *beŋkuŋ)

bokulu eti(lit. 'big liver') pleased, satisfied; proud, arrogant, haughty (PMP: *X₁ + qatay) *qaCay

boŋaopen (as the mouth) (PMP: *beŋaq)

botahubreak off, interrupt, cut off (PMP: *be(R)tas)

bubururice porridge; cook porridge (PMP: *buRbuR₁)

buduto ferment, pickle (LOAN)

bukahuopen, opened; visible (PMP: *bu(ŋ)kas) *bukas

bulu mataeyelash; eyebrow (PMP: *bulu ni mata) *bulu₁

bumburuwell up (as water from a spring), arise, appear (NOISE)

bumburu-bumburu-na na wai la mata-nathe water wells up from a spring (NOISE)

Kambera (80 / 500)

búndukuelevated ground, hill (PMP: *bunduk)

buŋadesign, decoration on a skirt or betel bag; kind of courtyard tree: Plumeria acuminata (PMP: *buŋa)

buŋgahuto open (PMP: *bu(ŋ)kas) *bukas

buŋgahu kareukureveal the contents of a confidential conversation (PMP: *bu(ŋ)kas) *bukas

buŋgihuBuginese (LOAN)

buŋgubent with age (PMP: *bukut)

buŋgubent with age (PMP: *bu(ŋ)kuq)

buŋgulushort and thick in build; a wad or plug (PMP: *buŋkul)

buŋgutusit wrapped in a cloth (PMP: *bukut)

da-duatwo, as in counting children (PAN: *wa-walu) *walu

d-ihaone (PAN: *isa₁)

dindiŋuwall, walling; screening off (PCMP: *dindiŋ₁) *diŋdiŋ₁

doi buna-kinterest on a loan (PMP: *buŋa)

epifire (PMP: *hapuy) *Sapuy

eriyounger sibling of the same sex (PCEMP: *waji) *Suaji

etiliver, inner self, seat of the emotions, heart (PMP: *qatay) *qaCay

eti-ŋuhave concern for, intend to (PMP: *qatay) *qaCay

ha-prefix for measure words and numerals, used to express unity (PAN: *esa)

hàbuimmerse, plunge in; sound of plopping when something falls into the water (PMP: *sebuh) *sebuS

halaincorrect, mistaken; fault, mistake (PMP: *salaq₁)

Kambera (100 / 500)

ha-liŋaleaning to one side (of a boat, pregnant woman, etc.) (PMP: *liŋak)

hambaku ~ mbakutobacco (LOAN)

hàndisupport, point of support, fulcrum (PMP: *sendiR)

ha-ŋa-huhundred (PMP: *ŋa)

haŋgápitutongs (ROOT)

haŋgukuindividual movement of swallowing (ROOT)

ha-witilua pinch, as of tobacco pa-witilu 'pinch one another' (PCMP: *bitil₂)

hídu eti(lit. 'sick/painful liver') heartsick, offended, hurt; disgruntled (PMP: *X₄ + qatay) *qaCay

hilato glow, gleam, flame (PMP: *silak₁) *silak

hilato glow, shine, flame (PMP: *sirak₁)

hiŋgaprop, support (ROOT)

hipitupinch between two fingers (as in pinching someone’s cheek (PAN: *sipit)

hirito cleanse, separate by winnowing (PMP: *siji)

hiuelbow; bend, curve (PAN: *sikux)

hoŋuto bake, roast (as maize or coffee beans) (PMP: *saŋelaR)

huhubreast; suck at the breast (PAN: *susu₁)

huhu liaŋustalactites (PMP: *liaŋ)

hulutorch (PMP: *suluq)

hupuend, finish (ROOT)

huruspoon, ladle; scoop out or up with a ladle (PMP: *sudu)

Kambera (120 / 500)

huru kabacoconut shell ladle (PMP: *sudu)

ishriek of pain (PAN: *i₁)

ipersonal article, used with proper names or words that function as proper names (PAN: *i₃)

ia budusalted fish (LOAN)

ihaalone, separate (PAN: *isa₁)

ihicontents (PAN: *isi₅)

ihi kambuwhat is found in the belly: intestines, food (PMP: *kambu)

ihubathe (PMP: *hisuq)

ilaŋudisappeared, gone, destroyed (as belongings when one's house has burned down) (PMP: *qilaŋ)

inaM (PCEMP: *ina)

ina-amatitle of authority; also: title of wife-givers (PMP: *ina ama) *ina

iŋusound of sighing or moaning; to pant or groan from burdens of pain (PMP: *iŋus)

ipahupaid off (debt) (PMP: *qimpas)

irikind of thornless pandanus; the leaves are used for finely plaited mats (PMP: *kiRay)

irihucut into strips (PMP: *qiris)

itumarine fish with poisonous fins (PMP: *hituq)

iushark (PAN: *qiSu)

jilakuglitter, sparkle, flicker (ROOT)

júmbitupinch (ROOT)

ka-bàrikutorn, ripped (PAN: *beriq)

Kambera (140 / 500)

kahambikind of ironwood tree: Schleichera oleosa (PMP: *kasambiʔ) Mangili

ka-hila-kuto blaze up brightly (PMP: *silak₁) *silak

kalikaŋunumb, stiff (as limbs) (ROOT)

kalumbaŋua stalwart tree: Sterculia foetida (PMP: *kalumpaŋ)

kambíhu wihicalf of the leg (PMP: *bities)

kambubelly; womb (PCEMP: *kampuŋ)

kambubelly; womb (PMP: *kambu)

kam-urirear part; stern of a boat, rudder; lag behind, come later (PMP: *kama-udehi) *udehi

ka-nabuto fall (PMP: *nabuq)

ka-ninube reflected in (PMP: *qaninu) *qaNiŋu

kaŋaburumix (ROOT)

ka-pídugall that lies on the lobe of the liver (favorable sign in searching for omens) (PAN: *qapejux)

kapihakumud, muddy (ROOT)

ka-píhuto break wind, to fart (PCMP: *pesu₂)

kapíhuflatus; break wind (ROOT)

kàrituscratch, carve (PMP: *kerit)

ka-tanaask about, inquire (PMP: *utaña)

katarucaterpillar; snake (PMP: *katadu)

katiwood plane (LOAN)

katikuto rap, tap, knock (PMP: *katik)

Kambera (160 / 500)

katikurap, tap, knock (ROOT)

ka-wanaright side (PAN: *ka-wanaN) *wanaN

kawa-raŋunot entirely dry; still somewhat moist (PMP: *Raŋu)

kikutail (PAN: *kikuR)

kikuahu('dog's tail') kind of vegetation (PMP: *ikuR ikuR ni asu) *ikuR

kímakind of large bivalve; also a symbol of the female genitalia (PMP: *kima)

kipunarrow, tight (PMP: *kiput)

kúbu liaŋumouth of a cave, tunnel near a cave (PMP: *liaŋ)

kulukind of breadfruit, the seeds of which are eaten, Artocarpus communis (PMP: *kuluR)

kumaŋuhermit crab (PMP: *kumaŋ)

kumihumoustache (PMP: *kumis)

kuta wuasirih, which bears fruit, also sirih as fruit as distinct from the leaf (PMP: *buaq)

labuanchor (PWMP: *labuq₁)

lahonared onion (LOAN)

lahupenis; also used as a curse word (PMP: *lasuq₂)

laito run (only in the expression njara lai 'a racing horse') (PAN: *laRiw)

lakuto walk, go, leave (PMP: *lakaw)

lalakuoily, shiny (ROOT)

laluvery, extreme (PMP: *lalu₁)

laluvery (LOAN)

Kambera (180 / 500)

làmatongue (NEAR)

lamakatuleech (PMP: *qala-matek) *-matek

lamakatu karambuabuffalo leech, Hirudinea (PMP: *qala-matek) *-matek

làpituto fold (PMP: *lepit₂)

larikind of tree generally found in the estuaries of rivers (PMP: *laji₁)

latucharred; charcoal (PMP: *latu)

latu epicharcoal (PMP: *latu)

laurasea; downstream, at a lower elevation (PCEMP: *laur) *lahud

lawaŋuspiderweb (PMP: *lawan₁)

layiaginger (PMP: *laqia)

lebiabundant, more than usual, royal, excessive (PAN: *labiq)

lisound, word, story; happen (PMP: *liŋ₂)

liaŋuhole; cave, grotto (PMP: *liaŋ)

liaŋu tanahole in the ground (PMP: *liaŋ)

lilakugleam, shine, glitter (NEAR)

lilakuflash, shine (ROOT)

limafive (PAN: *lima)

lima pa-wuluhairy hands (PCEMP: *bulu₁)

líndibridge (PCMP: *letay₂)

líndibridge (ROOT)

Kambera (200 / 500)

lírusail; banner (PAN: *layaR)

loduday (PMP: *qalejaw)

lulakushine, glitter (ROOT)

lúmbuŋudeep pit; whirlpool in water (PMP: *lumbuŋ₁)

lumbuŋusack for storing rice (PMP: *lumbuŋ₂)

lumutumoss, duckweed, seaweed (PMP: *lumut)

luruhustraight, true (PMP: *lurus)

maito come (PAN: *um-ai) *ai₃

ma-larabiting, sharp (of taste) (PMP: *lajaq)

ma-nahuto cook, boil (meat, rice, lontar sap) (PMP: *nasu) *Nasu

man-dàpaa fathom long, said of the horns of buffalos (PAN: *depah)

mandautato fear, be afraid of (PAN: *ma-takut) *takut

ma-nipihufine, of plaitwork (as a mat) (PMP: *ma-nipis) *Nipis

maŋ-unuŋudrenched, saturated (PMP: *maŋ-inum) *inum

maŋ-unuŋudrenched, saturated (PCEMP: *unum)

ma-patufour (stative; cf. tau ma-patu 'the four men') (PMP: *ma-epat) *Sepat

màpihuthin, fine (PMP: *mepis)

màrahu etisad, sorrowful ( = 'small liver') (PMP: *qatay) *qaCay

màrahu eti(lit. 'small liver') afraid; sad, sorrowful (PMP: *X₅ + qatay) *qaCay

marapu mameticorpse, cadaver (PCEMP: *matay₁) *aCay

Kambera (220 / 500)

marapu ratuoldest, now deified ancestors from whom superior lineages trace their ancestry (PMP: *datu)

ma-raufar, at a great distance (PMP: *ma-zauq) *zauq

mataraw, unripe (rice, maize, etc.) (PMP: *ma-hataq) *hataq

mataeye (PMP: *mata) *maCa

mata bulakind of mollusc (PMP: *mata) *maCa

mata epihearth for the cooking fire (PMP: *mata) *maCa

mata jalamesh of a net (< Malay) (PWMP: *mata nu puket) *maCa

mata kalílianus (‘eye of buttocks’) (PMP: *mata) *maCa

mata lodusun (‘eye of the day’) (PAN: *mata nu qalejaw) *maCa

mata manuthe white spot in an egg yolk (PMP: *mata) *maCa

mata meublue eyes (‘cat eyes’) (PMP: *mata) *maCa

mata mítiŋufavorite, ‘apple of the eye’ (‘black eye’) (PMP: *mata) *maCa

mata waispring, source (PMP: *mata nu wahiR) *maCa

ma-tuaold; grown up, adult; what follows the rule or is the norm; venerable, holy or sacred (PMP: *ma-tuqah) *tuqaS

ma-winiwoman (PAN: *ma-b<in>ahi) *bahi

ma-yílusour, tart, as a mango (also of painful feeling or discomfort in the body) (PMP: *ma-ñilu) *ñilu

mbahawet, damp (PMP: *ma-baseq) *baseq

mbaispoiled, musty (as rice) (PCEMP: *baRi) *baRiw

mbanahot, warm; hot-tempered (PMP: *panas₁)

mbanahuwarm (as land) (PMP: *panas₁)

Kambera (240 / 500)

mbana lodusolar heat, the heat of the day (PMP: *qalejaw)

mbàru paitabitter salty, too salty, of food (PMP: *paqit₂) *paqiC

mbenibrave, courageous, dare to do something; angry, malicious (PMP: *baRani)

mbínufull, as a house full of people, a village full of graves, a boat full of water (PMP: *ma-penuq) *peNuq

mbuluten (PMP: *sa-ŋa-puluq) *puluq

mehisalt (PCEMP: *maqasin) *qasiN

metidie; dead; go out (fire); be eclipsed (sun) (PCEMP: *matay₁) *aCay

meti mariŋudie a cool (natural) death (PCEMP: *matay₁) *aCay

meti mbanahudie a hot (unnatural) death (as when dying in an accident) (PCEMP: *matay₁) *aCay

miñakusoft, pleasant; tasty, delicious (PMP: *miñak)

mu-2sg. subject pronoun (PMP: *-mu)

-mu2sg. possessor, your (PMP: *-mu)

mutato vomit (PCEMP: *mutaq) *utaq

nadefinite article (na uma ‘the house’) (PMP: *na₁)

na alahu kapàtaŋuimpenetrable forest (lit. 'dark forest') (PMP: *halas + "dark") *Salas

na ana-na panaarrow (PMP: *anak i panaq) *aNak

na-bunato bloom, blossom (PMP: *buŋa)

na ma-wuŋathe first (PMP: *buŋas)

na- -na3sg. pronoun; as a prefix na- signals the actor: na-laku 'he is going'; as a suffix -na marks a) possession: na ama-na 'his father', b) the agent in substantive constructions: mbàda laku-na-ka 'he has gone already', c) reference to past time: la nomu wula-na 'six months ago' (PAN: *ni-a) *-a₂

natarufront yard of a house, village square (PMP: *natad) *NataD

Kambera (260 / 500)

ndaparticle of negation (PMP: *edaq)

ndau humbaSumbanese year, of six months (PMP: *taqun)

ndau jawanon-Sumbanese year, of twelve months (PMP: *taqun)

ndauŋuyear, annual (PMP: *taqun)

ndianot (PMP: *dian)

ndirito leak, drip (PMP: *tiRis)

ndurusound of thunder or of the hooves of galloping horses (PMP: *enduR)

ninushadow, shadow-image; reflection (as in water) (PMP: *qaninu) *qaNiŋu

njarahorse (LOAN)

nuhaland, island (PMP: *nusa₁)

nuhukuenter (< *-sek?) (ROOT)

nula katikuwooden headrest; pillow (PMP: *qalunan)

nulaŋuprop, support (PMP: *qalunan)

nutukuknock, tap, rap, tick (ROOT)

nútukuknock, beat, tap on (ROOT)

ŋaŋaopening of the mouth; also: mouth (PMP: *ŋaŋa₂)

ŋápituto clip, pinch (ROOT)

ŋaru ŋaŋawide open mouth (PMP: *ŋaŋa₂)

ŋenito swim (PMP: *naŋuy) *Naŋuy

-ŋgamusuffixed form of the 2pl. personal pronoun (PMP: *kamu₂) *amu

Kambera (280 / 500)

-ŋgu1sg possessive suffix: my (PAN: *-ku)

ŋgutiŋuscissors; to cut the hair (LOAN)

ŋirihusound of scratching, as of a file on something (ROOT)

ŋ-unuŋuto drink (PMP: *maŋ-inum) *inum

ŋ-unuŋuto drink (PCEMP: *unum)

pa-causative prefix (PAN: *pa-₂)

pa-biku-ŋuwinding, curving, not straight (PMP: *bikuq)

pa-budustew until ripe (as bananas) (LOAN)

pa-halapayment made for a transgression (PMP: *pa(ka)-salaq) *salaq₁

pahaŋupair; form a pair; agree or fit with one another (PMP: *pasaŋ₁)

paitabitter (PMP: *paqit₂) *paqiC

pa-lairun, run away, flee (PMP: *pa-laRiw) *laRiw

pa-lima-ŋufive times (PMP: *pa-lima) *lima

palitalamp (LOAN)

paluto beat, strike; anything used to hit or strike (PMP: *palu) *palu₃

palu ahustick used to cudgel a dog (PMP: *palu) *palu₃

pàlukuto bend, bend around (PMP: *peluk)

pàluku patato bend and break off, as a branch (PMP: *peluk)

pambeni βuŋgihuŋubad-tempered as a Buginese, irascible (LOAN)

pa-metikill, bring to an end (PMP: *pa(ka)-m-atay) *aCay

Kambera (300 / 500)

panato heat (as coffee) (PMP: *panas₁)

panabow; shoot with bow and arrow (PAN: *panaq)

panahuwarm up; insist on, coerce (PMP: *panas₁)

pandakushort, squat and compact in stature (PMP: *pandak)

pànifeed chickens or pigs (PCEMP: *paniŋ)

pàniŋubait for fishing (PCEMP: *paniŋ)

paniʔflying fox (PMP: *paniki)

pa-nomu-ŋusix times (PMP: *pa-enem) *enem

panukind of skin disease coupled with spots on the skin (PMP: *panaw₁) *panaw

pa- (numeral)divide into (numeral) (PMP: *pa-₁)

pàŋgatuposition, rank, station (LOAN)

paŋ-unuŋuto water animals (PMP: *paŋ-inum) *inum

pa-patuby fours, in groups of four (PMP: *epat epat) *Sepat

paristingray (PCEMP: *paRi) *paRiS

paririce plant (PAN: *pajay)

patufour (PMP: *epat) *Sepat

pa-tuwato stun fish with a pounded extract from the roots of Derris elliptica (PMP: *pa-tuba) *tubah

paumango: Mangifera indica (PMP: *pahuq₁)

pa-unuŋuwhat is drunk: a drink, beverage; give someone something to drink (PMP: *pa-inum) *inum

pa-wiwimake the edge or rim of (a pot, etc.) (PMP: *birbir₁)

Kambera (320 / 500)

pa-wuluhaving hair, hairy (PCEMP: *bulu₁)

pínuto fill (PAN: *peNuq)

pipithe cheeks (PMP: *pihpih) *piSpiS

pirahow much?, how many? (PAN: *pijax)

piranwhen? (PCMP: *pijan) *ijan

pola pumother’s brother (pola = ‘trunk, stem’) (Fox 1980:14) (PMP: *puqun)

puhunavel (PMP: *pusej)

puhuheart (as of pig or chicken) (PMP: *pusuq₁)

puhukuenter (< *-sek?) (ROOT)

puŋguhack, chop down (PMP: *puŋgul)

puŋupost, tree trunk; classifier for long objects; upper arm, hand (PMP: *puqun)

pupututo blow, blow on (PMP: *putput₂)

putarurotate, turn (PMP: *putaR)

ràpafathom (PAN: *depah)

rarared, brown (PMP: *rara)

ratuleader in religious ritual; priest (PMP: *datu)

rauleaf; hair (PCEMP: *daun) *dahun

rékikucough, clear one's throat (ROOT)

riŋudugong: Halicore dugong (PCEMP: *ruyuŋ₂) *duyuŋ₂

rí pakufern (PWMP: *paku) *paheku

Kambera (340 / 500)

ripitutake between the fingers; pinch, pluck (PMP: *Ri(m)pit)

ripitutake between the fingers, pinch, pluck (ROOT)

ri ruasecond wife, co-wife (PMP: *duha) *duSa

rokututo stick, adhere to something; to paste or glue to something (PMP: *deket₁) *dekeC

ruatwo; companion; half (PMP: *duha) *duSa

rú hululeaf (lontar palm, coconut) used for a torch (PMP: *suluq)

runduŋudark; night (PAN: *demdem₂)

ta-prefix on non-intentional, accidental, sudden or unexpected intransitive verbs (PMP: *ta-₂)

taifeces, excrement, filth; accretion (PMP: *taqi) *Caqi

tai bàhirust (PMP: *taqi) *Caqi

tàkato arrive, come; therefore; next, afterwards (PMP: *teka₁)

tàkigecko (PAN: *tekiq)

takuto ladle, scoop up, draw water (PAN: *taku₂)

taleliflute; to play a flute (PMP: *tulali) *tulani

tàlipars pudenda mulieris (also used of animals) (PMP: *teli)

taluconquer, overcome, be dominant (PMP: *talu₂)

talukikind of silk used as a veil (PMP: *taluki)

tamato enter (PMP: *tama₂)

tambakua dam; to dam (PMP: *tambak₂)

tambiniafterbirth, placenta (PMP: *tabuni₁)

Kambera (360 / 500)

tamiaŋukind of thin bamboo: Schistostachyum blumei, used for spears, trail or pitfall spikes, and plaited to make walling (PMP: *tamiaŋ)

tanaland, district, territory (PMP: *taneq)

tana dítauplands, east Sumba; the visible world (PMP: *taneq)

tana Humbathe island of Sumba (PMP: *taneq)

tanaiintestines (PMP: *t<in>aqi) *Caqi

tana mehisaly-laden earth (usually by river mouths) (PCEMP: *maqasin) *qasiN

tana wàlowlands, west Sumba; the unseen world (PMP: *taneq)

tandasign, signal, mark (LOAN)

taniŋuto bury (PMP: *tanem) *CaNem

taŋalid, cover (PMP: *taŋeb)

taŋaralook upward toward something (as in gazing at the moon) (PMP: *taŋada)

taŋgastep of a ladder, tied to the stem of a lontar palm to facilitate climbing it (PMP: *taŋga₁)

taŋirikind of large sea fish: Scomberomorus Cybium (PMP: *taŋiRi)

tàpito winnow, as rice (PMP: *tapi)

tarathorn, spine, pandanus leaf (PMP: *tada)

tàriŋukind of large bamboo used as a water container (PMP: *teriŋ)

tau daŋu etiman with much heart: wise man, man with much insight (PMP: *qatay) *qaCay

tau pa-meti taukiller, murderer (PMP: *pa(ka)-m-atay) *aCay

tau pa-wihi ruhaŋusomeone with legs like a deer, with spindly legs (PMP: *bities)

tawiniafterbirth, placenta (PMP: *tabuni₁)

Kambera (380 / 500)

tawuaŋu ~ tawoŋularge wasp sp. (PMP: *tabuqan)

tehikusea (PMP: *tasik)

tehiku kawini‘female’ sea: area on both sides of a river’s debouchment into the sea, that is dry at ebbtide (PMP: *tasik)

tehiku míni‘male’ sea: shoreline that is not dry even in ebbtide, where a river exits into the sea (PMP: *tasik)

temiŋushield (PMP: *tamiŋ)

tíbusugarcane, Saccharum officinarum (PMP: *tebuh₁) *tebuS

tíbu halafalse sugarcane (resembles it, but is different) (PMP: *salaq₁)

tiduŋucarry on the head (as a water pot) (PMP: *teduŋ₁)

tikuticking sound (as of a watch) (PMP: *tiŋkuq)

tikusound of cracking or tapping (PMP: *tik₁) *tik

tíloegg (PMP: *qiteluR) *qiCeluR

tíluegg; lay and egg; testicle (because of this meaning the word tílu 'three' is replaced by tailu or dua haàta in counting persons, and by dàmba hau in counting things) (PMP: *qateluR)

tílu ~ tailuthree (PAN: *telu)

tílu manuchicken egg (PMP: *qateluR)

tílu mbua umathree houses (PMP: *buaq)

timbascoop up water (PMP: *timba)

tínuŋuto weave (PAN: *tenun)

tiŋgahulift up, wrench up, as in lifting a gravestone from its place, a towel from covering someone’s face (PMP: *tikas)

tiŋilisten (PMP: *tiŋi)

tiŋusound of large objects ringing or pounding (PMP: *tiŋ)

Kambera (400 / 500)

tuaold, older (PMP: *tuqah) *tuqaS

tujito point out, indicate (PMP: *tusiq)

tulakuto prop, support; give a push or shove, push off (PMP: *tulak)

túluŋuto help, assist (PMP: *tuluŋ)

tumbakustrike, knock against (as a buffalo butting with its horns against a fence) (PMP: *tu(m)bak)

tumbakustrike, knock against (as a buffalo butting with its horns against a fence) (ROOT)

tumbukustrike, punch; to forge (PMP: *tumbuk)

tunaeel, sp. of Anguilla (PMP: *tuna) *tuNa

túnjudirection, course, goal (PMP: *tuzu)

tunuset on fire (as a house); burn (as lime), roast, bake (as a chicken or young corn (PMP: *tunu) *CuNuh

tuŋgalusingle, alone, by oneself (LOAN)

tuwacreeper with poisonous roots used to stun fish (Derris elliptica); to stun fish with this poison (several types) (PAN: *tubah)