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Updated: 6/21/2020

Austronesian Comparative Dictionary

Roots

b c C d g h k l m n N ñ ŋ p r R s t w z

*-ŋ

-ŋa -ŋab -ŋaC -ŋag -ŋak -ŋaŋ -ŋap -ŋa(q) -ŋaq -ŋar -ŋaw -ŋeC (or *-ŋeqeC?) -ŋek -ŋel -ŋeŋ -ŋeR -ŋiC -ŋik -ŋiŋ -ŋis -ŋuC -ŋuk -ŋuŋ -ŋur -ŋus -ŋut

30008

*-ŋa gape, open the mouth wide

PMP	*aŋa	wide open (of the mouth)
PMP	*kaŋa	be open, as the mouth
PMP	*ŋaŋa	gape, open the mouth wide
PMP	*paŋa	forked, pronged
PMP	*peŋa	fork of a branch
PMP	*saŋa	forking
Lau	afaŋa	open wide, gape; uncover (< *-ŋaq?)
Javanese	eŋa	opening
Maranao	gaga	open the mouth
Karo Batak	jeraŋa	stand apart, as flowers in a bunch
Manggarai	keŋa	seize with open mouth (of an animal); eat with open mouth (< *-ŋaq?)
Kankanaey	sakgaŋá	branched horns (of deer)
Malagasy	soŋa	having the upper lip turned upwards (< *-ŋaq?)
Malagasy	tanatana	wide open (door, mouth, etc.) (< *-ŋaq?)
Ngadha	viŋa vaŋa	open the mouth wide (< *-ŋaq?)
Javanese	weŋa	act of opening

Also Cebuano ŋaŋhá 'be open-mouthed with sudden surprise'.

30009

*-ŋab gape, open, of the mouth

PWMP	*qaŋab	open, of the mouth
Tiruray	kaŋab	take a large bite out of something
Sangir	laŋabeʔ	gaping; wailing
Maranao	oŋab	mouth naturally open
Sangir	taŋabeʔ	wide open (of a large pair of scissors, a wide hole, a gaping wound, etc.)
Cebuano	tiŋabŋáb	be gaping with a huge opening or hole

30010

*-ŋaC anger, irritation

Balinese	jeŋat	put on a sour face; speak sternly, bitingly
Iban	riŋat	angry (< *-ŋeC?)
Isneg	ruŋát	anger (< *-ŋeC?)
Paiwan	seŋats	one who characteristically dislikes things
Kayan (Busang)	siŋat	speak in irritation

30011

*-ŋag look upward

Maranao	aŋag	look up to imploringly
Malay	caŋak	sudden startled upward look
Sasak	ceŋak	look up (from one's work)
Malay	coŋak	tilted up (of the face); chin up; head in the air, of a buffalo; pointing upward, of a bird's beak
Malay	daŋak	hold the head back
Malay	doŋak	tilting the head forward and up, of a man looking skyward
Malay	jelaŋak	throw back the head, e.g. for watching an airplane
Tiruray	leŋag	look up
Maranao	litaŋag	look up
Maranao	tiŋag	look up, as the slope of a mountain

The final consonant in Javanese deŋak, ḍeŋak 'facing upward, craning the neck', laŋak '(puppet with an) upturned gaze', and iŋakuŋak 'crane the neck in an effort to see' can only reflect *k. Since Malay and Sasak -k reflect both *-g and *-k it is possible that the forms cited from these languages contain a root *-ŋak, and are not to be compared directly with the Philippine material.

30012

*-ŋak screech, howl

PMP	*ŋak	raucous sound
PMP	*ŋakŋak	raucous sound
Javanese	beŋak-beŋak	to shout repeatedly
Javanese	beŋak-beŋék	keep shouting or crying out
Old Javanese	bureŋak	to scream
Old Javanese	ceŋak	cry of a caŋak bird (heron sp.)
Cebuano	híŋak	breathe deeply and rapidly
Banjarese	huŋak	gasp for breath
Manggarai	kaŋak	howl, whine (of a dog that is struck)
Manggarai	keŋak	(of a baby) cry
Toba Batak	laŋak	to honk (geese)
Kankanaey	ŋáŋak	cry, weep (used only in tales)
Hanunóo	paŋák	barking of dogs
Bikol	paragŋák	loud, menacing cry or shout
Bikol	pusŋák	burst out laughing
Malay	seŋak-seŋok	sob, sobbing speech
Bikol	usŋák	snort

30013

*-ŋaŋ amazed; gaping

PMP	*baŋaŋ	to gape
PMP	*beŋaŋ	disconcert, confuse
PWMP	*leŋaŋ	amazement, astonishment
Old Javanese	aŋaŋ	wide open, gaping
Sasak	biŋaŋ	harelip
Sundanese	buŋaŋaŋ	wide open, wide opening
Old Javanese	bureŋaŋ	amazed, aghast
Malay	ceŋaŋ	bewilderment, amazement, astonishment
Karo Batak	jeŋaŋ	amazed, dumbfounded
Rembong	laŋaŋ	surprised, startled
Balinese	seŋaŋ	startled, surprised look
Rembong	siŋaŋ	startled, alarmed
Ilokano	suŋáŋ	have the upper jaw and teeth protruding
Manggarai	teŋaŋ	dizzy; confused
Ilokano	tuŋŋáŋ	fool, simpleton, idiot, imbecile

30014

*-ŋap open, of the mouth; gaping

PMP	*aŋap	open the mouth, gape
PMP	*beŋap	surprised, amazed
PWMP	*ciŋap	catch one's breath
Sundanese	calaŋap	gape
Javanese	caŋap	a wide opening
Malay	ceŋap	catch in the mouth; snap at; panting or catching one's breath
Javanese	craŋap	(of mouths) wide open
Malay	cuŋap-caŋip	puffing and blowing; panting
Pangasinan	laŋáp	force a dog to eat by holding its mouth open and inserting food
Minangkabau	ŋaŋap	to snap at flies, of a dog
Ngaju Dayak	raŋa-raŋap	open (mouths of crocodiles, etc.)
Banjarese	uŋap	open (of the mouth)

30015

*-ŋa(q) gape, open the mouth wide

Malay	belaŋa	wide-mouthed cooking pot
Malay	belaŋah	to gape
Malay	beŋa	amazed; dumbfounded
Gilbertese	beŋa-beŋa	large opening, separation; separated, wide
Mongondow	beŋaʔ	be open, of the vagina (term of abuse)
Cebuano	buŋáŋa	for something to be open wide or ajar (as the mouth falling open in surprise)
Rotinese	fiŋa	open the mouth with force, as the mouth of a sick person in order to give him medicine
Gilbertese	ka-beŋa	enlarge, widen
Melanau (Mukah)	maŋaʔ	crack, fissure
Gilbertese	te ka-beŋa	climb (trees) with feet apart

30016

*-ŋaq gape, open the mouth wide

PMP	*baŋaq	wide open
PMP	*beŋaq	to open, as the mouth
PWMP	*heŋaq	pant, breathe
PMP	*laŋaq	gaping, wide open
PMP	*paŋaq	forked, pronged
Malay	belaŋah	gape
Dairi-Pakpak Batak	dalŋah	wide open, as the mouth
Aklanon	iŋaʔ	to bellow (carabao) (< *-ŋaq?)
Hawu	kejaŋa	branches of a tree
Cebuano	ŋaʔnáʔ	stuttering
Sundanese	raŋah	bit (for horse's mouth)
Maranao	siŋaʔ	to laugh
Karo Batak	talŋah	open very wide (door)
Cebuano	tasŋaʔ	grin idiotically

30017

*-ŋar howl, shout, scream

PMP	*ŋarŋar	talk loudly or angrily; howl
Balinese	saŋar	yell, scream
Yamdena	taŋar	to bark, of dogs
Hiligaynon	uŋá1	drawl, howl
Bontok	ʔáŋal	answer back angrily; to challenge

30018

*-ŋaw fly (insect)

Ilokano	buŋáw	kind of large green dragonfly
Tagalog	laŋaw	housefly
Puyuma	veRaRŋaw	bluebottle fly

30019

*-ŋeC (or *-ŋeqeC?) angry; gnash the teeth

PWMP	*buŋet	anger, angry
PWMP	*ŋetŋet	gnash the teeth
PAN	*reŋeC	angry, annoyed
PAN	*ReŋeC	angry, annoyed
PPh	*suŋet	angry
PWMP	*uŋet	anger, wrath
Maranao	gaŋet	crush with teeth, chew
Kankanaey	get	grate, creak, gnash (doors, teeth, etc.)
Mansaka	iŋet-iŋet	anger (Also Mongondow iŋot 'angry')
Kankanaey	kiŋét	choleric, irascible
Kankanaey	liŋéet	grate, produce a harsh sound
Kankanaey	ŋaŋŋét	chide, scold, rebuke, speak harshly to
Ilokano	rupaŋét	frown, scowl, look angry
Kadazan Dusun	soŋot	angry
Kayan	tuŋet	scolding, being angry
Ilokano	uŋét	get angry, irate, incensed; scold, berate, upbraid, chide
Paiwan	vereŋets	wrinkled; scowling (face)
Tiruray	ʔaŋet	short-tempered, easily angered

30020

*-ŋek grunt, groan

PMP	*ŋek	grunt
PMP	*ŋekŋek	mumble, etc.
PMP	*seŋek	difficulty in breathing
Kankanaey	ataŋŋék	resound loudly, ring
Kankanaey	ŋækŋék	to bubble, as boiling rice

30021

*-ŋel deaf

PMP	*beŋel	deaf
PCEMP	*peŋel	deaf
Maranao	iŋel	hard of hearing, deaf
Malagasy	rénina	deafness (Also Kenyah deŋen 'deaf')
Madurese	teŋel	deaf
Sasak	toŋel	deaf

30022

*-ŋeŋ buzz, hum

PMP	*ŋe(ŋ)ŋeŋ	buzz, hum
PMP	*ŋeŋ	buzz, hum
Malay	beŋaŋ	drumming or buzzing in the ear
Javanese	beŋeŋeŋ	buzz, whine, hum
Toba Batak	loŋoŋ	buzz, drone, of mosquitoes
Javanese	reŋeŋ	soft singing or humming voice
Tiruray	ʔeŋeŋ	buzzing sound, as of flies or mosquitoes

30023

*-ŋeR hear; noise

PWMP	*beŋeR	deafened
PMP	*deŋeR	hear
PWMP	*diŋeR	hear
PWMP	*qiŋeR	loud, noisy
Malay	baŋar	clamor
Kankanaey	batúŋeg	dull of hearing; deaf
Sasak	biŋer	deafened by noise
Puyuma	kiŋeR	hear, listen
Toba Batak	piŋor	full of sounds, so that it cannot hear clearly (of the ear)
Bikol	tíŋog	voice

30024

*-ŋiC anger, irritation

PWMP	*biŋit	moody, irritable
PMP	*haŋit	anger
PAN	*reŋiC	grimace at pain
PWMP	*seŋit	irritated, annoyed
PWMP	*siŋit	violent emotion
PWMP	*uŋit	tease, vex, annoy
Cebuano	aliŋít	short-tempered, irritable
Kankanaey	báŋit	tease, plague, trouble, vex, annoy
Maranao	beŋit	quarrelsome, irritable
Kankanaey	buláŋit	to tease; to plague; to trouble; to vex; to annoy; to pester (used only in tales)
Kankanaey	gáŋit	provoke, challenge, defy
Aklanon	iŋít	crabby, out of sorts, in a bad mood
Iban	leŋit	(of words) unkind
Kankanaey	miŋít	gabble, jabber, chatter, as when slightly angry
Pangasinan	ŋitŋít	annoyance
Maranao	raŋit	anger
Kavalan	RŋiRŋit	gnash the teeth
Kankanaey	saŋíŋit	resent, be offended, get angry
Ilokano	súŋit	disobedient, refractory, intractable
Malagasy	ténitra	abused, despised, spoken of contemptuously by a person of despicable character
Paiwan	vigeŋnits	to make faces
Paiwan	vireŋits	grimace at pain

30025

*-ŋik shrill throaty sound

PWMP	*eŋik	peep, squeak, squeal
PMP	*ŋik	squeal, screech, shriek
PMP	*ŋikŋik	squeal, screech, shriek
Malay	beŋék	catch in the breath
Old Javanese	bureŋik	shriek
Balinese	ceŋik	make a mournful sound: ŋik
Sundanese	deŋék	letting out a scream or shriek
Javanese	éŋék	playing of a stringed instrument
Iban	reŋik	(of children) crying and pestering; gasp, grunt, squeal
Iban	riŋik	giggle
Iban	teŋik	loquacious, garrulous (as in nagging)
Ilokano	uŋík	the shrill cry of a pig, e.g. when caught by men

30026

*-ŋiŋ shrill buzz or hum; ring

PMP	*ŋi(ŋ)ŋiŋ	buzz, hum
PMP	*ŋiŋ	buzz, hum
Malay	céŋéŋ	continuous whining (of infants)
Malay	deŋiŋ	to buzz (of the ear)
Malay	doŋéŋ	tell a story in recitative; the whining of a young child
Puyuma	iŋiŋ	whining of a dog
Kadazan Dusun	soŋiŋ	tinkle
Ngadha	viŋi	ring, tinkle, clink

30027

*-ŋis bare the teeth

PMP	*ŋisŋis	grin, bare the teeth
PMP	*riŋis	bare the teeth in smiling or laughing
Tiruray	beŋéh	force the lips open
Pangasinan	buŋis	harelip (McFarland 1977)
Ilokano	búŋis	with bared, uncovered genitals. Said of women; occasional meaning: with bare, uncovered buttocks
Javanese	ceŋiŋis	jeering grin
Manggarai	ciŋis	to grin, showing the teeth
Old Javanese	duŋis	with a short (curled) upper lip
Old Javanese	iŋis	bared, visible (teeth, etc.), bare the teeth, grin, smile
Manggarai	nciŋis	of the teeth, to be visible because of a congenital curvature of the upper lip
Javanese	n-eŋiŋis	to bare the teeth
Makassarese	paʔŋisiʔ	grin (as a monkey that shows its teeth)
Bikol	uŋís	grimace, snarl
Manggarai	wiŋis	of the lips, to be open so that the teeth are visible

30028

*-ŋuC anger; make a face

Paiwan

vuteŋuts

make a wry face

30029

*-ŋuk deep throaty sound

Javanese	beŋok-beŋok	shout repeatedly
Old Javanese	ceŋuk	of the cry (songs? warble?) of a quail
Aklanon	iŋók	to grunt (like a pig)
Ngaju Dayak	nanteŋok	drink water
Ngaju Dayak	ŋok	sound of swallowing
Kankanaey	ŋokŋók	to bay, to bark (many dogs together)
Kankanaey	ŋóŋok	to grunt
Maranao	reŋok	snore
Malay	seŋok	to sob

30030

*-ŋuŋ deep buzz or hum

PMP	*beŋuŋ	humming sound
PMP	*ŋu(ŋ)ŋuŋ	buzz, hum
PMP	*ŋuŋ	buzz, hum
Malay	deŋoŋ	boom, deep hum
Hawu	keŋu	cry, howl (as a dog)
Kayan	meteŋuŋ	sound of a swarm of bees or other flying insects
Yami (Iranomilek)	reŋoŋ	groan, growl; humming, drone, whine

30031

*-ŋur low-pitched sound

PWMP	*uŋur	moan, growl
Pangasinan	daŋól	to bark
Kelabit	deŋur	low-pitched, of sound (Also Kenyah deŋun 'chant in a low voice')
Singhi Land Dayak	ŋur	growl
Kelabit	piŋur	echo

Also PMP *ŋurut 'growl, whine'

30032

*-ŋus snout

PWMP	*deŋus	snout
PMic	*faŋus-	blow the nose
PWMP	*iŋus₁	sniffle; snot
Pazeh	babaŋut	the whole area around the mouth and the nose
Tagalog	balúŋos	snout of a fish
Sundanese	baŋus	snout, beak, nose of an animal
Javanese	beŋus	to snort
Casiguran Dumagat	dúŋos	nose
Arosi	heŋu	hold the nose
Rotuman	heŋu	blow the nose
Tagalog	ŋusŋós	tip of nose
Rotinese	pinu	mucus, snot (of nose, etc.)
Kadazan Dusun	tuoŋus	pig's snout, elephant's trunk
Kadazan Dusun	umpoŋus	to snort
Bikol	uŋós	snout, nose of animals

Proto-Micronesian *faŋus- may be cognate with Sundanese baŋus, but for the present I treat the resemblance as a product of chance convergence.

30033

*-ŋut mumble, murmur, mutter

PWMP	*eŋut	grunt, whine
PMP	*huŋut	grumble, sulk
PWMP	*ŋutŋut	mumble, whimper
Ngadha	beŋu	sullen, sour, angry, have a grudge; growl, grumble
Toba Batak	biruŋut	morose, sulky in appearance
Aklanon	buriŋót	bad-humored, moody, out-of-sorts, crabby
Iban	deŋut	murmur, grunt, whine, squeal (as young pigs), any protesting sound
Pangasinan	iŋóŋot	annoyance
Ifugaw	kayŋót	bite on one's lower lip thereby to show one's anger or displeasure
Tagalog	múŋot	frown, sour face
Kankanaey	ŋalutúŋut	murmur, grumble, mutter
Tolai	ŋut	whine, murmur, cry
Puyuma	paŋaLudŋut	mumble, mutter, grumble
Malay	reŋut	frown, look dissatisfied, grumble
Malay	réŋut	murmuring note of the quail (Also Dairi-Pakpak Batak riŋut 'frowning; sour face')
Malay	roŋot, ruŋut	mumble angrily

b c C d g h k l m n N ñ ŋ p r R s t w z

Austronesian Comparative Dictionary, web edition
Robert Blust and Stephen Trussel
www.trussel2.com/ACD
2010: revision 6/21/2020
email: Blust (content) – Trussel (production)
Roots-Index-ŋ