Updated: 6/21/2020
| Updated: 6/21/2020 |
Austronesian Comparative Dictionary
Cognate Sets
na
27182 3653 27183 *na₂ linker marking emphatic attribution 3654 PAN *na₂ linker marking emphatic attribution
Note: Both *a and *na must be reconstructed as linkers between PAn nominal heads and their lexical or phrasal attributes. The question naturally arises what relationship these forms had. In some attested languages (Tagalog, Bikol) na is one of two phonologically conditioned allomorphs of a single morpheme, and it is conceivable that a similar relationship existed for PAn *a and *na.
What is striking about the distribution of these forms is that outside 30868 *na₃ genitive of plural personal names 8693 PAN *na₃ genitive of plural personal names
Note: For further details on this comparison cf. Blust (2005a). The three Sabahan forms cited here (Kadazan (Kimanis), Lobu Lanas and Sungai Kuamut), which have been added to the database since the appearance of Blust (2005a), are from Lobel (2014).
27184 *-na distal spatio-temporal deixis: that, there; then 3655 PAN *-na distal spatio-temporal deixis: that, there; then
3656 3657 PWMP *sa-na there
Note: Also Aklanon ináʔ ‘there (2p)’, Samihim inaʔ ‘this’, with presumably secondary final glottal stop.
27171 3640 PMP *nabuq to fall [doublet: *dabuq, *labuq]
30074 *nadi hard stone used to make tools 6780 POC *nadi hard stone used to make tools
Note: Also Sa'a ŋädi ‘flint’.
30606 *nago face; front; prow of canoe 8058 POC *nago face; front; prow of canoe
33330 11868 Note: A slightly longer version of this comparison was first published by Osmond and Ross (1998:99).
27172 *najam accustomed to, familiar with; tame 3641 PAN *najam accustomed to, familiar with; tame
3642 PAN *ma-najam accustomed to, familiar with; tame
11946 Note: Also Tsou a-hmohmo, Saaroa ma-ɬaɬamə, Favorlang/Babuza ma-darram, Pazeh daxam ‘accustomed to’, Pangasinan lamlám ‘become accustomed to something’, Maranao tagam ‘tame’, Roviana manavasa ‘tame, subdued, at home, be used to’. Tsuchida (1976:142) assigns the Amis, Bunun, Saaroa, Tsou, and Pangasinan forms to "Proto-Hesperonesian" *La(m)Lam, but reflexes in most languages are regularly derivable from *najam. Mills (1981) proposes PAn *na(n)jam ‘domesticated, tame; clever’; however, he cites no Formosan cognates apart from Siraya ma-dagam ‘to accustom’, a form that cannot regularly reflect *najam.
27173 *nakaw steal 3643 PMP *nakaw steal [doublet: *Cakaw]
32590 *nákem will; intellect; reasoning, intention, mental presence, mind 10969 PPh *nákem will; intellect; reasoning, intention, mental presence, mind
10970 PPh *ma-nákem (gloss uncertain)
27175 *namaw sheltered water: deep place in a river; cove, harbor, lagoon 3645 PMP *namaw sheltered water: deep place in a river; cove, harbor, lagoon
11842 POC *namo lagoon
Note: Mills (1981) posits PAn *namaw, but cites only CMP and OC witnesses.
32697 *namut an evergreen tree with decorative flowers: Cynometra ramiflora L. 11109 PMP *namut an evergreen tree with decorative flowers: Cynometra ramiflora L.
30142 *namut-namut a tree: Cynometra spp. 6886 PMP *namut-namut a tree: Cynometra spp.
Note: Also Cebuano namut ‘a tree: Cynometra elmeri Merr., Fabaceae’. The Philippine forms are from Madulid (2001), the Moluccan from Ludeking (1868).
27176 *-nan that 3646 PWMP *-nan that
3647 PWMP *a-nan that
30024 6720 33381 *nana₂ term of address for older female relative 11987 PPh *nana₂ term of address for older female relative
33311 *nanaw look over a wide area, search for something with the eyes while standing in place 11848 PPh *nanaw look over a wide area, search for something with the eyes while standing in place
30290 *naNaq pus 7221 PAN *naNaq pus
7222 PMP *nanaq pus
7223 PWMP *maR-nanaq to suppurate, ooze pus
7224 PWMP *nanaq-an having pus
7225 PWMP *nanaq-en to suppurate, of a wound
Note: Also Saisiyat naniʔ, Pazeh laŋa ‘pus’, maxa-laŋa ‘to produce pus’, Kavalan kunani ‘pus’, Rukai (Tanan) naná ‘pus’, Rukai (Budai) nána ‘pus’, Casiguran Dumagat nəna ‘pus; to ooze pus (from a sore)’, Ifugaw noná ‘pus, purulent discharge’, Ifugaw (Batad) noná ‘pus, produced under a scab or the skin, as a result of suppuration; for an infection to suppurate, to secrete pus’, Pangasinan nenná ‘pus, matter in wound or sore’, Mapun neneʔ ‘pus from an infection’, Maranao danaʔ, Bintulu nanəʔ ‘pus’, Manggarai nunu ‘pus; sap’, Tubetube nane ‘liquid pus’. The assignment of Palauan be-llaʔ-el ‘purulent, festering’ to *nanaq-en rather than *nanaq-an is arbitrary, as it could reflect either reconstruction.
27185 *naŋa₁ estuary, mouth of a river 3658 PMP *naŋa₁ estuary, mouth of a river [doublet: *minaŋa, *binaŋa]
27186 3659 PMP *naŋa₂ kind of thick rattan
Note: Also Kayan naŋaʔ ‘wild sago palm’.
27178 *nara a tree: Pterocarpus indica 3649 PMP *nara a tree: Pterocarpus indica [doublet: *naRah]
24777 72 PAN *naRa to wait [doublet: *taRah]
27177 *naRah a tree: Pterocarpus indica 3648 PMP *naRah a tree: Pterocarpus indica [doublet: *nara]
33382 11988 Note: Also Kapampangan nasiɁ ‘cooked (boiled) rice’, Iban asiɁ ‘cooked rice’. The Bikol forms nási and paŋási suggest that this reconstruction probably is *in-asi, from a base *asi that is still to be reconstructed.
27179 3650 PAN *nasuk cook by boiling [doublet: *Nasu]
33312 11849 27180 3651 Note: Evidently distinct from PMP *ñatu(q) ‘ovary, egg, baby bird’.
32569 10934 Note: Also Loniu ñetu-, Likum nahatu-, Raga nitu- ‘child’.
30541 *natuq ovary of an an oviparous animal 7825 PMP *natuq ovary of an an oviparous animal
Note: Also Mongondow natu ‘egg’.
33720 *nau to teach, show someone how to do something 12473 PPh *nau to teach, show someone how to do something
33313 *nawnáw to dissolve something in water; swish around in water 11850 PPh *nawnáw to dissolve something in water; swish around in water
29961 6644 PAN *nay deictic particle: this
27188 *neknek gnat, sandfly, fruit fly 3661 PMP *neknek gnat, sandfly, fruit fly [doublet: *ñikñik]
11947 Note: Also Kaniet (Thilenius) ñoyo ‘midge, sandfly’. This suggests that the shape of the reconstruction should be *ñekñek, although to date support for a palatal nasal is limited to this slender bit of evidence and the doublet *ñikñik.
30340 7324 Note: The PAn interrogative system does not appear to have had a one-to-one correspondence with that of English. The interrogative morpheme *-nu combined with *a- in *anu to form the indefinite or reflexive interrogative ‘what-cha-ma-callit’ (in which the speaker, in effect, asks in soliloquy what it is he is trying to recall), with *i- ‘locative’ in *inu to form ‘where?’, and in individual languages with other elements to form various interrogative expressions, as with Atayal (Squliq) nanu ‘what?’, Siraya manno ‘when?’ or Yami sinu ‘who?’. The word reconstructed here differs from these in lacking *-nu, and possibly in referring only to nouns (cp. the ‘thing’ sense in Thao ma-numa-numa and various of the Paiwan derivatives). The change *e > u/__m is recurrent in both Thao and Favorlang/Babuza/BABZ, as *lemlem ‘dark’ > Thao ma-rumrum ‘dim, unlit’, and *dalem > Favorlang/Babuza/BABZ lallum (/lalum/) ‘inside’.
27189 *nemnem think 3662 PAN *nemnem think [doublet: *demdem₃]
11948 Note: Also Fordata nanaŋ ‘remember, remember sadly’, Toak nenem-i ‘think’. Cf. Zorc (n.d.) PPh *nemnem ‘think, remember’.
29866 *nepuq stonefish 6514 PMP *nepuq stonefish
6515 POC *nopuq stonefish
Note: Also Palawano lapuɁ ‘stonefish (very venomous)’, Simalur nəpo ‘kind of fish’, Malay lepu ‘generic for a number of fishes with venomous spines’, Mongondow nohu ‘kind of sea fish’.
ni
27203 *-ni proximal spatio-temporal deixis: this, here; now 3677 PAN *-ni proximal spatio-temporal deixis: this, here; now
3678 PAN *di-ni here
3679 3680 3681 PWMP *ka-i-ni now (?)
3682 3683 PWMP *si-ni here
Note: Also Proto-Puyuma *kani ‘here’, Tsou, Kisar, Nggela eni ‘this’ (all from *ia-ni with sporadic contraction?), Numfor ine ‘these; this’, Wuvulu feni ‘this’. Chamorro ini ‘this (demonstrative pronoun)’ appears to reflect *qini, but may show irregular resistance to gw-epenthesis which is motivated by a need to distinguish the demonstrative and adverbial senses of earlier *i-ni. Proto-Puyuma *kani ‘here’, Cebuano anhi ‘here, in this place’, may reflect *ka-ni, a form that was identical to *ka-i-ni, without the generic locative marker *i, and *si-ni may derive form *sa ‘nonfocus marker of location’ plus *i-ni.
30927 *ni genitive case marker for singular personal names and pronouns; marker of possession, part-to-whole relationships, and agency of a non-actor voice verb 8781 PAN *ni genitive case marker for singular personal names and pronouns; marker of possession, part-to-whole relationships, and agency of a non-actor voice verb
Note: It is clear from exact cross-linguistic agreements between the three-way system of genitive case markers in Amis (Central), Miraya Bikol and various languages of Sabah, that PAn *ni marked the genitive case of singular personal names/nouns. As such it signalled both possessors and non-subject agents. This dual function was retained in most Philippine-type languages in Taiwan, the Philippines and northern Borneo, as well as in the Batak languages of northern Sumatra, and indirectly through the genitive suffix *-ña (< *ni-á) in Chamorro, and in western Indonesian languages that have reduced the four-voice system of PAn to a simple active-passive dichotomy, as in Bintulu of Borneo, or Malay. The agent-marking function of *ni evidently was lost in all CEMP languages, leaving it only as a genitive of general possession or part-to-whole relationships. In Oceanic languages that have lost final vowels the –n that occurs between nouns that stand in a genitive relationship is often glossed as ‘3sg’, as in Naman jëbë-n nevdoro ‘the woman’s grandfather’ [grandfather-3sg woman] (Crowley 2006:71). Whether the single-consonant suffix in such cases reflects POc *ni ‘genitive’ or *-ña ‘3sg possessor’ it’s ultimate origin must be traced to PAn *ni.
27194 3667 PMP *niket sticky, adhesive [doublet: *ña(ŋ)ket]
Note: With root PAn *-keC, PMP *-ket ‘adhesive, sticky’. Casiguran Dumagat niket ‘honey (archaic)’ can reflect either *ña(ŋ)ket or *niket.
27196 3669 Note: With root *-law ‘dazzling light’.
30640 *nilu intense sensation in teeth when eating sour fruit; for teeth to be on edge 8149 PMP *nilu intense sensation in teeth when eating sour fruit; for teeth to be on edge [doublet: *ŋilu]
30796 8539 PAN *nimas bailer in a canoe [doublet: *limas]
8540 POC *nimas bailer; to bail water from a canoe
Note: Also Palauan məŋ-ímət ‘empty a house of persons’. Dempwolff (1938) posited *limas ‘bailer (for a boat)’. Since most Oceanic languages reflect *nimas and most non-Oceanic languages reflect *limas, one might consider positing PMP *limas and assuming a sporadic manner assimilation of *l to the following nasal in POc. However, Palauan agrees with Oceanic languages in supporting *nimas, and Kairiru, Nehan, Halia, Pohnpeian and Mokilese agree with non-Oceanic languages in supporting *limas, so it appears best to reconstruct PMP doublets which have a skewed distribution across major subgroups. In addition to this core meaning and its verbal counterpart reflexes in Bikol, Sasak and Fijian suggest that PMP *limas/*nimas also designated a method of fishing in which water was drained from a pond so that the fish could be taken by hand.
27197 3670 PMP *ninih shake, tremble, rock
7160 PCEMP *nini shake, tremble, rock
Note: Also Sundanese lini ‘earthquake’, li-lini-ɨn ‘(of the body) shake, tremble, quake’.
27198 *niniq₁ plant sp.: Donax canniformis, used as material for making baskets 3671 PMP *niniq₁ plant sp.: Donax canniformis, used as material for making baskets
Note: Verheijen (1984), following an earlier suggestion of mine, gives PCEMP *niniq ‘Donax canniformis’. The Philippine forms reported here justify an attribution to PMP. Verheijen (1984) reports Rembong niniʔ, but this form does not appear in Verheijen (1977).
33352 *niniq₂ sandfly 11955 PMP *niniq₂ sandfly [doublet: *niknik]
27204 *niŋal echo 3684 PMP *niŋal echo
Note: This word probably took the *qali-, *kali- prefix.
27205 3685 11958 Note: Also Javanese niŋ, beniŋ ‘bright, clear’, Balinese niŋ ‘clear, pure’, yēh niŋ ‘clear water’.
30748 *nipaq a swamp palm: Nipa fruticans 8398 PMP *nipaq a swamp palm: Nipa fruticans
Note: Also Tagalog nípa ‘nipa; an East Indian palm’, Agutaynen nipa ‘a kind of palm; the leaves are used for roofing’, Hanunóo nípa ‘nipa palm (Nipa fruticans Wurmb.); the leaves are used for thatch’, Hiligaynon nípa ‘nipa palm, swampy palm’, Ngaju Dayak ipah ‘kind of palm that grows near the seashore; from its leaves, which are longer and wider than those of the coconut palm roofing material is made for houses and certain types of boats’. Ibanag anipa suggests an original trisyllable, but since no other language that retains prepenultimate initial vowels supports this analysis I assume that the base was *nipaq and that the Ibanag form contains an unidentified morpheme in initial position. A number of other languages show an irregular loss of *-q, which may indicate borrowing from Malay. However, this seems inherently unlikely, given the ubiquitous presence of this tree in swampy coastal regions of much of insular Southeast Asia, where its leaves provide the most common type of thatching material for house roofs and walls.
27199 *nipay snake 3672 PMP *nipay snake
12523 POC *nipe snake
30256 *nipen tooth 7136 PAN *nipen tooth [doublet: *qipen, *lipen, *ŋipen]
7137 POC *nipon tooth
Note: Also Saisiyat nəpən, Kapingamarangi niha ‘tooth’. Thao nipin, Chuukese nii and Hawaiian niho are ambiguous for *nipen or *ŋipen. Based on unambiguous reflexes in their nearest relatives it is likely that Chuukese nii reflects *ŋipen and that Hawaiian niho reflects *nipen, but no clear decision can be made for Thao nipin, which is arbitrarily assigned to the present comparison.
27200 *niRab yesterday 3673 PWMP *niRab yesterday [doublet: *neRab]
Note: Also Kavalan siːRab ‘yesterday’.
33172 11671 PPh *nisnís to wipe, rub, scrub
11672 PPh *nisnis-an to wipe away, wipe off
Note: Also Ibaloy nasnas ‘to wipe something off of something else’.
27206 3686 PMP *nituq a fern: Lygodium spp.
Note: Also Palauan ŋídech ‘climbing fern (Lygodium circinnatum (Burm. f.) Sw.); large food basket made from ŋidech plant’, Rembong mintuʔ (more common variant of nintuʔ). The core of this comparison was first recognized in print by Verheijen (1984).
30190 *niuR coconut 7013 PMP *niuR coconut
Note: Also Itawis íyug ‘coconut tree and fruit’, Ifugaw (Batad) liyúg ‘coconut tree, Cocos nucifera; coconut fruit (of little cultural value; the meat sometimes is grated, added to glutinous rice and sugar, wrapped in banana leaves, and cooked and eaten as a delicacy’, Mansaka iyog ‘coconut’, iyog-an ‘coconut grove’, Bimanese niʔu ‘coconut’, Manggarai nio ‘coconut’, Tetun nuu ‘coconut palm and fruit’. A number of languages in the central Moluccas and at least Waropen in the South Halmahera-West New Guinea group, point to *niwəR rather than *niuR. Given its distribution across a major subgroup boundary in a geographically contiguous area I assume that this development is due to areal influence.
Two other observations about this data set seem noteworthy. The first is that the coconut was used for ceremonial purposes in a traditional context, including healing rituals (cf. glosses in Itbayaten, Gedaged, Kwaio, Toqabaqita, 'Āre'āre, and Rennellese The second is that the nipa palm (Nipa fruticans) is recurrently referenced through a reflex of *niuR (reflexes in Malagasy, 'Āre'āre, and Arosi), even though a PMP reconstruction (*nipa) clearly must be posited.
32134 *nofo sit; stay or stop moving; reside 10388 POC *nofo sit; stay or stop moving; reside
Note: Also Tuvaluan noho (expected **nofo) ‘dwell; sit; remain’. Motu noho is clearly cognate with the similar Rotuman, Fijian and Polynesian forms, thus supporting a POc reconstruction. However, it is surprisingly difficult to find other cognates outside the proposed Central Pacific group.
33818 12615 Note: Possibly a chance resemblance.
30067 *nopo-nopo to fear, be intimidated by 6769 POC *nopo-nopo to fear, be intimidated by
Note: This form appears to be in competition with POc *matakut ‘fear, be afraid’, but whereas the latter form may have indicated fear in a generic sense, *nopo-nopo seems to have meant something closer to intimidation.
nu
33144 *nu- future marker with words for days 11638 PAN *nu- future marker with words for days
Note: I am indebted to Jason Lobel for providing the Philippine and North Borneo examples of this affix.
27213 3715 Note: Also Kavalan anu ‘if; when’.
29867 6516 Note: The relationship of this postnominal possessive marker to PMP *-mu ‘2sg. possessor’ remains unclear.
30943 *nu₃ genitive case marker for common nouns (cf. *na, *ni) 8802 PAN *nu₃ genitive case marker for common nouns (cf. *na, *ni)
Note: This form completes the trilogy for the genitive case markers of PAn: *ni ‘genitive of singular personal names’, *na ‘genitive of plural personal names’, *nu ‘genitive of common nouns’.
27207 *-nu₁ marker of uncertainty 3687 PAN *-nu₁ marker of uncertainty
3688 PMP *a-nu thing whose name is unknown, avoided, or cannot be remembered: what?
12530 PCEMP *anu thing whose name is unknown
3689 PWMP *maŋ-anu do such-and-such (action unspecified)
3690 PWMP *sa-anu (gloss uncertain)
3691 PWMP *i-anu, si-anu person whose name is avoided or cannot be remembered: So-and-so
3692 PMP *sanu person whose name is avoided or cannot be remembered: So-and-so
Note: This word seems to derive ultimately from *si anu, although the contracted form may already have existed in PMP. 3693 PWMP *in-anu to have had something done with it
3694 PMP *a-nu-ku my unnamed thing: mine
3696 PMP *a-nu-mu your unnamed thing: yours
3698 PMP *a-nu-ni a his/her unnamed thing: his/hers
3699 POC *anu-ña his/her unnamed thing: his/hers
3700 PAN *i-nu place which is unknown or cannot be remembered: where?
3701 PAN *ka-nu₁ interrogative; probably 'when?'
3702 PMP *ka-nu₂ when?
3703 PAN *na-nu what(?)
3704 PPh *si-nu person whose name is unknown, avoided or cannot be remembered: who?
3705 3706 PWMP *anu-anu thing of uncertainty
Note: Also Tsou ánʔo ‘where is?’, Itbayaten sinoh ‘who?’, Bontok annoka ‘an empty form substituting in any form class when the normal form is inappropriate or when it cannot be recalled; what's-it; what-you-may-call-it’, Aklanon kánʔo ‘when (in the past)?’, Aklanon sínʔo ‘who?, whom?’, Mamanwa sinʔo ‘who?’, Manobo (Western Bukidnon) me-nu ‘how? what?’, Tontemboan ma-anu ‘have sex with a woman’. Philippine forms such as Itbayaten sinoh and Aklanon sinʔuh suggest *-nuh, but the final consonant is not supported by Atayal, Saisiyat or other Formosan languages. In addition, since *si-nu seems clearly to be formed from *si ‘nominative case of singular personal names’ + *nu ‘marker of uncertainty’ I assume that the glottal stop in some Philippine forms is a secondary development.
It is unclear whether this morpheme could occur in isolation in PAn, since such reflexes as Melanau Dalat (Kampung Kekan) new ‘what?’ could be products of secondary reduction. *-nuh was a formative in many interrogative words, but apparently was not an interrogative marker itself, as there is no comparative evidence that it could be used to transform declarative into interrogative expressions. Rather, it is perhaps most accurately characterized as a marker of uncertainty or deliberate obscurity. For the morphological parallel of *maŋ- + ‘what?’ = ‘why?’ cp. Mongondow moŋ-onu and Malay meŋ-apa ‘why?’.
30933 *-nu₂ 2sg possessor and non-subject agent 8790 PAN *-nu₂ 2sg possessor and non-subject agent
Note: This form appears to be functionally equivalent to PMP *-mu ‘2sg possessor and non-subject agent’, and the factors that governed their use remain to be determined.
30208 *nues squid 7053 PMP *nues squid
Note: Also Itbayaten anos ‘squid, small cuttlefish, medium-sized cuttlefish’, Agutaynen loko ‘squid’, Cebuano núkus, Binukid nukus, Simalur nunu ‘bones of the octopus, which sometimes wash up in large heaps on the beach’, Chamorro nosŋos ‘squid, cuttlefish’, Palauan lúut, Bipi ñu, Sori ñuw ‘small shellless squid’, Loniu ñuk ‘small reef squid’, Pak nuy, Lou niy ‘small shellless squid’, Puluwat ŋiit ‘cuttlefish’, Woleaian ŋit ‘squid’, Rennellese ŋuu-heke ‘squid’, Maori ŋū ‘Sepia apama, squid’.
The search for a PMP term for ‘squid’ is frustrating, since there are many words with this meaning that show greater than chance phonetic similarity, but few that exhibit recurrent sound correspondences, a situation that obtains even within the Oceanic group (Blust 1978:147, Ross 1988:342, 344). Pawley (2011) reconstructs POc *nusa (doublet *nus) ‘small reef squid (Loligo spp.) and smaller cuttlefish (Sepia spp.)’. While the longer of these doublets is clearly justified, it is the shorter one that appears a priori to have possible cognates outside the Oceanic group. All of the forms cited in the above comparison can reflect *nues, but it is not at all clear that such a PMP etymon existed. Oceanic forms such as Kairiru nus ‘squid’, Mbula nus ‘squid type (smaller-sized), Rotuman nū ‘squid, small type of cuttlefish’ initially appear to be related, but the first of these is better accounted for by POc *nuso ‘smaller types of reef squid’, and the regular reflex of PMP *nues in Rotuman would be **nuo. Forms in the Admiralty islands which appear to reflect an earlier monosyllable clearly indicate *ñ as the initial consonant, thus conflicting with the evidence of Malay, Acehnese, Javanese and Chamorro, all of which point unambiguously to *n, Adding to the difficulty of Pawley’s (2011) POc *nus ‘squid’ is the extreme rarity (one might even say non-existence) of reconstructed content words at the POc level or higher which are monosyllabic. Finally, additional doublets could be reconstructed based on very slender evidence, as with Pak nuy, Gedaged nui, Manam nuri < *nuRi, or Cebuano núkus, Binukid nukus, Loniu ñuk < *ñukus, but as noted in Blust (1978:147) given the generally chaotic comparative picture presented by phonetically similar but non-corresponding forms beginning with a reflex of *nu-, *ñu- or occasionally *ŋu-, this temptation is best resisted.
33852 12666 33902 *numa how? 12730 PAN *numa how?
Note: Also Paiwan a-nema ‘what?, what thing?’.
33773 12551 30153 *nunu₁ earthquake 6900 POC *nunu₁ earthquake
6901 POC *nu-nunu earthquake
Note: Also Itbayaten ninih, Ivatan ñiʔñiʔ, Lau anuanu ‘to shake, quake; an earthquake’, Toqabaqita anunu ‘earthquake’, Toga rur, Mota rir, Wailengi ruru, Vowa lulu, Makura na-rir, Nakanamanga (Nguna) na-ruru ‘earthquake’.
30179 *nunu₂ to slough, shed the skin, as a snake 6978 POC *nunu₂ to slough, shed the skin, as a snake
Note: Possibly a chance resemblance.
30527 7789 7790 Note: Also Mono-Alu lulu, Bonga na-mumuh, Makatea mumu, Vinmavis nu-momo-m ‘female breast’. This word must be reconstructed next to the far better-supported PAn *susu ‘female breast’. The semantic distinction is unclear, but *nunuh may have been a term used with young children.
27210 *nunuk a tree: the banyan or strangler fig 3711 PMP *nunuk a tree: the banyan or strangler fig
Note: Cf. Zorc (n.d.) PPh *nunuk ‘tree: Moraceae Ficus sp.’, Mills (1981) Pind *nunuk ‘banyan’. In at least the Philippines, Indonesia and Madagascar the banyan is believed to house mischievous spirits, a belief that very likely arose because the extensive aerial roots at night present a scene of shadowy mystery that causes travellers to keep at a distance.
27214 3716 PWMP *nuŋnuŋ stare, look fixedly [doublet: *NeŋNeŋ]
Note: Also Malay renoŋ ‘looking fixedly at anything’.
31484 *nupi dream 9598 PWMP *nupi dream
Note: With root *-pi ‘dream’.
27211 *nuRuq luck 3712 PMP *nuRuq luck
3713 PMP *ma-nuRuq lucky
Note: First proposed in Geraghty n.d., but with a reconstruction only for POc.
27212 *nus squid, cuttlefish 3714 PMP *nus squid, cuttlefish [doublet: *kanuqus]
30209 *nusa₁ island 7054 PMP *nusa₁ island
7055 POC *a-nusa small island, islet
Note: Also Bimanese nisa ‘small island’. This word almost certainly meant ‘island’ in PMP, but in several languages, including at least Malay, Numfor, Nggela, Arosi, and Fijian it has come to apply only to island names, and is distinct from the general term of reference. In several languages (Mapun, Arosi, Woleaian, Fijian) the reference is limited to smaller islands or islets, but if this is a retention from PMP or POc it is difficult to see what it contrasted with. Osmond, Pawley and Ross (2003:42) posit POc *nusa ‘island’, *qa-nusa ‘at our own island’, but no clear evidence is given for the initial consonant of the latter term, and it is at least plausible that the longer word is another example of the ‘adhesive locative’ (Blust 1989a). As noted by Osmond, Pawley and Ross (2003:42), “Anuta, the name of a very small Polynesian island near Tikopia, is probably also cognate.”
30211 *nusa₂ smaller types of reef squid 7057 POC *nusa₂ smaller types of reef squid [doublet: *nuso]
Note: Reconstructed by Pawley (2011:200), although most of the evidence that he cites points either to *nuso, or fails to agree with either reconstruction.
33749 *nuse smaller types of reef squid 12509 POC *nuse smaller types of reef squid [doublet: *nusa, *nuso]
30210 *nuso smaller types of reef squid 7056 POC *nuso smaller types of reef squid [doublet: *nusa₂]
Note: Also Arosi nito ‘octopus, smaller than monagi = nuto, squid’.
a b c C d e g h i j k l m n N ñ ŋ o p q r R s S t u w y z
Austronesian Comparative Dictionary, web edition
*n
WMP Malagasy
ni article (ni andro ‘the weather’, ni dite ‘the tea’)
CMP Kambera
na definite article (na uma ‘the house’)
OC Tigak
na article before proper and kinship nouns
Tolai
na definite and indefinite article: the, a, an
Vitu
na article with common nouns
Lakalai
la article prefixed to the majority of nouns
Mbula
na determiner; bound relic of the Proto-Oceanic article *na occurring on some nouns, most of which are probably borrowed from the Maleu language of northwest New Britain
Motu
na demonstrative adjective, used in place of the definite article
Roviana
na the (na vetu ‘the house’)
Eddystone/Mandegusu
na article and demonstrative, the, this
Bugotu
na indefinite article, a; precedes nouns and gerundives (na tinoni ‘a man’)
Nggela
na nominal article, a, the (na tinoni ‘a man, the man’)
Lau
na the, a (na noni-na ‘his/her body’, na kui ‘a dog’)
Arosi
na article with common nouns, used with subject rather than object
Wayan
na prenominal particle; marks a nominal as 1. common, as opposed to proper or local, and 2. specific, as opposed to generic; a variant ne occurs directly before nominals beginning with the noun-deriving prefix i-
Fijian
na the common article: the, a; neither use is always in accord with the English practice
Formosan Thao
na linker between heads and attributes used to signal emphatic attribution (in contrast with a, linker between heads and attributes used to signal neutral or unmarked attribution)
Puyuma
na particle linking nominal heads and attributes
WMP Tagalog
na linker between heads and attributes: ma-tákaw na táo 'a greedy person' = 'greedy LINK person' (Schachter and Otanes 1972:118)
Bikol
na grammatical linker used in adjectival phrases; grammatical connector equivalent to 'that'
Toba Batak
na relative pronoun, often used to give emphasis (van der Tuuk 1971 [1864-1867]:369); attributive preposition linking a nominal head with an attributive adjective, verb, numeral, or a phrase : hau na tibbo tall tree = tree LINK tall, halak na modom the sleeping man = man LINK sleep, dakdanak na dua i the two children = children LINK two DEICTIC, halak na manuhor bukku the man who bought the book = man LINK buy book, jabu na di huta the house in the village = house LINK PREP village (Nababan 1981:81)
Chamorro
na particle used 1. to link a modifier with a following noun, 2. to link demonstratives with the nouns or noun phrases that follow, 3. to connect the numbers beyond the number ‘one’ with the following noun, 4. to link certain question words with the following noun, 5. to connect a complement clause with a main clause, thus functioning as a complementizer (Topping 1973:138-141)
Formosan Kavalan
na genitive of common nouns
Saisiyat
na genitive of plural personal nouns
Atayal
na genitive of common nouns
Amis (Central)
na genitive of plural personal nouns
Paiwan
na genitive case marker for common nouns
WMP Ibanag
na genitive case marker for common nouns
Agta (Central Cagayan)
na genitive of common nouns
Bikol (East Miraya)
na genitive of persons (plural)
Bantuqanon
na genitive case marker for plural personal names
Old Cebuano
na genitive case marker for plural personal names
Kadazan (Kimanis)
no genitive of personal names (plural)
Sungai Kuamut
na genitive of personal names (plural)
Lobu Lanas
nə genitive of personal names (plural)
Buol
na genitive case marker for common nouns
OC Tolai
na marker of part-whole relationships, as in mata na u ‘nipple’ [eye of breast]
Formosan Amis
o-na this
Kanakanabu
saː-na there (yonder)
WMP Bontok
na this; here; now
Kenyah (Long Wat)
nah there
CMP Ngadha
ke-na that
OC Wuvulu
fe-na that
Tongan
na that, those, esp. near you
Samoan
le-nā that
Anuta
e-na that, there
WMP Agta (Central Cagayan)
s-ina there (2p)
Ifugaw
h-iná that, there (2p)
Casiguran Dumagat
ina that, there (2p)
Bisaya
ino that
d-ino there
Kelabit
ineh that
Kenyah (Long Wat)
inah that
Kenyah (Long Anap)
ina that
d-ina there (location)
k-ina there (direction)
Bintulu
inəh that (3p)
d-inəh there (location)
t-inəh there (direction)
Lampung
ino that
CMP Rembong
ina that (2p); then
Li'o
ina this
Watubela
ine <A that
SHWNG Kowiai/Koiwai
ina this
OC Mbula
ina that (anaphoric)
Suau
ina this
Motu
ina this
Dobuan
n-ina that
Chuukese
ina there it is (by you)
Nakanamanga
wa-ina that (distant)
WMP Bontok
sána that one, close to hearer; there, close to hearer
Kankanaey
sána that; there, thither. What is near the person one speaks to; demonstrative and adverb of place
Malay
sana yonder; over there; yon
WMP Kapampangan
nabúʔ to fall
Manobo (Kalamansig Cotabato)
nabuʔ to fall
Sangir
nawo to fall
Uma
nawuʔ to fall
CMP Kambera
ka-nabu to fall
Kemak
me-nahu to fall
Paulohi
ma-nahu to fall
Alune
nabu to fall, drop
OC Motu
nadi a stone
Cheke Holo
nadi rock which is smooth, sharp and clear in color, probably quartz, used to make adze blades
Bugotu
nadi flint
Nggela
nandi flint
Lau
(fou) nagi flint
Toqabaqita
nagi chert, flint; in earlier times used to make cutters and adzes and to strike fire; also used to break canarium nuts (still used in this function)
Arosi
nagi flint, obsidian
OC Gedaged
nao-n face, countenance, visage, feature, appearance, aspect; front, forepart, first line; the outside of something, exterior
Gitua
nago face; bow or stern of canoe
Bugotu
nago before, in front, first
nago-i to precede, go before
Nggela
nago face; prow of canoe; in front of; before, formerly
nago-vi to be first on the road; to be first to capture or do something
Kwaio
naʔo before, first, in front of (usually preceded by “i” directional particle)
Lau
nao face; in front of; before; first
nao-nao former, earlier
'Āre'āre
i naʔo-ku before my time
naʔo-na front
naʔo-na lora the stem, bow of a canoe
naʔo-hia before, preparatory to
i naʔo-i before, in front of; in former times
Sa'a
naʔo front; before
Arosi
naʔo former period of time; to go before, to steer for; the front part of a thing, not of a man (rarely used)
naʔo-hi to steer for
naʔo-na principal, chief; the genital organs of a man
Mota
nago-i face, front, cutting edge
nag-nago-i good-looking
nago-mate of quiet countenance; abashed
nago-maur of bold countenance
Araki
naho face
naho dani morning (‘face of the day’)
naho hoco front teeth, including canines and incisors
OC Loniu
nay short ornamented skirt
Lele
nay traditional grass skirt
Lindrou
nay woman’s dress
Gedaged
nai a skirt of fibers of mataen palm, etc., petticoat; the nai for small girls is only a narrow apron in front; older girls before marriage wear a nai with the back part narrower than the front; after marriage a nai with the back part wider is worn
Formosan Amis
nanam to be familiar with, accustomed to
WMP Mansaka
naram to domesticate; to tame; to train
Tiruray
norom tame, gentle
Sangir
naraŋ custom, habit
Tae'
naram tame
Makassarese
naraŋ accustomed; tame, of animals
Formosan Amis
ma-nanam tamed
Bunun
ma-nam tamed
Puyuma (Tamalakaw)
ma-nadam accustomed (= tamed)
WMP Sangir
ma-naraŋ be accustomed
OC Gedaged
mánan tame, docile (mostly in reference to animals), peaceful, obedient, trained
Motu
manada even, smooth, gentle
manada-ia be accustomed to, be tame
Sa'a
manata to be taught, quiet, of animals, broken in, tamed; nature, disposition, custom
manata-i to know, be accustomed
Arosi
manata tame, trained, gentle, of man or animal
manata tame, trained, gentle, of man or animal
WMP Kapampangan
náko steal
Tagalog
nákaw stolen, pilfered; thing stolen or pilfered
Buhid
ag-naáw steal
CMP Ngadha
naka steal; secret, clandestine, illicit, illegal
Li'o
naka steal
Hawu
naʔo steal
Rotinese
nako steal
Tetun
naʔo-k steal
Proto-Ambon
*nakaw steal
Nusa Laut
mu-nata to steal
WMP Yami
nakem intention, meaning
aro so nakem disciplined, cultured
nak-nakm-en to think, remember
nakm-en to want
Itbayaten
nakem conscience, consciousness, faculty of memory, reason, thought, mind
matayo-nakem generous
pa-nakm-en to remind
Ibatan
nákem keep someone in mind, remember
Ilokano
nákem mind; will, free will; intellect, sense, reasoning, good mental capacity
ag-nákem to be reasonable, to have sense
na-nakm-an wise, using good judgement, prudent
paki-nákem will, intention, thought
Isneg
nákam will, mind, intellect, sense, judgment, idea
paki-naʔm-an to think, propose, intend
Sambal (Botolan)
nákem seat of the emotions
Palawano
nakem spirit; mind
Central Tagbanwa
nakɨm thought, state of mind
WMP Yami
ma-nakem remember, think of
Itbayaten
ma-nakem to recall, being recalled, being remembered
Ilokano
ma- nákem wise, using good judgement
Isneg
ma- nákam parents; older brother; older sister; ancestors; wise people; elders
WMP Casiguran Dumagat
namaw coral reef
Karo Batak
namo deep place in a river, generally where it makes a bend and the water moves slowly (common in place names)
Palauan
ləmáu small, deep spot within shallow area inside reef
CMP Tetun
namo-n bay, harbor
Yamdena
name deep sea channel in the reef
Proto-Ambon
*nama(w) bay, harbor
Buruese
nama level stretch in a stream's course; cove, bay, harbor
OC Wuvulu
namo lagoon
Kwaio
namo lake, pool, deep place in river
Lau
namo the lagoon inside a reef, near the reef (the deep) pools towards the shore
Arosi
namo a landlocked, shallow lagoon near the shore
Pohnpeian
nahmw deep place within the barrier reef; lagoon
Tongan
namo lagoon
Niue
namo lake, pond
WMP Ilokano
namot a tree: Cynometra ramiflora L. (Madulid 2001)
Cebuano
namut a tree: Cynometra ramiflora L. (Madulid 2001)
CMP Wahai
lamut a tree: Cynometra ramiflora L (Ludeking 1868)
Larike
lamuta a tree: Cynometra ramiflora L (Ludeking 1868)
WMP Cebuano
namut-namut a tree: Cynometra iripa Kostel, Fabaceae
namot-namot Cynometra iripa, Fabaceae
Subanen/Subanun
namut-namut a tree: Cynometra ramiflora Linn., Fabaceae
Wolio
namu-namu kind of tree and its edible fruit: Cynometra cauliflora
CMP Nusa Laut
namu-namu kind of bean: Cynometra spp.
Batu Merah
namu-namu huanu kind of bean: Cynometra spp.
WMP Murik
inan that one
Melanau (Sarikei)
inan idun there
WMP Maranao
anan that
Kayan (Long Atip)
anan that
OC Eddystone/Mandegusu
nana that, that one; there
Lau
nana that, those
Woleaian
laal (laala) demonstrative (close to hearer); that, those
WMP Ilokano
nána mother; aunt
Bikol
nána title for a mother, aunt, or godmother
Agutaynen
nana grandma (term of reference and address)
Cebuano
nána title for grandparents or women of an older generation, or for one’s elder sister
WMP Ilokano
nánaw to look at something submerged
Cebuano
nánaw to gaze over a wide area; scan an area to search for something
Mansaka
nanaw to look all around searching for something; to search carefully
Formosan Kavalan
ku-nani pus
k<m>u-nani to have pus
Seediq (Truku)
nalaq pus
m-nalaq be purulent, infected
Thao
nazaq pus
kit-nazaq be purulent, full of pus
Bunun
nanaq pus (Li 2004)
WMP Itbayaten
nana pus
om-nana to be removed of its pus
Ilokano
nána pus
Isneg
nána pus, matter
Kapampangan
nanaʔ pus
Tagalog
nánaʔ pus, matter
Bikol
nánaʔ pus
ma-nánaʔ pussy
Hanunóo
nánaʔ pus
Masbatenyo
nánaʔ pus
Aklanon
nánaʔ pus
Waray-Waray
nánaʔ pus; abscess
Agutaynen
nanak pus
Cebuano
nánaʔ pus; be filled with pus; give off pus
hi-nánaʔ take out pus
Maranao
nanaʔ pus
Binukid
nánaʔ pus; give off pus, have pus (in a sore, etc.)
tag-nanaʔ to suppurate (as a boil that has burst)
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
nanaʔ pus
Mansaka
nánaʔ pus
Tiruray
nanaʔ pus
mege-nanaʔ (of a sore) producing much pus
Mapun
nanaʔ pus from an infection; to develop pus
Yakan
nanaʔ pus
Tboli
nanak pus; to have a core, as a boil; to be full of pus; a pocket of pus
Tausug
nanaʔ pus
Kadazan Dusun
nanaʔ pus, matter (as in a wound or boil)
Ida'an Begak
nanaʔ pus
Kelabit
nanaʔ pus
Sa'ban
lanaʔ pus
Bintulu
nanəʔ pus
Melanau (Mukah)
nanaʔ pus
pə-nanaʔ to suppurate, of a wound
Iban
nanah pus, matter
Tsat
lə¹¹ na⁵⁵ pus
Malay
nanah matter, pus
me-nanah to suppurate, to come to a head (of a boil)
luka luka ber-nanah suppurating wounds
Simalur
nana pus
Karo Batak
nanah pus
Toba Batak
nana pus
Nias
nana pus
mo-nana to fester, suppurate
Rejang
naneaʔ pus
Sundanese
nanah pus
Old Javanese
wūk nanah liquid oozing from corpses or any putrescent matter, pus; always in the combination wūk nanah
Javanese
nanah pus
Balinese
nanah pus, matter
Sasak
nanaʔ pus
be-nanaʔ to fester, suppurate
Totoli
nana pus
Uma
nanaʔ pus
mo-nanaʔ to fester, suppurate
Bare'e
nana pus
me-nana to fester, suppurate
Tae'
nana pus
maʔ-nana to fester, suppurate
Proto-Bungku-Tolaki
*nanaq pus
Mori Bawah
nana pus
Makassarese
nana pus
Wolio
nana pus, suppuration
Palauan
láləʔ pus
CMP Li'o
nana sap, latex
Leti
nanna (< nana-na) pus
SHWNG Waropen
nana pus
OC Nauna
nana-n pus
Bipi
nana-n pus
Seimat
nana-n pus
Wuvulu
nana pus
Bali (Uneapa)
nanaka pus
Wogeo
nana pus
Manam
nana pus
Takia
nan pus
Gapapaiwa
nana pus
Nggela
nana pus in a sore
Kwaio
nana pus, suppurate
Lau
nana pus, matter
nana-la having pus, full of pus
Arosi
nana pus of a sore
Proto-Micronesian
*nana pus
Mota
nana pus, matter
Avava
a-nan pus
Fijian
nana pus, matter; to fester, suppurate
vaka-nana having pus
WMP Ilokano
ag-nána to fester (wounds, boils)
Tagalog
mag-nánaʔ to suppurate, form pus
Bikol
mag-nánaʔ to become pussy (a wound)
Yakan
mag-nanaʔ to develop pus (of an inflamed wound or boil)
Tausug
mag-nanaʔ to have or develop pus
Toba Batak
mar-nana to suppurate, ooze pus
WMP Bikol
ma-nanáʔ-an to secrete pus, to fester
Mapun
nanaʔ-an having pus
Sundanese
nanah-an to suppurate, have or produce pus; pussy
WMP Masbatenyo
nánaʔ-ón pus-stained
Karo Batak
nanah-en to suppurate, of a wound
Javanese
nanah-en to have a pus-filled infection
Palauan
bə-llaʔ-əl purulent, festering
WMP Ma'anyan
naŋe river mouth
CMP Manggarai
naŋa estuary, coast, beach, anchorage
Ngadha
naŋa bay, marine estuary, harbor
Buruese
naŋa-n (esp. a river's) mouth
WMP Casiguran Dumagat
naŋa species of rattan Calamus usitatus (leaves are used for roofing)
Maranao
naŋa hard rattan
Tiruray
noŋo a rattan: Calamus sp.
Sangir
ue naŋa rattan sp.
Mongondow
naŋa kind of very thick rattan
CMP Manggarai
naŋa kind of large rattan
WMP Itbayaten
nara a tree: Pterocarpus indica Willd.
Tagalog
nára a tree: Pterocarpus spp.
Bikol
nára a tree: Pterocarpus spp.
Agutaynen
nara Narra tree or wood; this is a forest tree whose wood is yellowish-red and is used for furniture (now protected)
Cebuano
nára a tree: Pterocarpus spp.
Maranao
nara a tree: Pterocarpus indica
CMP Bimanese
nara tree from which the aŋsana wood comes (Pterocarpus indicus)
Proto-Ambon
*nara a tree: Pterocarpus indica
Formosan Saisiyat (Tungho)
may-naa to wait
Atayal (Squliq)
mə-naga to wait
WMP Yami (Imorod)
mapa-nala to wait
pa-nala-en to wait
Itbayaten
ma-na-naya can wait
na-naya-en watch and wait for
Kapampangan
ma-náya waiting for someone or something
pa-náya-n wait for someone
WMP Ilokano
narrá leguminous trees with yellow flowers and orbicular pods which yield a valuable timber for construction, etc.: Pterocarpus spp.
Ayta Abellan
nayah Narra tree: Pterocarpus indica
Tagalog
nága species of the narra-tree family
Bikol
nága Narra tree: Pterocarpus indica
Hanunóo
nága Narra tree: Pterocarpus indica; the sap is used as a medicament for application to cold sores in the mouth
Cebuano
nága large forest tree yielding a hard, red wood, highly prized for furniture-making: Pterocarpus indicus
Tiruray
nara a tree: Pterocarpus indica
Palauan
las a timber tree: Pterocarpus indicus (L.)
CMP Manggarai
nara a tree: Pterocarpus indicus
Rotinese
na tree with red wood: Pterocarpus indica
Tetun
ai na rosewood tree (Pterocarpus indicus?), a good timber for furniture
Paulohi
nala a tree: Pterocarpus indica
Wahai
nala a tree: Pterocarpus indica
OC Motu
nara a tree: Pterocarpus indicus
WMP Bikol
nási rice which is fermented to produce the rice wine called paŋási
Malay
nasi cooked rice
Old Javanese
nasi cooked rice
Formosan Paiwan
pi-natuk to boil
WMP Kelabit
nauk bubbling, starting to boil
OC Gedaged
naik cooking, boiling
WMP Cebuano
natúk powdery starch of any sort that has been obtained by soaking the source in water and letting it settle
Maranao
natek starch from palm tree
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
natek sago, a starchy food prepared from the juice of the trunk of certain palms; the liquid is evaporated and an edible starch remains
Mansaka
natuk palm flour
Tombonuwo
natok sago
Murut (Timugon)
natok sago flour
WMP Cebuano
nati young of a pasture animal: calf or kid
Maranao
nati calf
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
nati young horse, carabao or cow
OC Tolai
nati-na the young of animals
nat child; the young of any animal; the suffix -una (natu-na ‘his/her child’) is applied only to persons,ina (nati-na ‘its calf, etc.’) to the lower animals
SHWNG Gimán
tu child
Sawai
ntu child
Buli
ntu child; young
Arguni
natu small
OC Nauna
nɔt child
Lou
noru- child
Nali
noru- child
Titan
nat child
Leipon
netu- child
Seimat
natu- child
Wuvulu
naʔu- child
Mussau
natu- child
Tigak
natu- child
Mendak
nat child
Tolai
natu-na child (human)
nati-na young of any animal
Arop
natu- child
Biliau
nalu child
Lusi
natu child
Kove
natu child
Lakalai
e-latu child; child of Ego’s sibling
Sobei
natu child
Wogeo
natu- child
Manam
natu- child (to the age of 15 years)
natu-mi to adopt (him/her)
natu-ra to be childish
Sio
natu- child
Gitua
natu- child, son/daughter
Yabem
latu child
Watut
naru- child
Wampar
naro-n child
Ubir
natu- child
Gapapaiwa
natu- child
Suau
natu- child
Bunama
natu-na offspring
Magori
natu child
Keapara
nau child
Hula
nahu child
Motu
natu-na child; the young of animals
natu-a to adopt a child
Pokau
naku offspring
Kilivila
latu- child
Tawala
natu- child
Tubetube
natu child
Sudest
nari- child
Uruava
tu- child
Mono-Alu
natu- child
Eddystone/Mandegusu
natu-na child
Lau
nau ni toua childish
Proto-Micronesian
*natu child; classifier for cherished possessions
Chuukese
naaw child
Mota
natu-i a child, young of anything
Vatrata
niʔi- child
Mosina
nutu- child
Lakona
natu- child
Cape Cumberland
natu- child
Piamatsina
natu- child
Nokuku
notu- child
Malmariv
natu- child
Lametin
nat- child
Mafea
natu- child
Amblong
natu- child
Araki
naru- child (of someone)
Marino
natu- child
Baetora
natu- child
Apma
nucu child
Vao
natu- child
Atchin
natu- child
Uripiv
natu- child
Leviamp
a-natə child
Axamb
næru- child
Maxbaxo
naru- child
Vowa
natu- child
Sie
nitu- child
Iaai
noko- child
WMP Ilokano
náto bird ovary
Casiguran Dumagat
nató egg yolk
Tiruray
natuʔ egg yolk
CMP Rotinese
natu-k ovary, roe, spawn
OC Roviana
natu part of a female crab or turtle, the ovum
WMP Yami
na-nao to teach
Itbayaten
nawo the act of studying
na-nawo lesson, instruction (teaching)
na-naw-en to teach, to show how
Binukid
nau to teach, instruct (someone), to help (someone) to learn
WMP Ilokano
nawnáw to dissolve; melt; to dilute in liquids
Ibaloy
nawnaw-an to swish, move water around in a container (as basin, pot) to give it a cursory cleaning
nawnaw-en to dissolve something --- esp. of something that requires little stirring (as starch into water, scrambling eggs)
Pangasinan
nawnáw dissolve, diminish in volume, as sugar, salt, etc. when exposed to the atmosphere
Cebuano
nawnáw put something in a liquid and swish it around (as clothes in soapy water) (Formosan only)
Formosan Kavalan
nay that
Thao
i-nay here, this, these
ki-nay next to, by; stay by
mu-nay come
WMP Bikol
nuknók gnat, fruit fly
Palawano
neknek small mangrove fly, gnat
OC Wuvulu
nono sandfly
Sa'a
nono äsi midge, sandfly
Arosi
nono a fly
nono iasi sandfly, midge
Tongan
nono fruit fly
Niue
nono small beetle
Rennellese
nono kind of small fly, as on rotten bananas (Formosan only)
Formosan Favorlang/Babuza
numma what?
naan o numma what name?
ta o numma what country?
numma what?
Thao
numa what? why?
ma-i-numa for what reason?
malhka-ka-numa do what? perform what?
ma-numa-numa something, anything
min-numa become what?
Rukai
ma-nəma what? (Ferrell 1969)
Puyuma
ma-nəma what? (Ferrell 1969)
Paiwan
a-nema what? what thing?
nema-ŋa a thing
a-nema-tsu what is this?
se-nema belonging to what place (village, nation)?
na-nema-nema-ŋa everything, all sorts of things
Formosan Paiwan
ki-nemnem think, cogitate, pay close attention to
WMP Ilokano
nemném dissimulate, dissemble, refrain from divulging one's thoughts, keep silent
pa-nemnem-én consider, fix the mind on, think on
Kankanaey
nemném intellect, intelligence, reason; thought, idea, mind; memory, imagination
Ifugaw
nomnom conveys the idea of thinking, of being mindful
Ilongot
nɨmnɨm to think (Rosaldo 1980)
OC Mota
nonom to think
WMP Nias
nõfu kind of fish
Sangir
nəpo fish the color of coral stone (two types); these move very little and slowly, and have dorsal spines that cause violent pain to one who is pricked by them
Bare'e
nopu kind of fish
Wolio
nopu fish with poisonous spines
Muna
nopu stonefish (fish with very poisonous spike on its back)
Chamorro
nufoʔ stonefish, scorpionfish (highly poisonout if dorsal spines penetrate the skin)
SHWNG Sawai
nof kind of fish
Buli
nof kind of poisonous fish
OC Loniu
noh lionfish
Likum
noh stonefish, lionfish
Seimat
noh stonefish
Wuvulu
nofu stonefish
Motu
nohu stinging fish
Kilivila
nou stonefish
Molima
nowu poisonous fish
Roviana
novu rockfish: Synanceja horrida, dreaded on account of its poisonous spikes
Eddystone/Mandegusu
novu fish with sting on the back
Nggela
novu fish sp.: Peptoscopus
Arosi
nohu fish with spiny ridge
Proto-Micronesian
*nowu scorpion fish, stonefish
Chuukese
noow scorpion fish; spotten rockfish
Fijian
novu fish of an ashen color resembling a stone, and possessing a very rough, horny skin
Samoan
nofu toadfishes of genera Scorpaenopsis and Synanceja, some of which have poisonous spines
Hawaiian
nohu Scorpaeinidae, fish with poisonous spines
Formosan Seediq (Truku)
nii here, now, this
WMP Bisaya
nih that
Berawan (Long Terawan)
nih that (sp)
Berawan (Long Jegan)
nay that
Malagasy
ito-ny this
CMP Adonara
ni this
OC Duke of York
ni this
Uruava
ni this
Tongan
ni this, these; now
Formosan Seediq (Truku)
d-nii the group here
Pazeh
di-ni here
WMP Tagalog
diní here
Mamanwa
dini here
Blaan (Koronadal)
dini here
Kenyah (Long Anap)
d-ini here (= 'at here'; cp. k-ini 'to here')
Formosan Saisiyat
h-ini this, here
Pazeh
im-ini this
Amis
ini here, near at hand
Rukai (Budai)
ku-ini that (near hearer)
Rukai (Tona)
ak-ini that (near hearer)
Proto-Puyuma
*ini this
WMP Kapampangan
iní this
Bikol
iní this, these
Hiligaynon
iní this
Palawan Batak
ʔini here
Cebuano
íni be here
Maranao
ini this, these
Kalagan
ini this, here
Kelabit
inih this
Kenyah
ini this
Malagasy
iny that, this. It is always used of something thoroughly known to both speaker and spoken to
Tsat
ni³³ this
Malay
ini demonstrative suggesting precision or nearness
Sundanese
ini this
Sasak
ini this
Sangir
ini this, these
Muna
ini this
Chamorro
guini here, in this place
CMP Adonara
ni this
Fordata
ini this; here
OC Nggela
ini these
Sa'a
ini that
Arosi
ini this; here
Marshallese
in this
Formosan Atayal
iani this; here; now
WMP Mansaka
yani this
Malagasy
izany that; this; these
OC Nggela
iani here; like this
Anuta
ie-ni here, in this place
WMP Bikol
ka-iní this, these
Cebuano
kiní this
Subanun (Sindangan)
k-ini this
Kelabit
kinih now; this way
Kenyah
k-ini in this place
Kenyah (Long Anap)
k-ini here (= 'to here')
Malay
kini, ka-ini this; thus; thus far; now
Formosan Atayal
qani this, these; here
WMP Kayan (Uma Juman)
anih this
Malagasy
ány there (distant and unseen)
OC Arosi
ani that one; there (referring to objects out of sight)
WMP Aborlan Tagbanwa
s-ini here
Sangil
s-ini here
Kayan (Uma Juman)
hini-h here
Malay
sini here; this way; this place
Formosan Kavalan
ni personal genitive marker (all known examples are with singular referents)
Saisiyat
ni genitive of singular personal nouns (marks possession, and agency of an undergoer voice verb)
Pazeh
ni genitive marker, possessive marker (appears to be restricted to human referents)
Amis (Central)
ni genitive of singular personal names
Puyuma
ni genitive case marker for singular personal nouns
Paiwan
ni of, by, belonging to (with personal name)
WMP Yami
ni genitive marker for personal names and kinship terms
Itbayaten
ni personal article
Ilokano
ni singular of the personal article, used before names of people and intelligent animals (pets); possessive proper article
Agta (Dupaningan)
ni marker of (singular) personal names
Isneg
ni the genitive of the personal article, sometimes taking the form níyin in songs, or nim before a word that begins with b or p
Casiguran Dumagat
ni attributive marker for singular personal nouns
Ibaloy
ni ni and its inflected forms (niya, nita, nima) and its specific form nonta are together the source set of articles; at the clause level, indicates that the part of the clause that is marked by the ni article is non-topic and non-location, or is a time phrase; in genitive (or qualifying) phrases marks part-whole relations (e.g. atep ni baley ‘roof of the house’)
Tagalog
ni preposition used before a person’s name or names to connote possessive case; may also indicate the doer of a certain action [after a non-actor voice verb]
Bikol
ni singular ni class marker occurring before names; by (as in ‘written by’) [marker of the agent of a non-actor voice verb]
Hanunóo
ni of, by [indicator of possession and agency of a non-actor voice verb]
Romblomanon
ni the action, state, possession of someone; a particular action is performed by a named person (ni is followed by a personal noun)
Masbatenyo
ni introduces the personal genitive noun phrase; also introduces the out-of-focus agent of a verbal action
Aklanon
ni singular associate marker for the name of a person or a pet, used in postpositive position [marks possession]
Waray-Waray
ni denotes possession, and is always followed by the name of the possessor
Cebuano
ni genitive marker before names or titles [marker of possession and agency of a non-actor voice verb]
Central Tagbanwa
ni personal noun phrase marker, genitive case; marks the proper noun as a nonfocused participant in the clause; also marks possession
Mansaka
ni substantive relational marker; personal, relative
Mapun
ni prefix with the emphatic set of pronouns to indicate possession (mine/yours/his/hers/ours/theirs), and to indicate non-focus beneficiary outside the core of the clause, i.e. to or for me/you/him/her/us/them; this can also mean from or with me/you/him/her/us/them
Molbog
ni marker of the genitive case of singular personal names
Kadazan (Papar)
ni marker of the genitive case of singular personal names
Sungai Beluran
ni marker of the genitive case of singular personal names
Tidung Bengawong
ni marker of the genitive case of singular personal names
Bisaya (Lotud)
ni marker of the genitive case of singular personal names
Gayō
ni genitive marker, marker of possession
Karo Batak
ni genitive marker, marker of possession
Toba Batak
ni marker of the genitive; includes possession, part-to-whole relationships, and agency of a passive verb
Lampung
ni possessive marker
Uma
ni personal article
OC Bugotu
ni genitive; used only in certain phrases (puku ni mana ‘source of power’, pau ni mane ‘an elder’)
Nggela
ni a preposition with many meanings, but the chief ones are: 1. belonging to, of (mane ni Nggela ‘a native of Nggela’); 2. to (ndutu ni mate ‘near (to) death’); 3. as (kambu ni vunagi ‘dwell as a king’); 4. for; in order to (mbutu ni tarai ‘come to teach’); 5. with; 6. on account of; 7. concerning, about; 8. with, by (instrumental); 9. it makes possessive pronouns: ninggua, nimua, nina, etc.
Lau
ni of, belonging to (fote ni fera ‘native paddle’ [paddle of home]; in order to, for; according to, in the matter of, with; forms adverbs
'Āre'āre
ni genitive particle: of, belonging to (rata-na ni hanua ‘clan name’, waisia ni hanua ‘land animals’)
Sa'a
ni genitive: of; expresses purpose; expresses condition
Arosi
ni of, belonging to; showing genitive relation
Proto-Micronesian
*-ni of, pertaining to, often referred to as “the construct suffix”
Gilbertese
-n(i) of, in, by, for, with. in order to
Kosraean
-n of, pertaining to
Marshallese
-n of, pertaining to
Pohnpeian
-n construct suffix: of; this suffix is written together with the preceding word if that word is one syllable long or ends in a vowel; otherwise, it is written as the separate word en
Chuukese
-n 3sg possessive pronoun: of her, him, it (used in partitive construction in many expressions where it would not appear in English, as in expressions of time, but not consistently)
Woleaian
-li transitive verb suffix; to own, have, possess (permanently)
Pileni
ni-aku mine
Araki
-n(i) construct suffix, always followed by a noun phrase referring to possessor
Northeast Ambae
-(n)i construct suffix (gamali-ni Robert ‘Robert’s clubhouse’, leo-ni tama-ku ‘My father’s language’)
Nakanamanga
ni genitive marker: of (e-lagi ni naati ‘top of banana’, na-aleati-a ni tuai ‘days of old, olden days’)
Anejom
-i construct suffix: of (inja era-i pikad ‘blood of a pig’ [blood passive.possessive-construct suffix pig]
Wayan
ni particle which connects two common nouns in a genitive construction; the first noun may related to the second noun in one of the following partially distinct senses: 1. purpose, use, function; for, of, 2. belonging to, 3. inherent part or attribute of, 4. originating from, belonging to a place, 5. consequence, result: for, of, as a consequence of, 6. connects a nominalized verb denoting an action or process with a noun which, in an equivalent verbal construction, would be the direct object of the verb
Fijian
ni preposition, sign of possession; used before common nouns and names of places, but before names of persons replaced by i or nei, and in some expressions not used at all
WMP Yami
niket a plant: Ilex integra; its sap can be used to catch the takoyab bird
Itbayaten
nichet sticky substance, wax of tree, including such trees as morni (rubber tree), valiti (Ficus, banyan), breadfruit (used for violin strings)
Isneg
níkat resin; a herbaceous vine that grows in forests: its sticky fruits are pounded for birdlime
Kankanaey
níket resin
Casiguran Dumagat
nikət honey (archaic word)
CMP Manggarai
niket mushy (of rice, etc.), thick (of liquids), viscous, sticky (as gruel)
WMP Toba Batak
nilo shine, glitter
CMP Bimanese
lino <M smooth, shiny
Sika
nilo to shine, of a lamp, the moon, etc.
WMP Malay
nilu nerve-pain
CMP Rembong
nilu sour sensation (in teeth, bones)
Wahai
ma-nino sour
Formosan Kavalan
n-nimas to clean out (water from a boat), dredge
WMP Palauan
mə-límət bail; scoop dirt out of
o-límət instrument for bailing
OC Yapese
niim bailer
Kairiru
lim bailer (used for bailing out canoes)
Mbula
niimi get rid of something, remove water, bail out (water), scoop out (as in bailing out a canoe); take all of someone’s possessions, use up all of what someone has
Selau
nəmsa bailer, to bail out a canoe
Gilbertese
a-nima a utensil for bailing out a canoe; to bail out
Kosraean
i-niim dip out, scoop out, bail
Chuukese
num be bailed, as a boat
numo-num keep bailing
Puluwat
niim canoe bailer
nime-y to bail water out of a canoe
Wayan
nima be baled out, have water baled out
i-nima baler, bailer, anything used to bail
nima-ti bail something out (object the boat or the water)
nima-nima to bale, keep bailing
Fijian
nima to bale out a canoe
i-nima a baler (instrument)
nima-nima a mode of fishing by bailing out the water from a hole and taking the fish in it
WMP Itbayaten
ninih earthquake
CMP Sula
nin earthquake
Paulohi
ma-nini shudder, shiver
OC Gedaged
nini swing, oscillate, shake, rock
Fijian
nini tremble, quake with fear or anger
Rarotongan
nini vertigo, a sensation of giddiness, dizziness; giddy, dizzy, unsteady’
taka-nini to whirl around giddily
Rapanui
nini spin, roll
WMP Yami
nini Donax cannaeformis (plant used to make karapal, or flat basket) (Kano and Segawa:386)
Itbayaten
nini sp. of plant (Marantaceae, Donax cannaeformis Schum.), a sp. of reed family
CMP Manggarai
nini kind of plant material used in basket-making: Donax canniformis
Rembong
niniʔ a plant: Donax canniformis
OC Nggela
nini sp. of bush used in wristlets
Lau
nini sp. of shrub; stems used in thatching
WMP Bisaya
keliah niniʔ sandfly
CMP Hawu
nini very small kind of midge
SHWNG Waropen
nini mosquito
WMP Bikol
ani-niŋal echo
Hanunóo
ʔa-niŋal echo
CMP Asilulu
niŋal echo
WMP Tagalog
niŋníŋ brilliance, sparkle
CMP Soboyo
ma-niniŋ clear, of water
WMP Ilokano
nípa the nipa palm whose leaves are used for thatching; the alcoholic beverage distilled from this palm
Ibanag
a-nipa a palm: Nypa fruticans (Madulid 2001)
Bikol
nípaʔ palm sp. possessing leaves used for roofing and walls, and from whose sap a wine and vinegar may be fermented: Nypa fruticans
Aklanon
nípaʔ palm --- used for roofing or siding: Nipa fruticans
ka-nípáʔ-an nipa swamp
Cebuano
nípaʔ palm of great commercial importance growing along tidal streams and in dense stands in brackish swamps; the leaves are used mainly for thatching, but also for bags, hats, and handicrafts; the sap is fermented into toddy and distilled into a stronger liquor called manyan: Nypa fruticans
Maranao
nipaʔ Nipa fruticans Thunb. – nipa palm
Binukid
nipaʔ creeping palm (the leaves of which are used extensively for thatching)
Mapun
nipaʔ a kind of palm tree or its leaves that are used for roofing material
Yakan
nipaʔ nipa palm; palm shingles: Nipa Fruticans. It makes good roofing material; the leaflets are cut off from the midrib and individually folded over a strip of bamboo in such a way that one end is a bit longer than the other.
Tausug
nipaʔ nipa palm: Nipa fruticans (used for roofing and walling)
Kiput
nipaaʔ a swamp palm: Nipa fruticans
Melanau (Mukah)
ñipaʔ a swamp palm: Nipa fruticans
Iban
nipah a palm: Nipa fruticans
Malay
nipah thatch palm, Nipa fruticans
ular nipah a snake frequenting nipah swamp; sp. unident.
Karo Batak
nipah kind of palm tree that yields roofing material and the wrapping for nipa cigarettes
Old Javanese
nipah a particular kind of palm tree (in swamps)
Javanese
nipah swamp palm tree
Mongondow
nipaʔ a swamp palm: Nipa fruticans
Pendau
nipa a swamp palm: Nipa fruticans
Boano
nipaʔ a swamp palm: Nipa fruticans
Balaesang
nipa a swamp palm: Nipa fruticans
Bare'e
nipa the nipa palm, Nipa fruticans, very common in the coastal swamps of central Sulawesi; on the coast the leaves are used as roof thatch
Tae'
nipa the swamp palm, Nipa fruticans
papa daun nipa roof thatch made from the leaves of this swamp palm
Makassarese
nipa a swamp palm: Nipa fruticans, the leaves of which are used as roof thatch
OC Nggela
niva a species of sago palm smaller than sao (the latter is not identified by Fox 1955)
WMP Maranao
nipay snake, serpent
Maguindanao
nípay snake
Karo Batak
nipe snake
CMP Ngadha
nipa large snake
nipa téé centipede, millipede
Lamboya
nipe snake
Wetan
nipay snake
Yamdena
nife kind of large snake
Fordata
nifa snake
Teluti
nifar snake
Paulohi
nifa snake
nifa nitu centipede, millipede
Proto-Sub-Ambon
*nipa(y) snake
OC Mono-Alu
nife snake
Formosan Thao
nipin tooth
Bunun
nipun tooth
Bunun (Isbukun)
nipun tooth
WMP Palawan Batak
nipɨn tooth
Aborlan Tagbanwa
nipɨn tooth
Molbog
nipon tooth
Dumpas
nipon tooth
Kujau
nipən tooth
Minokok
nipən tooth
Ida'an Begak
nipon tooth
Belait
nipan tooth
Narum
nipan tooth
Bintulu
ñipən tooth
Lahanan
ñipən tooth
Chamorro
nifen tooth
CMP Kemak
nipa-r tooth
Mambai
nifa-n tooth
Tugun
ni tooth
Kisar
nihan tooth
Roma
nihə- tooth
Luang
nihə tooth
Watubela
nifo tooth
Bobot
nihan tooth
Masiwang
nifa-n tooth
Saparua
nio tooth
Sekar
nifan tooth
SHWNG Mayá
ꞌka-liꞌ³f tooth
OC Marau₂
niho tooth
Numbami
niwo tooth
Adzera
nipu-n tooth; mouth
Tawala
niwo tooth
Takuu
niho tooth
Luangiua
ŋiho tooth
Mono-Alu
niho tooth
Kwaio
nifo tooth
Chuukese
nii tooth
Pileni
niho tooth
Makatea
nifo tooth
Tongan
nifo tooth
Niue
nifo tooth; tenon
Samoan
nifo tooth
faʔa-nifo tooth of cogwheel, thread of a screw, tenon
Tuvaluan
nifo tooth; tusk of a pig
Nukuoro
niho tooth
Rennellese
niho tooth
haka-niho make a fringe; be fringed, as a mat; saw (tool); to saw
niho maŋoo shark tooth razor (a shark tooth was lashed by hibiscus fiber to a twig, and one man shaved another with a rapid downward stroke)
Anuta
nipo tooth, teeth
Rarotongan
niʔo tooth, teeth
Maori
niho tooth; thorn; edge of a tool or weapon
Hawaiian
niho tooth
WMP Kadazan Dusun
ko-niab yesterday
Bisaya (Limbang)
ke-niab *R > Ø sporadic yesterday
Palauan
elísəb yesterday
Chamorro
nigap yesterday
WMP Itbayaten
nisnis-i Wipe it! (imper.)
Ilokano
nisnís a rag used to wipe dirty things (pots, etc.)
Ibaloy
nisnis-en to wipe something off of something else (as water, dust from chair)
Pangasinan
nisnís broom, brush
Cebuano
nisnís clean or smooth something by rubbing something back and forth over it (as in rubbing wood smooth before painting it)
Mansaka
nisnis to brush, as the teeth, or a table top to clean it off
Proto-Minahasan
*nisnis to wipe, brush
Proto-Gorontalic
*niniso scour, rub clean (as a table top)
WMP Itbayaten
nisnis-an to wipe away, to remove by wiping; to mop, to wipe off
Ilokano
nisnis-án to wipe with a rag
Ibaloy
nisnis-an to wipe something clean
WMP Ilokano
níto fern used in basket and hat making: Lygodium flexuosum, Lygodium japonicum
Tagalog
nítoʔ sp. of forest vine with strong fibers used for hatmaking, basketmaking, etc.
Bikol
nítoʔ black fern
Hanunóo
nítuʔ a climbing fern (Lygodium circinnatum Swartz); the twining, vinelike dark stems are used extensively in basketry overlay work
Cebuano
nítuʔ scrambling ferns, the stems of which are used in weaving baskets, hats, boxes: Lygodium spp.
CMP Rembong
nintuʔ kind of fern: Lygodium circinnatum
Ngadha
nitu tree sp.
WMP Itbayaten
niyoy coconut tree, coconut fruit: Palmae Cocos nucifera Linn.; the oil is rubbed on the body of a baby after taking a bath to prevent cold and heat; rubbed on mosquito bites; meat of a naturally cracked coconut is grated, mixed with water and applied to the body of a spirit-possessed person
Ivatan (Isamorong)
ñioy coconut
Ilokano
nióg coconut (tree or fruit): Cocos nucifera
ka-niug-an coconut grove
Agta (Dupaningan)
niyóg coconut
Bontok
ʔinyug <M coconut, Cocos nucifera L.
Ifugaw
niyúg oconut palm, Cocos nucifera L.; coconut fruit; a coconut cup may be called niyúg, but exceptionally
Casiguran Dumagat
niyóg coconut palm and its fruit
ka-niyóg-en coconut grove
Ibaloy
niyog coconut tree and fruit
Pangasinan
nióg coconut
Tagalog
niyóg coconut palm tree and fruit
niyug-án coconut plantation
Bikol
niyóg coconut palm and fruit
niyog-án coconut plantation
Hanunóo
niyúg coconut palm and fruit (Cocos nucifera Linn.); the roots are boiled and the resulting decoction is drunk for urinary disorders
niyúg-an coconut grove
Aklanon
niyóg coconut tree and fruit
ka-nyog-án coconut plantation, coconut grove
Hiligaynon
niyúg coconut
Palawan Batak
niyóg coconut, coconut tree
Maranao
niog coconut, Cocos nucifera L.
Mapun
niyug coconut (six growth stages are terminologically recognized); coconut tree; coconut plantation; copra
mag-niyug to make one’s living from copra
Tausug
niyug Cocos nucifera, the coconut tree (not included semantically under generic kahuy); five growth stages of the coconut fruit are terminologically recognized
Tombonuwo
niuw coconut palm
Ida'an Begak
niug coconut
Basap
niur coconut
Kayan
ñoh coconut palm
bua ñoh coconut
Bintulu
bə-ñu coconut
Melanau (Mukah)
buaʔ bə-ñu coconut
Lahanan
ñu coconut
Ngaju Dayak
eñoh coconut palm and fruit
Ma'anyan
niuy coconut
Iban
niur coconut palm: Cocos nucifera L.
buah niur coconut
aiʔ niur water from green nut
niur undaŋ head trophy (poetic; undaŋ = ‘visit and return’)
Moken
niun coconut
Malay
ñiur coconut, Cocos nucifera, but especially the fresh coconut in contrast to copra (kelapa); at least eleven varieties are named
ñiur nipah a species of coconut palm with a very short trunk (nipah = the nipa palm, Nipa fruticans)
ñiur bawaŋ coconut with edible husk
ñiur manis coconut with edible husk
Balinese
ñuh coconut (generic)
Totoli
niug coconut
Pendau
niu coconut
Balantak
nuur coconut
Palauan
líus coconut (tree)
Chamorro
niyok coconut tree and fruit: Cocos nucifera
CMP Komodo
niu the coconut palm, Cocos nucifera
Rembong
nioʔ the coconut palm, Cocos nucifera
Rotinese
no coconut tree and fruit
no oe coconut water
no nituk sago palm
Erai
no coconut tree and fruit
no er coconut water
Talur
no coconut
Tugun
nor coconut
East Damar
nuru coconut
West Damar
nuho coconut
Leti
nura coconut tree and fruit
Wetan
nora coconut tree and fruit
Yamdena
nure coconut tree and fruit
Dobel
nor coconut
Teluti
nuelo coconut
Paulohi
nuele coconut palm, Cocos nucifera
Gah
niula coconut
Alune
nikwele coconut
Wahai
nier coconut
Proto-Ambon
*niwər coconut
Asilulu
niwel coconut, Cocos nucifera
Batu Merah
niweli coconut
Morella
niwil coconut
Buruese
niwe coconut
Sula
nui <M coconut
SHWNG Kowiai/Koiwai
niu(r) coconut
Mayá
ꞌnu³ coconut
Moor
néra coconut
Waropen
niwaro coconut
OC Ahus
niw coconut palm
Lele
niw coconut palm
Yapese
niiw coconut tree and fruit
Mussau
niu coconut tree
Tigak
nik coconut tree and fruit
Lusi
niu coconut
Kove
niu coconut
Lakalai
la liu coconut tree, Cocos nucifera
Kairiru
niu coconut
Manam
niu coconut tree and fruit
niu daŋ coconut water
Gedaged
niu coconut tree and fruit
niu tuzuti remove all the coconuts (this is done to all the coconut palms of a dead person when the time of mourning is at an end)
Mbula
ni coconut
Gitua
niu coconut
niu mata coconut eye
Labu
ni coconut
Hula
niu coconut
Motu
niu coconut tree and mature fruit: Cocos nucifera
Gabadi
niu coconut
Kilivila
nuya coconut tree and fruit
Molima
niu ~ niula coconut
Tubetube
niu coconut (mature ones)
Takuu
nui <M coconut
Bugotu
niu coconut tree and fruit
Nggela
niu coconut palm; the nut
Kwaio
niu coconut palm and fruit; stones, symbolic of coconuts, placed ritually at living site as consecration to ancestors, to ensure permanence
Lau
niu coconut tree and fruit
niu-niu-la tasting of pork or coconut
Toqabaqita
niu coconut tree and fruit
Maameqe niu feast to worship an ancestral spirit: a quantity of coconuts is collected for the purpose
'Āre'āre
niu coconut tree and fruit
niu māna a coconut over which incantations are said, and the cream of which is used to wash the region of the eyes of a corpse
niu ni taoha a palm, Nipa fruticans taoha = ‘canoe house; shrine on the beach’)
pwela ni niu 1,000 coconuts
Sa'a
niu the coconut palm, Cocos nucifera,
Arosi
niu coconut tree and fruit
niu taoha a species of palm, Nipa fruticans
Gilbertese
ni coconut tree
uaa ni fruit of coconut
Marshallese
ni general term for all varieties of coconut trees and fruit
Pohnpeian
nih coconut palm, Cocos nucifera
Mokilese
ni coconut tree (six named varieties listed)
Woleaian
liu coconut tree
paa-niu coconut leaf, coconut frond
Pileni
niu coconut
Aore
niu dry coconut
Rano
na-ni dry coconut
Avava
a-ni coconut
Southeast Ambrym
ni green coconut
Pwele
na-niu coconut palm
Lelepa
na-nu coconut palm
Efate (South)
na-niu coconut
Canala
nũ coconut
Rotuman
niu coconut, copra
Wayan
niu coconut tree and fruit
vua ni niu coconut; at least eleven named varieties of fruit
vū ni niu a particular coconut palm
Fijian
niu the coconut tree, Cocos nucifera; at least eleven named varieties of fruit
niu yabia arrowroot palm
niu-niu Veitchia filifera
Tongan
fuʔu niu coconut tree
foʔi niu coconut fruit
niu kafa kind of coconut; the fruit is very long and is mostly husk --- the best kind for making sennit (kafa)
Niue
niu coconut palm (13 varieties listed); copra
fua niu the fruit of the coconut
mata niu the “eye” of a coconut
niu-niu a grove of coconuts
Futunan
niu coconut tree, Cocos nucifera L.
niu mata young coconut with very soft meat
Samoan
niu general name for palms, especially the coconut palm, many of the varieties and forms of which are known by name
niu mata immature coconut (at the stage at which it can be drunk)
Tuvaluan
niu coconut tree, Cocos nucifera; mature coconut; copra
Kapingamarangi
niu coconut tree, Cocos nucifera
niu maaŋala coconut tree which bears edible husks
Rennellese
niu the coconut tree, Cocos nucifera; libations of fresh water or water squeezed from a banana stalk … and poured ceremonially from a coconut shell with ritual formulas, so as to cure sickness or cleanse a garden of evil gods
Anuta
niu coconut tree and fruit
niu mata young coconut
Hawaiian
niu coconut tree, Cocos nucifera
wai niu coconut water
OC Motu
noho to dwell
Rotuman
noho to sit; to dwell, live, reside, stay, remain, etc.
Wayan
novo keep still, be motionless, stay without moving; keep quiet, be subdued, acquiescent, peaceful
novoc-i stay fixed in a place, not move from a place
novo-novo stay firmly in place, stick fast, as an anchor which can’t be moved
Tongan
nofo to sit; to stay, live, dwell, reside (at or in or on)
no-nofo to live together in one house or as one community; to live together as husband and wife
Niue
nofo to sit; to dwell; to become established
nofo-a a seat, chair
Samoan
nofo live, dwell; stay, remain; sit (down, up, straight, etc.); (of a woman or a couple), be married
Kapingamarangi
noho to sit; to stay; to dwell
Rennellese
noho resting place, home, grave, residence, chair, pew; staying
Anuta
nopo to dwell; to sit; to be alive
Rarotongan
noʔo to stay or stop moving, to cease from moving; sit down, remain, stop, settle, dwell, live or stay or remain at or upon, inhabit a place
Maori
noho sit; stay, remain; settle, dwell, live; lie, be located
noho-ia be inhabited, frequented; be kept or celebrated
noho-aŋa seat
Hawaiian
noho seat, chair, stool, bench, saddle; to live, dwell; to be in session; to stay, tarry; to marry; possession of a medium by a spirit or god
OC 'Āre'āre
noku(-mia) to fold, crease, entwine
Tongan
noku to bend one’s body, stoop, crouch
Samoan
noʔu (of body) be bent
OC Loniu
noho-no afraid
Nali
noho-ay fear (n.)
in-noh ‘he is afraid’
Ere
noh afraid
Likum
noh afraid
Sori
nop afraid
Lindrou
noh afraid
Bipi
noh afraid
Arosi
noho-noho to fear, be in awe of, be shy of, as tame pigs of wild or Melanesians of Englishmen
Formosan Paiwan
nu-tiaw tomorrow (cp. ka-tiaw ‘yesterday’)
WMP Sambal (Bolinaw)
nu-kamakarwa day after tomorrow
Sambal (Botolan)
nu-búkah tomorrow
Bikol (Naga)
nu-saróʔ day after tomorrow
Buhid
nu-marúm tomorrow
Murut (Paluan)
nu-suab tomorrow
Murut (Kolod)
nu-suab tomorrow
nu-malas day after tomorrow
Tingalan (West)
nu-nsuab tomorrow
nu-laas day after tomorrow
Formosan Paiwan
nu if, when (in future)
WMP Yami
no when, if
Ilokano
no if, when (in the future)
Atta (Pamplona)
nu if
Isneg
no if
Ilongot
nu if
Sambal (Botolan)
no if
Hanunóo
nu if; when, during, in (with forms denoting periods of time)
WMP Balangaw
-no 2sg. minimal postnominal possessor; your
Binukid
-nu 2sg. non-topic pronoun; you, your
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
-nu 2sg. non-topic pronoun
Bintulu
-nəw 2sg. possessor and agent of passive verb
Mentawai
nu you; your (as nominal postclitic)
Kulawi
nu-, -nu 2sg. pronoun
Formosan Pazeh
nu genitive marker (rare)
Amis
nu genitive case marker for common nouns
WMP Bikol (Miraya dialects)
nu genitive of common nouns, + referential ~ + past
Yami
no genitive case marker for common nouns
Ivatan
nu genitive case marker for common nouns
Yogad
nu genitive case marker for common nouns
Ilongot
nu genitive case marker for common nouns
Lingkabau
nu genitive case marker for common nouns
Bisaya (Lotud)
nu genitive case marker for common nouns
Tatana
nu genitive case marker for common nouns
Sungai Kuamut
nu genitive case marker for common nouns
Murut (Tagol)
nu genitive case marker for common nouns
Tingalan (West)
nu genitive case marker for common nouns
Lobu Lanas
nu genitive case marker for common nouns
Karo Batak
nu marker of the genitive
Toratán
nu genitive case marker for common nouns
Lauje
nu genitive case marker for common nouns
Ampibabo-Lauje
nu genitive case marker for common nouns
Bare'e
nu genitive case marker for common nouns
Formosan Seediq
ma-nu what, which? (much used relative or interrogative pronoun)
Favorlang/Babuza
sban-no when?
Thao
mi-nu why?
Siraya
hi-no where?
man-no when?
WMP Itbayaten
di-no-h where, wherever, at which place?
Ibanag
so-nu anni when?
Agta (Central Cagayan)
e-nu what?
Balangaw
he-no who?
Ifugaw (Bayninan)
ŋa-nu what?
Kapampangan
ní-nu who?
Kalamian Tagbanwa
sa-nu pa when?
ti-nu pa who?
Palawan Batak
saʔ-nu when?
ʔu-nu what?
Mamanwa
o-no sa what?
Manobo (Dibabawon)
kaga-nu when?
Bonggi
o-nu what?
Tausug
u-nuh what?
haʔu-nuh when?
Ida'an Begak
nu what?
nu kidan when (future)?
Kayan (Uma Juman)
hi-noʔ where?
Melanau Dalat
new what?
Malay
nu that there; yon (Kedah)
Kaidipang
ṛoo-nu when?
WMP Itneg (Binongan)
a-no what?
Bontok
ʔanu-ka an empty form substituting in any form class when the normal form is inappropriate or when it cannot be recalled; what's-it; what-you-may-call-it
Ifugaw
a-nu-ká thing ... may be used in the sense of adultery in the case that the speaker avoids using the real word
Ifugaw (Amganad)
a-nú-na when?
Tagalog
a-nó what?
Bikol
a-nó what
Aklanon
a-nó(h) what?; do what? (particle that can be used as any part of speech)
Hiligaynon
a-nú what?
Cebuano
a-nú what?
Aborlan Tagbanwa
a-nu whatchamacallit
Sangil
a-nu-i whatchamacallit
Samal
a-nu whatchamacallit
Murik
a-noʔ which, which one; thing mentioned
Kayan
a-noʔ which?; the one that
Bintulu
a-nəw thing mentioned, whatchamacallit
a-nəw inəh what?
a-nəw nasək clothing
Ngaju Dayak
a-nu a certain (person, etc.)
Malagasy
á-no-na such a one, such a thing, so-and-so
Iban
a-nuʔ some(thing), i.e. not specified
Moken
a-no-ŋ what
Malay
a-nu So-and-So-, such-and-such
Acehnese
a-nò whatchamacallit, a certain, someone, something that one does not want to, or cannot name
Karo Batak
a-nu indefinite pronoun, a certain; indicating for a person whose name one doesn't know, or doesn't want to say
Sundanese
a-nu relative pronoun: this, that, which, that which, what; he/she who
Old Javanese
a-nu someone (something, somewhere) or other, So-and-So, What's the name, you-know-who (-what, -where)
aŋ-a-nu do something or other, do you-know-what
a-nu-ŋ something that ... In practice it is comparable to ikaŋ: who, which; or (a)siŋ: whoever, whatever
Javanese
a-nu um, uh (representing a pause to collect one's thoughts); substitution for a word that has slipped the mind; expressing vagueness rather than definiteness; sex organ (euphemistic)
Balinese
a-nu one, a certain one'; di dina anu 'on a certain day
a-nu-n (preceding a personal name) the one belonging to, that of
uman tyaŋé limaŋ anun i raka the field of me (is) five (times) that of I Raka
Sasak
a-nuʔ indefinite pronoun (something); used to form possessive pronouns; used also for the genitalia; do something with someone
Sangir
a-nu indefinite pronoun: whatchamacallit, word used to indicate something for which one will not or cannot use the proper name
Tontemboan
a-nu word used to indicate something indefinite, used both for persons and for things; thing, whatchamacallit
u-a-nu a demonstrative word, connected with something that has not yet been named, but which presently shall be named, a certain someone, also used to indicate possession
Mongondow
o-nu what, which, how?
Kaidipang
a-nu-ko what?
Banggai
anu whatchamacallit
Uma
a-nu whatchamacallit; possessions
meʔ-anu do something (unstated)
Bare'e
a-nu indefinite pronoun, word used to indicate something for which one will not or cannot use the proper name
Mori Bawah
anu whatsit, whatchamacallit
Wolio
a-nu property
Chamorro
am-anu where, which?
m-anu which, whichever?
CMP Soboyo
anu a certain; word used for persons the speaker doesn’t know
OC Tolai
an used when either there is no verb to express the idea or the spreaker is unable to recall the correct verb, so-and-so; thine, anything
WMP Malagasy
man-àno-na literally to "so-and-so" anything
Old Javanese
aŋ-anu do something or other, do you-know-what
Sangir
maŋ-anu verb which can be used as an indefinite substitute for any other verb
Mongondow
moŋ-onu what are you doing?; why?
WMP Old Javanese
s-ānu being connected with something, or in some way possessing something
Tontemboan
sa-anu perhaps
WMP Itneg (Binongan)
si-ano who?
Malagasy
i-àno-na what's-his-name
Iban
s-anuʔ So-and-so
Malay
si anu So-and-So
Karo Batak
si anu So-and-So
Toba Batak
si anu So-and-So, name of someone whom one does not wish to, or cannot name
Balinese
i anu So-and-So, an unknown and unnamed person
WMP Singhi Land Dayak
soni ~ oni so-and-so
OC Cheke Holo
hanu word used to replace a taboo word or name
Roviana
sanu a term used instead of a particular name--- So-and-so
Bugotu
hanu thing
a hanu the person, he who
Nggela
hanu indefinite pronoun. Replaces an unremembered name of a person or thing. Someone, so-and-so; do so and so, thus, in such a way
a hanu what's his name!
na hanu the thing whose name I can't remember
WMP Bikol
daʔí in-anó intact, untouched
Old Javanese
in-anu do something or other, do you-know-what
WMP Kayan
anu-k mine
Sasak
anuʔ ku mine
Sangir
anu-ku mine
i anu-ku my friend (male or female)
Tontemboan
anu-ku mine
Wolio
o anu-ku mine
OC Label
anu-k mine
WMP Kayan
anu-m yours
[Sasak
anuʔ da yours]
Sangir
anu-m yours
Tontemboan
anu-mu yours
Wolio
o anu-mu yours
OC Label
anu-m yours
WMP Kayan
anu-n naʔ his/hers
Sundanese
anu-na his, hers
Sasak
anuʔ nia his/hers
Sangir
anu-ne his/hers
Tontemboan
anu-na his/hers
Wolio
o anu-na his/hers/theirs
OC Label
anu-na his/hers
Formosan Saisiyat
ha-ino where?
Atayal
i-nu where, anywhere?
Seediq
i-no where? (especially interrogative)
Paiwan
inu where?
WMP Binukid
inu what, which
Kenyah (Long Anap)
i-nu what?
Melanau (Mukah)
uaʔ i-new what?
Formosan Saisiyat
ka-no what?
WMP [Ilokano
ka-anó when?]
Agta (Central Cagayan)
ka-nu when?
Bikol
ka-anóáno what is the relationship to?
Mansaka
a-ka-nu when? (past)
Kalagan
ka-nu when?
kinu-nu when? (future)
Manobo (Sarangani)
ka-no when?
Samal
ka-nu when?
[Kaidipang
ka-anu-ko where?]
Formosan Atayal
na-nu why, anyhow, what, anything, to do what?
Kanakanabu
na-nu where? (Ferrell 1969)
WMP Aklanon
ná-no what (noun form only)
Subanen/Subanun
na-nu when?
WMP Yami
si-nu who?
Itbayaten
si-no who?
Ilokano
si-nnó who?
Kalinga (Guinaang)
si-nu who?
Bontok
sí-nu who; what?
Kankanaey
si-nó who?, which?, what?
Sambal (Botolan)
hi-no who?
Tagalog
sí-no who?
sí-no man anyone, whoever
Kalamian Tagbanwa
tinu pa who?
Agutaynen
si-no-pa who (singular; da-no-pa = ‘who?, plural’)
Subanon
si-nu who?
Binukid
sinʔu who?
WMP Ilokano
an-ano-én how? what is the use of?
Hiligaynon
anu-un become, do with
Mongondow
onu-on what must be done?
WMP Ilokano
an-ano-én How? What is the use of? What can (I, etc.) do with?
Bikol
mag-ka-anó-áno be related to each other in what way?
Malagasy
ano ano praise, blessing; a guess, anything done at random
Javanese
anu anu otherwise; had something happened
Wolio
anu anu deride, mock, ridicule
Formosan Puyuma
nu- you, bound pronoun, 2sg agentive (Cauquelin 2015); 2sg. genitive, indicating both non-subject actor and possessor (Teng 2009:826)
WMP Kalinga
-nu 2sg possessor and non-subject agent
Itneg (Binongan)
-nu 2sg possessor and non-subject agent
Balangaw
-no 2sg possessor and non-subject agent
Manobo (Ata)
-nu 2sg possessor and non-subject agent
Binukid
-nu 2sg possessor and non-subject agent
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
-nu 2sg possessor and non-subject agent
Mapun
-nu you; your (second person singular non-focus pronoun or possessive pronoun)
Yakan
-nu you (second person singular ergative pronoun); your (second person singular possessive pronoun)
Bonggi
-nu 2sg possessor and non-subject agent
Manobo (Sarangani)
-no 2sg possessor and non-subject agent
Sama (Central)
-nu 2sg possessor and non-subject agent
Rungus Dusun
-nu 2sg possessor and non-subject agent
Tobilung Dusun
-nu 2sg possessor and non-subject agent
Minokok
-nu 2sg possessor and non-subject agent
Bintulu
-nəw 2sg. possessor and agent of passive verb
Melanau (Mukah)
-nəw 2sg. possessor, agent of passive verb, and object pronoun
Mentawai
-nu you; your
Uma
-nu 2sg possessor
Makassarese
-nu 2sg possessor
WMP Waray-Waray
nuós squid
Malay (Kedah)
nus a generic name for cephalopods
Acehnese
nòh squid, cuttlefish, octopus
Javanese
nus squid, cuttlefish
Chamorro
nosnos squid, cuttlefish
CMP Sika
nu kind of polyp on the reef
Rotinese
nus octopus, squid
Formosan Atayal
nukaʔ hemp which has been through the hatchel; hemp thread; to make hemp thread
Pazeh
ka-nuka to make hemp yarn
ma-nuka to make hemp yarn
Amis
noka to make thread or twine
Formosan Favorlang/Babuza
numma what?
Thao
numa what? why?
Puyuma
numa how much/how many?
OC Dobuan
nu-numi to fold a cloth
Proto-Polynesian
*numi to fold
Tongan
numi to tuck or pleat; to make a tuck or pleat in; a tuck or pleat
Niue
numi-numi to crumple
Samoan
numi to crumple
Tuvaluan
numi tangled (of a line)
Maori
numi to bend, fold
OC Ere
nunu-w earthquake
Nehan
nun earthquake
Petats
nun earthquake
Eddystone/Mandegusu
nunu earthquake
Kwaio
nuu-nunu earthquake
'Āre'āre
nunu quake; loose
Sa'a
nunu to quake, of ground; to be loose, unstable, of a post; earthquake
Arosi
nunu an earthquake; to quake
OC Loniu
nu-nun earthquake
Sa'a
nu-nunu to quake, of ground; to be loose, unstable, of a post; earthquake
OC Manam
nunu to slough (snake)
Arosi
nunu bare, stripped of leaves; lose leaves, take off ornaments
Formosan Seediq
nunuh female breast (Ferrell 1969)
Pazeh
nunuh breast (of woman); milk
Tsou
nunu female breast (Ferrell 1969)
WMP Sambal (Botolan)
nónoʔ female breast
OC Hoava
nunu- female breast
V'ënen Taut
nunu female breast
Leviamp
nunu female breast
Futuna-Aniwa
nunu female breast
WMP Itbayaten
nonok a tree: Ficus tinctoria Forst.; goats eat it, and the wood is used to make boat parts, such as paddles
Aklanon
nunók tree -- believed to be bewitched or enchanted
Maranao
nonok banyan tree: Ficus sp.
Tiruray
nunuk generic for the strangler fig: Ficus benjamina L.
Basap
nunuk banyan tree
Malagasy
nónoka a tree, a decoction of the leaves of which is used as a remedy for diarrhea, and also to relieve the pains of childbirth: Ficus melleri Baker
Maloh
nunuk banyan
Sundanese
nunuk name of a fruit tree; ghost in the form of a hunchbacked beldam
Sangir
nunuʔ kind of waringin or banyan
Mongondow
nunuk kind of waringin or banyan
Uma
nunuʔ kind of waringin or banyan
Palauan
lulk tree in fig family (similar to banyan tree): Ficus microcarpa var. latifolia
Chamorro
nunu banyan tree; type of plant: Ficus prolixa
CMP Rotinese
nunu(k) kind of waringin or banyan
Erai
nunu banyan tree
Leti
nunu banyan
Alune
nunu banyan
Wahai
nunu banyan, fig tree
Proto-Ambon
*nunuʔ Ficus benjamina L
OC Lenkau
nun banyan
Tolai
nunu banyan
Pohnpeian
nihn a tree: Ficus tinctoria
Fijian
nunu fig tree sp.
WMP Kankanaey
noŋnóŋ see; look at; behold; observe; view
Malay
nonoŋ walk looking fixedly ahead, as a drunkard trying to walk straight
Karo Batak
nuŋnuŋ make an examination, try to find out
WMP Kenyah (Long Anap)
nupi dream
Bintulu
nupəy a dream; to dream
Ngaju Dayak
nupi a dream; to dream
ka-nupi-nupi constantly confused
Malagasy
núfi a dream
ma-nu-núfi to dream
WMP Palauan
lúsəʔ luck
WMP Palauan
mə-lúsəʔ always lucky
OC Tongan
monū good luck, good fortune or privilege
Samoan
manū good luck, good fortune
WMP Malay
nus generic name for cephalopods
CMP Sika
nu kind of polyp on the reef
Rotinese
nus octopus, squid
WMP Maranao
nosa (< Malay?) island in Lake Lanao
Mapun
nusa a small island, islet
ka-nusa-an a group of small islands
Malagasy
nosy island
ta-nosy islander; name of a tribe on the southeast coast
Malay
nusa island (only in island names, not in speaking of an island)
Nias
nuza island, place
so-nusa native, indigenous
Mentawai
nuša island
Sundanese
nusa island
Old Javanese
nūsa island
nūsāntara the other islands
Javanese
nusa island
Balinese
nusa island
nusantara from another island, foreign
Sangir
nusa island
Bare'e
nusa land, district
CMP Komodo
nusa island
Manggarai
nunca ~ nuca island
Rembong
nusa island
Ngadha
nusa land, island
Sika
nuha-ŋ island
Lamaholot
nuha island
Kambera
nuha land, island
Rotinese
nusa-k island; state, domain; court-village, court
Tetun
nusa island
Erai
nusa-(n) island
Talur
nusa island
East Damar
nuh island
West Damar
nuda island
Leti
nusa land, earth
Wetan
noa land, island, territory, region
Selaru
nusa-re land, district; people
Yamdena
nuse district; population of a district; people
Teluti
nusa island
Alune
nusa island, land
Wahai
lusa-n island
Saparua
nusa island
Batu Merah
nusa island
Morella
nusa island
SHWNG Buli
nus island
Irarutu
nu island
Moor
nuta island
Wandamen
nu island
Numfor
nu island, only used in compounds, as Nu-mfor, Nus Mapi, etc.
Waropen
nusa island
Serui-Laut
nu island
OC Tigak
kuru-nusa island
Mendak
nusa island
Mengen
nuta island
Roviana
nusa island
nu-nusa islands
Eddystone/Mandegusu
nusa island
Arosi
nu-nuta an island at the mouth of a stream
OC Mono-Alu
a-nusa island
Nggela
a-nuha an island (only in names, the usual word being koukomu)
Sa'a
Ȁ-nute name of the island of Florida
Arosi
a-nuta the name of a small island on the south coast
Woleaian
ya-liut(a) small uninhabited island
Fijian
ya-nuca proper name of many small islands (Geraghty 1983:128)
OC Mussau
nusa small squid
Numbami
iya-nusa squid (iya = ‘fish’)
Toqabaqita
nuta spp. of cuttlefish and squid, relatively small in size
OC Seimat
nus squid
Mbula
nus squid type (smaller-sized)
Motu
nuse a small octopus
OC Seimat
nus small shelless squid
Aua
nuto small squid
Lakalai
luso cuttlefish
Cheke Holo
nuho cuttlefish
Nggela
nuho generic for reef squids, Sepioteuthis spp.
Lau
nuto squid; smooth, as a squid
'Āre'āre
nuto cuttlefish, squid
Sa'a
nuto squid
Arosi
nuto nuto
Robert Blust and Stephen Trussel
www.trussel2.com/ACD
2010: revision 6/21/2020
email: Blust (content) –
Trussel (production)
CognateSets-Index-n