*c   

*cabaŋ bifurcation, forking

Note:   Possibly identical to PMP *sabaŋ ‘estuary, shore near the mouth of a river’ (cp. Bikol sábaŋ ‘the mouth of a river; the modern meaning has been widened to include: conjunction (as of two rivers), crossing, crossroads, fork, intersection, junction (of railroad tracks, streets, rivers)’. Dempwolff (1938) posited ‘Uraustronesisch’ *cabaŋ ‘bifurcation’ (Gabelung).

*cabut pull out with force

Note:   Also Old Javanese pa-ñabud ‘a means or instrument to pull out (to kill)’, Javanese ñabud ‘to pull out; revoke, suspend’, di-cabud ‘be pulled out, be revoked, suspended’, ñabud ‘to pull out, draw (as in pulling teeth, or hairs from the beard with tweezers)’; ñabud ñawa ‘to kill, murder’; di-jabud ‘be pulled out’. With root *-buC ‘to weed, pluck, pull out’.

*caciŋ kind of worm

*cakaq oppose, dispute with

*cakep close, shut

Note:   With root *-kep₁ ‘cover; fold over’.

*ca(ŋ)ket sticky, stick to

Note:   With root PAn *-keC, PMP *-ket ‘adhesive, sticky’.

*calapaʔ betel nut case

Note:   Also Malay (Perak, Kedah) celepa. Mills (1975:814) proposes PAn ?*salɨ(m)pa ‘container’, but the Oceanic members of his comparison (Tongan hofa ŋahau ‘quiver for arrows’, Fijian soba ‘banana blossom’) are of doubtful cognation. This cognate set probably acquired much of its attested distribution as a result of borrowing from Malay.

*candur rice variety (?)

Note:   Possibly a chance resemblance.

*ca(m)pak to smack

Note:   Also Buruese sepak ‘stomp’. With root *-pak₁ ‘slap, clap’.

*ca(R)pit pincers, tongs

Note:   With root *-pit ‘press, squeeze together; narrow’. *s before any vowel other than *i normally became Isneg t. Its retention in this and a small number of other forms is unexplained.

*cawi small bird with shiny black plumage: drongo

Note:   Also Casiguran Dumagat sawe ‘black and white chicken hawk’.

*ceguk hiccough

Note:   With root *-guk ‘deep throaty sound’.

*cekas quick, swift

Note:   With root *-kas₃ ‘swift, agile; energetic’.

*cekcek gecko, house lizard

Note:   Also Old Javanese cecak ‘house-lizard’, Javanese cecak ‘small lizard commonly found on interior house walls’, Balinese cecak ‘lizard, gecko’. *cekcek and its doublets *cikcek and *tektek appear to be onomatopoetic forms imitating the staccato clicking sound made by the gecko as it hangs from the wall or ceiling of a house.

*cekel choke, strangle

Note:   Also Paiwan zekel ‘something stuck in the throat’, ma-zekel ‘have something stuck in the throat’. Replaces *cek[ae]l ‘strangle’ (Blust 1970), for which Oceanic cognates were not cited.

*cekep seize, grasp

Note:   With root *-kep₂ ‘seize, grasp, embrace’.

*cekig constriction around neck

*cekuk choke, gag

Note:   With root *-kuk₂ ‘sound of a sob, cackle, etc.’.

*celeb sink, submerge

Note:   With root *-leb ‘sink, disappear’.

*celep soak, steep in water

Note:   Also Malay celup ‘steep, soak, dye’, Balinese celeb ‘dip in water, baptize’.

*celuk curved area; corner, angle

Note:   With root *-luk ‘bend, curve’.

*ceñeb immerse, submerge

Note:   With root *-ñeb ‘dive, submerge’.

*ceŋap seize in the mouth or beak

Note:   With root *-ŋap ‘open, of the mouth’.

*ceŋis stench

*cep(e)qak crack, split, break; sound of cracking, splitting, breaking

Note:   With root *-pak₁ ‘clap, slap; split, break’. Possibly equivalent to PPh *sep(q)ak ‘cut; piece; chip’ (Zorc n.d.:93).

*cepuk dull sound

Note:   With root *-puk₁ ‘thud, clap, break’.

*ceray part, separate, divide

*cerik shrill, of the voice

Note:   Also Malay serék ‘cracking sound’.

*ce(R)neb dive, immerse

Note:   With root *-neb ‘dive; sink, disappear under water’.

*ciak twitter, call out (bird)

*ciap chirp, peep

*cibit hook on, catch with hook

Note:   With root *-bit₁ ‘hook, clasp’.

*ciderit diarrhoea

*ci(n)duŋ shelter

Note:   With root *-duŋ ‘shelter, protect’.

*cik sound used to shoo away domestic animals

*cikcek gecko, house lizard

*cikep catch with the hands

Note:   Dempwolff (1934-38) reconstructed *sikep ‘narrow’, but his cognate set is suspect, and his reconstructed gloss almost certainly in error. With root *-kep₁ ‘cover; fold over’.

*ci(ŋ)kuk bent, curved

Note:   With root *-kuk₁ ‘bent, crooked’.

*cilak to shine, of heavenly bodies

*ciŋaŋ gape, open the mouth

Note:   With root *-ŋaŋ ‘amazed; gaping’.

*ciŋap catch one's breath

Note:   With root *-ŋap ‘open, of the mouth’.

*cirit to squirt, of liquids; diarrhoea

Note:   Also Malay cerek diarrhoea, daun sə-cerek ‘plant used in the treatment of diarrhoea’.

*citcit to attract someone’s attention by hissing

*cubit take with the fingers

Note:   With root -bit₁ ‘hook, clasp, grasp with fingers’.

*cukcuk skewer

*cu(ŋ)kup close, cover

Note:   In Blust (1983-1984) Kankanaey súkup was erroneously cited as súkub and assigned to *cu(ŋ)kub or *su(ŋ)kub.

*cu(l)cul insert

*culcul set alight, apply fire to

*cuŋ(e)qab gasp, pant

*cuŋkub cover with a hollow container; shelter over a grave

Note:   Also Kankanaey súkub ‘shutter, cover (of baskets)’ Cebuano sakab ‘kind of fishing trap of shallow waters put directly over the fish to be trapped’.

*cupcup sip, suck

*cupit narrow

Note:   With root *-pit ‘press, squeeze together; narrow’.

*curik spotted, speckled

Note:   With root *-rik ‘spot, freckle’.

*curit mark, line, dash

Note:   With root *-rit ‘scratch a line’. Also Malay (Jakarta) codét ‘distinguishing mark’.

*cutcut suck noisily