Updated: 6/21/2020
| Updated: 6/21/2020 |
Austronesian Comparative Dictionary
Cognate Sets
sa
30945 *sa₁ nominative case marker for plural personal names 8809 PAN *sa₁ nominative case marker for plural personal names
31410 9514 31437 *sa₃ one (clitic form of *esa) 9545 PAN *sa₃ one (clitic form of *esa)
Note: This is clearly a clitic form of PAn *esa ‘one’, but because the two forms are not related by any morphological process they appear to require separate listings. Wilkinson (1959) gives Malay sa-, but this appears to be a written form only.
31559 *sa₄ that --- indicating something close to the hearer 9685 PPh *sa₄ that (indicating something close to the hearer)
Note: Evidently distinct from *sa₂ ‘locative marker’.
31427 *sabakap a tree: Alstonia scholaris 9533 POC *sabakap a tree: Alstonia scholaris
Note: Also Arosi tobaɁa ‘a species of tree used in making bowls; the dead were buried around tobaɁa trees; bowl’. A comparison that included these forms and a number of others that display a wide range of unexplained irregularities was proposed by Ross (2008:187), based on earlier work by Chowning (2001). Vaghua and Varisi evidently have lost the initial syllable in a word that would otherwise have been quadrisyllabic after the addition of an echo vowel, and the Ulawa form is reported by Ross (2008) as tabaɁa, but is given by Ivens (1927) as tapaɁa. This morpheme apparently replaced PMP *ditaq in the same meaning.
31171 *sabáliq except, other than; another, different 9186 PPh *sabáliq except, other than; another, different
28069 *sabaŋ₁ estuary, shore near the mouth of a river 4956 PMP *sabaŋ₁ estuary, shore near the mouth of a river
Note: Dempwolff (1934-38) compared Malay sawaŋ with, for example, Fijian matā-sawa ‘landing place on a beach, where canoes are drawn up’. I assume that he confused two cognate sets, distinguished here under the reconstructions *sabaŋ and *sawaq (q.v.). Cf. Zorc (n.d.) PPh *sabaŋ ‘pond’.
31524 *sabaŋ₂ a tree: Erythrina spp. 9647 PPh *sabaŋ₂ a tree: Erythrina spp.
31341 *sabaq irrigated ricefield? 9421 PWMP *sabaq irrigated ricefield?
Note: Also Ida'an Begak, Kuamut, Belusu, Bulungan sawa ‘wet ricefield’, Iban tanah sawaɁ ‘irrigated land’, Salako sawàh ‘wet ricefield’, Sundanese sawah ‘artificially flooded ricefield’, High Balinese sawah ‘ricefield that can be flooded at will’.
The history of irrigated rice in the Austronesian world remains unclear. While evidence of rice agriculture at the time of the initial Austronesian settlement of Taiwan is abundant in both the long-established linguistic record and in the much more recent, but key archaeological site of Nankuangli East at the Science-based Industrial Park in Tainan, all that either line of evidence unambigously supports is swidden rice. The present comparison (based just on Toba Batak, Javanese, Malay, Ngaju Dayak manawan ‘to harvest’, and Fijian cava ‘harvest time’), was first proposed by Dempwolff (1938). However, the Ngaju Dayak and Fijian forms are best left out, little additional supporting evidence has been found through subsequent searching, and the Ida'an Begak, Kuamut, Belusu, Bulungan, Sundanese, Balinese, Salako and possibly Iban terms all seem to be loans from Malay. Given this limited evidence, and the absence of a suite of related terms such as is known for swidden rice in PAn, the meaning of *sabaq must remain tentative. Nonetheless, given the consistent indications that the Batak terms are native the word itself clearly has some antiquity among languages in island Southeast Asia.
28068 *sabaqaŋ a shrub: Cordyline spp. 4955 PWMP *sabaqaŋ a shrub: Cordyline spp.
Note: Also Proto-Minahasan *tabaɁaŋ ‘kind of shrub (Cordyline sp.)’.
28148 *sa(m)bar seize in the mouth or beak 5113 PMP *sa(m)bar seize in the mouth or beak
31525 *sabasaq a moderate-sized shrub: Scyphiphora hydrophyllacea 9648 PWMP *sabasaq a moderate-sized shrub: Scyphiphora hydrophyllacea
Note: The Tagalog form should have a final glottal stop, but the orthography in Madulid (2001) is not always phonemic.
31172 *sabat to meet or greet someone, welcome someone who is arriving 9187 PWMP *sabat to meet or greet someone, welcome someone who is arriving
9188 PPh *sabat-en to meet or greet someone who is arriving, or who one encounters by surprise
28149 5114 Note: Cf. Zorc (n.d.) PPh *sabaw ‘soup’.
28101 *sabay₁ do something together with others 9075 PAN *sabay₁ do something together with others
5007 PWMP *sa(m)bay do something together with others
8919 PPh *ka-sabáy companion in some activity
31536 9659 Note: The essence of this comparison was first proposed by Mills (1975:810). Additional Sabahan forms were made possible by Lobel (2016). The semantic distinction between this form and PWMP *dateŋ ‘to arrive, reach a place’ remains unclear.
28070 4957 Note: Also Kapampangan sábat-an ‘block, barricade something’, Cebuano sabid ‘encumbrance, something making action laborious’, Toba Batak sabar ‘barrier of sugar-palm shoots placed in the water so that fish may be netted along it’. Dempwolff's (1934-38) *cabad ‘hinder’ may be related, but all reflexes cited by him are distinct from the above (Tagalog sabád ‘interruption in someone's speech’, Toba Batak sabat ‘hindrance’, Malay cawat ‘loincloth’ (!)).
31227 *sab(e)láy to hang, drape over something 9272 PPh *sab(e)láy to hang, drape over something
31257 *sab(e)lék to crave, as food one wants to eat 9307 PPh *sab(e)lék to crave, as food one wants to eat
31074 *sabeqa cooking banana: Musa sapientum Linn. var compressa. Blanco 9033 PWMP *sabeqa cooking banana: Musa sapientum Linn. var compressa. Blanco
Note: Also Itbayaten saba ‘kind of banana’ (< Ilokano). Tsou suɁba ‘kind of banana’, ITNE subá ‘banana (generic)’, which were pointed out to me by David Zorc, may reflect a doublet *suqeba.
28150 *sa(m)beR sow, scatter, broadcast seed 5115 PWMP *sa(m)beR sow, scatter, broadcast seed [doublet: *sa(m)buR]
Note: Zorc (n.d.) gives PPh *sabe(d) ‘scatter, sow’.
31451 *sabi-sabi shell disk used as ear-ring 9562 POC *sabi-sabi shell disk used as ear-ring
Note: Also Arosi tabe-tabe ‘ear ornaments’. The essence of this comparison was proposed by Osmond and Ross (1998:104).
31137 *sa(m)bit to speak of, mention 9124 PWMP *sa(m)bit to speak of, mention
9125 PWMP *pa-ña(m)bit-an (gloss uncertain)
31342 9422 Note: Also Ilokano sabɁít ‘hook; hanger’, i-sabɁít ‘to hang from a hook; hook’, Isneg i-sabɁít ‘to hang on a hook’. With root *-bit₁ ‘hook, clasp; grasp with fingers’.
31125 *sabsab slurp up food or water, eat like a pig or dog; gulp down 9102 PAN *sabsab slurp up food or water, eat like a pig or dog; gulp down
9103 PPh *sabsab-én be gobbled up, eaten voraciously
Note: Rubino (2000) marks the Ilokano form as a loan from Hokkien sàp sàp ‘eat like a hog’, but in view of the wider comparative picture this seems unlikely.
31537 *sabu waterfall, cascade 9660 POC *sabu waterfall, cascade
Note: This comparison was first proposed by Ross (2003:61), who combined it with PWMP *sabuq ‘drop, fall’. Since the latter applies to the dropping of anchors in one of the two known witnesses, I prefer to treat these two forms as distinct.
31228 9273 Note: Also Cebuano sabúlag ‘strew, scatter out’, sabúlak ~ sabúwak ‘strew, sprinkle something small (as grated cheese on food)’.
28073 4962 PWMP *sabuD sow, strew, scatter [doublet: *sa(m)buR]
Note: Cf. Zorc (n.d.) PPh *sabuD ‘scatter ... feed (for fowl)’.
33723 *sabunut to pull by the hair; to pull out hair 12476 PPh *sabunut to pull by the hair; to pull out hair
Note: Also Yami savoŋit ‘to pull hair (as when fighting)’.
31385 *sabuŋ₁ pit two opponents against each other; cockfight 9477 PWMP *sabuŋ₁ pit two opponents against each other; cockfight
Note: Also Itbayaten saaboŋ ‘cockfight, fight among fowls’, i-saaboŋ ‘to use in cockfighting; rooster intended for cockfighting; to pit against each other’ (< Tagalog).
As noted under PWMP *bulaŋ, the antiquity of cockfighting in the Austronesian world is obscure, but the probability is high that it did not exist until ironworking made the production of artificial cockspurs available. If this is the case it must have begun some 2000-2500 years ago, and term posited here would have begun with a more general meaning such as that seen in Ngaju Dayak, Iban, Malay, or Toba Batak. Once it became specialized in the meaning ‘cockfighting’ it evidently spread back into the Philippines from Malay.
32688 *sabuŋ₂ flower, blossom of fruit tree 11095 PPh *sabuŋ₂ flower, blossom of fruit tree
28074 4963 Note: With root *-buq ‘fall’.
31489 *sabuR to sow, scatter; scattered about; splash water on something 9605 PMP *sabuR to sow, scatter; scattered about; splash water on something
9606 PWMP *s<um>abuR (gloss uncertain)
Note: Also Ngaju Dayak sambur ‘spray out, as water from the mouth’. With root *-buR₂ ‘strew, sow; sprinkle’.
31075 *sabut plant fiber; coconut husk, fibers of areca nuts, fibers covering mango seeds, etc. 9034 PWMP *sabut plant fiber; coconut husk, fibers of areca nuts, fibers covering mango seeds, etc.
Note: The meaning ‘pubic hair’ appears to be an innovation in certain languages of the Philippines, where a reflex of *sabut ‘plant fiber’ may have replaced an earlier morpheme as an avoidance term. The Palauan member of this comparison was pointed out by Alexander Kuznetsov.
31411 *sabutu a fish, the emperor: Lethrinus spp. 9515 POC *sabutu a fish, the emperor: Lethrinus spp.
Note: Also Wayan ðābutu ‘generic for several species of Lutjanidae and Lethrinidae, including Lutjanus sebae, red emperor, and Lethrinus nebulosus, spangled emperor’. This term was first noted by Osmond (2011:76).
31181 9198 PWMP *sadab to singe, burn off
31208 9241 31560 *sad(e)qaŋ to hang, as something on a nail 9686 PPh *sad(e)qaŋ to hang, as something on a nail
Note: Also Tiruray sedaŋ ‘to hook something’.
28154 5119 PWMP *sa(n)det packed tightly [doublet: *padet]
31494 9611 Note: Also Tiruray sadsad ‘to trample or crush something underfoot’.
31389 *saeŋ umbrella made of palm leaves 9481 PWMP *saeŋ umbrella made of palm leaves
Note: Originally proposed by Dempwolff (1938). Despite its limited distribution this form is almost certainly not borrowed (unlike Malay payuŋ ‘umbrella’, which is a widely-distributed loan), and since the Batak languages and Javanese show little evidence of a close relationship, it seems safe to attribute considerable time-depth to this reconstruction.
28077 4970 4971 Note: Also Proto-New Caledonian *ⁿɟau ‘spear’. The Polynesian members of this comparison exhibit the "third palatal reflex."
28078 *saga a vine and the seeds of its fruit: Abrus precatorius 4972 PWMP *saga a vine and the seeds of its fruit: Abrus precatorius
Note: Also Iban sagaɁ ‘generic for plants yielding small uniform hard seeds used as beads, and as smallest unit of weight for gold, esp. Abrus precatorius’, Tagalog ságaʔ ‘a vine with small red and black seeds often used as beads’.
31576 *sagapsap fibrous and dry to the taste 9714 PPh *sagapsap fibrous and dry to the taste
31032 *sagisí wild palm tree with fruit similar to areca nut: Heterospathe elata 8970 PPh *sagisí wild palm tree with fruit similar to areca nut: Heterospathe elata
31561 9687 Note: Possibly an infixed form of *sitsit, although this form is listed in the sources for both of the language cited here as a single morpheme.
28079 4973 9411 PPh *sagsag-en break up into small pieces
Note: Possibly identical to PWMP *sagsag ‘to chop, to mince, as meat, fish or vegetables preparatory to cooking’, although the latter appears to apply only to foodstuffs.
31343 *sagsag₂ to chop, to mince, as meat, fish or vegetables preparatory to cooking 9423 PWMP *sagsag₂ to chop, to mince, as meat, fish or vegetables preparatory to cooking
31202 *sagu₁ processed sago, prepared starch from the sago palm 9234 PMP *sagu₁ processed sago, prepared starch from the sago palm
Note: Also Wolio sago ‘sago, edible palm pith’, Rembong sagu ‘store-bought sago’. Wolio sago, Rembong sagu, and several other forms in languages of Indonesia may be products of borrowing from Malagasy, but it seems unlikely that this is true for all forms in the Philippines. The agreement of Iban and Sasak in pointing to a form with final glottal stop is puzzling, but the recognition of this segment remains too problematic for secure reconstruction (Blust 2013, sect. 8.2.2.4).
31203 *sagu₂ fluid oozing from a wound, infected sore, or corpse 9235 PWMP *sagu₂ fluid oozing from a wound, infected sore, or corpse
31089 *sagút to answer (a call, a question); to assume responsibility for, be answerable for 9056 PPh *sagút to answer (a call, a question); to assume responsibility for, be answerable for
Note: Possibly a Tagalog loanword.
31157 9156 PAN *saheNaR to shine, of the sun
9157 PMP *sanaR to shine, of the sun
Note: With root *-NaR ‘ray of light’.
31229 9274 Note: Possibly a chance resemblance.
31495 9612 30964 *sai who? 8847 PMP *sai who? [doublet: *sei]
8848 PMP *i-sai who?
8849 PMP *sai sai whoever
Note: Also Rarotongan āi ‘who, whom, what?’. This form largely replaced PAn *ima ‘who?’, but for reasons that remain unclear, it took the person-marker *i (non-third person) rather than *si (third person).
31266 *saiŋ stand or be placed near to someone or something 9319 PPh *saiŋ stand or be placed near to someone or something
31440 *sajab to singe, burn slightly 9548 PPh *sajab to singe, burn slightly
31174 9190 33673 12420 PPh *saka to climb, go up [doublet: *sakay]
Note: Also Aklanon sákaɁ ‘to climb up, go up (stairs, tree); get higher (prices)’.
33672 12419 33697 *sa(ŋ)kab to seize prey in the water, as a crocodile 12445 PPh *sa(ŋ)kab to seize prey in the water, as a crocodile
Note: Also Tiruray sakab ‘(of crocodiles) to grab prey in its jaws’, Tboli sakab ‘to jump up and chase after s.t.; to rise up suddenly after s.o., apparently a Manobo loanword.
28083 *sakal restraining device on animals 4982 PAN *sakal restraining device on animals
31503 *sa(ŋ)kal adze or similar tool 9624 PWMP *sa(ŋ)kal adze or similar tool
Note: Possibly a chance resemblance.
31090 *sakaŋ bowlegged 9057 PMP *sakaŋ bowlegged
Note: Also Ilokano sakkáŋ ‘astraddle; walk with the legs apart’. With root *-kaŋ₁ ‘spread apart, as the legs’.
31091 *sakáqaŋ walk or stand with legs wide apart 9058 PPh *sakáqaŋ walk or stand with legs wide apart [doublet: *sakáŋ]
Note: Since this form appears to be a doublet of PMP *sakáŋ it raises the question whether the assumed monosyllabic root *-kaŋ₁ was actually *kaqaŋ. However, languages that preserve *q as a uvular stop show no reduction in forms like Paiwan ma-vakaŋ ‘to walk bowlegged’ (with root *-kaŋ₁ ‘spread apart, as the legs’), forcing the interpretation that the longer apparent root in this form is a product of secondary change in Philippine languages.
28084 *sakaRu reef 4983 PMP *sakaRu reef
Note: Also Sangir sagheʔ ‘reef’.
28085 4984 31613 *sakau small species of Malay apple 9759 POC *sakau small species of Malay apple
28155 *sakay₁ catch a ride, join a group, ride on something 5120 PMP *sakay₁ catch a ride, join a group, ride on something
9486 PWMP *sakay-an vehicle for riding
Note: Dempwolff (1934-38) assigned Tagalog sakáy to *sakay ‘ascend’, but appears to have confounded two distinct cognate sets.
29999 *sakay₂ walk 6691 PAN *sakay₂ walk
6692 31196 *sakay₃ stranger; visitor; guest 9224 PWMP *sakay₃ stranger; visitor; guest
31395 *sakay₄ to climb, ascend, rise up 9489 PMP *sakay₄ to climb, ascend, rise up
9490 Note: Also Isneg mag-sáxay ‘to ascend, said of pendulous stems, like those of the rattan’. Apparently distinct from *sakay ‘ride on’, with which it is combined in Dempwolff (1938), although the two are difficult to distinguish when reflexes of the latter mean ‘climb up to get on (a horse, etc.)’. Bender et al. (2003:82, 87) posit both Proto-Micronesian *(sS)ake ‘ride’ and *Sake ‘up, upward’, but with a cross-reference due to the common practice of combining them in dictionaries of the modern languages.
31033 *sakeb to lie face down, prone 8971 PPh *sakeb to lie face down, prone
Note: With root *-keb₂ ‘face downward’.
33964 12804 Note: With root *-keb₁ ‘cover’.
29923 6598 PAN *sakeC muntjac, barking deer
Note: Also Pazeh maket, Tsou taʔacə, Kanakanabu sakut, Proto-Rukai *akəcə ‘muntjac, pygmy deer’. Although this word can be securely reconstructed for PAn, it shows phonological irregularities in a number of languages, and its attested distribution may be due in part to borrowing. Kanakanabu sakut is most simply explained as a loan from Bunun but loan sources for the irregular forms in Pazeh, Tsou and the Rukai languages remain unclear. Finally, as the smallest of the three species of deer native to Taiwan the muntjac is often called the ‘pygmy deer’, but in Borneo and other parts of western Indonesia it is the middle-sized member of three deer species (the smallest being the mousedeer, Tragulus kanchil), and is commonly known there as the ‘barking deer’, from its dog-like barking call.
31064 *sakedú to fetch water (for drinking) 9015 PPh *sakedú to fetch water (for drinking)
Note: Also Kapampangan sakló ‘to fetch (e.g. water)’. 9016 PPh *sakedu-en to fetch water (for drinking)
Note: Also Kapampangan sakló ‘to fetch (e.g. water)’.
33699 *sakeláy to carry something by shoulder strap 12447 PPh *sakeláy to carry something by shoulder strap
31034 *sak(e)lút hold tightly, clutch to oneself 8972 PPh *sak(e)lút hold tightly, clutch to oneself
8973 PPh *sak(e)lut-en hold tightly, clutch to oneself
Note: Also Bontok sakloy ‘to hold in the lap’.
31035 *sakém to grasp, reach for; grasping, greedy 8974 PPh *sakém to grasp, reach for; grasping, greedy
31465 *sak(e)mál snatch with the mouth, as a dog seizing something in its mouth and running away with it 9578 PPh *sak(e)mál snatch with the mouth, as a dog seizing something in its mouth and running away with it
9579 PPh *sakmal-én be snatched, be seized suddenly
31175 *sak(e)níb overlapping, one on top of another 9191 PPh *sak(e)níb overlapping, one on top of another
28086 4985 Note: With root *-kep₂ ‘seize, grasp, embrace’. Also cp. Balinese saŋkeb ‘device for catching quails’.
28156 5121 31412 *sakil rest the foot on; touch or knock with the foot 9516 PMP *sakil rest the foot on; touch or knock with the foot
Note: This comparison was first proposed by Sneddon (1984:101).
28157 *sa(ŋ)kit tie, fasten together 5122 PMP *sa(ŋ)kit tie, fasten together
Note: Possibly with root *-kit₂ ‘join along the length’.
30731 8337 8338 PWMP *ka-sakit (gloss uncertain)
8339 PWMP *ma-ñakit to hurt or injure others
Note: The expected form in Old Javanese is **ma-ñakit. It is unclear why nasal substitution in this form and in other forms of this base that take a prefix ending with –N violates the general pattern by which /s/ is replaced by a palatal nasal. 8340 8341 8342 POC *masakit-ia fall ill, become sick
8343 PMP *ma-saki-sakit to fall ill, become very sick
8344 8345 PPh *na-sakit was hurt or sick
8346 PWMP *pa-ñakit sickness, illness
8347 PMP *pa-sakit hurt someone; make someone sick
8348 PWMP *ka-sakit-an a state of pain or difficulty; be afflicted by illness
8349 PWMP *pa-sakit-an (gloss uncertain)
8350 PWMP *paR-sakit-an (gloss uncertain)
8351 PWMP *s<um>akit become painful (?)
8352 PWMP *sakit-an to hurt, cause pain or trouble
8353 PWMP *sakit-en hurting; sick with something, suffering from an illness
Note: Also Mapun saki ‘sickness’, maka-saki ‘having the potential of causing a sickness’, pa-naki ‘habitually sick’, sakih-an ‘having a sickness’, ka-sakih-an ‘having a sick member in one’s household’, Yakan saki ‘sickness, illness; to be sick or ill’, maka-saki ‘to make someone sick’, Tae' saki ‘sick; sickness’, saki deata ‘sickness sent by the gods, sickness due to natural causes rather than caused by human malice’, ma-saki ‘sick’, Manggarai akit tuka ‘stomach ache’, Proto-South Sulawesi *saki ‘sick’.
It seems clear that PMP *sakit referred both to sickness and to pain, without a clear distinction. In the latter sense reflexes in a number of languages, especially in conjunction with a reflex of PAn *qaCay/PMP *qatay ‘liver’ (the seat of the emotions) show that it included pained feelings, or emotional pain. In addition, specific but variable collocations (‘monthly sickness’, ‘woman’s sickness’, ‘unclean sickness’) in various languages show that PMP *sakit probably figured in expressions meaning ‘menstruation’. With regard to geographical distribution it is odd that this cognate set almost completely skips eastern Indonesia (attested here only in Kowiai/Koiwai sait noʔo i ‘to be taken ill’), and is very rare in the western Pacific, although it is common in the Southeast Solomons, Micronesia, parts of Vanuatu, and Polynesia. Finally, the irregular loss of the final consonant in both Sama-Bajaw and South Sulawesi languages is puzzling, since there are few if any other innovations that appear to be exclusively shared by this set of languages.
31551 *saksák insert 9675 PPh *saksák stuff, pack tightly [doublet: *seksek]
9676 PPh *i-saksák to insert, plug something in
28087 *saksak₁ hack, chop into pieces 4986 PAN *saksak₁ hack, chop into pieces
Note: Possibly equivalent to Dempwolff's (1934-38) *saksak ‘prick, pierce, stab’.
31183 *saksak₂ gecko 9201 PWMP *saksak₂ gecko [doublet: *cekcek]
31204 *saku₁ extract the pith from the sago palm 9236 PMP *saku₁ extract the pith from the sago palm
Note: Possibly identical to *sagu₁ ‘processed sago, prepared starch from the sago palm’.
31406 *saku₂ needlefish, young of Istiophorus spp. 9509 PMP *saku₂ needlefish, young of Istiophorus spp.
9510 PMP *saku-layaR sailfish, swordfish
Note: Also Chamorro sao-araɁ ‘type of fish --- Istiophorus genus; sailfish, swordfish’. Although direct evidence for the base form is lacking to date, it seems clear that PMP must have had *saku in addition to *saku layaR. *saku may have referred to needlefish, swordfish and other fish with an elongated upper jaw that lack the sail-like dorsal fin of Istiophorus species. The longer word almost certainly contains PMP *layaR (Tongan, Niue, Samoan lā) ‘sail’. Some languages, however, have replaced either the second element of *saku layaR or the word for ‘sail’ (or both) with an unrelated root: Wogeo sak barema (compare ieba ‘sail’), Mokilese i, Puluwat maaŋ, Pohnpeian serek ‘sail’.
Other languages have what appears to be a reflex of *layaR in both words, but the phonological development of this morpheme in the fish name exhibits irregularities: compare Palauan yars, Yapese laay, Fijian laca ‘sail’. Still others, such as Niue, contain a regular reflex of *layaR in both meanings, but do not appear to relate them synchronically. Loniu, Titan, Nauna colay ‘sailfish, swordfish, marlin’ (but Loniu peley, Titan paley, Nauna pale ‘sail’) possibly show an irregular contraction of the first morpheme. Together with Malay ikan selayar ‘sailfish; name given to fish with large dorsal fins, esp. the sword-fish, sun-fish, and basking shark’, however, these forms from the Admiralty Islands may point to a doublet *selayaR.
31504 9625 Note: Ross (2008:278) has proposed POc *sakup ‘banana cultivar with long fruit’ (?), but most of the data given as support for this form is irregular, and I have selected only those forms that appear to be free of problems as the basis for this comparison.
31258 9308 Note: With root *-kub₁ ‘cover’.
28158 *sa(ŋ)kuŋ₁ resounding sound 5123 PWMP *sa(ŋ)kuŋ₁ resounding sound
Note: With root *-kuŋ₂ ‘deep resounding sound’. For a semantic parallel to Malagasy sahona in a non-cognate word with the same root (cf. Javanese baŋkoŋ ‘large old frog’).
31578 *sa(ŋ)kuŋ₂ curved inward, sunken 9716 PWMP *sa(ŋ)kuŋ₂ curved inward, sunken
Note: With root *-kuŋ ‘bend, curve’. Possibly a product of convergence.
31558 9684 Note: With root *-kup ‘enclose, cover’, apparently a variant of *-kep₂ ‘seize, grasp, embrace’.
31428 *sakup₂ jurisdiction, territory 9534 PPh *sakup₂ jurisdiction, territory
Note: Also Tiruray sakuf ‘the extent, geographical or social, of a leader’s following, jurisdiction, authority’, Tboli sakuf ‘to include, to take in a whole area, as being under one’s jurisdiction’ (loan from a Danaw, Manobo or Greater Central Philippine language).
31158 *sakut to carry, transport, move something 9158 PAN *sakut to carry, transport, move something [disjunct: *SakuC]
9159 PAN *s<um>akut to carry, transport, move something
Note: Also Kenyah (Long Wat) sakud ‘to carry something piecemeal (in several trips)’.
31538 *sakwa grasshopper or stick insect 9661 POC *sakwa grasshopper or stick insect
Note: This comparison was first proposed by Osmond (2011:396), who also included Carolinian tāxa ‘grasshopper’. However, vowel length is the Carolinian word is unexplained, and cognates are unknown in any other Micronesian language, suggesting that the similarity of tāxa to the other forms cited here is a product of chance. In addition, the vowel correspondences between Gedaged-Takia on the one hand, and Molima and Kara on the other are irregular, and are accepted here only on the assumption that penultimate *a was rounded in the two closely related north coast New Guinea languages by the rounding of the following labiovelar stop.
31397 *sala sharp-pointed object, possibly sea urchin 9492 PEMP *sala sharp-pointed object, possibly sea urchin
Note: With the ‘third palatal reflex’ in Proto-Polynesian.
30987 8889 PMP *saladeŋ male deer, buck (?)
Note: Also Proto-Rukai *salaoŋanə ‘male deer, buck’.
31037 *salakeb cover trap for fish or crustaceans 8976 PPh *salakeb cover trap for fish or crustaceans
Note: Also Malay sərkap ‘a conical trap or coop that is thrust down suddenly over fish in shallow water’. The Tagalog form is irregular (expected **salakíb), and probably is a loanword from Kapampangan. With root *-keb₁ ‘cover’.
31036 *salaksak kingfisher sp. 8975 PWMP *salaksak kingfisher sp.
Note: Also Bontok alakʔak ‘river kingfisher’. Despite its radical semantic divergence, the cognation of the Kankanaey form seems likely in light of the Ifugaw usage in hudhúd literature (traditional stories chanted by women working in the rice fields, especially during the harvest).
31209 *salambaw kind of large fishing net 9242 PWMP *salambaw kind of large fishing net
Note: Possibly a loan distribution through contact with Brunei Malays, although its apparent absence in the southern Philippines makes this less likely.
31526 *salampay hang or drape over the shoulder or from a line 9649 PWMP *salampay hang of drape over the shoulder
Note: It is tempting to consider this an infixed form of *sampay ‘drape over the shoulder or from a line’, but there is no clear morphological relationship between the two forms in terms of a productive infix *-al-.
30435 7584 Note: Also Numfor sār ‘sharp’, Ahus car, Likum sah ‘sea urchin’, Mota sar ‘an echinus, or cidaris, blue, with needle-spines’.
31539 9662 9674 Note: This comparison was first proposed by Ross (2008:244), who also included the more questionable Gedaged sala-i ‘the inflorescence of the coconut palm, including the fruit’.
28090 4991 PWMP *salapa betel nut case [disjunct: *calapaʔ]
31527 *salapid braid 9650 PWMP *salapid braid
Note: Also Cebuano sulápid ‘braid, plait; walk crossing the feet over each other; be inarticulate in speech’. With root *-pid ‘brait, wind together’.
30668 *salaq₁ wrong, in error (of behavior); miss (a target); mistake, error, fault 8193 PMP *salaq₁ wrong, in error (of behavior); miss (a target); mistake, error, fault
8194 PWMP *ka-salaq have faults, be at fault (?)
8195 PWMP *ma-ñalaq accuse someone, find fault with someone (?)
Note: Also Malagasy nala ‘a moral defect, a vice’. 8196 PPh *mapa-salaq (gloss uncertain)
8197 PWMP *maR-salaq make a mistake, commit an error, be wrong about something
Note: Also Mapun mag-sāʔ ‘make a mistake; to err; to be wrong’, Yakan mag-salaʔ ‘for something to be wrong; esp. sprained, dislocated (it is used mostly of the body)’, with an affix borrowed from some Greater Central Philippines source. 8198 PWMP *ma-salaq (gloss uncertain)
8199 PMP *pa(ka)-salaq to blame, accuse of error or fault; to punish
8200 PWMP *ka-salaq-an error, mistake; fault, offense
Note: Also Karo Batak ke-salah-en ‘guilty’. 8201 PWMP *pa-salaq-en (gloss uncertain)
8202 PWMP *s<in>alaq missed (as a target); blamed
8203 PWMP *s<um>alaq do something wrong, make a mistake; miss the target
8204 PWMP *salaq-an to blame, assign fault to (?)
8205 PMP *salaq salaq (gloss uncertain)
Note: Also Kapampangan sala ‘error, fault, mistake; sin’, Tagalog sála, ka-salá-nan ‘error, mistake; blame, fault; sin, transgression; offense; crime’, Bintulu saləʔ ‘wrong, in error, mistaken’. The reduplication in Malagasy sala-sala and Rotinese sala sala faik esa may well be a product of convergent innovation.
31234 *salaq₂ dislocated, of bones 9279 PWMP *salaq₂ dislocated, of bones
Note: Possibly identical to PMP *salaq ‘wrong, in error’ through a two-word expression such as Javanese salah urat.
28091 *salaR nest 4992 PMP *salaR nest
Note: Posited by Dempwolff (1924-1925), but with little supporting evidence. For *-R > Tboli Ø, cp. *saŋelaR > s-ʌm-la ‘to fry’.
28093 4999 PWMP *salatan south, south wind [disjunct: *silatan]
Note: Zorc (n.d.) gives PPh *salat-an ‘wind: south’. This comparison casts doubt on the traditional interpretation of Malay selatan as selat (‘straits’ = ‘the Straits of Malacca’) plus a suffix of location (Kern 1889).
31476 9590 PAN *salaw to pour, of heavy rain
31413 *salay to dessicate, parch near a fire 9517 PWMP *salay to dessicate, parch near a fire
9518 PWMP *salay-an place to dry wood
Note: Although its distribution is relatively limited, this form does not appear to be a loanword, and it is found in languages that are not closely related.
30129 *sale sale float 6867 POC *sale sale float
Note: Also Gedaged sale-sala ‘bobbing, swaying, teetering’, Roviana ale ‘to float’, patu ale ‘pumice’.
28094 5000 PWMP *salem dive; immerse oneself [disjunct: *selem]
30404 7523 PAN *saleŋ pine tree, pitch pine
Note: Most of this comparison was first pointed out by Tsuchida (1976:127). PAn *saleŋ evidently referred to the pitch pine, a tree valued for its combustible resin, which served as a ready source of material for torches. The importance of this feature of the tree is seen in several languages of the central and southern Philippines, and in northern Borneo, where reflexes of *saleŋ refer to the pitch rather than to the tree from which it is derived.
28099 *sal(e)qit lightning 5005 PWMP *sal(e)qit lightning
Note: Also ITNE silʔit ‘lightning’.
31038 8977 8978 PWMP *saleR-i make a floor, install a floor
Note: Also Binukid saeg ‘floor’, ag-saeg-an ‘to put a floor, lay flooring in a structure’, Although Chamorro satg-e clearly reflects *saleR-i ‘install a floor’, the expected **salok < *saleR is unattested in extant sources. It is a curious feature of this comparison that relatively few reflexes are found, and many of them have some type of irregularity (*l > h, which is recurrent, but rare in Tagalog, metathesis in Ngaju Dayak, fossilized suffix in Chamorro, sporadic loss of *l in Binukid. To these we might even add Mansaka lagus ‘floor; to make a floor’, but only on the improbable supposition that the original consonant order 123 has become 231 through a double metathesis (pre-Mansaka *salug > lasug > lagus).
31398 *salét to insert between, intersperse 9493 PPh *salét to insert between, intersperse
9494 PPh *i-salét to insert between, intersperse
9495 PPh *saletán to insert between, intersperse
9496 PPh *salét-salét alternate, interspersed
Note: With root *-let ‘intervene, intersperse’.
28095 5001 PWMP *sale(n)tek clicking sound
Note: With root *-tek₁ ‘clicking or light knocking sound’.
31505 *sali strip leaves from branch 9626 POC *sali strip leaves from branch
Note: A version of this comparison was first proposed by Ross, Clark and Osmond (1998:258) who, however, cite the phonologically incompatible tari (sao) ‘split the sides of sago palm leaves (sao), leaving the rib for use as a bird arrow’ for Sa'a, instead of the form given here.
33674 *salimbeŋ concealment; to conceal 12421 PPh *salimbeŋ concealment; to conceal
28096 *salim-petpet firefly 5002 PWMP *salim-petpet firefly [doublet: *qali-petpet, *kalim-petpet]
31176 *salin pour from one vessel into another; translate, interpret 9192 PWMP *salin pour from one vessel into another; translate, interpret
31230 *saliŋsíŋ to prune a tree; new growth from pruning 9275 PPh *saliŋsíŋ to prune a tree; new growth from pruning
Note: Also Bontok saliwsiw ‘to strip sweet potato leaves from the stem’, Ifugaw hagiŋhíŋ the thin branches of trees which are still more or less straight’, Hanunóo síŋsiŋ ‘branch, i.e. of a tree’.
31039 8979 Note: With root *-liR ‘flow’.
28097 5003 PAN *saliw buy, sell [doublet: *baliw 'buy, sell']
30305 *salsál to masturbate 7252 PPh *salsál to masturbate
7253 PPh *salsal-en to masturbate
Note: Although it is treated as a separate comparison here, PPh *salsál is very likely the same form as PWMP *salsal ‘blacksmithing; cold-hammering iron ore’.
28098 5004 Note: Cf. Dempwolff (1934-38) *saluR ‘pond, lake’, Zorc (n.d.) PPh *saluD ‘vessel for catching drippings; conduit’. Mills (1975:815) posits Proto-South Sulawesi *salu(ɣ?) ‘gutter; bamboo water-pipe’, suggesting a derivation from PAn *saluR.
31076 *salugsúg get a splinter or sliver under the skin or nail 9035 PPh *salugsúg get a splinter or sliver under the skin or nail
9036 PPh *ma-salugsug-án get a splinter in the skin
Note: Also Ibaloy me-saloksok-an ‘to be punctured (as skin) with a splinter, thorn, etc. at an angle so that it does not go deep’, Pangasinan saloksók ‘to skewer meat; insert stick, etc. into chink or crack’. Despite the irregular coda devoicing, the semantics of these forms suggests that they belong with reflexes of *salugsúg rather than with the similar but distinct *s 31562 *saluksuk₁ tool like chisel or trowel 9688 PPh *saluksuk₁ tool like chisel or trowel
31569 *saluksuk₂ insert, slip between 9696 PPh *saluksuk₂ insert, slip between
Note: Apparently distinct from PPh *saluksuk ‘tool like chisel or trowel’, and distinct from reflexes of *suksuk ‘to pierce, penetrate, insert’ in enough languages to merit an independent reconstruction.
33851 *salúkub cover something to protect it or oneself 12665 PPh *salúkub cover something to protect it or oneself
Note: Also Casiguran Dumagat salokop ‘to cup something over something else (as to put a hat on the head, to cup a tin can upside down over a post or stick, etc.)’. With root *-kub ‘to cover’.
31040 *salúp small basket; a unit of measure for dry goods 8980 PPh *salúp small basket; a unit of measure for dry goods
8981 PPh *salup-en to measure by Note: Possibly a loan distribution through Tagalog, with secondary spread through Ilokano.
30966 8858 PWMP *saluR brook or small stream
Note: Also Ifugaw (Batad) hāyug ‘a water trough, made of bamboo or the outer layer of a banana stalk’, Pangasinan salóg ‘to water (plants, etc.)’. With root *-luR ‘flow’.
31528 *salúyut a shrub, the Jew’s mallow: Corchorus spp., fam. Malvaceae 9651 PPh *salúyut a shrub, the Jew’s mallow: Corchorus spp., fam. Malvaceae
Note: The data for Ivatan and Sambal come from Madulid (2001), although he cites all three languages for this form in his massive survey of Philippine plant names. The forms for Ivatan and Ibatan appear to be loans from Ilokano.
31199 *sama mate, companion, fellow; together with; alike, the same as; aligned or in good order 9229 PWMP *sama mate, companion, fellow; together with; alike, the same as; aligned or in good order
9230 POC *jama mate, companion; like, similar to
9231 PMP *sama-sama with no difference, equally to both
Note: Also Karo Batak samah ‘similar’. Arosi sama ‘mate, fellow; like; in rows, ranks, orderly’. Commonly thought to be a Sanskrit loan (as in Wilkinson 1959), but the wide distribution of this form raises doubts about the validity of this interpretation.
31210 *samak a tree and the tannin that it yields: probably Macaranga tanarius 9243 PWMP *samak a tree and the tannin that it yields: probably Macaranga tanarius
31477 9591 Note: I normally avoid proposing a reconstruction that is based solely on the comparison of two geographically adjacent Formosan languages. However, in the present case significant differences in both phonological form and meaning greatly reduce the likelihood that this distribution is a product of borrowing.
28100 *sambak hit, strike a heavy blow 5006 PMP *sambak hit, strike a heavy blow
10653 Note: With root *-bak₂ ‘sound of heavy smack’.
32661 11061 PWMP *sambuni to hide, hidden [doublet: *buni₂, *tabuni₂]
Note: The Malay word is assumed to show sporadic palatalization, much as in *niuR > ñiur ‘coconut’.
28102 5008 31138 *sambut₁ take advantage of a situation or opportunity, exploit an advantage 9126 PPh *sambut₁ take advantage of a situation or opportunity, exploit an advantage
Note: Also Tiruray sombut ‘to put to advantage some situation’.
31386 *sambut₂ to catch, receive something thrown or sent one’s way 9478 PWMP *sambut₂ to catch, receive something thrown or sent one’s way
Note: Also Malagasy sámbutra ‘a seizure; a captive (Malay loan).
33593 12333 30751 *samek dense undergrowth 8408 PWMP *samek dense undergrowth
28103 5009 Note: Also Iban samit ‘cover or awning of leaves’.
31507 *sampaw waterfall 9628 PPh *sampaw waterfall
31429 *sampay up to, as far as, until 9535 PMP *sampay₂ up to, as far as, until
Note: Dempwolff also included Malagasy ampi ‘sufficient, enough’, and Futunan safe ‘reach one’s destination’, but the first of these does not appear to be related to the others, and the second does not appear in Moyse-Faurie (1993).
31371 9458 Note: Also Tontemboan sambiŋ ‘whiskers’, sambiŋ-an ‘having whiskers’, Mongondow tampeŋ ‘beard’, especially of goats’, tampeŋ ‘bearded’. Possibly a chance resemblance.
31529 9652 PWMP *sampir type of headcloth
31177 *samsám to seize, take by force, snatch from another’s hands; pillage 9193 PPh *samsám to seize, take by force, snatch from another’s hands; pillage
9361 PPh *ma-ñamsám to seize, take by force
28104 *samun undergrowth 5010 PWMP *samun undergrowth
31612 9758 Note: Also Itbayaten ipa-samol ‘to make mixed gold’.
28106 5012 Note: Cp. PMP *a-na, *i-na ‘there (3rd p. deictic)’. *sa- in this etymon may be the nonfocus marker of location.
30949 *sanam ant sp. 8813 PWMP *sanam ant sp.
Note: Also Tiruray siyonom ‘kind of black forest ant with a strong, stinging bite’.
31387 *sanda pawned, pledged in place of something else 9479 PWMP *sanda pawned, pledged in place of something else
Note: Also Manobo (Western Bukidnon) sandaɁ ‘to pawn something; to borrow money leaving some object of value as security’ (< Malay), Tausug sandaɁ ‘pledge, that which is pawned, security’, mag-sandaɁ ‘to pawn or mortgage something’ (< Malay), Tae' sandaŋ ‘be pawned’.
31388 *sandaŋ wear across the shoulder 9480 PWMP *sandaŋ wear across the shoulder
Note: Possibly a product of borrowing from Malay.
31056 9005 PWMP *sandaR lean on or against [doublet: *sadeR, *sanday, *sandiR, *sendeR, *sendiR, *sindiR] [disjunct: *sandeR]
9006 PWMP *sandaR-an backrest, place to lean back against
Note: Also Puyuma saŋɖal ‘lean against’ (< *saŋedaN), Ibaloy aŋshal ‘lean against something; rest one’s back against something’ (< *aŋedaR). These two forms suggest that the homorganic nasal-stop clusters in nearly all modern languages are a product of secondary place assimilation in an original heterorganic cluster that presumably derived from schwa syncope. *R > g is irregular in all Central Cordilleran languages, although it occurs sporadically in a number of forms which may or may not be loanwords.
31059 *sandeR lean against, lean or incline on 9009 PMP *sandeR lean against, lean or incline on [doublet: *sandaR, *sanday, *sandeR, *sandiR, *sendeR, *sindiR]
Note: Also Iban saday ‘stand or lean, esp. against wall or frame for drying out of doors’, Balinese sandar ‘lean on, rely on’ (< Malay), sandar-in ‘be given a prop, be supplied with assistance’, Sasak sandar ‘lean on or against’ (< Malay), Ifugaw) haʔdol ‘a retaining block positioned below and against something on an incline to brace it from rolling or sliding; for someone to brace something on an incline with a retaining block’.
31060 *sandiR lean against, lean or incline on 9010 PMP *sandiR lean against, lean or incline on [doublet: *sandaR, *sadeR, *sanday, *sandeR, *sendeR, *sendiR, *sindiR]
9011 PWMP *s<um>andiR to lean on or against
Note: Also Itbayaten sandih ‘chair’, Ibatan mag-sādag ‘someone or something leans against something’, mag-saŋgir ‘someone leans something against someone or something for support’, Casiguran Dumagat saŋdih ‘to lean against (for something to be leaning against something else)’, Ibaloy aŋshil ‘to lean against something; to rest one’s back against something’, Kapampangan mag-sándal ‘lean on something’, Bikol mag-handíg ‘to recline, lean back’, Maranao sampig ‘lean against, sit partly on’, Mansaka darag ‘lean against (as in leaning against a tree)’, on-sarig ‘to lean against’, Mapun sande ‘to lean against something; to lean something up against something else’, Tiruray sandaŋ-sandaŋ ‘leaning back against something when sitting’, Iban sandih ‘recline, lean or prop against (usually indoors)’, Sundanese séndél, séndér ‘crowd against’, Balinese séndéh ‘to slant, incline, slope, lean over’, Mongondow andoḷ ‘lean on, support (in both literal and figurative senses); to trust, depend on’, Bare'e onda ‘rack or support that something leans against’, hudo ‘lean against something, as a wall’, hudu ‘lean on something, as a dibbling stick’, sudo ‘lean on or against’, Palauan olsírs ‘pawn/pledge (money); sacrifice (one’s life); lean against, lean (something) against’ (< *pan-XidVR), Kambera handera ‘support, prop, something one leans on’, Numfor sàndem ‘lean on, support’.
Dempwolff’s *sandar ‘leaning on, aslant’, based on Tagalog sandál ‘act of reclining or leaning back against something’, Ngaju Dayak sandar ‘something against which one sits or half leans (for support)’, Malay sandar reclining; resting on a support’, Toba Batak sandar ‘lean against, as a plank set leaning on a wall’, appears to be a product of borrowing from Malay. *R > g is irregular in Agutaynen and Central Tagbanwa, although it occurs sporadically in a number of forms which may or may not be loanwords.
For reasons that remain obscure, words meaning ‘to lean on or against’ fall into a number of cognate sets reflecting distinct but very similar proto-forms. This comparison and those with which it is cross-referenced thus turn out to be exasperatingly robust examples of doubling that appears to be purely system-internal, that is, not due to borrowing (Blust 2011a).
28107 5013 PWMP *sanduk spoon, ladle [doublet: *saruk]
Note: Also Bikol mag-hárok ‘to dip for water’. With root *-duk ‘ladle, spoon’.
31486 *sani clearing of a garden for planting (?) 9600 POC *sani clearing of a garden for planting (?)
Note: This comparison was proposed by Osmond (1998:121). However, in view of the Motu citation as dani-a (rather dahani-a) the resemblance of the Loniu and Motu forms to those in Fijian and Tongan may be a product of chance.
31178 *sanipa borderline, edge, as of roof or garment 9194 PPh *sanipa borderline, edge, as of roof or garment
Note: Also Tagalog sanepa ~ senepa ‘a decorative facing or lining for garments (in sewing); board facing (in construction of a building). Possibly a loan distribution.
31186 *santak pull or jerk at something 9208 PWMP *santak pull or jerk at something [doublet: *sintak]
Note: Also Malay səntak ‘jerking; sudden pull; grabbing at (of a jerk to the footboard of a Malay swinging cot to get it to rock, of a girl snatching off her neck pendants, or a man plucking at his kris but failing to unsheathe it)’, sentak ‘to jerk’, tidur tər-sentak ‘to start in one’s sleep’, səntap ‘to jerk’.
31302 *santán a flowering plant: Ixora spp. 9369 PPh *santán a flowering plant: Ixora spp.
Note: Also Ilokano santáŋ ‘shrub with pinkish flowers: Ixora chinensis’, Cebuano santál ‘kind of ornamental bushes: Ixora sp.’.
31563 *santik click or clink together, as stones in making fire 9689 PPh *santik click or clink together, as stones in making fire
9690 PPh *santik-an (gloss uncertain)
Note: With root *-tik₂ ‘ticking sound’.
31231 *saNiw whetstone 9276 PAN *saNiw whetstone
30944 *saŋa₁ bifurcation, fork of a branch 8803 PMP *saŋa₁ bifurcation, fork of a branch
8804 PEMP *saŋa₁ crotch, fork of the legs; span, fork of the fingers
8805 POC *saŋa₁ crotch, fork of the legs; span, fork of the fingers
8806 PMP *ma-saŋa split, forked, as a branch or path
8807 POC *paka-saŋa (gloss uncertain)
8808 PMP *saŋa-saŋa starfish
Note: Also Fijian ba-saŋa ‘starfish; branchy’. This word seems clearly to derive from PMP *saŋa ‘bifurcation; to branch’, with pluralizing reduplication (the starfish being conceived as a radial sequence of bifurcations). For similar formations with variant bases, cp. Sangir peŋaʔ ‘spread wide, as the legs of a person’, pem-peŋaʔ ‘starfish’, and Nukuoro maŋa ‘a branch’, manu maŋa-maŋa ‘starfish; branchy’. Note: Also Mapun seŋa ‘a fork of a tree, river or road’. Although PMP *saŋa appears to have referred to any type of bifurcation, with special reference to the branching off off tree branches or paths, and in reduplicated form to starfish, it evidently came to refer more centrally to the human crotch in POc, as this meaning recurs with high frequency throughout the Oceanic subgroup. With root *-ŋa ‘bifurcation, fork’.
30947 *saŋa₂ a tree: Elaeocarpus sp.? 8811 PWMP *saŋa₂ a tree: Elaeocarpus sp.?
31478 *saŋal to grip with the teeth, as a dog in carrying something 9592 PWMP *saŋal to grip with the teeth, as a dog in carrying something
31414 *saŋay namesake, have the same name as someone else 9519 PWMP *saŋay namesake, have the same name as someone else
Note: Possibly a Greater Central Philippines loan in Kadazan Dusun.
28153 5118 PAN *saŋeday lean or rest on [doublet: *sa(n)daR]
12780 PMP *sanday to lean or rest on
Note: Also Muna hade-hade ‘lean against something’, sade ‘upright, erect, straight; to support or hold someone upright in a sitting position’.
31479 *saŋ(e)hid pungent odor, strong disagreeable smell 9593 PWMP *saŋ(e)hid pungent odor, strong disagreeable smell
Note: Also Toba Batak sa-l-ŋit ‘stinking, evil-smelling’, Old Javanese a-saŋit ‘with the smell of burning; burnt’, Javanese saŋit ‘overcooked, burned’.
33848 *saŋ(e)lád to run aground, be beached, of a boat 12660 PPh *saŋ(e)lád to run aground, be beached, of a boat
12661 PPh *s<um>aŋ(e)lád to run aground, be beached
Note: Yakan s 30752 *saŋelaR to stir-fry, cook in a frying pan without oil 8409 PMP *saŋelaR to stir-fry, cook in a frying pan without oil
8410 PWMP *ma-naŋelaR to stir-fry, dry roast
8411 PMP *s<in>aŋelaR food that is dry roasted
8412 PWMP *saŋelaR-an (gloss uncertain)
8413 PWMP *saŋelaR-en what is stir-fried or roasted in a pan without oil
Note: Also Tagalog saŋág ‘fried, roasted or toasted (referring to cereals)’, saŋág ~ s<in>aŋág ‘fried rice’, sáŋag-an ‘a pot or frying pan used for roasting or toasting grains’, Bikol sanlág ‘to fry grains such as rice or corn’, Maranao sendag ‘fry; consume, as fire does’, Manobo (Western Bukidnon) sandag ‘to roast something in a pan over the fire, raking it back and forth to ensure even roasting; to rake some substance back and forth’, Yakan mag-saŋlag ‘to roast something over a fire while stirring it (coffee beans, other seeds, grated cassava, rice, etc. is heated in a frying pan while being stirred; sometimes a little oil is added’ (< a Greater Central Philippine source), Sundanese ñaŋray ‘to roast (as coffee or peanuts, without oil)’, saŋray-an ‘shallow stone pan used to roast without oil’, Tae' saŋgaraʔ ‘fried banana’ (< Buginese), Muna saŋgara ‘fried or baked banana; bake or fry (bananas, yams)’ (< Buginese), Kambera hoŋu ‘to bake, fry, roast (as corn, coffee), to fry (fish, meat)’, Buli soŋor-a ‘roasted, popped (corn), fried without oil’ (said to be from Ternatan soŋara, although this form in a non-Austronesian North Halmahera language must also have been borrowed from a still-undetermined Austronesian source).
This word evidently contained schwa in the environment VC__CV, where it was subject to syncope in many daughter languages. Vowel syncope left an unstable medial cluster –ŋl-, and languages coped with this in various ways. In the Philippines many languages assimilated the nasal to the place of the liquid, producing –nl- either as the only form (Hiligaynon, Waray-Waray, Masbatenyo, Binukid) or as a variant of –ŋl- (Bikol). As a further step, in languages such as Maranao, Manobo (Western Bukidnon), or Mongondow, the liquid was replaced by d, thus conforming to the high frequency pattern of medial homorganically prenasalized stops. A similar strategy in languages of northern Sumatra and south Sulawesi preserved the velar nasal and assimilated the liquid to it as a voiced velar stop, as in Simalur saŋgal or Makassarese saŋgaraʔ. Tagalog saŋág may show cluster simplification, although it is just as likely that the loss of the liquid in this form is part of the larger pattern in which some instances of PAn *l became h or disappeared. Minangkabau salar and Malay selar show cluster reduction by deletion of the first consonant (except in the Minangkabau variant saŋlar), and forms in CMP languages show cluster reduction by deletion of the second consonant.
Malay and CMP languages appear to have undergone prepenultimate vowel neutralization to schwa while this word was still trisyllabic: *saŋelaR ([saŋəlar]) > səŋəlaR > səŋlaR > səlaR > Malay səlar (and presumably Minangkabau salar, with regular *ə > a); *saŋelaR ([saŋəlar]) > səŋəlaR > səŋlaR > səŋaR > sənaR > sonaR > Rotinese sena, Tetun sona, etc. The final vowel of Lamaholot səŋeʔ is evidently irregular, although the precise history of this form is unclear.
Finally, the meaning of this form does not seem to correspond exactly to any English term, as it refers to cooking in a frying pan without oil by rapidly stirring the contents to prevent burning, much as in stir-frying with a Chinese wok.
31579 *saŋ(e)qát to put something in a high place or reach a high place by climbing 9717 PPh *saŋ(e)qát to put something in a high place or reach a high place by climbing
31424 *saŋet intense, industrious 9529 PWMP *saŋet intense, industrious
Note: Also Maranao saŋat ‘serious’, Karo Batak me-saŋat ‘to a serious degree, vehement, very’ (both < Malay). Dempwolff (1938) reconstructed *saŋet ‘excessive, very’, but given its relatively limited distribution the antiquity of this comparison is in doubt.
28146 *saŋga hilt of knife or bolo; to support 5111 PWMP *saŋga hilt of knife or bolo; to support
Note: Also Bikol saŋgáʔ ‘obstruct, block, barricade, bar’, Cebuano saŋgaʔ ‘be underneath something so that it supports or protects it’. *saŋga is perhaps a doublet of Dempwolff's (1934-38) *saŋgaq ‘defend oneself’ (to which he assigned Tagalog saŋgá and e.g. Ngaju Dayak saŋgah ‘support oneself’), but the meaning posited here shows noteworthy differences from that inferred by him.
31425 *saŋgaq to arrest the progress of something by stopping or catching it; to support, keep from falling 9530 PWMP *saŋgaq to arrest the progress of something by stopping or catching it; to support, keep from falling
Note: Also Iban saŋga ‘support on hands or by arm, hold up; hence, rescue, pick up; (fig.) uphold or support in lawsuit’. Dempwolff (1934-38) assigned Ngaju Dayak saŋgah to *saŋgaq ‘defend oneself’.
28147 *saŋgul hair bun, wear the hair in a bun (of women) 5112 PWMP *saŋgul dress the hair (of women); hair bun
Note: Also Kadazan Dusun saa-saŋul ‘anything in the form of a hair bun’. Given its rarity it is tempting to see this as a Malay loan distribution, but cognate forms are unknown in Tagalog or other Philippine languages that have borrowed from Malay. Moreover, Malay loans were normally acquired in a context of trade or religious proselytization, which involved virtually exclusive contact with men, leaving the question of why a word that referred to women’s coiffures would be borrowed far from its source location.
32708 11131 31506 9627 Note: With root *-ŋiC ‘anger, irritation’. Although this word appears to contain a root that normally means ‘anger, irritation’ the reflexes in Ida'an Begak and Mongondow suggest that it referred as well to mourning, and hence grief.
31394 *saŋkalan chopping block used to prepare food 9488 PWMP *saŋkalan chopping block used to prepare food
Note: Also Malagasy akálana ‘a chopping block’, Iban eŋkalan ‘chopping block or board’, Karo Batak saŋkalen ‘chopping block’. Possibly a loan distribution from Malay.
33698 *saŋkap well-equipped, having what one needs to do live or do a job 12446 PPh *saŋkap well-equipped, having what one needs to do live or do a job
Note: Also Malay ləŋkap ‘complete; having all its parts or requisites’, mə-ləŋkap-i ‘to fit out’. Possibly a Tagalog loan in Ayta Abellan.
31396 *saŋkut entangled, caught up in, involved, embroiled 9491 PWMP *saŋkut entangled, caught up in, involved, embroiled
31570 *saŋsáŋ to confront one another, as in a dispute 9697 PPh *saŋsáŋ to confront one another, as in a dispute [doublet: *suŋsuŋ₁]
33690 *sáŋu to scent, as an animal following prey 12437 PPh *sáŋu to scent, as an animal following prey
31540 9663 Note: This comparison was first proposed by Osmond (2011:52)
30655 *sapa what? 8171 PMP *sapa what? [doublet: *apa]
Note: Also Chamorro hafa ‘what, question word; also used in common greetings’, Kwaio, Toqabaqita, Sa'a taa ‘what?’, Tongan hā ‘interrogative, what?’, Samoan ā ‘be (like) what?, be how?’. Much of the Oceanic material cited here was first noted by Pawley (1972:78). Given the rarity of non-Oceanic reflexes it must be asked whether Iban sapa could be a shortening of si-apa, as in Malay si-apa ‘who?’. However, given the person marker *si this could only be a personal interrogative, and the history of the Iban form therefore remains unclear.
31217 9250 9252 PPh *sapád-an (gloss uncertain)
9253 PPh *sapád-en to detach a hand, or bunch of bananas from the stalk
Note: Also Ibaloy sapal ‘hand of bananas’, Tombonuwo sapad ‘segment of sugarcane or bamboo’. Although this term has been noted so far only in Philippine languages and in one language of Sabah, where is may be a loan from a Greater Central Philippine language, it contrasts with reflexes of the more widely-distributed *buliR, which often refers to an entire stalk or stem of bananas in Philippine languages. In at least Proto-Philippines these two terms may thus have operated as classifiers for units of size with bunches of fruit (‘hand’ vs. ‘stalk’ in relation to bananas).
31218 *sapaD flat (of things that are expected to
rounded), flat on one side 9254 PWMP *sapaD flat (of things that are expected to
rounded), flat on one side
28109 *sapak crack, split, break; sound of cracking, splitting, breaking 5015 PMP *sapak crack, split, break; sound of cracking, splitting, breaking [disjunct: *cep(e)qak]
28151 *sa(m)pak branch 5116 PWMP *sa(m)pak branch
31580 *sapal able to cope, able to handle things 9718 PPh *sapal able to cope, able to handle things
31365 *sapaŋ a tree: Caesalpinia sappan 9452 PWMP *sapaŋ a tree: Caesalpinia sappan
Note: Also Malay səpaŋ ‘a low thorny tree with yellow flowers: ‘Caesalpinia sappan; it produces sappan wood which is cut to pieces and boiled to produce a red dye’. Possibly a Tamil loan (Wilkinson 1959:1076).
31211 9244 30867 8692 PWMP *sapaq₂ oath, pledge; curse [doublet: *sumpaq]
31390 9482 PWMP *sapaq₃ chewed betel quid
9483 PPh *sapaq-en to spit out chewed betel quid
31232 9277 Note: Also Isneg i-sapɁát ‘to lay something on (a shelf, etc .), Ibaloy saɁpat ‘to place farther up, especially of terrain (as houses farther up the mountain)’.
31370 *sapát sufficient, enough 9457 PPh *sapát sufficient, enough
Note: Possibly a Tagalog loan.
28111 5020 Note: Also Malagasy táfu ‘a roof, a raised cover’, vua-táfu ‘thatched, roofed; covered’, Malay sapar ‘temporary hut’, Toba Batak sopo ‘rice-barn’. Mills (1981:75) gives PAn *sa(m)paw ‘house, hut’, but following Benedict (1975) cites Paiwan tapaw erroneously as tsapaw.
31197 *sapay drape over the shoulder or from a line, as a cloth 9620 PAN *sapay drape over the shoulder or from a line, as a cloth
9225 PMP *sampay₁ drape over the shoulder or from a line, as a cloth
9227 PMP *sampay-an clothesline, place to hang washed clothing
9226 POC *sape carry by a strap over the shoulder
Note: Also Malay ampay ‘loose suspension; hanging and swaying, of a swaying python, a line for hanging out clothes, tentacles, such as those of the jellyfish, treading water, etc.; to hang clothes out to dry; to lay mown grass to dry on the little dykes in the ricefields; to carry on a sling’, səlampay ‘wearing so that it dangles, especially of wearing the ceremonial shoulder-cloth so that it hangs down on either side of the shoulder; also of any cloth hanging loosely over the shoulder.
30892 *sape₂ abortion 8723 POC *sape₂ abortion
Note: Maori tahe is assumed to contain the third palatal reflex of Polynesian languages. Alternatively, this comparison may be a product of chance.
31480 *sapela tasting 'woody' or coarse; astringent taste, as of unripe bananas 9594 PWMP *sapela tasting 'woody' or coarse; astringent taste, as of unripe bananas [doublet: *sapeled, *peled]
30658 *sapeled tart, acid, as the taste of certain unripe fruits 8175 PWMP *sapeled tart, acid, as the taste of certain unripe fruits [disjunct: *sapelet]
Note: Also Itbayaten ma-sapred ‘not slippery, to be resisting movement on the surface, rough, coarse’, Casiguran Dumagat saphəd ‘tasteless (of the dry, dead taste of an unripe banana or guava, or of the betel nut)’, Aklanon ma-sápea ‘rough tasting, having foreign matter (like rice which has not been cleaned very well)’, Tausug sapla ‘coarse, rough to the touch (esp. of dry food on the tongue); coarse (in texture); unpleasant (to the ear)’, Sangir pəlladəʔ ‘tart, acid; not sour, but puckering up’.
30659 *sapelet tart, acid, as the taste of certain unripe fruits 8176 PWMP *sapelet tart, acid, as the taste of certain unripe fruits [disjunct: *sapeled]
31466 *sap(e)nut viscous; thick, of liquids 9580 PPh *sap(e)nut viscous; thick, of liquids
31201 *sap(e)quy gentle breeze; blow gently, of the wind 9233 PWMP *sap(e)quy gentle breeze; blow gently, of the wind
Note: Also Northern Kankanaey (Reid 1971) sipɁóy ‘to blow (as on a fire)’, Tagalog haŋin simoy ‘breeze; a gentle or soft wind (often used with hangin)’, Bahasa Indonesia sepoy-sepoy ‘gentle and cool (of the wind)’.
31219 *sapet grab with the hand, catch 9255 PAN *sapet grab with the hand, catch
9256 POC *sabot to catch, as a thing thrown
Note: Also Maranao sampen ‘catch, take hold of’.
31092 *sapín lining, insulation, padding; underlayer, as of clothing 9059 PPh *sapín lining, insulation, padding; underlayer, as of clothing [doublet: *hapin]
Note: Also Isneg sapín ‘trousers, pants’ (< Ilokano). English (1986) claims that Tagalog sapín is a borrowing of Spanish chapin ‘clogs’. This interpretation is supported by semantic matches in Pangasinan, Aklanon and Waray-Waray sapín ‘shoes’, but the meaning in most languages diverges markedly from that of the supposed original, and the claim seems a priori unlikely in view of the apparent PMP doublet *hapin. If this is in fact a Spanish loan its meaning has been reshaped in many languages by contamination with phonetically and semantically similar native forms reflecting *hapin.
31430 *sapiq agreement, harmony 9536 PWMP *sapiq agreement, harmony
Note: Dempwolff (1938) reconstructed *sapiq ‘association, club’, but the status of this form remains questionable.
31530 9653 PWMP *sapit clamp, pinch together
Note: With root *-pit ‘press, squeeze together; narrow’.
31184 *sapsap chip off, cut off bit by bit 9202 PWMP *sapsap chip off, cut off bit by bit
9203 PWMP *ma-ñapsap to cut off small pieces; to chip off bit by bit
9204 PWMP *s<in>apsap (gloss uncertain)
9205 PWMP *sapsap-an (gloss uncertain)
9206 PWMP *sapsap-en be rasped or cut off (?)
31185 *sapsáp fish sp., slipmouth: Leiognathus sp. 9207 PPh *sapsáp fish sp., slipmouth: Leiognathus sp.
Note: Central Sama sapsap ‘slipmouth: Leiognathus sp.’ is assumed to be a borrowing from a Greater Central Philippines language.
31220 *sapu to wipe off or brush off; broom 9257 PMP *sapu to wipe off or brush off; broom
9258 PWMP *ma-ñapu to sweep with a broom
9259 Note: Also Balinese ñapuh ‘to sweep’, sapuh-aŋ ‘sweep it!’, Sasak sapuh ‘to sweep. Some of these forms may be Malay loanwords, but it is unlikely that this problem is widespread enough to invalidate the comparison. Dempwolff (1938) also included Samoan safu ‘broom’, but no such form appears in either Pratt (1878), which was Dempwolff’s source, nor in Milner (1966). The source of this error remains unclear, although it may have arisen from a miscopying of Samoan salu ‘to sweep’. The relationship of Motu dahu-a to the other forms cited here may be due to chance.
28115 *sapuk fine dust, airborne dust 5033 PMP *sapuk fine dust, airborne dust [doublet: *apuk]
28152 5117 PWMP *sa(m)puk collide, bump into [doublet: *sempuk]
Note: With root *-puk₁ ‘throb, thud, clap, break’.
31366 *sapul to begin, start at the beginning 9453 PPh *sapul to begin, start at the beginning
31541 *sapulu bivalve mollusc, possibly Pinna sp. 9664 POC *sapulu bivalve mollusc, possibly Pinna sp.
Note: Also ‘Āre’āre tahuri ‘a black mussel’, Toqabaqita fulu ‘shellfish with black shell’. This comparison was first noted by Pawley (2011:195), who proposed *sapulu(q); I have adopted his reconstruction, but without explicit recognition of the ambiguity.
31367 *sapúpu hold in the lap, as a small child 9454 PPh *sapúpu hold in the lap, as a small child
Note: Also Maranao sapipi ‘carry under the arm’, Manobo (Western Bukidnon) sepipi ‘carry on the hip; hold something in the arms, especially a child’, Binukid sapipi ‘to carry (something or a small child) on one’s hip’.
31233 *sapuq allotment of meat after butchering an animal 9278 PPh *sapuq allotment of meat after butchering an animal
33700 *sapút spiderweb; cobwebs 12448 PPh *sapút spiderweb; cobwebs
Note: If the basic sense of this term is ‘to wrap in a spiderweb’ then it may be identical to PPh *saput₁ ‘burial shroud’. Pending further information I will assume that they are distinct.
31179 *saput₁ burial shroud; to enshroud a corpse 9195 PMP *saput₁ burial shroud; to enshroud a corpse
9196 PWMP *saput-an (gloss uncertain)
31508 *saput₂ to pick up with something to avoid getting dirty or burned 9629 PAN *saput₂ to pick up with something to avoid getting dirty or burned
31136 *saqebit hook on to something; entangle 9120 PMP *saqebit hook on to something; entangle
9121 PPh *i-saqebít to hang on a hook, suspend from something
9122 PWMP *s<um>abit to hook, catch onto something
9123 PPh *saqebit-án to hook, as with a fishhook
Note: Yakan sabit-an ‘web belt (wide and stiff, predominantly green in color; it has a zippered pocket and is usually worn by older men)’ is assumed to be a loan from a Greater Central Philippines language. Note: Also Karo Batak sabi-sabi ‘sickle, grass knife’, Muna sabi ‘sickle’ (< Bahasa Indonesia). Manggarai cabit, Rembong sabit may be loans from Malagasy. With root *-bit ‘hook, clasp; grasp with fingers’.
31259 *saq(e)buR to strew, sow, sprinkle 9309 PMP *saq(e)buR to strew, sow, sprinkle
9310 POC *sapuR to strew, scatter, sprinkle
9311 PWMP *ma-nabuR to strew, sow seeds
9312 PWMP *ka-sabuR-an (gloss uncertain)
Note: With root *-buR₂ ‘strew, sow; sprinkle’.
31173 *saq(e)gid touch or brush against 9189 PPh *saq(e)gid touch or brush against
Note: Also Aklanon sághid ‘to strike, scrape against (like lighting a match); to graze’, Cebuano saghíd ‘to brush, come into light contact’.
31581 *saq(e)ŋit snag, be snagged, caught in something that prevents it from falling 9719 PPh *saq(e)ŋit snag, be snagged, caught in something that prevents it from falling
31180 9197 28118 *saqsaq bamboo which has been split and flattened 5053 PAN *saqsaq bamboo which has been split and flattened
28119 *saqup to help, assist with work 5054 PWMP *saqup to help, assist with work
Note: Also Manobo (Western Bukidnon) seʔup ‘farm tenant’. Javanese sopan ‘polite, good manners’ may reflect a suffixed doublet *saup-an.
33887 *sárab to singe, blacken the surface with fire 12710 PPh *sárab to singe, blacken the surface with fire
31542 *sarak parting, separation, as in divorce 9665 PWMP *sarak parting, separation, as in divorce
Note: Based on the first four languages given here Dempwolff (1938) posited *sarak ‘be separated’, to which Mills (1975:810) has added the South Sulawesi data. The Tagalog form is somewhat problematic, as Dempwolff’s source (Laktaw 1914) glosses it ‘separación impuesta à los casados como pena’ (‘separation imposed on a married couple as a punishment’), but Panganiban, a native speaker of Tagalog, stated that this custom was found among the Tinguians, not among Tagalog speakers. In addition, Malagasy sáraka may be a loan from Malay. There is thus some question about the validity of this reconstruction, but the Tagalog, Malay and South Sulawesi forms appear sufficient to justify it.
31235 *sarapaŋ trident harpoon or fish spear 9280 PWMP *sarapaŋ trident harpoon or fish spear
Note: Also Ilokano tarapáŋ ‘harpoon; trident’, tarapaŋ-en ‘to hit with a harpoon’, Iban gerepaŋ ‘forked stick or post; cut a fork in a stick’, jerepaŋ ‘fish spear with more than one barbed point; these are usually tridents with the outer points barbed on the inner side and the middle one on both sides’, serepaŋ ‘prong, tine; branch, as of a road’.
On the basis of a comparison that included just Javanese, Malay and Ngaju Dayak, Dempwolff (1938) proposed *se(r)ampaŋ ‘plant shoot, sprig, prong’. However, I am unable to find his Javanese serampaŋ in either Old Javanese or modern Javanese, and the meaning of Ngaju Dayak sarampaŋ ‘tendrils, shoots (of beans, cucumbers, and similar plants)’ is difficult to reconcile with the rather consistent reference to a multi-pronged fish spear in other languages.
30055 6756 PWMP *saraw curse, put a curse on
Note: Also Bikol karáw ‘a sickness inflicted by means of sorcery (Bikol mythology)’, mag-karáw ‘to curse, put a curse on’.
31096 9066 31041 *sarijsij approach or strike from the side or at an oblique angle 8982 PPh *sarijsij approach or strike from the side or at an oblique angle
Note: Also Itbayaten sarichsich-en ‘hen and rooster’, Ibaloy sagiɁsi ‘of the action of a rooster in “courting” a hen by lowering one wing and dancing around her’. This word may have been inspired by the peculiar manner in which a cock approaches a hen, through a sidling motion before copulation.
31531 *saru facing, face-to-face 9654 PPh *saru facing, face-to-face
31198 *saruk scoop up in a net; fetch water by scooping up 9228 PMP *saruk scoop up in a net; fetch water by scooping up [doublet: *sanduk]
Note: Also Amis cadok ‘to dig underneath, to bring up; to scoop out’ (< *saNuk), Bikol mag-hárok ‘to dip (a kite, airplane), to dip for water’. Possibly a chance resemblance.
33829 *sarunay a seaside plant: Wedelia biflora 12632 PWMP *sarunay a seaside plant: Wedelia biflora
Note: Also Tagalog hagunoy, Hanunóo hagunuy buladlad, Blaan hagunay ‘a shore plant: Wedelia biflora’. All Philippine forms cited here are from Madulid (2001).
31415 *saruŋ sheath, sheath-like container; to sheathe a weapon 9520 PWMP *saruŋ sheath, sheath-like container; to sheathe a weapon
Note: Pace Wilkinson (1959) Sinhalese saran is more likely to be from Srilankan Malay than the reverse, particularly in view of Old Javanese saruŋ and its morphological derivatives. Tagalog sáloŋ may be a Malay loan; if so, the antiquity of this form is open to question.
33888 *sárut to waste away from illness 12711 PPh *sárut to waste away from illness
Note: I take the Aklanon gloss to be a residue of traditional animistic beliefs about illness
31212 *saRad heavily laden, as a boat that is low in the water 9245 PWMP *saRad heavily laden, as a boat that is low in the water
Note: Dempwolff (1938) compared Malay sarat, Toba Batak sorat ‘heavily laden’, Javanese sarad ~ sarat ‘heavily laden (as a beast of burden); to touch the bottom (of a boat)’ with Tagalog salát ‘in want, in need; poor, needy’, but the Toba Batak and Javanese forms are irregular, and the Tagalog form is semantically deviant.
31496 *saRap scoop up, skim from the surface 9613 PPh *saRap scoop up, skim from the surface
9614 PPh *s<um>aRap to scoop up, skim from the surface
31532 *saRawaki sea urchin with short spines 9655 POC *saRawaki sea urchin with short spines
Note: Also Molima salawaɁeɁe ‘a purple crab’, Arosi tawaɁi ‘an echinus’, Hawaiian hāwaɁe ‘a sea urchin (Tripneustes gratilla); fig. of no character or substance, perhaps so used because of the sayings hāwaɁe kai nui ‘sea urchin with much juice [and little meat, hence useless], and he hāwaɁe ɁiɁo Ɂole ‘sea urchin without meat [or brains]’. This comparison was first proposed by Pawley (2011:203).
30158 6914 Note: Also Kapingamarangi tae ‘to rip off, to tear off’. This form replaces Milke’s (1968) *sae(t) ‘to tear into pieces’.
32689 *saR(e)ked to block passage, oppose movement; come to a temporary stop 11096 PPh *saR(e)ked to block passage, oppose movement; come to a temporary stop
29873 6531 6532 31042 *sáRep catch fish by damming a stream 8983 PPh *sáRep catch fish by damming a stream
Note: This comparison provides insight into an otherwise largely overlooked method of freshwater fishing that must have been used in the Proto-Philippine language community. The available glosses suggest that it was employed primarily to catch small river fish, eels, crabs and the like that were stranded when the water became very shallow after constructing a temporary dam.
31065 9017 Note: Also Ifugaw hágob ‘to get water from the spring or source, if any’. The semantic distinction between PPh *saR(e)qeb and *sakedu is unclear, as both evidently meant ‘go to fetch water’. It is possible that they were distinguished by the type of container used to carry water back to the house, or by the purpose for which the water was used (drinking water vs. water for washing, etc., as suggested by the Ilokano reflexes of both terms).
30563 *saRi husk a coconut with the teeth 7922 POC *saRi husk a coconut with the teeth [doublet: *saRe 'to tear, split']
30758 8453 8454 Note: Also Palauan desómel ‘curved crossbar of outriger to which soaes beams are tied and to which daidesómel is connected’ (expected **tesómel).
31287 9344 PWMP *sa(R)pit pincers, tongs [disjunct: *ca(R)pit]
Note: With root *-pit ‘press, squeeze together; narrow’. *s before any vowel other than *i normally became Isneg t. Its retention in this and a small number of other forms is unexplained.
28124 *saRu₁ comb 5059 PMP *saRu₁ comb
Note: Also Sangir sa-sauʔ. Pangasinan normally reflects *R as l, but has g in a few other forms (as *Ratas > gátas ‘milk’).
28125 *saRu₂ body fluid from a corpse; fluid oozing from a wound 5060 PWMP *saRu₂ body fluid from a corpse; fluid oozing from a wound [disjunct: *sagu]
30463 *saRu₃ wingbone of flying fox (used in tattooing process) 7655 POC *saRu wingbone of flying fox (used in tattooing process)
28120 5055 PWMP *saRud scrape, rub against
31200 *saRuk step into clothing, put on a sarong 9232 PMP *saRuk step into clothing, put on a sarong
Note: Possibly a chance resemblance.
28121 *saRup₁ scoop up with both hands 5056 PMP *saRup₁ scoop up with both hands [disjunct: *sadu, *salu, *saru 'fetch water']
Note: Zorc (n.d.) gives PPh *sagep ‘scoop out’.
28122 5057 Note: The Polynesian forms show the ‘third palatal reflex’.
28123 5058 PMP *saRut answer, reply [doublet: *saqud, *saquj]
Note: Balinese sahur ‘answer’ appears to reflect *saqu[dj].
31226 *sasag wattle, bamboo plaitwork construction for walls 9271 PWMP *sasag wattle, bamboo plaitwork construction for walls
Note: Also Iban tasaɁ ‘collect material and plait (as palm thatch, split bamboo for basket).
28127 *sasah cut or collect palm leaves for roofing 5063 PMP *sasah cut or collect palm leaves for roofing
31431 *sasaRi midrib of a coconut frond 9537 POC *sasaRi midrib of a coconut frond
Note: This comparison was proposed by Ross (2008:383-384), who added Wayan sā-sā ‘dry coconut frond’, although both it and Mbula sasar are irregular.
31368 *sasau fish sp. 9455 POC *sasau fish sp.
Note: Possibly a chance resemblance.
31369 *sau a bird, the Golden Whistler, Pachycephala spp. 9456 POC *sau a bird, the Golden Whistler, Pachycephala spp.
Note: This very tenuous comparison is taken from Clark (2011:345).
30097 6817 31344 9424 Note: Lau reguarly reflects POc *s as t before a non-high vowel, and Maori tau is assumed to show the third palatal reflex in Polynesian languages (Blust 1976b). Given the relatively sparse support found so far, this comparison may be a product of chance.
31345 *sau₃ wingbone of flying fox, used in tattooing; tattoo 9425 POC *sau₃ wingbone of flying fox, used in tattooing; tattoo
31346 *sau₄ word; talk; conversation; language 9426 PMP *sau₄ word; talk; conversation; language
Note: Possibly a chance resemblance.
33701 *saud prepare the warp threads in weaving 12449 PPh *saud prepare the warp threads in weaving
32709 *sauŋ canine tooth; tusk, as of wild boar 11132 PPh *sauŋ canine tooth; tusk, as of wild boar
30632 *sauq anchor 8132 PMP *sauq₂ anchor
Note: Also Tagalog saó ‘cable for mooring ships to the pier when at anchor’, Mapun sawu ‘an anchor (for small boats) with one tine and a heavy rock tied to the shaft’, Yakan sawu ‘a type of anchor (often made of a forked stick with one fork sharpened, lashed to a stone)’, Tausug sāw ‘an anchor’, mag-sāw ‘to anchor a boat’. This form contains the ‘third palatal reflex’ in Polynesian languages (Blust 1976b).
31399 9497 Note: The similarity of Manam saur-aki to the Polynesian forms may be due to chance.
31543 *saur₂ conquered, subdued; lower, inferior 9666 PWMP *saur₂ conquered, subdued; lower, inferior
Note: This comparison was proposed by Mills (1975:818-819), and appears to be valid, although either Old Javanese or Proto-South Sulawesi shows vowel metathesis; the order chosen here follows Mills, who also includes the more questionable Tongan hau ‘champion,victor, or conqueror’.
30635 8135 POC *sau(rR) fasten with a rope
Note: Possibly a chance resemblance.
28132 *saut comb 5090 PMP *saut comb [doublet: *suat]
30776 *sawa python 8484 PMP *sawa python
Note: Also Tontemboan sowa ‘a black snake, Bungarus fasciatus, somewhat longer than a fathom, and as thick around as a young areca palm; it attacks people, and is very poisonous’; also the name of a mythical monster snake that encircles the world’. The python is the largest snake, and thus the psychologically most prominent member of its class in insular Southeast Asia. For this reason it was evidently seen as the prototypical snake, and so came to represent this entire class of reptiles in some languages, where it has lost its specific reference to the python and become generic for snakes.
31533 9656 Note: Also Cebuano sawáli ‘bamboo matting woven with a kind of twill weave, commonly used for walling’. Possibly a Philippine loanword adopted during Spanish colonial times.
31043 *sawan convulsion; to have convulsions 8984 PWMP *sawan convulsion; to have convulsions
8985 PWMP *sawan-en to have fits, convulsions
Note: Also Kapampangan sawáŋ ‘dizzy, afraid of height’, Sasak sawaŋ ‘children’s illness, convulsions?’ (possibly by contamination with *sawaŋ₂ ‘wide open spaces’).
28135 *sawaŋ₁ vague, indistinct 5096 PWMP *sawaŋ₁ vague, indistinct
Note: Cf. Zorc (n.d.) PPh *sawaŋ ‘distant view’, where the present cognate set apparently is combined with that assigned to *sawaŋ ‘atmosphere, distance’ in Blust (1970).
31044 8986 9573 POC *sawaŋ₂ channel between two islands
Note: Also Niue vāha ‘the expanse of the ocean’. All Polynesian reflexes of *sawaŋ show metathesis of the first two consonants. A version of this comparison was riginally proposed in Osmond, Pawley, and Ross (2003:111), where Motu dava is misprinted as dara. Dempwolff (1938) proposed *sawaŋ ‘beach, landing place’ by comparing Malay sawaŋ ‘the light colored water near the shore’ (Klinckert 1885) to Oceanic forms that lack a final consonant, but the latter is better attributed to PMP *sabaŋ ‘estuary, shore near the mouth of a river’. With root *-waŋ ‘wide open space’.
28134 *sawaq channel 5095 PMP *sawaq channel [doublet: *sawaŋ]
Note: Also Yamdena sawak ‘deep sea in contrast with the reef’, Roviana savaŋa, saŋava (< M) ‘strait between two islands’.
31010 *saway in excess, overabundant; surplus 8935 PPh *saway in excess, overabundant; surplus
31093 *saweqaq to eat too much, be cloyed, overfull 9061 PWMP *saweqaq to eat too much, be cloyed, overfull, tired of something through excess; bored
9062 PPh *s<um>aweqaq to cloy, satiate, do something to excess and so lose interest
Note: Also Hanunóo sáwa ‘tired of something, becoming tired, as of a certain type of food’.
28136 *sawit barb 5097 PWMP *sawit barb
Note: With root *-wit ‘hook-shaped’.
31011 8936 28139 5102 31301 *sayaŋ too bad! it’s a pity! what a shame! 9365 PWMP *sayaŋ too bad! it’s a pity! what a shame!
9366 PWMP *ka-sayaŋ (gloss uncertain)
9367 PWMP *ma-sayaŋ to feel sorry for (?)
9368 PPh *sayáŋ-en to waste an opportunity
Note: Also Tae' sayaŋ ‘pitiable’.
28140 *sayap wing 5103 PWMP *sayap wing
Note: Also Balangaw táyap ‘to fly’, Ifugaw táyap ‘flight of birds, bats, (insects that can fly)’, t 30159 6915 PWMP *sayat slice, cut into pieces
28141 5104 Note: Mills (1975:820) gives Proto-South Sulawesi *sayo ‘move, dance’, PAn (Zorc) *sayaw, but cites no evidence for the latter reconstruction.
31182 *sáysay to narrate, as in telling a story 9199 PPh *sáysay to narrate, as in telling a story
9200 PPh *s<al>áysay (gloss uncertain)
se
31139 *seasea tree sp. 9127 POC *seasea tree sp.
Note: Possibly a convergent innovation.
31509 *sebaŋ to rise, of the sun, moon or stars 9630 PPh *sebaŋ to rise, of the sun, moon or stars
28210 *se(m)bek muffled sound of a gasp, etc. 5236 PMP *se(m)bek muffled sound of a gasp, etc.
Note: With root *-bek₁ ‘dull, muffled sound’.
31582 *sebet penetrate, get attached to 9720 PWMP *sebet penetrate, get attached to
31261 9314 31019 *sebu bladder 8949 PAN *sebu bladder [doublet: *sibu]
Note: Also Puyuma səbu-səbu-ɭan ‘urinal (the place where men urinated in the men’s house)’.
28161 *sebuS douse a fire, extinguish a fire with water; to hiss, as water on fire 5130 PAN *sebuS douse a fire, extinguish a fire with water; to hiss, as water on fire’
8943 PMP *sebuh douse a fire, extinguish a fire with water; to hiss, as water on fire
8944 PAN *s<um>ebuS to hiss or steam, of water touching a fire
8945 PWMP *s<um>ebuh to hiss or steam, of water touching a fire
Note: Also Bontok sebséb ‘quench a fire with water’, Casiguran Dumagat səbsəb ‘throw water on a fire’, Bikol sigbó ‘extinguish, put out’, Toba Batak sopu ‘harden glowing hot iron by thrusting it into cold water’. It is assumed that Paiwan sevus (expected **tevus) shows sibilant assimilation (Blust 1995), and that widespread references to the tempering of metals in connection with reflexes of this term are products of convergence.
The semantic development of this form is noteworthy in that the PAn meaning almost certainly was ‘douse a fire with water’, but the notion of smothering a fire by any means won out in the Batak languages of northern Sumatra, where reflexes refer to extinguishing a fire by covering it with ashes, and the notion of what happens when water and fire are brought together won out in the Paiwan, Malay or Kambera reflexes, where the primary sense has to do with the behavior of water in various contact situations. Finally, based on the comparison of WMP forms with Fijian covu-laca ‘waterspout’, Futunan sopu ‘become humid, stuffy’, Dempwolff (1934-38) posited *sebu ‘develop dampness’. The proposed Oceanic members of his comparison, however, probably do not belong with it, and his reconstructed gloss is unilluminating.
31469 *sedaq fish; accompaniment to rice 9583 PPh *sedaq fish; accompaniment to rice
28162 *sedem dark 5131 PWMP *sedem dark [doublet: *selem]
Note: Also Paiwan (Western) selem ‘the dark, the world of the dead’, s-m-elem ‘cut off light; cause shadow; block someone's light’, sulem ‘darkness, twilight’, Isneg sìdám ‘evening; about 6 p.m.’, Maranao salem ‘darkening, as of sun’. It is assumed that this form contains a root *-dem₁.
31236 9281 PMP *sedep₁ to set (of the sun)
9531 Note: Also Proto-Sangiric *sədap ‘to set (of sun)’, *sədap-en ‘west’.
32714 *sedep₂ pleasant, agreeable; tasty, delicious 11144 PWMP *sedep₂ pleasant, agreeable; tasty, delicious
28163 *sedsed₁ kind of grass or rush 5132 PWMP *sedsed₁ kind of grass or rush
31237 9282 PPh *sedsed₂ crowded, compact [doublet: *sensen]
31583 *sedsed₃ feel with the feet, as in finding clams under the sand 9721 PPh *sedsed₃ feel with the feet, as in finding clams under the sand
28165 *sedu hiccough 5134 PAN *sedu hiccough
Note: Dempwolff (1934-38) posited *se[dD]u ‘hiccough’, but based his reconstruction solely on Malay sedu and the irregular Fijian form ma-cedru ‘hiccough’.
28164 5133 Note: Also Kiput sidut, Kenyah (Long San) sirut ‘suck’.
31552 *see flower 9677 POC *see flower
Note: This comparison was proposed by Evans (2008:113), who correctly points out that it is canonically aberrant (her concern is with the reconstruction of an otherwise unattested contrast of long and short vowels in POc, but one could as easily point out that monosyllabic content morphemes are virtually unknown in POc; this may have been *sei). While POc *puŋa probably referred to individual flowers, *see seems to have referred to collective florescence, as a tree in bloom.
28166 5135 Note: Also Kayan higaʔ ‘small rattan used to make mats, baskets, etc.’.
28212 5239 PMP *se(ŋ)ger feel fit, healthy
Note: Also Maranao ma-beger ‘strong, violent, healthy, robust’. This comparison was first noted in print by Verheijen (1967-70).
31264 *seguk make a gurgling sound in the throat, or hiccup 9317 PWMP *seguk make a gurgling sound in the throat, or hiccup
Note: With root *-guk ‘deep throaty sound’.
30950 *sejem black ant, probably sugar ant 8814 PWMP *sejem black ant, probably sugar ant [doublet: *sijem]
Note: Also Favorlang/Babuza oggom ‘ant’, Kavalan sunem ‘a small black ant which bites and hurts badly’, Proto-Sangiric *səRam, Mandar sumarraŋ ‘ant’. Mills (1975) posits Proto-South Sulawesi *sɨrrɨ(m) ‘ant’, but bases this reconstruction solely on Mandar sumarraŋ, Buginese sumɨrrɨŋ, Sa’dan sirrin and Seko sirriŋ. However, the first two forms are irregular, and the last two could reflect the doublet *sijem, leaving little support for the form he proposes. The close similarity of the irregular Formosan forms cited here strongly suggests that *sejem was already present in PAn.
28167 5136 PAN *sejep enter, penetrate [doublet: *selep]
Note: Also Hanunóo sálup ‘setting (of the sun)’, Manggarai cerep ‘hide, enter quietly’.
31262 9315 PWMP *seka a species of rattan
31238 9283 Note: With root *-kad ‘prop, support’.
31110 *sekaŋ crossbar, strut, something to hold things apart 9084 PMP *sekaŋ crossbar, strut, something to hold things apart
9085 POC *sokaŋ transverse beam, thwart
Note: Tagalog síkaŋ ‘crosspiece between posts of a house’ is a better semantic fit, but its penultimate stress points to PMP *i rather than *e. With root *-kaŋ₁ ‘spread apart, as the legs’.
31544 *seke cuckoo 9667 POC *seke cuckoo
Note: This reconstruction was first proposed by Clark (2011:329).
28213 *se(ŋ)keb cover 5240 PWMP *se(ŋ)keb cover
Note: With root *-keb₁ ‘cover’.
28169 5139 Note: A morphologically complex form of *seked evidently meant ‘ration, hold in reserve’, but the morphology of this form remains unclear.
28170 5140 Note: With root *-kel ‘bend, curl’.
28171 5141 PMP *sekep keep secret, cover up
Note: Wolio soŋko may be a borrowing of Malay soŋkok ‘untasselled fez-like cap of cloth or velvet’. With root *-kep₁ ‘cover; fold over’.
28172 *seket₁ tight 5142 PWMP *seket₁ tight [doublet: *sekud, sekut 'narrow']
34002 *seket₂ to stick, adhere; glue 12849 PWMP *seket₂ to stick, adhere; glue
Note: With root *-keC ‘adhesive, sticky’. Possibly a convergent development.
32698 11110 PPh *seki foot, leg [doublet: *siki]
31000 *seksek₁ to stuff, cram in; be crowded 8905 PAN *seksek₁ to stuff, cram in; be crowded
8906 POC *sosok to stuff, pack, fill up
8907 PPh *i-seksek to cram, stuff in
8908 PWMP *ma-seksek tightly packed, in space or time
8909 PWMP *ma-ñeksek to press into, force or cram in
8910 PWMP *maR-seksek to stuff, press in by force
8911 PWMP *s<um>eksek (gloss uncertain)
Note: Also Melanau Dalat səsəg ‘pound rice into a bamboo tube for cooking’, Javanese sesak ‘narrow, to pinch, press’ (probably < Malay), Proto-Sangiric *səsek ‘tight, crowded’.
Dempwolff (1938) posited *sesak ‘oppressed’ on the basis of Ngaju Dayak sasak ‘narrow (given by Hardeland 1859 as a Banjarese loan), Malay səsak ‘packed close together’, Toba Batak ma-nosak ‘to press hard, to oppress’, Javanese sesak ‘having too little space’, but this is clearly a Malay loan distribution deriving ultimately from *seksek.
31510 9631 PWMP *seksek₂ chatter of birds
31376 *sekud narrow 9466 PWMP *sekud narrow [doublet: *seket, *sikut₂] [disjunct: *sekut]
Note: Also Tae' sukkuʔ ‘narrow, cramped, of a place’.
31584 *sekuk to sob, choke, have broken respiration 9722 PMP *sekuk to sob, choke, have broken respiration
Note: Also Iban sikok ‘sob’. Manggarai s- normally reflects *d-, but some dialects show the development assumed here, which is also exemplified in a handful of other forms. With root *-kuk₂ ‘sound of a sob, cackle, etc.’.
28173 *sekut narrow 5143 PWMP *sekut narrow [doublet: *seket, *sikut₂]
Note: Also Tae' sukkuʔ ‘narrow, cramped, of a place’.
31347 *sela intervening space 9427 PWMP *sela intervening space [doublet: *selaŋ, *selat]
Note: Also Sasak səlak ‘interval, intervening space’. Dempwolff (1938) included Sa'a matola-(ku) ‘between, midway, in the midst of’, but the connection of this form seems questionable.
31094 *selaŋ₁ interval of space or time 9063 PWMP *selaŋ₁ interval of space or time [doublet: *selat]
Note: Also Ngaju Dayak həlaŋ ‘interval (of space or time), Malagasy élana ‘the middle, intermediate space or time between; a mediator, an intermediate’.
31470 9584 Note: Possibly a chance resemblance.
31534 9657 9658 PPh *ma-selaR big, gross, coarse
Note: Also Yakan a-slag ‘large, big (said of relatively small things such as thread, needle, safety pin, rice), mag-aslag-nahut ‘to have or be a mix of large and small’. This term evidently did not correspond exactly to English ‘big’, but referred to size as an indication of coarseness, as opposed to refinement, as with the size of threads in weaving. However, that it could have more positive connotations seems clear from Sangir ka-səllah-eŋe.
31095 *selat narrow opening or passage between two things 9064 PWMP *selat narrow opening or passage between two things [doublet: *selaŋ]
9065 PWMP *taR-selat able to pass through
Note: Also Ngaju Dayak helat ‘interval (of space or time). The Ngaju Dayak prefix tara- appears to be borrowed from Banjarese.
33702 *sel(e)daŋ brightness; to shine 12450 PPh *sel(e)daŋ brightness; to shine
28174 5144 PWMP *seleg flowing water, current
Note: Kadazan Dusun h-in-osog exhibits the recurrent metathesis of *sVl- to hVs seen in e.g. *salaq > hasa ‘mistake, error, flaw’ and *saleŋ ‘pine tree’ > hasoŋ ‘dammar’.
31001 *selem₁ to sink, immerse oneself in water, dive into the water; to set, of the sun 8912 PAN *selem₁ sink, immerse oneself in water, dive into the water; to set, of the sun
Note: Also Hanunóo salúm ‘diving, swimming underwater; immersion’.
31239 9284 Note: With root *-lem₁ ‘dark’.
28175 5145 PMP *selep enter, penetrate [doublet: *sejep, *serep]
9506 28181 5151 PWMP *sel(e)qut encircle tightly [disjunct: *selut]
30102 6830 PPh *seleR flowing water, current [doublet: *seleg]
28176 5146 PMP *selet insert between [doublet: *selat]
Note: With root *-let ‘intervene; interspace’.
28177 5147 28178 5148 PWMP *seli₂ young shoot [doublet: *semi]
28179 5149 9076 POC *solso go through a narrow passage
31111 *selsel₂ regret, remorse for something done 9086 PWMP *selsel₂ regret, remorse for something done
Note: Also Malagasy nénina ‘regret, bitter reflection, grief, repentance, remorse’, Mongondow tontol ‘to pout, sulk, feel disgruntled’. Dempwolff (1938) also included Sa’a toto ‘pay a fine’, but the semantic divergence of this form makes the comparison unconvincing. PAn *l > Tagalog /h/ is an irregular, but recurrent sound change, and syllable-final /h/ disappeared.
31416 *selu fish with a thin, elongated body: long tom 9521 PMP *selu fish with a thin, elongated body: long tom
28180 5150 PWMP *seluk curved area, angle [disjunct: *celuk]
Note: With root *-luk ‘bend, curve’.
31348 *selut encircle tigthly; band or ring around something 9428 PWMP *selut encircle tigthly; band or ring around something [disjunct: *sel(e)qut]
31418 *sempit narrow; squeeze tightly 9523 PWMP *sempit narrow; squeeze tightly
Note: With root *-pit ‘press, squeeze together; narrow’.
31188 *sempuk bump or bang into, collide unceremoniously 9210 PWMP *sempuk bump or bang into, collide unceremoniously
Note: Also Malay sempok ‘butting in’. With root *-puk₁ ‘throb, thud, clap, break’.
31467 *sená just, merely, only, usual 9581 PPh *sená just, merely, only, usual
28185 *sendem brood, think, be silent 5159 PMP *sendem brood, think, be silent
Note: With root *-dem₂ ‘think, ponder, brood, remember’.
31061 9012 PWMP *sendeR to lean on or against [doublet: *sandaR, *sadeR, *sanday, *sandeR, *sandiR, *sendiR, *sindiR]
Note: *R > g is not regular in Yakan, but is found in a number of likely loanwords from Greater Central Philippine languages, of which this may be one.
31303 *sendet tightness, congestion 9370 PWMP *sendet tightness, congestion
Note: Also Tagalog sandát ‘full, satisfied after eating’. With root *-det ‘packed in, compressed’.
31062 9013 PMP *sendiR to lean on or against [doublet: *sandaR, *sadeR, *sanday, *sandeR, *sandiR, *sendeR, *sindiR]
31439 9547 PWMP *senduk spoon, ladle [doublet: *sanduk, *sinduk, *suduk]
31240 *sensén press together, make compact, as the threads or leaves in weaving 9285 PPh *sensén press together, make compact, as the threads or leaves in weaving [doublet: *sedsed]
28203 *seŋa₁ nasal mucus; blow the nose 5229 PWMP *seŋa₁ nasal mucus; blow the nose
31417 *seŋa₂ parrot sp. 9522 POC *seŋa₂ parrot sp.
Note: This comparison was first noted by Clark (2011:327).
28204 *seŋaŋ startled 5230 PWMP *seŋaŋ startled
Note: With root *-ŋaŋ ‘amazed; gaping’.
28207 *seŋ(e)hij acrid, pungent, of odor 5233 PMP *seŋ(e)hij acrid, pungent, of odor [doublet: *ceŋis, *seŋet] [disjunct: *seŋ(e)hit]
31378 *seŋ(e)hit acrid, pungent, of odor 9467 PMP *seŋ(e)hit acrid, pungent, of odor [disjunct: *seŋ(e)hij]
28205 *seŋek difficulty in breathing 5231 PWMP *seŋek difficulty in breathing
31077 9037 9038 9039 PPh *seŋaw-án (gloss uncertain)
Note: Also Tausug siŋaw ‘a leak of air; the sound made by leaking air’.
28206 *seŋet₁ acrid, pungent, of odor 5232 PMP *seŋet₁ acrid, pungent, of odor [doublet: *seŋij, seŋit]
Note: Also Tagalog saŋhód ‘malodorous emanation’, Bikol sáŋo ‘smell, odor’, Balinese seŋir ‘smell of urine; smell sour; look sour’, Manggarai ceŋi ‘stinking, rank, smell of urine’, ceŋur ‘sharp, of putrid or fragrant odor’, ceŋut ‘sour; frown’, Sundanese seŋit ‘redolent, sweet-smelling, fragrant’, Nggela aŋo ‘emit a sour smell, as of urine’. Cf. Zorc (n.d.) PPh *seŋ( )id ‘stink’.
31432 *seŋet₂ to sting or bite, of an insect 9538 PAN *seŋet₂ to sting or bite, of an insect
11321 Note: Also Balinese siŋet ‘sting, bite (of insects)’. Dempwolff (1938) also included Fijian coŋa ‘sharp point, barb’, Samoan soŋo ‘penis of a child’ (Pratt 1893) in this comparison, but the first of these is phonologically irregular, and the semantic latitude that he allowed in the second seems far-fetched.
31263 *seŋet-seŋet throb with pain or exhaustion 9316 PPh *seŋet-seŋet throb with pain or exhaustion
28208 *seŋit irritated, annoyed 5234 PWMP *seŋit irritated, annoyed [doublet: *siŋit]
Note: Some semantic reflexes of *seŋet, etc. (Cebuano ‘irritating, irksome’, Balinese ‘look sour’, Manggarai ‘frown’) suggests a possible connection between these two cognate sets.
28209 5235 PWMP *seŋjiR lean, incline [doublet: *sandar, *sandeR]
Note: The prenasalized stop in Dempwolff's (1934-38) *sandeR was disambiguated on the evidence of Toba Batak sandar ‘lean, incline’. However, this item appears to be a Malay loan. It is thus possible that all of the above variants contain *j rather than *d.
31401 *seŋkar transverse beams that support the roof of a house; thwart or ribs of a boat 9499 PMP *seŋkar transverse beams that support the roof of a house; thwart or ribs of a boat
9500 POC *sokar transverse beams that support the roof of a house
Note: Also Tagalog saŋkál ‘bracket in a boat serving as seat’ (Panganiban 1966).
28211 5237 PAN *seŋseŋ cork, stopper, plug [doublet: *suŋsuŋ]
5238 POC *joŋjoŋ cork, stopper, plug
8965 PWMP *seŋseŋ-en to plug, put a stopper in a hole
Note: Also Kayan seŋ ‘a stopper or cork of bottle’. Tsuchida (1976:127) assigned the Saaroa and Ilokano words, together with Cebuano suŋsuŋ ‘stop up or stuff something into a tube or the mouth of a bottle’, and other probable cognates from the central Philippines to "PHes" *seŋseŋ, but the latter forms can be assigned equally well to *suŋsuŋ. The unambiguous reflexes of *seŋseŋ in Tsuchida's cognate set thus are restricted to Formosa and the northern Philippines. The present cognate set contains unambiguous members with a considerably wider distribution. Milke (1968) attributed the Tami, Gedaged, and Yabem forms to POc *(njo)njoŋol, but they appear to be assignable as easily to POc *nsoŋnsoŋ.
28186 *sepak break, snap off at a joint 5160 PWMP *sepak₁ break, snap off at a joint
Note: Cf. Zorc (n.d.) PPh *sep(q)ak ‘cut; piece; chip’.
31400 9498 PPh *sepal to chew (of animals?)
Note: Also Casiguran Dumagat səpəl ‘to have food caught in the mouth so that it is hard to swallow’.
28188 *sepaŋ a thorny tree: Caesalpinia spp. 5189 PMP *sepaŋ a thorny tree: Caesalpinia spp.
Note: This comparison was first noted in print by Verheijen (1967).
31159 *sepaq chewed mass of food or betel nut in the mouth 9160 PWMP *sepaq chewed mass of food or betel nut in the mouth [doublet: *sapaq]
9161 PWMP *ma-ñepaq chew the juice from something
9162 PWMP *sepaq-an (gloss uncertain)
Note: Also Tagalog sapá ‘residue after chewing sugarcane and certain fruits; bagasse’, Ngaju Dayak sipa ~ simpa ‘betel quid containing calcium carbonate, gambir, areca nut and tobacco that is put in the mouth and sucked and chewed’.
31326 9401 PCEMP *sepat go past, go beyond
31241 *sepet₁ inner pulp or young leaves 9286 PPh *sepet₁ inner pulp or young leaves
Note: Possibly a chance resemblance.
28189 *sepet₂ obstructed, of the flow of water 5190 PMP *sepet₂ obstructed, of the flow of water
Note: With root *-pet ‘plugged or stopped up’.
28190 *sepet₃ fish sp. 5191 PWMP *sepet₃ fish sp.
31452 9563 PWMP *sepi lonely, quiet, deserted
31402 *sepiq break off fruit or branches 9501 PAN *sepiq break off fruit or branches
Note: Also Mansaka sipiɁ ‘to remove from a cluster (as a banana)’.
30389 7478 PAN *sepsep sip, suck [doublet: *ñepñep, *sipsip, *supsup]
7479 POC *sosop suck
7480 PWMP *ma-ñepsep to sip or suck in or out
7481 7482 PWMP *sepsep-an (gloss uncertain)
7483 PAN *sepsep-en to be sucked up or in
7484 7485 Note: With root *-sep ‘sip, suck’.
30700 8276 PWMP *seput blowpipe, blowgun [doublet: *sumpit]
8277 PWMP *ma-ñeput shoot with a blowpipe
8278 PWMP *seput-an blowgun
Note: Also Bintulu put ‘fart’, Tontemboan səpot ‘escape, shoot out of a closed vessel, of cooking or heated substances’. With root *-put ‘puff’.
28193 5195 Note: Melanau (Mukah) susaʔ shows u-grade ablaut, part of a productive morphological process which serves to distinguish active and passive verb forms from the corresponding imperatives or nouns.
31360 9446 Note: Also Puyuma suqaŋ ‘horn, antler’. Li (1978:143) proposed ‘Proto-Southern Formosan’ *səq₁uŋ ‘horn’
28194 *sera exasperated, exasperating 5196 PWMP *sera exasperated, exasperating
31453 *seray lemon grass: Cymbopogon spp. 9564 PWMP *seray lemon grass: Cymbopogon spp.
31511 *serep penetrate 9632 PMP *serep penetrate
Note: Also Ilokano sellép ‘wet, soaked, drenched’, Bontok selep ‘be drenched, be soaked (of animals or people).
31441 9549 Note: Dempwolff (1938) cited Malay səruk ‘bay’, but Wilkinson (1959) gives only serok-an ‘stream; watercourse; sea-inlet; river boundary’, which is phonoloigcally incompatible with this reconstruction, and provides a weak semantic match.
31267 9320 Note: PPh *e > Proto-Sangiric *o is irregular, but is paralleled by PPh *sepsep ‘to suck’ > PS *sosop ‘to smoke a cigarette’, and PPh *teRas ‘heartwood of a tree, hard, durable core of wood’ > PS *togas ‘hard, strong’.
28195 5197 PWMP *seRed stinger of an insect
Note: Also Toba Batak sorop ‘stinger of an insect’, Proto-Minahasan *sehed ‘to sting (of insect)’. Stresemann (1927:36) posits Proto-Ambon *seret ‘bee, wasp’, "MP" *ceRed ‘venomous stinger of insect’, apparently citing the latter from Dempwolff (1924-1925:44). So far as I have been able to determine, neither Stresemann nor Dempwolff includes supporting evidence for his reconstruction.
31442 *sesed to plunge, dive into water 9550 PWMP *sesed to plunge, dive into water
31553 *seseg to pound, crush by pounding 9678 PWMP *seseg to pound, crush by pounding
si
30928 *si₁ nominative case marker for singular personal names or kin terms used as personal names 8782 PAN *si₁ nominative case marker for singular personal names or kin terms used as personal names
Note: Also Kavalan ti ‘marker for personal name’. In nearly all languages that have retained a Philippine-type verb system with multiple undergoer voices this particle marks the nominative case of singular personal names/nouns, and it occurs either as an independent morpheme, or
as a fossilized morpheme in third-person pronouns such as Atayal hiaʔ, Tagalog siyá, Bintulu isa (< M), Bimanese sia ‘3sg.’ (< *si-ia),
or Itbayaten, Selaru sira, Buli sil(e) ‘3pl’. In languages that have simplified the original four-voice system of PAn to a two-voice active-passive contrast a reflex of *si often remains as a marker of personal names, sometimes with no discernible syntactic function. Bimanese appears to be the only CEMP language that retains a reflex of this morpheme in the third-person singular pronoun, but many other CEMP languages retain it in the corresponding plural form.
31327 *si₂ fart 9402 POC *si₂ fart [disjunct: *siki]
32732 *siám nine 11165 PPh *siám nine
11166 PPh *ika-siám ninth
11167 PPh *ka-siam-an (gloss uncertain)
Note: Also Mapun, Yakan siyam ‘nine, Kadazan Dusun sizam ‘nine’, ko-sizam ‘ninth’. This is a particularly clear innovation that replaced PAn *Siwa, PMP *siwa ‘nine’ in the immediate common ancestor of all Philippine languages. Complicating the use of this innovation for subgrouping purposes is its occurrence in the non-Philippine languages of Sabah. As noted in Blust (1998a, 2010a), the languages of Sabah almost certainly subgroup with languages to their south, but were subject to a period of intense contact during the period of the Greater Central Philippine expansion into adjacent portions of Borneo and Sulawesi. Other innovations in the word for ‘nine’ are more puzzling, as with reflexes of *siaw in Maranao, Tiruray, and the Manobo languages of Mindanao, and all Philippine languages (Sangiric, Minahasan, Gorontalic) of northern Sulawesi.
31265 *siaŋ daylight; morning sunshine 9318 PWMP *siaŋ daylight; morning sunshine
Note: Also Balinese bintaŋ sihaŋ ‘Morning star’. Dempwolff (1938) also included Fijian cea-cea ‘pale, deathlike, as after an illness’, but this is semantically too deviant to take seriously.
31456 *siap chick 9567 PAN *siap chick [doublet: *ciap]
Note: It is tempting to try to derive these forms from *ciap ‘chirp, peep’, but Balinese preserves the *c/s distinction, and so eliminates this option. I am indebted to Kevin Baetscher for having brought this comparison to my attention.
31187 *siaq push aside, move aside, step aside 9209 PWMP *siaq push aside, move aside, step aside
Note: Also Sangir sea ‘to deviate, turn off, branch off from road (obsolete); go to defecate’, Bantik sea ‘to turn off (from road)’, Proto-Minahasan *seaɁ ‘to deviate, diverge, branch off’.
31512 *siba cut, slice into pieces, as breadfruit or taro 9633 POC *siba cut, slice into pieces, as breadfruit or taro
Note: This comparison was first proposed in a somewhat different form by Ross, Clark and Osmond (1998).
31304 9371 Note: With root *-bak₂ ‘sound of a heavy smack’.
31571 *sibáq gluttony, uncontrolled appetite 9698 PPh *sibáq gluttony, uncontrolled appetite
31242 *sibay extension to a house (?) 9287 PPh *sibay extension to a house (?)
31243 9288 Note: With root *-bit₁ ‘hook, clasp; grasp with fingers’.
28214 *sibu urine 5241 PAN *sibu urine [doublet: *sebu]
Note: The similarity of words for ‘urine’in the Cordilleran languages of the northern Philippines to the Formosan forms cited here appears to justify PAn *sibu ‘urine’. However, this reconstruction would be in competition with PAn *iSeq, *iSiq, PMP *iheq, *ihiq ‘urine, urinate’, and appears to be a doublet of PAn *sebu ‘bladder’, hence the tentative gloss given here
31497 *sibukaw the sappan tree: Caesalpinia sappan L. 9615 PPh *sibukaw the sappan tree: Caesalpinia sappan L.
28218 *sidáq protein side-dish eaten with rice 5245 PPh *sidáq protein side-dish eaten with rice (typically fish) [doublet: *sedaq]
Note: The phonemic shape of this form is somewhat unclear. Both Ilokano and Ifugaw among Northern Philippine languages, and a number of Central Philippine languages reflect what appears to be a metathesized form of *sidáq. Itawis isirá raises the possibility that Tagalog isdáʔ and similar VCCV(C) forms may reflect *isidáq, with apocope. If the PPh form was *isidáq, however, we are left without an explanation for the loss of the initial vowel in languages such as Atta (Pamplona), Isneg, Ilokano, Pangasinan, and Bikol.
With regard to the meaning of *sidáq, Carro (1956) in their gloss of Ilokano sidá trace the relevant semantic linkages: "This term very often simply refers to fish (ikán), either alive, dead or cooked, probably on account of the preference for fish as sidá. Rice has the preeminence among all other kinds of food, therefore it is called kanen (food) or inapuy (something that has been exposed to the action of the fire, or cooked food); and also fish has the preeminence among all other kinds of sidá, as it is sometimes referred to simply as sidá."
28283 *si(n)dek sob, inhale suddenly 5348 PWMP *si(n)dek sob, inhale suddenly
Note: Also Bontok sibek ‘sob’, Casiguran Dumagat sigek-sigek ‘sob, whimper’. Bintulu siɗek points to an earlier cluster -dS-, but if this item is a loan the implosive stop may be secondary.
28215 5242 Note: With root *-dem₁ ‘dark; overcast’.
28284 5349 PWMP *si(n)dep set, of the sun
Note: Possibly connected with *sejep ‘enter’.
28216 *sidiŋ border on, neighbor; peer, equal 5243 PWMP *sidiŋ border on, neighbor; peer, equal
Note: It is unclear whether the attested forms cited above should be assigned to a single polysemous etymon or to two homophonous etyma.
30476 *siDsiD sail along the coast, follow the coast in voyaging 7679 PMP *siDsiD sail along the coast, follow the coast in voyaging
28217 5244 PAN *sidu spoon, ladle [doublet: *si(n)duk]
28285 5350 PMP *si(n)duk spoon, ladle [doublet: *sidu] [disjunct: *ci(n)duk]
Note: With root *-duk ‘ladle, spoon’.
31046 8988 8989 PPh *pa-siduŋ-en to give shelter to
8990 PPh *siluŋ-an (gloss uncertain)
Note: Also Ibatan sírok ‘crawl space of a house; space under something’, Ibaloy sirom ‘shade; shelter (as from the sun’s heat or the rain)’, Pangasinan síloŋ ‘under, underneath, space under house, ground floor’, i-síloŋ ‘to put under’ (< Tagalog). Dempwolff (1938) proposed *si(r)uŋ ‘dark’; the present comparsion disambiguates the medial consonant. With root *-duŋ ‘shelter, protect’.
31097 9067 Note: Also Tagalog sigáʔ ‘a blaze, especially from burning rubbish, grass, etc.; a bonfire’; sigaʔ-án ‘to burn garbage, weeds, etc.; to make a bonfire’; sígáʔ-an ‘incinerator (for burning rubbish)’, Aklanon sígaʔ ‘someone who stands out or ‘shines’’; sígaʔ-sígaʔ ‘pretentious, show-off’.
33989 12833 Note: Possibly a Tagalog loan distribution.
28219 *sigaw disturbance, confusion 5246 PWMP *sigaw disturbance, confusion
31078 *sigay cowrie shell: Cypraea spp. 9040 PWMP *sigay cowrie shell: Cypraea spp.
Note: This term appears to have replaced PMP *buliq ‘cowrie shell’, which had evidently already shifted in meaning to ‘sinker on fishline or net’ in Proto-Philippines.
31047 8991 Note: With root *-gek ‘dull throaty sound’. Possibly a convergent development.
31012 8937 PPh *sig(e)pít clip on [disjunct: *siR(e)pít]
Note: With root *-pit ‘press, squeeze together; narrow’.
31048 8992 Note: With root *-guk ‘deep throaty sound’. Possibly a convergent development.
30296 *sihikay maggot 7231 PAN *sihikay maggot
Note: Also Thao dilhkay, Bunun sukað ‘maggot’, Manobo (Western Bukidnon) tagkey ‘maggot’, Maranao tagkai ‘worm’.
31419 9524 Note: Also Tagalog siíd ‘a special kind of trap for catching catfish’, Maranao sior ‘fishnet with long handle’.
28220 5247 9543 Note: Also Hanunóo tíhul ‘an invisible power; invisible supernatural beings said to be human in shape (and some say in size), who can be called only by the whistling of a panihúlan (shaman or seer)’, Cebuano tihúl ‘whistle’, Toba Batak mar-ŋiul ‘to whistle with the mouth’. This comparison can be maintained only by assuming that the Hiligaynon and Aklanon bases reflect *paŋ- + *sihul, but apparent cognates in Hanunóo and Cebuano suggest that if Hiligaynon panihúl does not reflect an original trisyllabic base the base from which it was formed was *tihul, not *sihul. This reconstruction thus remains highly provisional.
28289 *sijem ant sp. 5355 PWMP *sijem ant sp. [doublet: *sejem]
Note: Mills (1975:821) assigns Tae' (=Sádan) sirrin to Proto-South Sulawesi *sɨrrɨ(m) ‘ant’, explaining the vowel quality as an assimilation to the surrounding dental consonants.
28221 *siji separate the chaff from the grain 5248 PMP *siji separate the chaff from the grain
Note: Also Toba Batak sege ‘clean pounded rice’. Dempwolff (1934-38) posited *(s)iji ‘winnow, sift’, but based his reconstruction solely on Tagalog silí and the irregular Toba Batak form.
31288 *sik rustling or swishing sound 9345 PWMP *sik rustling or swishing sound [disjunct: *cik]
31564 *sika to chase away or shoo off small animals 9691 PMP *sika to chase away or shoo off small animals
Note: Also Tausug sigaɁ ‘an exclamation used in driving away animals: go away, get out!’, mag-sigaɁ ‘to drive away animals’.
28222 *sikaD energetic, active; force two cocks to kick at one another 5249 PWMP *sikaD energetic, active
Note: Richards (1981) gives Iban sikar ‘( 31021 *síkad push with the feet; press feet against, set feet firmly to prevent being moved 8951 PPh *síkad push with the feet; press feet against, set feet firmly to prevent being moved
8952 8953 PPh *sikád-an press feet against
Note: Also Chamorro sikat ‘preparing cocks to fight in the arena; the cocks are held, allowed to peck at each other, then are placed on the ground and held by the tail feathers while they begin to scratch, raise the neck feathers and bob their heads up and down’. This is a transparent loanword from a Central Philippine language, with regular devoicing of the final stop, and provides clear evidence that cockfighting was introduced to the Marianas from the Philippines during the Spanish colonial epoch, a fact that has been noted in historical accounts (e.g. Rogers 1995:84).
31049 *sikaŋ wide apart, of the legs 8993 PWMP *sikaŋ wide apart, of the legs
Note: The Agutaynen and Manobo (Western Bukidnon)) forms are assumed to show rightward syllable reduplication, and the Iban form the common pattern of full reduplication minus the coda. With root *-kaŋ₁ ‘spread apart, as the legs’.
31443 *sikap₁ cunning; spy on, examine 9551 PPh *sikap₁ cunning; spy on, examine
Note: Possibly a chance resemblance.
31444 *sikap₂ dextrous, agile, skillful 9552 PWMP *sikap₂ dextrous, agile, skillful
Note: Dempwolff (1938) reconstructed *sikap ‘zealous, enthusiastic’.
31022 *sikát sunrise, rising sun; to show off, be ostentatious, parade one’s talents, possessions, etc. 8954 PPh *sikát sunrise, rising sun; to show off, be ostentatious, parade one’s talents, possessions, etc.
8955 Note: Mapun sikat ‘famous, prestigious’ appears to be a loan from Tagalog. The notion ‘sunrise, rising sun’ may have been original, with the notion of a person showing off his talents, achievement or possessions being a derivative in Tagalog that was then borrowed from this source into a number of other languages.
31023 *sikat kind of brush made from coconut husk, used to scrub or polish a surface or to treat threads before weaving 8956 PWMP *sikat kind of brush made from coconut husk, used to scrub or polish a surface or to treat threads before weaving
Note: Also Manggarai sikak ‘brush for removing dirt or extra threads in weaving’.
28290 *si(ŋ)keb cover 5356 PWMP *si(ŋ)keb cover
Note: Also Karo Batak saŋkem ‘earthenware lid of copper cooking pot’, Balinese sekeb ‘cover, cover up; store (fruit, eggs) by covering with ashes or water-glass; keep secret, hide’. Javanese sikeb, which does not appear in Pigeaud 1938 or Horne 1974, was elicited from Dendy Sugono, a native of the Banyuwangi region of extreme eastern Java. This item is assumed to contain a root *-keb₁ ‘cover’.
31433 *sikek kingfisher: Halcyon spp. 9539 PMP *sikek kingfisher: Halcyon spp.
Note: PWMP *bakaka and *binti, both of which evidently referred to kingfishers, may have been distinct species, or later innovations. Chamorro normally reflects PMP *e (shwa) as u in open syllables and o in closed syllables, but fronts this vowel after *iC , as in *qaninuŋ > anineŋ ‘shadow’, *linduŋ > liheŋ ‘shelter’, or *nipen > nifen ‘tooth’, thus paralleling the synchronic alternations in stem vowels seen after the definite article i, as in gumaɁ ‘house’ : i gimaɁ ‘the house’. The Oceanic part of this comparison was first proposed (in a more extended form) by Clark (2011:336-337), who noted some forms point to POc *siko and others to *jiko.
28225 *sikep₁ hawk sp. 5255 PWMP *sikep₁ hawk sp.
Note: Probably identical to *cikep ‘catch with the hands’ (Blust 1980b). The present meaning, however, has not previously been reconstructed.
31350 *sikep₂ tight-fitting, of clothing 9431 PWMP *sikep₂ tight-fitting, of clothing
Note: The Old Javanese forms suggest that this form may be connected with *sikep ‘hawk sp.’. With root *-kep₂ ‘seize, grasp, embrace’.
28291 5357 PMP *si(ŋ)ket stick, adhere to
Note: With root PAn *-keC,PMP *-ket ‘adhesive, sticky’.
30824 8591 Note: Also Isneg síkil ‘the leg; sometimes: the hind legs in quadrupeds; occasionally: the foot’. Although the evidence is less than robust, this word probably referred to the legs of quadrupeds, since PAn *qaqay is a far stronger candidate for the meaning ‘foot, leg’ with reference to humans.
31328 *siki fart 9403 POC *siki fart [disjunct: *si]
33990 *sikil contend with others, compete for something 12834 PPh *sikil contend with others, compete for something
31420 *siko₁ grasshopper 9525 POC *siko₁ grasshopper
Note: This comparison was first recognized by Osmond (2011:396).
33752 *siko₂ kingfisher 12514 POC *siko₂ kingfisher
Note: This comparison is part of a much longer one first proposed by Clark (2011:336).
28227 *siksik₁ delouse; preen the feathers 5262 PWMP *siksik₁ delouse; preen the feathers
5263 PWMP *ma-ñiksik delouse; preen the feathers
Note: Dempwolff (1934-38) posited *sisik ‘search for lice’, but cited evidence only from Toba Batak, Javanese, and Malay. Zorc (1971) reconstructs PPh *siksik ‘search for nits’.
31004 *siksik₂ scale of fish, lizard or snake; shell of turtle or tortoise 8923 PMP *siksik₂ scale of fish, lizard or snake; shell of turtle or tortoise
8924 PWMP *siksik-an to be scaled, as fish
Note: Also Kadazan Dusun sisiʔ ‘scale (one of the thin flakes or leaf-like pieces covering the skin of fish and other creatures).
30778 *siku tail; end of something long, as a rope; tip of a leaf 8495 POC *siku tail; end of something long, as a rope; tip of a leaf
Note: This cognate set has a staccato distribution, being represented in almost every Polynesian language, and in a cluster of languages in the western Solomons covering the New Georgia archipelago and parts of Santa Isabel. It must, therefore, be attributed to Proto-Oceanic, which raises questions as to why it has not yet been identified in any other part of the large Oceanic group of languages.
28292 *si(ŋ)kuk have a stiff or bent arm 5358 PMP *si(ŋ)kuk₁ have a stiff or bent arm [doublet: *siŋkul 'bent, of the arm'] [disjunct: *ci(ŋ)kuk]
31006 *sikuqan spool, shuttle; thread holder (in weaving or making nets) 8926 PWMP *sikuqan spool, shuttle; thread holder (in weaving or making nets)
Note: Also Maranao soko ‘spool containing the thread making fishing net’, Ngaju Dayak takuan ‘a piece of wood that is used to wind cord, string and the like; a roll of twine, etc.’.
28228 5264 PMP *sikut₁ bent, of the arm [doublet: *siŋkul]
Note: Rough equivalents of both this and *siŋkul are noted by Mills (1975:828) who, however, proposes only Proto-South Sulawesi *si(ŋ)ku(C) (?) ‘elbow’.
28229 *sikut₂ narrow 5265 PWMP *sikut₂ narrow [doublet: *sekud, sekut]
30777 *sikux elbow 8485 PAN *sikux elbow
8486 PWMP *ka-siku to prod or knock with the elbow
8487 PWMP *maka-siku to prod or knock with the elbow
8488 PWMP *pa-ñiku (gloss uncertain)
Note: The expected form of this word in Old Javanese is **pañiku (with regular nasal substitution of the palatal nasal for /s/). I assume an irregularity in Old Javanese, not in PWMP. 8489 PMP *pa-siku knock someone or something with the elbow
8490 PWMP *s<in>iku was elbowed, was nudged with an elbow
8491 PAN *s<um>iku to elbow; to push or jab with the elbow
8492 PWMP *siku-an (gloss uncertain)
8493 PWMP *siku-en to be elbowed, nudged or poked with an elbow
8494 PWMP *siku-siku (gloss uncertain)
Note: Also Paiwan piku ‘elbow’, Itbayaten sichoh ‘elbow’ (with unexplained –h), Agta (Dupaningan) síkul, Tombonuwo sikuʔ ‘elbow’, Kayan sikoʔ ‘to butt with the elbow’, Kowiai/Koiwai siku ‘carpenter’s square’ (< Malay). Surprisingly, to date a reflex of this PAn form has been found in a single Oceanic language (Motu diu). The meaning ‘carpenter’s square’ in a number of languages seems clearly to be a product of borrowing from Malay.
This is one of the few body part terms from which verbs are derived, and affixed forms such as *s 31379 *sila₁ outpouring of light 9468 PMP *sila₁ outpouring of light [doublet: *silak, *sirak₁] [disjunct: *silaq]
28233 *sila₂ split 5269 PWMP *sila₂ split [disjunct: *silaq]
31565 *silad palm used to make hats and fans 9692 PWMP *silad palm used to make hats and fans [doublet: *silaR]
30772 8478 PMP *silak₁ beam of light [disjunct: *cilak]
Note: Also Aklanon sí 28230 5266 PMP *silap sparkle, dazzle [doublet: *kilap]
Note: Also Casiguran Dumagat siklab ‘flash (of light); flame up, flare up’.
28231 *silaq split 5267 PAN *silaq split
Note: With root *-laq ‘split’.
28234 *silaq outpouring of light 5270 PMP *silaq outpouring of light [doublet: *sirak₁, *silak] [disjunct: *sila]
Note: Such Oceanic forms as Seimat usil, Nauna kocil, PPn *ʔuhila (POc *qusila) ‘lightning’ may ultimately prove to be related, but cannot be included with the present cognate set(s) under any known formula.
31024 8957 PPh *silaR a palm: Corypha spp.
Note: Also Pangasinan silág ‘buri palm’, Mansaka silad ‘palm fan’.
31025 *silat a form of martial art or mock combat 8958 PWMP *silat a form of martial art or mock combat
Note: Although reflexes of this word have acquired modern senses, such as ‘to fence’, *silat probably referred to a dance form that mimicked combat, as in many of the traditional societies of central Borneo.
28232 5268 PWMP *silatan south, south wind [disjunct: *salatan]
Note: Also Casiguran Dumagat balát ‘strong wind from the west (from the mountains, considered a bad wind which blows in stormy weather)’, Mentawai barä ‘west, west wind’, Proto-Sangiric *baRet ‘west wind’, Mongondow wagat ‘rainy season’, Wolio bara ‘west, west monsoon’, Rembong barak ‘west wind’, Erai harak ‘west, west wind’, Soboyo bara ‘north’.
There is no doubt that this term referred to the west monsoon of island Southeast Asia and portions of western Melanesia, in contradistinction to the east monsoon, *timuR (q.v.). Apart from a few anomalous glosses (Kavalan balat, Manobo (Western Bukidnon) evaǥat) the references to cardinal directions in the reflexes are consistent with a west wind centered very near the Equator. In Amis (23 degrees n. latitude) this is described as a ‘south’ wind, throughout most of the Philippines (5-18 degrees n. latitude) it is described as a ‘south’ or ‘southwest’ wind, in most of the languages of Indonesia (5 degrees n. latitude to 10 degrees s. latitude) it is described as a ‘west’ wind, and in Merina, the standard dialect of Malagasy (23 degrees s. latitude) the meaning is ‘north’ (presumably a secondary semantic development after the Malagasy migration from southeast Borneo).
In the western Pacific the orientation of the west monsoon to the north-south axis appears to be somewhat different. The languages of the Admiralty Islands (all within 2 degrees s. latitude) and a number of those in southeastern Papua (roughly 10 degrees s. latitude) refer to the west monsoon as a ‘northwest’ wind, whereas the languages of both western and eastern Indonesia at corresponding latitudes refer to it as a ‘west’ wind. Further east, beyond the reach of the monsoon, the term survives as the name of a strong storm wind without reference to cardinal direction.
31013 8938 8964 28235 5271 28237 5273 PMP *sileŋ look askance [doublet: *zuliŋ]
31305 *sil(e)qáb to burn, expose to fire 9372 PPh *sil(e)qáb to burn, expose to fire
28236 *silet fit tightly, of clothes 5272 PWMP *silet fit tightly, of clothes
28239 *sili dazzled 5275 PMP *sili dazzled [doublet: *silaw]
28238 5274 PWMP *silib secret, hidden [doublet: *suleb]
Note: Pangasinan silíp ‘peep’, Tagalog silip ‘peep’, silip-án ‘peephole’, Bikol siʔríp ‘peek, peep’, Aklanon sílip ‘peer at, peep at (through a hole)’, Cebuano sílip, silʔip ‘peep through a small hole or opening’ appear to derive from a distinct prototype.
31454 *sili-sili a plant, Solanum spp. 9565 PPh *sili-sili a plant, Solanum spp.
Note: This comparison is taken from Madulid (2001:658): I have not been able to confirm it with primary sources.
30514 *silu₁ to lift, raise, uncover, bare something 7743 PCMP *silu₁ to lift, raise, uncover, bare something
31192 *silu₂ fingernail, toenail; claw 9214 PWMP *silu₂ fingernail, toenail; claw [doublet: *sulu]
Note: Also Ida'an Begak səllu-n ‘fingernail, toenail’. It is unclear how this form differed in meaning from PAn *kuSkuS/PMP *kuhkuh ‘fingernail, toenail; claw’.
28240 5276 Note: With root *-luk bend, curve.
31244 *siluŋ shelter, space under something 9289 PPh *siluŋ shelter, space under something
Note: With root *-luŋ₂ ‘to shelter, shade’.
31007 8927 8928 PPh *ma-ñiluʔ scoop up with a net; catch with snare
8929 PPh *siluʔ-en to catch with a net, scoop up
31014 8939 8940 PPh *simaq-an barbed, having a barb
Note: Also Agutaynen siman ‘barb, as on an arrow or fishing hook’.
28242 5279 10681 Note: With root *-buR₂ ‘strew, sow, scatter; bespatter from the mouth’.
28243 5280 Note: Also Iban setik ‘click’. Iban semetik may reflect *s-um-etik.
31447 9556 9557 Note: Possibly idential to *simpaŋ.
31446 *simpaŋ side path, branch or fork in path or stream; take a side path or way; crossroads 9554 PMP *simpaŋ side path, branch or fork in path or stream; take a side path or way; crossroads
9555 Note: Also Muna sempa ‘crosswise; deviate; strange’. In addition Dempwolff (1938) proposed *sempaŋ ‘side path’, fork in the path’ based on Ngaju Dayak sampaŋ ‘side path, sidestream’, and Malagasy sámpana ‘a branch, branching off, as a branch road’. This latter comparison can be classifed as ‘noise’, not so much because it brings together forms that probably are unrelated, but because the forms it brings together are confined to closely related languages.
28244 5281 31448 *simpuk to heap up, make a pile 9558 PWMP *simpuk to heap up, make a pile
Note: With root *-puk₃ ‘gather, flock together’.
31008 8930 28245 5282 31245 9290 PPh *simut take all that remains
Note: Also Casiguran Dumagat simət ‘to eat scraps of food which fall through the floor (of dogs)’.
30321 7288 PWMP *sinaŋ shine; radiance [doublet: *sinaR]
Note: With root *-naŋ ‘shine, sparkle’
33315 11853 PWMP *sinar ray of light [doublet: *sinaR 'sun']
31268 9321 28248 5288 Note: Apparently distinct from Dempwolff's (1934-38) *sinaR ‘ray of light’.
31063 9014 PWMP *sindiR to lean on or against [doublet: *sandaR, *sadeR, *sanday, *sandeR, *sandiR), *sendeR, *sendiR]
Note: Also Maranao sindag ‘tilt, lean’, sirag ‘lean against’, Malay sendel ‘leaning or inclining against’, sendeŋ ‘heeling over; laid against something at an angle’.
33675 12422 PPh *sindul to bump into lightly
31498 *sineŋ look at closely, stare intently 9616 PWMP *sineŋ look at closely, stare intently
Note: With root *-Neŋ ‘stare, look fixedly’. Possibly a convergent innovation.
33199 *sin(e)qek hiccup, produce a sound in the throat 11701 PPh *sin(e)qek hiccup, produce a sound in the throat
31213 *sintak pull, jerk at something 9246 PWMP *sintak pull, jerk at something [doublet: *santak]
Note: Also Malay səntak ‘jerking; sudden pull; grabbing at (of a jerk to the footboard of a Malay swinging cot to get it to rock, a girl snatching off her neck pendants, a man plucking at his kris but failing to unsheath it’), Sasak sintək ‘jerk away, jerk back’.
31027 *sintík knock two things together with a clicking sound 8960 PPh *sintík knock two things together with a clicking sound
Note: With root *-tik₂ ‘ticking sound’.
31269 *sintuk touch, come into contact 9322 PWMP *sintuk touch, come into contact
28247 *siNaR sun 5287 PAN *siNaR sun [doublet: *suNaR]
7270 PMP *sinaR ray of light, sunbeam [doublet: *siŋaR]
Note: Also Paiwan telʸar ‘brightness, light (natural)’, t This word apparently meant ‘sun’ in PAn, but had changed to ‘ray of light, sunbeam’ in PMP. Both Pazeh and Thao show metathesis, but with different segments, Pazeh transposing the first two consonants (< *NisaR), and Thao the last two (< *siRaN).
31026 *siŋal a wedge 8959 PPh *siŋal a wedge
Note: Yakan siŋal ‘a shim, any object (paper, wood) one puts under something to prop it up’, mag-siŋal ‘to prop up something in order to keep it from moving (as one leg of a table that is shorter than the rest)’ is assumed to be a loan from Tausug.
31445 9553 PMP *siŋaR ray of light; to shine
33676 *siŋaw vapor, leaking air, fumes 12423 PPh *siŋaw vapor, leaking air, fumes
28287 *siŋ(e)het sting 5353 PWMP *siŋ(e)het sting [doublet: *seŋet]
32896 *siŋ(e)hut sniffle, sniff up mucus 11355 PWMP *siŋ(e)hut sniffle, sniff up mucus
28288 *siŋ(e)qit fit snugly, as bowstring in arrow notch 5354 PMP *siŋ(e)qit fit snugly, as bowstring in arrow notch
28278 *siŋgit shout, yell at someone 5343 PWMP *siŋgit shout, yell at someone
31098 9068 PPh *siŋgít to shine, of the sun
33677 *síŋin conjoined fruits; Siamese twins 12424 PPh *síŋin conjoined fruits; Siamese twins
33678 *siŋiq to take one piece of fruit from a bunch 12425 PPh *siŋiq to take one piece of fruit from a bunch
31434 9540 Note: Also Bikol mag-siŋíl ‘to collect money, interest, debts’, an na-siŋíl ‘money collected on debts; a stake in games’.
28279 5344 PWMP *siŋit violent emotion [doublet: *seŋit, *saŋit 'anger']
Note: With root *-ŋiC ‘anger, irritation’.
31099 *síŋit forking, bifurcation 9069 PPh *síŋit forking, bifurcation
9070 PPh *i-síŋit to insert something
28280 5345 Note: With root *-kab ‘open, uncover’.
31100 9071 PWMP *siŋkat open the legs wide
Note: Possibly a chance resemblance.
31005 8925 PPh *siŋkít slanted, of the eyes
28281 5346 PMP *siŋkul bent, of the arm [doublet: *sikut₁, 'elbow', *si(ŋ)kuk 'have a stiff or bent arm']
Note: Also Pangasinan síkil ‘to elbow’.
31189 *siŋkuquŋ curved, having a curved edge 9211 PWMP *siŋkuquŋ curved, having a curved edge
Note: With root *-kuquŋ ‘bend, curve’.
31566 *sipag industrious, diligent 9693 PPh *sipag industrious, diligent
28251 *sipak crack apart at the joints 5293 PWMP *sipak crack apart at the joints [doublet: *sepak]
Note: With root *-pak₂ ‘break, crack, split’.
31567 *sipat visual assessment of something, as in taking aim, making a straight line, or forming an opinion 9694 PWMP *sipat visual assessment of something, as in taking aim, making a straight line, or forming an opinion
Note: Semantically, this is a challenging comparison, as it evident marks a concept for which no single English word exists.
31499 *sip(e)qun a cold; nasal mucus, runny nose 9617 PPh *sip(e)qun a cold; nasal mucus, runny nose
Note: Also Proto-Minahasan *səpun ‘nasal mucus.
28282 5347 Note: With root *-pet ‘plugged or stopped up’.
33965 *sipet to consume totally, use up 12805 PPh *sipet to consume totally, use up
31545 *sipi parrot sp. 9668 POC *sipi parrot sp. [doublet: *sipiri]
Note: This comparison was first proposed in a more extended form by Clark (2011:324-325). Ivens (1940:57) glosses Bugotu sivi only as ‘a bird’ (cp. siviri ‘red parrot’), and Fox (1970:338) gives both Arosi and Bauro siwi ‘a species of parrot, scarlet’, which cannot reflect *sipi, but together with Kwaio kwisi ‘bird, believed to announce events’, Lau kwisi ‘sp. of bird’, kwi-kwisi ‘small green parrot’, Toqabaqita kwii-kwisi (< met.) ‘rainbow lorikeet’ points to an ancestral Southeast Solomonic form *wisi. However, the Raga and Polynesian forms appear sufficient to justify the reconstruction, although perhaps on a slightly post-POc level.
31246 *sípiŋ next to, in close proximity 9291 PPh *sípiŋ next to, in close proximity
33949 *sipiŋ supernumerary, as an extra finger or toe 12787 PAN *sipiŋ supernumerary, as an extra finger or toe
Note: Possibly the same comparison as PPh *sipiŋ ‘next to, in close proximity’, although the semantics of the two sets are sufficiently different to merit separate entries.
31247 *sipíq break off a component piece of something, as twigs or branches from a tree, a banana from a bunch, a section from a fruit, etc. 9292 PPh *sipíq break off a component piece of something, as twigs or branches from a tree, a banana from a bunch, a section from a fruit, etc.
Note: Also Bikol mag-sapíɁ ‘to break or snap off branches or twigs’, Masbatenyo sípi ‘fruit cluster, hand of bananas, bunch of bananas’.
30528 *sipiri kind of cockatoo with red neck feathers 7791 POC *sipiri kind of cockatoo with red neck feathers [doublet: *supiri]
Note: Also Lele suhul ‘cockatoo’, Bugotu siviri ‘red parrot’, Rennellese sibigi ‘yellow-bibbed lory: Lorius chlorocercus Gould, Wolff’. Clark (2011) reconstructs POc doublets *sipi and *sivi ‘parrot, perhaps Cardinal Lory: Chalcopsitta cardinalis’, but the data cited here point clearly to a trisyllable.
31194 *sipit tongs, pincers, claw of a crab or lobster; to pinch or squeeze 9217 PAN *sipit tongs, pincers, claw of a crab or lobster; to pinch or squeeze
9218 PWMP *ma-ñipit to pinch, squeeze between
9219 9220 PPh *s<in>ipit (gloss uncertain)
9221 PWMP *s<um>ipit to pinch or squeeze, as with tongs
9222 PPh *sipít-en to pick up with tongs or pincers
Note: Mapun sipit-un ‘to pinch or clamp something between something’ is assumed to be a borrowing from a Greater Central Philippines language. Note: With root *-pit ‘press, squeeze together; narrow’.
30641 *sipo descend; go down; land from a boat 8150 POC *sipo descend; go down; land from a boat
8151 POC *paka-sipo (gloss uncertain)
Note: Also Samoan si-sifo ‘west’.
28255 5308 PAN *sipsip sip, suck [doublet: *ñepñep, *sepsep, *supsup]
31248 *sipsíp to cut grass or weeds, as in preparing a field for planting 9293 PPh *sipsíp to cut grass or weeds, as in preparing a field for planting
Note: Also Aklanon síbsib ‘to eat grass down to the roots’.
28256 5309 PWMP *siqat split or slice off
31045 *siqedu hiccup 8987 PWMP *siqedu hiccup [doublet: *sedu]
30773 8479 PWMP *siqelak split or cleaved
31050 8994 PPh *siq(e)rip to peep, spy on [doublet: *sirap]
8995 PPh *siq(e)rip-en to peep, spy on
Note: Also Mansaka silib ‘to peek at, to watch secretly’, Mapun siriŋ ‘take a little peek at something; to glance to the side’.
31015 8941 28257 5310 31016 8942 PWMP *siqit spine on fish or plant
28258 *siqud kind of fish net or trap 5311 PWMP *siqud kind of fish net or trap
28259 *sirab burn 5312 PWMP *sirab burn
Note: Also Bikol sirób ‘sear or singe’, Maranao rarab ‘burn out; field or forest burned out’.
28260 *sirak₁ outpouring of light 5313 PMP *sirak₁ outpouring of light [doublet: *sila, silaq]
28261 *sirak₂ scattered, strewn about 5314 PWMP *sirak₂ scattered, strewn about
28262 *siraŋ to rise, of celestial bodies 5315 PWMP *siraŋ dazzled, blinded by glaring light
31051 *sirap glance, look at quickly 8996 PPh *sirap glance, look at quickly [doublet: *siq(e)rip]
31468 9582 PMP *siraq₁ to split open [doublet: *silaq]
31471 *siraq₂ non-staple food eaten with rice 9585 PPh *siraq₂ non-staple food eaten with rice
Note: This appears to be the same form as PPh *sedaq, but neither Ibaloy nor Bikol regularly reflects schwa as i, and borrowing from Tagalog into both languages is problematic, since 1. the Tagalog form shows metathesis, 2. Tagalog isdáɁ evidently refers only to fish, without reference to its place in a meal, and 3. Ibaloy shows very few Tagalog loans.
31330 9405 POC *siri red parakeet [doublet: *sipiri]
33889 12712 PPh *sirub to singe, scorch [doublet: *siráb]
30015 *siRa₁ yesterday 6709 PAN *siRa₁ yesterday
Note: Also Atayal (Squliq) hera, Saaroa ki:ra ‘yesterday’.
31356 *siRa₂ red, reddish color of flames 9438 PMP *siRa₂ red, reddish color of flames [disjunct: *siRaq]
Note: Also Kankanaey silaŋ ‘red, brownish-red’, Kelabit siaʔ ‘red’.
28263 *siRaq reddish, color of flames 5316 PMP *siRaq reddish, color of flames [doublet: *iRaq, *siRa₂]
31140 *siR(e)pít clip used to fasten things together 9128 PPh *siR(e)pít clip used to fasten things together [disjunct: *sigpít]
Note: With root *-pit ‘press, squeeze together; narrow’.
28264 *siRi a shrub: Cordyline, Dracaena 5317 PMP *siRi a shrub: Cordyline, Dracaena
Note: Also Malagasy síly ‘a shrub, Croton sp.’. Chowning (1963) reconstructed "PMel" *dili, and Milke (1968) POc *ntiRi ‘ornamental shrub, cordyline’, but it is now clear that all reflexes cited by them are attributable to *nsiRi. Geraghty (1983) points out the impossibility of reconciling Rotuman jī (cited by Milke) with *ntiRi, and correctly identifies the Polynesian forms as containing the "third palatal reflex" (Blust 1976). Tolai, various languages of the Admiralty Islands, Chuukese, and Palauan all provide independent support for *s-.
Finally, it is unclear whether *sabaqaŋ (q.v.) replaced *siRi in PWMP, or coexisted with it. The answer to this question depends heavily on the position of Palauan within the proposed WMP group of languages.
31112 *siRup to sip, as through a straw 9091 PAN *siRup to sip, as through a straw [doublet: *hiRup, *SiRup]
Note: Also Dampelas sorop, Lauje solop ‘drink noisily, slurp, sip’. The word for ‘tobacco’ or ‘cigarette’ appears in a number of the languages of Borneo with an apparent reflex of *g. I assume that it derives from a semantic innovation in an *R > g language which applied the inherited reflex for ‘to sip, suck’ to the introduced habit of smoking tobacco. Widespread borrowing then led to non-native reflexes of *siRup in this meaning in a substantial number of languages, as with Kadazan Dusun, Tombonuwo sigup ‘tobacco’, Malay (Brunei) sigup ‘tobacco’ (expected reflex of *siRup = **sirup), Kenyah sigup ‘tobacco’ (expected reflex of *siRup = **siup), Bintulu sigup ‘tobacco’, sigup-an ‘tobacco pipe’ (expected reflex of *siRup = **siup), Kiput sikup ‘tobacco, cigarette’, sikup-in ‘smoking pipe’ (expected reflex of *siRup = **sirup). Although Malay (Brunei) may have been the vector through which this loan spread, given the expected development *R > r it could not have been the language in which it began.
28267 *sisi₁ small snail or periwinkle 5325 PMP *sisi₁ small snail or periwinkle [doublet: *sisuq]
Note: Also Murik ihi ‘snail’, Erai si shell-fish.
30782 *sisi₂ show the teeth, as in grinning 8504 POC *sisi₂ show the teeth, as in grinning
31513 *sisi₃ to flay, peel back or off, as bark or skin 9634 PCEMP *sisi₃ to flay, peel back or off, as bark or skin
Note: Also Asilulu sisi ‘to scrape up sago to move it into its packages’. A longer version of this comparison was first proposed by Ross, Clark and Osmond (1998:257).
28266 *sisig pick or clean the teeth 5324 PWMP *sisig pick or clean the teeth
31358 9444 PWMP *sisip insert, slip between
31455 9566 PWMP *sisiq₁ side, go to the side
Note: Also Balinese sisi ‘edge, side, shore, border, circumference, outside’, Sasak pə-sisi ‘beach, shore; surf’. There can be no question that at least part of this comparison is a product of borrowing from Malay. What is unclear is whether enough remains after loans are removed to support a valid reconstruction at the level that is here labeled ‘PWMP’. Dempwolff (1938) reconstructed *sisiq ‘edge. side’, on the basis of proposed cognates in western Indonesia and Samoan paɁu-sisi ‘spot, place (out of the way, within a house, esp. one suitable for storing things)’. However, the connection of the latter with forms in island Southeast Asia is doubtful.
31141 *sisir comb, comb-like structure; rake, harrow 9129 PMP *sisir comb, comb-like structure; rake, harrow
31546 *sisi(rR) orthopterus insect: cicada or grasshopper 9669 POC *sisi(rR) orthopterus insect: cicada or grasshopper
Note: This comparison was proposed in a somewhat more extended form by Osmond (2011:395), who also included Kwara'ae sīsī ‘generic for beetles and insects’, Toqabaqita sīsī ‘generic for beetles and fireflies’. However, the latter forms, with non-corresponding vowel length, could easily be products of convergence.
28268 5326 PWMP *sisuq edible snail [doublet: *sisi, sisiq]
28271 *sit sound of sputtering, sizzling, etc. 5329 PMP *sit sound of sputtering, sizzling, etc.
Note: Also Malay lesit ‘(onom.) gentle rustle such as that made by a grasshopper in grass; the buzz of angry wasps; to suck’.
28270 *sitsit₁ hiss 5328 PMP *sitsit hiss [doublet: *zitzit]
Note: Also Malay sit ‘a swishing sound’, Sika sit ‘to hiss; to sizzle; to incite; to place against (in combat)’.
28269 5327 28272 5330 Note: Also Amis cioʔ ‘the sound of drops of water’, Toba Batak siok-siok ‘(onommatopoetic) to peep, of chicks’, seok ‘swishing sound of swinging swords’. Dempwolff (1934-38) reconstructed *siuk ‘whistle, peep’, but included no Oceanic cognates.
31195 *siuq cry to drive away fowls: shoo! 9223 PWMP *siuq cry to drive away fowls: shoo!
Note: Also Wolio sioʔ ‘cry for shooing away chickens’. Possibly a convergent innovation in view of the similarity of such clearly unrelated expressions as English ‘shoo!’.
31079 *siwaŋ gap, open space; groove 9041 PMP *siwaŋ gap, open space; groove
9109 9042 PPh *ma-siwáŋ opened, having a gap or opening
Note: With root *-waŋ ‘wide open space’.
31514 *siwaq fissure, split in something 9635 PAN *siwaq fissure, split in something
31270 9323 PAN *siwsiw to cheep; baby chick
Note: Also Romblomanon Ɂisiw ‘chick, a baby chicken’, Mansaka osoy ‘chick, baby fowl’. A Proto-Philippine reconstruction of this shape and meaning was first recognized by Zorc (1971), but without supporting evidence.
30056 *sogo entangled, trapped 6757 POC *sogo entangled, trapped
31331 *soka to spear, stab with a spear 9406 POC *soka to spear, stab with a spear
Note: Also Seimat hõka-i ‘to throw a spear’, Tolai oko ‘to poke or probe, poke a fire, prod’.
30484 7689 PCEMP *solat passage for a boat?
30057 *solo₁ postposition of location or direction 6758 POC *solo₁ postposition of location or direction
Note: Possibly a chance resemblance.
30477 7680 Note: Possibly a chance resemblance.
31554 *solo₃ sink down, subside; landslide 9679 POC *solo₃ sink down, subside; landslide
Note: A longer version of this comparison was proposed by Osmond, Pawley and Ross (2003:82-83), who cite Woleaian tol(o) incorrectly as toro.
30626 *solos interior hill country, hilly or mountainous part of island 8101 POC *solos interior hill country, hilly or mountainous part of island
31403 9502 9503 POC *sobu go down, descend [doublet: *sipo]
31515 *somu kind of univalve mollusk 9636 POC *somu kind of univalve mollusk
Note: Possibly a chance resemblance.
31516 9637 Note: Lynch (2001:340) proposed Proto-Bugotu/Gela/Guadalcanal *sono(m), *sonom-i ‘to swallow’. I take the initial syllable of the Motu form to be the causative prefix, since Lister-Turner and Clark (1954) include a number of lexical entries of this form (habada-ia ‘to enlarge’ < ha- + bada ‘large’ + trans., hadae-a ‘to cause to ascent’ < ha- + dae ‘ascend’ + trans., haeno ‘used euphemistically of unmarried people having sexual connection’ < ha- + eno ‘lie down’, etc.).
30464 *soŋe famine 7656 POC *soŋe famine
Note: Also Rotinese ndoe ‘extreme hunger, scarcity’, Lou sioŋ ‘hungry’, Gilbertese roŋo ‘famine, scarcity, drought’.
31487 *sopu to prepare yams for planting 9601 POC *sopu to prepare yams for planting
Note: This comparison is taken from a somewhat longer comparison in Osmond (1998:131).
30515 7744 31359 *soRa friend, partner; one of a pair; trading partner? 9445 POC *soRa friend, partner; one of a pair; trading partner?
Note: Also Buli su-sua ‘to help’, Bugotu sua-(ña) ‘companion, fellow’. The semantics of this term are highly reminiscent of the trading partnerships of western Melanesia, a pattern that may have become established not long after the first Austronesian-Papuan contact in New Guinea or the Bismarck archipelago. POc *soRa may thus have referred to the more-or-less permanent relationships established between individual men in these trading communities.
31547 9670 Note: First proposed by Ross (2011:291). Although this comparison is phonologically and semantically impeccable, and is based on languages belonging to two proposed primary branches of Oceanic (Meso-Melanesian and Southeast Solomonic), the distribution of these forms is limited to the Solomons chain, and for this reason its POc status may be brought into question.
su
30946 *su nominative case marker for common nouns 8810 PAN *su nominative case marker for common nouns
31391 9484 POC *sua₁ a spear; to spear [doublet: *sau]
31405 9505 Note: Possibly a chance resemblance.
31404 *suak to backpaddle a canoe; walk backwards 9504 PEMP *suak to backpaddle a canoe; walk backwards
Note: Also ‘ĀRE suahi ‘to paddle against wind or current’. Pawley and Pawley (1994:353) reconstructed POc *sua(C)? ‘to scull, row with oar held vertically’, but based this gloss entirely on Central Pacific reflexes. Although this term is glossed ‘to paddle’ in some dictionaries, it is clear that *paluja had that meaning in PAn, and retained it in POc, forcing us to conclude that Proto-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian carried some other sense.
It is likely that ‘to walk backward’ is a secondary development from the meaning ‘to backpaddle’, since retrograde motion in walking has no practical or cultural significance, whereas backpaddling is needed for turning a canoe around when a change of direction is desired. The meaning ‘to tack’ appears to be an innovation in Proto-Polynesian that was borrowed into Rotuman, with tacking possibly linked to the notion of retrograde motion, or at least the absence of forward motion in sailing.
Note that none of the languages cited here reflects *-k directly, but *sua would have given Buli **su, as seen in PMP *duha > lu ‘two’, *banua > pnu ‘village’, *s-ia > si ‘3sg.’, etc., while *-k preserves the preceding vowel, as in PMP *hasek > aso ‘sniff, smell’, *manuk > mani ‘bird’, or *Rebek > opa ‘to fly’.
30478 *sual root up the ground, of a pig; uproot 7681 PMP *sual root up the ground, of a pig; uproot [doublet: *suaR, *suat]
Note: Also Motu nua-ia ‘to grub roots up, as a pig’. Dyen (1953:13) proposed *sual without a gloss.
31517 9638 Note: Part of this comparison was first noted by Sneddon (1984:106). Although the formal and semantic agreement is perfect, it is puzzling that a form which represents such a basic meaning would be attested in just two distinct but widely separated groups of languages, a striking contrast with the semantically similar PAn *CaNem ‘grave; to bury’, PMP *tanem ‘grave; to bury; to plant’, and PAn *mula ‘to plant’, both of which are far more widespread and robustly attested.
31271 *suaq to follow, copy, imitate 9324 PWMP *suaq to follow, copy, imitate
Note: Possibly a chance resemblance.
30479 *suaR₁ lift up with a lever, lever up, root up 7682 PMP *suaR₁ lift up with a lever, lever up, root up [doublet: *sual, *qasuqan]
Note: Osmond (1998:124) reconstructs POc *suar, *suar-i ‘root up the ground, as pigs do’, but all evidence that she cites for the final consonant are ambiguous for *r or *R. Ilokano normally reflects *R as r, but has many examples of *R > g, most of which are no doubt products of borrowing either from other Northern Cordilleran languages or Tagalog.
31548 *suaR₂ goatfish 9671 POC *suaR₂ goatfish
Note: Osmond (2011:85) posited POc *sua-sua ‘goatfish’, but this is problematic in various ways as discussed in the Introduction to the ACD.
28295 5378 31426 9532 PMP *suat₂ root up, lever up [doublet: *sual, *suaR]
31449 *suay to quarrel, part company 9559 PPh *suay to quarrel, part company
28296 5379 PMP *suba spittle, saliva [disjunct: *supaq]
Note: Also Arosi tuha ‘to spit; puff out’. PPn *tufa is assumed to contain the "third palatal reflex" (Blust 1976).
31249 *súbaq to go upstream, ascend a river 9294 PPh *súbaq to go upstream, ascend a river
Note: Also Tiruray subaɁ ‘to go upstream’, Cebuano subá-n-un ‘person living near the river (< *subaq-en-en?), Maranao sobaɁ-an-en ‘linguistic groups in various provinces.
33869 *sub(e)laR to bypass, miss contact with another person 12688 PPh *sub(e)laR to bypass, miss contact with another person [doublet: *sub(e)líq]
Note: Also Bikol siblág ‘to part or separate from; to depart, leaving others behind’, Agutaynen tobli ‘to miss each other by passing different ways or arriving at different times’.
33647 *sub(e)líq to pass one another while going in different directions 12390 PPh *sub(e)líq to pass one another while going in different directions
Note: Also Hanunóo súbli ‘picking up something dropped by another’, Tausug mag-subli ‘to take turns (someone in doing something), take someone’s place, substitute for someone, undertake work vacated by someone else’.
33870 *sub(e)liq to borrow; to inherit 12689 PPh *sub(e)liq to borrow; to inherit
Note: Also Hanunóo súbli ‘picking up something dropped by another’. Possibly a Bisayan loan distribution.
31473 *subeŋ ear plug, roll of leaves, etc. inserted through pierced ear 9587 PWMP *subeŋ ear plug, roll of leaves, etc. inserted through pierced ear
Note: Also Muna subha ‘earring’ (< Malay). This term evidently referred to cylindrical or tubular objects inserted through the pierced ear, and is thus distinct from ‘earring’, as that term is normally understood.
28338 5456 PWMP *su(m)bir rim, edge, border
Note: With root *-bir ‘rim, edge’.
31461 *subsub fall forward; put face low down 9572 PWMP *subsub fall forward; put face low down
Note: Based on a comparison of forms in Tagalog, Javanese, Malay and Sa'a, Dempwolff (1938) reconstructed *subsub ‘slide off’. However, Javanese ñusup ‘to push something into, through, under’, ka-susup-an ‘to get entered, infiltrated’, and Sa'a susu ‘to set, of the moon’show little evidence of relationship to the other forms collected here.
31147 9139 PPh *subu₁ to boil, of water [doublet: *sebuS 'douse a fire']
31251 *subuk₁ to peep, spy on, to stalk 9299 PWMP *subuk₁ to peep, spy on, to stalk
31252 9300 PPh *subuk₂ to test, try, examine
31250 *súbuq put something into or through an opening 9295 PPh *súbuq put something into or through an opening
9296 PPh *i-súbuq to put food into the mouth
9297 PPh *s<um>úbuq put something (as food) in the mouth
9298 PPh *subuq-an (gloss uncertain)
12878 PPh *subu₂ to share food with another
28297 *sudsud₁ conventional story, traditional narrative 5380 PWMP *sudsud₁ conventional story, traditional narrative
Note: Sandin (1967) provides a detailed description of the Iban tusut as traditional history. Although all reflexes of this term for which relatively detailed glosses are available suggest that it referred to a traditional narrative of some kind, northern Philippine reflexes point to a self-consciously fictional form, whereas those of southwest Borneo point to a meaning ‘genealogy, traditional history’. On the assumption that it reflects a doublet for which comparative evidence remains to be found, Maranao gogod ‘recite genealogy of’ supports the inference that *sudsud referred to traditional history.
31148 *sudsud₂ tool for cutting with a forward digging motion 9140 PPh *sudsud₂ tool for cutting with a forward digging motion
31555 *sudsud₃ go against the current, oppose, go in the opposite direction 9680 PPh *sudsud₃ go against the current, oppose, go in the opposite direction
9681 PPh *sudsud-en to oppose, go against
28298 5381 PMP *sudu spoon, ladle, scoop [doublet: *suduk, *suduq]
Note: Also Bare'e suyu ‘spoon or ladle made of one piece (wood or horn) and rectilinear in shape; also a spade used for digging’.
31285 *suduk spoon, ladle, spade, shovel 9341 PMP *suduk spoon, ladle, spade, shovel [disjunct: *sudu]
Note: With root *-duk ‘ladle, spoon’.
28340 *su(n)duŋ to progress, push forward 5458 PWMP *su(n)duŋ to progress, push forward
31284 9340 PWMP *suduq spoon, ladle [doublet: *sudu, *suduk]
33830 *sudu-sudu a shrub: Euphorbia neriifolia L. 12633 PWMP *sudu-sudu a shrub: Euphorbia neriifolia L.
Note: The Bisayan (Panay) form is from Madulid (2001), and may be a Malay loan, although if so it is surprising that it has not yet been found in any of the languages of Mindanao or the Sulu Archipelago.
33872 *sug(e)bu to wade into water; to bathe 12691 PPh *sug(e)bu to wade into water; to bathe
Note: Possibly a Bisayan loan in Agutaynen.
31272 9325 Note: Also Tagalog s 31273 *sugsúg to provoke, annoy or irritate 9326 PPh *sugsúg to provoke, annoy or irritate
Note: Also Cebuano sulug-súlug ‘tease, harass someone by irritating actions or remarks, or by poking fun at him; to annoy, bother with persistence (as mosquitos that keep buzzling in one’s ears)’.
31277 *sugud keep going, rush forward, charge 9330 PPh *sugud rush forward, charge
9331 PPh *s<um>ugud to rush forward
31457 *suháq a fruit tree, the pomelo: Citrus decumana 9568 PPh *suháq a fruit tree, the pomelo: Citrus decumana
Note: Possibly a loan distribution from Tagalog, although this seems unlikely in view of the dissimilar stress pattern in Tagalog as against all other witnesses. The pomelo is native to Southeast Asia, so there is no necessary reason why the word for it should be borrowed.
33365 *sui bird sp. 11971 PWMP *sui bird sp.
Note: Given the well-supported reconstruction PMP *manu(k)-manuk ‘bird’, the similarity between these words from western Borneo and southeast Sulawesi may be a product of chance. However, it seems equally possible that this could have been the name of a particular bird that became generic in both areas, much as PMP *sawa ‘python’ has come to be the generic word for ‘snake’ in a number of Austronesian languages.
31556 *suil lever (?) 9682 PWMP *suil lever (?)
31481 *suiq a bird: the sandpiper (?) 9595 PAN *suiq a bird: the sandpiper (?)
31224 *suja pitfall or trail spikes made of sharpened bamboo 9265 PMP *suja pitfall or trail spikes made of sharpened bamboo
9604 POC *suca pitfall or trail spikes made of sharpened bamboo
Note: Also Ngaju Dayak suŋga ‘sharpened bamboo planted so that game animals will fall on it and be caught’, Old Javanese suŋga ‘sharp-pointed piece of bamboo stuck aslant in the ground with the point upwards to trap or kill animals’, Javanese suŋga ‘sharpened bamboo trail spike’, ke-suŋgah ~ ke-suŋga-n ‘cut the foot on something sharp’ (Pigeaud 1938), Balinese (Low) suŋga ‘pointed sticks stuck in the ground with the point upwards to deter intruders’, Sasak suŋga ‘mantrap of sharpened bamboo’. The relationship of this form to *suja is unclear, but its presence in Ngaju Dayak is likely due to borrowing from Javanese through the medium of Banjarese. This term documents a cultural practice that was traditionally widespread both in the Austronesian world and in mainland Southeast Asia, namely the use of sharpened bamboo spikes that were placed, point up, on trails, around protected property, or in concealed pit traps, either to injure enemies in warfare or to catch pigs or other wild animals for food. During the Vietnam war American servicemen learned of their existence on more than one occasion by failing to detect a concealed trap before falling into it and being skewered by feces-contaminated points.
28299 *sujud fine-toothed lice comb 5382 PWMP *sujud fine-toothed lice comb
Note: Also Melanau (Mukah) sulud ‘comb’. Possibly a fine-toothed comb in contradistinction to combs of other types. Dempwolff (1924-25) proposed PAn *su(n)jud ‘comb’, but cited little supporting evidence. Zorc (1971) gives PPh *sujud ‘comb’.
28301 5384 PMP *suka₁ a tree: Gnetum gnemon
Note: This comparison was first recognized in print by Verheijen (1984).
31500 9618 Note: Also Kapampangan su-súkaɁ, ma-ñúkaɁ ‘to vomit’, pa-ñúkaɁ ‘thing vomited’. The relationship between PPh *utaq ‘to vomit’ and this term is unclear. Although it is tempting to assume that *suka replaced the much more widespread *utaq in a restricted Philippine subgroup, this is disfavored for two reasons: 1. the Sangiric languages appear to form a primary branch of the Philippine group, and 2. Sneddon (1984:106) indicates that the Sangiric languages which reflect *suka are Bantik and Ratahan/Toratan, not the more northerly Sangir. Alternatively, it might be assumed that these terms coexisted in PPh with a still undetected distinction of meaning. However, both are glossed simply ‘vomit; to vomit’ in the primary sources. Further complicating matters, although both terms occur in the southern Phiilippines, no language is known to reflect more than one (which might provide a clue to an original semantic contrast).
31549 *suka₃ make fire with a fireplow 9672 POC *suka₃ make fire with a fireplow
Note: This comparison was first proposed in a more extended form by Lichtenberk (1998:144), who included Lou sok ‘rub a friction stick against wood to make fire’, and reflexes of PPn *sika ‘make fire by friction’, neither of which is phonologically compatible with *suka, or with one another.
28346 5466 PMP *su(ŋ)kab to open, break open
Note: Also Cebuano lugkáb ‘break something open by prying so as to get into it’. With root *-kab ‘open, uncover’.
28300 5383 PWMP *sukak harsh throaty sound
Note: With root *-kak₁ cackle, laugh loudly.
31253 9301 9561 9302 PWMP *sukat-en to measure, be measured
31066 *sukáy to part the hair, as when searching for lice 9018 PPh *sukáy to part the hair, as when searching for lice
9019 31113 *suked prop, support; to prop up or support 9087 PAN *suked prop, support; to prop up or support
Note: With root *-ked ‘prop, support; staff’.
31254 *suk(e)luban kind of basket with cover 9303 PPh *suk(e)luban kind of basket with cover
31458 *suker trouble, toil, difficulty 9569 PWMP *suker trouble, toil, difficulty
Note: Also Maranao sokar ‘calamity, curse, trouble’, Ngaju Dayak sukar ‘sadness, trouble, toil’, Karo Batak sukar ‘impolite, improper’, Toba Batak suŋkar ‘difficult, complicated’. Based on forms in Ngaju Dayak, Malay and Toba Batak Dempwolff (1938) reconstructed *su(ŋ)k(ar) ‘trouble, toil, difficulty’. However his reconstruction was distorted by undetected borrowing from Malay. Despite the wide distribution of Malay loans, this form appears to have a considerable antiquity, as shown by apparently native forms in languages as widely separated as Ida'an Begak, Old Javanese and Sasak. For the secondary prenasalization of Malay loanwords with a medial stop cf. Blust (1996a:142).
31142 *su(ŋ)kit pick or knock down fruit with a pole 9130 PMP *su(ŋ)kit pick or knock down fruit with a pole
9131 PPh *su(ŋ)kit-en to pick, as fruit from a tree using a pole with a hook
30712 *suksuk pierce, penetrate; insert 8293 PAN *suksuk pierce, penetrate; insert
8294 PWMP *ka-suksuk (gloss uncertain)
8295 PWMP *ma-ñuksuk to poke into, pierce, insert
8296 PWMP *ma-suksuk (gloss uncertain)
8297 PWMP *s<al>uksuk inserted, thrust in
8298 PAN *s<um>uksuk to enter, penetrate, pierce
8299 PMP *suksuk-i to insert, cram, stuff
Note: Also Mota sis ‘to pierce, as the nose’, Niue hū ‘to enter, emerge, to push one’s way in’, faka-hū ‘to insert, to post (as a letter)’, hū-aŋa ‘entry, entrance’. The meanings of Formosan forms presumably are secondary, having shifted after the introduction of locks by the Chinese, but no other meaning has been recorded for this form in any of these languages. With root *-suk ‘insert, penetrate, enter’.
31472 *suku one quarter; designation for a division of society, probably a lineage 9586 PMP *suku one quarter; designation for a division of society, probably a lineage
Note: Also Ngaju Dayak suku ‘one half florin’ (in nineteenth-century colonial Dutch currency), Gayō suku ‘half a rupiah’ (currency of the Republic of Indonesia), Bare'e, Buginese suku ‘a unit of currency’, probably both from Malay.
Somewhat confusingly, Dempwolff (1938) reconstructed *suku ‘paw; one quarter (a quarter of the people) = unit of kinship’. The true meaning emerges from the work of F.A.E. van Wouden (1935), who was writing his well-known book on the history of social structure in eastern Indonesia at the same time Dempwolff was writing his Vergleichende Lautlehre. Since van Wouden posited an original marriage/alliance system of asymmetric exchange that contained four lineages in an arrangement of ‘circulating connubium’ the *suku would have referred to one of these four lineages, and its otherwise puzzling sense of ‘one fourth’ in languages like Malay, which have not used such a system within historical times, becomes intelligible, since the *suku was both a lineage and one quarter of the total social order.
This term is preserved only in a very fragmentary form in a handful of societies in western Indonesia and another handful in eastern Indonesia. What is noteworthy is that it has been preserved best in societies that have unilineal systems of descent, as among the Batak of northern Sumatra, the Minangkabau of western Sumatra, and a few of the societies of Flores and the Solor archipelago. The most likely referent for this PMP term was ‘lineage’, that is a social unit that traced descent through a single apical ancestor (male among the Batak and eastern Indonesian groups, female among the Minangkabau). This inference is fully consistent with others that point to a system of preferential matrilateral cross-cousin marriage in PMP society (Blust 1993).
28347 *sukud walking stick, cane, staff 5467 PAN *sukud walking stick, cane, staff [doublet: *su(R)ked]
Note: Also Bontok sol-solkód ‘any stick or reed used as a walking stick’. With root *-kud ‘cane, staff, walking stick’
28348 5468 Note: With root *-kuk₁ bent, crooked.
31191 *sukul₁ struggle against, resist 9213 PWMP *sukul₁ struggle against, resist
31221 *sukul₂ cornered, unable to escape 9260 PMP *sukul₂ cornered, unable to escape
9261 POC *jukul₁ cornered, unable to escape
31222 *sukul₃ to measure vertically 9262 PMP *sukul₃ to measure vertically
9263 POC *jukul₂ to measure vertically
31214 *sukun breadfruit sp. 9247 PMP *sukun breadfruit sp.
Note: Many attested Austronesian languages distinguish multiple varieties of breadfruits lexically, and it is assumed that *sukun was a variety distinct from the more widely distributed PMP *kuluR.
28349 *su(ŋ)kuŋ stooped, bent (as the back) 5469 PWMP *su(ŋ)kuŋ stooped, bent (as the back)
Note: With root *-kuŋ ‘bend, curve’.
31306 *sukuŋ prop, support, as the boom of a sail 9373 PWMP *sukuŋ prop, support, as the boom of a sail
Note: Also Malay soŋkoŋ ‘shoring up’. Tiruray sukuŋ is a Danao loan, and the Maranao word may be borrowed from Malagasy, in which case this comparison is invalid.
33873 12692 Note: Possibly a Tagalog loan distribution.
33531 12263 30485 *sula horn 7690 PCMP *sula horn
Note: This form raises questions about the meaning of the gloss, since with only minor exceptions (bats, rats) placental mammals were not present east of the Wallace Line prior to the Austronesian penetration of eastern Indonesia, and no marsupial has horns.
28302 5385 PWMP *sulah skewer, pointed stick
31223 *sulam pierce or remove with a needle 9264 PMP *sulam pierce or remove with a needle
Note: Also Bikol surám ‘embroidery’, mag-surám ‘to embroider’. Possibly a Malay loan in insular Southeast Asia, and a chance resemblance between this and the forms in Oceanic languages.
31585 *sulan horn 9723 PCMP *sulan horn
Note: It is unclear whether this word ended with *n or with a vowel, since Rotinese regularly lost word-final *n and Buruese often adds a morphological -n to nominal bases that lacked them originally, as with PMP *buaq > Buruese fua-n ‘fruit’. Since no horned animals lived east of the Wallace line prior to the arrival of Austronesian speakers, and probably not until well after the initial Austronesian settlement of eastern Indonesia, *sulan may have had some other meaning, or could simply be a particularly striking chance resemblance.
31274 *sulaŋ to pass one another in coming from opposite directions 9327 PWMP *sulaŋ to pass one another in coming from opposite directions
31550 *sulati worm (= earthworm?) 9673 POC *sulati worm (= earthworm?)
Note: Also Hawu kalate, Ndao kalati, Rotinese kalatik, Tetun latik ‘worm’, Mota sulate ‘a worm’, Raga silosi ‘generic for worms, including earthworms and intestinal worms’, Paamese a-silat ‘worm’.
28304 5388 29874 6533 PWMP *suleb do secretly [doublet: *silib]
Note: Also Malay silap mata ‘sleight-of-hand’.
31380 9470 PMP *suled insert, plug [disjunct: *suleN]
28305 5389 PAN *suleN insert, plug [doublet: *suled]
9469 31190 9212 30702 *suli₁ plant shoot, sprout, cutting 8281 PMP *suli₁ plant shoot, sprout, cutting
Note: Also Mota suliu ‘a sucker from roots, shoot from tubers’, Hawaiian uli ‘early stage in the development of a foetus, as the body begins to form’. This word evidently referred to the young shoots (new growth) of plants in general, but it is applied so often to the taro plant that this seems to have been a primary focus of attention in referring to secondary growth. A metaphorical extension to grandchildren (offshoots of the family tree) or other members of the younger generation is also widespread, as noted in the anthropological literature by Fox (1971). Dempwolff (1938) also included Malagasy antsudi ‘the winding off from hanks to a reel’, an identification that is rejected here. By including Javanese sulih ‘a representative, substitute, stand-in’ in this comparison Dempwolff (1938) was further forced to posit *suliq ‘sucker, plant shoot’. However, neither the sound correspondences nor the meaning justify the inclusion of the Javanese form, and no other diagnostic witness supports the reconstruction of *-q.
31450 *suli₂ to reverse, turn around 9560 PAN *suli₂ to reverse, turn around [doublet: *suliq]
33532 *suli₃ taro 12264 PMP *suli₃ taro
Note: Possibly identical to PMP *suli₁ ‘plant shoot, sprout, cutting’.
28307 5394 30704 8283 PPh *sulid string, twine, thread
31193 *sulig a fish, the fusilier: Caesionidae sp. 9215 PMP *sulig a fish, the fusilier: Caesionidae sp.
9216 POC *sulik a fish, the fusilier: Caesionidae sp.
Note: Also Cebuano súlid ‘name given to fish of the genus Caesio, which are rounded (but not so broad as the bilásun [Caesio erythrogaster]). Virtually the entire Oceanic part of this comparison is taken from Osmond (2011).
31482 9596 Note: Also Malay s<ər>uliŋ ‘flageolet’. Some of these words are likely Malay loans, but others appear to be directly inherited, and are sufficiently widespread to justify a reconstruction. This term is in competition with the much more widely distributed PAn *tulani, PMP *tulali ‘bamboo nose flute’, and may describe a flute played with the mouth rather than the nose.
31275 *suliq to reverse, turn around 9328 PMP *suliq to reverse, turn around [doublet: *uliq, 'return home; return something; restore', *suli 'repair; repeat; motion to and fro']
Note: Also Tiruray suwiɁ ‘to invert, to reverse something; inverted, reversed’
30703 *sulit₁ difficult, complicated 8282 PWMP *sulit₁ difficult, complicated
31081 *sulit₂ substitute, replacement 9046 PPh *sulit₂ substitute, replacement
Note: Although the glosses of forms in this comparison are quite variable, the close semantic agreement of the Casiguran Dumagat and Hanunóo terms suggests that one focal reference of this term was to replanting a crop that had failed, or had not been fully successful in some way.
31308 *súlsul ignite; kindle; set fire to 9375 PPh *súlsul ignite; kindle; set fire to
31307 *sulsul₁ follow the edge of a body of water, as in going upstream 9374 PMP *sulsul₁ follow the edge of a body of water, as in going upstream
Note: Also Casiguran Dumagat súgsug ‘to follow (as to follow a line in digging a ditch, or to follow the footprints of an animal to find out where it went’, Waray-Waray pag-sulsóg ‘the act of passing through a pathway or a way of passing following a pathway’, Binukid sulsug ‘to go, travel upstream, or against the current’. The exact meaning of this form is unclear, but given the agreement of Bontok and Yakan in describing an act of following the edge of a body of water, and the further agreement of the phonologically irregular Binukid form sulsug, it seems likely that it described the act of following a river upstream into the interior.
31309 *sulsul₂ to press against, crowd in on 9376 PWMP *sulsul₂ to press against, crowd in on
31490 9607 Note: Apparently distinct from *suluq ‘torch’.
31518 *sulu₂ fingernail, toenail, claw 9639 PPh *sulu₂ fingernail, toenail, claw [doublet: *silu]
30438 *sulud₁ comb 7588 PWMP *sulud₁ comb [disjunct: *sujud]
Note: see: PWMP *sujud ‘comb’.
31519 *sulud₂ push 9640 PAN *sulud₂ push [doublet: *tulud]
9641 28310 *suluŋ₁ shelter 5406 PMP *suluŋ₁ shelter
Note: With root *-luŋ₂ to shelter, shade.
31372 *suluŋ₂ put on clothing, wrap around body 9459 PMP *suluŋ₂ put on clothing, wrap around body
30452 *suluq torch, probably of dried palm frond 7621 PMP *suluq torch, probably of dried palm frond
7622 PWMP *me-ñuluq use a torch, as in fishing
7623 PWMP *s<um>uluq illuminate with a torch
7624 PWMP *suluq-i to illuminate, cast light on
Note: Also Yakan suluʔ resin; a light (fueled with resin), Old Javanese ma-nuluh to shine (expected **ma-ñuluh), Komodo culu torch. This word referred to a torch, commonly used in torch fishing at night. The comparative evidence suggests that it was typically made of bundled dried coconut fronds, although bamboo is mentioned for Manggarai of the Lesser Sundas, and Nali of the Admiralty Islands.
28311 5407 PWMP *suma kind of medicinal plant
33875 12694 Note: Also Chamorro suman ‘rice cake’, a word that presumably was borrowed from Tagalog or another Philippine language during the Spanish colonial period, when the Manila Galleon stopped regularly in Guam.
30951 *sumaŋed soul of a living being; soul of the rice plant 8815 PMP *sumaŋed soul of a living being; soul of the rice plant
8816 PMP *sumaŋet nu pajay soul of the rice plant
Note: Also Iban semeŋat ‘vital force, soul, spiritual’, taiʔ semeŋat ‘ear wax’, semeŋat padi ‘soul of the rice’ (must be secured at harvest), Gayō semaŋat ‘soul’ (can take flight, and must be recaptured to ensure well-being)’, Javanese semaŋat ‘energy, enthusiasm’, Manggarai semaŋak ~ semeŋak, Rembong semaŋak ‘spirit, soul’, Selaru smakan (< met.) ‘soul, ghost’. Van der Veen (1940:628) also gives saŋaʔ ~ suŋaʔ ‘soul, spirit of a living person, life-force’, and states that sumaŋaʔ is infixed with –um-, a claim also made by Stresemann (1927:103), but this analysis remains to be confirmed.
31459 9570 PWMP *sumbad plug, stopper, cork
Note: Also Karo Batak sumbat ‘stopped up, plugged up (as a blowpipe)’. The evidence for this reconstruction is slender, but the Batak languages are not closely related to Malay, and the appearance of a final nasal in the Karo Batak form cannot easily be reconciled with a hypothesis of borrowing from Malay.
31435 *sumbaŋ incest 9541 PWMP *sumbaŋ incest
31460 *sumbiŋ dented, having a jagged edge; hare-lipped 9571 PWMP *sumbiŋ dented, having a jagged edge; hare-lipped
Note: Possibly a loan distribution from Malay.
33874 *sumbuŋ to accuse, to inform on someone 12693 PPh *sumbuŋ to accuse, to inform on someone
28312 *sumit moustache 5408 PWMP *sumit moustache
Note: Also Atta (Pamplona) simuk, TSG simud ‘mouth’, Sangir sa-simuʔ ‘snout, as of a pig’, Proto-Minahasan *səmud ‘snout, muzzle, mouth’. Mills (1975:840) posits Proto-South Sulawesi *sumi(C) ‘moustache’, to which he adds several other Sulawesian forms, including Uma sumiʔ. He regards all these items as "Very likely a metathesized form of PAn *kumis’, but such an explanation fails to account for the final consonants of Iban sumit.
30866 8690 PWMP *sumpaq oath, pledge; curse [doublet: *sapaq]
8691 PPh *i-sumpaq to curse someone
Note: Also Ngaju Dayak sumpah ‘abuse, scolding; cursed by an oath’ (< Banjarese). Malagasy úmpa ‘opprobrious language desiring evil to another, abuse, reproach’, ma-númpa ‘to revile, to abuse, to vilify’, Kayan supah ‘an oath of affirmation; to swear on oath’, Tae' sumpa ‘swear an oath over; curse with an oath’, Makassarese sumpa ‘oath’, as-sumpa ‘to swear an oath’, pa-sumpa ‘lay down an oath, to curse’, Wolio sumpa ‘an oath; to swear, take an oath’, Muna sumpa ‘to swear, take an oath’, Manggarai sumpa ‘oath; take an oath’ (< Malay/Bahasa Indonesia).
The modern applications of this term in Islamic societies, as with speakers of Malay, Javanese or Sundanese, often call upon Allah as witness to one’s oath, which gives the impression that this word is a loan from Arabic that has been spread through the medium of Malay. However, there is no etymological support for this view, and traces of beliefs in supernatural punishment for swearing a false oath recur sufficiently often to suggest that this term is native, and originally applied in a context of animism.
30718 8305 PWMP *sumpel stopper, plug, cork
Note: Also Malay sempal ‘inserting; enfolding; placing between’. Tagalog sumpál probably is a Kapampangan loan.
30602 8007 PWMP *sumpiŋ₁ beard, moustache
31276 9329 30701 8279 PMP *sumpit blowpipe, blowgun [doublet: *seput]
8280 PWMP *ma-numpit shoot with a blowpipe
Note: Also Cebuano suŋpít ‘blowgun or something used to squirt liquid’, Tombonuwo sumpi-sumpi ‘archerfish’, Toba Batak ma-numpit ‘shoot with a blowpipe’ (said to be from Malay), Wolio sumpita ‘blowgun’ (< Malay sumpitan). Dempwolff (1938) also included Malagasy súmpitra ‘a large bag made of mats stitched together and used to store rice’, but this is doubtful, and Banggai ba-sumpit, sumpit-an are given as Malay loans, but the basis for this judgement is unclear.
33679 *sumpuŋ whim, caprice, sudden change of mood; moodiness 12426 PPh *sumpuŋ whim, caprice, sudden change of mood; moodiness
Note: Possible a Tagalog loan in Ayta Abellan, although the gloss suggests an indigenous concept.
31332 *sumu triggerfish, Balistidae 9407 POC *sumu triggerfish, Balistidae
Note: Osmond (2011) posits POc *jumu ‘Balistidae, triggerfish and possibly Monocanthidae, leatherjackets’, with nasal grade initial. However, all Central Pacific reflexes are oral grade, and since the same appears to be true of several reflexes outside this subgroup I assume that nasal grade reflexes of this form are historically secondary.
33310 *sunday comb 11847 PWMP *sunday comb
Note: Also Sambal (Botolan) hoklay ‘bamboo comb’, Mamanwa sodlay comb’, Tausug sudlay ‘a comb’, mag-sudlay ‘to comb (one’s own or someone’s hair)’.
28315 *sundul ‘touching, adjacent, as fighters presenting a united front 5413 PWMP *sundul touching, adjacent, as fighters presenting a united front
Note: Dempwolff (1938) reconstructed *sunDul ‘to push, shove, butt into’ based on Tagalog sundol ‘to stick, poke’ and Javanese ke-sondol ‘get pushed from behind or one side’, together with Malay sondol ‘lowering the head (of a horned animal that charges); nuzzling (of a cat); to butt or jog with the head’. I am unable to find this Tagalog form in either Panganiban (1966) or English (1986), and even if it is included the comparison he offered seems problematic.
28316 5414 PWMP *sunduŋ slanting, inclined
31586 *sunsun close together, compact 9724 PPh *sunsun close together, compact
31283 9339 Note: Also Tboli suntuk ‘boxing, fistfight; to fistfight’ (loan from a Danaw, Manobo or Greater Central Philippine language).
31080 *sunúd next; to follow in succession 9043 PPh *sunúd next; to follow in succession
9044 9045 PPh *sunúd-sunúd one after the other, successive
Note: Possibly a product of borrowing from Tagalog
31082 9047 PMP *sunuR set fire to, smoke out
9048 PPh *sunúg-en to burn or set a fire under to smoke out
Note: With Conant’s (1911) ‘stereotyped g’ in Ilokano and Bontok, and an apparent loan from a North Mangyan language in Hanunóo.
30322 7289 7290 7291 PAN *s<um>uNaR to shine, radiate light
7292 PMP *s<um>unaR to shine, radiate light
Note: Also Balinese sunar ‘shine, shed radiance’ (< Javanese), sundar ‘throw light on, irradiate’, Sasak sundaran ‘sunbeam, moonbeam’.
31587 9725 PAN *suŋa do wrong, do in reverse
31491 *suŋar to have ‘buck teeth’, project forward, of the teeth 9608 PWMP *suŋar to have ‘buck teeth’, project forward, of the teeth
Note: Also Ilokano suŋáŋ ‘to have the upper (or lower) teeth jutting out’, Bikol suŋál ‘referring to the upper lip when it is somewhat prominent, such as being upturned, thick, protruding, etc.’, Timugon Murut suŋay ‘to project, of the lips’. Based on the Tagalog form given here, together with Malay soŋar ~ suŋar ‘affectation in dress or manner; swank’, Toba Batak ma-nuŋar ‘a carabao whose pierced septum has been pulled open or apart’, ma-nuŋar-nuŋar ‘turn up the nose as a sign of utter disdain’, Javanese soŋar ‘boastful’, Dempwolff (1938) proposed *suŋar ‘turn up the nose’. Entirely apart from the irregular lowering of the penultimate vowel in Malay and Javanese (as well as Old Javanese), this comparison is semantically heterogeneous, and is better replaced by the one offered here. However, the agreement of Bikol suŋál with the identical Tagalog form, if not a loanword, may indicate a Proto-Central Philippine form *suŋal, changing this to a near comparison.
33991 *suŋáw to evaporate, as vapor rising from the ground after rain 12835 PPh *suŋáw to evaporate, as vapor rising from the ground after rain [doublet: *seŋ(e)qaw]
31501 *súŋay horn of an animal; to butt or gore 9619 PPh *súŋay horn of an animal; to butt or gore
31373 *suŋet irritated, angry 9460 PPh *suŋet irritated, angry [doublet: *suŋut, *seŋit, *siŋit]
31474 9588 Note: Also Kenyah (Long Wat), Sebop uŋit ‘nose’.
31475 *suŋit₂ bite, bitten off, of food 9589 PPh *suŋit₂ bite, bitten off, of food
33200 *suŋit₃ hostile 11702 PPh *suŋit₃ hostile [doublet: *suŋet]
Note: With root *-ŋiC ‘anger, irritation’.
31351 *suŋkal turn the soil over, as in removing stones prior to planting 9432 PWMP *suŋkal turn the soil over, as in removing stones prior to planting
Note: Also Balinese suŋkil ‘lift up, raise with a lever’.
31392 *suŋkit pierce, as wth a needle; extract by piercing 9485 PMP *suŋkit pierce, as wth a needle; extract by piercing
31289 *suŋkub cover with a hollow container; shelter over a grave 9346 PWMP *suŋkub cover with a hollow container; shelter over a grave [disjunct: *cu(ŋ)kub]
Note: Also Kankanaey súkup ‘shutter, cover (of baskets)’ Cebuano sakab ‘kind of fishing trap of shallow waters put directly over the fish to be trapped’.
28337 *suŋkul poke, prod with the tip of something 5455 PWMP *suŋkul poke, prod with the tip of something
30713 *suŋsuŋ₁ go against wind or current 8300 PWMP *suŋsuŋ₁ go against wind or current [doublet: *saŋsaŋ]
Note: Also Javanese (Pigeaud 1938) nuŋsuŋ ‘go upstream, toward the source’. The basic sense of this term appears to have been ‘go against wind or current’. Its application to China in Philippine languages presumably is connected with sailing problems in reaching mainland China from the Philippines.
30714 *suŋsuŋ₂ plug up, stop something up, as with a cork 8301 PWMP *suŋsuŋ₂ plug up, stop something up, as with a cork
30715 *suŋsuŋ₃ sniff at close quarters, of animals 8302 PPh *suŋsuŋ₃ sniff at close quarters, of animals
30716 8303 PWMP *suŋu₁ antennae of shrimp (?) [doublet: *suŋut₃]
Note: Also Karo Batak suŋo ‘horn of a rhinoceros’.
31520 *suŋu₂ upper lip, snout, muzzle 9642 PPh *suŋu₂ upper lip, snout, muzzle
Note: Apparently distinct from PWMP *suŋu₁ ‘antennae of shrimp’ (?), and possibly a metathesized form of *ŋusuq ‘snout’ that coexisted with the earlier form in PPh.
28343 *suŋut₁ irritated, annoyed 5461 PWMP *suŋut₁ irritated, annoyed [doublet: *seŋit, *siŋit]
Note: With root *-ŋut ‘mumble, murmur, mutter’.
28344 5462 Note: Dempwolff (1934-38) reconstructed *suŋut ‘proboscis, feeler’, but cited no cognates from eastern Indonesia.
30717 *suŋut₃ antenna (of insect), feeler (of shrimp or lobster) 8304 PWMP *suŋut₃ antenna (?) [doublet: *suŋu]
28319 *supaq to spit, expectorate 5424 PMP *supaq to spit, expectorate [disjunct: *suba]
Note: Also Amis supaq (anticipated **tsupaq) ‘sputum’, Palawan Batak surpa ‘spittle, spit’.
30311 *supay whetting, sharpening 7259 PAN *supay whetting, sharpening
7260 PAN *s<um>upay to whet, grate, sharpen
7261 PAN *sa-supay-an whetstone
Note: There is no perfect correspondence between any two forms reflecting what I posit as *sa-supay-an ‘whetstone’. However, Pazeh and Puyuma, two languages that probably have not been in contact since the differentiation of the PAn speech community, agree in forming this word by Ca- reduplication plus a suffix (reflecting either *-en or *-an). The choice of *-an is supported by agreement between Kavalan and Puyuma, two languages with no known history of mutual contact.
31333 9408 PEMP *supi to peel, pare, as yams
30529 *supiri kind of cockatoo with red neck feathers 7792 POC *supiri kind of cockatoo with red neck feathers [doublet: *sipiri]
28339 *supit narrow; to pinch; tongs 5457 PWMP *supit narrow; to pinch; tongs
Note: With root *-pit ‘press, squeeze together; narrow’. Dempwolff (1934-38) reconstructed *su(m)pit ‘narrow; blowpipe’. It is unclear whether the present cognate set derives from a homophone or whether both cognate sets reflect a single polysemous etymon. Cf. Zorc (n.d.) PPh *supit ‘clamp, pinch, squeeze; tongs’.
28321 5426 PAN *supsup sip, suck [doublet: *ñepñep, *sepsep, *sipsip]
8247 Note: Forms that have regularly lost a final consonant may in some cases reflect *susu ‘breast’ rather than *supsup ‘to suck’.
28322 5427 Note: This comparison was first recognized in print by Verheijen (1967-70).
31279 *súput pouch (?) 9333 PPh *súput pouch (?)
Note: The gloss for this term in most languages is, or includes ‘paper bag’, a meaning that could not have existed in Proto-Philippines. Since no loan source has been found I assume that *súput continues a PPh word that referred to pouches of animal skin or some other available material, and that most languages have shifted the earlier meaning to ‘paper bag’ once these became widely available.
33648 *suqag to butt or gore with the horns 12391 PPh *suqag to butt or gore with the horns
Note: Also Agutaynen toag-en ‘for an animal, usually a water bufflao, to gore another animal or a person with their horns’.
30699 8274 PMP *suqan digging stick [doublet: *sual]
8275 PWMP *ma-ñuqan dig up the ground with a digging stick
Note: Also Uma mpo-huʔa ‘to plant’, Tetun ai suak ‘digging stick, used for weeding and digging in the garden’, Tongan huo ‘hoe; spade or shovel, or of swordfish, sword’, huo-faki ‘to put in good order by clearing of weeds, hoeing, etc.’
28323 *suqaR thorn 5428 PAN *suqaR thorn
31588 9726 PPh *suq(e)kip insert, tuck in
31572 *suq(e)lút to wear, as clothes; to get dressed, slip into 9699 PPh *suq(e)lút to wear, as clothes; to get dressed, slip into
31278 9332 28325 *suqsuq scrape out, as meat from a coconut 5431 PWMP *suqsuq scrape out, as meat from a coconut
28326 *suqud suqud in succession, one after the other 5432 PWMP *suqud suqud in succession, one after the other [doublet: *suRsuR 'glide after, follow']
31160 *suquk enter 9163 PPh *suquk enter
Note: Although the relationship between these forms remains to be clarified, this word suggests that the root *-suk, 'insert, penetrate, enter', found in a number of other morphemes, may have been disyllabic.
28327 5433 8636 Note: Also Sangir suĕŋ ‘carry on the head’. Both *suqun and *zuŋzuŋ appear to have meant ‘carry on the head’, with no clearly discernable difference of meaning. In addition to this basic physical sense both words carry figurative meanings of ‘to obey’ (Malay, Balinese) and paying homage (Old Javanese, Balinese), but since these semantic extensions are confined to languages of western Indonesia they cannot be attributed to the reconstructed forms. Dempwolff (1934-38) posits *suqun, but cites cognates only from Javanese and Malay.
30172 *sura comb 6962 PEMP *sura comb
30663 8181 PWMP *surambi extension to house [doublet: *ambiq, *surambiq]
Note: Some of these forms may be loans from Malay (but see the doublet *surambiq).
30664 8182 PWMP *surambiq extension to house [doublet: *ambiq, *surambi]
Note: Also Iban serambiʔ ‘lean-to or shed added to house, especially as extension of room beyond back wall’. This form and its doublet *surambi are puzzling, as many of the examples cited appear to be loanwords from Malay. However, the agreement of Philippine forms with final glottal stop and Karo Batak surambih (with final –h) cannot be explained in this way. It thus seems best to posit *surambiq, and to assume that Malay loans account for only a part of the data. For the inclusion of Pangasinan solámbi ‘coquette’ in this comparison see the extended meaning ‘paramour’ in Cebuano (extension to a house > extension to a marriage).
31215 *suruŋ push, slide or glide forward, as in pushing wood into a fire, or storming the enemy 9248 PWMP *suruŋ push, slide or glide forward, as in pushing wood into a fire, or storming the enemy
Note: Also Rembong soroŋ ‘push away, refuse’ (< Malay). A number of these forms may be loans (from Malay in western Indonesia, and via Malay through Tagalog in the Philippines), but the comparison as a whole cannot easily be dismissed as a product of borrowing.
28330 *surup₁ enter, penetrate; to set, of the sun 5445 PMP *surup₁ enter, penetrate; to set, of the sun [doublet: *sejep, *selep]
Note: Also Cebuano sulúd ‘go in, into’, Maranao solod ‘enter, come in’, Tolai olo ‘enter or go through, as a door in a house or a gap in the reef’, Lau sū ‘to set, of sun, moon and stars; to dive, swim under water’.
31422 *surup₂ a fish, the emperor: Lethrinus spp. 9527 POC *surup₂ a fish, the emperor: Lethrinus spp.
Note: This comparison was first noted (in fuller form) by Osmond (2011:82).
31334 *súrut follow, obey, agree with 9409 PPh *súrut follow, obey, agree with
31280 *suRat wound 9334 PWMP *suRat wound
9335 PWMP *ma-suRat wounded
9336 PWMP *maka-suRat (gloss uncertain)
Note: Also Bontok sógat, sagɁat ‘to have a wound caused by stepping on or knocking into a sharp stick’, Ifugaw húgat ‘wound that is made by a knife or something that cuts’. Both Bontok sógat and Ifugaw húgat are described in the primary sources as borrowings of Ilokano súgat. However, *R > g in Ilokano is also irregular, suggesting that this form is a loan throughout the northern Philippines, or that it exhibits Conant (1911)'s ‘sterotypical g’ --- that is, a tendency for *R to produce two reflexes in many Philippine languages, the less common of which is g.
30101 *suRi₁ thorn, splinter, fish bone 6829 POC *suRi₁ thorn, splinter, fish bone [doublet: *ruRi]
Note: Also Anuta ui ‘bone’. The POc doublets *ruRi/suRi ‘thorn, splinter, fish bone’ may point to PCEMP or even PMP doublets *duRi/zuRi, but no diagnostic evidence has yet been found to support this possibility. PAn *duRi can be reconstructed only in the meaning ‘thorn’, but the additional meaning ‘fish bone’ clearly was present in PMP, and this additional sense then apparently evolved into a general term for ‘bone’ in PCEMP, replacing PAn *Cuqelaŋ.
31352 *suRi₂ to lead the way; to follow after 9433 POC *suRi₂ to lead the way; to follow after
Note: Ross (1988:168) gives Gedaged l as the reflex of POc *R, but *R > z is far better supported, in at least the Gedaged of Mager (1952). Gedaged d- in this form reflects the nasal grade, but all other reflexes are oral grade, and this is therefore the preferred shape in POc.
31521 9643 PPh *suRud to push [disjunct: *sulud]
Note: The Maranao form is assumed to show secondary prenasalization after the change *R > g.
31255 *suRuq to call on a person to do something 9304 PAN *suRuq₂ to call on a person to do something
9622 PWMP *suRuq-an (gloss uncertain)
9305 PWMP *suRuq-en be sent; messenger
Note: Also Ngaju Dayak saroh-an ‘emissary, envoy’. The basic sense of this term appears to be that one person orders or commands another to deliver a message or material item to someone at a distance, but various components are stressed in different languages. The Chamorro form is assumed to be cognate on the assumption that dropping by to visit someone is a component of the broader sense of travelling by way of command in order to deliver news or materials.
30453 7625 PAN *susu₁ female breast; udder
7626 PWMP *ka-susu (gloss uncertain)
7627 PWMP *ma-ñusu to suck at the breast, suckle
7628 PPh *mapa-susu breastfeed, give the breast to a young child
7629 PAN *pa-susu give the breast to, nurse a child
Note: Oceanic forms that reflect *paka- presumably are secondary reformations from the earlier form *pa-susu. 7630 PAN *pa-susu-en to nurse, give a child the breast (to be sucked)
7631 PAN *s<um>usu to suckle, suck at the breast
7632 Note: Also Kavalan sisu breasts, pa-sisu to nurse, s 28334 *susu₂ banana variety, probably apple banana 5451 PMP *susu banana or plantain sp.
31483 9597 POC *susul₁ a fish: Lethrinus spp.
Note: This comparison was proposed by Osmond (2011), based on the above words together with a number of more problematic forms in other languages.
30424 7559 7560 PMP *susun to stack up, pile in layers
7561 PWMP *pa-susun stacked, in layers
Note: Also Cebuano sunsun ‘close together or to each other’. Makassarese susuŋ is said to be from Malay, but this is uncertain.
28333 5450 PMP *susuq edible snail [doublet: *sisi, sisiq, sisuq]
Note: Also Balinese suhsuh ‘a species of thin water snail’. Mills (1981) posits "Proto-Indonesian" *susuq ‘snail’, but bases his comparison entirely upon WMP witnesses; he includes Makassarese siso in the same cognate set.
31557 *susuR sail along the coast (?) 9683 PWMP *susuR sail along the coast (?)
Note: This comparison was first proposed by Mills (1975:842).
31281 *sutsut₁ to lose weight, grow thin 9337 PMP *sutsut₁ to lose weight, grow thin
31282 9338 Note: Possibly a chance resemblance.
33740 *sutsut₃ to hiss to get attention 12496 PPh *sutsut₃ to hiss to get attention
28336 5454 31522 *suysuy speak, say something, tell 9644 PPh *suysuy speak, say something, tell
a b c C d e g h i j k l m n N ñ ŋ o p q r R s S t u w y z
Austronesian Comparative Dictionary, web edition
*s
Formosan Amis
ca nominative case marker for plural personal names
WMP Ivatan
sa nominative case marker for plural personal names
Bikol (Camarines Sur)
sa nominative case marker for plural personal names
Old Cebuano
sa nominative case marker for plural personal names
Binukid
sa nominative case marker for common nouns
Formosan Kavalan
sa locative marker (less frequently used), toward
WMP Tagalog
sa to; at; in; against; between; by; during
sa báhay at the house
Bikol
sa locative marker occurring before general nouns, equivalent to the English prepositions: at, by, in, into, through, to, on, onto, upon, with (among), against (as in leaning against)
Aklanon
sa referent marker, used to illustrate locations, indirect objects, beneficiaries and agents in causative constructions; it is also used to indicate future time with any words stating time
sa idáeom underneath
sa Lúnes on Monday
Hiligaynon
sa by, on, at, in, relational particle
Cebuano
sa particle indicating grammatical relations: preceding a phrase referring to a place, to time, to past time, to possession or analogous concepts; indicating dative relations, etc.; in comparisons: than
sa Manila to Manila
sa ibábaw up on top
Kayan
haɁ at, in, to
haɁ unan at the front; in front of; before a person
haɁ alem inside; within
Kayan (Uma Juman)
haɁ at, on, into
Javanese
sa exactly in, at, on (place, time); up to, as far as
OC Kwara'ae
sa locative preposition
Formosan Kavalan
sa one
Puyuma
sa- clitic form of ‘one’
Paiwan
ta- one
ta-alay-an a single thread
ta-iday one hundred
WMP Yami
sa one
sa a ranaw one hundred (dollars)
Ilokano
sa- clitic form of ‘one’
Subanon
so- one (clitic)
so-buŋkus a bundle
so-puluɁ ten
Malay
sə- a prefix implying unity; one; one in some feature
sə-puloh a group of ten
Sasak
sə- clitic form of ‘one’
CMP Asilulu
sa one
sa-sa something
WMP Bontok
sa that, close to hearer; there, close to hearer
Kankanaey
sa that --- near the person one speaks to; demonstrative adjective and pronoun; there, thither; adverb of place; indicates the future, ordinarily joined to a personal or possessive pronoun
sa et then, and then
Maranao
sa particle --- close
OC Lakalai
la sabaka a large tree with milky sap: Alstonia sp.
Vaghua
baγava a tree: Alstonia scholaris
Varisi
baγava a tree: Alstonia scholaris
Nggela
habaga a tree: Alstonia scholaris
Ghari
sambaha a tree: Alstonia scholaris
Kwaio
tabaɁa a tree: Alstonia scholaris
Lau
tabā a species of tree
Toqabaqita
tabaɁa the Milky Pine: Alstonia scholaris; sticky sap is used as glue, the wood to make kokobaqule (traditional dance) masks; small branches are used for traditional priests’ headdresses; trees are frequented by pigeons
Ulawa
tapaɁa a tree of soft wood used for making food bowls or for carving into ornaments, the ‘milk tree’ of North Queensland
WMP Ilokano
sabáli other, another; separate; diverse, different; someone else, something else
ag-sabáli to become different, to change
sabalí-an to change something; do again
Bontok
sabáli another, different
Kankanaey
sabáli all right; it is well; fine; very well
sa-sabáli-ka it does not concern you; it is none of your business
Bikol
sabáliʔ if not, except for
paŋ-sabalíʔ-an to make an exception for
WMP Ilokano
sabáŋ-an mouth (of a river); harbor, port, haven
Ifugaw
hábaŋ said of a person who arrives at the bank of a river and goes across; also said of a tributary of a large river that flows into it and thereby enlarges it
habáŋ-an place where a tributary flows into the main river
Casiguran Dumagat
sabeŋ area of beach which is within the vicinity of the mouth of a river or a mangrove swamp
Pangasinan
sabáŋ mouth of a river
Cebuano
sabaŋ area on or near the mouth of a river
Maranao
sabaŋ shore, mouth of a river
Binukid
sabaŋ for a smaller body of water to flow into a larger body of water
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
savaŋ of a small creek, to run into a larger creek or river
Mansaka
sabaŋ confluence of two rivers
Malay
sawaŋ the light-colored water near the shore (Klinckert)
CMP Selaru
sah lower course of a river
WMP Itbayaten
savaŋ a bush with purplish, pink and violet flowers and green fruit, found in woods and grasslands, Melastoma
Ivatan
sabaŋ a tree: Erythrina subumbrans (Hassk.) Merr., Fabaceae (Madulid 2001)
Bontok
sabaŋ a tree: Erythrina variegata L. Fabaceae
WMP Bisaya (Limbang)
sabaɁ downriver
Malay
sawah land cultivated with swamp rice, whether the rice is planted in a natural swamp (sawah ayer) or on irrigated soil (sawah bencah); rice is planted usually in small lots separated from one another by low dykes (batas); a stretch of these lots is sa-bəndaŋ; the word sawah is used in South Malaya and Minangkabau, but bəndaŋ has taken its place in Kedah and Perak, and baroh in Kelantan and Patani
Karo Batak
jumah sabah irrigated ricefield (jumah ‘swidden’)
nabah-ken convert a piece of land into a rice paddy
sabah taban rice paddy that returns to control of the village head because the owner has violated traditonal law
tuba sabah poisonous root used to stun fish
Dairi-Pakpak Batak
sabah wet ricefield, rice paddy
Toba Batak
saba irrigated ricefield (as opposed to hauma tur ‘dry ricefield/swidden plot’)
saba laŋit ricefield that is irrigated only by the rains
aek par-saba irrigation water for the rice paddies
Angkola-Mandailing Batak
saba wet ricefield, rice paddy
Old Javanese
sawah irrigated ricefield
a-sawah-sawah to work in the sawah, grow irrigated rice
Javanese
sawah rice paddy, wet rice field
ñawah to work rice paddies
se-sawah to be a rice farmer
pa-sawah-an rice paddies collectively, i.e. land devoted to raising rice
sawah ulu paddy that is easily flooded during
WMP Ivatan
sabaŋ a flowering tree: Erythrina subumbrans (Hassk.)
Bontok
sabaŋ a flowering tree: Erythrina varietata L.
Iban
sabaŋ generic for palmlike plants (Palm Lily), Cordyline spp. ... forest Pleomele spp., also (?) Dracaena and other spp., widely used in SE Asia in medicine, cooking, and ritual, popularly called in Eng. "croton"
Malay
sawaŋ a plant, sp. unidentified, used as a remedy for skin-disease (kurap)
Bahasa Indonesia
sawaŋ plant used to treat kurap: Cordyline fruticosa
Mongondow
tabaʔaŋ, tobaʔaŋ kind of shrub: Cordyline terminalis; the leaves are used in sacrificial offerings and the branches employed as boundary markers
WMP Malay
sambar pouncing to seize and carry off; suggests the use of teeth, nails or talons and is used of hawks, crocodiles, sharks, dragons, etc.
CMP Rotinese
safa seize with mouth or beak; bite, mouthful
WMP Tagalog
sabasa moderate-sized shrub found in mangrove forests or sandy beaches: Scyphiphora hydrophyllacea (Madulid 2001)
Malay
səbasah name given to some small trees (Euphorbiaceae), esp. Glochidium desmocarpum and Aporosa spp.; also to a shrub, Scyphiphora hydrophyllacea
WMP Itbayaten
savat idea of going home; idea of arrival at home or anywhere
i-savat to bring home
Ilokano
sábat welcome; greeting; meeting of a person
ag-sábat to meet; agree
ka-sábat the person one meets
pag-sabát-an meeting place
pag-sabát-en to negotiate on behalf of; to make both ends meet
s<um>ábat to meet (or greet) a friend
Casiguran Dumagat
sambat to meet up with (as to meet someone on the trail who is coming from the opposite direction
Bikol
mag-sabát to meet someone (as at the station when he first arrives); to welcome
ma-sabat-án to encounter; to run or bump into someone unexpectedly
Kimaragang Dusun
s<um>ambat to meet
Tombonuwo
mu-sambat to meet
WMP Ilokano
sábt-en to meet (or greet) a friend
Bikol
sabat-ón to meet someone (as at the station when he first arrives)
WMP Casiguran Dumagat
sabaw broth, soup, gravy (the water in which any type of viand has been cooked)
Sambal (Tina)
habáw juice; soup, broth
Kapampangan
sabó soup
Tagalog
sabáw broth
Bikol
sabáw soup, broth
Aklanon
sabáw juice; soup, broth
Maranao
sawaw soup, broth
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
savew soup, broth
Kenyah (Long Anap)
sambaw watery (of rice, etc.)
Kenyah (Long San)
savaw watery (as rice porridge)
Malay
sambau heavy with water; sodden, soggy
Formosan Amis
cafay companion to do something
pa-cafay to be a companion, to go with
WMP Sangir
sambe good acquaintance who lives far off
Toratán
sambe intimate friend
WMP Ibatan
mag-sabay two boats go together
Ilokano
ag-sabáy to act simultaneously; to go, do, etc. together
sabay-an to accompany; go together
Tagalog
sabáy at the same time; simultaneous
mag-sabáy to go, do, act, etc. together at the same time; to have or get someone to accompany oneself
maki-sabáy to go or leave at the same time with another or others
sabáy-sabáy concurrent; occurring together
Bikol
sabáy to do something together; to do something at the same time
mag-sabáy to speak at the same time as someone else
magka-sabáy to end up together; to coincide
maki-sabáy to go with; to do something at the same time as
sabáy-sabáy concurrent, simultaneous, synchronized, together, in unison
sábay accompanying, going along with (as gongs in a musical
Cebuano
sábay walk with, beside
Maranao
sambay touch lightly, invoke
Kayan
habei follow a leader in song; chorus
Old Javanese
sambe call, beckon, invoke, invite, bid come, call out
WMP Ibatan
ka-sabay a companion in doing something side by side or together
Tagalog
ka-sabáy simultaneous; occurring at the same time; in conjunction with
ka-sabay-ín to have a person accompany oneself
Bikol
ka-sabáy cohort, colleague, companion
WMP Tarakan
ka-sabay to arrive (Beech 1908:61)
Murut (Nabaay)
s<um>aboy to arrive
Murut (Timugon)
saboy to arrive
Tidung Mensalong
ñaboy to arrive
Napu
hawe to arrive
Sa'dan Toraja
sae to arrive
Proto-South Sulawesi
*sa(b)e to arrive
Buginese
sawe to arrive
WMP Casiguran Dumagat
sabéd trip and fall over something
Tagalog
sabíd hindrance, obstacle around
Cebuano
sabud catch something against an obstruction; trip, cause someone to stumble; be delayed
Iban
sabar wall of brushwood, etc., with a gap in which a trap is set
Malay
sawar barrier, obstruction, including i) a fishweir with an opening letting fish into a trap, ii) fences to lead mousedeer into a trap, iii) a girdle of thorns fastened round a tree-trunk to prevent thieves climbing it and stealing the fruit
Toba Batak
sabor barrier of sugar-palm shoots placed in the water so that fish may be netted along it
Gorontalo
tabodu hinder, obstruct
WMP Itbayaten
saxbay <M idea of shoulder-carrying
Ibatan
sabhay carry something, as a bag or sack suspended over the shoulder
Bontok
sabləy to hang over something, as clothes over a line or a blanket over one’s shoulder
sabláy-an clothes line
Ifugaw
hablé the act of hanging something
habláy-an hanger, protruding peg (or anything that can serve as a hanger)
Hanunóo
sabláy carrying something slung from the shoulder
s<in>abláy slung from the shoulder
Central Tagbanwa
tablay to hang something over a fence or rope in order to air dry
Maranao
sablay drape
Binukid
sablay to lay, hang, drape something over something else
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
sebley to hang something over something else
Tausug
sablay a long, loose, collarless blouse reaching below the hips with long, loose sleeves
mag-sablay to hang or drape something (as a garment) to dry; to wear a sablay blouse
WMP Casiguran Dumagat
sablək to crave, to hunger for (of foods)
Ayta Abellan
habek to crave or desire some kind of food; eagerness or desire to see someone
Tagalog
sabík keen; eager; solicitous, desirous
ka-sabik-án eagerness; longing; to eagerly desire; to long for
Bikol
sablók glutton (said in anger)
Cebuano
sablúk intense desire to eat something one hasn’t eaten in a long time; have an intense desire to eat something
hi-nablúk eat something in great quantity to
Mansaka
sabluk one who hungers; to crave (as certain foods)
WMP Ilokano
sabá cooking banana
ka-saba-án banana grove
s<in>aba-án banana grove
saba-án to use bananas in cooking
Isneg
sabá another name for the baláyang variety of banana, Musa sapientum, L. var compressa. Blanco; a thick-skinned, yellow, flattish banana that is eaten either raw or cooked
Casiguran Dumagat
saba species of banana plant and its fruit
Ibaloy
saba kind of banana: tree of medium height, large fruit with only one seed, not rounded at the ends (can be boiled or eaten raw)
Pangasinan
sabá a variety of cooking banana with large squarish fruits
Kapampangan
saba a banana type which is used for cooking
Tagalog
sabá species of banana, generally cooked before eating
Bikol
sáʔba banana (species for cooking)
Hanunóo
sabʔá an angular, short banana (Musa sapientum var. compressa [Blco.] Teodoro) or plantain; yellow-skinned when ripe, but usually picked green and boiled to make it palatable; one of the important staples of the central Hanunóo
Aklanon
sábʔa small round banana, good for cooking, Musa sapientum var. compressa
Cebuano
sábʔa variety of cooking banana with rectangular fruit similar to but smaller than the kárdaba, with 7-12 or more hands in the bunch; the fiber can be made into cloth: Musa sapientum var. compressa
Binukid
sabɁa kind of plantain; cooking banana
Balinese
saba kind of banana
WMP Tiruray
sawer sow seed by broadcasting; scatter something over an area
Balinese
sambeh scatter, broadcast (seed), strew, lie scattered
OC Tawala
sapi-sapi ear-ring
Molima
sapi-sapi large red shell disks sewn to belt
Tubetube
sapi-sapi ear ornament (small one)
Arosi
tabi-tabi ear ornaments
WMP Aklanon
sámbit to speak of, mention
Hiligaynon
mag-sámbit to refer to, to mention
Murut (Timugon)
kaka-sabit to have just been mentioned
ma-nabit to mention
sabit-on something that has been mentioned
WMP Aklanon
pa-nambít-an proverb, saying
Murut (Timugon)
pa-nabit-an time or reason for mentioning something
WMP Ilokano
sábit to pin a medal on
sabít-an to pin a medal on
Isneg
sabít barb (of spears, etc.); a diminutive herb in the shape of a fishhook, that grows on trees; it cures pain in the side
Casiguran Dumagat
sabit for a fishhook to get caught, snagged on something (either in the water, or up in a tree)
Pangasinan
man-sabít to hang clothes, etc. on a peg
Tagalog
sábit anything hanging from a peg or hanger; hooked or caught, esp. in the moral sense
i-sábit to hang something on a nail, hook, stand or rack
Agutaynen
mag-sabit to hang something up on a nail; to pin something on, as a ribbon or leaf on a shirt
Maranao
sabit to clasp, hook on
Kadazan Dusun
savit to hang, hook onto, entangle
Iban
sabit small silver or brass chains worn by women around the waist
Sabit bekait Crooked Sickle, sea lawyer and trouble-maker of the heavens, always ready to settle disputes by fighting
Malay
sabit reaping hook; sickle
Rejang
sabit a sickle
Balinese
sabit to carry something under the arm against the body
Formosan Thao
taftaf make a loud slurping noise in eating, like a pig
WMP Ilokano
ag-sabsáb to eat noisily (as a pig)
s<um>absáb to gulp down, guzzle; munch down; eat voraciously
Bontok
ʔin-sabsáb to eat, of dogs or pigs eating slops
Kankanaey
men-sabsáb to gulp down; to eat greedily; to swallow gluttonously; applied to pigs and dogs
Ifugaw
habháb gluttonous manner of eating, i.e. eat with heaping spoonfuls or with a hand more than full
Ibaloy
me-nabsab to eat voraciously, wolf down, gulp down, devour, eat one’s food with fervor, especially of animals (as pigs), but also perhaps figuratively of people
s<ag>absab animal (as pig, carabao) that eats anything given to it, not being choosy
s<in>absab-an eating contest
Pangasinan
man-sábsab (of pigs) to eat, (of people) to eat like a pig, slurping food with smacking lips
Tagalog
sabsáb the way pigs and dogs eat
sabsab-án feeding trough for pigs; a box in a barn or stable for horses and cows to eat from
Bikol
mag-sabsáb to graze
mag-sabsab-án to graze on (as a particular section of land)
mag-sabsab-ón to graze on (as a particular type of grass)
pa-sabsab-án to pasture, to put out to pasture
sabsab-án pasture land
Romblomanon
sabsáb animals feed or graze on vegetation
ma-sabsáb will feed or graze on vegetation
Masbatenyo
mag-sábsab to chew a cud (refers to animals which regurgitate their food to chew it more thoroughly)
Aklanon
sábsab to lap up. drink (with tongue), said of animals
sabsáb-an feeding trough
Waray-Waray
sabsáb the eating habit of quadruped animals like dogs, cows, or carabaos
sabsab-án feeding trough
Cebuano
sabsáb to graze (as goats)
WMP Ilokano
sabsab-én to guzzle, gulp down food
Bontok
sabsab-ə́n to eat, of dogs or pigs eating slops
Tagalog
sabsab-ín to hog, eat like a hog
Bikol
sabsab-ón fodder, hay
OC Buang
(bel) rabu waterfall (bel ‘water’)
Ghari
sa-savu waterfall
Wayan
savu to flow down, fall like a waterfall; waterfall
Fijian
savu waterfall, a spout for water, aqueduct, conduit
bati ni savu precipice with a waterfall
Tongan
hafu to trickle down, run down; dribble; small waterfall
Samoan
āfu waterfall
afu-afu light shower
Rennellese
sahu to drip, flow, as water or blood; to cause to fill with water; to place to catch rain water
WMP Ilokano
i-sabuág to cast something at one’s opponent; to cast earth out of a hole in the ground
Ifugaw
habúwag to disperse, scatter, throw things (of the same kind) in various directions toward several persons
Bikol
i-sabwág to scatter or broadcast seeds
Aklanon
sábwag to sow, to scatter (seeds); to broadcast seeds
Agutaynen
mag-saboag to spread, as of news or gossip, to scatter news or have it come out suddenly
Hiligaynon
mag-sábwag to scatter (as ashes), to sow (as seeds)
Binukid
sabwag to scatter, strew (something) over an area; to sow seed
i-sabwag scatter them!
WMP Bikol
sabód seed bed (rice)
Hanunóo
sábud sowing, broadcasting, as of seeds
Aklanon
sábod to feed (fowl or poultry)
Hiligaynon
sabúd scatter, sow
Cebuano
sábud sow, sprinkle seeds on a bed; feed chickens by sprinkling grains on the ground
Maranao
saod sow, scatter (as rice seed)
Toba Batak
sabur scatter, disseminate
ma-nabur to sow (seed)
pa-nabur sower, one who sows
pa-nabur-an seedbed
sabur-on time of sowing; as a calendrical term, the three months of the rice-growing cycle
Old Javanese
sawur a scattering, a rain (of arrows)
(p)a-sawur strewing, spreading
s<um>awur strewn, spread, scattered
ka-sawur-an to bestrew, strew on
Javanese
s<um>awur scattered, sprinkled
Proto-Minahasan
*sabud spread, scatter
Mongondow
tabud strew, scatter, sow
Uma
hawuʔ strew
WMP Itbayaten
savonot idea of pulling out
savonot-an to pull out from; that from which something is pulled out (as skin, head, body, animal)
savonot-en to pull out
Casiguran Dumagat
sabunot to yank s.o. by the hair
Bikol
mag-sabunót to pull s.o. by the hair or beard
Aklanon
sabúnot to pull hair when fighting
WMP Itbayaten
savoŋ rooster (for cockpit)
Ilokano
sabóŋ-an cockpit
Kapampangan
sa-sábuŋ pit-fighting cocks against each other
sabúŋ-an cockpit
Tagalog
sáboŋ cockfight
i-sáboŋ to pit a gamecock against another; to use for betting in a cockfight (referring to a certain amount of money)
mag-sáboŋ to go to a cockfight
sabuŋ-án cockpit; cockfighting gallery
sabúŋ-in to attack with the feet and beak, as a fighting cock attacking another
sa-sabúŋ-in rooster for cockfighting; gamecock
Bikol
mag-sáboŋ to push one’s fighting cock toward another to entice them to fight
Hanunóo
sábuŋ cockfight; a sport known but not practiced by the Hanunóo
Aklanon
sáboŋ cockfight, cockfighting
Cebuano
sábuŋ cockfight, usually without gaffs; to fight cocks; pair of people, usually in a love match
Ngaju Dayak
ma-ñawoŋ pit (people) against one another, provoke a fight between other people
Iban
saboŋ to set in opposition to, match
saboŋ jadi to urge a couple to marry
saboŋ jadi baru to reconcile, bring a married couple together again
saboŋ manok cockfighting
manok saboŋ fighting cock; fig. bodyguard or bully
tuai saboŋ manager and umpire at cockfighting
Malay
saboŋ flying at each other, of cross seas, criss-cross flashes of lightning, of an uneasy sleeper kicking out (an act deemed very unlucky), certain fish (Betta spp.), and cocks; in this last sense the word has become specialized, and is used only of fights with artificial spurs
ombak bər-saboŋ waves crashing into one another
Gayō
sabuŋ cockfighting
mu-ñabuŋ to fight cocks
Karo Batak
er-sabuŋ pit cocks against each other, or in general of anything that will fight, or of inanimate natural phenomena, as waves crashing together, or criss-crossing flashes of lightning
Toba Batak
ma-nabuŋ set up a contest or competition; encourage a fight (of cocks or persons)
mar-sabuŋ to fight, contest one another
sabuŋ-an cock, rooster
sabuŋ-sabuŋ inflame two parties to discord
Old Javanese
sawuŋ fighting cock; cockfight
a-nawuŋ to stage a cockfight
pa-sawuŋ a certain tax (on cockfights?)
Javanese
sawuŋ rooster, cock; chicken
Tialo
mo-nabuŋ to fight cocks
Tajio
po-sabuŋ to fight cocks (with artificial spurs)
Tae'
sauŋ pit cocks against one another
manuk sauŋ-an a fighting cock
WMP Yami
savoŋ flower (as on a tree)
mi-savoŋ to bloom
Itbayaten
savoŋ flower
ka-savoŋ act of flowering
ma-savoŋ having many flowers
ma-savo-savoŋ full of flowers
Ivatan
savu-savuŋ bloom, blossom, flower
Ibatan
saboŋ bloom, blossom, flower
Ilokano
sáboŋ flower; petals; blossom; (fig.) female genitalia
ag-sáboŋ to blossom, bear flowers
sabóŋ-en to pay court to
Bontok
sábuŋ to decorate with flowers
sab-sábuŋ flower
Ifugaw (Batad)
hābuŋ a plant bud, which develops into a flower
Ibaloy
saboŋ flowers (for ornamentation as opposed to blossoms of useful plants; said to be from Ilokano)
Pangasinan
sabóŋ immature fruit
WMP Kadazan Dusun
savu anchor
Wolio
sabu jump down, drop; jump (into water)
WMP Tagalog
sábog scattering; dispersing; planting of seeds by scattering them; explosion, loud bursting; eruption, as of a volcano; dispersion, as of light; things scattered around
sabóg scattered; dispersed; widely separated from each other, as members of a family
mag-sábog to scatter; to throw loosely about; to throw here and there
sabúg-an to sprinkle; to scatter in drops or tiny bits; to cause a place to be strewn with things; to have a field sown with seeds
Bikol
mag-sábog to sow by scattering seeds; to splash water on
sabog-án seed bed
Malay
sabur confusion; in scattered formation; wild melee
Alas
sabur scatter seed, sow
Toba Batak
sabur scattered, disseminated
sabur bintaŋ the stars are strew countlessly across the sky; sprinkled with white, of a fowl
sabur uban scattered white hairs in a head of black
ma-nabur to sow seed
sabur-on sowing season, time for sowing
Old Javanese
sawur scattering, rain (of arrows)
Javanese
sawur small objects (coins, rice, etc.) scattered before a funeral procession as it makes its way to the cemetery
ñawur to strew small objects in this manner; to plant rice seeds by scattering them
ka-sawur to strew, spread, scatter
pa-sawur strewing, spreading
ka-sawur-an to bestrew, strew on
Proto-Sangiric
*sabuR to sow, scatter
Sangir
ma-nawuhəɁ to strew, sow seed
ma-sawuhəɁ strewn, scattered about
Boano
sabug to sow (scattering the seeds)
Uma
-hawuɁ to strew, scatter
Bare'e
mo-tunda sawu to sit helter-skelter, not lined up in a row
man-cawu to sow, scatter seed
pan-cawu time, place or manner of sowing
CMP Buruese
safu-k to disseminate, sow (as millet)
safu-t sown
OC Roviana
saburu throw or cast with a fishing rod
sa-saburu bamboo fishing rod
Nggela
havu to scatter, as seeds
havul-agi cause to be scattered
havul-i to scatter or sprinkle water
WMP Tagalog
s<um>ábog to explode; to burst and scatter (as a bomb)
WMP Casiguran Dumagat
sabút pubic hair
Hanunóo
sabút pubic hair
Romblomanon
sabút pubic hair
Aklanon
sabót pubic hair
Waray-Waray
sabót fiber; thread; theadlike part
Mansaka
sabot ball of tangled fibers (e.g. of abaca)
Mapun
sabut fiber in fruits (like fiber in coconut husks, stringy fiber in mangoes)
sabut-an fibrous
Tboli
sabut (of abaca) waste from the stripping
Ngaju Dayak
sawut the fibrous material found around coconuts and areca nuts, used in scrubbing, kindling fires, etc.; also the fibrous material found around the single large seed of some fruits (as mangos)
ha-sawut fibrous
Iban
sabut palm fiber
sabut niur coconut husk
tali sabut coir rope, rope of ijok [sugar palm] fiber
Malay
sabut fibrous shell; husk; coir
sabut pinaŋ areca nut fiber
tali sabut coir rope; cheap rope
Gayō
sabut fibers, as of coconut husk
Karo Batak
sabut the fibrous outer shell of a coconut
Toba Batak
sabut the fibrous outer shell of a coconut
Sundanese
sabut the hairy, fibrous rind of some fruits
Palauan
mə-lábd to skin (animal, fish); remove bark/outer fiber of plant; to husk a coconut
tebúd-el is to be skinned, scraped
OC Loniu
saput yellow-spotted emperor: Lethrinus kallopterus
Motu
dabutu black bream: Acanthopagrus berda
Tikopia
saputu Lethrinus kallopterus
Rotuman
saputu kind of fish
Tongan
hoputu Lethrinus miniatus, possibly also Lutjanus gibbus
WMP Itbayaten
sarab idea of catching fire and burning partially
ka-sarab-an to catch fire (with partial burn)
sarab-en to burn partially
Ilokano
sárab to singe, scorch; put into direct heat
in-sárab slightly roasted meat or fish
Bontok
sálab to blacken with soot, as by hanging above a fire or by placing close to a fire
Bikol
sárab burnt hay or straw
mag-sárab to burn hay or straw
Cebuano
sálab to singe, pass a flame over
Binukid
salab to singe, pass (something) over a flame (as a chicken to remove the small feathers)
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
sarab to roast something in the flames of a fire
Tboli
sadab to roast meat, corn, bananas or tubers in the flame of the fire rather than the coals
Ida'an Begak
sarab burn rice field
mə-narab to burn a rice field
Mongondow
tayab to roast
tayab-an a grill
WMP Tagalog
salát in want; in need; poor, needy; scarce, scanty
mag-salát to be in want; to be in need of clothing, etc., to be very poor
ka-salat-án privation; lack of the comforts or necessities of life; lack; scarcity; insufficiency
pa-na-nalát lack of supplies; financial crisis; depression
Iban
sandat in need, pressed, in want (as when lacking food)
WMP Bontok
sadáŋ to place wood on a rack for drying, especially of the wooden forms from which kamey digging tools are shaped (kamey = curved wooden tool with narrow blade, used for breaking and turning the soil in a pondfield)
Kankanaey
i-sadɁáŋ to hang; to hang upon; to hook; to catch; to catch in
Hanunóo
sádɁaŋ hanging, as on a peg, hook, etc.
Binukid
sadɁaŋ to hook something over something else; to hang something by a hook
Mongondow
mo-tadaŋ to hang something up, as on a nail in the wall
mo-mo-tadaŋ carry something that hangs from the middle of a strap over the shoulder
WMP Casiguran Dumagat
sadet be touching, be against, close together (as trees growing close together, people standing or sleeping close together, etc.)
Tagalog
sandát full, replete, satiated (after eating)
Minangkabau
sandat narrow, confined, squeezed
Old Javanese
saṇḍet slowed down, blocked, impeded
WMP Itbayaten
sadsad kick, idea of kicking
ka-pa-nadsad act of kicking
sadsad-an to kick
Ibatan
sadsad to kick someone or something, of a person or animal
Ibaloy
sadsad (in rice agriculture) trampling as part of crushing down rice stalks
i-sadsad to trample, stomp on something, step on something repeatedly (as dried bean pods to free seeds)
s<in>adsad the method of cultivating a rice paddy --- breaking the mud clods with the feet
Bikol
mag-sadsád to perform dance steps
Cebuano
sadsad dance with the feet (rather than with the hands or some other part of the body)
WMP Dairi-Pakpak Batak
saoŋ roof, house cover of split bamboo or wood; whatever may be improvised as an umbrella, as large banana leaves; women’s head cover
mer-saoŋ having a head cover
Toba Batak
saoŋ umbrella made of pandanus leaves
mar-saoŋ-saoŋ cover the head with a cloth so that the face is not visible
Old Javanese
soŋ sun-shade, cover, protection
a-noŋ to seek cover under
a-soŋ having as cover, covered by, in the shadow of, overshadowed by; also of feelings of sadness, etc. which are carried along like a soŋ
maka-soŋ having (using) as cover (protection), covered by, in the shadow of; being (serving as) cover, etc.
ka-soŋ-an to shade, overshadow, hang (project) over
s<um>oŋ overhanging
soŋ-soŋ parasol, umbrella
a-soŋ-soŋ with a parasol (cover) of
Javanese
soŋ-soŋ umbrella, sunshade
pa-noŋsoŋ one who has the task of sheltering a dignitary from sun or rain with umbrella
WMP Palauan
táod three-pronged fish spear
OC Yapese
taawoth spear with many prongs (probably a Palauan loan)
OC Kaniet
sao spear (Dempwolff (1905:207)
Puluwat
ttow to spear
Rotuman
jao javelin, spear
Wayan
sā spear, harpoon. Spears, used in fishing and warfare, were formerly made from hardwood poles, reeds or bamboo. Fishing spears were pointed with tood, fishbone or ray stings.
Tongan
tao spear or javelin
Niue
sao spear
Samoan
tao spear
Tuvaluan
tao spear, fishing spear
Nukuoro
dao spear; branch of, part of
Rennellese
tao spear, dart, as for fighting, fishing, or spearing birds
Anuta
tao spear
Rarotongan
tao an ancient short-throwing spear
Maori
tao spear, about six feet long
Hawaiian
kao dart, fish-spear, javelin; spike, as on the tail of a stingray
WMP Hanunóo
sága small vine (Abrus precatorius Linn.) the seeds of which are vermillion with some black, and are used as eyes in carved figures, beads, etc.
Malay
saga the "crabo eye" or seed of Abrus precatorius (used as a measure of weight for gold and therefore as a standard of value)
Karo Batak
saga climbing plant with small red fruit: Abrus precatorius L.
Sundanese
saga plant said to be efficacious against sprue (psilosis)
Javanese
saga trailing shrub having small round aromatic leaves (sometimes used as tea) and small red and black beans
Balinese
saga plant that has a fruit with bright red pits: Abrus precatorius L.
Sasak
saga plant that has a fruit with bright red pits: Abrus precatorius L.
WMP Ibaloy
en-sagapsap rough to the taste, tongue --- describes the unpleasant feeling some things give in the mouth (as hair on meat, bone in fish, peeling of some beans that come off, stone or husk in cooked rice)
Tagalog
sagapsáp tasteless, insipid
Cebuano
sagapsáp fibrous and dry to chew; rough to the touch
WMP Ilokano
sagisí species of slender, wild palm: Heterospathe elata
Bikol
sagisí fruit of the anáhaw (fan palm)
Cebuano
sagisí tall, slender, ornamental palm with pinnate leaves, the fruit of which are similar to the Areca and may also be chewed: Heterospathe elata
WMP Ilokano
sagitsít hissing sound, sound of frying lard
ag-sagitsít to make a hissing sound
Maranao
sagitsit shuffling noise, hiss
WMP Ilokano
sagság become destroyed by beating or shaking (as a roof in a storm)
Isneg
ma-nagtág to cut stalks of sugarcane into equal lengths before crushing them in the mill
tagtax-ān to divide sugarcane into sections
Ibaloy
sagsag break dirt clods up into small pieces; to split bolo bamboo lengthwise into fourths, eighths, sixteenths, etc.
Tagalog
sagság broken lengthwise (said of canes, wood, tubes, etc.) without being entirely so
Tausug
ma-sagsag (for something) to break off, as branches from a tree after a strong wind
Balinese
sagsag break, crack
WMP Ibaloy
sagsag-en break dirt clods up into small pieces
Tausug
sagsag-un to break (something) off, destroy or damage (something)
WMP Itbayaten
sagsag idea of chopping
ka-pa-nagsag act of hashing
ma-nagsag to chop (not wood, but meat, fish, taro, = food) into somewhat small pieces, to hash
sagsag-en to mince, to hash, to chop meat or fish or the like
Ibatan
ma-sagsag something is chopped up, meat is minced
may-sagsag someone chops up something, minces meat; someone chops up fallen branches in a field before burning
Lun Dayeh
aag the chopping of meat or bones into small pieces
Kelabit
aag minced fish or meat, so called because the traditional way of making such products was by tediously chopping (naag) away at the fish or meat until the whole became finely chopped, like minced fish or meat
WMP Ibatan
sago sago palm tree: Cycas revoluta
Ilokano
sagó arrowroot, tapioca: Maranta arundinacea
Pangasinan
sagó a herbaceous plant the roots of which are cooked and eaten
Tagalog
sagó the sago palm tree and its white globular seeds used in making puddings
Bikol
sagó sago palm, Metroxylon
Aklanon
sago(h) ball of starch made from araro (arrow root), and used in desserts
Cebuano
sagú sago starch obtained from palm trunks, especially the sago palm (lumbiya) and the buri palm (buli)
Malagasy
sáku a provincial word for Indian corn
Iban
saguɁ pearl sago, made by roasting
Malay
sagu mealy pith, associated usually with ‘sago’, the mealy pith of the sago palm (sagu rumbia), which is of value as a foodstuff, and much consumed in the Archipelago in localities where rice is not grown; in Malaya and Sumatra, where rice is preferred, untong sagu (sago luck) is the lot of the second best, or of a lady’s “second string”
Karo Batak
sagu sago, a flour extracted from certain palms
Toba Batak
sagu pith or meal of certain plants (sago palm, arrowroot, etc.)
sagu-sagu little cakes made of moistened ricemeal (a favorite Batak delicacy)
Sundanese
sagu the edible pith from certain palms, as the sago palm
Javanese
sagu sago (tree)
Balinese
sagu sago, starch
Sasak
saguɁ sago, starch from various palms that is prepared and eaten
Banggai
sagu sago, edible palm pith
Makassarese
sagu sago, edible palm pith
Chamorro
sagu type of plant, arrowroot: Maranta arundinacea
CMP Bimanese
sagu sago, edible palm pith
WMP Ilokano
ságo pus, watery matter in wounds
Tagalog
ságo drip; dripping of saliva or mucus; suppurating; exuding
Bikol
i-ságo to ooze (as blood from the nose or mouth of the dead, brine from a jar of salted preserves)
mag-ságo to exude a liquid
Romblomanon
sāgu body fluid, especially of a dead person after about 24 hours following death
Aklanon
sago carrion, dead/decaying flesh or body
Cebuano
sagú dead man’s saliva
Maranao
sago smell peculiar to a body prepared for burial
Binukid
sagu body fluid (of a corpse)
Yakan
sagu watery discharge, serious drainage (from sores)
nagu to discharge watery, sticky liquid (said of sores)
Bare'e
sagu fluid from a corpse
Chamorro
sagu bad cold, runny nose, influenza, epidemic
WMP Casiguran Dumagat
sagút to answer for, to blame, to assume responsibility for
Tagalog
sagót answer; reply to a question; key; the answer to a puzzle or problem; reply; response; rejoinder; an answer by word or act; assumption of another’s responsibility
i-sagót to give as an answer to a person or to question; to give as a security, pledge or guarantee
ma-nagót to assume responsibility for; to take upon oneself; to answer for
maka-sagót able to answer; to recite; to say part of a lesson; to answer a teacher’s question
ka-ságút-an solution; answer; key; a sheet or book of answers to questions, puzzles, etc.; a person with whom another is engaged in an argument
Bikol
mag-sagót-sagót to answer back, to be sassy
pa-sagut-án a discussion
Hanunóo
sagút answer
Formosan Amis
cahdal the condition when the sun comes out for a moment between rain showers
WMP Masbatenyo
sanág cheerful, bright outlook
Hiligaynon
sánag bright, shiny (as the sun)
ma-sánag bright, shiny
mag-sánag to be clear, to shine (of the sun)
WMP Ilokano
saó word; speech, talk; conversation; language; statement; saying; conversation; terminology; expression; proverb
ag-saó to speak, talk; converse
i-saó to say, express
s<um>aó to speak up
saó-saó rumor, idle talk
sao-én ~ saw-én to say, utter: state
Bikol
sáhoɁ referring to words that are indistinctly pronounced
ma-sahúɁan to manage to express oneself; to make oneself understood
WMP Tagalog
sahóg mixture; secondary ingredients in a mixture
i-sahóg to add as an ingredient to a mixture
ka-sahóg a person such as a visitor who is included in the preparation of food in a home
ma-sahóg with or having many ingredients, esp. in a dish of food
sahug-án to add something to a mixture (stress on the mixture)
Bikol
sahóg fish or meat added to vegetables as a seasoning
mag-sahóg to add fish or meat to vegetables as a seasoning
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
sahug of a small quantity or number, to be mixed with a larger quantity or number
Proto-Minahasan
*saɁuh to mix, mingle, blend
WMP Mapun
soy who; whom; what (when asking someone’s name)
Sangil
say who?
Samal
sai who?
Sa'ban
ay who?
Bintulu
say who?
Melanau (Mukah)
say who?
Melanau Dalat (Kampung Teh)
say who?
Buol
tai who?
CMP Keo
sai who?
Ende
sai who?
Palu'e
hai who?
Sika
hai who?
Galoli
sei who?
OC Ponam
sei who?
Arop
sei who?
Kove
sei who?
Ali
e-sei who?
Motu
dai-ka who?
Mekeo (East)
kai who?
Zabana
hei who?
Bugotu
hai indefinite pronoun, anyone; who?
Lau
tai ~ tei who, whoever
Tonga
hai interrogative pronoun, who?, whom?
Niue
hai interrogative pronoun, who?, whom?
Futunan
ai interrogative pronoun, who?, whom?
Samoan
ai who?
Tuvaluan
ko ai who?
a ai whose?
a te ai to whom?
Kapingamarangi
ai who?, whose?, what? (name)
Nukuoro
go-ai who?
Rennellese
ai interrogative pronoun, who?
Anuta
ko ai pronoun: who?
e ai by whom?
ki ai to whom?
mai ai from whom?
mo ai with whom?
i ai with whom?
WMP Bonggi
e-si who?
Rungus Dusun
i-say who?
Dumpas
i-say who?
Tatana
i-say who?
Kujau
i-say who?
Bisaya (Limbang)
i-say who?
Dohoi
i-ai who?
Sangir
i sai who?
CMP Lamboya
i-ai who?
SHWNG Minyaifuin
siei <M who?
OC Ahus
ise who?
Lele
sey who?
Lakona
ise who?
Merig
ise who?
Malmariv
isei who?
Lametin
ise who?
Lingarak
i-si who?
WMP Mapun
soy-soy whoever
Sangir
i sai-sai who? (plural)
i sai-sai-ŋ each one, everyone, whoever
CMP Sika
hai-hai whoever
WMP Ibaloy
se-saiŋ to want something that someone else is eating or selling but not to ask for it; rather to stand nearby as a hint, hoping to be offered some
Pangasinan
saíŋ to join two objects end to end
Mansaka
saiŋ to put beside (as a pot next to a pan)
WMP Kankanaey
sagáb-en to bring fire near; to draw a brand close; to put a firebrand close (to bedbugs, etc. to expel or kill them)
Keley-i
halab to roast young rice over a fire
Ifugaw
hágab to scorch something; to become scorched
Bikol
sárab burnt hay or straw
mag-sárab to burn hay or straw
Hanunóo
sárab roasting
s<in>árab roasted with the skins left on, as bananas
Cebuano
sálab to singe, pass a flame over
Binukid
salab to singe, pass something over a flame (as a chicken to remove the small feathers)
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
sarab to roast something in the flames of a fire
Mansaka
sarab to singe (as the hairs from a pig)
WMP Ilokano
sáka foot; leg
pa-sáka string of rattan; string used to tie fowl
pa-saká-an to tie at the leg; beat the leg
sáka-sáka barefoot
Bikol
sáka cockspur
mag-sáka to wound with a cockspur
WMP Ayta Abellan
haka to go up
mama-haka for someone to climb a mountain or hill
Hanunóo
saká climbing up, going up, as into a house
s<um>aká to go up, enter
Cebuano
saká to climb (as stairs), bring something up
Mansaka
saka to ascend (as a mountain); to go upstream
Proto-Sangiric
*saka to climb (mountain)
WMP Casiguran Dumagat
saká and, also
Ayta Abellan
haka and
Bikol
saká and
WMP Agutaynen
t<om>aŋkab for an animal, such as a dog or lion, to lunge at someone, something; for an animal to snatch, grab s.t. in its mouth and eat it; for s.o. to viciously bite, or bite off s.t., usually in a fight
Maranao
sakab to swallow
Binukid
saŋkab (for a fish) to open its mouth to catch food
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
sakab of water creatures, to prey on other creatures from under the water by snatching them from the surface of the water; of a crocodile, to seize its prey
Formosan Amis
cakal muzzle for ox, water buffalo
WMP Ilokano
sakal-én to squeeze the neck (of another)
Tagalog
sakál choked; strangled; very tight (as a collar)
Bikol
sakál yoke
WMP Bontok
sákal adze
sakál-an to use an adze
Bikol
saŋkál a large wooden hammer or mallet used for driving in stakes or posts
Maranao
sakal hoe, pike
Malay (Brunei)
bəlioŋ saŋkal adze used by boat builders
Malay
saŋkal handle of a hammer or adze
Old Javanese
saŋkal the handle of an adze
WMP Ilokano
sakáŋ bow-legged
Itawis
sakáŋ bowlegged
Ifugaw
hákaŋ crooked leg
hakáŋ to stand astride on the ground
Casiguran Dumagat
sakáŋ to hold a baby with its legs straddling your side
Ibaloy
sakaŋ to have the legs, or similar parts of an object (too) wide apart
Tagalog
sakáŋ bandy-legged; bowlegged; having the legs curved outward; state of being bowlegged; a bowlegged person
Bikol
sakáŋ bow-legged
magin-sakáŋ to become bow-legged
Hanunóo
sakáŋ astride, astraddle
Agutaynen
sakaŋ crotch
Tiruray
sakaŋ bow-legged
Lun Dayeh
akaŋ a pace, step, stride
ŋ-akaŋ open the legs to step forward, step over something
kaŋ-en ~ kaŋ-in will be stepped over
Kayan
hakaŋ widely open, as of legs
OC Samoan
saʔa (especially of two-legged creatures like men or chickens) be short-legged
WMP Ibaloy
sakaaŋ to have the legs, or similar parts of an object (too) wide apart
Cebuano
sakáʔaŋ totter under a heavy weight with the legs spread far apart for balance and foothold; walk with the legs wide apart due to some ailment
WMP Chamorro
sahagu deep water
CMP Asilulu
saʔalu a natural barrier just below the sea surface, especially of coral reefs
SHWNG Kowiai/Koiwai
saɁar reef
Buli
sa reef’
OC Bali (Uneapa)
zagharu reef
Mbula
sagar coral (smaller, white in color; said to be a loan fromMutu)
Roviana
sagaru reef; Milky Way
Arosi
taʔaru shoal, shallow spot in the sea
Gilbertese
rakai block of coral rocks; rock; reef
Fijian
cakau reef
Samoan
aʔau reef
Formosan Amis
cakat arise, go up
WMP Bikol
sakát go upstairs; climb, scale, mount, ascend
Maranao
sakat step up, rise up
CMP Ngadha
saka ascend, mount (as a horse); rise (as water in a stream)
Buruese
saka-h ascend to
saka-t up
OC Kuruti
sakow long red variety of Malay apple
Mondropolon
sakow long red variety of Malay apple
Likum
sa:kow long variety of Malay apple
Lindrou
saɁ Malay apple with flower-shaped fruit
Nggela
sagau Malay apple (small species)
WMP Ilokano
sakáy to ride, mount (a horse, etc.); to embark (go on board a steamer, etc.)
Bontok
sakáy to ride, as on an animal
Kankanaey
men-sakáy to ride on horseback; to mount, to ride; to sit astride of, to straddle something
Ifugaw (Batad)
hakay for someone to ride on an animal, such as a horse or carabao
Ibaloy
man-sakay to ride on an animal, bicycle, scooter, etc.
Pangasinan
sakáy to navigate
Ayta Maganchi
hakay to ride, get in or on
Kapampangan
sake ride
sake-n vehicle
Tagalog
sakáy passenger; load
Bikol
sakáy fluvial procession
mag-sakáy ride in a boat
Hanunóo
sakáy riding on a horse or in a boat or land vehicle, etc.
Aklanon
sakáy ride (on), travel (on), get on (vehicle), mount (an animal)
Cebuano
sakay put something, ride, get on a vehicle; join in with other people; include something together with a list that has been made up
Kadazan Dusun
sakay to go up; to ride
ka-sakaz-an act of going on, riding (a horse, bicycle, etc.)
Ida'an Begak
sakay get on board
Bintulu
sakay with; friend
Iban
saŋkai (of boats) come to land, touch at, go alongside; put ashore; take passage (in boat), carry cargo, set down (cargo or passenger); join in business or work, lend a hand
Mongondow
takoi get on a horse or a vehicle, go for a ride, sail, navigate
Tae'
sake-i to ride a horse
Chamorro
sahy-an automobile, small vehicle
CMP Tetun
saɁe to climb on, to mount (as a horse)
Asilulu
saɁa to ride (as in a boat)
SHWNG Kowiai/Koiwai
na-saʔa to go by vehicle
OC Nggela
hage to embark, mount a horse, get into a car
Lau
tae embark
tae doŋa hitchhike in canoes, travel by successive canoes
tae-li embark on a ship or a canoe
'Āre'āre
taʔe ride, embark; used to denote the numerical strength of a canoe
taʔe taʔai a one-man canoe
taʔe rua a two-man canoe
Sa'a
taʔe embark, start off
tataʔe embark, start off; used to denote the capacity of a canoe
taʔe ileŋine horse to ride a horse
taʔe-li embark, get into a canoe
Arosi
taɁe(-na) embarcation party
Pohnpeian
dake ride in or on a vehicle
Puluwat
tááy vehicle, ride in a vehicle
tááye-ló ride, as in a canoe or on a horse
Woleaian
tageey (tagee-a) ride it, sail in it
Wayan
cake climb up or on, mount
WMP Pangasinan
sakay-án ship, vessel
Bikol
sakáy-an boat
Tae'
sake-an willing to be ridden (of a horse or carabao)
Chamorro
sahy-an automobile, small vehicle, jeep, sedan, car (Formosan only)
Formosan Kavalan
saqay walk
pa-saqay to send (something), to deliver
p<n>a-saqay contagious disease, epidemic
saqay-awan job, work
Pazeh
zakay walk
z<in>akay behavior
z<in>akay-an footprints, traces
Formosan Trobiawan
ts<um>akai to walk
Kavalan
s<m>aqay to walk
Pazeh
mu-zakay to walk
WMP Kenyah
sakay stranger
ñakay to visit
Kenyah (Long Wat)
sakay visitors
ñakay to visit
Bintulu
sakay with; friend, companion
Iban
sakay crew member of (racing) boat
Malay
sakay subject; dependent, of subject peoples in contrast to the ruling race; therefore somewhat contemptuous
Proto-Minahasan
*sakey guest
Tontemboan
sakey guest, stranger
Boano
sakoyE guest
Lauje
saɁoy guest
WMP Yami
sakay go up, climb up
pa-sakay-in pull up, make something go up
Kadazan Dusun
sakay to go up
Ngaju Dayak
sakæy to climb, ascend
CMP Tetun
saɁe to rise up; to ascend (as the sun)
Tetun (Dili)
sae to climb, ascend
Proto-Ambon
*saka(y) to climb, ascend
Hitu
saʔa to ascend
Nusa Laut
u-sata to lift, raise
SHWNG Mayá
ꞌsa¹² to climb
Biga
-sa to climb
Minyaifuin
-sa to climb
CMP Asilulu
saɁa to climb (as a coconut palm), to rise (as the moon)
Buruese
saka upper; on, upon, at
saka-h ascend to
saka-k up
saka-saka up high
OC Vitu
zahe go up; move away from land (when travelling in a boat)
Kove
sae up
Motu
dae to ascend
dae-kau to ascend to and reach a place, e.g. to go up onto a veranda from the ground
dae-roha to rise (of sun); to climb to the top
Gabadi
gae to ascend
Cheke Holo
hage to go or come up, move higher, rise, ascend, climb up; lift up
Kwaio
taɁe rise
faɁa-taɁe to recruit (of a plantation laborer)
ta-taɁe to stand up
ta-taɁe-a to lift up
Lau
tae to rise, ascend, get up, climb; to lift up; to exhume
'Āre'āre
taɁe rise, get up, stand
taɁe-a to raise up, make get up, put somebody on their feet, lift up
Sa'a
taɁe adverb of direction, up, inland
Arosi
taɁe to alight on a branch, perch, of a bird; to go up,l ascend; to climb a hill; to rise to the surface
Proto-Micronesian
*Sake up, upward
Marshallese
tak directional enclitic, eastward, upward
Pohnpeian
dak to rise, of the sun and moon
Chuukese
táá up, upward, eastward,rising
Puluwat
táá-tá to rise, as star or sun
Woleaian
tag(e) directional --- upward, eastward
Avava
sak to go up, ascend
Efate (South)
sak to ascend
Wayan
cake climb, ascend, climb up or on, mount; climb up for something, esp. fruit; have intercourse with (vulgar)
Fijian
cake upwards, above
Tongan
hake up, upwards, along, past, etc.; go up, esp. from the sea to the land
ha-hake direction in which the sun rises, east
Niue
hake directive particle, upwards, to the north or to the east
Futunan
sake jump over
Samoan
sa-saɁe east
WMP Yami
sakeb lie flat, stick close to the ground
pa-sakeb place something face downward
Itbayaten
sakeb idea of lying with face down
pa-sakb-en to cause to lie with face down
Ibatan
sakeb be inverted, upside down (as a barrel), lie face down (person)
Casiguran Dumagat
sakəb to lie face down (as a person, or for a canoe to be floating upside down in the water)
Kapampangan
mi-sakáb fall on face
maka-sakáb lying face down
WMP Ayta Abellan
hakeb cover or lid; cap or top of a bottle; to cover
Hanunóo
sakúb covered or closed container or cage
Karo Batak
saŋkem earthenware lid of a copper cooking pot (Formosan only)
Formosan Thao
takic muntjac, barking deer
Bunun
sakut muntjac, barking deer
Bunun (Isbukun)
sakut barking deer
Paiwan
takets muntjac, pygmy deer
WMP Ilokano
sakdó water drawn from a well (for drinking)
s<um>akdó to draw water from a well
Bontok
sakdú a ceremony in which water is drawn secretly from one of the springs in a foreign village and brought home, to counteract a child’s illness, as impetigo or an infected ear
ma-nakdú to draw water
Kankanaey
s<um>akdó to fetch water, to go for water
Bikol
mag-sakdó to fetch water (as from a river, stream)
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
sekezu a water pole; to fetch water
WMP Ilokano
sakdu-en to draw water, imbibe knowledge
Bikol (East Miraya)
sakdu-ón to fetch water (as from a river, stream)
WMP Casiguran Dumagat
saklé to carry s.t. by shoulder strap
Tagalog
sakláy yoke; light shawl; sling; a hanging loop of cloth fastened around the neck to support a hurt arm
Bikol
i-sakláy to sling s.t. across the shoulders
Tiruray
segelay a strap used to sling s.t. from one shoulder; to carry s.t. with a segelay
WMP Ilokano
saklót lap
s<in>aklót baby in the womb
Tagalog
pag-saklót to grab; grabbing or snatching
Bikol
saklót prey
ma-naklót to fly with something clutched in the claws (birds)
WMP Ilokano
saklót-en to hold in the lap
Agta (Eastern)
sáklot hold crossways in the arms (as to hold a sleeping child crossways in the arms)
Bontok
saklut-ən to hold in the lap; to sit on someone’s knee; to carry against the front of the body, as a child in a carrying blanket
Kankanaey
saklót-an to carry in a piece of cloth, one’s apron, one’s skirt; to bear in one’s blanket
Tagalog
saklut-ín to snatch; to ravish; to carry off by force; to whisk; to take away something quickly
Bikol
saklut-ón to prey on; to swoop down on; to carry off in the claws (birds)
WMP Ilokano
sakém gather everything in reach
sakm-én to gather everything in reach; take all one can; to include in one’s jurisdiction; take everything in reach
Pangasinan
sakém territory, jurisdiction; to absorb, acquire
man-sakém to clasp
Tagalog
ma-sakím avaricious; covetous; greedy; avid; greedy; rapacious; selfish; caring too much for oneself
ka-sakim-án avariciousness; rapacity; greed; selfishness
Maranao
sakem catch (as a ball), reach (as fruit on a tree)
WMP Ilokano
na-sakmál snatched by a mouth; bitten (by dogs)
Tagalog
sakmál a snap; a quick, sudden bite or snatch; held tightly in the mouth
s<um>akmál to snap; to snap at; to snap up; to seize suddenly; to grab; to snatch with the mouth (of dogs)
Bikol
mag-sakmál to grab as big a handful as possible; to clasp the arms around someone roughly and tightly; to clinch, to hold in a bear hug
WMP Ilokano
sakmal-én to snatch and run; run away with; grab with the mouth; bite (dogs)
Tagalog
sakmal-ín to snap; to snap at; to snap up; to seize suddenly
Bikol
sakmal-ón to grab as big a handful as possible; to clasp the arms around someone roughly and tightly; to clinch, to hold in a bear hug
WMP Ilokano
sakníb overlapping
ag-sakníb to lap over, overlap
Bikol
i-sakníb to place one thing on top of another (referring only to thin things such as mats, linen, paper)
mag-sakníb to insert something beneath; to insert something into a pile (of mats, paper, etc.)
Cebuano
sakníb lay two things out flat so that the one is partly over the other (as mats with edges overlapping)
Binukid
saknib to overlap, extend over and cover part of something (as pieces of roofing material)
WMP Cebuano
sakúp catch, capture
Maranao
sakep catch, capture
Kayan
sakep a trap (e.g. a mouse trap)
Iban
saŋkap fish trap
CMP Manggarai
cakep catch (something falling), seize by a swift movement
WMP Cebuano
sakup close something (as a door, book)
Kayan
sakep a trap (as a mouse trap)
Banggai
saŋkop close
pa-saŋkop door, lid
Bare'e
sako drawstring of a carrying basket
WMP Subanon
sakil heel
Kalagan
sákil heel
Proto-Sangiric
*sakel heel
Sangir
sakeləɁ heel of an animal; cockspur
Bantik
sákeleɁ to kick (with toes)
OC Manam
saki stamp one’s foot on the floor of the house
sakil-i stamp one’s foot on the floor of the house
Motu
dai-a to rest on, as a foot on the ground
Bugotu
saki to step
Arosi
taki to knock, stumble against; touch
WMP Proto-South Sulawesi
*saŋki(C) to tie
OC Nggela
ndaki fasten, as a loincloth
WMP Ilokano
sakít sickness, disease, ailment; pain, ache
ag-sakít to be sick; to hurt, ail
i-sakít to defend, protect, aid; help, support; uphold
Isneg
takít sickness, disease, indisposition, pain, ache
Itawis
takít sickness, pain
Bontok
sakít to be painful; to hurt
Kankanaey
men-sakít to be sick, ill, diseased, unwell, indisposed; to ail; to be sore, tender, painful, smarting; to ache, to hurt; to swoon, to faint away
Ifugaw
hakít pain, sickness; grief, sadness
Ifugaw (Batad)
haʔit the pain of a body part; of an affliction specifically located, as the pain of a boil, a headache, stomachache, a wound
Casiguran Dumagat
saket suffering, sickness, pain, illness, ailment, infirmity, disease; to be hurt by, to get hurt, to become ill; painful
Ibaloy
sakit sickness, illness
en-sakit painful
Pangasinan
sakít ache, disease, pain, sickness, hurt; become painful
Kapampangan
sakit disease
mag-ka-sakit experience hardship, difficulty or pain
mana-sakit feel hurt, grudge, be hurt, get hurt, feel pain
Tagalog
sakít disease; sickness; illness; complaint; ill, malady; illness; pain, suffering (emotional pain or suffering is sákit, while hapdî and kirót could be either physical or emotional)
hina-nakít umbrage; resentment; suspicion that one has been slighted or injured; feeling offended; grudge, ill will; a sullen feeling against
mag-ka-sakít to fall ill, to become sick
maka-sakít to hurt; to cause injury or pain to (physically)
sákit concern; solicitude; interest; devotion; dedication to a purpose and expressing such in earnest service
Bikol
mahiŋ-sakít to feel slighted or offended; to resent or take offense at; to hold a grudge against
maka-sákit to cause difficulties
ma-sakit-an to find something difficult
Hanunóo
sakít pain; illness
Romblomanon
sakit an illness, internal or external, including extensive skin infections
sakit sa babāyi a venereal disease
maga-sakit a part of the body aches
Masbatenyo
mag-ka-sakít be sick, be in pain
Aklanon
sakít illness, ailment, infirmity; to be hurt by, suffer from; to hurt (physically), cause pain
paŋ-hi-nakít to feel sorry for, sympathize with; to bear a grudge, feel bad about, take ill (someone’s actions or talk)
Waray-Waray
sakít disease; sickness; malady; a stinging or smarting pain; pain; ill, sick, not well; painful, hurting; a sick person, a patient
Hiligaynon
sakít illness, pain; grief, sorrow
Cebuano
sakít painful; hurting, causing wounded feelings; violent death or way of dying; physical pain; ache, emotional pain;
sakít sa babáyi venereal disease; menstruation (sickness of a woman)
paka-sákit to make sacrifices
ma-sakít-un patient, an ill person; be, become gravely ill
s<in>ákit martyr
s<al>akít-an susceptible to diseases; infested with organisms that cause diseases
Maranao
sakit disease, sickness, pain, ache, ailment, hurt
sakit a bebay gonorrhea (sickness of a woman)
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
sakit pain
Mansaka
sakit illness
Tiruray
ʔagit paining, painful
Tausug
sakit sickness, illness, pain, soreness, ache
sakit atay anger, hatred, bitterness of feeling
sakit babai venereal disease
mag-sakit to become painful, sore
mag-ka-sakit to develop sickness, get sick
Kadazan Dusun
sakit sick, ill
Tombonuwo
o-sakit sick, painful
Ida'an Begak
sakit crazy
Kelabit
aʔit sickness, pain
Kenyah
sakit sick, diseased; in pain
Kiput
aket illness
səp-aket pretend to be ill
Iban
sakit sick, ill; painful; illness
Malay
sakit sick; diseased; being ill or in pain
sakit bulan menstruation (‘monthly sickness’)
sakit hati annoyance; anger; ill-will
ber-sakit to take pains
hantu pe-ñakit spirits of disease
me-ñakit-i to afflict
sakit-i to afflict
Acehnese
sakét pain; sick, indisposed; labor (in childbirth); difficult, painful; trouble; torment; grief
sakét ulεə headache
Gayō
sakit sick, painful
sakit ulu headache
Karo Batak
sakit pain; sick
Dairi-Pakpak Batak
sakit sickness
per-sakit-en sickness, illness, disease
Toba Batak
sahit sickness, illness, disease
Sundanese
sa-sakit-an painful (bitter) weeping
Old Javanese
sakit pain (esp. physical)
s<in>akit-an to inflict pain, hurt, wound
Javanese
sakit ill; painful
Balinese
sakit illness, pain, damage, hurt, annoyance
sakit-sakit sick persons
Sasak
sakit be sick, have pain (including by a blow); sickness, suffering; be annoyed; hate someone
sakit aŋən jealous
Sangir
sakiʔ sickness
mahun-sakiʔ sickly
Tontemboan
sakit spirit of sickness, ghost that causes illness; sickness, illness
Proto-Gorontalic
*sakito sick, painful
Mongondow
takit ghosts of lower rank that cause sickness and all sorts of trouble, and that reside in springs, rivers, oddly-shaped stones, in the forest, etc., above all in lonesome and deserted places; takit also means ‘sickness’, and is then associated with the forces that cause sickness
moko-takit cause sickness or pain
Banggai
sakit sickness
maŋka-sakit make someone sick, cause someone pain
Uma
hakiʔ sickness, complaint
Bare'e
saki sickness
Proto-Bungku-Tolaki
*hakiQ pain, sickness
Wolio
kumbi saki smallpox
Muna
saki illness; sick, ill
manan-saki sickly, in poor health
Palauan
rakt sickness, disease
rəkt-əl a rədil menstruation
ou-rákt to be sick, suffer chronically from
olab rəkt-əl pregnant
SHWNG Kowiai/Koiwai
sait noʔo i to be taken ill
WMP Masbatenyo
ka-sakít pain
Aklanon
ka-sákít suffering, pain
Cebuano
ka-sakít pain, physical or emotional
ka-sákit crucifix
Binukid
ka-sakit pain (physical or emotional); ache; to be painful, to ache; to hurt (someone)
Kadazan Dusun
ka-sakit (can make) sick, ill
Sundanese
ka-sakit sickness, indisposition, illness
WMP Tagalog
ma-nakít to hurt or injure others (physically or morally); to pain, to ache; to be aching all over
Bahasa Indonesia
me-ñakit-i to cause pain to someone (sadness, suffering, etc.)
Sundanese
ma-ñakit sickness, complaint; disease
Old Javanese
ma-nakit to cause pain? to be a disease?
Balinese
ñakit to hurt, damage, torture
Mongondow
mo-nakit painful; smarting, of pain
WMP Ilokano
ma-sakít patient; to be sick
Agta (Dupaningan)
ma-sakét sick
Itawis
ma-takít sick
ma-ma-takít to harm
Ifugaw
ma-hakít it is painful
Ibaloy
ma-sekit sickly, frail
ma-s<in>akit sickly, frail
Kapampangan
ma-sakít hurts, painful; difficult, hard
ma-sákit a sick person
Tagalog
ma-sakít sore; painful; hurting; tender, sensitive (physically or morally); nasty, hurting; hurtful, hurting (morally); biting; bitter; sharp; cutting; mordant; acrimonious, sarcastic; incisive; cutting; sharp; penetrating; hard (as words); unpleasant to the feelings
ma-sakt-án to be hurt (morally); to be sore or offended; to be injured; to be hurt (physically)
ma-sa-sakt-ín sickly, delicate; prone to sickness; unhealthy; not possessing good health; infirm, feeble
ma-sákít-in sickly, delicate; prone to sickness; susceptible or subject to sickness; unhealthy, not possessing good health, not well; infirm, feeble
Bikol
ma-sákit arduous, difficult, formidable, hard, laborious, rigorous, onerous, tough, complex, complicated
Hanunóo
ma-sakít hurt, pain, be painful
Romblomanon
ma-sakit someone or something suffers pain; a part of the body is painful; someone becomes sick
Masbatenyo
ma-sakít sick, painful, hurt (of body or feelings)
ma-sákit difficult; suffering; painful
Aklanon
ma-sakít painful, hurting; sick, ill
Waray-Waray
ma-sakít ill, sick, not well; painful, hurting; a sick person, a patient
Hiligaynon
ma-sakít painful; sorrowful
Binukid
ma-sakit achy, painful, hurting
Mansaka
ma-sakit painful, sick; to become painful
Tausug
ma-sakit (with atay) bitter against, hateful (toward someone)
Kelabit
m-aʔit sick, painful
m-aʔit lipen toothache
m-aʔit uluh headache
Kiput
m-aket sick, ill
Old Javanese
a-sakit in pain, ill, hurt, wounded
Sangir
ma-sakiʔ be or become sick
Tontemboan
ma-sakit be sick, become sick
Mongondow
mo-takit sick
Banggai
ma-sakit sick, painful; cause pain
Uma
mo-hakiʔ sick
Bare'e
ma-saki sick
Palauan
mə-rákt look as if one is very sick
OC Tolai
mait to be ill or sick
Bali (Uneapa)
mazaghichi sick
Vitu
mazahi illness, disease, sickness
Gitua
mazai sick
Yabem
-mac painful, sick
Nginia
masahi sick
Kwaio
mataʔi fever
mataʔi-a feverish
Lau
matai ~ ma-matai to be ill
matai-a ~ matai-ŋa illness
Toqabaqita
mataʔi be sick, ill
mataʔi-a sickness, illness, disease
mataʔi-laʔa feel sick, ill
'Āre'āre
mataʔi to have fever, to have an attack of malaria
Sa'a
mataʔi to have an attack of malarial fever
Arosi
mataʔi to have fever, malaria; be feverish
Proto-Micronesian
*masaki be painful, hurt
Gilbertese
maraki pain, suffering, grief; painful
ka-maraki causing pain
ma-maraki painful, paining; to be suffering
maraki n nano hurt feelings (‘painful insides’)
nano maraki to regret, repent
Kosraean
atək painful, hurting, sore; pain, ache, intense pain in the bones or joints
Marshallese
metak pain; hurt; ache; sore
Pohnpeian
medek to hurt; to be painful; to ache
Mokilese
mɔdɔk hurt, painful
Chuukese
metek ~ meteki- pain, hurt; (be) painful
Puluwat
meták to hurt, pain; pain
Woleaian
metagi pain; be painful, sick, hurt
ga-metagi make it hurt
Sonsorol-Tobi
metaki sick, ill
Mota
masag ague
Atchin
mi-masa sick
Rerep
mesex sick
Axamb
məsax sick
Faulili
mesai sick
Tonga
mahak sick
Nakanamanga
masaki sick
Pwele
masaki sick
Lelepa
msak sick
Efate (South)
masak sick
Tongan
mahaki sick person, patient; sickness, disease, ailment; temperamental or characteristic fondness or liking, ‘weakness’, craze, addiction; sick, diseased, ailing; dead (polite for mate)
Futunan
maki sick
masaki be sick; patient, sick person; sickness, illness, disease
Samoan
maʔi be sick, fall ill; infection (in general), disease, sickness; patient; pregnancy
maʔi-aitu condition said to be caused by temporary possession of a person by a ghost or a devil
maʔi-lasi (of a child) be sickly
maʔi-lili shivering
maʔi-manatu be homesick; be lovesick; homesickness, lovesickness
maʔi-māsina menses, monthly period
maʔi-tō be pregnant
faʔa-maʔi epidemic
faʔa-ma-maʔi be madly in love, yearn or pine for someone
faʔa-maʔi-maʔi feel unwell, be indisposed
maʔi-maʔi maʔi-maʔi
Tuvaluan
mahaki sick; a sick person
Kapingamarangi
magi be sick, infirm
magi ahina menstruation (lit. ‘woman’s sickness’)
Nukuoro
magi sick, sickness; ill, illness; disease (physical or mental)
magi dabeo menstruation (lit. ‘unclean sickness’)
magi-aa envious, jealous (non-sexual jealousy)
Rennellese
masaki sickness; sick person, patient; to be sick
masaki-aʔa rascal, scamp, nasty supernatural
masaki kege-kege woman’s monthly period; to have such a period (lit. ‘dirty sickness’)
haka-masaki to cause sickness
Rarotongan
maki general term for disease, sickness or illness of any nature: the word with which it is joined denotes the particular disease or illness; sick, affected by disease, ill
maki piva fevers of any kind
maki vaine menses (lit. ‘woman’s sickness’)
maki-maki be indisposed; be ill or feel ill; be suffering from some complaint
Maori
maki invalid, sick person; sore; to afflict, of an illness
maki-maki cutaneous disease
Hawaiian
maʔi patient, sick person; sickness, disease; sick, ill; menstruating
hoʔo-maʔi to cause sickness; to feign sickness; genitals
OC Vitu
mazahit-ia fall ill
Tongan
mahaki-ʔia to be sick or unwell (a milder or more polite word than puke): of persons, animals, etc., and trees or plants; of a woman, to have her monthly sickness
WMP Mongondow
mo-taki-takit sickly, often sick
OC Vitu
mazahi-zahit-ia be very sick
WMP Isneg
mag-takít to be sick, to ail
Bikol
mag-sákit to become difficult
Hanunóo
mag-sakít to be painful, to be hurt, to feel bad about
Masbatenyo
mag-sákit to be difficult
Dairi-Pakpak Batak
mer-sakit sick; bedridden because of sickness
Toba Batak
mar-sahit to be sick
mar-sahit-i to make someone sick (said of the spirits)
WMP Ilokano
na-sakít sick, aching, hurt, sore
Bontok
na-sakít to be sick; sickness; illness
Binukid
na-sakit-an was hurt by someone
Mongondow
no-takit became sick
WMP Cebuano
pa-nakít pains, aches, characteristics of a sickness
Kenyah
pe-ñakit sickness
Iban
pe-ñakit illness
Malay
pe-ñakit disease
Gayō
pe-ñakit sickness, illness, disease
Karo Batak
pe-nakit sickness; also an expression for intestinal worms
Toba Batak
pa-nahit worms in the intestines; having intestinal parasites
Sundanese
pa-ñakit sickness, complaint; disease
Old Javanese
pa-nakit disease
Javanese
pa-ñakit sickness (physical or spiritual)
Sasak
pə-ñakit sickness
WMP Ilokano
pa-sakit-an to pain, afflict, distress; hurt, trouble; torment
Ibaloy
pe-sakit to make someone sick (esp. with the spirit world as agents)
Kapampangan
pa:-sakit burden; give a burden
Romblomanon
pa-sakit someone is caused to experience pain by a part of the body which pains
pa-sākit suffering
Aklanon
pa-sákit to cause/inflict suffering on
Cebuano
pa-sákit to make sacrifices
OC Nggela
vahagi to be in pain; to be ill, have malaria
vahagi-ga sickly
WMP Tagalog
ka-sakit-án painfulness; soreness
Bikol
ka-sakít-an difficulty, complexity; adversity, hardship, pain, persecution, suffering, tribulation
Romblomanon
ka-sakīt-an someone is afflicted with pain in a part of the body which aches
Malay
ke-sakit-an a state of pain, trouble or illness
Sundanese
ka-sakit-an be sick
Old Javanese
ka-sakit-an suffering pain, aching, ill
Sasak
kə-sakit-an suffer intense pain
Tontemboan
ka-sakit-an be attacked by a spirit of sickness, afflicted by illness
Mongondow
ko-takit-an become sick
WMP Masbatenyo
pa-sakít-an displeasure
Javanese
pe-sakit-an prisoner
WMP Isneg
pag-takit-án to make sick, to afflict, to torment
Toba Batak
par-sahit-an illness
WMP Ifugaw
h<um>akít it will give (cause) pain
Ifugaw (Batad)
h<um>aʔit for something to pain
Tagalog
s<um>akít to ache; to become painful; to hurt; to suffer or feel pain
Tausug
s<um>akit to become painful, sore
Kadazan Dusun
s<um>akit fall sick, become ill
Tontemboan
s<um>akit illness; sick person
WMP Pangasinan
sakit-an to hurt
Tagalog
ma-sakt-án to be hurt (morally)
Romblomanon
sakit-an be afflicted with pain in a body part (as the stomach)
Toba Batak
sahit-an to be sick
Sundanese
sakit-an prisoner
Balinese
sakit-aŋ be ill, be in pain, be hurt; be made ill
WMP Ilokano
sakit-en to hurt, ache
Ibaloy
sekit-en to be sick with something
Tagalog
sákit-ín sickly, prone to sickness
Masbatenyo
sakit-ón sickly
Gayō
sakit-en suffering from an illness
Dairi-Pakpak Batak
sakit-en sick
Balinese
sakit-in be hurt by, be caused pain by someone
Sasak
sakit-in to mistreat; force someone to do something that is too difficult
Tontemboan
sakit-ən person who is always sick, sickly person
WMP Itbayaten
saksak-en to pierce, stab, pierce with a sharp pointed knife
Ilokano
i-saksák to insert; put in; plug in
Tagalog
pag-saksák stuffing; cramming; tight packing
Bikol
mag-saksák to plug something in; to insert something
WMP Ilokano
i-saksák to insert; put i; plug in
Bikol
i-saksák to plug something in; to insert something
Formosan Amis
cakcak cut into pieces with a machete, as sweet potatoes; hoe ground until it is well tilled
Puyuma
saksak cut in pieces (as bamboo)
WMP Bontok
saksak divide a piece of meat into two portions
Pangasinan
saksák to stab with any pointed object
Cebuano
saksák chop something into pieces, usually to mix it into something else
Maranao
saksak tear, split, cut into small pieces
Binukid
saksak to cut (something) into chunks (as sweet potato or squash)
Mansaka
saksak to cut into small pieces
Tiruray
saksak to pierce, to stab
mag-saksak to make a cut or incision, split something
s<um>aksak to be or become ripped
Malagasy
sásaka the half
roa sásaka divided into halves, cut into two equal parts
WMP Tombonuwo
sasak type of house lizard
Wolio
sasa house lizard, gecko
Muna
sasa gecko, house lizard
WMP Bare'e
mo-saku extract the pith of the sugar palm by pounding
CMP Asilulu
saɁu to chop sago pith away from the trunk with a hoe-like tool
sa-saɁu hoe-like tool used for scraping sago
OC Wogeo
sak barema sailfish
Marshallese
tak needlefish
Pohnpeian
dahk needlefish
Puluwat
taak needlefish
Fijian
saku a swordfish, Makaira spp, of the following kinds: saku-voro-waŋga, a large kind that can sink canoes; saku-laya, the sawfish proper; saku-lele, a small kind
Tongan
haku kind of fish, a young hakulā
Hawaiian
aɁu swordfish, sailfish, marlin, spearfish (Istiophoridae)
WMP Palauan
təkrár sailfish
CMP Fordata
sulaar whale, the fins of which project above the water when it swims on the surface (clearly misidentified, since whales have no dorsal fin; cf. Fordata laar ‘sail’)
OC Yapese
thoglaar swordfish
Wogeo
sak barema sailfish
Pohnpeian
dekilahr swordfish, sailfish, blue marlin
Mokilese
daklar swordfish
Puluwat
taak needlefish
taakúlaar' sailfish, swordfish
Sonsorol-Tobi
tagilal swordfish
Fijian
saku sword-fish, Makaira spp.
saku-laya the saw-fish proper
Tongan
haku kind of fish, a young hakulā
hakulā swordfish
Niue
haku swordfish
haku lā true swordfish (compare haku piu 'sailfish')
Samoan
saʔu, saʔulā name given to sword-fish and saw-fish
Hawaiian
aʔu swordfish, sailfish, marlin, spearfish
OC Motu
dau kind of banana (very long)
Tape
ni-saɣ banana
Paamese
sou-sou kind of banana
sau-sau kind of banana (southern dialect)
WMP Ilokano
sakkúb kind of basket put over the mother hen to keep her in place, with small openings for the chicks to run in and out
Pangasinan
sakób cover, lid; to cover
Bikol
mag-sakób to place a layer of iron over steel in the working of a knife or bolo; to cover with a layer of iron
Mansaka
sakob cover (as of a kettle)
saŋkob to put on or cover with
WMP Tiruray
saŋkuŋ an echo
Ngaju Dayak
sakuŋ-koŋ roar (of tigers, etc.)
Malagasy
sahona frog (generic)
WMP Cebuano
sakúŋ bent downward more than it should be (as a spring pole used with noose traps)
Mansaka
saŋkoŋ curved (as a bow or bolo)
Iban
sakoŋ sunken (of cheeks), hollow and drawn looking
WMP Cebuano
sakúp to catch, capture (as a runaway pig; someone who is cheating); come upon someone doing something
OC Nggela
saku to catch, as a young animal as a pet; to catch a person out in a fault
Mota
sak to catch, hang on a line
sak kalo to catch a thing, under it, as it falls; hang up on a line
WMP Ilokano
sákup jurisdiction; territory; sphere of authority
sakup-en to include, contain, comprise; invade, take over
Tagalog
sákop subject; a person who is under the power, control or influence of another; vassal
sakóp subject; under some power, influence or jurisdiction
s<um>ákop to occupy; to take possession of, e.g. by an enemy; to seize, to capture
Maranao
sakop follower, serf
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
sakup follower; subject; pay someone’s expenses (Formosan only)
Formosan Kavalan
saqut to move something, to carry, to transport (anything)
ti-saqut to carry with or by
saqut-i carry it!
Atayal
hakut carry, bring
Formosan Kavalan
s<m>aqut to move something, to carry, to transport (anything)
Atayal
h<m>akut to carry, bring
OC Kara (East)
saɣwa grasshopper
Gedaged
sok ~ soksok stick insect, Phasmatidae
Takia
sok large insect, prickly, with six legs, eaten
Molima
saga-saga green mantis (eaten)
SHWNG Numfor
sār sharp
OC Molima
sa-sala fishhook
Nggela
hala an echinus, sea-egg
Tongan
tala thorn, prickle, spike, barb or bristle
Niue
tala a barb, prong
Futunan
tala spine, horn, dorsal fin
Tuvaluan
tala fin, thorn; glans of penis
tala-tala rough surfaced
Nukuoro
dala fin, spine (extending from a fish, etc.)
Anuta
tara barb (of a spear, fishhook, etc.)
Rarotongan
tara something that is sharp-pointed, such as a thorn, spike, or the points of horns, a barb of any kind; bristling, etc.
Hawaiian
kala surgeonfish; rough, as sharkskin
WMP Maranao
saladeŋ deer
Binukid
salareŋ deer
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
selazeŋ male deer
Tiruray
seladeŋ a deer: Cervus francianus Heude, Cervus nigellus Hollister
Tboli
sledeŋ spotted sambar deer: Cervus alfredi
Malay
seladaŋ gaur, wild ox: Bos gaurus; tapir (in Sumatra)
WMP Itbayaten
saxakeb a net to catch shrimps, etc.
Ilokano
salakéb bamboo fish trap
Kapampangan
salakáb a fish-trap, carried in the hand and plunged into a shallow stream on top of a fish; when thus corraled the fish is removed by hand through a hole in the top
Tagalog
salakáb fishtrap shaped like a basket and made wider at the bottom than at the top (usually used for catching mudfish)
Bikol
salakáb small fish trap used in the rice fields
WMP Ilokano
salaksák kind of kingfisher with blue and black plumage, larger than the bíding, named for its sound, which is thought to bring about bad luck
ag-salaksák to cry (said of the kingfisher)
Kankanaey
salaksák a variety of very dark-colored Italian millet, and a kind of middle-sized black gusí (jar used mostly for storing rice wine)
Ifugaw
halakhák a kind of kingfisher with dark brown plumage, medium size; in hudhúd chant the word is used in the sense of a dark brown jar (not necessarily used for rice wine), which has a special cover resembling the crest of a kingfisher
Ibaloy
salaksak kind of bird: common kingfisher
Pangasinan
saláksak a bird with red breast and green feathers, sometimes considered a bird of ill omen
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
selaksak a kingfisher which nests in holes in trees
Tombonuwo
solasak kind of kingfisher
WMP Ilokano
salambáw kind of large fishing net
Pangasinan
salambáw a specially constructed large fishing net
Tagalog
salambáw fishing net supported by bamboo crosspieces, and mounted on a raft
Iban
səlambaw large triangular fishing net set between stakes or, in tidal streams, anchored boats
Malay
səlambaw a Borneo form of net fishing
WMP Ilokano
i-salapáy to hang (to dry); wear a shawl over shoulders
salapay-an clothesline
Tagalog
salampáy neckerchief; muffler; light scarf worn round the neck
Ngaju Dayak
salampay cloth that is worn around the neck or hanging from the shoulder
(ma)-ñalampay hang over the shoulder (a cloth or something else)
Iban
selampay woman’s embroidered scarf for ceremonial, worn round throat with ends hanging behind
Malay
səlampay wearing so that it dangles, esp. of wearing the ceremonial shoulder cloth so that it hangs down on either side of the shoulder; also of any cloth or towel slung loosely over the shoulder
OC Nauna
cal sea urchin
Pak
tal sea urchin
Loniu
can sea urchin
Leipon
cal sea urchin
Mussau
raraŋa kind of sea urchin
Manam
sala sea urchin
Halia
salna sea urchin with long thin black spines
Selau
sanna sea urchin with long thin black spines
Nggela
hala an echinus, sea-egg
Tongan
tala thorn, prickle, spike, barb, or bristle
Niue
tala a barb, prong
tala-tala prickly
Futunan
tala spine, horn, dorsal fin
Samoan
tala spike, prong; barb (as of a stingray); spine, prickle (as of a fishes fins); spur (of a cock); thorn
Tuvaluan
tala fin; thorn; glans of penis
tala-tala rough surfaced
Nukuoro
dala appendage, fin, spine (extending from a fish, etc.)
Anuta
tara barb (of a spear, fishhook, etc.)
Rarotongan
tara something that is sharp-pointed, such as a thorn, spike, the point or points of horns, a barb of any kind; bristling, etc.
tara-tara rough, prickly, thorny, serrated
Maori
tara point, spike, as a thorn, tooth of a comb, spine in the dorsal fin of a fish or in the tail of a stingray, spear, etc.; peak of a mountain; horn of the moon; rays of the sun; membrum virile, papillae on the skin; skewer of greenstone
Hawaiian
kala screwdriver; surgeonfish; rough, as sharkskin
OC Misima
hala sweep
Lau
ta-tala broom made from midribs of sago palm
'Āre'āre
tā-tara sweep the house
Sa'a
tala sweep the house with a bunch of leaves or grasses
Arosi
tara rake, sweep, gather; a broom
OC Yabem
salep broom, originally the fruit stem of the nipa
Lau
talaf-i sweep (s.t.)
Arosi
ta-tarahi sweep (s.t.)
WMP Maranao
salapa betel nut case
Malay (Sumatra)
selapa oblong betel box
Iban
selapaʔ brass betel box
WMP Itawis
mat-talapíd to weave (mat, rope, etc.), to braid (hair)
Aklanon
saeápid to braid, entwine
mag-salápid to plait, to braid, to twist (hair, etc.)
Hiligaynon
salápid braid
Cebuano
salápid braid, plait; walk crossing the feet over each other; be inarticulate in speech
Binukid
salapid braid, plait; to braid, plait something (as hair)
Mansaka
sarapid to braid, to twist together (as abaca fibers)
Malay
səlampit braid; flat plait; plaiting; passing a tape-like body between two others, by which it is pressed; passing a loincloth between the lower limbs
Sangir
salapidəɁ braid of hair or of lontar leaves used as decoration on hats
WMP Yami
sala get off the course, deviate
Itbayaten
sala faulty; defect; misdemeanor, misbehavior, deviation, violation, error
Kapampangan
salaʔ error, fault, mistake; sin
Bikol
sálaʔ an error, fault, mistake; a flaw, blunder
mag-ka-sálaʔ to sin
pag-ka-saʔl-án <M failure, mistake
Romblomanon
saláʔ a mistake, wrongdoing; be mistaken or wrong in an action, a situation
Masbatenyo
saláʔ error, mistake, transgression, sin, fault, crime
maka-saláʔ sin, make a mistake, transgress, disobey, violate
Aklanon
saeáʔ sin, error, mistake, wrongdoing; to err, make a mistake, do wrong
Waray-Waray
saláʔ sin; original sin; fault; mistake
salá-a to blame, find fault with
sala-á to commit mistakes
Agutaynen
talak sin; fault; wrong; crime; guilt, guilty
Hiligaynon
saláʔ mistake, crime, sin, error
Cebuano
sálaʔ sin, fault; commit a sin
Maranao
salaʔ crime, mistake, fault, sin
Binukid
saláʔ sin, wrongdoing, misdeed; fault; offense, crime; to commit a sin, fault, crime, etc.; to err, to sin against; to wrong (someone)
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
salaʔ sin, fault, wrong
Mansaka
sáraʔ make a mistake; be out of order; sin, fault
Tiruray
salaʔ guilt, the responsibility for someone’s offended feelings
men-salaʔ guilty
Yakan
salaʔ a mistake, a wrong, a fault; for something to be wrong, be at fault, faulty
Tboli
salaʔ mistake, error; sin; missing the mark, as an arrow
Tausug
sāʔ mistake, fault, error, flaw
Kadazan Dusun
hasaʔ <M mistake, error, fault, blunder, crime
Tombonuwo
salaʔ sin
Ida'an Begak
salaʔ mistake; mistaken
Lun Dayeh
alaʔ a miss (in shooting)
Kenyah
salaʔ wrong
pe-ñalaʔ a mistake
Murik
salaʔ wrong, in error
Kayan
sala sin; wrong; wrongly
Kayan (Long Atip)
sala wrong, in error
Melanau (Mukah)
salaʔ wrong, in error
Ngaju Dayak
sala wrong, incorrect, in error, mistaken
ba-sala guilty, be at fault
sala bara except, outside of
Iban
salah wrong, bad; be wrong, find guilty; shoot and miss (a target)
Malay
salah at fault; amiss, of anything going wrong or being out of place, as a strained sinew, a false step, a misunderstanding, a thing being ill-timed, a word giving offense that is not intended
Acehnese
salah mistake, error, fault; offense
Simalur
sala fault, error, mistake; offense
Karo Batak
salah fault, error, mistake; transgression; guilt
Toba Batak
sala fault, error, mistake; defect; sin
Nias
sala blemish, defect; fault, error; make a mistake
Rejang
saleaʔ incorrect, mistaken, wrong
saleaʔ kembuʔ indigestion (kembuʔ = ‘eat’)
Lampung
salah wrong
Sundanese
salah mistake, error, fault; guilt
pa-salah-an jalan take the wrong way
Old Javanese
salah changing into something different, deviating from what is right (normal, intended, expected, etc.); wrong, at fault, mistaken, missing (the target); missed, not attained; escaped from
salah alap taking the wrong one
salah bhāsa using the wrong words or speech
salah gawe changing one’s work, doing something different
salah hulu upside down, reversed
Javanese
salah make a mistake, do something wrong; one (of them)
Balinese
salah fault, guilt, wrong-doing, misdeed (the wrong is not moral, but is an offense to normal standards, hence salah pati ‘do wrong in dying’ = ‘die in an abnormal way, as by being executed
Sasak
salaʔ wrong, erroneous (of an act)
Sangir
saḷa mistake, error, fault; flaw, failing; mistake for which a fine must be paid; punishment that one must undergo; sin
Tontemboan
salaʔ fine that one pays to compensate for a misdeed
Mongondow
taḷaʔ mistake, error, fault, guilt; difference, distinction; fine, penalty
mo-taḷaʔ guilty
moko-taḷaʔ able to make a distinction (as in a dispute)
Balantak
salaʔ wrong
Banggai
sala wrong; mistake, error, fault
poo-sa-sala different, various
Bare'e
sala mistake, error, fault
sala-pa just, only
Tae'
sala mistake, error, fault; flaw, failing; transgression, offense; inaccurate, wrong; guilty
salaʔ intensive form of sala
Proto-Bungku-Tolaki
*halaq fault, debt
Proto-South Sulawesi
*sala wrong; lack; fault
Mandar
sala error, mistake
si-sala difference; what is different
Buginese
sala almost; mistake, error
Makassarese
sala deviating from what it should be: mistake, error, fault; guilty, and because of it needing to pay a fine; something resembling a thing that it really is not; not true, pseudo; accidental; useless, in vain; preliminary, not definitive; fine, penalty (for offense)
Wolio
sala fault, error, sin, condemnation; wrong, at fault, guilty, mistaken; miss (e.g. the right way), fail to find
Muna
sala lest, so that not, or else, let us hope not
Chamorro
salaʔ late, far gone, incurable (as a disease that has gone too far to cure)
CMP Bimanese
sala error, mistake
Kambera
hala incorrect, mistaken; fault, mistake
tíbu hala false sugarcane (resembles it, but is different)
ana ndua hala false twins (of opposite sex)
Hawu
hala mistake, error, fault
Rotinese
sala(k) wrong, in error, mistaken, miss (a target, as in shooting); to differ, vary; fault, error, guilt
Tetun
sala to err, to make a mistake, to be wrong, to be in error, to sin; error, mistake, sin, crime, blame; wrongly, erroneously, etc.
sala malu to disagree with each other
Tetun (Dili)
sala wrong, in error
Kisar
hala wrong, fault; sin, crime
Leti
sala fault, guilt, sin
Selaru
sal mistake, fault; guilt
Yamdena
sale guilt, fault; mistaken, in error; guilty
n-sal lose one’s way
Fordata
sala guilt, fault; mistaken, in error; sin
Watubela
halak wrong
Alune
sala fault; mistake
Asilulu
sala error; be wrong
sala-sala-n unclear (of vision)
Buruese
sala wrong; guilty
SHWNG Kowiai/Koiwai
sala mistake
Buli
sāl fault, error, mistake
Mayá
ꞌsa³l error
Numfor
sār left side
sa-sar error, mistake; sin
OC Kwaio
tala to fail, miss (as a magic spell)
Lau
tala to miss a mark, fail; amiss, wrongly
fana tala shoot and miss
tala alaŋia to call (someone) by mistake
tala fītō distrust
Toqabaqita
tala miss (a target); miss one’s footing, miss one’s hold; (of a limb) be dislocated
'Āre'āre
tara to fail, miss
Sa'a
tala to miss, to fail
däu tala to aim and miss
Arosi
tara to do without sufficient cause or reason; to do badly, carelessly, foolishly
Sikaiana
sala mistake
Rotuman
sara to fail to hit its mark, to miss; to fail to attain one’s object; to make a mistake, to err, to do wrong; to slip out of position, or out of joint (as one’s shoulder)
Wayan
cala be wrong, incorrect; make a mistake or error; wrongly, mistakenly, in error; miss a target, go astray; do wrong, transgress; wrongdoing, sin, transgression of moral principle
Fijian
cala to err, be in error, to miss a mark; as adjective erroneous, or adverb immediately after the verb, erroneously, by mistake
Tongan
hala to err, to be wrong or erroneous, to make an error, go wrong, be at fault; to fail or be unsuccessful; to be without, to have none; to ‘miss out on’, not to get any of; to be missing, not there or not in existence
Niue
hala sin, wrong; sinful; to sin
Futunan
sala be at fault, faulty; be excessive; fault, error; in error
Samoan
sala make a mistake; (of tongue) slip; offense, fault; be punished, fined
Tuvaluan
hala worthy of punishment; wrong; be punished; punishment
Kapingamarangi
hala wrong; crime; blame; guilt, fault
Nukuoro
sala mistake, error, accident
made sala mistaken (in identifying); mistake someone for another
Rennellese
saga to be mistaken, incorrect; to err
Rarotongan
ara sin, wilful violation of law, neglect of duty or the laws of morality and religion; wickedness, iniquity, offense, crime, fault; to commit sin; to do wrong; to offend or commit a crime; to be at fault, to commit an offense
Hawaiian
hala error, fault, mistake; sin
WMP Aklanon
ka-saeáʔ to sin (morally), do evil
Kadazan Dusun
ka-hasaʔ can be wrong, mistaken
Ngaju Dayak
ka-sala fault, error, mistake; sin
Old Javanese
ka-salah fault, mistake
Mongondow
ko-taḷaʔ have faults
WMP Ida'an Begak
mə-nalaʔ to forbid
Ngaju Dayak
ma-ñalaʔ accuse someone
Toba Batak
ma-nala-hon accuse someone, find fault with
Balinese
ñalah do wrong, commit a fault, be guilty; sin
WMP Yami
mapá-sala cause to deviate, cause to get off the course
Sangir
mapa-ka-saḷa to condemn, put in the wrong
Mongondow
mopo-taḷaʔ to accuse
WMP Itbayaten
mi-sala to fail
Bikol
mag-sálaʔ to admonish, censure, reprimand, reprove, rebuke
Hanunóo
saláʔ mistake, error
Hiligaynon
mag-saláʔ to make a mistake, commit an error
Tausug
mag-sāʔ to commit a mistake, error or fault, have a flaw; err, miss the mark, be wrong
Acehnese
meu-salah sprained (as an ankle)
Toba Batak
mar-sala commit an error, make a mistake; be faulty, defective
WMP Tausug
ma-sāʔ commit a mistake; to suffer dislocation (of a nerve or bone), sprain oneself
Banggai
ma-sala commit adultery
Bare'e
ma-sala guilty; be in the wrong
WMP Cebuano
paka-sadʔ-un impute a fault on someone
Kadazan Dusun
paka-hasaʔ to say that someone is wrong, to blame
Kayan
pe-sala to accuse someone; to assert strong disagreement
Nias
fa-sala be blemished, defective, erroneous; commit an error
Sasak
pə-salaʔ to condemn, sentence
Bare'e
pa-sala a magical formula that the bearer protects in order to keep evil away
CMP Kambera
pa-hala payment made for a transgression
SHWNG Buli
fa-sāl accuse, declare guilty; punish
Numfor
fa-sár punish, condemn
OC Kwaio
faʔa-tala magic to clear or ward off taboos, to clear the effects of a ritual prohibition
Wayan
vaka-cala cause something to go wrong, lead someone astray, put someone off (target, concentration); disagree with someone
Fijian
vaka-cala to cause to err
vaka-cala-ka do a thing by mistake
Tongan
faka-hala to cause to err, to mislead, delude, cause to go wrong or make a mistake; causing to err, misleading, delusive
Niue
faka-hala fine, punishment, penalty; to condemn, convict, punish, sentence
Samoan
faʔa-sala punish, fine; condemn, sentence
faʔa-sala-ŋa punishment, sentence
Tuvaluan
faka-hala to punish
faka-hala-hala be repeatedly disobedient; do things wrong to amuse others
Rennellese
haka-saga to complain, as of stinginess
WMP Bikol
ka-saʔl-án <M sin; fault; guilt, offense
Romblomanon
ka-salʔā-nan a grievance against someone
Masbatenyo
ka-sál-an sins, transgressions, sinfulness
Aklanon
ka-saeʔ-án-an sinfulness; sins
Mapun
ka-sa-an a fault in doing something
Tausug
ka-sā-an a fine for touching an unmarried girl
Kadazan Dusun
ka-hasa-an (act of making a) mistake; (act of committing a) sin
Bahasa Indonesia
ke-salah-an mistake, error; fault, offense
Toba Batak
ha-sala-sala-an a fine with which one makes amends for wrongdoing
Sundanese
ka-salah-an fall into error, be mistaken in; error, mistake
Old Javanese
ka-salah-an to do wrong to; to deviate, go away from, avoid, refuse
Javanese
ka-salah-an mistake; guilt; blame
WMP Yami
pa-sala-en cause to deviate (as in mispronouncing words)
Kadazan Dusun
pa-hasa-on to be blamed
WMP Lun Dayeh
n-alaʔ missed (as a shot)
Old Javanese
s<in>alah to blame, disapprove
WMP Itbayaten
s<om>ala to fail; to go off the course
Hanunóo
s<um>aláʔ to err, be wrong, make a mistake
Mapun
s<um>āʔ to make a mistake; to err; to be wrong; to commit a wrongdoing
Tausug
s<um>āʔ to commit a mistake, error or fault, have a flaw; err, miss the mark, be wrong
Kadazan Dusun
h<um>asaʔ to make a mistake; to break the law
Lun Dayeh
m-alaʔ miss the target
WMP Cebuano
sadʔ-an guilty, be found guilty
Maranao
salaʔ-an to fine
Yakan
salaʔ-an to worsen something, corrupt something, make something deteriorate
Sasak
salaʔ-aŋ to blame
WMP Malagasy
sala-sala middling, tolerable; doubtful, hesitating
mi-sala-sala to be in doubt, to hesitate
CMP Rotinese
sala sala faik esa on one day or another
WMP Tagalog
saláɁ broken or dislocated (referring to bones)
Iban
pe-salah (of joint or muscle) sprained, twisted
Sundanese
salah to dislocate (bones)
Javanese
salah urat to have a sprained muscle
WMP Sambal (Tina)
haláy nest
Ayta Maganchi
halay bird’s nest
Cebuano
sálag nest
Maranao
salag nest
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
salag nest of a bird or rat
Tiruray
salag nest
Tboli
sala nest
Kelabit
arar nest
Kayan
halah a pig’s shelter; a bird’s nest; honeycomb; the placenta
Wahau
slæh nest, lair
Gaai
slae̯h nest, lair
Kelai
slæh nest, lair
Mei Lan Modang
sələa̯h nest, lair
Woq Helaq Modang
sələa̯ʔ nest, lair
Long Gelat Modang
səleh nest, lair
CMP Atoni
sana nest
WMP Casiguran Dumagat
salátan gentle south wind (always comes with good weather)
Tagalog
salátan southwest; southwest wind (opposite of amihan, northeast wind)
Bikol
salátan a wind which blows from different directions
Hanunóo
salátan southwest monsoon, southwest
Agutaynen
talatan southeast direction, wind
Cebuano
salátan strong wind coming from the south during storms
Maranao
salatan wind, breeze
Iban
aŋin selatan hot south wind of the burning-off season
Malay
selatan south; explained as "the direction in which the straits lie"
Mongondow
tolatan south, south wind
Mandar
salataŋ south, south wind
Makassarese
sallataŋ land wind (Formosan only)
Formosan Thao
mun-taraw to pour, of heavy rain; to rain ‘cats and dogs’
un-taraw-in be caught in a downpour
Paiwan
talaw falling water
ki-pa-talaw to sit under falling water
pa-talaw put out a container in order to catch falling water
t<m>alaw to catch falling water in a container
t<in>alaw water which has fallen
WMP Malagasy
sáli a spit, a toasting fork
vua-sáli roasted by the use of a fork
Iban
salay to dry or smoke over a low fire, esp. fish
Malay
salay slow roasting; heating; grilling, of the medicinal “roasting” near a very slow fire to which a Malay woman is subjected after her confinement; of plaintains parched over a fire; and generally of processes where prolonged exposure to heat (not extreme heat) are required
salay-an the rack nearest the kitchen fire; the lower rack
Acehnese
salɛ smoke something over a fire; to roast; suspend something in the smoke in order to dry in out
Gayō
salé dry something (as fish) over a fire
Karo Batak
salé dried out, smoked, of meat or fish
nalé dry meat on a spit over the fire
Toba Batak
ma-nale to dry something by a fire; to smoke; to expose wood to fire to make it lighter to carry
Sundanese
salé dried fruits (such as bananas)
ñalé to dry fruits
Javanese
salé sun-dried banana slices
WMP Malagasy
saláz-ana a gridiron
Toba Batak
sale-an a shelf placed over the hearth and used to dry wood quickly
OC Gedaged
sale-sale bobbing, swaying, teetering, moving up and down (as a long pole carried on the shoulder)
Arosi
tare float; flow; dribble
Mota
sale float, drift, soar with open wings; flow, run with water
Tambotalo
sal-sale float
Tangoa
sale float
Vinmavis
sal-sal float
Nakanamanga
sa-sale float
WMP Hanunóo
salúm diving, swimming under water; immersion
Cebuano
sálum swim under water; for the sun to set (literary)
Iban
salam conceal a fact, keep quiet about
Minangkabau
salam immersing oneself in water; diving
Mongondow
talom sink
Formosan Saisiyat (Taai)
hæLəŋ pine tree
Atayal
hayuŋ pine tree
Amis
caleŋ pine tree or wood
Thao
tarin pine tree, traditionally an important source of firewood
Bunun
saaŋ pine tree; torch
Tsou
sroŋə pine tree
Kanakanabu
aɭə́ŋə pine tree
Saaroa
alhəŋə pine tree
Rukai (Maga)
srə́ŋə pine tree
Rukai (Mantauran)
aɭəŋə pine tree
Paiwan
taleŋ pine tree, evergreen (generic); Keteleeria davidiana var. formosana
WMP Ilokano
sáleŋ Pinus insularis pine, pitch pine, timber of this pine
salŋ-en to cut into firewood
Ibanag
saleŋ a pine: Agathis philippinensis Warb. Araucariaceae (Madulid 2001)
Agta (Dupaningan)
salaŋ dammar pine tree; its raw wood is waxy, as is burned as candles, Agathis philippinensis
Isneg
tálaŋ the pine tree, Pinus insularis Endl.; pitch pine; soot obtained by burning it is smeared on the part of the body that has to be tattooed
Bontok
sáləŋ resinous pine; pitch pine
Kankanaey
sáleŋ resinous pine; pitch pine
Ifugaw
háloŋ resin of pine trees; the word may be used in the sense of pine tree, though the exact term is bolból; splinter of a pine tree containing resin, used as a torch
Ifugaw (Batad)
hāloŋ pitch pine root of a pine tree, bolbol, heavily saturated with pine resin; a pitch-pine torch
ma-nāloŋ for someone to gather pitch-pine root
Casiguran Dumagat
saləŋ the almaciga tree and its sap, Agathis philippinensis (a pine tree used locally for incense burning, torches, starting fires, caulking boats, and especially as lamps in the houses)
ma-naləŋ to gather almaciga sap
Ibaloy
saleŋ the highly resinous heartwood of old or prematurely injured trees, pitch pine (valued as kindling, torches, house posts, fence posts)
Tagalog
sáhiŋ a species of tree also known as pilì (almond nut); a white, sticky resin or pitch obtained from this tree
Bikol
sáloŋ resin
mag-sáloŋ to fasten or seal with resin
maŋ-sáloŋ to collect resin from trees of the forest
Hanunóo
sáluŋ pitch, resin, used for lighting
Masbatenyo
sáloŋ resin
Aklanon
sáeoŋ sap of tree
Cebuano
sáluŋ dammar resin in a soft state or as an ingredient of the balaw (resinous preparation used to caulk and waterproof a boat) used to caulk boats, esp. from the almasíga tree
Mansaka
saruŋ pitch, used for torch fishing at night (pitch from an almasiga tree is very combustible)
Kadazan Dusun
hasoŋ <M dammar, resinous pitch
Tombonuwo
saloŋ resin, incense
Malay (Brunei)
salaŋ dammar (resinous pitch used for torches)
Mongondow
taḷoŋ a resinous tree: Dammara Celebica; resin from this tree
WMP Isneg
salʔít lightning (a term that is sometimes used as a curse)
Berawan (Long Terawan)
salaiʔ lightning
WMP Tagalog
sahíg floor
sahig-án to floor, put a floor on or in
sahig-ín flooring material ready for use
Bikol
salóg floor
mag-salóg to construct a floor for a house
salog-án to construct a floor for a house
Hanunóo
salúg flooring, floor
Masbatenyo
salóg floor
mag-salóg to lay flooring
salúg-on lumber for flooring
Aklanon
saeóg split bamboo stick (used for flooring); floor
pa-naeóg-an support or brace for bamboo flooring
Hiligaynon
salúg floor
Cebuano
salúg floor; storey; put, construct a floor
pa-nalg-án-an storey of a house; floor joist; floor clearance from the ground
Mamanwa
salɨg floor
Ngaju Dayak
laseh <M floor (in a house, boat, etc.)
ma-laseh put down a floor, install a floor
Proto-Sangiric
*saliR floor
Sangir
ən-saliʔ floor of (bamboo) laths, housefloor
Bantik
sáhihiʔ floor
Tontemboan
saleʔ floor
Mongondow
taḷog floor
taḷog-an provide with a floor or foundation
Totoli
sala floor
Tae'
sali floor of a house
CMP Bimanese
sari floor (of bamboo)
WMP Waray-Waray
salog-í to make or construct a floor
Chamorro
satg-e install a floor; floor, platform
WMP Itbayaten
saxet wedge
Pangasinan
salét to put between
Tagalog
salít interspersing; alternately putting something in betwee; alternating
ka-salít referring to a person or thing placed alternately with another
WMP Itbayaten
i-saxet to wedge in
Tagalog
i-salít to intersperse
WMP Itbayaten
saxt-an to place a wedge, put a wedge (in)
Tagalog
salitán to intersperse
ma-salitán to be interspersed
WMP Pangasinan
salét-salét to intersperse
Tagalog
salít-salít alternate, interspersed
WMP Ilokano
salték the common house lizard; its cry is supposed to announce the arrival of visitors
Kayan
seletek make a click with the tongue
Ngaju Dayak
salentak a click of the tongue
OC Arop
sali strip leaves from branch or palm frond
Nggela
sali to tear downwards
Lau
tali to cut undergrowth, clear a garden, especially for taro
Toqabaqita
tali-a clear the ground (cutting down the bush, etc.) around the perimeter of a garden to be made
Sa'a
täli to split down, to tear down the stem of the betel pepper preparatory to eating, to split a vine or a bamboo, to strip the skin of wale cane
Arosi
tari to strip off
Paamese
salī trim leaves from cane
WMP Ayta Abellan
halimbeŋ to conceal, cover up; a cover
Bikol
salíboŋ to run from one place to another, as if trying to escape a pursuer
Cebuano
salimbuŋ to cover something as a protection from view or the elements; to hide, conceal something from someone’s knowledge (literary)
Mansaka
sarimboŋ camouflage; to hide the truth of one’s doings
WMP Iban
selempepat firefly
Toba Batak
salimpotpot firefly
WMP Casiguran Dumagat
sálin to change (as to put something into another container so you can use the first one, or to transfer, or to change clothes)
Pangasinan
salín occupy one’s place against another’s will
Tagalog
sálin pouring of liquid, grain or the like from one container to another; translation; copy; copying
i-sálin to translate; to change from one language to another; to render
pag-ka-ká-sálin translation; having been translated
taga-sálin translator; interpreter
Hanunóo
sálin transferring the contents from one container to another; translation; translating
ʔi-sálin be transferred from one container to another; be translated
Agutaynen
mag-salin to pour a liquid into another container; to transfer something to another container or plate
i-salin to transfer, move something, as a cake from one plate to another
Maranao
salin change, transform, copy, rewrite
salin-en to change, as behavior; to copy, as a book
Tiruray
salin to undergo change; to change something
Ngaju Dayak
salin-an what is transferred (from one vessel into another); what is translated (from one language to another)
ñalin-an to transfer from one vessel to another; to translate or interpret
Malay
salin change of dress or food or outward form; transference from one dish or vessel to another; of a person borrowing books to have them copied
Gayō
salin to change
mu-salin to move, change location
Karo Batak
salin other, another
pe-salin tulan-tulan excavate the bones of the deceased and transfer them to another place
Dairi-Pakpak Batak
me-nalin to translate, interpret
mer-salin to change clothes
mer-salin tempa to change form or shape
salin-tubuh images or statues that represent people
Toba Batak
ma-nalin to exchange; to transfer something; to translate into another language
mar-salin to change clothes
mate s<um>alin (of a woman) to die while pregnant; to die in giving birth; in general, to die a demeaning death
Old Javanese
salin change, replacement
a-salin to change
a-nalin to change
s<um>alin-i to give a change; change, replace
pi-salin new clothes (weapons, etc.), usually as a gift
Javanese
salin change, replacement; a change of clothing; to change, replace; to change clothes
ñalin to change or replace something; to change someone’s clothing
pa-salin ~ pi-salin new clothing
salin s<um>alin to change off, change around
Balinese
salin to change, alter; change clothes; pour from one vessel into another
Sasak
salin to replace, change
bə-salin to change clothes
tə-salin to change (of colors or thinking)
WMP Bontok
saliŋsiŋ-an to strip sweet potato leaves from the stem; leaves which have been stripped from the sweet potato vine
Kankanaey
saliŋsiŋ-an to lop, to prune; to remove; to take off; to remove (all twigs and leaves) from; to trim
Ibaloy
saliŋsiŋ-an to cut the branches from a tree
Pangasinan
saliŋsíŋ to prune the new shoots from a tree
Hanunóo
salíŋsiŋ branches, twigs
ma-nalíŋsiŋ to branch out
Cebuano
saliŋsíŋ new branch growing out from a mature branch; one’s offspring (literary); outgrowth, outcome of something (literary); to grow new branches
Mansaka
sariŋsiŋ to send out shoots; to have young branches (as a tree)
WMP Melanau (Mukah)
salih ebbtide
CMP Rotinese
sali to overflow, pour out; overflowing
Fordata
salir conduit for water, water pipe
OC Tigak
salik to flow
Lakalai
sali to flow
Nggela
hali-hali to flow swiftly
Lonwolwol
hal to gush out, of liquids
Wayan
sali to flow
i-sali something for water to flow through: drain, channel, acqueduct, pipe, etc.; ditch or drain made by water flow
Fijian
sali to flow, of water
vaka sali-a to drain
sali-va to flow towards or against
sali-sali wai watery, of the eyes
Formosan Amis
caliw borrow, lend
WMP Ivatan
mapa-saliw sell
Ilokano
saliw-en to buy slaves; traffic in slaves or prostitutes
Ilongot (Kakiduge:n)
taiw buy
ŋi-taiw sell
Manobo (Ata)
saliu trade
Proto-Sangiric
*saliu exchange
WMP Ilokano
salsál to rebound, dribble, beat repeatedly; to masturbate
Bontok
salsál to masturbate; to beat an object repeatedly
Tagalog
mag-salsál to masturbate
Bikol
mag-salsál to thin or flatten out metal by pressing or beating; (vulgar) to masturbate
Palawan Batak
sálsal male masturbation
WMP Ilokano
salsal-en to masturbate a part of the body
Bontok
salsal-ən to masturbate; to beat an object repeatedly
Bikol
salsal-ón to thin or flatten out metal by pressing or beating; (vulgar) to masturbate
WMP Itbayaten
salod idea of containment
ma-saxod to be contained in
pa-saxod-en to put into a container
Bontok
salud funnel
Kapampangan
salud take a bath
Bikol
sálod save liquids, store liquids
Hanunóo
sálud receiving something, as water, from a bamboo tube in a receptacle held in the hands
Aklanon
sáeod catch a dripping liquid like tuba (coconut wine)
saeód vessel used for gathering tuba
Cebuano
salud vessel used to catch falling liquids
Maranao
salod catch with container, as water from gutter or faucet
salod-aɁ gutter of roof
Malay
salur channel; gutter
Balinese
salud scoop up water with a vessel, draw water
Mongondow
talud catching of rainwater, spurting blood, etc.
Banggai
salul water conduit of bamboo
Uma
haluʔ stream
Makassarese
saluʔ bamboo water conduit (from well to kitchen, etc.)
WMP Ilokano
salugsóg sliver, bigger than the puris, but smaller than the rud-ak
salugsug-an to get a sliver; pierce sideways, stab sideways
Casiguran Dumagat
salogsog to get a sliver in the hand or foot; to stub the foot in such a way that it bleeds
Tagalog
salugsóg thorn or sliver in the hand or foot; detailed search or investigation
Bikol
salugsóg a splinter
Cebuano
salugsúg splinter sticking into the skin; get a splinter in the skin
Maranao
salosog to stitch, sew; baste
Binukid
salugsug for a splinter, etc. to prick, get under the skin (of a part of the body)
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
selugsug in sewing, to make a straight over and under stitch; of a splinter, to slip in under the skin or fingernail
WMP Ilokano
ma-salugsug-án to be pricked, pierced
Bikol
ma-salugsug-án to get a splinter
WMP Bontok
saluksuk a chisel-like tool
saluksuk-ən to chisel, use a chisel
Maranao
salosok tool for weeding --- shaped like spatula
WMP Pangasinan
saloksók to skewer meat; insert stick, etc. into chink or crack
Binukid
saluksuk to put, insert, slip, slide (something) in between something else (as bolo between the cracks of a wall)
WMP Ilokano
salukúb-an to cover (in order to protect); defend, shelter; conceal
i-salúkob to shield; guard; conceal
Hanunóo
salúkub tubular bamboo quiver for arrows, especially if poison-tipped
Maranao
salokob thimble
WMP Ilokano
salúp a measure equivalent to three liters, used for dry goods
s<um>alúp to measure by the salúp
Bontok
salúp one ganta (three liters); any container, as a woven basket, which contains about one ganta
Kankanaey
sinka-salúp one ganta (three liters); a measure for rice, beans, etc.; there are 25 salúp in one kabán
Ibaloy
salop ganta, a unit of dry measure equal to about three liters; used for measuring coffee, rice, peanuts, etc
sedop-an to measure for someone (as the buyer)
Pangasinan
salóp a ganta (three liters dry measure)
Tagalog
salóp a ganta; three liters dry measure
Bikol
salóp small basket made from burí (talipot palm) leaves
Hanunóo
salúp a measure of volume equal to one 25th of a pásuŋ; one ganta (3.17 quarts liquid)
WMP Ilokano
salup-én to measure by the salúp
Ibaloy
sedop-en to measure something, especially of measuring by the ganta, but also used for other measures
Tagalog
salup-ín to measure grains by the ganta
WMP Tagalog
sálog pool or puddle of water after heavy rain
Masbatenyo
sálog river, watercourse
Waray-Waray
sálog river; brook; stream
Cebuano
sálug river, any body of flowing water
Lun Dayeh
arur a small stream
ŋ-arur to walk up towards the source of a river
Kelabit
arur stream, small branch of a river
ŋ-arur to follow a path along a stream or river
Malay
salur conduit; pipe in gambier-making
salur-an guttering; drain; channel for carrying away water
Simalur
salul valley, gorge; name of a river in the region of Təpa
Toba Batak
sarur diarrhoea
Proto-Sangiric
*saluR river
Proto-Gorontalic
*salugo water
Mongondow
talug edge, short
mo-talug follow the edge of a cultivated field, a river bank or river bed
Ponosakan
saluh to travel along a river
Gorontalo
taluhu water
Pendau
salug creek, small stream
Tajio
salu brook, stream
Balaesang
salu river mouth
Banggai
ba-salul-an water conduit, water pipe of bamboo
Uma
haluʔ brook, stream
pitu ncaluʔ seven streams
Bare'e
sayu gutter or pipe (bamboo or split log) used to direct a stream of water that makes an artificial waterfall for people to bathe
Proto-South Sulawesi
*salu(C?) river
Mandar
saluʔ river
Buginese
saloʔ river
Makassarese
saluʔ bamboo water pipe from a well to the kitchen or a spring to the house
saluʔ-kayu roof gutter of wood
WMP Ivatan
saluyut a shrub, Corchorus aestuans
Ibatan
salōyot okra plant with edible green pods and spinach-like leaves: Hibiscus esculentus, or Abelmoschus esculentus
Ilokano
salúyot Corchorus olitorium, Jew’s mallow with edible spinachlike leaves famous in Ilokano cuisine; appellation given to the Ilokano people
Sambal
saluyot a shrub, Corchorus aestuans
Ayta Abellan
haloyot okra
Cebuano
salúyut kind of wild shrub, the leaves of which are eaten as greens, and sold commercially under the name of salúyut: Corchorus olitorius
WMP Tagalog
ka-sáma companion; partner; associate; companion, as on a trip; person living with another in a house; anything included, attached, or enclosed with something; something mixed with another or others in a mixture; portion or part of something
maki-sáma to unite; to join with others
ka-samah-án companion in a group or company; colleague; an associate; fellow member of an official body
ka-samah-in to take someone along as a companion; to live with someone as a common law spouse; to get along well with others
Bikol
mag-samá to be partners in a money-making enterprise; to hold shares in the same business or commercial venture
Hanunóo
sáma togetherness; among, with, together with
Cebuano
sáma like, same as; similar; treat, consider someone as, or similar to
Maranao
sama all, like, same as
Mapun
sama in unison; for things to be in line with each other; simultaneously; parallel to each other
Ngaju Dayak
sama alike, same; in agreement; all, entire; communally
Malagasy
sami both, each, every one; same
Malay
sama sameness; parity
mə-ñama-i to come up to; to equal
Bahasa Indonesia
sama of one kind; not different; aligned
Karo Batak
sama similar
Toba Batak
sama together, with one another
CMP Komodo
sama together
Manggarai
cama alike, similar to; the same; together with
Rembong
sama the same, with no difference
Ngadha
sama alike, identical, same; together with; similar
Lamaholot
hama ~ sama like, same as; as if
Hawu
hama same, similar
Rotinese
sama alike, similar
OC Kwaio
dama-a line up, put in good order; intersection
Lau
dama mate, fellow, corresponding part; exactly like, the same
'Āre'āre
tama in line, in pairs
Ulawa
dama fellow, mate
Arosi
dama mate, fellow, companion, corresponding part; like, similar
WMP Cebuano
sama-sáma be fair, not taking undue advantage of one another; be in a spirit of good fellowship with someone
Mapun
sama-sama in unison; for things to be in line
Bahasa Indonesia
sama-sama all of them; equally for both sides
CMP Sika
hama-hama the same, with no difference
OC Sa'a
dama-dama in pairs; side-by-side, of canoes
WMP Ilokano
sámak Macaranga tanarius, tree whose bark and bitter leaves are used to brew bási (sugarcane wine) and give it a brown color
Isneg
támaɁ Macaranga tanarius L., a small dioedious, euphorbiaceous tree; its bark is used for alná (ingredients in sugarcane rum), and give the rum its brown color and its bitter taste
Iban
samak tanning, plants yielding tannin, preservative for cordage, nets, etc.
ñamak to steep or dye cordage, as a casting net
Malay
samak tanning; material for tanning and prerserving leather, cordage, nets, etc.; tanning material is often bark from certain trees, mostly Eugenias, but mangrove bark is also used; one passage speaks of a wounded man’s clothes being stained with blood “as though tanned”
kulit samak dressed hide (Formosan only)
Formosan Puyuma
samaɁ remnant (as of soil being used for a job, food left for someone)
mi-samaɁ to have remnants
Paiwan
tamaq a fraction (of thing, number)
WMP Mandar
sambaʔ hit, strike (with an instrument that has a flat or broad end)
CMP Yamdena
sambak stamp on the ground with the feet or something else
OC Fijian
saba slap, strike strongly
OC Arosi
taba slap, slash, slap (as water with fishing line)
Fijian
saba to slap, strike strongly
saba-ka to slap (trans.)
WMP Malay
səmbuñi hiding; concealment
Totoli
ma-sambuni to hide
Boano
mo-nambuni to hide (something)
Balaesang
sambuni to hide
WMP Maranao
samboŋ glove
Kayan
habuŋ temporary protective covering; to cover
WMP Pangasinan
man-sambót to be on time; take advantage of an opportunity to do something
Bikol
maka-sambót to make a good match for oneself; to land a good catch (as a marriage partner, a girlfriend or boyfriend)
WMP Tagalog
sambót catching with the hand something falling or thrown
maka-sambót to be able to catch something; to be able to recover, e.g. one’s capital in an investment
Ngaju Dayak
sambut be received or welcomed
ma-ñambut to accept, receive
Malay
sambut to take in hand, to take what comes one’s way; to receive, especially in the figurative sense of receiving a guest
ber-sambut-sambut-an exchange ceremonial visits
Gayō
samut to answer
samut-samut exchange replies in a conversation
Toba Batak
mar-sambut get an advance payment, purchase on promise
s<um>ambut meet someone halfway, compromise
Old Javanese
a-nambut to seize, grasp, fetch, take up; take up (words), receive, continue, reply
s<um>ambut to seize, grasp, fetch, take up; take up (words), receive, continue, reply
Javanese
sambut to borrow; debt
ke-sambut to get caught or grasped
ñambut to take hold of, grasp; to receive
Sasak
sambut seize, catch, grasp
tə-sambut to take the place of
WMP Ilokano
ag-sambút to rush, hurry
Maranao
sambot early, soon, immediately, directly, sudden
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
sambut to do something early or quickly, in the sense of not waiting for a long time
WMP Ilokano
na-samék dense (undergrowth)
ka-samek-an thick underbrush; lush area of vegetation
k<in>a-samék lushness of vegetation
s<um>amék to grow lush
Hanunóo
sámuk that which causes entanglement or impedes travel, as dense thickets
ma-sámuk thorny, thick, dense, as of jungle underbrush; entanglement(s)
Malay
semak <M scrub, undergrowth
semak-samun very much overgrown (of a clearing); undergrowth of all sorts
Minangkabau
samak scrub, undergrowth
WMP Ilokano
sámir pinnae of coconut palm leaves woven into basketwork and used for a temporary shade
Maranao
samir awning
Malay
samir /nipah/ leaf dried but not worked up into roofing-thatch (atap). Plain dried leaves are used for temporary screens or shelters; or for laying a tarpaulin over cargo
Toba Batak
samir anything used to provide shelter -- as leaves
Old Javanese
samir curtain, cloth, cover (of wagon, salver, etc.)
a-namir to put on a scarf?
a-samir with a curtain or cloth cover
Javanese
samir round banana leaf fixed in a shallow inverted cone shape and used for covering foods
Balinese
samir curtain
WMP Agta (Central Cagayan)
sʌpʌw waterfall
Ilongot (Kakiduge:n)
tapaw waterfall
Manobo (Ata)
sampow waterfall
Kalagan
sampaw waterfall
Manobo (Sarangani)
sampaw waterfall
WMP Iban
sampai up to, reaching as far as; arrive
Malay
sampai attaining to; reaching as far as
sampai-kan to convey
Gayō
sampe as far as, until
mu-sampe reached, attained
Toba Batak
sampe arrive, be complete (e.g. sampe tolu bulan ‘three full months/up to, until three months’)
Rejang
sapeui to, til, until
Wolio
sampe up to; so that, consequently
CMP Sika
sape up to, as far as, until
WMP Malay
sampiŋ side; flank; border
Balinese
sampiŋ side, edge, border, margin
sampiŋ-aŋ be edged or provided with an edge, hem, border
sampiŋ-in be avoided by going to one side
Sasak
sampiŋ beside, at the side of
Proto-Sangiric
*sampiŋ side whiskers
Sangir
sampiŋ side whiskers
WMP Maranao
sampir style of headband or turban
Old Javanese
sampir scarf, shawl
WMP Itbayaten
samsam idea of seizure
Ibatan
samsam to seize something from someone
Ilokano
samsám loot, pillage, booty, spoils in war
samsam-én to look; steal everything
Casiguran Dumagat
samsam to grab, to take, to get, to confiscate; to seize something by force (as to hold up a bus and take the people’s money by gun point, or to enter a house, kill the occupants, and take the things of value
Pangasinan
samsám samsám
Kapampangan
samsam abduct, grab, snatch
Tagalog
pag-samsám confiscation; seizing of property
má-samsám to be confiscated
samsam-án to deprive someone of his or her property by confiscation
Bikol
mag-samsám to accumulate wealth by somewhat ruthless means; to grab money or land; to commandeer; to seize or confiscate; to pillage or plunder during a time of war (archaic)
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
samsam to feel with the hands in the dark or in a hole where one cannot see; to lay the hands on, i.e. treat for sickness
WMP Itbayaten
ma-namsam to seize, take by force
Kapampangan
ma-ñamsam to abduct, grab, snatch
WMP Ilokano
samón an erect grass, very leafy above, in whose inflorescence the spathe is longer than the spikes: Themada triandra Linn.
Malay
semak-samun scrub, undergrowth; undergrowth of all sorts
Formosan Amis
camol mixture
mi-camol to mix
pa-camol to add something to
WMP Ilokano
samór to infect (disease); mix; pollute
WMP Bontok
sana that one, close to hearer; there, close to hearer
Kankanaey
sána that, there, thither
Malay
sana yonder, over there, yon
WMP Yakan
sanam species of black ant (they live on trees, such as lansones and coconut trees); one of the divisions of living creatures (includes insects, vermin, other things that creep or crawl)
s<in>anam for something to be insect-infested bug-infested (as sugar)
Tausug
sanam an ant
ma-sanam occupied or filled with ants (as a house)
sanam-un to get ants (in something), attract ants (as sugar on a plate)
Kenyah
sanam ant
Penan (Long Labid)
sanam ant
WMP Iban
sandaɁ give token price in kind, give goods for later repayment in kind; hence lend against repayment of equivalent
Malay
sanda to pledge; to pawn
Old Javanese
sanḍa pledge, security, pawn
Balinese
sanda to pawn, pledge; a pledge
Bare'e
sanda a pawn, someone who, to pay off a debt or fine temporarily becomes a slave to another person
Buginese
sanra pawned
WMP Kadazan Dusun
sand̲aŋ to wear over shoulder, wear a sash or a rattan loop with a bundle of dried palm leaf strings, made frilly (worn around one shoulder during the sumazau dance)
Ngaju Dayak
ba-sandaŋ have in the hand (as a sword)
Iban
sandaŋ carry slung from shoulder or at hip (e.g. unsheathed knife)
Malay
sandaŋ wear (anything) as a bandolier is worn, i.e. from the shoulder across the breast to the opposite hip; of so wearing a sword, or a plaid, or the cordon of an order
Karo Batak
sandaŋ-en pregnant
Toba Batak
ma-nandaŋ wear something hanging across the shoulder, as a scarf
Sundanese
sandaŋ clothing, cover
Old Javanese
sanḍaŋ that which one carries from birth, nature; cloths, clothing
s<um>anḍaŋ to carry, wear, dress in; to experience, undergo, suffer; be in or accept a certain condition
Javanese
sanḍaŋ clothing
sanḍaŋ-an clothing
Balinese
sandaŋ carry on the shoulders or the back
WMP Bontok
sádag to lean against something
Kankanaey
men-sádag to lean one’s back against; to set one’s back against something
Ifugaw
hádag that against which a sitting or squatting person can bend his or her back; dorsal of a chair
Ifugaw (Batad)
hādag to lean something against an erect object, as to lean a load against a tree or house post so it stands on end
Maranao
sarag prop against, as a pole
Iban
sadar lean on
Malay
sandar reclining; resting on a support
Malay (Jakarta)
sandar lean back on
Alas
sandar lean against
Old Javanese
sanḍa support, prop
s<um>anḍa to lean against
Balinese
sadah lean, lean against, rest (a tall thing) against
sadah-in to have something leaned against it (e.g. a tree and a ladder)
WMP Kankanaey
sadág-an erect stone
Malay (Jakarta)
sandar-an place to lean back against, as the back of a chair or bench
WMP Tagalog
sálig based on; deduced from; foundation; keynote; the basic idea
Ida'an Begak
sandog lean on
mə-nandog to lean on
Iban
sadar lean on
Malay
sandar reclining; resting on a support
Pendau
sandeg leaning back to rest on something
Proto-South Sulawesi
*sa(n)de(γ) to lean on
Buginese
sanreʔ to lean on
sanres-eŋ back of a chair, thing to lean on
CMP Manusela
sahe to lean against
WMP Ilokano
ag-sandír to lean on one’s back
Tagalog
sálig based on; deduced from; foundation; keynote; the basic idea
i-sálig to base on
ka-pa-nálig friend, ally
má-sálig to be based on; to be deduced from
mag-sálig to base something on; to make or have something as the basis of
salig-án organic; fundamental; basic
sandíg leaning; reclining; a depending or relying on someone; basis
i-sandíg to cause one to lean on something; basis; to base on something
pa-sandíg slanted; tilted; leaning; reclining; by reclining or leaning on something
sandíg-an back of a seat; person upon whom one “leans” or relies for help; basis
sandig-án to recline; to depend or rely on for support
Bikol
i-sandíg to lean something (as a ladder on a wall)
mag-sandíg to lean on something
Romblomanon
sandig someone leans backwards
pa-sandig something is leaned against something else by someone
Agutaynen
i-pa-tandig to lean one thing against another (as a ladder against a house)
t<om>andig to lean, recline against something
tandig-an back of a chair
Central Tagbanwa
t<um>andig to lean against
Binukid
sandig to lean against; to lean something against something else (as a sack against the wall)
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
sandig to lean against something
sandig-sandig to lean back on something
Bonggi
sarig lean on a wall
Murut (Timugon)
maka-sandig able to lean on
sandig-in something that is leaned against another
Sungai Seguliud
tala-sandig lean on wall
Narum
sadiγ to lean on or against
Kiput
sattin to lean against
Proto-Sangiric
*sadeR to lean against
*sandeR to lean against
Sangir
ma-sarehəʔ set against, leaning on
sandehəʔ leaning on
ma-nandehəʔ to place or put against something else, lean something on another
WMP Tagalog
s<um>andíg to recline; to depend or rely on for support
Murut (Timugon)
s<um>andig to lean on or against
WMP Tagalog
sandók ladle or scoop made of coconut shell
Bikol
mag-sárok to dip for water
Hanunóo
sandúk ladle
Waray-Waray
sarok the act of fetching water
pa-narok dipper, scooper
Hiligaynon
sánduk ladle; big spoon
sandúk-un to dig or scoop out
Cebuano
sandúk scoop something out or off of; utensil used to scoop rice from the pot; a scoopful
Maranao
sandok scoop
Kadazan Dusun
sauk to scoop
Malay
sandok spoon, ladle
Wolio
sandu spoon, ladle
OC Loniu
cani- to clear, cut down bush or sugarcane
pono-sani- to clear out, sweep, straighten up a garden after heavy clearing is completed; trim trunk of tree before chopping up
Motu
dani- to cover, as weeds a garden
Fijian
sani to remove leaves
Tongan
hani to remove all the leaves (from tree or plant); to cut the hair short
WMP Ilokano
sanípa patchwork on a thatched roof; thatchwork; venetian blind
Bikol
sanípa a board which runs along the edge of a roof
Cebuano
sanípa edging similar to an eaves board which trims a roof; a short curtain across the top of a window, framework of a bed, and the like; design in series at one side or around the edges of a cloth; folding room divider; lamp shade to concentrate light
Maranao
sanipa border of eaves
WMP Cebuano
santák pull a fishing line with a jerk to hook a fish that nibbled at the bait
Bahasa Indonesia
santak punch, jerk at something
WMP Ilokano
santán species of ornamental flower: Ixora chinensis
Tagalog
santán a shrub with white, red or pink flowers
Bikol
santán plant with either white, red, or pink flowers: Ixora stricta
WMP Bikol
santík flintstone; a clicking or clinking sound (such as that made when two bottles or stones are hit together)
santik-ón to strike a flintsone
Agutaynen
mag-santik to hit or clink two things together, as stones, or even heads; to strike a match using a matchbox
Cebuano
santík build a fire by rubbing two dry bamboo sticks together; build a fire by rubbing flint and steel together; kind of flint used in building a fire by friction
Maranao
santik to rub
WMP Agutaynen
santik-an to hit or clink two things together, as stones, or even heads; to strike a match using a matchbox
Maranao
santik-an flint, match (Formosan only)
Formosan Amis
cadiw to sharpen
sa-cadiw instrument used for sharpening, as a rock
Paiwan
taɬiw small (pocket-sized) whetstone
t<m>aɬiw to hone, to whet (as knife)
WMP Itbayaten
saŋa branch, forking, branching off
ka-maŋ-sa-saŋa molar tooth
mapa-saŋa able to include in one’s activities, to be able to include in one’s field of attention (consciousness); to be able to branch yourself out to other things (multi-task)
mi-saŋa single branch, of two pointed parts (of mountain)
pi-saŋa joints of two branches
pa-saŋa-an that on which a ‘branching’ load (basket) is placed
Ilokano
saŋá branch, point; offshoot; division, section
a-saŋá to branch out, diversify
nag-saŋa-án ti dalan intersection (of paths or roads)
saŋa-án with many branches
Isneg
pa-saŋá branching (trees, antlers, rivers, etc.)
Bontok
saŋá a forked stick; the upright piece of wood in the center of a plough, to which the shear is attached
saŋa-saŋá sedge, a grasslike plant with triangular stems (used as a headband during some ceremonies): Cyperus distans L.F.
Kankanaey
men-sa-saŋá to lean, to rest one’s head on one’s hand; to hold one’s head in one’s hands (through laziness, fatigue, etc.)
Casiguran Dumagat
saŋá branch (of a tree or bush); to branch out
Ibaloy
man-saŋa to lean one’s head, jaw on one’s hand, or both hands, for support (connotes disappointment, sadness, or sometimes thinking)
Pangasinan
saŋá branch of a tree, stalk of a plant, stem
on-saŋá to grow branches
Kapampangan
saŋá branch (of a tree)
Tagalog
saŋá branch; bough; limb (of a tree); offshoot of a plant; fork; a diverging branch (as of a river); branch of a business firm
ka-saŋá referring to that which has branched out from something else
mag-saŋá to branch; to put out branches, as trees; to radiate, to branch out from a central point
pa-saŋá slip; cutting from a plant
s<um>aŋá to branch; to fork; to divide (as a road)
saŋa-h-án to cut off a branch or branches from a tree or plant (locative focus); to put forth branches, as a plant or tree does
Bikol
saŋá bough, branch, limb, shoot, stem, twig; branch (of a river, road), tributary
pag-saŋa-án junction, intersection
mag-saŋá to put forth a branch, etc.
Hanunóo
saŋá branch, limb; a two-pronged wooden stick, a special instrument used in setting up the warp threads for weaving on a backstrap loom
Romblomanon
saŋa a main branch of a bush, plant, tree, which branches from the trunk or main stalk
Masbatenyo
sáŋa branch, bough, limb, twig, stem
mag-sáŋa to branch out, sprout branches
Aklanon
saŋá a branch; to branch off (river); produce branches (tree)
Waray-Waray
saŋá branch; a shoot or secondary stem; an outgrowth
Agutaynen
taŋa branch of a tree
mag-taŋa to branch into two or three parts, or directions, such as a road
Hiligaynon
saŋá branch, bough, twig
Palawan Batak
sáŋa branch of a tree or bush
Cebuano
saŋá branch, limb of a tree; lateral extension of a road or path; fork of a slingshot; bamboo or wooden hook attached to a rope used to draw up a fish trap from the water; an extra finger or toe in addition to the usual five; have or grow a branch; for the road to fork
saŋá aŋ dílaʔ be fierce and violent (like a snake with a forked tongue)
saŋá aŋ tiŋgil for a woman to have sexual appetite (lit. have a forked clitoris)
saŋa- saŋá fell a tree branch by branch
Maranao
saŋa branch, twig
saŋa-ʔian intersection – roads, fork – of tree or branch
Binukid
saŋa branch, limb (of a tree); to have, grow a branch
Mansaka
saŋa branch
Mapun
saŋa a fork in a tree, road, river, etc.
Molbog
saŋa branch
Bonggi
saŋa branch
Malagasy
sana-sana open, unclosed (used of the mouth)
Iban
saŋaʔ fork, branch, especially of road or river
Mongondow
taŋa branch (of a tree, river)
ko-taŋa having branches, branching
Wolio
saŋa measure, measure off, measure out
CMP Bimanese
saŋa forking, bifurcation; branch of a tree
Tetun
sana to stand with the legs apart; to straddle, to encircle with the legs (as in mounting a horse)
tur sana to sit with the legs apart
ai sana-k a branch, bough, or fork of tree, a spar or pole
Selaru
k-sana-ke branch
Yamdena
saŋe branch broken off a tree
na-saŋ branching, having branches
na-sa-saŋ having many branches or sprouts
na-f-saŋ-i to bifurcate, fork into branches
saŋa-n tributary of a river
Fordata
sana-n branch, side path, tributary of a river
san-sana-n having many branches
Alune
sana branch
Asilulu
sana branch
sana-k to lean one’s folded arm on something
Larike
sana-na branch of something
Tifu
saŋa-n bifurcation, fork of a branch
SHWNG Buli
saŋ mān a handspan, from the outstretched thumb to the outstretched middle finger of a man
saŋ mapiŋ a handspan of a woman, somewhat shorter than the preceding
saŋ-saŋ branching, fork, crotch
OC Seimat
saŋasaŋ twin
Wuvulu
ta-ta bifurcation, diverging lines from a point
lili-ta-ta fork of a branch
Mussau
saŋa-saŋa-na fork of a branch
Mendak
zəŋə fork of a branch
Manam
saŋa-ŋa open (as the mouth, or a door)
Gedaged
saŋa-n crotch, groin; bifurcation, fork; acute angle formed by the upper and lower eyelid; the female or male genitals
Mbula
saŋa- groin, upper thigh area
Gitua
saŋa- crease at the crotch
tae zaŋa-zaŋa crease of ass
Numbami
saŋa bifurcation, fork (of tree)
Dobuan
saga-saga-na forked
Bugotu
haŋa to be open
haŋa-vi to open, as a door
Nggela
haŋa a span, outstretched fingers
haŋa-vi the crotch, front of thighs
Kwaio
taŋa-na groin
'Āre'āre
tana-na thigh, groin
Sa'a
taŋa the crotch of the legs
Arosi
taŋa a crotch; fork of the legs
taŋa-a a hand’s breadth, fingers extended
Proto-Micronesian
*Saŋa inner thigh, crotch
Gilbertese
raŋa leg, thigh
Mota
saŋa a fork, crotch, forked stick or post
tur-saŋa the main post of a house, forked to receive the qatsuna
Rotuman
saŋa thigh (of human being)
Fijian
caŋa a span or stretch of the fingers
saŋa a crotch; crotched, especially of a branch which forms a crotch with a tree
i-saŋa a pair of tongs
saŋa-na the thigh, as branching out from the body
saŋa-saŋa chafed between the thighs
Tongan
haŋa span (about 9”); augmented span (about 12”), measured by spanning and then bending the hand over to the knuckles; to measure by spans
Tuvaluan
aŋa measure in spans; span
Kapingamarangi
aŋa unit of measure from tip of thumb to tip of little finger (of outstretched hand)
Nukuoro
aŋa the span of the outstretched thumb and little finger; a measurement of one span
Rennellese
haka-saŋa to stand or sit with legs spread (improper for women): to bend
Hawaiian
ana to measure, survey, evaluate, rate; survey, measurement, pattern, plan, model
WMP Kapampangan
ma-saŋá branching, full of branches
Tagalog
ma-saŋá full of branches; with or having many branches
OC Aua
wa-taa (< *mwa-saŋa) twins
Kwaio
ma-taŋa crotch, branching place
Tongan
maŋa to fork, branch out, branch off, become divided into two or more branches (of a tree, a road, a stream, etc.); to step across or over; to walk with big steps, to stride; branch, fork, crotch, bifurcation
Niue
maŋa forked, divided
māŋa division, part, fragment; village, town
ma-maŋa scattered (e.g. troops in defeat)
maŋa-aho an hour; division of time; part of a day
maŋa-i to place between, to insert
maŋa-maŋa between two things; mature (of the mind)
Samoan
maŋa (of a tree, road, etc.) a fork; to fork, divide into two, branch off
maŋā-lima spaces between the fingers
māŋa-maŋa (having) many forks
Kapingamarangi
maŋa branch (e.g. of a tree, government)
Nukuoro
maŋa a branch, part of (something having coordinate parts)
maŋa lua tae cleft in the buttocks
OC Kwaio
faʔa-taŋa-na groin
Niue
faka-maŋa to open, of the mouth
aka-maŋa-maŋa to stand with legs apart
Hawaiian
hoʔo-ana to make measurements
WMP Palauan
təŋətáŋ starfish
OC Nauna
caŋacaŋ starfish
Lou
saŋesaŋ starfish
Titan
caŋacaŋ starfish
Lindrou
sakasak starfish
WMP Kalagan
saŋa a tree: Prunus marsupialis
Lun Dayeh
aŋeh a variety of softwood tree preferred for making the tafiʔ, a two-string guitarlike musical instrument
Malagasy
sana trees, species of Elaeocarpus
Iban
saŋaʔ a tree, Elaeocarpus sp.
Malay
saŋa a large forest tree yielding a fruit the size of a sapodilla and not unlike the avocado-pear in taste, Elaeocarpus sp.?
Makassarese
kayu saŋa wood of the Stagnaria verniciflua; it has a sap that causes strong itching
WMP Casiguran Dumagat
saŋal to carry something gripped between the teeth, as a mother dog to carry her puppies, or an ant carrying a grain of rice in its pincers
Bikol
i-saŋál to insert something into the mouth or a mouthlike opening; to insert something through any slit or opening
Mongondow
mo-taŋal sink the teeth into something
no-taŋal grip something with the teeth and drag it away
ko-taŋa-taŋal hold something firmly between the teeth
Tae'
saŋaɁ bit, metal bar in the mouth of a horse; put a bit in a horse’s mouth
WMP Bikol
saŋáy a nickname shared shared by two people and used only when greeting one another
Aklanon
saŋáy namesake, person having the same first name
ka-saŋáy to have the same first name
Cebuano
saŋáy person having the same first name
Maranao
saŋay person having the same name
Mansaka
saŋay to have identical names
Mapun
saŋay a person having the same name as someone else
mag-saŋay to address or refer to someone as “Sangay” because of having the same name
Yakan
saŋey namesake
mag-saŋey to have the same name
mag-saŋey-saŋey for something to rhyme
Tboli
saŋay to harmonize, blend well together, as gongs
Kadazan Dusun
saŋay to have the same name
Formosan Amis
caŋray to lean back against something
WMP Hanunóo
sandáy resting of the head (on something)
sandáy-an pillow
Cebuano
sanday lay or rest something on and across something else
Maranao
sanday to prop, lean (as a gun against a post)
sanday-aʔ gun rest, gun rack, pillow serving as foot rest while on bed
Mansaka
sanday to lean against
Iban
sadai stand or lean, esp. against rail or frame (penadai) for drying out of doors
Malay
sadai lie prone, as a crocodile on a mudbank
ter-sadai astretch high and dry, as a boat drawn up on the beach or a wreck on a reef
Toba Batak
ma-nande support someone, give help to
maŋun-sande lean against
Old Javanese
saṇḍe slanting, leaning over
Muna
sande to lean (as against a housepost); to prop, lean something against
pa-sande to lean against (as a wall), to depend on (as someone for support in time of need)
WMP Tagalog
saŋhíd strong, disagreeable odor
ma-saŋhíd rank, having a strong, disagreeable odor
Malay
səŋit pungent --- of a smell that makes the nostrils smart
mə-ñəŋit-kan hidoŋ to curl up the nostrils at a bad smell
WMP Ilokano
ma-i-saŋlád to strand, hit the bottom, ground
saŋlad-an airport; docking area
Aklanon
sáŋead to run aground (ship)
Agutaynen
ma-taŋlad to run aground on rocks, coral, or sand; for a boat to run over a rock in shallow water
Cebuano
saŋlád run aground, stranded on the sand
Tausug
mag-saŋlád for a vessel to run aground
WMP Ilokano
s<um>aŋlád to anchor; reach the shore; land (planes)
Agutaynen
t<om>aŋlad to run aground on rocks, coral, or sand
Tausug
s<um>aŋlád for a vessel to run aground
WMP Agta (Dupaningan)
i-saŋlag to fry
Agta (Eastern)
mag-sa-sáŋlag to fry; sizzle, hiss
Isneg
saŋlāg to prepare coconut oil, by cooking the milk
Bontok
ʔi-saŋlag to roast in a pan, as coffee or peanuts
Ifugaw (Batad)
haŋlag a roasting spatula (made of wood or tin with a blade about fifteen centimeters long and ten centimeters wide, and with a handle about one meter long; used for roasting grains in a vat); the roast-quality of cereal grains
Casiguran Dumagat
saŋlag to dry rice grain over a fire (so that it will become dry enough to pound; a necessary task when one cannot dry the grain in the sun because of poor weather
Ibaloy
i-saŋdal to roast or parch something with dry heat (as coffee beans, peanuts in a cast-iron pot)
Ayta Abellan
haŋay to toast (as insects for food)
Kapampangan
saŋlay to toast (cacao or maize) (Bergaño 1860)
Bikol
mag-saŋlág to fry grains such as rice or corn; to fry peanuts
Hanunóo
sáŋlay toasting
Masbatenyo
mag-sanlág <A to pop corn, roast rice
Waray-Waray
pag-sanlág <A the act of popping, as of corn or rice; the act of making popped corn or popped rice
sanlág popped corn; popped rice; fried rice
Hiligaynon
mag-sánlag <A to fry, to cook in oil (as in frying peanuts)
Cebuano
saŋlág roast something in a pan with little or no oil (as coffee); action of roasting in a pan
Binukid
sanlag <A to roast something in a pan with little or no oil, stirring constantly
Mansaka
sallag <A to roast; to cook without water or lard
Tausug
mag-saŋlag to toast or roast (food in a pan, without oil or water)
Murut (Timugon)
ka-ka-salag just slow-roasted (as fish)
sa-salag to roast repeatedly
Ida'an Begak
salag to smoke, roast
Iban
selar (of fire) lick, touch, singe, burn
Malay
selar branding
Simalur
saŋgal to roast, bake, cook
Nias
man-sala to roast
Minangkabau
saŋlar ~ salar broiling
Old Javanese
saŋā to roast, bake, scorch
saŋa-saŋan roasted food
Mongondow
tondag to roast (of coffee, corn or peanuts) in a pan on the fire
Tialo
tondag to roast (in ashes)
Balaesang
no-nola to fry
Petapa Taje
salag-i to fry
Proto-Bungku-Tolaki
*holay fry without oil
Buginese
saŋgaraʔ fried banana
Makassarese
saŋgaraʔ baked, roasted; scorched, singed (of rice standing in the field)
CMP Lamaholot
səŋeʔ to roast
Kambera
hoŋu to bake, roast (as maize or coffee beans)
Rotinese
se-sena to fry or roast (meat or fish); to dry roast in a pan (corn, rice, millet, etc.
se-sena no roast or bake grated coconut with sweet syrup
se-sena-k baking, frying, roasting
Tetun
sona to roast; to fry
sona-n baked, fried, or roasted
WMP Isneg
ma-naŋlāg to prepare coconut oil, by cooking the milk
Ifugaw (Batad)
man-haŋlag to dry-roast cereal grains (maize, peanuts, young rice grains) in a pan or vat, without fat; it is usually stirred with a roasting spatula
Murut (Timugon)
man-salag to slow-roast (as fish)
Toba Batak
ma-naŋgar-naŋgar iŋkau cook vegetables with salt and pepper in water
Ampibabo-Lauje
mo-nalag to fry
WMP Isneg
s<in>aŋlāg broiling coconut milk
Bontok
s<in>aŋlag something cooked in the saŋlag manner
Ifugaw (Batad)
h<in>aŋlag fine roasted cereal
Bikol
s<in>aŋlág fried rice
Masbatenyo
s<in>anlág fried rice, popped corn
Waray-Waray
s<in>anlág popped corn; popped rice; fried rice
Cebuano
s<in>aŋlág thing roasted (as peanuts)
Tausug
s<iy>aŋlag grated cassava roasted in a pan
Murut (Timugon)
s<in>alag roasted meat, roasted fish
Old Javanese
s<in>aŋā to roast, bake, scorch
Mongondow
kacaŋ s<in>ondag roasted peanuts
CMP Lamaholot
s<ən>əŋeʔ roasted
WMP Ibaloy
saŋdal-an to roast or parch something with dry heat
Makassarese
saŋgarr-aŋ to bake for, to bake with or in
WMP Ifugaw (Batad)
haŋlag-on to dry-roast cereal grains (maize, peanuts, young rice grains) in a pan or vat, without fat; it is usually stirred with a stirring spatula; to fry cooked rice, pork fat
Bikol
saŋlag-on to fry grains such as rice or corn; to fry peanuts
Masbatenyo
sanlag-ón grain to be roasted
Murut (Timugon)
salag-on what is roasted
WMP Ilokano
saŋɁát land (distinguished from water); upland region; bank, ledge
i-saŋɁát to carry up to a place; land; take to the mountains (a captive)
na-saŋɁát high, steep
Ibaloy
on-saŋɁat to arrive up above, to a high place (as climbers of a mountain, the souls of the dead by tradition on Mt. Pulag)
Bikol
mag-saɁŋát to climb on top of something; to place something on top
Cebuano
saŋɁát put something up somewhere (as an object on top of a fence so a dog can’t get it)
WMP Kenyah (Long Anap)
saŋət industrious, enthusiastic about working
Malay
saŋat very; extremely
Sundanese
saŋet very, seriously, ernestly; absolute
Old Javanese
saŋət high degree, vehemence, intensity; very, intensely
ma-saŋət vehement, harsh
s<um>aŋət-i to treat (address) harshly
Javanese
saŋet very (much), considerable, altogether
Balinese
saŋet heavy, grave, serious, hard, bad, worse, very
saŋət-an more grievous, harder, graver
Sasak
saŋət very, extreme; seriously ill
WMP Ilokano
saŋgá collar or flange surrounding the base of the blade of a knife or bolo, and used to prevent it from entering deeper into the handle
Tagalog
saŋgá protective obstruction (to prevent falling off or being hit)
Iban
saŋga support, hold up (by the arm)
Malay
saŋga projecting guard or support; holder; catch
Javanese
saŋga a support, prop
WMP Itbayaten
saŋga-en to catch with cupped hands
Ilokano
saŋga-en to fend off; turn aside (with a sword); to shield; deflect
Casiguran Dumagat
saŋga to stop something that is rolling
Pangasinan
saŋgá to parry a blow
Ayta Abellan
haŋga to be caught or hung on something when falling from a higher place
Bikol
mag-saŋgáɁ to bar, barricade, block; to detain or stand in the way of; to obstruct
Aklanon
saŋgáɁ base, platform; dish of water used to keep ants from getting into another container on that dish
Cebuano
sáŋgaɁ be underneath something so that it supports or protects it; put something under something else; catch something dripping or falling with a container
Maranao
saŋgaɁ to block
Ngaju Dayak
saŋgah what is leaned against; give support to; render aid to someone
Bahasa Indonesia
saŋgah reject, turn back, oppose; protest, have a different view or opinion
WMP Kapampangan
saŋgul braid, hair bun
ma-ñaŋgul to braid the hair or put it in a bun
Bikol
mag-saŋgól to cut the hair short when in mourning
Malay (Sumatra)
saŋgul saŋgul hair in a loose twist
siput saŋgul coils or "buns" at the back of the head
Iban
saŋgul (of women's hair) braid, plait, coil, dress, put up
Malay
saŋgul dressed hair; coiffure, when the hair is bound up at the back of the head and not allowed to hang down in a knot or queue; in Sumatra saŋgul = hair in a loose twist; in Malay saŋgul is generic for all coils on the head (several named varieties recognized)
saŋgul siput coils or “buns” at the back of the head (evidently from the shape resembling the coils of a snail’s shell)
Sundanese
saŋgul hair knot, hair bun, coiffure
Javanese
saŋgul traditional ladies' hairdo consisting of a smooth bun at the back of the head
WMP Yami
saŋi jawbone
Itbayaten
sañi jaw
Ilokano
sáŋi molar tooth; pinna at base of palm blade
ag-sáŋi to have a toothache
s<um>áŋi to be bullheaded
Bontok
sáŋi chin; lower jaw
Ibaloy
saŋi tooth
man-saŋi to have teeth, esp. of artificial ones
saŋi-an to put “teeth” into something, as harrow
Pangasinan
saŋí mouth
WMP Murut (Timugon)
ma-saŋit furious, fierce (as an animal)
masa-saŋit ‘hothead’, one who easily gets angry
si-saŋit angry with one another
saŋit-an time, place or reason for someone getting angry
Ida'an Begak
saŋit to wail (at a funeral)
Ma'anyan
saŋit angry
Malay (Kedah)
saŋit spite; malice
Mongondow
taŋit kind of song that is heard, for example, during the demolition of the scaffolding in the deathhouse of a prince
mo-taŋit to sing such a dirge
WMP Tagalog
saŋkálan chopping block used in the kitchen; (fig.) scapegoat, one made to bear the blame for the mistakes or sins of others
i-saŋkálan to use as a block for cutting or chopping meat, etc.; to place on a block, referring to something to be cut or chopped
saŋkalán-an to make use of a chopping block
Mapun
saŋkān a cutting board (as for chopping fish)
Tausug
saŋkalan a (kitchen) chopping board
Ngaju Dayak
saŋkalan a chopping block on which one minces meat or fish
Iban
seŋkalan board for crushing spices on, kitchen board, chopping block
Malay
səŋkalan slab or block of wood (often well-carved) used by cooks when grinding down curry spice
Toba Batak
saŋkalan chopping board for meat
WMP Ayta Abellan
haŋkap utensils (as plates, cups, etc.)
ka-haŋkap-an household goods (furniture, cooking utensils, comb, iron, tools, baskets, etc.
Tagalog
saŋkáp component part; element
ka-saŋkáp said of any material used in combination with another or others
Bikol
saŋkáp component, constituent, element, ingredient, part; complete, all-inclusive
mag-saŋkáp to add an ingredient or component; to equip
Aklanon
sáŋkap tool, utensil; well-equipped, complete, having all that is needed
Maranao
saŋkap complete in equipment
Binukid
saŋkap to equip someone or something with necessary tools, etc.; to be equipped
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
ne-saŋkap to be fitted or equipped with whatever one needs
Mansaka
saŋkap complete, equipped
Tausug
sakap ready, prepared
WMP Tagalog
saŋkót implication; involvement; being implicated or involved
ka-saŋkót involved, implicated
mag-saŋkót to involve; to implicate; to drag into; to entangle; to get someone involved or entangled; to incriminate; to charge or connect with a crime; to link; to be linked or connected with; to unite or connect
máka-saŋkót to be involved or implicated in an affair
má-saŋkót to be entangled, to be involved
s<um>aŋkót to involve oneself in a quarrel; to become involved or embroiled in a quarrel
Maranao
saŋkot encumbrance
Iban
saŋkut catch on, hook up, stick on; hence hinder
Malay
saŋkut catching up; holding up; of a hook (saŋkut-an) for catching up a mosquito curtain, or on which anything can be hung; of a row of clothes-pegs (pə-ñaŋkut kain); of being choked by a thing stuck in the throat (mati tər-saŋkut); or of being very much attached to another (tər-saŋkut hati)
Bahasa Indonesia
tər-saŋkut hati very much attached to another person
bər-saŋkut connected with, involved with
bər-saŋkut-an involved with, implicated
Toba Batak
saŋkut a hook
Javanese
ke-saŋkut to get caught or snagged; (fig.) to get involved
saŋkut-an kite-flying contest (object is to entangle the other kite or cut its string)
ñaŋkut to catch or hook onto; to involve, drag in
WMP Ibaloy
man-saŋsaŋ to face one another (implies opposition, hostility, as in disputes, court cases, opposing politicians)
Pangasinan
man-saŋsáŋ to discuss something, debate, argue
Bikol
mag-saŋsáŋ-an to criticize someone in print, on the radio, etc.
Aklanon
sáŋsaŋ be harsh on, be stern with
Maranao
sansaŋ to oppose, go against; hit, as swords in fencing
Tausug
s<um>aŋsaŋ to go against (a current of water or wind)
WMP Agta (Eastern)
sáŋo to scent (animal using nose to seek or track prey)
Casiguran Dumagat
sáŋo to scent (of an animal using the nose to seek or track prey)
Bikol
sáŋo odor, smell; whiff
ma-sáŋo to get a whiff of; to catch a scent of
Maranao
saŋo-aʔ smell, odor
OC Lukep (Pono)
sau needlenose fish
Gedaged
sao long tom: Strongylura incisa
Takia
sao kind of long tom
Halia
soa <M garfish, needlefish
Tikopia
sao-sao juvenile Sphyraena sp.
Niue
hao-hao trumpetfish
Samoan
sao-sao kind of fish, said to be predatory and dangerous
Tokelauan
hao-hao Sphyraena forsteri
WMP Iban
sapa interrogative pronoun: who? what?
Lampung
sapa who/which?
Moronene
hapa what?
CMP Helong
sa what?
Dobel
ya what?
Buruese
sapa-n what?
Kayeli
saha-n what?
saha-n what?
Soboyo
saa what?, something
OC Nauna
cah what?
Lenkau
sah what?
Loniu
cah what?
Nali
sah what?
Titan
cah what?
Ponam
sa what?
Lindrou
sa-sah what?
Bipi
cah what?
Mussau
saa what?
Tanga
sa what?
Label
sa what?
Labu
sa what, which
Suau
saha what?
Motu
daha-ka what?
Mekeo (East)
kapa what?
Saliba
saha what?
Nehan
hawa what?
Mono-Alu
aha-na what?
Babatana
ava what?
Bugotu
hava interrogative pronoun, what? Used also as indefinite, whatever, anything
Nggela
hava what, whatever, which, any, either, of that sort, of what sort
Talise
sava what?
Lau
tafa what?
Arosi
taha interrogative pronoun, what?
Gilbertese
ra suffix of interrogation: what?, which?
Pohnpeian
da: interrogative, what?
Mokilese
da interrogative, what?
Lehalurup
sap what?
Mota
sava something; interrogative pronoun, what?; of a kind, what kind?; any kind whatever
sava-i a thing of what sort?; in what condition?
Sakao
aya what?
Tolomako
sava what?
Amblong
sava what?
Wayan
ava ~ yava what? Questions the identity of things other than time..., position ..., persons and personal names..., quantity..., manner
Fijian
cava interrogative pronoun and adjective, what?, which?
vaka-cava in what way?, how?, how is it that?, \ why?
i-cava-i a thing for what purpose?
WMP Yami
sapad bunch, unit for bananas; an entire stalk of bananas is called asa a kayo
Itbayaten
sapad cluster (especially of bananas); one sapad consists of five to ten bananas, and ten to twenty sapads make saa-kayoh [lit. ‘one tree’]
Ibatan
sapad a hand of bananas
Ilokano
sápad hand of bananas (holding the bulig, or bunch)
Kankanaey
sápad hand of bananas --- a part of the whole bunch, about twelve bananas (cf. búlig)
Ifugaw
hápad bunch of betel nuts, grapes, cluster of bananas or other fruits
Ifugaw (Batad)
hāpad a unit measure of a hand of bananas
Casiguran Dumagat
sapad hand of bananas; to cut the hands of bananas off of the stalk (buleg)
Ibaloy
sapad hand of bananas
Ayta Abellan
sapal hand of bananas
Bikol
sápad a bunch of bananas
Hanunóo
sápad small bunch, or hand, of bananas; classifier for same
Romblomanon
sāpad hand of bananas
Masbatenyo
sápad hand of bananas
mag-sápad separate hands of bananas from stalk (this means to do it byh removing a whole hand at a time)
Waray-Waray
sapád bunch, cluster
Maranao
sapad orchard, plants with fruits
WMP Ibatan
sapad-an the place on the stem where the hands of bananas are separated
Bikol
sapád-an to pick from the fruiting stem one bunch of bananas
Maranao
sapad-an garden
WMP Ilokano
sapád-en to detach by hand (bananas)
Ibaloy
sapad-en to separate a bunch of bananas into hands
Bikol
sapád-on to remove a bunch of bananas from the fruiting stem
WMP Ilokano
sapád crewcut; flat on one side (heads)
Tagalog
sapád flat; flattened; having irregular flatness (said of things that are expected to be more rounded)
Iban
sapar split or strip from round to leave flat surface; rive; hence flat-sided, strips removed (as from cane)
WMP Kapampangan
aspák crack
Tagalog
sápak split something lengthwise, esp. along the grain, break off (said of tree branches)
CMP Manggarai
capak tear off; amputate; split
WMP Maranao
sapak branch
Iban
sapak twin, double
Mori
sampa branch
WMP Ibaloy
sapal-an to be able to attend to all one’s duties, cope with one’s work
Tagalog
sápal of no match; having no chance to win against a superior opponent
Cebuano
sapál back up someone’s obligations; take charge or care of another person’s needs; be enough to cover expenses
WMP Ilokano
sapáŋ tree with yellow flowers and red bark: Caesalpinia sappan
sapaŋ-án to color nets; poison fish
Ibaloy
sapaŋ kind of tree; slivers of its wood are boiled to make a red tea
Pangasinan
sapáŋ tree used in dyeing and staining; dye
Minangkabau
sapaŋ a low thorny tree with yellow flowers: Caesalpinia sappan; it produces sappan wood which is cut to pieces and boiled to produce a red dye
Old Javanese
sampaŋ name of a tree of which the resin is used for perfumery
Formosan Favorlang/Babuza
sapā river
WMP Casiguran Dumagat
sapa pond; stagnant water
Ayta Abellan
hapa small stream; lake
Tagalog
sápaɁ brook; rivulet; small stream (shallow, and may have water only during rainy season)
Bikol
sápaɁ stream, rivulet
Hanunóo
sápaɁ river
Aklanon
sapáɁ pond, small lake
sapáɁ-sápaɁ pond, very small lake
sapáɁ-sapáɁ-an overflooded in areas, covered with puddles, ponds
Hiligaynon
sapáɁ creek, brook; lake
Cebuano
sápaɁ brook or creek
Mamanwa
sapaʔ river
Tausug
sapaʔ a small river, stream
Samal
sapaʔ river
Ida'an Begak
sapaɁ water
Mongondow
tapaʔ brook, creek
WMP Maranao
sapaʔ oath; swear
Tiruray
safaʔ to swear an oath
Tausug
s<um>apa to swear (an oath), take an oath
Ngaju Dayak
sapa abuse, scolding; cursed by an oath
WMP Ilokano
sapá residue of chewed betel
Bikol
mag-sapáɁ to munch on, to chew
Malay
sapah quid of betel
WMP Ilokano
sapa-en to spit out chewed betel
Bikol
sapaɁ-ón to munch on; to chew
WMP Yami
sapat to put above
pa-sapat-an storage shelf
pa-sapat-en to be put above by someone
Itbayaten
sapat idea of being carried atop of something
Ilokano
sápat top, summit, peak
s<um>ápat to go to the top, ascend; reach the second half; pass the medidian (sun)
Isneg
tápat an ordinary basket suspended from the ceiling and empty; it is taken down at the time of a girl’s marriage for storing the sweets that are brought to the groom’s house
Ibaloy
i-sapat to put something up to a higher place --- especially of putting rice bundles up into the attic granary or on the sapat-an drying rack; more broadly, of putting cargo on top of a bus
Pangasinan
sapát place something on top of table, roof, etc.
on-sapát to mount a horse
Mansaka
sapat to be above, to put up above
Proto-East Gorontalic
*sapato to put something above something else
WMP Casiguran Dumagat
sapát sufficient, enough, adequate
Tagalog
sapát ample; enough; adequate; decent; sufficient; enough; as much as is needed
Formosan Paiwan
tapaw house in fields
ta-tapav-an trace or ruin of where a single house formerly stood
WMP Itbayaten
sapaw-an ridgepole, ridgepiece (one of the pillars attached to roof of house)
Ilokano
sápaw shade, shelter, screen, cover hut
mannápaw nonvenomous snake found in thatched roofs of temporary huts, built for watching crops and afterwards abandoned
Ida'an Begak
sapow roof
Belait
sapaw thatch, roof
Kelabit
apo roof
Kayan
hapau leaf thatch of roof
Bintulu
sapaw roof
sapaw raʔun roof thatch
Melanau (Mukah)
sapaw palm-leaf thatch
Ngaju Dayak
sapaw roof
Ma'anyan
hapaw roof
Malay
sapau temporary hut put up for the night by travellers in the jungle
Karo Batak
sapo page, sapo rumah rice granary on poles
sapo-sapo juma field hut
Proto-South Sulawesi
*sa(m)po house
Buginese
sao house
Buginese (dial.)
sapo fence
sappo bamboo structure around a well so one may bathe unobserved
Makassarese
sapo house
Popalia
sapo house
Formosan Puyuma
sapay hang astride, across
s<əm>apay to hang, as clothes across a bar
sapay-anay to hang, as clothes over a man’s shoulder
WMP Tagalog
sampáy clothes (laundry) hanging on a line, etc.
i-sampáy to hang clothes (laundry) on a line, etc.
taga-sampáy a person whose job it is to dry clothes by hanging them on a clothesline
Cebuano
sampáy hang laundry out; put up in someone else’s place, cause one to do so
sampáy-sampáy be shoved around from home to home as a dependent
Malagasy
sampi an idol, a charm, probably so called from its being carried or hung on the neck
Malay
sampay hanging loosely
ber-sampay-an hung out to dry
Talaud
sampe to hang on rope
Karo Batak
sampe remain hanging, as a stick that someone has thrown into a tree
Toba Batak
sampe-sampe an outer garment, like a shawl that is draped over the shoulder
Sangir
ma-nampe to hang
sa-sampe a hanger, thing used for hanging
Proto-South Sulawesi
*sampe to hang up
Makassarese
sampe wooden saddle hung over the back of a pack animal, to which the load is hooked
CMP Buruese
sapa to hang
WMP Tagalog
sampay-an clothesline
Ngaju Dayak
sampay-an a rope, pole, etc. on which one hangs something
Malagasy
sampáz-ana to be hung up upon, as garments placed across a line, the braces over the shoulders, epaulets, etc.
Malay
sampay-an kain clothesline
Uma
hampe-a bamboo pole over which mats are hung (in the house)
OC Tongan
hafe to carry by means of a strap or rope, etc. across the shoulder (as one carries a haversack)
Futunan
safe be slung over the shoulder
OC Arosi
tahe an abortion
Maori
tahe abortion
whaka-tahe to cause to abort
WMP Cebuano
saplá slightly bitter in taste with an astringent effect, as unripe bananas; get this taste in one’s mouth; for unpolished cereals to be rough on the tongue when eaten
Tausug
ma-sapla coarse, rough to the touch; (esp. of dry food on the tongue); coarse (in texture); unpleasant (to the ear)
Malay (Java)
səpa insipid; tasting “woody” (of tubers)
WMP Bikol
ma-saplód describing the taste of fruits eaten out of season and therefore lacking a true full-bodied flavor
Hanunóo
saplúd taste of unripe bananas; acridity of such unripe fruits
ma-saplúd acrid, tasting like unripe bananas
Cebuano
saplúd slightly bitterish in taste; get a bitterish taste (as some beers)
Tiruray
sefeled (of a taste) acrid, astringent
Malay
sepat harsh, acid, tart, of taste
Malay (Jakarta)
sepat harsh, acid, tart, of taste
Mongondow
topoḷod ~ topoyod puckering up, of taste
WMP Bontok
saplət to leave a residue in the mouth after eating, as balókok (tree with edible leaves and fruit)
Sundanese
səpət not smooth; tart, acid
Old Javanese
səpət tart (taste), acid
Javanese
sepet tart, sour
Balinese
səpət unripe, raw, tart, not easily eaten; fig., be angered
səpət-in be infuriated by words
səpət-an fury at biting words
səpət-səpət species of plant whose fruit is ground up and used in the ointment boreh (kind of face powder)
Sasak
səpət puckering up, of taste; tart, sour
səpət-in speak to someone in anger
WMP Pangasinan
sapnót not slippery, slightly sticky (of a surface)
Mansaka
sapnot thick (as liquids); congealed
WMP Kalinga (Guinaang)
sapɁúy-an to blow (as on a fire)
Itneg (Binongan)
sapɁóy to blow (as on a fire)
Malay
səpuy ~ səpuhi <M blowing softly, of the breeze
aŋin səpuy-səpuy gentle breeze
Formosan Amis
capet to grab with the hand; catch
WMP Maranao
sampet find, take hold of
OC Tongan
hapo to catch (a ball, etc.)
Niue
hapo to catch a thing thrown
Samoan
sapo to catch (ball, etc.)
WMP Ilokano
sapín drawers; underpants; panties; trousers
sapin-án to cover for protection from wetness; to put sapín on someone
Itawis
sapín underlayer
Casiguran Dumagat
sapín underlayer, covering, protective underlayer (as a blanket under a horse’s saddle, or a cloth on one’s shoulder to cushion a heavy pole he is carrying); to put a cushion between something; to saddle a horse
Pangasinan
sápin saddle cloth
sapín shoes
Tagalog
sapín pad; padding; cushion
i-sapín to use something as an underlayer (especially for protection)
mag-sapín to use a protective underlayer; use a protective holder for handling hot objects like a pot, kettle, etc.
sapin-án ~ sapn-án to put a protective underlayer or undercloth on something
sapin-ín ~ sapn-ín to use something as a protective underlayer
sapín-sapín layer upon layer
Bikol
sapín lining; insulation, padding; layer, ply, veneer
mag-sapín to line (as shelves, boxes); to pad, insulate
Aklanon
sapín shoes
Waray-Waray
sapín shoes; protective underlayer or overlayer
Cebuano
sapín footgear: shoes, slippers, boots, but not socks; diaper
WMP Tagalog
sápiɁ membership, act of becoming a member; joining, uniting
ka-sápiɁ member; one who belongs to a group
maki-sápiɁ to join as a member
Ngaju Dayak
sapih in accordance, just so, like
Toba Batak
sapi to agree with; rhyme
par-sapi-hon bring into harmony or conformity
WMP Murut (Timugon)
sapit clip, as for the hair
Old Javanese
s<in>apit to clasp, clench, pinch, hold tight
Javanese
sapit tongs, pincers
ñapit to pick up with tongs, as a glowing coal
WMP Bontok
sapsáp to chip wood with an axe or adze; to smooth a rough surface
Ifugaw
hapháp act of chopping pieces of wood, especially boards, to make their surface even and smooth, using a knife if no plane is available
Pangasinan
sapsáp to chip off, rasp; splinter, chip produced by rasping or adzing wood
Aklanon
sápsap chip, piece of; to chip off, get a piece of
Hiligaynon
mag-sápsap to chop so as to make even, to smoothen
Cebuano
sapsáp to trim down a piece of wood by chipping pieces off (as a stake to make it sharper)
Binukid
sapsap to shave the bark or peeling from something (as sugarcane)
Mansaka
sapsap to scrape, to trim (as a tree)
Kadazan Dusun
sasap to chip off, scrape off bit by bit (as with a knife
Balinese
sapsap to wipe off, sweep off; sweep together
WMP Karo Batak
napsap-i to cut short, of the hair; to scrape off, as the galuŋi (dykes or bunds) in a paddy field
Toba Batak
ma-napsap to cut off (as the ear of a thief)
Old Javanese
a-nasap to level, raze to the ground
WMP Cebuano
s<in>apsáp chips of wood which result from this process
Old Javanese
s<in>apsap to level, raze to the ground
WMP Ilokano
sapsap-án to trim the joints
Balinese
sapsap-aŋ be wiped off for someone
WMP Ilokano
sapsap-én to rasp or scrape
Kadazan Dusun
sapsap-on to be cut off (of tree bark)
WMP Ilokano
sapsáp gumabbék fish in fresh water (gumabbék = slipmouth, Leiognathidae family)
Pangasinan
sapsáp kind of edible fish with flat, circular body
Tagalog
sapsáp a species of slipmouth fish
Bikol
sapsáp small silver disk-shaped saltwater fish
Aklanon
sápsap fish sp.
Maranao
sapsap fish of sardine family --- thin fleshed
Subanon
sapsap moonfish
WMP Bikol
mag-sapó to sweep back in place with the hand (as fallen bits of rice); to push back the hair from the forehead with the hand
Cebuano
sapú to wipe, put something back in place using the hands
Maranao
sapo rub, fondle, scrape off
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
sapu to rub something with the hand; to brush something off with the hand
Kadazan Dusun
sapu to wipe
a-sapu can be wiped
sopuv-on to be wiped out (opponents)
Tombonuwo
sapu broom
Lun Dayeh
afuh a broom
ŋ-afuh to sweep with a broom
Kelabit
apuh broom
n-apuh to sweep
Malagasy
vua-safu-safu coaxed, rubbed in, patted, tapped; to be spied out; to be brushed
Iban
sapu to brush, sweep, wipe
Malay
sapu brushing lightly over anything (of sweeping a room, painting, distempering or varnishing)
pə-ñapu broom
Gayō
sapu broom
mu-ñapu to sweep with a broom
Karo Batak
sapu-sapu broom
napu to sweep
napu-i to sweep something, as a floor
Dairi-Pakpak Batak
sapu broom
mer-sapu daroh smeared with blood
sapu-i to sweep something
Toba Batak
sapu broom
Sundanese
sapu the part of the rice straw that is cut off with the panicle; further: broom, brush (of rice straw, but also in general)
Old Javanese
sapu broom
sapu mata something to wipe the eyes with
a-napu to sweep, sweep away, slash
a-napu-napu to sweep, clean with a broom
Javanese
sapu broom
ñapu to sweep
sapu-n sweeping to be done
Balinese
sapu to sweep (floors)
sapu jagad hair or dress that trails on the ground
Sasak
sapu to sweep
Sangir
sa-sapu broom
Tialo
sapu-i to sweep
Tae'
sapu to sweep, sweep up, slowly pass the open hand over something (as in stroking or wiping)
sapu-i sweep away with a broom
sapu-i palaɁ sweep something away with the palm of the hand, meaning rid oneself of something, curse someone so severely that a relationship with the speaker is no longer possible
Proto-South Sulawesi
*sapu to rub, wipe
Mandar
sapu to coat, smear on
CMP Rembong
sapu broom; to sweep; to finish off
Leti
sapu to sweep (thought to be from Malay)
SHWNG Mayá
ꞌsa¹² broom
OC Motu
dahu-a to rub, wipe
Lau
tafu to brush off, brush against
WMP Toba Batak
ma-napu to sweep with a broom
Sangir
ma-napu to sweep
Tialo
mo-napu to sweep
WMP Lun Dayeh
in-afuh swept with a broom by someone
Old Javanese
s<in>apu sweep
WMP Pangasinan
sapók atom; fine dust carried by the wind
Singhi Land Dayak
sapok dust (litter)
OC Nggela
savu, sau-savu cloudy, hazy
WMP Casiguran Dumagat
sapuk to slap with the open palm
Tagalog
sapók a straight box in the face
Bikol
sámpok bump into
Hanunóo
sámpuk fight, especially cock-fighting
Yakan
ta-sampuk to hit something (with the foot)
s<um>ampuk to stub the toe
Malay
sampok run up against, run right into
Malay (Jakarta)
sampok collide from the side
WMP Casiguran Dumagat
sapul to begin; since; starting place or time
Tagalog
sapól at the very beginning; at the very root; since; ever since; straight or direct
mag-sapól to start at the very beginning
OC Kove
ravulu kind of razor shell
Bugotu
havulu scallop
Nggela
havulu species of mollusc, Pelecypod, Pinna
Lau
tafulu species of mollusc
Sa'a
tehulu the black mussel, used in the manufacture of bow bonito hooks
Arosi
tahuru species of black mussel used in making bonito hooks
Fijian
savulu a shellfish: Pinna squamosa
WMP Yami
sapopo hold on the lap or against the chest (as a young child)
sapopo-en hold on the lap or against the chest
Casiguran Dumagat
sampúpu to carry something with the arms out in front of the body
Ayta Abellan
hampopo to carry a child, person or other things in the arms
Tagalog
sapúpo held, sustained or supported by the palms of the hands
s<in>ápupu-n-án bosom; lap; womb
Hanunóo
sapúpu taking on one’s lap or carrying in one’s arms, as a child
mag-sapúpu to take in one’s lap, or carry something or someone in one’s arms
Aklanon
sapúpo(h) to nurse back to health; revive, help (the sick)
Hiligaynon
mag-sapúpu to take care of (as a small child)
Cebuano
sapúpu have, pick up something in one’s arms
WMP Ifugaw
hápu allotment, apportionment, i.e. act of dividing things into two parts (not necessarily equal parts), and thus allotting one part to the kinship group of the husband and the other part to the kinship group of the wife; applied to butchered meat that has not been consumed in a festive banquet, but also to movable possessions, as jewels, in cases of divorce
Casiguran Dumagat
sapo to butcher an animal
Ibaloy
i-sapo (in butchering) to cut an animal into basic large portions, to quarter it
Ayta Abellan
hapu cut meat into pieces
Maranao
sapoɁ meat, flesh, muscle
sapoɁ-an fleshy, fat, plump
Binukid
sapuɁ flesh, meat; to cut up meat
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
sapuɁ flesh; meat
Tiruray
safuɁ to dress meat
Manobo (Sarangani)
sapoɁ cut up the carcass of an animal
Mongondow
tapuɁ flesh (of people, animals, and fruit)
WMP Ilokano
sáput spiderweb; membrane
ag-sáput to weave a web
na-sapút-an covered with cobwebs
Pangasinan
sapót spiderweb
Waray-Waray
sapót cobweb; snare
WMP Casiguran Dumagat
sapót cloth used to wrap up a dead body
Tagalog
sápot black shroud for the dead
mag-sápot to cover with a shroud; to conceal; to veil
Hanunóo
sáput shroud, wrapping
s<ar>aput-ʔan butʔul bone bundle (wrapped bones of the dead)
sapút-un be wrapped
Cebuano
sapút clothes; wear clothes
pa-napút attire, the kind of clothes one wears as opposed to the type worn by other classes or on other occasions
saput-án clothe something in something
Maranao
sapot clothes, dress, cloth as bunting used to decorate
Mansaka
sapot cloth, material; to wrap in cloth (as a corpse)
Tiruray
safut a cloth
Yakan
saput shroud, grave clothes (Yakans, as Muslims generally, do not bury their dead in coffins but wrapped in a white shroud; the body is then placed on a ledge dug in the side of the grave)
mag-saput to shroud a corpse; wrap a body in grave clothes
Tausug
saput a shroud, white cloth used to wrap a corpse for burial
Ngaju Dayak
saput burial shroud (most Dayaks create their burial shrouds while they are still living)
Malay
saput covering over lightly; film; thin fleecy integument; ‘velvet’ on horns; thinly veiled (as the moon behind light clouds)
Toba Batak
saput the cloth in which one wraps a corpse; winding sheet
ma-naput-i wrap something up
saput-saput wrapper, covering for something
Sundanese
saput covering, as of gold
sa-saput-an completely covered, as with gold overlay
Old Javanese
saput cover, covering; a piece of cloth to cover the breasts
s<um>aput to cover completely, cover everything; overwhelm; in overwhelming numbers
Balinese
saput cover completely; a man’s loincloth; a cloth worn over other clothes, blanket, cloth cover
saput-in be covered by something
Mongondow
taput burial shroud (for Muslims)
Pendau
saput white burial cloth used on a corpse
Proto-South Sulawesi
*sapu(t) to cover over
CMP Manggarai
caput to close, cover up
WMP Ilokano
sapút-an to involve; wrap; envelop
Tagalog
sapút-an to cover with a shroud
Toba Batak
saput-an a wrapped packet
Formosan Puyuma
sapuT to pick up (as chicken feces)
WMP Yami
sa-sapot clamp made from betel nut sheaths
sapot-en pick up with a clamp (as pots)
Itbayaten
sapot-en to pick up with something so as not to be soiled or dirtied
WMP Ilokano
sabʔít hook, hanger
Isneg
sabít barb (of spears, etc.); a diminutive herb in the shape of a fishhook that grows on trees; it cures pain in the side
Casiguran Dumagat
sabít for a fishhook to get caught, snagged on something (either in the water, or up in a tree); to stick something between the leaves in the roof of a house
Pangasinan
sabít thorn, spine, fish bone
man-sabít to hang clothes, etc. on a peg
Kapampangan
sábit to hang, dangle; cling
Tagalog
sabít anything hanging from a peg or hanger; hooked or caught, esp. in the moral sense
mápa-sabit to happen to be delayed at a neighbor’s place
má-sábit to lodge; to get caught or stay high up in a place (e.g. a tree) without falling (as a kite)
Bikol
ma-saʔbít to catch (as on a nail); to get caught; to lodge
Aklanon
sábʔit to hang up (on the wall)
Waray-Waray
sabʔít the act of hanging something (as clothes) on a peg or the like; something fixed or attached to the wall for hanging things on; peg
Hiligaynon
mag-sábʔit to hang to accidentally, to put on (as a flower in the hair)
Cebuano
sabʔít put something small around something that holds it, or pierce with a hook; decorate with a medal hung from a ribbon put around the neck; put a curved thing around something to pluck or bring it down
Maranao
sabit clasp, hook on
sambit clasp ends together, exchange, interlock
Binukid
sabʔit to hang something on a hook, etc.; to hook, catch on to something
Mapun
sabit to have two or more lines, strings, or ropes crossing over each other, always touching and often slightly tangled (as kite strings that have crossed over each other)
Tausug
sabit ~ saʔbit a hook (anything used to snag something else)
mag-sabit to cross an object over a like object, as one leg over the other, the ends of rope or thread, pieces of rattan, or grass used in weaving
Kadazan Dusun
savit hook onto, entangle
ka-savit can hang, hook onto, entangle
Iban
sabit small silver or brass chains worn by women round the waist
sabit bekait Crooked Sickle, sea lawyer and trouble-maker of the heavens, always ready to settle disputes by fighting
Malay
sabit reaping-hook; sickle; in harvesting with the sickle the rice stalks are cut about halfway up and built into small stacks (bumbun), the ears being thereby kept well off the ground and dry; seed-rice is harvested with the tuai
pə-ñabit reaper; fig., stealer of heads for propitiating the earth-spirits when a great public work is undertaken, there being public scares (known as musim ikan səpat ‘seasons of headless fish’) when it is believed that heads are wanted for this purpose
Simalur
sabid hook for pulling down fruit from a high branch
ma-nabid to use such a hook
Karo Batak
sabit kind of large sickle
Nias
sabi sickle
Rejang
sabit a sickle
Old Javanese
sambit to hook, catch (also fig.)
Javanese
sabit crescent (as a crescent moon)
Balinese
sabit carry something under the arm against the body
CMP Manggarai
cabit reaping hook, sickle
Rembong
sabit reaping hook, sickle
Lamaholot
sawiʔ cut grass with a sickle
WMP Ilokano
i-sabʔít to hang from a hook, hook
Isneg
i-sabʔít to hang on a hook
Bontok
ʔi-sabʔít to hang up, of articles without handles, or rings used for hanging
Kankanaey
ʔi-sabʔít to hang up, to hang upon, to hock; to catch, to catch in
Tagalog
i-sabít to hang something on a nail, hook, stand or rack
Bikol
i-saʔbít to hang something up (as on a wall); place something on a hook
Masbatenyo
i-sábʔit to hang on a hook or any protruding thing
Agutaynen
i-sabit to hang something up on a nail; to attach something to something; to pin something on something, as a ribbon or leaf on a shirt; to be involved in something, be a part of
Binukid
i-sabʔit to hang up (as pants on a nail in the wall)
WMP Tagalog
s<um>abít to be attached to something above; to be suspended; to get hooked on something in passing; to ride on the running board of a vehicle
Tausug
s<um>abit for something to hook, catch, or snag on something else
Kadazan Dusun
s<um>avit to get entangled; to hang, hook onto
WMP Ilokano
sabit-án to pin a medal on
Kankanaey
sabit-án to hook with a fishhook
Tagalog
sabit-án hanger; a thing on which something else is hung; a hook, a stand or a rack for hanging things on
sabít-an to use a hook, nail, etc. for hanging something on
Bikol
sabit-án a hook; also referring to any place on which something can be hung
Masbatenyo
sabʔit-án to hook something
sabʔít-an a hook; anything used for hanging things (hook, nail or anything protruding which can serve the purpose)
Cebuano
sabʔit-án-an something onto which something is hooked
Maranao
sabit-an belt
sambit-an belt for persons
Mansaka
sabit-an native belt
Tausug
sabit-an to use a hook (especially for fishing); a cloth money belt (usually used by older men along with loose-fitting cotton trousers)
WMP Pangasinan
saból fountain, spring (of water)
Tagalog
sábog scattering, dispersing; planting of seeds by scattering them; explosion; eruption, as of a volcano; dispersion, as of light; things scattered around
sabóg scattered; dispersed; widely separated from each other, as members of a family
i-sábog to disseminate; to scatter like seed; to spread about; to plant seeds by scattering them
mag-sábog to scatter; to throw loosely about; to throw here and there; to strew; to splash water on; to mix one liquid with another
Bikol
i-sábog to sow by scattering seeds
sabúg-an seed bed
Hiligaynon
mag-sábɁug to scatter, to sow
Ngaju Dayak
sambur spray out (water from the mouth)
Malay
sabur confusion; in scattered formation; wild mélée; of girls rushing wildly to the window to see a popular hero pass; also of a babel of sound, whether of music and singing, or of cries and lamentations; bespatter
Toba Batak
sabur strewn out (as the stars across the night sky)
pa-nabur-an seedbed
sabur-on sowing time (the third month of the rice growing year)
Old Javanese
sawur scattering, rain (of arrows)
(p)a-sawur strewing, spreading
a-sawur-an scattering, dispersing, raining
s<um>awur strewn, spread, scattered
Javanese
sawur small objects (coins, rice, etc.) scattered before a funeral procession as it makes its way to the cemetery; to plant rice seeds by scattering them
ñawur to bestrew something with small particles, e.g. sand
Sangir
ma-sawuhəɁ strewn, scattered around
Uma
hawuɁ to strew
pa-ti-hawuɁ strewn in every which direction
ti-hawuɁ spread, scattered, dispersed
Bare'e
mo-tunda sawu sit helter-skelter, not in a row
man-cawu to strew, sow seed
CMP Buruese
safu-k to disseminate, sow
safu-t sown
OC Nggela
havu to scatter, as seeds
havul-agi to cause to be scattered
havul-i to scatter or sprinkle water; to wash with water, as a canoe
WMP Toba Batak
ma-nabur to sow (seeds)
Sangir
ma-nawuhəɁ to strew, sow seeds
WMP Ngaju Dayak
ka-sabur-an scattered, dispersed
Old Javanese
ka-sawur-an to bestrew, strew on
WMP Ilokano
ságid a touch
ag-ságid to collide; brush up against; touch accidentally or incidentally
ag-pas-pa-ságid to hang about the girls; haunt; (fig.) allude, insinuate
pa-sagíd-an to hurt the feelings of; offend, wound
s<um>ágid to meet casually, touch in passing; brush up against; (fig.) to be partly correct
sagíd-en to touch; lay hands upon; hint to, tell casually
Ibaloy
sagid to make contact with, touch, brush asgainst something with sufficient force to be felt
Bikol
mag-saʔgíd to sideswipe or brush against
ma-saʔgid-án to get sideswiped
Masbatenyo
mag-ságʔid to rub against, brush against (as a water buffalo rubbing against a post)
Maranao
sagid to pass by
WMP Ibaloy
may-saɁŋit to become suspended above the ground (as thrown stick hangs in tree, clothers blown from a clotheline come to rest on a bush)
Tagalog
mápa-saŋít to be stopped from falling by hanging or hooking onto something
Aklanon
sáŋit to get entangled, get tangled up, delayed, get hung up
Cebuano
sáŋit to be in the way and hold something in place, snag, catch
Formosan Amis
ma-caʔit to be hung up
mi-caʔit to hang up
Puyuma
saʔit to hang
WMP Ilokano
sáit test for sharpness
i-sáit to sharpen, whet
Pangasinan
saít to sharpen on a stone, etc., whet
Maranao
saʔit hook
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
saʔit barb on a fishhook
Mansaka
sait barb (as on a fish hook)
Tiruray
saɁit a barb, as on a fishhook
Kayan
uroɁ saɁit sedge grass, a grass growing in swampy ground with sharp edges
Formosan Paiwan
taqtaq split bamboo
t-m-aqtaq to split bamboo
WMP Cebuano
saʔsáʔ crack and flatten bamboo stems so as to make them resemble and serve as boards for walling; sheet of cracked and flattened bamboo for walling
WMP Ilokano
saúp substitute, proxy
i- saúp to substitute; proxy; join
Kapampangan
sáup, saup-an, sop-an help
Bikol
saɁóp apprentice
mag-saɁóp to apprentice oneself to
Cebuano
saʔúp sharecropper
Maranao
saʔop business partner, business activities or buying by a group
Binukid
saup sharecropper, tenant farmer
Iban
saup help, assistance
be-saup combine (to do something)
WMP Ilokano
sárab to singe, scorch; put into direct heat
in-sárab slightly roasted meat or fish
saráb-an to singe, scorch; put into direct heat
Bontok
saláb-an to blacken with soot, as by hanging above a fire or by placing close to a fire
Tagalog
sálab singeing; scorching
saláb singed; scorched
salab-n to singe or scorch
Bikol
sárab burnt hay or straw
saráb-on to burn hay or straw
Hanunóo
sárab roasting
Cebuano
sálab to singe, pass a flame over
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
sarab to roast something in the flames of a fire
WMP Tagalog
sálak (among Tinguians) separation of a married couple as a form of punishment for cause (Panganiban 1966)
Ngaju Dayak
sarak comb with widely separated teeth
Malagasy
sáraka separation, detachment; a calf separated from the cow
Malay
sarak parting, separation (as with divorce)
Sa'dan Toraja
sarak to separate, to wean
Proto-South Sulawesi
*sarak to separate
Mandar
saraɁ to separate, as because of a quarrel
mes-saraɁ to part ways, remove oneself from the company of others
sis-saraɁ to divorce
WMP Itbayaten
sarapaŋ harpoon
Casiguran Dumagat
salapaŋ type of fish spear or arrow (the head consists of three or four wires sharpened to a point; it may be shot with a bamboo bow, or a rubber sling)
Tagalog
salapáŋ harpoon; a spear with a rope tied to it for catching whales, etc.; trident: a three-pronged spear
salapaŋ-ín to harpoon; to strike, catch or kill with a harpoon
Bikol
sarapáŋ harpoon
sarapaŋ-ón to spear fish with a harpoon
Aklanon
saeápaŋ spear, javelin
Cebuano
salapáŋ spear that is thrown, or a harpoon
salapaŋ-ún to hit with a spear or harpoon
Maranao
sarapaŋ spear for fish
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
serapaŋ a pronged spear or arrow
Mansaka
sarapaŋ harpoon
Rungus Dusun
sarapaŋ thrusting spear for fish with harpoon head
Iban
serampaŋ fish spear with more than one point, usually trident
Malay
sərapaŋ ~ sərampaŋ trident; a three-pronged spear used in warfare, and more commonly for spearing fish; the two outer spikes on this fish-trident are barbed on the inside only, while the central spike is shorter and barbed on both sides
WMP Bikol
mag-saráw curse, put a curse on
Maranao
saraw trouble, nuisance
Minangkabau
saraw ill-starred, unlucky, accursed
WMP Ilokano
sarebséb marshy soil
Binukid
salebseb water that seeps out (from a subterranean spring); for water to seep out of a crack
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
serebseb a spring of water
WMP Ilokano
ag-sarigsíg to move in a half circle; strut; attack from the side (cocks)
ag-s<inn>arigsíg to move around each other (as in boxing, etc.)
sarigsig-an to incite cocks; circle around a hen (said of a cock); attack from the side; (fig.) court a girl
Kankanaey
men-salidsíd to turn around the man; to sidle around the hen (the woman around the man in dances; the cock around the hen)
Aklanon
salídsid to slice thinly, cut near or on the surface
Cebuano
salidsid to go or take something along the edge of something; to skid, slide in doing a curve (as truck on a slippery road)
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
seridsid to move at an angle from above to below, as of the rain; to blow in at an angle; to jab down with a spear at an angle
WMP Tiruray
sarew to face something or somebody
se-sarew etur knock-kneed
Tboli
solu the front of something or someone; to face toward; to be facing something as a responsibility
se-solu to face each other; to confront, as in an issue; facing each other, as one’s feet or pupils of the eyes
Proto-Minahasan
*saru facing, in front of; to face
Tontemboan
saru the front of something, the facing side
ka-saru spouse; opponent
pə-saru-an one’s own child, not a stepchild
an saru-saru-na right in front of him
WMP Tagalog
sálok small deep net in spoonlike structure, for catching fish by dipping into water within a fenced-in enclosure (Panganiban 1966)
i-sálok to use something for scooping up water or any liquid; to fetch water from a well or the like for someone
s<um>álok to draw; to take out or get, as water from a well or jar
saluk-an a well or spring from which people fetch water
Bikol
sáruk to dip (a kite, airplane), to dip for water
OC 'Āre'āre
taru draw, dip water
taru-a, tarus-ia bail out water, draw water
Arosi
taru to draw, dip, get water; to take up in nets, as Palolo worm; a measure of liquid, a cupful
WMP Ilokano
salonay a plant: Wedelia biflora
Malay
serunai laut a yellow-flowered plant found near the sea: Wedelia biflora
WMP Tagalog
sáloŋ replacing a sword or knife in sheath or scabbard, or a revolver in its holster
i-sáloŋ to sheathe a sword; to lower one’s weapon as a sign of surrender
Bikol
mag-sároŋ to sheath
sarúŋ-an sheath, scabbard, holster
Malagasy
saruna a cover, a lid
mi-saruna to cover oneself; to have a lid, to be covered
Iban
saroŋ sheath, case, covering
saroŋ dukuɁ scabbard
saroŋ surat envelope
Malay
saroŋ sheath, covering
saroŋ jari thimble (‘finger sheath’)
saroŋ kaki sock (‘foot sheath’)
saroŋ keris kris sheath
kain saroŋ the typical Malay long kilt or skirt; usually explained as saroŋ (sheath, wrapper), but the garment is used in Ceyon, where it is known as saran; Yule derives the word from Singhalese
me-ñaroŋ-kan sənjata to sheathe a weapon
Toba Batak
saruŋ sheath of a knife
Old Javanese
saruŋ cloth
s<in>aruŋ to sheathe
saruŋ-an a sheathe
Javanese
saruŋ man’s ankle-length wrap-around skirt; kris sheath
ñaruŋ to wrap or sheathe (a weapon); to dress someone in a saruŋ; to wrap a weapon in protective cloth
Balinese
saruŋ a sarong
saruŋ-in be provided with a sarong
Sasak
saruŋ a sheath
ñaruŋ to sheath (of a kris)
WMP Ilokano
sárut tuberculosis, consumption
ag-sárut to have tuberculosis
Bontok
sálut tuberculosis
Ibaloy
sarot laxiness, sloth; lack of ambition
Ayta Abellan
halot to have fever; epidemic, pestilence; plague; disease that spreads rapidly, causing many deaths
Kapampangan
salút disease, epidemic
Bikol
sarót affliction, illness, harm
Aklanon
sáeot evil; the work of the Devil. or evil spirits
Cebuano
sálut cause stunted growth; to get sick, esp. by something that brings general body weakening and loss of weight
WMP Tagalog
sagád sunk to the hilt (as a sword or dagger in its scabbard or sheath); down to the bottom; to the limit, having reached the limit, as of one’s self-control
i- sagád to sink something down to the hilt or the bottom
Iban
sarat heavily laden, fully loaded, deep in the water (of boats with little freeboard)
Singhi Land Dayak
sarad overladen (boat)
Malay
sarat heavily laden; of full burden; of a ship full of cargo; of a camel with a heavy load of provisions; of a woman heavy with child
WMP Tagalog
ságap something scooped or skimmed from the surface of water or a liquid
má-ságap to happen to inhale; to happen to pick up any news or information circulating around
sagáp-an to clear water or liquid of scum floating on the surface by skimming or scooping off
Bikol
mag-ságap to gather information or facts by listening; to induce
Cebuano
ságap catch a whiff by accident
Proto-Minahasan
*sahap scoop up, scoop out
Tontemboan
i-saɁap what one uses as a scooper
sa-saɁap scooper of coconut shell
WMP Tagalog
s<um>ágap to scoop off, e.g. fat from the top of broth; to scoop up; fig. to scoop up news
Tontemboan
s<um>aɁap to scoop up, scoop out
OC Takia
sarwag sea urchin
Mbula
sarwok sea urchin (edible)
Wayan
cāwaki generic for urchins with very short spines and brittle shell, black or white in color; found in sandy bottom under seaweeds; eaten
Fijian
cāwaki kind of sea urchin, black or white, round and edible; it has short spikes
Samoan
sāvaɁi sea urchin (Boletia sp.)
Rennellese
sābaki a common sea urchin with white tendrils, rarely eaten
OC Manam
sare to tear; split
Gedaged
taze to hew down a tree, cut into (down, off), fell a tree
Motu
dare-a to tear
Tongan
hae to tear, rend; to tear apart, pull apart; to tear off, strip off
Futunan
sae to ruin, spoil
Samoan
sae (of skin) tear off, strip off; skin; a tear in something, as clothing
Tuvaluan
ha-hae to tear (including skin, as on thorn), scratch
ma-hae torn
Nukuoro
s-sae rip, tear, deflower (a virgin)
Rennellese
sae to tear; to strip, as bark; to split, as a torch
Maori
hae ~ ha-hae slit, lacerate, tear, cut; split
Hawaiian
hae ~ hae-hae to tear to bits
WMP Itbayaten
sayched temporary stoppage, idea of stopping
om-sayched to have a lull in activity (such as walking, working, etc.)
saycher-an place to stop, temporary stopping place
Ibatan
saychid refrain from doing something
Ilokano
sarked-en to withstand, oppose, resist
Ibaloy
on-salked to have difficulty in getting through a passage (as table too big to get through a door, truck held back by protruding rock)
salked-en to block, hold back something passing through --- both of complete and partial blockage
WMP Tagalog
sagíp save (from drowning or danger)
Hiligaynon
sagúp save, rescue
Cebuano
sagúp adopt or take someone under one’s care; harbor, give temporary shelter
OC Tongan
hao succeed in getting out or in or through; escape, be acquitted, go free
hao-faki rescue, deliver or bring safely through
Niue
hao escape
hao-fia be in danger
faka-hao preserve, keep safely
Samoan
sao be saved, save oneself; be safe from
Tuvaluan
hao escape; be safe
faka-hao set free; preserve from danger, save
Nukuoro
sao get out from or through, escape
Rennellese
sao safe, healthy, well, unhurt
haka-sao protect, remove from danger, safeguard, save
sao-haki escape, as from war or sickness
WMP Ilokano
ag-sárep to catch fish floundering in a stream
sarp-én to dam a stream in order to catch fish
Bontok
sáləp to fish by blocking off escape routes and draining the water
Ifugaw
hálop the part of a river that has been drained so that it became a fishpond without much water in it
pa-nalp-án fishpond made by draining a river
Ifugaw (Batad)
hālop the activity of dam-fishing in a river
ma-nālop for someone to go dam-fishing
pa-nālop for someone to use stones for damming up a river for fishing
halp-on for someone to dam a river for fishing. A relatively deep place in a river is chosen; below the area arrow-grass canes (bilāu) are placed, held by stones as a screen (hābay), to allow water, but not fish, to pass. Above the area a dam (bātug) is constructed to stop the flow of water into the area, which is then scooped out. River fish, eels, crabs, and edible tadpoles are caught in the shallow water.
Casiguran Dumagat
sagəp to catch fish and shrimp by damming up a stream
Ibaloy
salep dam placed in a stream to divert its water (as for fishing, irrigation, pool for carabao wallow)
me-nedep to fish by diverting a stream and recoursing it through waiting fish traps, or to lower the water level so fish are accessible to netting
Bikol
sagóp dam
mag-sagóp to dam up a river
Masbatenyo
ságop a dam (said to be from Bikol)
mag-ságop to dam a stream
sagúp-an dam of a reservoir
Binukid
sagep to dam up a section of a river (as to catch paít fish)
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
saǥep to catch fish by damming a stream or making a bypass for the water so that fish are stranded in shallow water
Tboli
sefel <M make a dam in a stream, using rocks, leaves, as when looking for small fish, in the river bed
WMP Ilokano
saréb water drawn from a well; water used for washing clothes or dishes
s<um>aréb to draw water (not drinking water)
Ifugaw
halɁób ~ halób to get water with any container, not drinking water from the spring, but from any place where water flows or is available
Casiguran Dumagat
məg-sagəb to fetch several cans of water
s<um>ágəb to carry water (from a stream, pump, etc. to the house)
Aklanon
ságʔob to fetch water, get water; bamboo container about two meters long used to fetch water—carried on shoulder
Hiligaynon
mag-ságʔub to draw water from a well, to fetch water
Maranao
sageb get water, fetch water
Binukid
sagʔəb to fetch, go and get (water)
OC Mussau
sali-i husking of coconuts
Motu
dari-a to husk a coconut with the teeth
WMP Malay (Ambon)
səmaŋ outrigger float
Sangir
sahəmmaŋ the outriggers of a canoe; in general two outriggers are placed side-by-side (a more slender one on the outside, and a thicker one inside it)
manahəmmaŋ to provide (a canoe) with outriggers
Chamorro
sakman large canoe --- from Polynesia or Papua, no outrigger, capable of carrying over 100 people
CMP Erai
seman outrigger float of a boat
Moa
semna outrigger of canoe
loj-e seman-ni outrigger of canoe
Wetan
semna outrigger float
Asilulu
seman outrigger
Buruese
seman outrigger
Soboyo
somain the bamboos that are fastened to the outrigger floats of a canoe to keep these in balance
SHWNG Wandamen
soman outrigger
OC Lou
sam outrigger float
Loniu
cam outrigger float
Nali
sam para droy outrigger float
Seimat
xam outrigger float
Wuvulu
tama outrigger float
Yapese
thaam outrigger, pontoon
Mussau
samana outrigger float
Mendak
səm outrigger float
Tanga
sam outrigger (float)
Tolai
aman outrigger of a canoe; that side of a canoe, port, larboard
Bali (Uneapa)
zamana outrigger float
Vitu
zama floater of outrigger
Kairiru
sam outrigger float
Gedaged
sam the outrigger float on a canoe, consisting of a shaped log; keel on boat; float on a seaplane
Mbula
saama outrigger; wife (figurative, indirect way of referring to someone’s wife)
Gitua
sama outrigger float
Numbami
samana outrigger float
Labu
sa outrigger float
Molima
samana outrigger
samana-deba outrigger boom
Sudest
thame outrigger
Nehan
haman float, outrigger poles which balance the canoe
Gilbertese
rama side on which outrigger is placed; port side, opposite katea
Kosraean
em outrigger
Pohnpeian
da:m outrigger of a canoe
Mokilese
dam outrigger boom; wife (metaphorical, in the sense of ‘steadying influence’)
Chuukese
taam outrigger float
tama-n outrigger float (construct form)
Puluwat
taam outrigger float
teme-n outrigger float (construct form)
Woleaian
tam(a) outrigger float
Motlav
na-sam outrigger
Mota
sama the outrigger of a canoe; to tack
Mosina
sam outrigger
Lakona
sam outrigger
Amblong
tšamana outrigger
Aore
sama- outrigger
Peterara
sama outrigger
Central Maewo
sama outrigger
Raga
hama outrigger
Sa
saman outrigger
Rano
čem outrigger
Leviamp
na-tsam outrigger
Axamb
na-cöm outrigger float
Maxbaxo
na-čem outrigger float
Lonwolwol
ham outrigger
hema- outrigger of (the suffix-taking form)
Vowa
na-sama outrigger
Namakir
na-ham outrigger
Sesake
na-sama outrigger
Rotuman
sama outrigger
Tongan
hama outrigger
Niue
hama outrigger of a canoe; (fig.) wife
Futunan
ama outrigger of a canoe
Samoan
ama outrigger; (on the) outrigger (i.e. the weather) side (as opposed to atea) the hull (i.e. the lee) side; (to) port (as opposed to starboard, atea); attach less importance; be of lesser use, of secondary value
Tuvaluan
ama outrigger float; left or outrigger side of canoe; fitted with an outrigger (of a raft); wife (jocular); think little of; despise
Kapingamarangi
ama outrigger float
Nukuoro
ama outrigger float
Rennellese
ama outrigger float; side of a canoe with the float; port hull of a double canoe in which the captain does not sit; log to be made into a float
haka-ama to have a float; to serve as a float
he-ama-ʔaki to have side-by-side canoe floats
Anuta
ama outrigger
Rarotongan
ama the outrigger of a canoe; is also the name of the lesser canoe in a double one; the larger canoe of the combination is called katea; the ama is always on the windward side of the combination
Maori
ama outrigger on the windward side of a canoe; thwart of a canoe
Hawaiian
ama outrigger float; port hull of a double canoe, so called because it replaces the float
WMP Isneg
sagpít the tongs of the blacksmith; a clasp
Javanese
sapit tongs, pincers
WMP Kallahan (Kayapa)
hagu comb
Ilongot
tagu comb for lice
Pangasinan
sagó fine comb
CMP Bimanese
cau comb
SHWNG Buli
sai comb the hair
OC Manam
saru comb
Samoan
au tattooing comb
WMP Isneg
saxó the decayed matter that flows from the nose and mouth of a deceased person
Ayta Abellan
hayo fluid that comes out of a sore; sap from a tree
Tagalog
ságo drip, leak, exudation (from wounds, sores, rotting meat or fish)
Aklanon
ságo carrion, dead or decaying flesh or body
Cebuano
sagú dead man's saliva
Binukid
sagu body fluid (of a corpse)
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
saɣu body fluid which drips from a corpse which is delayed in being buried
Chamorro
sagu bad cold, runny nose, influenza, epidemic
OC Lou
sou-n pwIk wingbone of flying fox (used in sewing, tattooing, etc.)
'Āre'āre
taru-a needle, the bones of a flying fox
Arosi
taru bat’s bone for tattooing
Tongan
hau instrument used for tattooing
Niue
hau to make an incision in, to cut open
Rennellese
sau bone, esp. leg bone
WMP Cebuano
ságud for a rope or string to be worn out by friction
Malay
sarut scraping up against, grating against
WMP Malay
sarok putting down one’s foot into anything; of the way a man steps into a sarong; also of putting the foot into a noose-snare or pitfall
OC Mota
saru to put on or off what is drawn around the body in one piece (hat, bracelet, armlet, dancing dress put over the head)
WMP Balinese
sahup take hold of with both hands, scoop up water with both hands; put both arms round, embrace, lift
Proto-Sangiric
*saRup to scoop up (with ladle, etc.)
OC 'Āre'āre
taru draw, dip water
Arosi
taru draw, dip, get water; take up in nets, as Palolo worms; a measure of liquid, a cupful
WMP Sasak
sarup sing in chorus
OC Mota
saru begin a song with many voices together
Tongan
tau chorus, refrain
Niue
tau act together, at the same time
Kapingamarangi
dau aloho chant of affection for the gods
Nukuoro
dau chant (ancient)
Rennellese
tau to pray, chant, sing, as to honor or thank a worker, or in certain rituals
Maori
tau sing, sing of; song
Hawaiian
kau a sacred chant, as Hi’iaka’s chants of affectionate greeting to persons, hills, and landmarks; a chant of sacrifice to a deity; to chant thus
WMP Casiguran Dumagat
sagút to answer for, to blame; to assume responsibility for
Tagalog
sagót answer, reply
Bikol
sagót-sagót to answer back, be sassy to; discussion
Hanunóo
sagút to answer
Balinese (Low)
sahut answer
OC Fijian
sau repay, retaliate, answer a question
WMP Tagalog
sásag ~ saság split bamboo used for walls
Cebuano
saság kind of exterior walling made of bamboo slats and palm thatch, nailed to wooden studs
Iban
tasak collect material and plait (as palm thatch, split bamboo for basket)
Malay
sasak wattle; plaitwork of lath; a room or compartment; a place partitioned off with wattle
pagar sasak wattled fence
WMP Itbayaten
ma-nasah, sasah-en to cut reeds for use
Isneg
tatá nipa leaves (for thatch)
Kapampangan
sasá nipa palm
Tagalog
sasá nipa palm
Aklanon
sasá nipa leaves (for roofing)
sasá(h) to derib nipa leaves
Cebuano
s-al-asa cut the leaflets from the fronds of the nipa palm for shingles
Iban
tasaʔ collect nipa leaves for roofing
Mongondow
tataʔ sago palm leaves stripped of the mid-rib and used as roofing material
ma-nataʔ strip the mid-rib from sago leaves
Gorontalo
tato collect sago leaves
Mori
mo-nasa (< sasa) fetch sago leaves to make roofing
OC Nggela
sanda tie the thatch in beginning a roof
OC Bariai
sasal midrib
Kove
sasali midrib
Mbula
sasar midrib of a coconut leaf
Longgu
sali-sali rip a leaf along its midrib
OC Motu
dadau fish sp.
Tongan
sasau fish sp.
OC Malango
koe-cau a bird, the Golden Whistler
Bauro
tou-tou a bird, the Golden Whistler
Raga
so-so--belak a bird, the Golden Whistler
Fijian (Lomaiviti)
didibe-sau a bird, the Golden Whistler
OC Motu
dau stretch out the arm
Nggela
hau raise, lift, stretch out or up
OC Lau
tau to wash, to clean; to steep, soak
tau-fia to wash, cleanse; to draw water
Maori
tau lie steeping in water
OC Lou
sou-n pwik wingbone of flying fox, used as a sewing needle
Arosi
tau bat’s bone for tattooing
Tongan
tā-ta-tau to tattoo
Niue
tā-ta-tau to let blood surgically; to tattoo
Samoan
ta-tau tattooing
Rennellese
ta-tau tattooing
WMP Ilokano
saó word; speech, talk; conversation;
ag-saó to speak, talk; converse
i-saó to say; express
pan-na-naó language; saying
sao-én to say, utter; state
OC 'Āre'āre
tau to say, often used in narratives
Niue
tau ki tala to talk, spin yarns, talk business
WMP Yami
saod to weave
Ibatan
sawod to repair a net
Kankanaey
i-saúd to fit; to prepare; to fix the warp
Keley-i
haud to finish preparing to weave native clothing
Ifugaw
háud warp; the threads lengthwise in a weaving loom which are crossed by the woof
Ifugaw (Batad)
hāud for someone to string a warping frame with warp threads in preparation for weaving
WMP Yami
asoŋ <M canine tooth, tusk (Tsuchida, Yamada and Moriguchi 1987)
Itbayaten
sooŋ tusk (of boar, elephant)
Ivatan
sooŋ canine tooth; tusk
Ibatan
sōŋ canine tooth; tusk of an animal
Ilokano
saóŋ canine tooth; tusk; ivory
Bontok
saúŋ the tusk of a pig; large tooth of a dog
Kankanaey
saóŋ tusk; fang; canine teeth
WMP Ngaju Dayak
sauh anchor (of wood)
ma-ñauh lie at anchor
Iban
sauh anchor
Malay
sauh anchor; grapnel
SHWNG Numfor
sau anchorage
OC Tongan
tau be or remain at anchor (or at the wharf or mooring-place)
Samoan
tau to moor, anchor
tau-ŋa anchoring, anchorage
Maori
tau come to anchor, lie to, ride at anchor
OC Manam
saur-aki to hang something up
Niue
tau to hang, suspend
tau-tau to hang; to catch fish with a line or net
Samoan
tau to hang
tau-tau to hang up (as a bunch of bananas to let it ripen)
Tuvaluan
tau-tau hanging
faka-tau-tau cause to hang; to hang
Kapingamarangi
dau to hang up; to protect the house from the wind by hanging mats on the outer walls
Nukuoro
dau to fasten (a rope, etc.) between two points; hung up, suspended from
Rennellese
tau to hang, as clothes; to wear or put on, as a necklace or loincloth
Maori
tau-tau tie in bunches, thread on a string; hang in clusters or folds; hang suspended; string or cluster of objects
Hawaiian
kau to place, put, hang, suspend
WMP Old Javanese
swar ~sor lower, inferior; to lose, be defeated, worsted; that which is below or underneath
Javanese
sor under; inferior (as losers in a battle)
Proto-South Sulawesi
*sau(r) conquered, powerless
Mandar
mas-saur to defeat, overcome
pa-saur to win
Buginese
sauɁ conquered
Makassarese
sauruɁ conquered; what is subdued or made to give up; no longer able to resist; no longer able to perform (as through old age); having become useless
OC Motu
dau-a take a hitch round a wooden pin
dau akunu to make fast a rope
Roviana
sauru fasten or lace tightly
WMP Sangir
sauʔ comb
sa-sauʔ a comb
CMP Manggarai
caut comb
Rotinese
sau to comb
WMP Tagalog
sawá boa, boa constrictor; python; a large snake that crushes its prey
Bikol
sawá python, boa constrictor
mag-sawá to seize (of a python)
sawa-on to seize (of a python)
Romblomanon
sawa snake
Masbatenyo
sawá snake, reptile; traitor
Bantuqanon
sawa snake
Aklanon
sawá snake (generic term)
sáwa-sáwa game where a group of people line up, hold on to the waist of the one in front of each, and follow the leader
Waray-Waray
sawá species of snake that grows to an enormous size and crushes its prey; python
Cebuano
sawá large snake; python
Mansaka
sawa python
Yakan
sawe snake (generic)
Tboli
sowu python, boa constrictor
Iban
ular sawaʔ generic for python spp.
Malay
sawa python; snake that crushes and swallows; there are three true pythons in the Malay area: (i) Python molurus, the largest, common in Java, but not recorded in the Peninsula; (ii) Python reticulates, the common python of Malaya, and (iii) the short and broad-bodied Python curtus
tahi ular sawa python-dung, rich in ammonia and
Gayō
nipé sawa kind of snake, Python reticulatea
Alas
sawe python
Simalur
sawa snake (generic)
Karo Batak
nipé sawa according to some the python; according to others a large black snake
Toba Batak
ulok sa python
Nias
sawa python
Mentawai
saba a large snake (python?)
Sundanese
oray sanca giant snake, the python (it can reach five meters and longer)
Old Javanese
ulā sawa python
Javanese
sawa python
Sasak
sawaʔ python
sawaʔ kəreak orange-colored python
Proto-Sangiric
*sawa snake
Proto-Minahasan
*sawa large snake sp.
Tonsea
sawa snake
Boano
sawa snake
Tajio
saa snake
Balaesang
ule saa snake
Uma
hawa python
Bare'e
sawa python
Tae'
sawa python
Proto-Bungku-Tolaki
*saa python
Mori Bawah
saa python
Tolaki
sao snake; python
Mandar
sawa python
Buginese
sawa python
Makassarese
ularaʔ sawa python
Wolio
sawa python
Popalia
saʔa snake
CMP Bimanese
sawa snake
Galoli
sao snake
Ujir
sawa snake
WMP Ilokano
sawáli interwoven splits of bamboo used in walls
Pangasinan
sawáli flattened bamboo made into mat-like panels serving as walling for traditional-type houses
Kapampangan
sawáliɁ a woven walling material made of bulu bamboo
Tagalog
sawáliɁ woven strips of split bamboo used for simple walls in native houses
Bikol
sawáliɁ woven, split bamboo strips used for walling
Tiruray
sawaliɁ sheets of interwoven split reeds used for walling, the sides of containers, etc.
Chamorro
sagwaleɁ thatched house, usually made with karisu (Swamp bamboo: Phragmites karka)
WMP Tagalog
sáwan dizziness; vertigo (because of heights); dizziness and sometimes convulsions in infants because of indigestion, fear, etc.; heart disease in adults; greenish stool of infants; slight fear
ma-sáwan to be slightly dizzy (because of height); to be slightly afraid or discouraged, as when faced with some big task
Cebuano
sáwan giving a dizzying feeling from looking down from heights; be intensely frightened
sawán-anan prone to intense fright
Maranao
sawan fear
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
sawan a sickness which makes one feel as if he were falling from a height
Tausug
sawan convulsions (can be fatal in children)
Malay
sawan convulsive fits; strokes
sawan babi epilepsy
sawan baŋkay apoplexy
sawan lenja fits with foaming at the mouth
tər-kəna sawan to have an attack of convulsions
Javanese
sawan convulsions, fits, epilepsy (childhood disease)
sawan-an a medicinal herb used for warding off this disease
Balinese
sawan convulsion; a child’s convulsions, fits; to have fits, be convulsive
sawan baŋke epilepsy
Makassarese
sawaŋ use magical means to cause sickness in infants, resulting in convulsions; to have convulsions
WMP Tagalog
sa-sawan-ín prone to dizziness; prone to heart ailments
Binukid
sawan-en to convulse (as a feverish child)
Tausug
sawan-un to be affected by a convulsion
Javanese
sawan-en to have or get fits or convulsions
WMP Maranao
sawaŋ indefinite, doubtful, vague
Old Javanese
sawaŋ indistinct, unclear, vaguely visible (in the distance?)
WMP Ilokano
sáwaŋ breach, opening, sluice
Tagalog
sáwaŋ depth, profundity; by extension, perspective or three-dimensional effect (Panganiban 1966)
Iban
sawaŋ (of hole or wound) gaping, large; to enlarge; (in sword or spear fighting) to expose oneself
Bahasa Indonesia
sawaŋ laŋit space between earth and sky
Old Javanese
sawaŋ-sawaŋ indistinct, unclear, vaguely visible (in the distance?)
Javanese
se-sawaŋ-an view, scenery, that which is pleasant to look at
Balinese
sawaŋ be in sight, be visible, be seen
OC Wuvulu
tawa channel, passage between islands
Motu
dava water in chasm or ditch; lagoon in atoll
Roviana
savaŋa ~ saŋava a strait between two islands
'Āre'āre
tawa a channel in the shore reef; a landing place
Sa'a
tawa an opening in the shore reef; used in names of landing places
Gilbertese
rawa a canal, passage through reef, strait
Rotuman
sava passage or opening (in a coral reef)
Tongan
vaha <M space between, space apart; space, distance, extended area, esp. at sea; open sea, high seas; strait, channel
vaha-mohe (of two islands) so far apart that at least one night must be spent at sea in travelling from one to the other
Samoan
vasa open sea, ocean
Rennellese
basa far, deep ocean
WMP Palauan
táoʔ (man-made) mangrove channel
Chamorro
sagwaʔ channel, inlet of water, canal, narrow passage of water breaking the reef barrier
OC Lou
mara-sa channel, passage between islands
Titan
mata-caw channel, passage between islands
Wuvulu
tawa channel, passage between islands
Samoan
ava channel, passage (in the reef), gap
Maori
awa channel, landing place for canoes
Hawaiian
awa port, harbor; channel or passage, as through a reef
WMP Itbayaten
saway idea of overflow or overload
Ivatan
saway idea of overflow or overload; idea of being thrown aside
Ilokano
sáway excess; surplus in distribution
WMP Kankanaey
sáwa excess
sáwa s’ esá eleven; that is, one over ten
Casiguran Dumagat
sáwa to be over-satisfied; to be tired of something (as of some food)
Pangasinan
sawá cloyed, tired of; become tired of, boring
maka-paka-sawá dull, boring
Ayta Maganchi
hawa tired of
Kapampangan
sawáʔ tired of something; more than enough of something (as eating too much ice cream)
Tagalog
sáwaɁ <M satiety; a disgust caused by excess; satiated; fed up
s<um>áwaɁ to eat or drink to excess; to surfeit; to sate; to become fully satisfied even to the point of disgust; to get tired of; to lose interest; to be sick of; to be weary of; to be fed up with
mag-paka-sáwaʔ to indulge; to give way to one’s pleasure; to gratify
maka-sáwaʔ to cloy; to make weary by too much of something pleasant
ka-sawáʔ-an satiety; surfeit; loss of interest in something; to feel satiated or tired of, referring to food, drink, etc.; to lose interest in
pa-sawáʔ-in to make someone lose interest in something because of being already satiated by such
Bikol
mag-sáwaɁ to eat too much; to overeat; to be fed up; to be bored; to be sick and tired of doing something
Masbatenyo
mag-sáwaɁ become surfeited, become satiated, lose interest
sáwaʔ become surfeited, become satiated, lose interest
mag-paka-sáwaʔ live luxuriously
Hiligaynon
ma-sáwɁa immoral, indecent
Cebuano
sawɁá feeling uneasy when one stops doing things he usually does; to get this feeling of uneasiness
Mansaka
sawaɁ <M to be afraid of what may happen; to fear the future
Toba Batak
sa satiated, satisfied
WMP Kankanaey
s<um>áwa to be left, to remain, to be superfluous, to exceed, to go beyond, to overflow, to run over; over, to spare too much, more than is wanted, more than is needed
Tagalog
s<um>áwaʔ to eat or drink to excess; to surfeit; to sate; to become fully satisfied even to the point of disgust
WMP Ilokano
sáwit barb (of an arrow, fishhook, harpoon, spear, etc.)
Karo Batak
sawit boar's tusk; cockspur
WMP Ilokano
i-sawsáw to dip, dunk
pag-sawsáw ingredients used for dipping
sawsaw-an dipping sauce
Casiguran Dumagat
sawsaw to rinse clothes (swishing them around in the water to get the mud off them)
Ibaloy
i-sawsaw to dip something---especially food (as in preparation for cooking, lechon (pork) in sauce
Pangasinan
sawsáw dip in liquid (general term); dunk
sawsaw-án sauce
Kapampangan
sawsáw to dip in liquid (general term); dunk
sawsaw-án sauce
Bikol
i-sawsáw to dip (as food into a sauce)
mag-sawsáw to dip (as food into a sauce)
Cebuano
sawsáw dunk something into something else and shake it around
WMP Malay
sayat slicing off. Of slicing off a projection such as a finger-tip or the ear; of cutting an onion into slices or severing the umbilicus
Toba Batak
seat cut, slice
Mongondow
tayad slice thin (as onions, greens)
WMP Ilokano
sáyaŋ what a waste! what a pity! what a shame!
Casiguran Dumagat
sáyaŋ what a pity! to be wasted, to become useless
Tagalog
sáyaŋ too bad! hard luck! what a pity!; wasted or uselessly spent
Bikol
sáyaŋ wasted, to no avail; a pity or shame
Hanunóo
sáyaŋ pity! an expression of vain regret; what a shame! what a pity!
Cebuano
sáyaŋ expression of regret at something wasted or an opportunity missed; for something to be a waste, consider it so
Ngaju Dayak
sayaŋ what a pity! what a shame!
ma-ñañaŋ feel or have compassion for someone
Iban
sayaw pity, sorry for, fond of; feel pity for
Malay
sayaŋ pining; longing; pitying; love; affection; it were a pity; alas that
Karo Batak
sayaŋ gladly allow; do something gladly
Balinese
sayaŋ love, affection; beloved; have love for
sayaŋ-aŋ be loved
Tae'
saaŋ pitiable, through which one is moved (to sympathy or compassion); regrettable, deplorable
WMP Ngaju Dayak
ka-sayaŋ dejection; compassion
Karo Batak
ke-sayaŋ beloved, most beloved
anak ke-sayaŋ spoiled child
WMP Ilokano
ma-sáyaŋ to be wasted
Tagalog
ma-sáyaŋ to atrophy; to waste away (in the moral sense); to become useless; to be wasted
Bikol
ma-sáyaŋ to feel sorry for; to feel bad
Tae'
to ma-saaŋ someone who is to be pitied
WMP Ilokano
sayáŋ-en to waste, miss an opportunity
Tagalog
sayáŋ-in to consume or spend uselessly; to waste time, money, etc.
WMP Yami
salap to fly
Itbayaten
s-um-ayap to fly, to soar
Iban
sayap wing
Malay
sayap wing
WMP Ngaju Dayak
sayat cutting; what is cut to pieces
Iban
sayat to slice (as meat); to saw (as logs)
pe-ñayat a saw
Malay
sayat slicing off, of slicing off a projection such as a finger-tip, or the ear; of cutting an onion into slices; of severing the umbilicus
sayat-an plant cuttings
Karo Batak
nayat cut into something
ter-sayat cut oneself by accident
Toba Batak
ma-neat to cut, slaughter
tar-seat cut oneself
Old Javanese
sayat with a piece (pieces, shreds) torn off, laid bare
WMP Ilokano
sáyaw martial dance
Bontok
ma-náyaw a type of dance; to perform this dance
Tagalog
sayáw dance
Bikol
sayáw dance
Cebuano
sáyaw dance
Maranao
sayaw jump, dance, leap
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
sayew dance
Penan (Long Labid)
sayaw dance
Uma
hajo leap up
Proto-South Sulawesi
*sayo to move, dance
WMP Casiguran Dumagat
sáysay story; to tell a story
Tagalog
saysáy statement; assertion; declaration; testifying; relating or telling, e.g. a story
i-saysáy to attest; to declare; to give testimony; to give an account of
ka-saysay-án history; a record of past events, esp. of the life of a nation; history, meaning a statement of what has happened; value; worth; use
ma-ka-saysay-án eventful; full of events; historic; historical; famous in history; memorable; especially happy
Bikol
mag-saysáy to narrate or chronicle; to tell a story; to tell of an experience; to give an account of
ka-saysay-án account, chronicle, narrative; history
mag-saysay-án to tell a story to
Aklanon
sáysay to tell, relate, describe, narrate
Agutaynen
i-saysay to explain; narration
Cebuano
saysáy to narrate, relate (as in explaining a situation that happened, a procedure to be followed); narration, declaration
ka-saysay-án history, chain of events; legend, story handed down by tradition
ma-ka-saysay-an-un historic, full of history
Binukid
saysay to tell, describe, explain (an event) in detail
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
seysey to explain
Mansaka
saysay to explain
WMP Pangasinan
s<al>áysay to examine, investigate
Bikol
s<al>aysáy narrate or chronicle; tell a story
OC Motu
deadea a tree: Kleinhofia hospita
Fijian
seasea a tree of the family Myrtaceae
WMP Bikol
mag-súbaŋ to rise (of sun, moon, stars); to go upstream (fish)
subáŋ-an the east
Masbatenyo
mag-súbaŋ to rise, of sun or moon
Cebuano
subaŋ for heavenly bodies to rise; for it to be the first quarter; to appear, become known as someone distinguished; to appear as if to rise (as a smile appearing on someone’s face); first quarter of the moon
Maranao
sebaŋ rise as in heavenly bodies, appear, come out
sebaŋ-an east; to rise
sebaŋ-an-en easterner
Tiruray
sebaŋ the first visible portion of a waxing new moon; (of the moon) to wax; (of the sun) to rise over the horizon
Tausug
mag-subaŋ (for the moon) to rise
pag-subaŋ-un to be or become crazy, be mildly affected now and again by times of lunacy
s<um>ubaŋ (for the moon) to rise
subaŋ-an the waxing of the moon; the number of days in the month since the new moon; a day; the direction east
Proto-Sangiric
*səbaŋ to rise (of sun)
WMP Malay
sebak be short of breath; puff and blow; gasp, as a dying man
OC Fijian
cobo clap the hands crosswise so as to make a hollow sound
WMP Ibaloy
on-sebet to absorb, pick up (as cloth does dust, hair does fleas, wood does moisture)
Cebuano
súbut be pricked, get a splinter in one
Maranao
sebet penetrate, overtake
Kadazan Dusun
sobot to penetrate
WMP Tagalog
sibsíb sunset; to set (referring to the sun)
Bikol
mag-subsób to fall forward
Aklanon
súbsub to be headed downwards; dip; fall headlong; have the front down
Agutaynen
ma-sebseb to fall on one’s face
Mansaka
sobsob to fall into (as water)
Formosan Trobiawan
tsubu urine
Saisiyat
kæ-hbo urine
Sakizaya
cebu bladder (as of a water buffalo)
mu-cebu to wet the bed
Puyuma
səbu bladder
Paiwan
tevu a skin bag (made from animal’s bladder)
WMP Murut (Paluan)
sa-sabu-an bladder
Abai Sembuak
səbu-an bladder
Murut (Serudong)
sa-sabu bladder
Dusun Deyah
so-sobu-an bladder
Formosan Sakizaya
cebus to water, sprinkle water on (as plants)
Amis
cfos to splash liquid or water on something
Puyuma
səbu put water on the fire
Paiwan
sevus to hiss (as water on fire)
WMP Itbayaten
asboh foam, bubble, suds
Isneg
sabbó the part of the blade of a headaxe that has been tempered
Tagalog
subó seething (as when boiling over), tempering (of metal) by immersing in water after having been fired
Cebuano
subú for something boiling to overflow; douse water onto live embers; temper, harden iron or steel by heating it and then immersing it in oil or water
Maranao
sebo sudden change from hot to cold temperature; temper (metal), sizzle, boil
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
sevu of a liquid in a kettle on a fire, to boil over; of perspiration, to appear on the body
Mansaka
sobo temper (as of a blade); to temper a blade
Malay
səbu to swirl or swish past (of water)
Karo Batak
sebu cover a fire so as to keep it in a smouldering state
Toba Batak
sobu cover a fire with ashes
Sasak
səbuɁ douse a fire with water
Proto-Sangiric
*səbu froth, foam; to extinguish fire
Proto-Minahasan
*səbu foam, froth; extinguish fire; cool with water
CMP Manggarai
cebu douse, cover (with ashes, etc.); scatter, strew, pour out
Kambera
hàbu immerse, plunge in; sound of plopping when something falls into the water
Buruese
sefu-h to temper (something)
Formosan Puyuma
s<əm>əbu to sprinkle water on fire
WMP Isneg
s<um>bó to boil over, when cooking rice
WMP Tagalog
isdáɁ fish
Subanon
sodaʔ fish
Proto-Minahasan
*sədaɁ fish; eat meat
Tondano
səraɁ fish; eat meat
Tontemboan
sədaɁ fish; eat meat
Mongondow
toyaɁ fish
po-noyaɁ side-dish, either fish or meat that is eaten with the main course
WMP Ilokano
sa-r-dám evening; the period from sunset or from the evening meal to ordinary bedtime (9-10 p.m.)
Bontok
sədəm early evening
Kankanaey
sedém evening, fall of day; getting dark, sundown
Bintulu
səɗəm dark
WMP Yami
a-sdep to enter
ka-sdep just enter
ma-ndep to break in
s<om>dep to enter
(se-)sdep-an front porch
Palawano
tɨrɨp west
Maranao
sedep to set, as the sun sets; vanish, disappear
sedep-an west
sedep-an-en Westerner
Dumpas
sodop night
Kadazan Dusun
sodop night
na-sadap-an to have been overtaken by the dark
Ida'an Begak
sədtop to sink, go down
Singhi Land Dayak
s<im>odop to set, of the sun
Javanese
serep to enter; twilight; to set (of sun)
Sasak
sərəp setting (of sun, moon)
OC Lonwolwol
horo to go down, disappear; to set (of sun, stars, etc.)
WMP Itbayaten
aslep idea of deliciousness or tastiness or sweetness
aslep-en to taste sweet or delicious, to feel or taste (something) sweet
Ivatan
m-asdep tasty
Ibatan
asdep delicious, tasty (of food or drink)
Malay
sədap pleasant; nice; tasty; agreeable, whether to the senses, or to the mind
Sundanese
sədəp fragrant, sweet-smelling; refreshing; pleasant; tasty
Old Javanese
səḍəp pleasantness, agreeableness (of smell or taste; of appearance or manners)
a-səḍəp pleasant, agreeable; pleasing, kind
saka-səḍəp to one’s heart’s content
k<in>a-səḍəp-an was found pleasing
Javanese
səḍəp pleasurable to the senses, esp. smell, taste
Balinese
sedep good
WMP Maranao
sesed a rush: Fimbristylis miliacea
Binukid
sedsed kind of marsh plant with hollow cylindrical stems which are used for plaiting mats; matting sedge
paŋin-sedsed to gather this sedge
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
sedsed a common matting sedge: Fimbristylis globulosa
Tiruray
sesed a sedge used for matting: Fimbristylis globulosa
Tausug
sudsud name given to several sedges (grow on riverbanks and in swamps)
Malay
rumput sesat belukar a grass: Hypolytrum latifolium
WMP Ilokano
sedséd heap of brushwood
ma-sedséd to settle, sink (as soil over tomb)
sedsed-én to compress, ram
Bontok
na-sədsə́d to be firm, of muscular limbs
sədsəd-én to press down; to pack down, as the contents of a basket
Kankanaey
sedsed-én to squeeze; to press; to tighten
Ifugaw
hodhód pressing action; apply pressure in one or another way on whatever it may be, but not applied to sugarcane pressing
Ibaloy
i-sedsed to pack something down, compress, tamp (as earth around a housepost, carrots in a sack)
Pangasinan
sedsér compact; to compress
Ayta Abellan
hedhed compact; to shake in order to compress contents in sack
Maranao
sesed weave tightly, to make warp and woof compact
Mansaka
sudsud crowded; close together
WMP Ibaloy
man-sedsed to feel with the feet; to walk that way, as a blind man feeling his way
sedsed-en to feel for something (as people feeling with their feet among the rocks where they thought a drowned man was wedged)
Aklanon
súdsud blade of plow
Cebuano
sudsúd dig up or turn up the earth by shoving with the tip of an instrument, or (by animals) with the snout; push sand lightly with the feet in search of crabs
Formosan Paiwan
tezu hiccup
WMP Yami
ma-sdo hiccup
s<om>o-sdo hiccup, burp
Itbayaten
ka-sdo a hiccup
ma-sdo hiccup, to have hiccups, to hiccup
Ibatan
asdo a hiccup
s<om>do to hiccup
Ida'an Begak
gə-sədu-n to hiccup
Malay
sedu, sendu short broken respiration. Of continuous sobbing ... quick breathing after exertion ... hiccoughing
Proto-Bungku-Tolaki
*hodu hiccough
CMP Buruese
em-sero hiccupy
OC Arosi
toru to hiccup
Bauro
ma-toru to hiccup
WMP Murik
ñerut drink, sip, suck
Kayan (Uma Juman)
herut sip
Sasak
serut sip noisily, slurp, suck; inhale while smoking
OC Lakalai
se-sē flower; blossom; (tobacco seeds)
Sikaiana
sē flower, bud
Wayan
sē-sē blossom, flower; have many flowers, come into bloom
Fijian
sē to be in blossom, to flower
Futunan
sē to flower, be in bloom; a flower
WMP Palawan Batak
seká *g > k unexplained a species of rattan; waistband worn by women (material)
Ida'an Begak
segko rattan
Buludupi
sogko rattan
Iban
wi segaʔ rotan, Calamus spp., especially C. cassius Bl.
Malay
sega smooth-surfaced, glazed, polished
rotan sega the fine smooth-surfaced rattan of commerce, especially Calamus caesius
WMP Malay
segar to feel fit
segar pugar in perfect health; restored, revived
Old Javanese
seger fresh, healthy, buoyant
Balinese
seger healthy, hale and hearty
seger healthy, hale and hearty
CMP Manggarai
ceŋger feel fit; be full of life
WMP Tagalog
sigók hiccough; hiccup
Iban
seguk-seguk gurgling; gulping as one drinks
Bahasa Indonesia
seŋguk short broken respiration, as in sobbing
seŋgak-seŋguk sob uncontrollably
Old Javanese
səguk to sob
WMP Ibanag
teggem ant
Itawis
tággam ant
Yogad
teggem ant
Gaddang
teggem ant
Ibaloy
ma-sKem (<seKem) stinging words, esp. those that have a curse attached
me-sKem-an to sting, burn (as the action of salt, chili peppers, antiseptics on wounds, cuts)
Cebuano
sulum kind of black ant the size of an ordinary red ant, infesting fruits; it does not bite, but secretes an acid which can sting the eyes
Maranao
sedem juice, citric acid
Mansaka
surum black ant
Lingkabau
sədəm ant
Bisaya (Lotud)
sodom ant
Tombonuwo
sodom small ants
Bisaya (Sabah)
sodom ant
Bisaya (Lotud)
sodom ant
Lampung
sexom ant
Proto-Minahasan
*sədəm ant
Tontemboan
sərəm ant
Lolak
sohom ant
sohom ant
Mongondow
toyom ant (generic)
Pendau
soyom kind of small ant
Formosan Paiwan
tedep enter (house)
WMP Itbayaten
asdep idea of entering
s<om>dep to enter
Bontok
s<um>əgəp to enter, as a house
Kankanaey
segep enter, come in, go in
Ifugaw
hogóp act of entering a house, a granary, a hut built more or less two feet above the ground, a houseyard surrounded by a fence with a small gate
Ibaloy
seKep to enter
Maranao
sedep to set, as the sun sets; vanish, disappear
sedep-an west
sedep-an-en Westerner
Singhi Land Dayak
s<im>odop sunset
WMP Palawan Batak
seká a species of rattan; waistband worn by women
Tombonuwo
sogo rattan
Ida'an Begak
səkko rattan
WMP Ilokano
sekkád to prop; resist; make a stand against; set feet firmly in the ground
Malagasy
séhatra the rest or support for a gun in being fired
WMP Iban
sekaŋ strut, spreader (to hold apart)
ñekaŋ prop something open, as a door
Malay
səŋkaŋ holding astretch or apart; crossbar of any sort (crossbar of a door, thwart in a boat, framework on which Malays stretch cuttlefish for drying, etc.
Minangkabau
sakaŋ crossbar
OC Samoan
soʔa collar beam
OC Patpatar
sēk cuckoo
Nduke
heɣe-heɣe Centropus spp.
Malango
sege Buff-headed coucal: Centropus milo (imm)
WMP Ifugaw
hokób a provisory cover, anything that can cover a container for the time being, e.g. a leaf, a carton, a piece of wood, even the palm of a hand, in order to avoid that dirt or drippings would spoil what has been poured or put into the container
Balinese
sekeb cover, cover up; store (fruit, eggs) by covering with ashes or the water-glass; keep secret, hide
Mongondow
toŋkob ridgepole cover, the bamboo that covers the ridge of the roof
Muna
soŋko close, shut, cover
WMP Ilokano
sekkéd reach, arrive at, come to the end, top, etc.
sekd-an reserve, keep in store for future use
Iban
sekat limit, end, restriction
be-sekat to ration, as food
Toba Batak
sohot cease, stop, discontinue
Balinese
seked cut something (as bamboo) clean to its base
Formosan Amis
ckel bow the head
WMP Bikol
sukól bow the head
Bare'e
seŋko curved, bent
CMP Buruese
seke-k bend to form an angle or elbow
WMP Balinese
sekep keep secret, hide, cover up
Sasak
sekep to cover
Wolio
soŋko cap, hat, funnel (on bottle)
Muna
soŋko to close, shut, cover (as a water jar)
ka-soŋko lid, cover; catch birds with a trap that falls down
CMP Manggarai
cehep hide, seek cover of shelter
WMP Bontok
səkə́t tighten, as a waist belt, hold something tightly around the neck or the waist
Iban
sekat narrow, tight (example sentence: "Skrang women wear their skirts very tight")
Makassarese
sekeʔ narrow; oppressed; stifled; sit in a cramped position
WMP Palawano
seket glue
Kadazan Dusun
sokot to stick to
s<um>okot to stick to
WMP Atta (Pamplona)
takki foot, leg
Ilongot (Kakiduge:n)
tɨgi foot, leg
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
seki specific for the bottom of a pig’s foot, but also used of the whole foot
Tiruray
sekey a leg
Formosan Amis
cekcek to press, crowd together, shake down (of people, grain, etc.)
WMP Yami
seksek stuffed
mapa-seksek to block
Itbayaten
seksek idea of insertion, reeds inserted into the ‘sidemost’ cogon roofing; reeds inserted into the house roof
Ibatan
pa-seksek-en someone inserts, tucks something in the narrow space between two things
Ilokano
seksek-an to stuff; fill up with
seksek-en to cram; shuffle cards
Kankanaey
seksek-án to fill; to fill up
seksek-én to shuffle cards
Casiguran Dumagat
səksək crowded, tight; plugged up
Ibaloy
man-seksek to go inside something and thus be out of sight; hide onself (as bird into grass, many people into a house or forest)
Pangasinan
man-seksék filled, packed tight, stuffed; to stuff fish, etc.
Kapampangan
saksák to stab, pierce; [metaphor] penetrate sexually
Tagalog
siksík tightly packed; crammed; thick-set; thick in form or build; compact
Bikol
mag-saksák to plug something in; to insert something
Waray-Waray
pag-suksók the act of inserting or putting in between; ensheathing
suksok-í to insert or put something in between
Cebuano
suksuk go or put something into or in between something else (as a child snuggling between her mother’s legs)
Malagasy
sésika anything pushed into another; stuffing; sausage meat; fig. stubbornness
Malay
səsak packed close together; full to bursting (of people packed tight in a limited space, of one person squeezing up against another, of a ship’s hold being packed to the hatches, of cattle being thick in a field; of tightness in breathing; of a bursting heart; of the pressure of want or sorrow or difficulties)
Old Javanese
səksək ~ səsək completely filled, brimful, crammed; filling completely; packed; in throngs
Javanese
sesek narrow; to pinch, press (as shoes and the like that don’t fit)
Balinese
seksek tightly packed, leave no room; be shut in; be embarrassed; a stopper; a patch closing a hole (in a wall)
Sasak
səsək pressed close together
Proto-Minahasan
*səksək cram in tightly, squeeze in
Gorontalo
totoʔo dense, crowded (as trees growing closely together); always
CMP Bimanese
cici fill by stuffing forcefully in (as in pressing kapok into a pillow)
Manggarai
cecek to stuff, fill up
Yamdena
n-sesak to stuff full (as a sack with copra)
Kamarian
sese press with the thumb
Asilulu
sese to press down in order to fill up completely (as in pressing down the contents of a basket so it will be full)
Buruese
sese-h to cram, tamp
OC Mota
soso to stuff, pack, be stuffed
va-soso-v to push on, as by shoving into a pack
WMP Ilokano
i-seksek to cram, force into, stuff, crowd
Kankanaey
i-seksék to copulate
Casiguran Dumagat
i-səksək to put something into a small hole or crevice
Ibaloy
i-seksek to hide, place, plant something thus (as coffee seedlings among tall trees, house built in wooded area); to stuff something into something else (as tobacco into a pipe bowl, things into a suitcase)
Tagalog
i-siksík to cram or force into; to stuff; to assert; to put oneself forward; to jam; to push or thrust a thing hard into a place; to pack; to press or crowd closely together; to wedge; to thrust or pack in tightly
Bikol
i-saksák to plug something in; to insert something
Masbatenyo
i-suksók be inserted
WMP Ibatan
ma-seksek someone or something is tucked in the narrow space between two things
Malagasy
ma-sésika frequent
WMP Tagalog
ma-niksík to crowd out; to press against in a crowd
Malagasy
ma-nésika to push in by force
Bahasa Indonesia
mə-ñəsak become tight or difficult (of breathing, one’s life); become packed or stuffed to overcrowding; to press or force
Balinese
ñeksek to pack something in tightly, leaving no room; shut something in
WMP Tagalog
mag-siksík to squeeze into; to force into place by pressure
Bikol
mag-saksák to stab; to plug something in; to insert something
Masbatenyo
mag-suksók to insert something into or between, as inserting a pencil into the pocket, or a letter into a drawer
Malay
ber-səsak to press in by force, stuff
WMP Casiguran Dumagat
s<um>əksək to disappear into a hole
Old Javanese
s<um>əsək packed, in throngs
WMP Ilokano
seksek sound of the maya bird (rice sparrow); the maya bird itself
Bontok
səksək a kind of bird; a sparrow
Iban
sesak-sesak whispering chatter, e.g. of engkerasak (Spider-hunter)
WMP Iban
sekut crowded, thronged, packed
Kantu'
sekut narrow
Sangir
ma-sekudeʔ very narrow
WMP Ida'an Begak
səkkuk food or drink going down the wrong way
Iban
sekok sob
CMP Manggarai
sekuk sobbing; asthmatic coughing; short, broken respiration
WMP Samal
sekot near
Melanau (Sarikei)
sekut narrow
WMP Kenyah
sela a parting, as of the hair
Malay
səla interval; intervening space; section
Toba Batak
ma-sola penetrate, insert oneself between
Old Javanese
səlā space or time in between, gap; interrupting thoughts, preoccupation, worries
ma-səlā interspaced, with space in between
Sasak
səla interval
WMP Itbayaten
aslaŋ interval, free time, spare time
Ida'an Begak
səllaŋ in between
Berawan (Long Terawan)
səlaŋ boundary
Malay
səlaŋ alternation; periodicity
Bahasa Indonesia
selaŋ between; intervening (of time, events, space, etc.)
Gayō
selaŋ between; intervening
selaŋ serlo on alternating days
Karo Batak
selaŋ while, in the meantime
Old Javanese
səlaŋ turn, change, alternation; mutually, one another
s<um>əlaŋ to do something for a change, interrupt an action temporarily to do something else; in between, in the meantime
WMP Casiguran Dumagat
səlaŋ jaw, jawbone
i-slaŋ for a hunter to save the jawbones of the wild pigs he has shot (inserting them in rows in the roof of his house; a way of showing off the number of pigs he has gotten)
Hanunóo
súlaŋ mouth, oral cavity
WMP Subanon
solag big, large
Murut (Timugon)
sa-salag keep on getting bigger
s<um>alag grow larger, increase in size
Sangir
səllahəɁ the coarsest/thickest kind of thread in weaving
ka-səllah-eŋe the greatest; God
Proto-Minahasan
*səlah big
Tombulu
səlah big
Tondano
səla big
Tontemboan
səla coarse, big, rough, crude (of estimate or idea)
Proto-East Gorontalic
*solagu big, large
WMP Subanon
mo-solag big
Murut (Timugon)
ma-salag big
ma-sa-salag rather coarse
Sangir
ma-səllahəɁ big (mostly figurative)
WMP Casiguran Dumagat
səlat crack, chasm
s<om>lat to go between
Tagalog
silát slit or open crack between the strips of bamboo forming the floor of a room, or between any two boards of a floor, wall, etc.
Tiruray
selat to pass through a narrow opening; to do something in a short period of time available between distractions
Ngaju Dayak
selat able to go through a passage
ha-sa-selat often pass between
man-selat pass between two things
ma-ñelat between two things
Iban
selat alternation, stripes, striped (as red and white stripes on woven cloth); thrust in, squeeze in between
Malay
səlat strait; narrow strip of water between two stretches of land
Old Javanese
səlat appearing in between, interruption
a-səlat with space in between, interspersed
a-nəlat to appear between something else
s<um>əlat to appear between something else, come in between; do something different from the others; to be scattered between, interspersed
Proto-Sangiric
*səlat space between two things
Sangir
səlaɁ space between two things
Makassarese
sallaʔ strait, narrow sea passage between landmasses; pass between islands or between an island and the mainland
WMP Ngaju Dayak
tara-selat able to pass all the way through
Toba Batak
tar-solat able to pass through
WMP Itbayaten
sexdaŋ light
ma-sexdaŋ to be bright, to be clear
om-sexdaŋ to brighten
Ivatan (Isamorong)
sohdaŋ to shine
Bikol
saldáŋ the sun
mag-saldáŋ to shine (of the sun)
WMP Bikol
sulóg current, flow of water
Agutaynen
teleg current
Maranao
seleg water current
Binukid
ma-seleg swift (current); hard (rain, wind, etc.)
ka-seleg-an rapids (of a river)
Kadazan Dusun
h-in-osog the speed of flowing or streaming water; the stream of water, the current
Banggai
solok stream, current
Bare'e
solo flow
Wolio
solo current
Muna
solo current, flow
Formosan Amis
celem to sink into (as setting sun); dive into the water
WMP Bikol
mag-salóm to bet one another who can hold his breath longest under water
Malay
səlam immersing oneself in water; diving
juru səlam diver; fisherman who immerses himself to listen for the presence of a shoal of fish
me-ñəlam to dive
sumpah me-ñəlam ordeal by water
Sasak
sələm diving, submerging
CMP Kédang
heleŋ to set, of the sun
WMP Tagalog
sílim dusk
takíp sílim twilight; the faint light reflected from the sky before the sun sets
pag-si-sílim becoming dark; nightfall
Bikol
mag-sulóm to be dark, obscure (as a house without lights)
Maranao
selem seek in dark or night
selem-en to be sought out or searched for in the dark
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
selem early; to do something early
keɁe-selem tomorrow
me-selem morning
mes-me-selem early morning
Balinese
selem black, dark gray
selem mata the pupil of the eye
Sasak
sələm black (only of fighting cocks)
WMP Ayta Abellan
helep to enter
Cebuano
sulúp to disappear into the forest or tall grass
Malay
selap spirit possession causing hysteria or driving a man out of his mind; fits
Old Javanese
sələp to lie (stick) in between
Gorontalo
tolopo enter, be inside
OC Tolai
olo enter or go through, as a door in a house or a gap in the reef
WMP Cebuano
sulʔut fit something precisely over, around or into something else
Sundanese
selut a ring around something; that which one winds around something and so fastens it
Balinese
selut ornamental ring around something, especially just below the top of the hilt of a kris; put an ornamental ring around something
WMP Maranao
seleg water current
Sangir
səllihəʔ current
Proto-Gorontalic
*sologo current
WMP Itbayaten
om-aslet be caught and withheld between two objects
Kayan
ñelet insert between
Malay
selat strait
Sasak
sələt slip something between, insert
Proto-Minahasan
*sələt insert (between two things)
Mandar
seleʔ inserted by one's side (knife, dagger, sword, etc.)
CMP Buruese
sele-k cram, insert, wedge, tuck
WMP Ilokano
mai-sallí to turn -- of luck
i-sallí to shift the blame
Malay
selaŋ-seli pointing alternately this way and that
Toba Batak
si-solisoli now the one, now the other
WMP Casiguran Dumagat
seli young banana sprout (still small enough to be transplanted); dig out a banana sprout and transplant it
Sasak
seli young, new branchlet
be-seli to sprout anew (tree, large branch)
Formosan Amis
celcel slip through a crowded place
WMP Bontok
səlsəl cram, as food into one's mouth
Old Javanese
a-nəsəl-i to go in among or between
Javanese
sesel that which is pushed or inserted into something; push in
Madurese
sessel insert, slip in
Balinese
selsel be crammed into any space (clothes, etc.)
OC Nggela
hoho a narrow passage in the reef for canoes
WMP Itbayaten
sexsex regret, repentance, rue
i-pa-nexsex to regret
ma-nexsex to regret, repent
Tagalog
i-sisi to blame; to put the blame for something on another person; to impute
mag-sisi to repent; to be repentant; to deplore; to feel sorry for sin and seek forgiveness; to atone for; to make atonement
ma-nisi to chide, to blame
ma-sisi to be culpable or blameworthy
má-sísi to be blamed
pag-si-sisi regret; repentance; sorrow for wrongdoing; contrition
pa-ni-sisi reproach; reprimand; censure; blame; finding fault; odium
dapat sisih-in blameworthy; ought to be blamed
Bikol
mag-sulsól to be remorseful
pag-sulsól atonement, regret, remorse, repentance
Ngaju Dayak
sasal regret; remorse; repentance; vexation
Iban
tesal regret, be sorry, repent
Malay
səsal sorry, regret
səsal-kan to repent
Toba Batak
ma-nolsol-i to regret; to blame someone
tar-solsol bagi sad, sorrowful
solsol-an regret, remorse
Old Javanese
səsəl reproach
s<um>əsəl to reproach, blame (another, oneself, former deeds). to lament (something)
Balinese
selsel to regret, be sorry about; be annoyed over; be rebuked; be reminded of a mistake
Sasak
səsəl regret, to feel remorse for something done
səsəl-aŋ to feel regret
Sangir
səʔsiləʔ regret
Bare'e
soso feel remorse or regret about something that one or another person has done, as with a financially disadvantageous purchase or sale
Makassarese
an-ñassalaʔ to reproach someone
Muna
soso a regret; to regret
ka-soso a regret
Chamorro
sotsot contrite, repentent
s<in>etsot repentance
WMP Sama Linungan
selo longtoms and perhaps one garfish
CMP Asilulu
iɁa selu kind of fish: longtom: Tylosurus macleayanus Ogilby
Buruese
selu a marine fish, a swordfish, the “saku” of Ambon
WMP Tagalog
súlok corner, nook
Malay
selok-belok twists and turns; ins-and-outs
WMP Cebuano
súlut tightly wound rope
Maranao
selot plain ring
Sundanese
selut a ring around something; that which one winds around something and so fastens it
Old Javanese
səlut band or ring of metal
s<in>əlut-an to ring with
Balinese
selut ornamental ring around something, especially just below the top of the hilt of a kris; put an ornamental ring around something
WMP Kelabit
epit bamboo tongs for removing coals from the fire
ŋ-əpit pick up something with tongs
Kayan
sepit forceps or tweezers
ñepit to pick up with forceps or tweezers
Iban
sempit narrow (as a path); cramped, squeezed in (as with tight trousers)
Malay
səmpit confined (of space); cramped; shut in
Gayō
sepit be pressed in (as under social pressure)
be-sepit stuffed full
Karo Batak
sempit narrow, of a space or path; hard-pressed by work; get into difficulty; under pressure of debts
sepit tongs used to hold something over the fire
Toba Batak
sompit narrow; pressed in tightly
Balinese
sepit tongs, pincers
ñepit pick up with tongs or pincers
Sasak
sepit tongs, pincers
Bare'e
sopi narrow; pinched or pressed in; costive, constipated
WMP Bikol
mag-sámpok to bump or bang into
ma-sampok-án to get bumped into
Maranao
sempok touch lightly or have weak contact
Malay
səmpok butting in; breaking into a conversation or thrusting oneself in a man’s way
WMP Ilokano
senná usual, ordinary; customary
Bikol
saná just, only, a mere
saroɁ saná only one, merely one
WMP Ilokano
seddém oppressed, weighed down, overburdened (with grief, pain, work, etc.)
OC Nggela
hondo to roost, of fowls and birds; be solitary, silent, quiet
hondo varoŋo sit and listen
WMP Yakan
sendeg to lean against something
Ida'an Begak
sondog lean on
Mandar
mis-sender to lean on or against (as a person leaning against a wall)
sender-aŋ back of a chair, thing to lean on
WMP Hanunóo
súrut tightness, congestion, a state of being closely packed
ma-súrut closely packed, jammed together
Iban
sendat tight,close-fitting (as a coat); stuck (as finger in a bottle); puzzled
sendat idoŋ to be blocked (of the nose)
Malay
tər-səndat wedged in; held tight
sama səndat closing tightly; tight-fitting
WMP Maranao
sendig rest upon
sendig-an seat of honor at table or house
Lingkabau
s<um>əndiw lean on wall
Lobu Tampios
s<um>ondiw lean on wall
Kenyah (Long Dunin)
ñənde to lean on
Penan (Long Lamai)
pə-səre to lean on
Old Javanese
sənḍi support, seat, sedan-chair, supporting block of a pillar
ma-sənḍi with pillar supports, with a sedan-chair
CMP Kambera
hàndi support, point of support, fulcrum
WMP Kadazan Dusun
sonduk to scoop food
Ida'an Begak
sənduk a scoop
me-nənduk to scoop
Ngaju Dayak
sendok spoon, and especially one used as a scoop in dishing out food
Malay
səndok spoon; ladle; spoon-shaped (as the cobra hood)
Simalur
səduɁ spoon, ladle, scoop out with a spoon or ladle
Karo Batak
senduk a flat spoon or scoop
Toba Batak
sonduk spoon; concave
WMP Ilokano
ipa-sensén to close, unite
sensen-én to compress, squeeze, condense
Ifugaw
honhón act of accumulating, piling up things into a container until it be filled; the honhón action does not per se imply pressing
Tagalog
sinsín density or thickness (referring to growth); closeness (esp. referring to weave)
ma-sinsín thick; thick-set; close
Cebuano
sunsun close together or to each other (as coconut trees planted close together, or cloth that is thick because the weft threads are close to each other)
Binukid
ma-sensen close together or to each other (as the weft
Proto-Minahasan
*sənsən crammed full
WMP Tagalog
siŋá mucus expelled from the nose
Maranao
seŋa mucus from the nose or throat
Berawan (Long Terawan)
seŋa mucus from the nose or throat
Mongondow
toŋa mucus from the nose or throat
OC Manam
seŋ parrot sp.
Nehan
seŋ Rainbow Lory, Trichoglossus haematodus
Fijian
seŋa Blue-crowned Lory, Vini australis
Tongan
heŋa Vini australis
Futunan
seŋa Vini australis
Samoan
seŋa(vao) Vini australis
WMP Bontok
səŋáŋ dumb with fear, wonder or amazement
Kankanaey
seŋáŋ startled very much, struck exceedingly; amazed very much
Balinese
seŋaŋ a startled, surprised look (also: a wild look caused by anger)
WMP Tagalog
saŋhíd strong disagreeable odor
Malay
seŋit pungent -- of a smell that makes the nostrils smart
Toba Batak
soŋik sharp, biting, of odor
Sasak
seŋit stale, musty
CMP Ngadha
seŋi smell after burning of something
WMP Malay
seŋit pungent -- of a smell that makes the nostrils smart
Sasak
seŋit stale, musty
Sangir
seŋiʔ have a sharp odor, reek; touchy, quick-tempered
Tontemboan
seŋit stench
CMP Ngadha
seŋi smell after burning of something
WMP Tboli
seŋek snuffle
Iban
seŋak breathless, difficulty in breathing
Malay
seŋak sob, sobbing speech
WMP Ilokano
seŋŋáw vapor, steam; mist; breath
i-sŋáw to reveal, declare; express one’s thoughts
pa-sŋáw drainage, sluice gate
pa-sŋaw-án to steam cook
Bontok
səŋʔəw to have a pleasant smell, as the smell of cooking látong leaves [leaves of the balátong bean plant]
Ibaloy
on-seŋaw to escape, go out into the air, of flavor, aroma, strength
on-seŋɁew to give off a pleasant aroma, as coffee
Tagalog
siŋáw fumes; vapor; the steam from boiling water; bad-smelling fumes; waft; a breath or puff of air; skin eruption around the corners of the mouth; rath; red spots on the skin
Bikol
mag-saŋáw to exude a vapor, air, etc.; to give off (as fumes)
Hanunóo
súŋaw leaking, escaping, as of steam, gas, liquids, etc.
suŋaw-án glans penis
Maranao
seŋaw breath, vapor
seŋaw-an nose
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
seŋew steam; water vapor; to spread from its source, as smoke or an odor
Tiruray
seŋow to emit steam or vapor
Tausug
suŋaw a leak of air
Ida'an Begak
səŋow steam
Malay
səŋaw inability (owing to a cleft palate or any similar deformity) to talk distinctly
Makassarese
saŋŋo talk through the nose
WMP Ilokano
s<um>ŋáw to evaporate, breathe out; fume; emit vapor; appear unexpectedly
Tagalog
s<um>iŋáw to evaporate; to turn into vapor; to give off an aroma; to steam; to give off steam; to radiate; to come forth, as heat, vapor or fumes; to escape; to issue or emit from
s<um>í-siŋáw eruptive; breaking out in a rash
WMP Ilokano
seŋŋaw-án to originate, effect (something)
Tagalog
síŋáw-an exhaust; a means or way out for used steam, etc.; vent; outlet for gases
siŋaw-án to steam; to cook, soften or freshen by steam
WMP Cebuano
súŋut, suŋút acrid in smell (as formaldehyde); irritating, irksome
OC Samoan
soŋo (of urine, etc.) smell, stink
Formosan Amis (Kiwit)
ceŋet tick (insect)
WMP Iban
səŋat sting of insects
induɁ səŋat wasp, stinging insect (‘mother of stings’)
ñəŋat to sting
Malay
səŋat to sting (of venomous insect)
Balinese
seŋet to sting
Sasak
səŋət stinger of an insect; burning (of lips and tongue) because of the lime chewed with betel
ñəŋət to sting, of insects
OC Proto-Micronesian
*soŋo, soŋo soŋo to smart, sting
Chuukese
toŋ(o) to smart, sting
Puluwat
toŋotoŋ to burn, itch, sting
WMP Agutaynen
seŋet-seŋet for a wound or tooth to throb with sharp, on and off pain (often occurs with the production of pus)
Mansaka
soŋot-soŋot to become tired; to become weary (as from continuous or repeated action)
Tausug
suŋut asthma
suŋut-un to contract or be afflicted with asthma
WMP Aklanon
súŋit serious, solemn, crabby, out of sorts
Iban
seŋit intermittent abdominal pain
Malay (Jakarta)
seŋit hate
Sundanese
seŋit envious, angry
Javanese
seŋit dislike
WMP Ilokano
saŋgír lean, incline, bend so as to receive support
Maranao
sendig rest upon
Kenyah (Long Anap)
sendé leaning
WMP Iban
seŋkar cross piece, horizontal strut, tie-beam; lie across; spreader thwart in dugout ‘keel’ of boat to help widen it; spreader left to receive flooring; generic for thwart, as in longhouse
Malay
səŋkar pieces of wood fixed across a boat as support for a lath decking when a deck is used; thwart; cross-seat
Toba Batak
soŋkar the three crossbeams that support the middle and lower part of the roof
OC Wayan
soka ribs of a boat; smaller transverse beams of a house, joining the top plates
Fijian
soka the ribs of a boat; the short beams or braces joining the middle of the companion pieces to the centerpole in a native house; the smaller transversal beams of a house
Tongan
hoka upright pieces of timber in the roof of a Tongan house, standing on the tuɁuŋahoka (pedestal running lengthwise) and supporting the ridgepole
Samoan
soɁa collar-beam
Anuta
oka transverse beams supporting roof of house
Rarotongan
oka rafter of a house, a beam
Formosan Saaroa
əŋəəŋə stopper, plug
WMP Yami
seŋseŋ block
ka-seŋseŋ-an stuffed up, as the nose
Itbayaten
seŋseŋ plug, stopper, plug made of vonot (coconut husk), and put in a hole; blocking device for an opening
ma-seŋseŋ to be blocked with a plug or the like
Ilokano
seŋséŋ to stuff, fill up with
Ayta Abellan
heŋheŋ to stop up; to cover; to put fingers in ears
Bikol
mag-saŋsáŋ stuff something into the mouth with force; to gag, place a gag in the mouth
Cebuano
suŋsúŋ to stop up or stuff something into a tube or mouth of a bottle; cork a bottle
Maranao
senseŋ cover or block certain passage, as a hole or pipe
senseŋ cover or block certain passage, as a hole or pipe
Binukid
seŋseŋ to plug, cover (a hole, as in plugging up the mouth of a bottle)
Kayan
teseŋ corked, sealed
Toba Batak
soŋsoŋ stopped up, blocked
ma-noŋsoŋ to stop up, to block
Balinese
seŋseŋ cork, stopper
Proto-Sangiric
*sənsiŋ to plug up
*sənsiŋ to plug up
Sangir
sa-sənsiŋ stopper, plug
ma-nənsiŋ to plug up
Wolio
sonco stopper, plug
Chamorro
soŋsoŋ plug up, close up (hole); stopper, plug
SHWNG Buli
sosan to stop up, plug with a cork or stopper
so-sosan plug, stopper, cork
OC Gedaged
dod cork, stopper made out of leaves rolled together
Yabem
sôŋːnsôŋ to cork
Numbami
dodoŋa a plug
Tami
jojoŋ a cork; to cork
WMP Itbayaten
seŋseŋ-en to put a blocking device through an opening, to plug
Balinese
seŋseŋ-in to be stoppered, corked
WMP Ilokano
seppák break, snap, of bows, limbs, etc., more especially at the joints
seppák-en break the jaws of an animal
Ibaloy
se-spak-en (< sepak) to break something without completely severing it, esp. of tree limbs, jawbones of pigs in butchering process
Maranao
sepak dismembered; prune
Tiruray
sefak to break off, as a branch from a tree trunk
Balinese
sepak branch
sepak-in (the end of a branch) be broken off for a stick
Tae'
sepak cut off the leg of an animal at the upper end of the femur
WMP Ilokano
ag-seppal to swallow (said of animals)
Bontok
səpal-ən to eat leaves, as cabbage or leaves of
Maranao
sepal to chew (as chewing gum)
WMP Ilokano
sapáŋ Caesalpinia sappan L.. A small, leguminous tree with scattered prickles, long leaves, terminal panicles, and yellow flowers
Malay
sepaŋ the sappan-tree, Caesalpinia sappan. A low thorny tree with yellow flowers
Karo Batak
sepaŋ tree from whose wood a red dye is made: Caesalpinia sappan; also, a strong, prickly shrub
Sasak
sepaŋ a low, thorny tree with yellow flowers; a tea is made from the boiled wood: Caesalpinia sappan
CMP Manggarai
cepaŋ a tree: Caesalpinia sappan
WMP Itbayaten
aspa-en to chew out
Casiguran Dumagat
səpa wad of betel nut chew (in the mouth)
Kapampangan
sapáʔ betel-chew wad
Hanunóo
súpaʔ maternal premastication of food for a baby
Aklanon
supáʔ to munch on, chew thoroughly with the pupose of getting out the juice or the flavor
Cebuano
súpaɁ feed someone pre-chewed food
Kenyah
sepaʔ a mixture of wild pepper leaves, betel nut and lime used for chewing
Bukat
sipaʔ betel chew
Lahanan
səpaʔ betel chew
Malay
səpah quid of betel (in romance often given as a mark of affection by a girl to her lover)
Toba Batak
sopa-sopa chewed betel quid; lemon that has been sucked dry; coffee sediment; residue, remainder
Sundanese
sɨpah betel quid
Javanese
səpah something to chew on, e.g. betel, sugarcane
Balinese
sepah a chewed betel quid
Mongondow
mo-nopaʔ premasticate food for very young children
mo-topaʔ chewed, ground up with the teeth
to-topaʔ a mouthful
WMP Kenyah
ñepaʔ to chew a betel quid
Javanese
ñepah to chew the juice from; to spit out (something one has chewed the good out of)
Sangir
ma-nəpa to chew, also used of premasticating food for small children that do not yet have teeth
WMP Javanese
sepah-an something to chew on, e.g. betel, sugarcane; what is left after one has chewed or sucked the juice from something (or, in a sugar-processing plant, after the machine has pressed out the juice)
Balinese
sepah-an the remains of a betel-package when spat out; sugarcane
Mongondow
topaʔ-an to chew; what is chewed, hence food
SHWNG Buli
sefat to pass, go beyond, go through
OC Arosi
teha to stray, wander
Bauro
teha go past, beyond
WMP Casiguran Dumagat
səpət pulp, inner stalk (of the inside part of sugarcane); to chew sugarcane (swallowing the juice and spitting out the pulp)
Hanunóo
súput young leaves of any plant, just after having sprouted
WMP Itbayaten
ma-spet tight
Ilokano
seppét be choked (plants); be obstructed (liquids, the meshes of a net or strainer being clogged or filled up)
CMP Manggarai
cepet close off (the flow of water)
WMP Maranao
sepet minnow
Iban
sepat kind of fish
Malay
ikan sepat generic for fishes of the genus Trichopodus
Malay (Jakarta)
ikan sepet kind of fish (Chaer 1976)
WMP Ibaloy
sepi homesickness; loneliness; bad feelings
mayse-spi-an to feel the absence of another (as in being homesick)
Malay
səpi lonely; quiet (as a quiet and lonely time in the hospital without visitors)
Old Javanese
a-səpi deserted, empty, still, lonely, dismal, forlorn, bereft
a-nəpi simple, plain, unadorned
ka-səpy-an ~ ka-səpe-n to feel abandoned, forlorn
səpi-səpi ~ səpa-səpi to free oneself from everything, abandon all
Balinese
sepi be quiet, be calm, be uninhabited, be empty of people; be absent from where one is expected to be, not be found
Formosan Puyuma
səpiɁ break off unnecessary branches; lose a limb
WMP Bikol
mag-sapíɁ to break or snap off branches or twigs
ma-sapíɁ to get snapped or broken off
Maranao
sepiɁ break off bunch of bananas
Subanon
sopiɁ break off a bunch of bananas
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
sepiɁ to pick areca nuts or other nuts which are used in the betel chew
Kadazan Dusun
sopiɁ to break off branches
Lun Dayeh
efiɁ plucking (as corn from the plant)
Sangir
ma-nəpe break a banana off from the bunch
Mongondow
topiɁ bunch, cluster, as of bananas; classifier in counting bunches of bananas
CMP Rembong
sepiɁ a bunch (of bananas); break off a bunch of bananas
Formosan Pazeh
zezeb-i suck it!
Sakizaya
mi-cəpcəp to suck
Amis
cepcep to suck (as a mosquito sucking blood)
Bunun (Isbukun)
supsup to suck
Paiwan
teptep suck
WMP Itbayaten
sepsep idea of sipping; sip it!
ka-sepsep act of sipping
Ivatan (Isamorong)
maŋ-sepsep to suck
Ayta Abellan
hephep to puff on a cigarette; to suck snails from shell; to sip, as through a straw
Palawan Batak
sepsep suck (Reid 1971)
Mapun
sassop to suck on something (as candy, medicine, a mother’s breast)
Kadazan Dusun
sosop to suck
ka-sasap-an act of sucking
Melanau (Mukah)
səsəp to suck
Malay
sesap lapping up water, drinking of birds and animals
Toba Batak
si-sopsop mudar leech (lit. ‘Bloodsucker’ as a nickname)
Sundanese
seuseup to suck, suck up, drink in (as the earth absorbs rain); breathe in, sniff or snort in; suck out (as blood); slurp up; to smoke (tobacco)
Proto-Minahasan
*səpsəp suck
Ponosakan
sosop to suck
Totoli
sosop suck
Balantak
mon-sosop to suck
Banggai
mo-sosop to suck
Muna
soso suck, sip; to smoke (cigarettes)
OC Mussau
rop-i (< rorop-i) to drink
Motu
dodo to be soaked up; to be absorbed; to subside
dodo-a to soak up; to absorb; to drink up (used of a sponge, cloth, etc., and of persons)
Kwaio
(too)-toto to suck, make sucking noise
totof-ia to gulp, suck
Lau
toto to sink into the ground, of liquids
totof-i(a) to suck up
'Āre'āre
totoh-ia suck, inhale, draw, absorb
Sa'a
toto to dry up, to soak into, of liquids
Arosi
toto put lips to, drink with lips, suck; to sip honey, of birds
WMP Itbayaten
ma-nepsep to sip out
Mapun
nassop to kiss someone on the lips
Kadazan Dusun
mo-nosop to suck
Bahasa Indonesia
me-ñesap to drink by sipping, as a bird or an animal; to suck; to nurse, as a baby
Toba Batak
ma-nopsop to suck out
Mongondow
mo-notop to suck, suck up or out; to smoke
Formosan Pazeh
mu-zezep to suck (milk, shells, etc.)
Paiwan
t<m>eptep to suck (as water off skin, or blood from wound)
WMP Kadazan Dusun
s<um><in>osop sucked
Old Javanese
s<um>əsəp to suck, kiss, nip
Mongondow
t<um>otop to suck (as on a piece of sugarcane)
WMP Itbayaten
sepsep-an to suck
Malay
sesap-an salt-lick
Bahasa Indonesia
sesap-an place where a bird drinks
Formosan Pazeh
zezeb-en is sucked
WMP Itbayaten
sepsep-en to sip, to suck
Mapun
sassop-un to be sucked
Kadazan Dusun
sosop-on to be sucked
Old Javanese
sesep-en to suck, kiss, nip
WMP Muna
sosop-i to suck many times (as a leech sucking one’s blood)
OC Mussau
ropi to drink
Nggela
sopi to suck; to draw up moisture, as a sponge or blotting paper; to draw on a pipe, draw in smoke from a cigarette; to lick
WMP Cebuano
supút shoot with a blowgun; force something out from a tight hole by hammering in something in its place; soar up, as if shot from a blowgun; blowgun or a dart shot from a blowgun
Tiruray
sefut a spring, as a small creek
Mapun
sapput spray; a squirt
mag-sapput to spray (a liquid)
ta-sapput any instrument used for spraying; a sprayer; also a blowgun
Yakan
nepput to shoot something with a blowgun
mag-sepput to shoot something with a blowgun; to carry or use a blowgun
Tboli
sfut a natural spring; to spring, burst out, as a spring of water
Tombonuwo
soput blowgun
Ida'an Begak
mə-nəpput to blow
sipput to be blown
Supan
səbput blowpipe
Lun Dayeh
efut a blowpipe
Kelabit
əput blowpipe
Kayan
həput blowpipe
Kiput
səput blowpipe
Bintulu
səput blowpipe
Melanau (Mukah)
səput blowpipe
suput to shoot with a blowpipe
siput be shot with a blowpipe
Iban
seput breath, life; to breathe
ambis seput out of breath
Sangir
səpuʔ blowgun, blowpipe
Gorontalo
in-tupo <M blowgun
Uma
hopu blowgun
mo-hopu shoot with a blowgun
Bare'e
sopu blowpipe
mata ncopu blowpipe dart
Makassarese
sappuʔ blowpipe; childrens’ blowpipes are made of bamboo
Wolio
ka-sopu blowpipe
WMP Lun Dayeh
ŋ-efut shoot with a blowpipe
Kelabit
ŋ-əput shoot with a blowpipe
Kayan
ñəput shoot with a blowpipe
Sangir
ma-nəpuʔ shoot with a blowpipe
Bare'e
mo-ñopu ~ mon-copu shoot with a blowpipe
WMP Yakan
sepput-an blowgun
Tombonuwo
soput-an blowgun
Basap
səputan blowpipe
Pendau
soput-an blowgun
WMP Cebuano
suʔsúʔ pound something, usually with short and moderately heavy strokes
Melanau (Mukah)
susaʔ process of making iron tools, blacksmithing
Iban
tesah wash (clothes)
Malay
sesah switching; beating with a long, thin flexible rod or ratten, as a boy is caned (Formosan only)
Formosan Saisiyat
kæ-hɁœŋ horn
Paiwan
tequŋ horn
t<m>equŋ to use horns (as buffalo when fighting)
WMP Maranao
sera fed up, exasperated
Karo Batak
sera burdensome, difficult -- of work, a journey; heavy, of one's lot
WMP Ida'an Begak
səray lemon grass
Iban
seray aromatic grasses (lemon, citronella): Cymbopogon spp.
Malay
səray citronella grass, Cymbopogon spp. (specifically C. citratus Hn.), of which several varieties are recognized by Malays; used for making citronella oil, and flavoring Malay food
Javanese
seré citronella grass
leŋa seré aromatic oil extracted from citronella grass
ron seré citronella leaf, used to flavor curry dishes
Tae'
sarre a grass with deep roots and small bluish-green leaves, used as a condiment: Andropogon nardus Linn.
Proto-South Sulawesi
*sɨrre fragrant grass sp.: Andropogon nardus Linn.
Buginese
sɨrre fragrant grass sp.: Andropogon nardus Linn.
Makassarese
sarre kind of tussock grass: Andropogon nardus; a medicinal oil is extracted from the roots, and the stalks are used as a condiment
WMP Malay
sərap absorption; sponging up or soaking up
sərap-an the entry (not seen, but felt) of the spirit at a shamanistic séance
Javanese
serep to enter; twilight; to set (sun)
Proto-Minahasan
*sərəp penetrate
CMP Manggarai
cerep duck, immerse in liquid
WMP Tagalog
súlok corner (of a room, shed, etc.); angle
Ngaju Dayak
serok corner, angle
WMP Kalinga (Guinaang)
sogob ~ sobg-on <M to burn
Kankanaey (Northern)
sɨgb-ɨn to burn
Proto-Sangiric
*soRob to scorch over fire; to burn (wood)
WMP Keley-i
teled the stinger of bees and other insects that sting
Bikol
súgod sting (of a bee, wasp, etc.)
Aklanon
súgod bite, sting (said of insects)
Cebuano
sugúd the sting of an insect; for poisonous insects to bite leaving a stinger in the thing bitten
Karo Batak
seren stinger of bee or wasp; barb of fishhook
Sundanese
sɨrɨd pierce with a stinger
sɨŋ-sɨrɨd-an collective name for insects that have a stinger
Mongondow
togod stinger of an insect
WMP Tagalog
pag-sísid diving headfirst into water; dive; a downward plunge of an airplane; swimming under water
s<um>ísid to dive; to dive headfirst; to plunge into water
sisír-in to dive for something (as a ring at the bottom of a swimming pool)
Melanau Dalat (Kampung Teh)
səsəd to dive, plunge into the water
Ngaju Dayak
teser diving; what can be brought up by diving
ma-neser to dive
WMP Maranao
seseg crush (as a house by a falling tree), break (as a betel nut with one’s teeth)
Melanau Dalat
səsəg to pound something (as gunpowder into a bamboo cannon, or rice into a bamboo tube for cooking)
Formosan Saisiyat
hi marker of personal names
Amis
ci proper name prefix
Thao
ti personal article, marker of personal names or kin terms used as personal names (ti ama ‘Father’, ti ina ‘Mother’, etc.)
Paiwan
ti particle used before personal name or independent pronoun
WMP Yami
si nominative singular case marker for person’s name
Itbayaten
si personal article, the, topic marker for personal name
Ilokano
si obsolete variant of ni: singular of personal article (also occurs in the word for ‘who?’, and in the independent personal pronouns siak, siká, sitá, sikamí, sitayó, sikayó)
Isneg
si the personal article
Bontok
si marker of singular personal noun phrase when subject
Kankanaey
si nominative and accusative singular of the article, before proper names
Ifugaw
hi article and nominative case marker of names of persons (e.g. hi Aligúyun) and kinship appellations (e.g. hi ama ‘my father’)
Ifugaw (Batad)
hi a personal noun determiner
Casiguran Dumagat
ti topic marker for singular personal nouns
Ibaloy
si article, “personal” counterpart of both i and say; occurs with peoples names, titles when standing for the person and some kinship terms, especially in genitive ni phrases
Pangasinan
si marker preceding [singular] personal nouns when the latter are subjects of a sentence, in apposition, etc.; also functions as a personal article before such nouns
Tagalog
si article used in the nominative case before names of persons
Bikol
si si class marker occurring before names, marking the grammatical subject of the sentence
Hanunóo
si a form preposed to personal names; sometimes si is used figuratively with terms other than personal names [as animals in tales]
Romblomanon
si determiner identifying a person by name as the topic of a clause
Masbatenyo
si personal subject NP marker
Aklanon
si topic marker for the name of a person or a pet, denoting the singular
Waray-Waray
si personal article
Hiligaynon
si personal name marker
Cebuano
si particle before names or titles of persons used in constructions which require the nominative
Central Tagbanwa
ti personal noun phrase marker, nominative case; marks the proper noun as subject of the clause
Maranao
si primary personal particle
Binukid
si personal singular topic marker
Mansaka
si substantive relational marker; personal, topic
Mapun
si personal name marker used to indicate that the word that follows is a person’s name; also occurs before five kinship nouns when referring to one’s relative (‘Father’, ‘Mother’, ‘Aunt’, ‘Uncle’, ‘Grandfather/Grandmother’)
Molbog
si marker of the nominative case of singular personal names
Kadazan (Papar)
zi marker of the nominative case of singular personal names
Sungai Beluran
si marker of the nominative case of singular personal names
Melanau (Mukah)
sə marker of personal names
Bahasa Indonesia
si article used before personal names (usually regarded as somewhat disrespectful); to highlight the person who executes or is affected by an action (si pengirim ‘the sender’, si penipu ‘the one who was deceived’, etc.); used with the names of various kinds of vegetation, animals, etc.
Karo Batak
si demonstrative pronoun for personal names, geographical features and plant names; in narrative style also used for animals (si Mentji ‘Mouse’, as a character)
Toba Batak
si marker of personal names; also used of landscape features, rivers, mountains, etc.
Nias
si article for proper names (said to be borrowed from Malay)
Lampung
si person marker
Sundanese
si prefix before personal names and titles
Old Javanese
si particle used before a noun designating a person; it is also used to personify or substantivate concepts denoting quality, condition or action
Balinese
si particle used before women’s names instead of ni and hi
Mongondow
si-a 3sg, he/she
Chamorro
si article, used with proper names, but not used for direct address
CMP Bimanese
si-a 3sg subject, object and possessor
OC Loniu
i-si s/he farts
Nali
si-si break wind, fart
Titan
ci to fart
Sori
siy to fart
Mbula
si break wind, fart
Rotuman
sī to pass wind through the back passage quietly
Fijian
cī to break wind
ci-ta break wind (on something)
WMP Yami
siam nine (in counting)
a-siam nine (in combination)
Itbayaten
siam nine
Ivatan
siam nine
Ibatan
sa-syam nine
Ilokano
siám nine
ag-siám to reach the ninth day (of a novena, etc.)
i-siám to hold a novena prayer for the deceased
Isneg
siyām nine
Bontok
siyám nine
Kankanaey
siám nine
Ifugaw
hiyám nine
Ibaloy
siyam nine --- the cardinal number
ka-siyam the ninth day of the aresag/siling funeral ritual
man-siyam to increase ninefold
Pangasinan
siám nine
tig-si-siám nine each
k<om>a-siám ninth
Sambal (Botolan)
siyam nine
siám nine
Kapampangan
syam nine
Hanunóo
siyám nine, the cardinal number
Aklanon
siyám nine
ika-siyám ninth
Kalamian Tagbanwa
siam nine
Agutaynen
siam nine
tag-si-siam nine each
Cebuano
síyam nine
Aborlan Tagbanwa
siam nine
Central Tagbanwa
siyam nine
Subanon
siam nine
Tboli
syóm nine
Tausug
siyam nine
WMP Yami
ika-siam ninth
Ilokano
ma-ika-siám ninth
Pangasinan
m-ika-siám ninth
Aklanon
ika-siyám ninth
WMP Yami
ka-siam-an first month, about February-March, during flying fish season, month for making torches
Cebuano
ka-siyám-an ninety
WMP Ibaloy
siyaŋ the pleasant warmth of early morning sunshine
man-siyaŋ to warm oneself in the early morning sunshine
me-siyaŋ to be bathed in pleasant sunshine
Iban
siaŋ daylight; by day; clear (undergrowth)
Malay
siaŋ daylight
kə-siaŋ-an in daylight (as bulan kə-siaŋ-an ‘the moon in daylight’)
mə-ñiaŋ-i to expose to the sun
Acehnese
siaŋ made clean, bright
Karo Batak
siaŋ become day; to clear, of a cloudy sky
Toba Batak
siaŋ bright; to clear up, as after a rain
i-siaŋ-i weed plants to give them light and space
Sundanese
siaŋ day, by day; glittering, shining
Sa'dan Toraja
siaŋ mid-day
Tae'
ma-siaŋ bright, light, daylight as opposed to darkness; morning, the following day
Proto-South Sulawesi
*siaŋ daylight
Buginese
ma-siaŋ bright, lit up
Makassarese
siaŋ daylight
ka-siaŋŋ-aŋ be overcome by daylight (as when oversleeping)
Formosan Saisiyat (Tungho)
si-siap chick
WMP Abai Sembuak
siap chick
Tingalan (West)
siap chick
Bekatan
siap chicken
Singhi Land Dayak
siap fowl
Balinese
siyap fowl, usually cock
WMP Tiruray
siaʔ allow room to pass, give way
Iban
siah to push aside (people), to clear a surface to see down (in water)
Malay
ber-siah to bustle; to fuss; to push or brush aside; to pull apart gently, as a bird’s feathers or the orifice of a wound
Balinese
siah-an a parting in the hair
OC Lakalai
sipa to cut, of hair; to shred leaves for
Proto-Micronesian
*sS]ipa, [sS]ipa-ki slice, chunk; to cut, to slice
Gilbertese
riba-n taitai wood shavings
Pohnpeian
dip grain, of wood; chip or slice, as of breadfruit or taro; numeral classifier used in counting chips, slicings, or shavings
dipe to slice, as breadfruit or taro
dipe-n rasaras sawdust
Mokilese
dip a slice
dipe-dip to slice
dipe-n mweŋ baked, quartered taro slices
Chuukese
tiip a slice, chunk, cut segment (of breadfruit and taro only); chip (of wood from adzing)
tipe-n mááy sliced chunk of breadfruit
tipe-tipe-n waa wood chips from making a canoe
Puluwat
tiip to slice, as breadfruit or taro; to cut off leaves, as of pandanus for thatch or mats
ya-tip(a) to slice, as breadfruit
Carolinian
tiip piece, slice, chunk
tipa-l mááy a piece of breadfruit
sá-tip counting clssifier for pieces, chunks
Mota
sipa to slice, pare, slice into pieces, as a pumpkin
Raga
hiba peel with knife
WMP Tagalog
sibák chopping or splitting wood with an axe or bolo
mag-sibák to chop or split wood
s<um>ibák to chop or split wood
Iban
simbak fling open, draw aside (e.g. curtains); unveil (memorial plaque); open
Gayō
sibak split open (of a wound)
Toba Batak
sibak to tear up
Minangkabau
sibak to part, to divide
WMP Pangasinan
sibá inordinate appetite, gluttony, voracity
on-sibá to eat a lot, become voracious
Tagalog
síbaɁ gluttony; greediness; voraciouslness
ma-síbaɁ greedy for anything
Bikol
mag-síbaɁ to catch or carry something off in the jaws (as a crocodile); to eat (of animals); to eat like a pig (humans)
ma-síbaɁ a curse: may you be carried off by a crocodile or other animal
Hanunóo
sibáɁ to gulp, swallow (especially with reference to animals)
Aklanon
síbaɁ to devour, swallow (said of large animals, as a crocodile)
Maranao
sibaɁ swallow, take the bait, as in fishing
WMP Ifugaw
híbe eaves of a pyramidal roof in the sense of the lower edges of the four slopes that overhang the walls of an Ifugaw house or granary
Ibaloy
sibey eaves of a house
Cebuano
sibáy an extension room added to an already existing dwelling, with the floor raised some distance from the ground; add an extension to a house
sibay-síbay woman maintained by a married man; for a
Binukid
sibay extension (added to an already existing dwelling); to add an extension to a house, etc.
WMP Kankanaey
sibít thorn, prickle; bramble, briar
Aklanon
sibít to scratch or cut out (a sliver or thorn embedded)
Cebuano
sibít safety pin; fasten in with a safety pin
Mansaka
sibit safety pin
Formosan Tsou
sífu urine
Kanakanabu
íivu urine
WMP Ilokano
isbó urine
ag-isbó to wet one’s bed
um-isbó to urinate
isbu-án to urinate on something
Ifugaw
ihbú urine
um-ihbú to urinate
ihbúw-an urinating place
Casiguran Dumagat
ésbu urine; to urinate
Ibaloy
isbo urine
isbo-an place to urinate (as urinal, bedpan); to urinate on something
WMP Ilokano
sibúkaw species of small tree: Caesalpinia sp.
Hanunóo
sibúkaw a tree (Caesalpinia sappan Linn.); the wood shavings are mixed with water and slaked lime to make a much-used decorative red paint or dye
Agutaynen
sibokaw a type of tree with red wood; it can be used for medicinal purposes, and is also used for tool handles
Cebuano
sibúkaw small tree with scattered prickles, the wood of which is used in boat building: Caesalpinia sappan
Maranao
sibukaw the sappan tree: Caesalpinia sappan L.
WMP Ilokano
sidá any article of food that is eaten with rice (meat, fish, vegetables, etc.)
Atta (Pamplona)
sirá fish
Isneg
sidá any article of food that is eaten with rice
Itawis
isirá meat or fish viand or side dish
Bontok
ʔisdá to eat meat, including fish and edible insects such as crickets and beetles, but excluding snails
Ifugaw
hída, ihdá vian what is eaten with rice or sweet potatoes
Pangasinan
sira fish, food, viand; to eat meat or fish
Tagalog
isdáʔ fish
Bikol
siráʔ fish; anything eaten with rice; main course, viand; to eat something with rice
Hanunóo
ʔisdáʔ fish
Aklanon
isdáʔ fish
Palawan Batak
ʔisdáʔ fish
Maranao
paŋ-isdaʔ fish
WMP Kankanaey
sindék sob, mostly broken sobs after crying
Kadazan Dusun
sidok to choke, stifle (as when swallowing a large amount of water or food)’
sidok-on to be choked, stifled
Kenyah (Long Anap)
sindek suck
Kayan
hidek tired from sobbing
Bintulu
siɗək inhale
WMP Yami
sirem dark
ma-sirem very dark, black
sirem-en to make black
Ayta Abellan
hilem afternoon
ma-hilem afternoon
h<om>ilem evening
Binukid
sirem for something shiny to get dull or darkened, lose its luster or shine
Ida'an Begak
sidom black
Kenyah (Long Wat)
sidəm close the eyes
Old Javanese
sirem losing its splendour, dimmed, with fading light; evening-time
WMP Subanen/Subanun
sindep sunset (Churchill 1913)
Subanun (Sindangan)
sindɨp-an west
Subanon
sindop-an west
Kayan (Uma Juman)
hirep dusk
WMP Cebuano
silíŋ-an neighbor; border, verge on
Maranao
sidiŋ peer, pair, equalize
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
siriŋ-an neighbor
Kayan
siriŋ the border or edge of cloth
Malay
sidiŋ edge, fringe, side
Old Javanese
siriŋ (that which comes alongside or is at the side:) equal, match, peer, border
Javanese
siriŋ side, flank
Balinese
siriŋ border, edge
WMP Cebuano
sidsíd hem, lower edge of dress, curtain, or the like; edge, border (literary)
s<al>idsíd go, take something along the edge of something (as a boat following a coastline)
Maranao
sisid hem, edge, rim
Malay
pe-sisir fringe, border, frontier of a country
Bahasa Indonesia
sisir ~ me-ñisir follow (the coast, etc.) , walk along the edge of something
SHWNG Numfor
sisər coast
Formosan Kavalan
sizu wooden ladle for stirring food in pot
WMP Balinese
sidu spoon, ladle, scoop
CMP Manggarai (West)
tisu eating spoon
Kamarian
siru scoop up
Proto-Ambon
*sidu ladle out
*sidu-t spoon
Kayeli
silu spoon
WMP Ilokano
sídok spoon
siduk-en to scoop with a spoon
Isneg
sídoʔ spoon
Tagalog
sírok spoon, ladle
Bikol
sídok spoon
i-sídok to take something with a spoon
Hanunóo
síruk spoon made from a section of coconut shell; made for children only
Iban
sidok spoon
Sundanese
sinduk coconut shell ladle
Javanese
sénḍok spoon
ñénḍok to eat, stir, dish up, etc. with a spoon
Balinese
sinduk spoon; use a spoon
Bare'e
sindu spoon, ladle
Tae'
siruk scoop up with a ladle; wooden spoon, eating spoon
pa-siruk to feed with a spoon
Kulisusu
mon-sidu to spoon something
Wolio
siru spoon, ladle
CMP Manggarai
sinduk dipper made of lontar leaf; bailer for scooping water from a boat
Boano₂
silu ladle
WMP Itbayaten
siroŋ shelter
ka-siroŋ-an sheltered place
Isneg
síduŋ the space under the house
Casiguran Dumagat
sidúŋ ground under a house; yard
Tagalog
síloŋ ground floor; basement; the lowest storey of a building; downstairs; under the house
i-síloŋ to take or bring animals or things to shelter, against the sun, rain or storm
Bikol
síroŋ the under part of a house; basement, cellar; the shelter of a tree
Hanunóo
síruŋ a location with reference to something above it; hence the space under or below a house, or underneath or below something
Maranao
siroŋ shade; under something; put in shade
Ida'an Begak
siruŋ shade
mə-niruŋ to shade
Javanese
siruŋ dark, heavily shaded
Proto-Sangiric
*siduŋ to shelter
Sangir
siruŋ large leaf used as a rain shelter; to shelter
WMP Itbayaten
pa-siroŋ-en to shelter, provide shelter
Tagalog
pa-siluŋ-in to allow someone to take shelter; to give shelter to
WMP Itbayaten
siroŋ-an to shelter
Tagalog
siluŋ-án shelter; something that covers or protects from rain or the heat of the sun; haven, place of shelter and safety
WMP Ilokano
siga-án to ignite a match
Aklanon
síga to sparkle, shine
Hiligaynon
síga to glow, shine
Cebuano
síga bright, giving off intense illumination; bright-eyed, or having big, round eyes; to burn bright; for the lights to be on; for the eyes to be big or bright; for the eyes to be wide, glaring at someone
Maranao
siga shine, lustre, light
Binukid
siga bright, giving off intense illumination; to shine, burn brightly; (for lights) to be on
tag-siga-siga to glitter, sparkle
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
siǥa to shine or flash, of a firefly, a flashlight, or a light in the distance
CMP Sika
siga-riga light, as the light coming out of the east
WMP Ilokano
s<in>igáŋ dish made with fish cooked in a sour broth (tamarind, etc.)
pag-sigáŋ sour ingredients used to make a s
Ayta Abellan
higaŋ to cook fish, shrimp, or pork with something sour (like adding tomatoes, tamarind, guava, etc.)
Tagalog
sigáŋ placing cooking utensils on a stove or fire prior to cooking something
s<in>igáŋ a stew of either fish or meat with plenty of broth and condiments
Aklanon
sígaŋ to make fish and vegetable soup
s<in>igáŋ soup made with fish and vegetables
WMP Cebuano
sígaw noisy, making a disturbance
Maranao
sigaw throw into confusion, make chaotic
Iban
sigau disordered, disturbed; haunted
WMP Casiguran Dumagat
sígay generic word for several species of sea shells (cones, scallops and cowries)
Pangasinan
sígay cowrie shell
Tagalog
sígay shell of small snails; cowrie
Hanunóo
sígay cowries, especially “money cowry” (Cypraea moneta Linn.)
Romblomanon
sigáy a gold-ringed cowry mollusk, genus Monetaria
Masbatenyo
sígay cowrie shell
Aklanon
sigáy sea shell --- used as toy by children or as gambling pieces by some gamblers
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
siǥey small sea shells which are used medicinally for swollen breasts or nipples after having been heated in the fire and fanned
Mansaka
sigay kind of saltwater snail (this kind of ocean snail has a spotted light brown cylindrical shell with a slit on the underside; its flesh is inedible; it is used as a children’s toy)
Malay (Brunei)
takoyoŋ sigay a shell, Cypraea
Malay
sigay a shellfish with a star-like shell
Karo Batak
sige kind of small crab
WMP Casiguran Dumagat
sigək-sigək to sob, to whimper
Bikol
mag-silók-sigók to sob
Karo Batak
siŋgek-en to choke, swallow the wrong way
Toba Batak
siŋgoh-an choke when gulping, swallow the wrong way
WMP Ilokano
sigpít clip, clasp; border of a basket; strip of bamboo that runs across a layer of taléb (overlapping bamboos)
i-sigpít to insert between, intercalate
sigpit-en to pinch, grip, grasp; put a clip on
Bikol
sigpít clips; pincers, tongs
mag-sigpít pick something up with tongs
ma-sigpít get caught or pinched by pincers
WMP Kapampangan
sigúk hiccough
Bikol
mag-silók-sigók to sob (Formosan only)
Formosan Pazeh
zihikay maggot
Paiwan
tikay maggot
WMP Cebuano
sihúd small fish trap made of flexible vines, used to scoop small fish from shallow waters; to fish with the sihud
Kadazan Dusun
sizud small round fishing net (like a porous basket with a handle)
Malay
siut a small handnet for catching prawns (in Brunei)
WMP Aklanon
panihóe whistle, whistling (with lips)
Hiligaynon
pa-nihúl a whistle
mag-pa-nihúl to whistle
pa-nihul-an to be whistled at
Iban
siul crested green wood partridge
punai siul pink-necked pigeon
Malay
siul whistle (with the mouth or beak, not with an instrument)
Toba Batak
ma-niul to whistle
OC Fijian
ciu to steam, of steam that finds its way out of an oven that is badly covered, or air from a punctured tire
ciul-aka to steam in this manner
WMP Kalinga
siːgom ant (McFarland 1977)
Ayta Abellan
hidem generic term for ant
Ayta Maganchi
hirəm small black biting ant
Bikol
siróm small red biting ant
sirom-ón to bite something, of this ant; to be covered with such ants
Masbatenyo
sírom small black ants
sirúm-on swarmed by black ants (as sugar)
Ida'an Begak
sidtom ant
Maloh
sinsam ant
Simalur
sixəm ant
Nias
sixõ ant; rat, mouse
Mentawai
sigäp ant
Sundanese
sirɨm the ordinary ant
Balinese
sidem small black ants, usually found on trees
Sasak
sidem ant, particularly the black ant
Tae'
sirrin ant
WMP Ilokano
sígi to sieve, sift, screen
Isneg
ma-nixī to separate broken kernels from the rest by winnowing
mag-sixī to select
sig-sixī to winnow, to fan
Kankanaey
sígi to separate (husked rice) from ashes, unhusked rice, etc., shaking the van
Casiguran Dumagat
sidí sift rice in a rice winnowing tray
Tagalog
silí sift; sieve (Laktaw 1914)
Kadazan Dusun
sii to sift with a woven tray-like basket
Ida'an Begak
siri sort grains with winnowing tray
Simalur
sixi to sift, strain, as rice
Karo Batak
sigi winnow rice for the second time
Nias
man-sixi to shake (in winnowing)
mo-sixi to quiver, tremble
Balinese
sidi kind of sieve; put through a sieve
Proto-Sangiric
*sidi to separate grain
Tae'
siri winnow, shake in a winnowing basket to separate the chaff from the grain
CMP Kambera
hiri to cleanse, separate by winnowing
WMP Karo Batak
sik rustling of ripe rice-ears in the wind
Tae'
sik rustling of ripe rice ears in the wind
WMP Hanunóo
síka shout or yell used to drive cats away
CMP Sika
síka to chase away chickens
WMP Tagalog
sikad energy, force, potency
Cebuano
síkad propel something with the feet, bending the knees and kicking the legs; to pedal; have two fighting cocks spar by holding them by the tail and allowing their legs to scratch or kick the ground
Iban
sikar active (in games) (Scott 1956)
Toba Batak
sihar cheerful, alert
Sangir
sikadeʔ in cockfighting, to place two cocks together to see whether they have a strong desire to fight or not
WMP Ilokano
ag-síkad to strut, walk with the head erect and body bent backward; to peddle a paddleboat
Bontok
síkad to push against something with the feet in order to provide pressure when leaning back against something; to kick; to push with the feet
Kankanaey
i-síkad to set one’s foot against a point of support, as in order to pull or lift up something
sikád-an point of support for the feet
Ifugaw
hīkad act of pushing, bumping, striking, kicking something with one’s foot or feet (as in bumping one’s foot against a stone to move it out of the way, stamping into the mud of a rice field to avoid sliding when one is about to hurl a spear toward an adversary
Ifugaw (Batad)
hīʔad for someone to brace the foot, as when walking in a swift current, or pushing something heavy
Ibaloy
sikad to stamp one’s foot or feet (as an impatient horse, children marching, frustrated person)
i-síkad to stamp (purposive, as to remove dust from shoes)
Kapampangan
sikad kick with force
Tagalog
síkad kick; a back kick; energy; force; potency; kick; recoil of a gun
s<um>íkad to kick; to recoil (as a gun)
Aklanon
síkad to press/push with one’s foot; brace oneself; to kick
Hiligaynon
síkad to kick with the foot
Cebuano
síkad propel something with the feet, bending the knees and kicking the legs; to pedal; have two fighting cocks spar by holding them by the tail and allowing their legs to scratch or kick the ground
pa-níkad push with the feet, exerting effort; kick the ground, as if eager to fight (as a bull); very eager to do something
Mansaka
sikad to set feet firmly (as to get strong support for pushing)
WMP Isneg
mag-síkād to stand up; to put one’s foot against some support (for exertion)
Bikol
mag-síkad to kick (as when swimming)
Tausug
mag-sikad to stretch out the legs
WMP Ifugaw
hikád-an the bulky block of wood, or a heavy stone, against which the weaver (who sits at the end of the weaving loom) presses her feet when weaving
Tagalog
sikár-an to kick someone
sikar-án to kick one another
Tausug
sikar-an to stretch out the legs (in reclining or relaxing)
WMP Itbayaten
mapa-sichaŋ astride the hips, supporting a child by the arm on the same side
Pangasinan
sikáŋ to stretch to the limit, take a very wide stride
Tagalog
síkaŋ crosspiece between posts of a house; anything like a wedge put crosswise into an opening to prevent it from closing in; keeping the eyes open to prevent falling asleep
Agutaynen
sikaŋ-kaŋ to be in the position of having one’s legs spread apart (as when slipping on a waxed floor)
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
sika-kaŋ sit with the legs spread wide apart
Tausug
siŋkaŋ characterized by spread legs
Lun Dayeh
ikaŋ was stepped over by someone
Iban
sika-sikaŋ with legs apart
WMP Ilokano
síkap sly, cunning, prudent, cautious
sikáp-an to fool, cheat, swindle; mislead; overreach
Isneg
síkap artifice, strategem, trick, deceptive device
Bontok
síkap smart; clever; one who is able to extricate himself from difficult situations
Ibaloy
sikap craft, guile, cunning
Pangasinan
sikáp cunning; to spy on
Maranao
sikap search, find, examine; grope for
Mansaka
sikap to search for; to look over; to test; to examine
WMP Tagalog
síkap diligence, zeal
Ngaju Dayak
ba-sikap dextrous, skilled, nimble
Toba Batak
sihap agile, skillful
WMP Ilokano
sikát celebrity; popular guy
Agta (Eastern)
síkat sunrise
sikát popular (< Tagalog)
Bontok
ʔi-síkat to show off; to skite; to make a public display of one’s possessions or attainments
Casiguran Dumagat
sikat to rise, of the sun
sikat-an East
Pangasinan
síkat brilliance, glitter, splendor
Tagalog
sikát brilliant; at the zenith
i-pag-pa-síkat to sport; to display, etc., in order to attract attention
pag-síkat rising (as of the sun, moon or stars); splendor, brilliance
ka-sikat-án heyday; period of greatest renown; notoriety; being widely known
Bikol
sikát the best, great, tops; a hit
gíboŋ-sikát a feat
pa-sikát ostentatious, pretentious
pa-sikat-án to show off to
pa-sikat-ón to show something off; to flaunt
Masbatenyo
sikát ostentatious, pretentious (< Tagalog)
mag-sikát boastful; show off, become pretentious, become flamboyant, act in a grandiose way
Aklanon
sikát popular, popularly accepted; “cool”, “groovy”, “neat”
Cebuano
síkat cocky, showing off one’s good looks or posture; worthy of praise or envy
pa-síkat to show off
WMP Bontok
pa-síkat to show off; to skite; to make a public display of one’s possessions or attainments
Tagalog
pa-síkat a showing off; a show
Aklanon
pa-síkat to be a show-off, exhibit one’s prowess conceitedly
WMP Pangasinan
síkat brush-like instrument for polishing floors, etc., made from halved coconut husk
Maranao
síkat a brush; to brush
Mansaka
sikat to card cotton fibers in preparation for weaving
Mapun
síkat a small brush (made from a coconut husk used for scrubbing one’s body or nails when bathing)
Yakan
mag-sikat to treat threads before using them in weaving; in old times the thread, especially silk, that was going to be used in weaving was treated with a soupy, overcooked rice mixture in order to make the threads more durable (i.e. to prevent the threads from fraying or breaking), to stiffen them; it was brushed on with a piece of coconut husk
Ngaju Dayak
sikat a brush
ma-ñikat to brush
Iban
sikat stretch and brush new thread after sizing, brush for thread
Malay
sikat comb, harrow (used for combing or cleaning the hair; combs stuck in the hair for ornament only are sisir); also used for a ‘comb’ or bunch of bananas
Toba Batak
sihat a bunch of bananas
Sundanese
sikat bunch of bananas; brush, scrubbing brush, polisher
sa-sikat one bunch of bananas
ñikat to brush
Javanese
sikat brush
sikat-an object used as a brush; to use a brush
ñikat to brush (as the teeth)
Balinese
sikat brush, scrubber, polisher
ñikat to brush
Sasak
sikat a brush
ñikat to brush
Sangir
sikatəʔ a brush
ma-nikatəʔ to brush
WMP Tiruray
siŋkeb cover of a rice pot
Javanese
sikeb cover the eyes with something (hands, cloth, etc.)
WMP Chamorro
sihek Micronesian kingfisher: Halcyon cinnamomina
OC Manam
siko bird with short body, red beak and head, black wings and long white tail
Tawala
diko kingfisher
Nukuria
te-hiko White-headed kingfisher: Halcyon saurophaga
Bauro
a-sigo Halcyon spp.
Mota
sigo a kingfisher; a bird of a sacred character
Paamese
a-sio Halcyon chloris
Tongan
siko-tā Halcyon chloris
WMP Itbayaten
sichep a species of migratory bird: Butastur indicus
Bikol
sikóp bird species, ash-colored with yellow eyes
Cebuano
síkup bird of prey
mata ug síkup hawk-eyed
Maranao
sikep grey bird of prey
Malay
laŋ sikap hawk; a name for Accipitrinae (esp. Accipiter virgatus) and Falconidae; it does not cover eagles
Balinese
sikep a hawk, kite
sikep palalyan hawk for hunting
Proto-Minahasan
*sikəp kind of hawk
WMP Tagalog
sikíp tightness (of clothing); congestion; to become overcrowded or full, as a vehicle
ma-sikíp crowded
Malay
baju sikap coat indicating readiness for duty or that the wearer is on duty; a short coat, tight about the body and tight-sleeved; worn in Java it means that a man is decently dressed (and so available for work), and is not in sarong and singlet
Old Javanese
sikep catching, gripping, seizing, taking on, tackling, coming to grips
s<um>ikep to seize, catch, grasp
Javanese
sikep a short loose woolen coat for ceremonial occasions, worn e.g. by a bridegroom at his wedding
ñikep to embrace
sikep-sikep-an to grapple with each other
WMP Ngaju Dayak
siŋket fit well (clothes)
CMP Manggarai
ciket sticky, adhesive
Sika
hiket pinch, clench; insert something between
WMP Bontok
sikí leg and foot; wheel of a vehicle; leg of a table or chair
Kankanaey
sikí foot; leg; paw; claw; talon
Romblomanon
siki the foot and/or leg of an animal, bird, person; the leg of a bench, chair, table
Cebuano
sikí fetlock, a thumb-like projection above the foot in the legs of animals
Mansaka
siki leg, foot
Tausug
siki foot
mag-siki to walk, go by foot, hike; a foot (either the standard measurement or the length of a person’s foot)
OC Loniu
i-si s/he farts
Nali
si-si break wind, fart
Titan
ci to fart
Sori
siy to fart
Mbula
si break wind, fart
Nggela
higi to break wind
higi-ti to break wind
Toqabaqita
siɁi pass wind, fart
Arosi
siɁi break wind
Bauro
sigi break wind
WMP Ibaloy
meki-sikil to contend with others for s.t.
sikil-en to push something, someone aside, get ahead of someone
Pangasinan
síkil síkil
Tagalog
sikíl pushing and jostling, esp. with the elbows and shoulders; oppression, ill-treatment
OC Tabar
ciko grasshopper
Lau
siko grasshopper
Toqabaqita
siko generic for a class of insects that includes locusts, grasshoppers, stick insects, mantises, and cicadas
Kwara'ae
siko grasshopper
OC Manam
siko bird with short body, red beak and head, black wings and long white tail
Tawala
diko kingfisher
Bauro
(a)sigo Halcyon spp.
Mota
sigo kingfish, a bird of a sacred character
WMP Bontok
siksik to remove one’s own headlice by feel only
Kankanaey
siksik-an to delouse; to catch lice
Ibaloy
siksik search in the hair with one’s fingers for lice and lice eggs
Ayta Abellan
hikhik to remove lice from one’s hair, delouse
Cebuano
siksík go over an area in systematic detail to search for something, ignoring no inch
hiN-siksík for birds and fowls to preen their feathers; search for nits in the head by running the strands of hair between thumb and forefinger
Maranao
sisik take out head lice
Malay
s-el-isék picking lice out of the hair; preening the feathers (of a bird)
Old Javanese
sisik peck oneself, scratch oneself (bird looking for lice)
Balinese
siksik to look at something very closely, seek something closely (e.g. lice)
Sasak
ñe-ñisik delouse oneself
Bare'e
sisi search for lice with the fingers
Chamorro
sesse (< *sehseh) delouse
WMP Ibaloy
me-niksik search in the hair with one’s fingers for lice and lice eggs
Toba Batak
ma-nisik delouse the head
Old Javanese
a-nisik to peck, scratch
a-nisik-i to delouse
Bare'e
ma-nisi search for lice with the fingers
WMP Ilokano
siksík scale (of fish, etc.)
Ayta Abellan
hikhik scales on a fish; to remove the scales
Hanunóo
siksík scales of fish, reptiles, or birds
Maranao
sisik shell of tortoise
Ngaju Dayak
tisik fish scales
ma-nisik to scale fish
Malagasy
sísika the scales of fish
ma-nísika to remove the scales of fish
Iban
tisik scale (of fish, etc.); scale-like pattern
nisik to scale fish
Malay
sisek scale of fish, armadillo or dragon; shell of turtle
Karo Batak
sisik scales of fish, lizards, etc.
er-sisik scaled, removed, of the scales
Toba Batak
sisik scales of fish and snakes
Rejang
Rejang sisiʔ
Old Javanese
sisik scales
a-sisik with scales
s<in>isik shaped like scales
Balinese
siksik scales (of fish), scurf (in hair)
siksik-in be scaly
Sasak
sisik to scale (fish)
Gorontalo
t<ol>itiʔo scales of a fish
Tae'
sissik scale of a fish or a snake, scales on the legs of a chicken; sickness that produces scaly skin, Tinea imbricata; overlap one another like scales
Wolio
sisi fish scale
CMP Manggarai
cicik strip off the bark, skin
Rembong
sisik turtle shell; bracelet made of turtle shell; fish scale; to skin (as a goat); to debark (a tree)
Ngadha
sisi remove flesh from bones; to peel, to husk, to scale; to open a wound
OC Fijian
cici to separate the pulp of a coconut, or the flesh of a fish from its shell with the point of a knife
WMP Ilokano
siksik-an to remove the scales of
Malagasy
sisíh-ana to be scaled, to be taken off, as the scales of fish
Balinese
siksik-an the hairy pubis
OC Cheke Holo
seku end part, extremity of long object, such as hair or leaves
Kokota
seku-na tail
Ughele
siku-na tail
Marovo
ciku-na tail
Vangunu
si-siku tail
Nggela
igu tail
igu-igu the last in a dance
Ghari
hiu-na tail
Longgu
iku-iku tail
Tikopia
siku-siku tail
Tongan
hiku tail (especially of fish or reptile); end (e.g. of rope or string); tip (of a leaf); lower end
hiku-hiku top(s) or tip(s) projecting upwards; tip (of a branch), topmost branch (of a tree)
Niue
hiku end, tail; small end of a tree trunk usually cut into firewood
faka-hiku to make an end of, to destroy, to stop, to cause to cease; last
mata-hiku a twig, extremity, end
Futunan
iku be finished; transmitted (of information)
Samoan
siʔu tip, extremity
siʔu-siʔu tail (of a pig, rat, or other land animal)
faʔa-siʔu-siʔu extremity, very end of
Tuvaluan
iku end
iku-ŋa conclusion; end; decision
Kapingamarangi
hugu <A tail; the end (referring to the back of something)
Nukuoro
sugi <M tail
Rennellese
siku tail of animal or fish, but not of a bird; end, as of a word, or of the Lake; ending, suffix, sequel; to end, form a tail or end
haka-siku to bring to an end; to add, as a final verse to a song
Rarotongan
iku the tail of any animal, fish or bird; the end of any object (the tail end)
iku-kikau the end portion of a coconut leaf; this portion of the leaf was, in ancient times, placed on the stomach of a deceased person, being symbolic
Maori
hiku tail of a fish or reptile; rear of an army on march, or of a company of travellers; tip of a leaf, etc.; point; headwaters of a river
whaka-hiku to follow on, commence
hiku-hiku eaves of a house
Hawaiian
hiʔu hind part or tail section of a fish, considered less delicious than the head or front section; caudal fin; to break wind
hiʔu- hiʔu last bits of odds and ends; remnants of matting strips that must be cut off after plaiting is finished; ends of knots in plaiting; wispy end of a braid
WMP Ngaju Dayak
sikok stiff and bent (of the arm through arthritis, etc.)
Balinese
séŋkok have a stiff arm
CMP Tetun
ka-sikuk bent, of a tree or beam
WMP Ilokano
sikuán wooden tablet with notches in which thread is wound
Bontok
sikwan the shuttle used in weaving with a back loom
Kankanaey
sikuán shuttle, netting needle
Bikol
sikoʔán shuttle of loom
mag-sikoʔán to wrap thread around the shuttle
Mansaka
sikwan thread holder
Kadazan Dusun
sikuvan spindle, needle for making nets (holds the thread)
Kenyah
sekuan a spool
WMP Tagalog
pa-sikut-sikot roundabout, sinuously
Bikol
síkot-síkot zig-zag
Javanese
sikut elbow
Balinese
sikut elbow
CMP Manggarai
sikot *u > o unexplained corner of a house
WMP Subanun (Sindangan)
mɨ-sikut narrow
Tae'
sikkuʔ narrow
Formosan Kavalan
siku elbow
Saisiyat
hikoʔ elbow
Proto-Atayalic
*hikuʔ elbow
Pazeh
ziku elbow
Amis
ciko elbow; intersection, corner
Puyuma
siku elbow
WMP Yami
siko elbow; pattern on a boat, nook
Itbayaten
sichoh elbow
Ilokano
síko elbow
ag-s<inn>íko to elbow one another
Isneg
síko the elbow; corner, angle; each of the four corners at the bottom of a basket
Itawis
síku elbow
mas-síku to hit with one’s elbow
Bontok
síku elbow; any sharp angle; the measurement between the elbows of one’s outstretched arms
Kankanaey
síko elbow
Ifugaw
híku elbow; also applied to paths, roads, ricefield dikes, things that are provided with projections, that resemble an elbow
Ifugaw (Batad)
hīʔu the elbow of a person
Casiguran Dumagat
sikó elbow
Ibaloy
siko elbow
Ilongot (Kakiduge:n)
siku elbow
Pangasinan
sikó elbow
Ayta Abellan
siko elbow
Ayta Maganchi
hiko elbow
Kapampangan
síko elbow
Tagalog
síko the elbow
sikó a nudge, a slight jog with the elbow
Bikol
síko elbow
mag-síko to elbow; to poke with the elbow
ma-síko to get poked with the elbow
Hanunóo
síku elbow
Romblomanon
sīku someone’s elbow
Masbatenyo
síko elbow
Aklanon
síko elbow
síku to elbow, hit with elbow
Waray-Waray
síko elbow
sikó the act of elbowing
pag-sikó the act of elbowing
Hiligaynon
síko elbow
mag-síku to elbow, to nudge
Palawan Batak
siko elbow
Cebuano
síku elbow; a unit of measurement reckoned from the tip of the middle finger to the elbow, used to measure yarn
Mamanwa
sikoh elbow
Maranao
siko elbow
Binukid
siku elbow; to nudge (someone) with the elbow
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
siku elbow
Mansaka
siko elbow; to strike with the elbow
Tiruray
sigew an elbow; to elbow
Mapun
siku elbow
Yakan
siku elbow
Tboli
sigu elbow
ketel sigu said of someone who gives something to someone and then partakes of it also (lit. ‘itchy elbow’)
Tausug
siku elbow (the belief of the old people is that if someone gives something to someone and then takes it back, his elbow will rot)
Kadazan Dusun
siku elbow
Murut (Timugon)
siku elbow
Ida'an Begak
siku elbow
Bisaya (Lotud)
siku elbow
Kelabit
iuh elbow
ŋ-iuh to elbow, knock with the elbow
Narum
ihaw elbow
Dali'
ikaw elbow
Kenyah
siku elbow
ñiku to elbow
Murik
ikuʔ elbow
Kayan
hikoʔ elbow
Bintulu
sikəw elbow
Melanau (Mukah)
sikəw elbow
Ngaju Dayak
siko elbow; like an elbow (that is, bent)
sa-siko carpenter’s square
Iban
siku elbow
Malay
siku elbow; sharp angle
siku jalan sharp turn in the road, hairpin bend
burok siku making gifts and then wanting them back (lit. ‘rotten elbowed’)
siku ber-ulat making gifts and then wanting them back (lit. ‘maggoty elbowed’)
Gayō
siku elbow
Alas
siku elbow
Simalur
siʔu elbow; forearm; hand; push someone back with the elbow
Karo Batak
siku projecting corner, point
Nias
siʔu elbow
taliŋa ziʔu a measurement from the elbow to the tip of the longest finger
Sundanese
siku elbow; also a measure from the elbow to the fingertip
ñiku knock with the elbow; form a sharp bend or curve
Old Javanese
siku (right) angle, line with an angular bend; elbow
si-siku elbow
siku lalawa acute angle (‘bat’s elbow’)
Javanese
siku a right angle; to form a right angle (with), be perpendicular (to); triangle (implement for checking right angles)
ñiku forming a right angle, perpendicular
se-siku notch, cut, gap
Madurese
seko elbow
ñeko knock with the elbow
Balinese
siku elbow, cubit, ell
Sasak
siku elbow
Proto-Sangiric
*siku elbow
Sangir
siku elbow, corner (inner or outer)
Proto-Minahasan
*siku elbow
Mongondow
siku elbow, corner
toŋo siku an elbow-length: a measure from the middle finger to the elbow of the same arm (some say this is a longer measure from the middle finger to the elbow of the opposite arm)
Gorontalo
siku right-angled carpenter’s tool
Totoli
siku elbow
Dampelas
siʔu elbow
Balaesang
siku elbow
Bare'e
siku elbow
mo-siku form a right angle
san-ciku an ell, from the tip of the middle finger to the elbow
Tae'
siku elbow; carpenter’s square (< Malay); a measure from the tip of the middle finger to the elbowy); a measure from the tip of the middle finger to the elbow
Makassarese
siku elbow; carpenter’s square
añ-ñiku treat with a carpenter’s square; knock with the elbow
as-siku triangular
Wolio
siku elbow, angle, triangle, ruler (folding)
Muna
siku elbow, cubit; brace, subsidiary timbers to strengthen the frame; be elbow-shaped; to nudge, hit with the elbow
CMP Manggarai
ciku elbow; an ell, distance from the tip of the middle finger to the elbow
Rembong
siku elbow; an ell, distance from the tip of the middle finger to the elbow; carpenter’s square
Ngadha
siku elbow; curve, bend; an ell, distance from the tip of the middle finger to the elbow
siku séké go in a zigzag path
Lamaholot
hiku ~ siku elbow
Kambera
hiu elbow; bend, curve
Tetun
siku ~ sikun elbow; corner, angle; to strike with the elbow
lia nia sikun a word’s meaning
rai sikun a cape or promontory (rai = ‘land’)
tasi sikun a bay or gulf (tasi = ‘sea’)
Wetan
iki elbow; to hook on, to hitch on
Selaru
siku elbow
Yamdena
na-siku carry on the upper arm
Fordata
n-siku carry on the upper arm
Asilulu
siku elbow; corner
luma siku-n the corner of the house
Manipa
siu-n elbow
Boano₂
siu elbow
Buruese
siku yard, half-fathom
siku-h to bend something
Soboyo
siku elbow
OC Motu
diu elbow
WMP Kadazan Dusun
ko-siku can knock with the elbow
Old Javanese
ka-siku to prod or jab with the elbow
WMP Bikol
maka-síko to get poked with the elbow
Nias
maʔa-siʔu distance from the elbow to the tip of the outstretched hand
WMP Kadazan Dusun
po-niku to knock with elbow
Karo Batak
pe-niku a mini-fathom, from the fingertips of one hand to the elbow of another arm (thus an esta [distance from the tip of the middle finger to the elbow] less than a depa)
Old Javanese
pa-niku one’s ‘right hand’ helper (‘he who occupies the place of the elbow’)
WMP Kelabit
p-iuh to knock one another with the elbow
Kayan
pe-hikoʔ elbowing one another (as in a soccer game)
Nias
fa-siʔu knock something with the elbow
Bare'e
po-siku have bends or curves (as a river)
CMP Manipa
pa-siu nudge with the elbow
WMP Kadazan Dusun
s<in>iku be knocked with an elbow
Old Javanese
s<in>iku-siku to prod or jab with the elbow; (of a path) with sharp bends, zigzag
Formosan Kavalan
s<m>iku to push strongly with the elbow
WMP Tagalog
s<um>ikó to elbow; to push, nudge or jog with the elbow
Kelabit
m-iuh to accidentally knock with the elbow
Sangir
sən-s<um>iku measurement from the tip of the middle finger to the opposite elbow
Tae'
s<um>iku-miku flee by running in a zigzag manner
WMP Cebuano
sikúh-an to nudge each other with the elbows
Nias
siʔu-a shuttle (in weaving and repairing of nets)
WMP Ilokano
sikú-en to elbow, hit with the elbow
Bontok
sikú-wən to elbow; to dig with one’s elbow
Casiguran Dumagat
sikó-n to jab with the elbow
Ibaloy
siko-en to elbow, strike someone with the elbow
Tagalog
sikuh-ín to elbow; to push, nudge or jog with the elbow; to put someone in an embarrassing situation (often through criticism)
Bikol
sikóʔ-on to elbow; to poke with the elbow
Masbatenyo
sikuh-ón be elbowed, be hit with an elbow, be nudged with an elbow
Hiligaynon
síkúʔ-un to elbow, to nudge
Cebuano
sikh-ún to nudge with the elbow
Kadazan Dusun
sikuv-on to be knocked with an elbow
WMP Malay
siku-siku carpenter’s square; little pieces of wood adjoining the thwarts in a Malay boat
Karo Batak
siku-siku elbow
Sundanese
siku-siku ~ si-siku a piece of wood used to support a building, prop; carpenter’s square, triangle
Old Javanese
siku-siku carpenter’s square
Balinese
siku-siku a set square (used by carpenters)
Sasak
siku-siku carpenter’s square
WMP Kiput
silah dazzling
CMP Proto-Ambon
*sila-n lightning
OC Fijian
cila to shine, of heavenly bodies
WMP Ngaju Dayak
sila what is split off; part
Bare'e
sila cleave, split, cut lengthwise
WMP Mansaka
silad palm fan
Lun Dayeh
ilad a variety of palm tree with leaves used for making fans
m-ilad to flatten palm leaves
Kelabit
ilad kind of palm, the leaves of which are used for making hats
Kenyah
silat leaf of the sang palm (used for making wide-brimmed hat)
WMP Aklanon
sílak sunshine, sunlight; to shine (of the sun)
Hiligaynon
sílak rays of the sun, heat of the sun
mag-sílak to shine brightly
silák-an to shine brightly
Cebuano
silak for the sun to be shining clear and bright
Toba Batak
si<l>lak bright, white
CMP Kambera
hila to glow, gleam, flame
ka-hila-ku to blaze up brightly
OC Fijian
cila to shine, of the heavenly bodies
WMP Ilokano
siláp a plow with a glossy share and moldboard
s-um-iláp flash, sparkle, shine, glossy or lustrous, glisten, glitter (metals, silk, etc.)
Bontok
siláp sparkle, flash, as the blade of a freshly sharpened bolo
CMP Manggarai
cilap dazzle the eyes
Formosan Puyuma
silaɁ cut in two, tear apart (as cloth)
WMP Ayta Abellan
hilaʔ shining of sun or moon; rays of sun or moon
Kiput
siləyʔ split (intr.)
Kapuas
na-ñilaʔ split
Mentawai
sila to split
Javanese
silah separate
Bare'e
sila cleave, split lengthwise
CMP Buruese
sila-h split (firewood, etc.), split open or apart
WMP Maranao
silaʔ catch on fire, explode
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
silaʔ of the sun or moon, to rise
Tiruray
silaʔ (of the moon) to wax; lightning; to flash
Bilaan (Sarangani)
silaʔ lightning
CMP Proto-Ambon
*sila-n lightning
OC Fijian
cila to shine, of heavenly bodies
WMP Ilokano
sílag Corypha elata, buri palm used to make mats
ka-silag-an grove of buri palms
Bontok
sílag a hat with a wide brim
Tiruray
siror buri palm: Corypha elata Roxb.
Tboli
silól buri palm, the leaves of which are used for weaving baskets, mats and hats
Proto-Sangiric
*silaR a palm: Corypha spp.
Sangir
silahəʔ lontar palm: Corypha umbraculifera, a fan palm; the fronds are used for all kinds of plaiting
WMP Malay
main silat a fencing-dance without weapons (if weapons are held in the hand the dance is known as main pəncak)
ber-silat to dance a weaponless war dance
Balinese
silat to fence, fencing (as a sport)
Tae'
silaʔ parry a blow or push; to fence
WMP Kalagan
silatan east
Iban
aŋin selatan hot south wind of the burning-off season
Malay
selatan south; explained as "the direction in which the straits lie"
WMP Ilokano
sílaw light
ma-nílaw to light, fish with a light
pa-nílaw light used for catching mudfish at night
silaw-an to light; illuminate; seek with a light
Itawis
silaw-án East
Bontok
síləw a pitch pine torch; to illuminate with a pitch pine torch
Tagalog
sílaw glare from a bright light; a feeling of inferiority
siláw dazzled, blinded by the glare of light; having an inferiority complex
maka-sílaw to glare; to shine strongly or unpleasantly; to shine so as to hurt
Bikol
ma-sílaw bright, glaring
mag-sílaw to brighten; to become brighter; to flash; to reflect light
Cebuano
sílaw ray, beam of emitted light; to shine, emit rays of light
ka-sílaw brilliance
Mansaka
silaw to illuminate brightly; shine brightly
Iban
silaw dazzled; hence dim-sighted from glare
Malay
silaw dazzled by glare, e.g. by the sun, or by the flash of a sword
Toba Batak
silo dazzling glare, dazzlingly bright
silo-an mata be temporarily blinded by dazzling light
Javanese
silo blinded by glare
Proto-South Sulawesi
*silo light, glare
Makassarese
silo glimmer (of sun, moon, lamp, fire)
appa-silo hold the hand over the eyes (as to peer toward the sun)
OC Samoan
tilo ray or beam of light (e.g. coming through a chink in a coconut-leaf Venetian blind)
WMP Itbayaten
ma-silaw shiny, dazzling
Tagalog
ma-sílaw to be dazzled or dazed; to be made to feel inferior
Agutaynen
ma-silaw glaring, as of a bright light, or light being reflected off something
Karo Batak
me-silo sensitive to light, of the eyes
WMP Ayta Abellan
hilem afternoon
h<om>ilem evening
Tagalog
sílim dusk
pag-si-sílim becoming dark; nightfall
takip-sílim twilight; the faint light reflected from the sky before the sun sets
Malay
silam gloom, obscurity; the shades of evening
Karo Batak
silem-silem do something in a secretive way
Javanese
silem duck under water; vanish in the distance
Balinese
silem dive, go under water, sink; disappear (of the moon at the end of the month)
Mongondow
silom fade, become invisible (as stars at the rising of the sun); blinded by glare
WMP Balinese
sileŋ look away from; (Middle Balinese) squint
Wolio
silo give a sideways glance, look from the corner of the eye
CMP Manggarai
cileŋ narrow (of the eyes)
WMP Bontok
siláb to place a fire underneath something in order to blacken it
ma-silab-an to have areas of dark skin pigmentation, as the skin of a pregnant woman
Pangasinan
man-siláb to burn leaves, papers, etc.
Kapampangan
siláb fire, holocaust
ma-ñiláb to set fires
Tagalog
siláb blaze (especially from burning garbage); fire, conflagration
mag-siláb to build and start a bonfire
ma-siláb to catch on fire, to blaze
silab-án to set on fire
Cebuano
siláb set fire to, put something burning close to something else
Binukid
silɁab to put something burning close to something else; for fire to catch onto something; to catch on fire
WMP Bontok
silə́t fit tightly, as clothes
Kankanaey
silét tighten, draw tighter
Kayan
hilet tight-fitting -- of clothes, and generally
WMP Bontok
síli to dazzle, as the sun
Ifugaw
híli strong, dazzling rays of the sun
CMP Manggarai
cili-celap dazzled by glare; sparkle, flash, shine
WMP Cebuano
silib appear as if coming out from hiding
pa-silib peep, look at while remaining hidden; look furtively out of the corner of the eyes
Balinese
silib secret, kept hidden; be unnoticed, sly
Sasak
silib secret, clandestine
WMP Ilokano
sili-sili Solanum luzoniense Merr.
Subanon
sili-sili Solanum nigrum L.
CMP Rotinese
silu to lift, raise, uncover, bare
Buruese
silu-h to raise, lift
WMP Dali'
ilaw claw
Bukat
silu fingernail
Lahanan
silow fingernail
Ngaju Dayak
silo fingernail, toenail (of humans), claw (of cat, dog, bird, etc.)
Ba'amang
siluʔ fingernail, claw
Katingan
siluʔ fingernail, claw
Delang
silu fingernail
Karo Batak
silu-silu fingernail, claw
Toba Batak
si-silo-n (< *si-silu-an) fingernail, toenail; claw of an animal or bird
WMP Ilokano
sillók arched, bent into the shape of an arch
Kayan
siluk corner of a room; crevice
Old Javanese
siluk bend, twist, concavity, dip, gap, inlet, cove, recess
Balinese
siluk wind in and out, have many curves
WMP Pangasinan
síloŋ under, underneath, space under house; ground floor; to put under
Ayta Abellan
hiloŋ under
Mansaka
siloŋ to find shade; to take shelter (as from rain)
WMP Yami
silo scoop up, fish for, catch
Itbayaten
silo idea of netting; a certain type of net (with handle)
man-silo to scoop with net once, to net
Ilokano
sílo lasso, noose, snare
silu-an to lasso, to ensnare
ma-silu-an to be ensnared, caught in a trap
Agta (Eastern)
sílo loop, lasso, collar; trap made of loops for birds, pigs or deer
Isneg
sílo noose
Casiguran Dumagat
sílo loop, lasso, collar
Ayta Abellan
hilo rope of hallong trap (trap for wild chicken); to trap with a rope
Tagalog
síloʔ loop; the shape of a curved string, ribbon or bent wire that crosses itself; noose; look with a slipknot that tightens as the string or rope is pulled; lariat, lasso; a long rope with a noose for catching horses, cattle, etc.; net; a trap or snare
Bikol
síloʔ scoop net (used for catching fish in rivers and fish ponds
WMP Yami (Imorod)
ma-nilo scoop up, fish for, catch
Tagalog
ma-níloʔ to catch with a noose; to snare
WMP Itbayaten
silo-en to scoop with net, to catch (something) with net; to dip a net, to fish with net
Isneg
silow-ān to noose, to ensnare
Tagalog
silu-in to ensnare; to catch in a snare; to entrap
Bikol
silóʔ-on to catch fish with a scoop net
WMP Itbayaten
sima barb of a hook or gayang (harpoon)
Ibatan
sima barb of a spear, arrow or hook
Ilokano
síma barb (of a hook, arrow, etc.)
Ifugaw
híma barblike end of a fishhook
Tagalog
símaʔ barb; a side point on a spear or fishhook
Bikol
símaʔ barb of a fish hook, arrowhead
Hanunóo
símaʔ barb, barbed prong, as of an arrow point
Cebuano
símaɁ barb; glans penis (euphemism)
WMP Ilokano
sima-an barbed
Bikol
simaʔ-an to form a barb on
WMP Ilokano
sibúg water used for watering plants
sibug-an to water plants; baptize
Isneg
me-sibúg to pour (liquids) on something
Bontok
sibúg to water plants
Kankanaey
sibug-án to water; to irrigate; to besprinkle; to wet; to bedew; to soak
Ifugaw
hibúg sprinkling of water
Ifugaw (Batad)
hibul a brothy moistener for cooked rice or sweet potatoes; for someone to moisten food such as rice or sweet potatoes with a brothy moistener, either in a spoon or in the mouth
Casiguran Dumagat
sibug-sibug to splash (of the splashing sound of a person or animal running in water)
Ibaloy
sibol to have a simple meal or snack that is composed of only a staple food (as rice, camote, bread) and a drink (as water, broth, coffee)
i-sipol to apply either the drink to the staple, or the staple to the drink
Malay
sibur ladling or scooping up; a shallow scoop of coconut shell
Minangkabau
simbur throwing water into the air so that it may fall in drops
Balinese
simbuh powder or liquid blown from the mouth by a healer as medicine; to blow out in this way; spit poison (some snakes)
OC Roviana
siburu to flap, as a sail; to sprinkle (water), to shake down or off
WMP Kankanaey
simtík smack lightly; smacking of tongue and lips
Iban
semetik click
WMP Wolio
simpa slanting, sloping
OC Tongan
hipa to be slanting, crooked, out of line, out of alignment or not parallel
Niue
hipa to slant slightly, to be askew, to list
Samoan
sipa slant, slope, be at an angle (to vertical or horizontal line)
WMP Tombonuwo
simpaŋ intersection, crossroads, confluence
simpaŋ nu suŋay fork of a river
Ngaju Dayak
simpaŋ fork (not used, however, by the Dayaks); a five-pointed spear used in spear fishing
Malay
sempaŋ branching off; turning off at an angle (of crossroads branching off in three, four, five or six directions; fig., of a man controverting another’s words)
Gayō
simpaŋ crossroads
Karo Batak
simpaŋ go to the side, take a side route
Toba Batak
si<r>paŋ side path
ma-ni<r>paŋ take a side path
Minangkabau
simpaŋ branching off; turning off at an angle (of crossroads branching off in three, four, five or six directions; fig., of a man controverting another’s words)
Rejang
sipaŋ a crossing, a turning
sipaŋ pat crossroads, a crossing of paths
Sundanese
simpaŋ turn to the side; go into exile
sumpaŋ-simpaŋ keep deviating from one’s path, going here and there
Old Javanese
simpaŋ deviating, deflecting, swerving from, branching off; branch (of river, road), by-road
a-nimpaŋ to deviate, deflect, leave the main road
Javanese
simpaŋ-an crossroads, intersection; fork or branch in a road
ñ-impaŋ to move aside and make way for
Balinese
simpaŋ stop on a walk, hence: enter a house; to wrong, deviate
tan simpaŋ do as is fitting, not deviate, be right
Sasak
simpaŋ (of a person) turn around; drop in on someone
Muna
simpa crosswise; deviate; strange
CMP Sika
simpaŋ cross-eyed; look askance at someone
OC Mota
sipa to turn aside
sipa nan turn aside from, err, go wrong
WMP Balinese
simpir edge, margin, rim
Bare'e
simpi edge, border, margin
Wolio
simpi edge, frame
WMP Ilokano
sípok small heap of harvested rice
Tiruray
simfuk gathered into a group
Kadazan Dusun
simpuk to heap up soil
mo-nimpuk to heap up soil on a bund
s<in>impuk a dike along a river
simpuk-on to be thrown down (as from a horse)
WMP Yami
simsim eat off the bones, eat crab, gnaw, nibble
nimsin-i eat off the bones, suck
Ibatan
simsim sample food or drink to test the quality or flavor of something
Ilokano
simsím to taste; test the quality; eat just a little
ka-simsím just weaned (animals)
maka-simsím to have a taste of
Itawis
sínsim taste
mas-sínsim to taste
Bontok
simsim to taste, with a sipping noise
Pangasinan
símsim to try, taste
Tagalog
simsím taking a little of something to try the taste; enjoying something pleasant
Bikol
ma-simsím to get bitten by a goose
simsim-ón to feed on or eat (geese)
Cebuano
simsím taste a liquid in small sips (as a bee sipping nectar)
Maranao
sinsim to graze, eat
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
sisim of a fowl, to drink
sisim-an a watering place for wild animals
WMP Atta (Pamplona)
simuk mouth
Maranao
simod muzzle, snout
Tausug
simud mouth
Iban
sumit <M moustache
WMP Ilokano
ma-simút to have nothing left
simut-én to take all; finish off (leftovers, etc.)
Bontok
simút to be all used up, as salt
Pangasinan
simót to gather food particles left on one’s plate by scraping plate with finger and eating every morsel; person having barely enough to eat
Tagalog
simót entirely consumed; completely used up; pickded up to the last grain, piece or item of things on the ground, floor, table or dish
mag-simót to scrape together or collect anything and everything left over
s<um>imót to pick up; to scrape up
simut-ín to pick up; to scrape up
Mansaka
simut to take all that remains (as of someone getting all the rest of the unharvested grain)
WMP Maranao
sinaŋ sunshine; shine, as the sun
Tboli
sinaŋ to shine, as polished glass or dazzling white clothes
Old Javanese
a-sinaŋ radiant, shining, brilliant, bright
WMP Maranao
sinar sunray, ray of light; reflection of light
Balinese
sinar radiance, shining
WMP Binukid
ma-sinaw shiny (as skin that has been oiled)
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
sinew to polish or shine something
Mansaka
sinaw shiny, polished
Bahasa Indonesia
sinaw s<əm>inaw shining
bər-sinaw-sinaw sparkle and shine
WMP Toba Batak
sindar beam of light, ray
Mongondow
sindar light, glow of light
CMP Buruese
sinda-h shine; illuminate, as by torch light
WMP Bulungan
bə-sindir lean on wall
Malay
sender to incline to one side
Toba Batak
seder slanting, inclined
WMP Ayta Abellan
hindol bumping or striking the head against something
Cebuano
sindul to kick away, nudge something with the toe of one’s foot
Maranao
sindol hit lightly, touch lightly
WMP Agutaynen
mag-pa-sineŋ to stare intently; carefully; to scrutinize
Kayan
(hi)neŋ face
ñineŋ to see
Kayan (Uma Juman)
hineŋ see
ñineŋ to see
WMP Ayta Abellan
hinʔek to hiccup
Bikol
sinʔók hiccup
mag-sinʔók to hiccup
Binukid
sinek-sinek to whimper
WMP Tagalog
sinták a game of toss and catch such as jackstones; pulling at or out with a jerk; the jerky, shaking motion in separating milled rice from the unmilled on a flat basket or sieve; a kind of fishing pole and line used especially by Visayan fishermen; pulsation of the heart
Cebuano
sinták pull a fishline or a line attached to a trap with a jerk
Ngaju Dayak
sintak a jerk (when pulling something)
Malay
sentak to jerk
tidur tər-sentak to start in one’s sleep
Toba Batak
sintak suddenly; pulled out with a jerk; yanked up; be struck by lightning
Minangkabau
sintak to jerk
Proto-Sangiric
*sintak to lift
Pendau
sintaɁ to grab, rob
Banggai
mon-sintak to pull, snare something
sintak to pull, jerk, snare
Proto-South Sulawesi
*sintak rapid, sudden movement
WMP Ilokano
ag-sintík to flick marbles
Bikol
mag-sintík to knock two things together so that a clicking sound is made (such as knocking two bottles, stones)
WMP Maranao
sintok touch, contact
Bahasa Indonesia
bər-sintuk to rub the body, as when bathing
Formosan Saisiyat
hæ-hilaL sun
Pazeh
lizax <M sun
Amis
cidal sun
ma-cidal shining, of the sun
pa-cidal to put out in the sun
Amis (Kiwit)
tsiɬal sun
Thao
tilhaz <M sun
pa-tilhaz expose to the sun, put something in the sun, as to dry it
WMP Malay
sinar banar radiance, brilliance
CMP Buruese
bana sina-n spark
WMP Agta (Dupaningan)
sinag sunlight; weather; summer
Isneg
sínāg sunshine; heat of the sun
s<um>ínāg the sun shines
Ifugaw
hínag reddish rays of the sun before evening darkness
Ifugaw (Batad)
hīnag an afterglow emitted by the sun’s rays after sunset
Casiguran Dumagat
sinág hot season, dry season
Isinay
sínag sun
mas-sínag to shine, of the sun
Pangasinan
sínag sunbeam, moonbeam, glow (of light), to beam (of the sun); to rise
ma-snág bright, brilliant (of light, stars, etc.)
Tagalog
sínag ray of light from the sun, moon, stars, a lamp, etc.; a gleam, a beam, a ray of light
s<um>ínag to gleam, to beam, to shine
sínag-an to beam or shine on
Bikol
ma-sínag describing the brightness of a newly-risen moon, the sun at dawn or dusk, the glow in the sky of a distant fire
Masbatenyo
sínag bright, shiny, brilliant, reflecting light
mag-sínag to give off this kind of light
Yakan
sinag to shine brightly (of a light, esp. the moon)
pa-sinag to shine (of sun and moon only)
Tausug
sinag brightness, radiance
Ida'an Begak
sinag shine
Lun Dayeh
inar-inar a bright red color (as of a fire)
m-inar bright red in color
Malay
sinar ray of light; gleam; radiance
ber-sinar to shine
Simalur
man-sinal dry something in the sun
Karo Batak
sinar matawari rays of the sun
er-sinar to shine, of the sun
sinar-meñinar to keep flashing, as a jeweled ring
Toba Batak
ma-ninar lay something in the open to dry
Old Javanese
s<um>inā shining, radiating
Javanese
sinar light, radiance
Balinese
sinah see clearly, be clear
Palauan
sils sun; day
CMP Asilulu
sina-t a ray of light
Larike
sina-na classifier for stripes, rays, long thin strips
Buruese
sina-n ray, as of light, beam; spark
SHWNG Numfor
sinar shine, luster, glitter
OC Nauna
sin sun
Penchal
sin sun
Motu
dina sun; day
dina adoata noon
Mekeo (East)
kina sun
Dobuan
sinara sun
Bugotu
hinara to shine, of moon, stars, firefly, lamp; a light
hina ota midday
Nggela
hina to glow, shine; sunlight, in the sun; hot weather, heat of the sun; summer; the sun (rare, usually aho)
Kwaio
sina sun
faʔa-sina-fia put out to dry in the sun
Lau
sina to shine, give light; meteor
sina-fi to shine on
sina-fia sunburn
sina-sina to glow; glowworm
Toqabaqita
sina of a source of light: shine, glow, give out light
sina-sina reflecting light: sparkle, glisten (as the sea catching sunbeams)
'Āre'āre
sina shine, brighten, phosphorescent; light, brightness
sina-ri shine (of moon and stars); moonlight, light of stars
Sa'a
sine to throw light with a torch; to use a torch of coconut leaves
sine-li to brighten; moonlight
Ulawa
sine to shine, of stars
Arosi
sina the sun; a torch
sina-ri to shine on; moonlight
Rotuman
sina light, lamp, star
Fijian
cina a lamp or torch
WMP Ilokano
i-síŋal to insert (a wedge, etc.)
Bontok
síŋal to push firewood into a fire
Bikol
siŋál a wedge
mag-siŋál to place a wedge under; to insert a wedge; to insert something through a narrow slit
Yakan
siŋal a shim, any object (paper, wood) one puts under something to prop it up
mag-siŋal to prop up something in order to keep it from moving (as one leg of a table that is shorter than the rest)
Tausug
siŋal a wedge, shim
mag-siŋal to put a wedge in (something), shim (something)
WMP Ngaju Dayak
siŋah torch, a burning piece of wood with which one illuminates the night
Minangkabau
siŋar ray of light; gleam; radiance
Makassarese
siŋaraɁ clear, bright; daylight; glow of a lamp; clear (of a concept)
OC Sa'a
siŋe-siŋe to shine, of the stars
Mota
siŋa to shine
siŋa-r to throw light upon, make to shine with reflected light
siŋa-rag to enlighten, illuminate
Wayan
siŋa be day, daylight in contrast to boŋi ‘night’; be fine, sunny, bathed in light or sunshine
Fijian
siŋa day, daylight, sun
siŋa levu midday
WMP Ayta Abellan
hiŋaw fumes, vapor, steam; the steam from boiling water
Kapampangan
siŋó to evaporate, steam, ooze
Tausug
siŋaw a leak (of air), the sound made by leaking air
WMP Bontok
siŋə́t insect bite or sting; to bite or sting, of an insect
Casiguran Dumagat
siŋet bee stinger; to sting
Bikol
siŋót, siŋhót to sting (bee), to strike (snake)
Kayan
hiŋet bee, wasp
Bukat
siŋot bumblebee
Balinese
siŋet sting, bite (insects)
WMP Agta (Eastern)
siŋót to sniff, snurf
Bikol
mag-siŋhot ~ mag-siŋot to sniff in mucus; to sniffle
Miri
siŋot nose
Iban
siŋut sniff, blow the nose; (poetic) to sob
siŋut-siŋut sniffling
WMP Itbayaten
pa-siñit-en to insert
Casiguran Dumagat
siŋét arrow notch; to notch an arrow
Pangasinan
siŋít notch at upper end of pillars or posts
Kapampangan
síŋit slip into a narrow crack
Tagalog
siŋit chink, slit, tight corner
mag-siŋit place or insert matter in chinks, slits, or interstices
Hanunóo
siŋít nock in an arrow
Cebuano
siŋʔít lodge something firmly into something V-shaped
Sundanese
siŋit (of an article of clothing) to fit well, tight
OC Fijian
ciŋi fill up a crevice or push a thing into it, as into a leak in a canoe; stop a gap in a fence
WMP Kankanaey
siŋgít to tease, to plague; to trouble, to vex; to annoy, to pester
Cebuano
siŋgít shout, yell at someone (as police at a suspect)
Malay (Perak)
siŋgit be on bad terms...not of open enemies, but of people who are always running down one another
WMP Casiguran Dumagat
séŋgit to shine (of the sun, after a rain)
Hanunóo
siŋgít ray of light
WMP Ilokano
síŋin twins
ag-ka síŋin to be twins
Isneg
síŋin twins
Pangasinan
siŋín twin
Ayta Abellan
hiŋin twins
Cebuano
síŋin fruits, ordinarily separate, joined together in growth with a common continuous skin; Siamese twins
WMP Ayta Abellan
hiŋi half hand of bananas; to buy one at a time
Cebuano
síŋiʔ to separate or take one piece off from a bunch of fruit
WMP Bontok
siŋíl to collect a debt
Ibaloy
i-siŋil to bring something out in confronting someone (as old misunderstanding, quarrel, favor given that wasn’t returned)
man-siŋil to seek to collect a debt owed
Pangasinan
siŋíl to collect a debt
Kapampangan
siŋíl charge, collect, collect debts, send bill
Tagalog
siŋíl price quoted; charge; collection of payment for a debt
s<um>iŋíl to collect, demand or exact payment; to charge; to ask as a price; to put a price on
Hanunóo
siŋír collection of payment of debts
siŋr-á collect (that payment)! (literally: ‘be collected!’)
Cebuano
siŋíl ask for payment; exact payment for what one has done, collect on a promise
Ngaju Dayak
siŋer penalty, fine
Toba Batak
siŋir claim, demand, debt; credit
par-siŋir creditor
par-siŋir-an debtor
WMP Yami
siŋit crying expression
Kankanaey
siŋít harsh, violent (applied to speech)
Maranao
siŋit unfriendliness, cruelty
Toba Batak
siŋit indignation, wrath
Uma
hiŋiʔ jealous
WMP Ilokano
síŋit posts of a granary or house used to support the busóran girders [girders supporting the floor joists]; little fork
Tagalog
síŋit groin; the hollow on either side of the body where the thigh joins the abdomen
Bikol
síŋit the fork of a tree
mag-síŋit to grow in such a way (a tree)
pag-siŋít-an the branching or forking of a river or road
ka-siŋít-an the fork in a river or road
mag-siŋít-an to insert something into
siŋít-an an insertion
siŋít-síŋit crotch, groin
WMP Itbayaten
pa-siñit-en to insert
Ilokano
i-síŋit to insert; include; interpose
Kapampangan
síŋit to slip into a narrow crack
Tagalog
i-síŋit to tuck; to thrust into some narrow space or into some retired place; to insert; to set in
Bikol
i-síŋit to insert something
WMP Kelabit
ikab opening in the roof for light and exit of smoke from the hearth
Malay
siŋkab drawing apart; opening by unveiling
Sundanese
siŋkab blow open (as a curtain), blow upward (as a sarong)
Old Javanese
siŋkab move apart, open
tan pa-siŋkab-an without an opening, completely closed (of darkness)
Javanese
siŋkab opened (as a bed cover, curtains)
Sasak
siŋkap lift up the sarong of someone who is sleeping; open a mosquito net
CMP Rotinese
sika to open something wide; to hold something open
WMP Maranao
siŋkat to open wide, especially thighs
Karo Batak
siŋkat pull the clothes up between the legs
WMP Ilokano
siŋkít slit-eyed; almond-eyed
ag-siŋkít to close the eyes in slits
Tagalog
siŋkít slanting (referring to the eyes)
Bikol
siŋkít slanted, slit (the eyes)
Aklanon
síŋkit almondine (eyes)
WMP Ilokano
síkol arm disabled at the elbow
Isneg
s<in>iŋkól lying down elbow over elbow (a boy and a girl)
Kankanaey
siŋkul paralytical; palsied. Applied to the limbs
Tagalog
sikól crooked, twisted (said of arms)
Aklanon
síkoe to elbow, hit with elbow
Cebuano
siŋkul hard growth on the skin covering bony parts, especially the ankles and elbows
Tiruray
siŋgul (of limbs) deformed as a result of some accident
Tboli
sigol crooked, curved
Maloh
siŋkul elbow
Malay
seŋkok bent or twisted (of the arm)
CMP Yamdena
sikul push away with the hand
WMP Cebuano
siŋkuʔuŋ well-curved on the sides (as a sickle with a well-curved edge); for the roof or the bottom of a boat to be curved so that it affords little room
Iban
siŋkoŋ crooked, curved U shape (as a trigger guard, a crooked arm)
WMP Casiguran Dumagat
sipág ambitious, industrious
Tagalog
ma-sípag industrious; diligent
ka-sipág-an industriousness; diligence; hard work; industry; steady effort
Hanunóo
sípag diligence, industry
ma-sípag diligent, industrious
WMP Tagalog
sipák rent; split; cracked
Bikol
sipák a slice
mag-sipák to slice something off from
Maranao
sipak split, divide
Tausug
sipak a part or half of something, a split section
Iban
simpak fragment, chip
Toba Batak
sipak split apart at the joints
WMP Itbayaten
sipat verification of alignment with the eyes
Pangasinan
sipát to aim at something thrown up or flying in the air
Tagalog
sipát looking over a surface, a line or a row to see if it is level or straight; act of sighting or aiming (e.g. by means of the sights on a rifle)
sipat-án sight or sights; a device to guide the eye; the sights of a rifle
Maranao
sipat sense
Mapun
sipat an indication; a sign of something; evidence that something is true or happened
mag-pa-sipat to perceive, deduce; to indicate or give an impression
sipat-an one’s perception
Tausug
sipat a physical sense, natural power or faculty (of a person); sight, hearing, taste, smell; type; manifrestaion, evidence; appearance, attribute, quality
ma-sipat to imagine; describe, express, explain
Ngaju Dayak
sipat measuring line
Iban
sipat to measure
tali sipat carpenter’s line, i.e. black cord for stretching on wood, lifting to smack back and mark straight line
Malay
sipat to measure
tali sipat string-line used by a carpenter, surveyor’s plumb-line
Sundanese
batu sipat plummet
ñipat to aim at; look in a straight line along something; to make a line on wood
Old Javanese
sipat straight line, direction, fixed directionj, rule; point toward which something is directed or one orients oneself, objective, aim, end
a-nipat-akən to give the right direction to; to follow the direction of
s<in>ipat to make staight for, aim directly at ?
Javanese
sipat (forming) a straight line; string used for making a straight line
sipat-an alignment string for making a straight line
Sasak
sipat measuring line of a carpenter (used to make straight lines)
WMP Ilokano
sipón sneezing during a cold
Isneg
sipún nasal mucus
Casiguran Dumagat
sipon mucus; to have a cold
Ayta Abellan
hipʔon a head cold
Tagalog
sipón a cold
sipun-ín to have or suffer from a cold
Bikol
sipɁón mucus in the nose; a cold
Cebuano
sipɁún head cold; nasal mucus; have a runny nose
Binukid
sipɁun head cold
sipɁun-en to have or cause a head cold
Mansaka
sipon cold; mucus
WMP Sasak
sémpet close, shut off
CMP Manggarai
cépet plug, stop, cork, shut off
WMP Ayta Abellan
hipet to consume all; to leave none remaining
Aklanon
sípot to consume totally, exhause, use up all; totally used up
OC Takuu
sivi Chalcopsitta cardinalis
Bugotu
sivi parrot sp.
Bauro
sivi scarlet parrot sp.
Tikopia
sivi Trichoglossus haematodus
Raga
sivi Lorius, Trichoglossus haematodus
WMP Ibatan
sīpiŋ two fruits or parts of the body conjoin, join together as one (esp. bananas)
Ilokano
sípiŋ grown together (fruits, parts of bodies, etc.); inseparable
ag-sípiŋ to grow together
nag-sípiŋ twinned; with two branching out; grown together
Isneg
sípiŋ twins
Ibaloy
sipiŋ twins
Pangasinan
sipíŋ twin
Ayta Abellan
hipiŋ seated or lying side by side
Kapampangan
sípiŋ near, close
sípiŋ bale neighbor
ka-sípiŋ one next to you
Tagalog
sípiŋ seated or lying down next to each other, or side by side
i- sípiŋ to put beside, or by the side of someone or something
s<um>ípiŋ to be beside
Cebuano
sípiŋ stay or put close by the side (as a kettle next to a pot of rice); rudimentary genital organ of the opposite sex in addition to one’s own genital organ
sipíŋ-an hermaphrodite
Mansaka
sipiŋ to do together (as two people lying down together or sitting together)
Formosan Puyuma
sipiŋ a supernumerary item (extra stem, finger)
WMP Aklanon
sípiŋ extra digit, extra finger or toe
sipíŋ-on having an extra finger or toe
Cebuano
sípiŋ rudimentary genital organ of the opposite sex in addition to one’s own genital organ
sipíŋ-an hermaphrodite
WMP Pangasinan
sipí to break twigs or branches off a tree with the hand
Bikol
mag-sipíɁ to break or snap off branches or twigs
Aklanon
sipíɁ section, as of an orange or jackfruit
Hiligaynon
sipíɁ one piece, as one piece of an orange
Cebuano
sípiɁ hand of bananas, a group of bananas growing in one line in the bunch; to separate into hands
Mansaka
sípiɁ to remove from a cluster (as a banana)
Tausug
sipiɁ a hand of bananas
s<um>ipiɁ to cut a stalk of bananas into hands
OC Loniu
cihi cockatoo sp.
Nali
sihin small cockatoo sp.
Leipon
cihir cockatoo sp.
Papitalai
cihir cockatoo sp.
Mondropolon
sihir cockatoo sp.
Levei
sipih cockatoo sp.
Drehet
cihiŋ cockatoo sp.
Likum
sihih yellow-green cockatoo with red neck feathers
Sori
sipih cockatoo sp.
Aua
civiri cockatoo sp.
Nehan
sipih(i) bird species, family Psittacidae, cardinal lorikeet
Bugotu
siviri red parrot
Formosan Kavalan
sipit pinch and twist, as someone’s ear
WMP Itbayaten
sipit hairpin
Ilokano
sípit tongs; forceps; chopsticks
ag-sípit to use tongs, forceps or chopsticks
Isneg
sípit chela, pincers, claw of lobsters, crabs, etc.
ma-sípit bitten, pinched (by crabs, centipedes, etc.)
Itawis
sípit pincers, tongs
Bontok
sípit pincers, as on a crab; the middle band of rattan binding on a giyag basket
Kankanaey
sípit pliers, pincers, nippers, tongs, tweezers; cloven stick
Ifugaw
hípit liana thongs or reed stalks which are tightly lashed to the upper border of baskets in order to keep it (the upper border) more resistant
Ifugaw (Batad)
hīpit a cane thatch clamp made of arrow-grass canes placed horizontally two or three together on top and near the top edge of a thatch row, and tied securely to two or three cane purlins; for someone to clamp thatch with a thatch clamp
Casiguran Dumagat
sipet pincers of a crab or shrimp; to pinch, of a crab or shrimp
Pangasinan
sípit pincers, tongs; pincers of a crab
Tagalog
sípit claws, pincers or nippers of crabs, lobsters, etc.
sípit naŋ Intsík chopsticks (lit’ ‘Chinese pincers’)
Bikol
sipít tongs, forceps, pincers; clips; chopsticks
mag-sipít to pick something up with tongs, chopsticks, etc.; to clip, to fasten with a clothes pin
Hanunóo
sípit tongs, pincers
Aklanon
sípit carry under one’s arm
sipít large tongs (used for asjusting a fire); hairpin
Agutaynen
sipit hair clip
Hiligaynon
mag-sípit to carry under the arm
Cebuano
sípit to carry something between the arm and body; hold firmly between the legs; pincer of a crab or lobster
Maranao
sipit tongs, forceps, pincers of crabs or other animals; to clip or carry under the arm
Binukid
sipit claw, pincer (of a crustacean, scorpion); to grip something with pincers
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
sipit pliers; tweezers; tongs; the claw of a crab
Mansaka
sipit to carry on the hip or in the arms (as a child)
Tiruray
sifit a set of pincers, as on a crab; to Pinch
sifit-an a scorpion
Mapun
sipit a clip (such as a hairpin, clothespin, paper clip); a clamp; a crab’s pincers, etc.
Manobo (Sarangani)
sipit pinch something, clamp something, carry something under one’s arm
Tausug
sipit a peg, clothespin, hairpin
sipit-sipit an earwig
Tombonuwo
sipit tongs
Ngaju Dayak
sipit narrow (of a place, path, river, house)
sipi-sipit rather narrow
Iban
sipit to nip; pincers
Malay
sipit ~ sepet half-closed, of the eyes
Talaud
sipitta to nip, pinch
Rejang
sipit the epicanthic eyefold, which most highland Rejang have, in common with Chinese
Sundanese
sipit have Mongolian eyes
Balinese
sipit slant-eyed
Proto-Sangiric
*sipit to nip, pinch; nippers
Sangir
sipiʔ pincers (of a lobster, crayfish, crab, etc.)
Balaesang
sipit narrow
Bare'e
me-sipit-I squeeze oneself into something, as a sarong for sleeping
Tae'
sipiʔ tongs, pincers
Proto-Bungku-Tolaki
*sipi tongs
Mori Bawah
sipi tongs
Makassarese
sipiʔ tongs, pincers (as for picking up hot coals), claws of a crab
Muna
sipi put a pin in the hair
ka-sipi hairpin
CMP Rembong
sipit narrow, of the eyes
Kambera
hipitu pinch between two fingers (as in pinching someone’s cheek
WMP Ngaju Dayak
ma-ñipit to make something narrow
Sangir
ma-nipiʔ to pinch
WMP Ilokano
pa-nípit device used as tongs
Tagalog
pa-nípit tongs; a tool for seizing, holding or lifting; tweezers; pincers
WMP Bontok
s<in>ípit a kind of sókop basket about 18 inches high, with rattan binding on lip and base
Cebuano
s<in>ípit a simple anchor made from a forked branch in between which a stone is tied
WMP Tagalog
s<um>ípit to nip; to pinch, as crabs do
Mapun
s<um>ipit to pinch or clamp something between something; to pin something; clip something; to carry something under one’s arm
Tausug
s<um>ipit to catch something between two fingers, pincers, etc.; pinch something; to clip something, as paperclip clips paper, a clothespin clothes, or a hairpin hair; to carry something under the arm
WMP Ilokano
sipít-en to pick up with tongs
Isneg
sipít-an to pinch, to bite, said of crabs, centipedes, etc.
Bontok
sipít-ən to pinch, as with tweezers
Kankanaey
sipít-en to pinch, to nip with a sípit
Hanunóo
sipít-un be grasped by or with pincers
OC Mussau
sio down
Vitu
ziho go down; go towards the land (when in a boat)
Kove
sio down
Lakalai
sivo to descend, go down
Gitua
sio lower
Motu
diho to go down, descend, land from a boat
Kwaio
sifo down, go down; become desacralized; corpse, died from wasting due to illness from sorcery or supernatural causes
Lau
sifo to go down; downcast, of face
sifo-li(a) to let down
Toqabaqita
sifo go, move down, descend, more or less vertically; disembark from a canoe; move along the coastal road with the sea on the right
sifo-a group of people moving down or disembarking
Sa'a
zio down, downward
si-siho to descend, to disembark, to land
siho i one to land from a canoe on the beach
siho-li to descend upon
siho-ŋa a descent, disembarcation
Proto-Micronesian
*siwo down, westward
Gilbertese
-rio lower or west side (opposite of rake), used only in compound words
rio mai to come, to advance from the west, from lower down
wai rio to go towards the west, to descend
Marshallese
téw disembark; climb off of; climb down; strut of a rooster
Pohnpeian
-di downwards; used with verbs of confining or securing to indicate the action has been carried through to its logical conclusion
Mokilese
-di down (directional suffix)
Chuukese
-tiw down, west, westward
tiwe-tiw disembark, go ashore, fail to embark, drop out (of a passenger list), step down
Puluwat
-tiw direction suffix: down, west
Woleaian
-tiwe directional suffix: downward, down, westward
Rotuman
sio down, downwards, etc.
Wayan
civo down, downwards
Fijian
sivo debased, put down, out of office; dismissal
Tongan
hifo to go down, descend; to dismount, get down, get out (of a vehicle), alight; to get off, go ashore (from a boat), disembark; to go down to the beach (from farther inland) or into the water (from the land); to be deposed or dismissed from office
Niue
hifo down, downwards, southwards, westwards; to go down, to go south or west; below, under
hifo-hifo inclining downwards
ta-hifo to lower, make inferior
Futunan
ifo descend
ifo-ifo descend gently
Samoan
ifo bow (down); give in, surrender; worship; make a formal apology; down
Tuvaluan
ifo downwards; bow down in prayer
Nukuoro
iho get down, climb down; down
Rennellese
iho directional particle and verb: downward, seaward; northward or westward; to go or come fishing (since this is always downward); to have an incline (as the sun dropping in the west)
Anuta
ipo to descend; downwards
Rarotongan
io down, downwards, from above; to cause to come down upon
Maori
iho from above, downwards, down; denoting immediate sequence of events or ideas
Hawaiian
iho to go down, descend; to go south or before the wind; down, below
OC Kwaio
faka faa-sifo ship returning plantation workers
Wayan
vaka-civo to say ‘Ā maca’ (Ah! Empty!) and clap as a mark of respect after a person has drained his cup of kava
Fijian
vaka-sivo-ya to dismiss, depose
Tongan
faka-hifo to put down, put off, unload (cargo or boat); to depose, dismiss, or expel, from office or membership
Samoan
faʔa-ifo come down, descend
Rennellese
haka-iho to lower, drop; to request peace ceremonially, as by presenting a gift; to exorcise, as the forest deity Mata’u, from a newly cut canoe log
Hawaiian
hoʔi-iho cause to go down; beside that, also, furthermore
Formosan Puyuma
sipsip suck; lick
s<əm>ipsip to suck (as a child sucking his thumb)
WMP Bontok
sipsip suck, as candy
Kankanaey
sipsíp suck in
Tagalog
sipsíp sip; a very small drink
s<um>ipsíp to sip; to drink little by little; to suck (as on an orange); to draw something into the mouth; to soak up; to sop up; to drink; to absorb
Cebuano
sipsip suck, take in by sucking
Bare'e
sisi suck, slurp
WMP Ifugaw (Batad)
hiphip for someone to clean a dry pondfield or seedbed of weeds, stubble, or vegetation with the use of a suitable implement, as a digging stick or sickle (done during the preparation of seedbeds and fields for planting and transplanting)
Pangasinan
sipsíp to pluck off feathers; cut grass close to the ground; close shaven
Cebuano
sipsíp cut something with long sweeping strokes with a bladed instrument
Mansaka
sipsip to cut (as grass)
WMP Malay
siat slice off, excoriate, tear to shreds
Mongondow
siʔat part of something that is split; classifier for split rattan, bamboo
WMP Ibaloy
siʔsho hiccup
Hanunóo
síduʔ <M hiccup
Tae'
siʔdu to hiccup, make a hiccuping sound
WMP Agta (Eastern)
siʔlak split; crack
Bikol
ma-siʔlák split or cleaved
siʔlak-ón siʔlak-ón
Ngaju Dayak
silak a tear or slit (in clothing)
ma-ñilak to slit or slash (as in clothing)
WMP Ilokano
ag-sírip to peep, peer
man-nírip a Peeping Tom
s<um>írip peep through a crevice; peer in (said of light through small hole); look through a microscope
Isneg
siríp-an to peep at
Ibaloy
i-siʔship to aim, sight something (as a gun)
Pangasinan
man-silíp to peep
Tagalog
sílip peep; a secret or furtive look; peeping
silip-án peephole
Bikol
mag-siʔríp to peek or peep at
para siʔríp a Peeping Tom
siʔrip-án peephole
Hanunóo
siʔríp glance, glancing
Cebuano
sílʔip ~ sílip peep through a small hole or opening
pa-sílʔip peer slyly or secretly; take a hasty furtive look
Maranao
sirip search or look; find
WMP Ibaloy
siʔship-en to aim at something (as with a gun); to sight something in with the eye (as the levelness of land, the evenness of house posts)
Tagalog
silip-ín to peep at something; to take a peep at
Bikol
siʔrip-ón to peek or peep at
WMP Ilokano
siíd wickerwork mudfish trap
Tagalog
siʔíd a special kind of trap for catching catfish
Bikol
siʔíd trap (small, heart-shaped, made of matted bamboo and used to catch the freshwater catfish called híto)
WMP Tagalog
siʔíl oppressed
Iban
sir afraid, feel inferior
WMP Itbayaten
siit fish spines on the body
i-siit dorsal fin, ventral fin
ma-siit action of pricking with spines (of fish)
Ilokano
siít fish bone; thorn; spine
na-siít spiny, full of fish bones
i-siít-an to remove fish bones
siít-an bamboo with spiny branches: Bambusa blumeana; generic names for spiny, thorny plants
Isneg
siít thorn, spine
ka-siit-ān a place full of thorns
Pangasinan
siít arrowhead, thorn, spine on fish, etc.
Tagalog
siʔít small, thorny branches of the bamboo
Kenyah
siʔit variety of reed with sharp leaves
siʔit amat grass with razor sharp leaves
Singhi Land Dayak
siit edge of weapon
WMP Hiligaynon
siʔúd fish trap; loop
Malay (Brunei)
siut small hand net for catching prawns
WMP Bontok
siláb place a fire underneath something in order to blacken it
Pangasinan
man-siláb to burn leaves, papers, etc.
Tagalog
siláb blaze of burning garbage; fire, conflagration
Agutaynen
s<om>ilab for a fire to blaze or flare up, or spread; for something to burst into flames
Cebuano
siláb set fire to, put s.t. burning close to s.t. else
Manobo (Ata)
silab burn
Manobo (Tigwa)
silab burn
Kejaman
sirap burn
WMP Aklanon
sí<g>lak-sí<g>lak to shine, radiate
Hiligaynon
sílak rays of the sun, heat of the sun
mag-sílak to shine brightly
Cebuano
sílak for the sun to be shining clear and bright
CMP Manggarai
cirak pour out light, radiate, shine
Kambera
hila to glow, shine, flame
WMP Kankanaey
silák scattered, strewn about, thrown here and there
Malay
sérak, sirak dispersed, scattered
WMP Isneg
siláŋ moonlight
na-siláŋ bright, brilliant, luminous
Tagalog
siláŋ-an east; the direction of the sunrise
Bikol
síraŋ rays or beams of light
mag-síraŋ to shine (the stars, sun, a candle); to rise (of the sun)
Hanunóo
síraŋ day, but not sun
Cebuano
sílaŋ for heavenly bodies to rise; to appear, become known with fame and honor
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
siraŋ of the sun or some bright light, to blind one's eyes
Malay (W.Sumatra)
séraŋ blinking, dazzled, e.g. by glare
WMP Agutaynen
mag-pa-sirap to glance at somebody; to look at, view something from a distance
Maranao
sirap look hastily, glance, glimpse
sirap-an peep sight of gun, peephole
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
sirap to glance at someone
WMP Pangasinan
síra to be cracked, split (of objects); wounded
Kapampangan
siráɁ ruined, destroyed, broken
Tagalog
síraɁ to break, damage; a tear; the torn place
Mansaka
siraɁ to break, to destroy
CMP Kamarian
sira to split wood
WMP Ibaloy
sira viand, i.e. non-staple food that is eaten along with rice, other cereal, camote, taro at a meal; includes primary meat or fish and vegetables; functionally, food that induces appetite for the filling staple food
Pangasinan
sirá fish, food, viand
man-sirá to eat meat or fish
Bikol
siráɁ fish; referring to anything eaten with rice; main course, viand
mag-siráɁ to eat something with rice; to use for the main course
OC Gedaged
izi kind of lory with red wings and green body: Lorius ruber
Roviana
siri red parakeet
Lau
siri species of small bird
'Āre'āre
siri red hen parrot
Arosi
siri a parrot: Lorius chlorocereus
WMP Ilokano
sírob to singe, scorch
Bikol
mag-sirób to sear or singe
Maranao
sirob to singe, scorch (Formosan only)
Formosan Saisiyat (Taai)
ka-hiLa yesterday
Atayal (Cʔuliʔ)
hira yesterday
Amis (Kiwit)
anu-tsila tomorrow
cila sato next day
ano-cila tomorrow
ina-cila yesterday
cila-cila frequently
Thao
tilha yesterday
WMP Kankanaey
síla to grow, turn yellow
Aklanon
síga sparkle, shine
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
siɣa shine or flash, of a firefly, a flashlight, a light in the distance
CMP Buruese
siha rust
WMP Tagalog
sígaʔ blaze, especially from burning rubbish, grass; a bonfire
mag-sigáɁ to burn garbage, weeds, etc.; to make a bonfire
sigaɁ-án to burn garbage, weeds, etc.; to make a bonfire
Minangkabau
sirah red
WMP Ilokano
sirpít kind of leash rod used in weaving; hair clip
sirpit-án to fasten the hair with a clip
Bikol
sigpít clips; pincers, tongs
mag-sigpít to pick something up with tongs
ma-sigpít to get caught or pinched by pincers
WMP Palauan
sis ti-plant, Cordyline
OC Ere
siy a shrub: Cordyline, Dracaena
siy Dracaena
Titan
patan-ci a shrub: Cordyline, Dracaena
Kuruti
siy a shrub: Cordyline, Dracaena
siy Dracaena
Wuvulu
si a shrub: Cordyline, Dracaena
ti Dracaena
Aua
ci a shrub: Cordyline, Dracaena
ti Dracaena
Tolai
ir leaf of the croton
Eddystone/Mandegusu
jiri a plant, general term for Dracaena sp.
Arosi
diri Dracaena
Chuukese
tii-n a shrub, Cordyline terminalis (unopened leaves are used to treat stomach disorders, bark is used to relieve constipation)
Araki
jihi croton: Codiaeum variegatum
Rotuman
jī plant with ornamental leaves and a sweet root: Cordyline terminalis
Tongan
sī plant with ornamental leaves and a sweet root: Cordyline terminalis
Samoan
tī shrub (Cordyline sp.) famous in Samoan legend, the leaves and root of which are used for a number of different purposes
Hawaiian
kī a woody plant (Cordyline terminalis) in the lily family
Formosan Puyuma
sirup drink with a straw; suck; sniff
sa-sirup-an a straw (for drinking)
WMP Ayta Abellan
iyop to sip
Maranao
sigop smoke a cigarette
sigop-an cigarette
Binukid
sigup-an pipe (for smoking)
Mansaka
sigop-an cigarette
Tiruray
siguf-an a cigar, cigarette; to smoke, as cigarettes
Gayō
sirup drink by sucking up
Karo Batak
sirup suck something up; slurp up water in drinking
Toba Batak
sirup slurp up
ma-nirup to slurp up, as in drinking water from one’s cupped hand
OC Nehan
hirup to sip
WMP Casiguran Dumagat
sise species of oyster: Crassostrea sp.
Bikol
sisí barnacles
Cebuano
sisi small oysters
OC Lakalai
sisi shellfish
Rotuman
sisi small shellfish, the periwinkle
Tongan
hihi shellfish, like a hard-shelled snail
Samoan
sisi name given to small snails in general
Rennellese
sisi edible Nerita shells, found on the reef edge
Hawaiian
hīhī-wai (length unexplained) grainy snail (Neritina), in both fresh and brackish water, eaten both cooked and raw
OC Manam
ao-sisi to smile
Gedaged
sisi draw up the lips, as when smiling, draw the lips away from the teeth (in grinning, smiling)
Gitua
sisi retract, uncover (as lips from teeth)
Sa'a
sisi to roll back as a fold, to grin like a dog, to lay bare the teeth
Arosi
sisi to lay bare, show the teeth, as a dog grinning
CMP Buruese
sisi-h to skin, strip off, as in stripping the outer bark from a sago trunk
sisi-k to strip away (as the sides of bamboo cylinder containing food)
OC Manam
sisi to pare, to peel
sisi-ki to pare, to peel
Gedaged
sisi to pull up (off), peel off, husk, take off (one’s clothes), draw up the lips as when smiling
Numbami
sisi peel with teeth
Dobuan
sisi to scrape baked food
Nehan
hih peel with the hand, peel off in strips
hihi-on peelings
Nggela
hihi to scoop out the white flesh of a coconut; to push out, prise out; to open, as a tin
Mota
sis to rub or knock off skin or bark, flay
Rotuman
sisi to peel or strip off, as bark or skin; to take up (flooring)
Fijian
cici-a to separate the pulp of a coconut, or the flesh of a fish from its shell with the point of a knife
i-cici instrument for performing this action
Tongan
hihi to scoop out, gouge out (of clams); to open with a knife and detach the flesh
Kapingamarangi
ihi to peel off in long strips; to separate the inner and outer bark of a tree by peeling apart
Rennellese
sisi to slice, as meat, papayas, bread; to flay, as human skin to get bones for spear or arrow points; to pry off, as bark with a stick for tapa
WMP Maranao
sisig pick teeth
Malay
sisék quid of tobacco taken after sireh
Old Javanese
sisig polish one's teeth
Javanese
sisig having blackened teeth (a former fashion among women)
Balinese
sisig tooth-pick; pick the teeth, clean the teeth with tobacco; blacken, dye the teeth
Sasak
sisik clean the teeth
WMP Malagasy
vua-sísika forced in, pushed in; fig., bribed
sisih-ana to be made to admit anything by pressure, as a hole admitting a peg by the force of the hammer; fig., to be bribed
Malay
sisip slipping in between two surfaces, e.g. as a reader inserts a paper-knife between two uncut pages, or as a Malay slips a weapon between his waistbelt and his coat
Tontemboan
sisip insert something between something else, as between the thatch of the roof
s<um>isip to stick or insert, as a hand under the tablecloth
Wolio
sisip-i slip between, insert
WMP Ngaju Dayak
ba-sisih go to the side, make way for
Malay
sisih ~ sisi side; edge; brink
Toba Batak
sisi edge
sisi ni laut edge of the sea, beach, strand
sisí go to the side; be pushed to the side
pa-sisi push to the side
Nias
sisi go along the side of something; pursue something
Old Javanese
sisih side: at the side, on each side
a-nisih to be on the side, to be on one side, to go to the side (to one side), to lean to the side
sa-sisih on one side
a-nisih-i to share
sisih-an other half, husband/wife, companion
sisih-sisih-an to be always together
Javanese
sisih side, part, direction
ñisih to move something aside; to avoid by moving aside
s<um>isih to move aside
Balinese
sisih-an side, edge
WMP Ngaju Dayak
sisir abdominal fins of a fish
Malay
sisir comb; harrow; comb in loom; screen in fishtrap; toothed instrument; rake; comb-like bunch of bananas
pə-sisir fringe; border; frontier of a country
Toba Batak
sisir harrow
ma-nisir to rake, use a harrow
CMP Yamdena
sisir hair comb
n-sisir to comb the hair
Fordata
sisir a comb
n-sisir to comb the hair
OC Tanga
sisi cicada
Lukep (Pono)
sis grasshopper
Kaulong
u-sis grasshopper
Sengseng
e-sis grasshopper
Mengen
sisi grasshopper
Gedaged
sis grasshopper, locust
Roviana
sisiri k.o. cicada (Diceropyga obtecta)
Nese
sis to chirp, of cicada
WMP Sasak
sisoʔ snail
Makassarese
siso small mollusk found in fish ponds
WMP Kankanaey
sit crackle, sputter
Malay
sit swishing sound
OC Hawaiian
hī flow; hiss
WMP Yami
sisit sound of cooking
mapa-sisit to stir-fry
Ilokano
sitsít hissing sound (used to call attention); sizzling sound
ag-sitsít to hiss, sizzle
sitsit-án to hiss at someone to call their attention
Bontok
sitsít to hiss; to attract someone’s attention by making a short, sharp hissing sound
Casiguran Dumagat
sítsit hiss
Tagalog
sitsít gossip; the sound made in calling someone by repetition of the ‘s’ sound: "pssst!"
pag-sitsít gossip; detraction; backbiting
s<um>itsít to gossip; to detract; to backbite
Bikol
sítsít hiss at (for people), call someone's attention by hissing
mag-sitsít to call someone’s attention by hissing
Hanunóo
sitsít a sort of hissing “psst!” sound made to attract someone’s attention
mag-sitsít call someone’s attention to something by hissing
Aklanon
sítsit to hiss; call a person with “pssst”
Hiligaynon
mag-sítsit to hiss at, to produce a long hissing sound so as to call attention
Binukid
sitsit to hiss at someone; get someone’s attention by hissing in short bursts
Ngaju Dayak
ka-sisit the sound produced by someone who exhales strongly through the closed teeth (when in pain, vexation, etc.)
Tontemboan
s<al>isit the sound of water that hisses or sizzles, as when about to boil
s<ar>isit sound of water spraying out of a crack in a bamboo water conduit
OC Wayan
sisi hiss, make a hissing sound (as a kettle); signal with a hissing sound in order to attract someone’s attention
Samoan
sisi hiss (to summon someone without attracting attention)
WMP Bontok
sitsít cut a woven container
Kankanaey
sitsít torn, rent, ragged, tattered, worn out
Balinese
sitsit tear, break; tear to pieces
WMP Bontok
siyúk to whistle
Ibaloy
siyok kind of bird: purple swamphen
Tagalog
siyók frightened cry of chickens
Cebuano
síyuk sputter; give a continuous hissing or screeching sound
Malagasy
síoka whistling
mi-síoka to whistle
sióh-ina to be whistled at, to be whistled for
Malay
siok the sound of indrawn breath, e.g. when a man is hurt
Dairi-Pakpak Batak
siuk sucked down into a whirlpool
Balinese
siyok the sound of rain
OC Fijian
siu produce a hissing sound, as steam under pressure
WMP Ilokano
sió interjection used to drive away animals
Malay
sioh ~ siuh Be off! (a cry to drive away fowls)
Bare'e
siu interjection used to drive away fowls
WMP Ilokano
siwáŋ notch, gap, opening
Pangasinan
siwáŋ crack, space between
Tagalog
siwáŋ slit, crevice; gap; a break or opening; a slight opening, e.g. of a door or window; rift; cleft; break; a tear
Bikol
síwaŋ describing one with a harelip or one with his front teeth missing
ma-siwáŋ-an to have a harelip or be missing one’s front teeth
Hanunóo
siwáŋ open, spread apart, not closed
Cebuano
síwaŋ cut or split the lips; a harelip
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
siwaŋ a carabao which has had the fleshy part between the nostrils torn in two; to tear out the fleshy part between the nostrils
OC Arosi
diwa the U groove of the main posts in which the ridgepole rests
WMP Ilokano
ma-siwáŋ to be breached
Hanunóo
ma-siwáŋ opened
Formosan Puyuma
siwaɁ fork; split; slit
mar-siwaɁ two things split
mu-siwaɁ to fork, of a road
s<əm>iwaɁ to take a fork in the road; to have a slit in a traditional skirt
WMP Bikol
síwaɁ fissure, rift
ma-síwaɁ to become cracked and parted; to develop a fissure or rift
mag-síwaɁ to crack wide open; to open (as a crack in the earth); to part (as the seas)
Formosan Amis
ciwciw baby chick, baby bird
Puyuma
siwsiw to cheep
pa-s<al>iwsiw noise made by cheeping (as by baby chicks looking for their mother)
siwsiw-an chicks, small birds
WMP Itbayaten
siwsiw baby chick
Pangasinan
siwsíw chick
Ayta Abellan
hiwhiw chick
Hanunóo
sisíw chick
Murut (Tagol)
sisiw baby chick
Proto-Minahasan
*sisi chicken (baby fowl)
OC Motu
dogo anchor
Roviana
soŋgo catch one’s foot in roots, vine loops, etc., as when going through jungle; become entangled, as animals
Wayan
coko be caught, netted, trapped by something which envelops the victim, as a fish in a net or a person ambushed or surrounded
Fijian
coko be caught, as a rat in a trap
OC Nauna
so to shoot (with an arrow)
Lou
sok to stab
sok mat to stab to death
Penchal
so to shoot (with an arrow)
Lenkau
sok to stab, shoot (with an arrow)
Sori
sow to shoot (with an arrow)
Bipi
so to shoot (with an arrow)
Mussau
soa(soa) to shoot (with an arrow), stab
Label
so to spear
Tolai
oka to poke or probe, poke a fire, prod
Motu
doa to stab with spear
Bugotu
soka to impale, play cup and ball
Woleaian
toga-tog to stick something into (a young coconut), pierce, stab
Fijian
coka to pierce, usually with a spear; diarrhoea
Tongan
hoka-Ɂi to ram, jab, poke, or strike with the tip of a rod, etc.; to stab; to harpoon (whales); to husk (coconuts); to play billiards or snooker; to have bayonet practice
Niue
hoka to pierce, poke (as a fire), stir, thrust (with a spear)
ma-hoka pierced, poked with a stick or knife
ta-hoka to pierce (with an implement)
Samoan
soɁa to spike, transfix (with spear, etc.)
so-soɁa to husk coconuts
soɁa-soɁa method of catching fish by spearing and transfixing them
Tuvaluan
oka coconut husk; to husk (coconuts); to punch
Rennellese
soka to punch, hit, spear, inject, knock holes in, pierce; to bore, as a termite; to knock from a tree, as coconuts or papayas; to touch a person lightly with the fingers, perhaps as a sexual invitation; to plant, as bananas
Rarotongan
oka a pointed stake, a stick or stake used to pierce and detach the husk of the matured or green coconut; an implement used for stabbing or piercing, husking or stripping of husks; to husk or remove the outer integument from certain fruit, as to husk a coconut
Maori
oka to prick, stab; any sharp weapon used for stabbing or piercing;
oka-oka split open, as fish for drying; stab or wound repeatedly
Hawaiian
ʔō any piercing instrument, fork, pin, sharp-pointed stick, pitchfork, fishing spear; coconut husker; sharp darting body pain; to pierce, vaccinate, prick, stab, thrust; to flash, as lightning; to extend; to dip in, as the finger; to reach, to appear; force a way out
ho-Ɂō to cause to enter, put in, thrust in, insert; to reach in
CMP Yamdena
solat strait, passage between two islands
Fordata
solat turn towards the destination of a voyage, of boats
SHWNG Buli
solat passage up a river (from the sea)
so-solat name of a place on the east coast of northeast Halmahera where one can penetrate inland by boat
OC Gedaged
solo postposition of direction: toward, to
Tongan
holo here and there, in various places, hither and thither, in various directions
Samoan
solo post-basic particle; around, all about; up and down, back and forth
OC Gedaged
sol become mixed or compounded
Samoan
tolo of certain foods, mix, stir with a stick
OC Babatana
jolo subside
Woleaian
tol(o) to disappear, submerge, go out of
Satawal
tol disappear from sight
Rotuman
solo to sink (but lō is generally used of canoes, ships, etc.); (of a swelling) to sink, go down: (of sun and moon) to set
Tongan
holo to go down, fall, sink, sink in (e.g. of a mine); (of a house) to fall, collapse
Samoan
solo slide, slip
Rarotongan
oro a slide, as a landslide, an avalanche; to slide, to slip, to avalanche
Maori
horo fall in fragments, crumble down, slip, as land; landslip
Hawaiian
holo to run, sail, ride, go; to flow, as water; to slide, as an avalanche; fleet, fast; double time; landslide
OC Tarpia
tor mountain
Roviana
soloso inland, away from the beach; hills seen from a distance
Eddystone/Mandegusu
soloso mountain, hill
Kwaio
tolo mountains, mountainous interior
Lau
tolo mountain, hill country, interior of island
'Āre'āre
toro inland, the mountain, hill country
Sa'a
tolo a hill
Arosi
toro a hill (rare use); the interior, inland country of the hills
toro ni henua the hills
Proto-Micronesian
*Solo peak, hill
Pohnpeian
dool small mountain, hill
Mokilese
dol mountain, hill
Chuukese
toon peak, high point, pinnacle; extension of a mast
Puluwat
tool, tolo-n top section of mast, with holes at the top for insertion of halyard
Carolinian
tool mountain peak
Wayan
colo the high inland country of a mountainous land, mountain country, the interior
Fijian
colo the inland country, mountain country; of anything on a shelf above the head
a kai colo the inland people
SHWNG Buli
sop go down, descend, dive
OC Bunama
sopu to set (sun)
Tawala
hopu descend, go down (westward)
Dobuan
sobu get down Capell 1943:60)
Rotuman
jopu to dive, to swim under water
jop-jopu to keep on bending forward or half falling as one walks, lit. to go divingly
Wayan
sovu descend, go down; disembark, land, go ashore from a boat
i-sovu-sovu place for descending,; descent path; landing place, place for disembarking
Fijian
sobu down, downwards; descend, come down, go ashore from a canoe, or to go west
OC Gedaged
som mollusks that cling to the belly of ships and boats (Mytilidae, Balanidae, Teredo)
Nggela
homu species of mollusc, Pelecypod, Spondylus, withg scarlet or crimson shell, from which the native red money is made
Mota
som a univalve cone shell used for making money
OC Gitua
son to swallow
Motu
ha-dono-a to swallow; to gulp
Bugotu
sono to swallow
Nggela
sono-mi to swallow
sono-magi cause to swallow or be swallowed; act of swallowing
OC Nauna
cuŋ hungry
Penchal
cuŋ hungry
Pak
tuŋ hungry
Ere
mar-soŋ hungry
Titan
coŋ hungry
Likum
son hungry
Lindrou
son hungry
Bipi
ma-sok hungry
Motu
doe famine, dearth
Roviana
soŋe scarcity of food, famine
Rotuman
soŋe starve, be afflicted with famine
Tongan
hoŋe to have a famine, to suffer from a famine, to be famine-stricken
hōŋe-a (of people) to be famine-stricken
hoŋe (hoŋe) vale to be in the grip of a severe famine
Niue
hoŋe famine, hunger; to suffer from hunger
faka-mate-hoŋe to starve to death
kava-hoŋe period between taro crops
Futunan
oŋe to be wanting, lacking resources, in a condition of scarcity, famine
Samoan
oŋe scarcity of food, famine; be scarce
faʔa-oŋe be starved, famished
Tuvaluan
oŋe famine
Nukuoro
oŋe famine
Rennellese
oŋe hunger
oŋe-a be hungry
oŋe-sau famine time; to be short of food, starving
oŋe taŋata to be few people, not enough to carry out a ritual (poetic)
Anuta
oŋe famine
Maori
oŋe scarce, rare; rarity, treasure
oŋe-oŋe scarce; lonely
whaka-oŋe make scarce
OC Kilivila
sopu the whole activing of planting, including preparing the hole, planting the seed or tuber, and covering and mounding the soil
Muyuw
sopʷ planting (yams)
Nggela
sovu to cut off slices of yams for planting
CMP Atoni
sɔʔ to sew
Kemak
sɔ:ra to sew
Leti
sora needle
Selaru
sor to sew
Sekar
sor to sew
OC Tolai
or to lend, help
Kilivila
so- partner, companion, friend, mate
Nggela
ndola mate, fellow; pair, one of a pair (right hand is ndola of left hand)
Lau
tōla persons of same age, two brothers, two sisters, man and wife; fellow, one of a pair
tola-na a cup, a saucer
Rotuman
soa pair, two things (rare)
Wayan
sā companion, partner, one of a pair, counterpart, opposite number
Fijian
sā companion, mate, one of a couple; used thus of the rafter of a house; the opposite, a thing given in exchange; one of twins
vaka-i-sā having a mate or opposite; of a house, having rafters
vei sā a pair, couple; a thing given in exchange
Tongan
hoa to be partners (e.g. in a game); to be harmonious, appropriate, or befitting; to correspond, to be in harmony or accord with; to match
hoā partner, one of two who work or play, etc. in partnership
Niue
hoa helper, follower, companion
faka-hoa to be friendly with
hoa-na wife; to marry (of a man)
Samoan
soa have a friend or partner; a friend, partner, second; pair of friends, partners (especially in dancing)
faɁa-soa procure, obtain (esp. a woman’s favor) for a friend, act as a go-between
Tuvaluan
hoa opposite number in a visiting party; opponent in a fishing competition, in wrestling, etc, and in war, an hence enemy; be a partner for
tau-hoa friend
Rennellese
soa companion; to act as companion
haka-soa to place with, as part of an offering
Rarotongan
ʔoa friend, mate, companion; spouse, husband, wife; one of a pair
Maori
hoa friend, mate, companion; spouse, husband, wife
whaka-hoa make a companion of, associate with
hoa-hoa spouse; used also of two women, wives of the same husband; wife of husband’s brother, or husband of wife’s sister
Hawaiian
hoa companion, friend, associate, fellow, antagonist
hoɁo-hoa to make friends; to tie, bind, secure, rig; rigging, lashing; to challenge, dare, provoke; daring, defiant
OC Torau
sou Reef heron, Egretta sacra
Marovo
cou Egretta sacra
Nggela
sou heron
Longgu
sou heron
Kwaio
tou egret; club fashioned in form of a bird
Lau
tou crane
Sa'a
tou night heron
Formosan Kanakanabu
su-a nominative and oblique case marker for common nouns
Paiwan
tu-a oblique case marker for common nouns
WMP Pangasinan
so nominative case marker for common nouns
Maranao
so nominative case marker for common nouns
OC Nggela
sua a spear without barbs
Kwaio
sua a spear
Lau
sua a spear
Toqabaqita
sua spear (general term); of a sore, be accidentally jabbed by something
'Āre'āre
sua harpoon, arrow, spear (with four barbs)
Wayan
sua be stabbed, pierced by a sharp instrument held in the hand
Fijian
sua to stab, pierce with a spear, retaining hold of the weapon; to husk coconuts
SHWNG Numfor
su to stir, of sago porridge
OC Rotuman
sua to stir (as in stirring milk)
Tongan
hua food made from a mixture of hili (arrowroot starch), and coconut cream
SHWNG Buli
sua to walk backwards, of people or animals, to backpaddle a canoe
OC Motu
dua to walk backwards
Nehan
hua to paddle a canoe
Bugotu
sua to go backwards, retire
sua-ragi to retire, withdraw, to backwater
Mota
sua to paddle, make a canoe voyage
sua-va paddling, canoe voyage
Hukua
sua paddle
Araki
sua to row, paddle
Rotuman
sua to scull, paddle, row; (of a vessel) to tack about, change from one tack to another
Fijian
i-sua-sua the two transversal poles lashes across the crossbeams near the deck of a canoe, and helping rowing
Tongan
hua of a boat, to change from one tack to another
Rennellese
sua ceremonial paddle with a wide blade
Maori
hua to steer, paddle
WMP Ilokano
suál kind of small spade for digging
sual-en to dig up
Pangasinan
suál pole or stake with iron point used for digging
Agutaynen
toal-en to pry out, dig out something that is exposed, such as a rock
Binukid
suwal (for a pig) to root up, dig out (something) with its snout
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
suwal of a pig, to root up the ground
Tboli
swól rooting, as by pigs
s<em>wól to root, as pigs
Old Javanese
sol ~ ma-sol uprooted
Javanese
sol uprooted
ka-sol to get uprooted
ŋe-sol to uproot; to push aside
Wolio
sua dig out, pull up
OC Tolai
ua to root about, as a pig; to open an oven and prod the food
Bwaidoga/Bwaidoka
duala root up the ground, of a pig
Arosi
sua ~ suasua to root up earth, as a pig
Fijian
cua the stick or bamboo by which a fish net is lifted up
Tongan
hua (of pigs) to root in the earth, to turn over the earth with the snout, to grout
Samoan
sua lever up; uproot, dig up; root; thrust, butt; plough
sūa-ŋa rooting (as of pigs)
Nukuoro
sua root up (soil)
WMP Gayō
suen to plant
Karo Batak
nuan to plant, of rice, cultivated plants, trees, etc.
suan-suan-en plant material; young plants
Dairi-Pakpak Batak
me-nuan to plant
suan-suan-en plants, things that have been planted
Toba Batak
ma-nuan to plant
pa-nuan-an ricefield
ama na s<um>uan ahu my father (lit. the father who planted me; used in andung, a special funeral language)
suan-suan-an useful plants
Angkola-Mandailing Batak
ma-ñuan to plant
Proto-Sangiric
*suan to plant
WMP Maranao
soaɁ do, act, follow, imitate; work
Singhi Land Dayak
suah to follow
WMP Ilokano
suág to pry with a lever
suág-en to pry with a lever
CMP Kei
suar lift up with a lever
OC Nalik
suar to dig
Lakalai
sua to push up the stones of la-humu (earth oven) with a stick
Manam
suar-i to dig, grub up, turn up the ground
Gitua
zuar to root in the ground (as pig with snout, boy with heel as when crying desperately)
OC Manam
sua-sua goatfish, catfish
Marovo
suara generic for goatfish
WMP Binukid
suwat comb
Mansaka
suwat comb
Klata
huat comb
Bilaan (Sarangani)
swat comb
CMP Rotinese
sua kind of haircomb worn by Timorese men and women
OC Manam
ruat-i to comb
WMP Ilokano
suat-en to prick, gouge, take out a sliver with a pointed instrument
Cebuano
súwat pull up something lightly rooted on the ground
Maranao
soat to pry
OC Samoan
sua lever up; uproot, dig up
suat-i to uproot, dig up (suddenly or violently)
suat-ia be uprooted or dug up
WMP Isneg
mag-suwa-suwáy to be disputing
Casiguran Dumagat
məg-pa-suway to have a heated, lengthy argument
suway-an to disobey; to deny an accusation
suway-ən to refuse to accept or believe what someone tells you
Tagalog
pag-suwáy disobedience
ma-súwáy-in defiant; disobedient; insubordinate
Agutaynen
ka-soay enemy
mag-soay-an to fight each other; quarrel
Maranao
soay to divorce, separate
Binukid
suway to separate from, part company from (someone); to wander, turn aside, swerve from (something); to disperse, scatter, go in different directions
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
suwey to part company
Mansaka
soway to turn; to go in opposite or different direction; to part from someone on the trail
WMP Palauan
tub spittle, saliva
OC Proto-Polynesian
*tufa to spit
WMP Ilokano
ag-súba to be on the verge of death
s<um>úba to go against the current or wind; oppose
subá-en to go against (current, wind, etc.), to refuse to pay a debt
Pangasinan
súba to go upstream, against the current
Cebuano
súbaɁ river; go upstream or to the hinterland
Maranao
sobaɁ follow course of river
Mansaka
sóbaɁ to go upstream
WMP Ayta Abellan
hoblay to bypass each other unintentionally
Bikol
sublág to part or separate from; to depart, leaving others behind; incorrect (as directions); off or missing the point (as answers to questions)
WMP Ilokano
ag-sublí to return, come back
i-sublí to return, give back
ag-sublí-sublí to go back and forth
Isneg
i-sublí to return, to bring back, to restore
Bontok
s<um>ublí to arrive just as another person departs; to take the place of another person
Kankanaey
ma-nubli to take the place of, to replace (as a second husband); used only in tales
Ibaloy
sobdi to pass one another on the way --- esp. of those who want to meet
Kapampangan
i-sublíʔ to return something
Bikol
mag-sublíʔ to borrow something
Aklanon
súbliʔ to take another’s place, replace, substitute for
Agutaynen
mag-tobli-an to miss each other by passing different ways or arriving at different times
Cebuano
súbliʔ to do something twice; repeat, say something again; re-elect someone
Maranao
soliʔ to hit back
Binukid
subliʔ to repeat something; to do something again
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
subliʔ to do the same thing over again; to repeat an action
Yakan
mag-subli to come and go (of people and vehicles, some leaving, others arriving); to alternate, to take turns
WMP Bikol
mag-sublíʔ to borrow something
maŋ-sublíʔ to go around borrowing things; to be a borrower
Aklanon
súbliʔ to take another’s place, replace, substitute for
pa-núbliʔ inheritance
Agutaynen
tobli to rob; to steal, take something that is not yours (lit. to inherit it); for a man to have an affair with another man’s wife (lit. to steal or inherit someone’s wife); for a person to inherit something; the thing inherited
Hiligaynon
mag-súbliʔ to inherit
Central Tagbanwa
tubli to borrow
WMP Ifugaw
huboŋ specific term for a pang-ó necklace (consists of a number of cylindrical beads)
Casiguran Dumagat
subəŋ earplug, to wear an earplug
Malay
subaŋ large coin-like ear stud; seldom now worn except ceremonially at weddings, to be discarded when the marriage has been consummated; among some Kubu Proto-Malays the removal of the subaŋ is the marriage ceremony itself
Old Javanese
suwəŋ rolled-up leaf or any other ornament worn in the ear, stuck through the pierced ear-lobe
a-suwəŋ wearing a suwəŋ
Javanese
suweŋ pierced-ear earring
suweŋ-an to wear or put on earrings
Balinese
subeŋ earring; a rolled-up palm leaf worn in the ear by girls
Proto-South Sulawesi
*subɨŋ earring, ornament
Buginese
subɨŋ earring
Makassarese
subaŋ long ear ornament (button with a tube)
WMP Bontok
súbil lips of the mouth, the flaring edge of a clay jar
Kankanaey
súbil lip, brim
Bare'e
sumbi strip around a field
WMP Pangasinan
subsúb to root with the snout (pig); fall on one’s face
Tagalog
subsób head bent down and touching some surface
Bikol
mag-subsób to fall forward
Mapun
s<um>ubsub to fall or stumble headfirst
Malay
susup passing low underneath; creeping or crawling under; crouching down to hide oneself
WMP Sambal (Botolan)
hombo to boil
Mamanwa
sobo to boil
Mansaka
sobo to bubble (as boiling water)
WMP Casiguran Dumagat
súbuk to watch from hiding, to spy; to catch by surprise
Tagalog
mag-pa-subuk-súbok to sneak; to move in a stealthy way
ma-núbok to spy; to keep secret watch; to skulk; to move in a stealthy, sneaking way
subúk-an to spy on someone with intent to catch red-handed; to snoop; to about in a sneaking, prying way; to prowl; to spy
Iban
subok come upon unawares, surprise; hence stalk game; (of speech) tactful, persuasive
Malay
subok to peep
WMP Ilokano
i-súbok to try
ma-subúk-an to be proven otherwise
subúk-en to weigh; test; try
Casiguran Dumagat
súbuk to test, to try
Pangasinan
sóbok to test, try, prove for oneself
Kapampangan
súbuk to try, attempt
Tagalog
subók experiment; a trial or test to find out something; probation; a trial or test of conduct, character or qualifications; test; trial; trying and testing; try; an attempt
Mansaka
sobok to discover (as a person doing evil)
WMP Itbayaten
mapa-sovo put sugarcane between xakay and vakes (male and female parts of compressor) to mill
pa-sovo-an to feed, to put into another’s mouth
Ilokano
súbo amount of food put in the mouth
subú-en to feed
Casiguran Dumagat
subú to put something into the mouth; a mouthful
Pangasinan
sobó put something into an opening (e.g. food into the mouth, the hand into a hole, etc.)
Kapampangan
súbuɁ put in the mouth
Tagalog
súboɁ small amount of food sufficient for a mouthful; a morsel
mag-súboɁ put some food in the mouth
pag-su-súboɁ act of feeding or putting into the mouth
Bikol
mag-súboɁ to stuff a lot of food into the mouth at one time
Mansaka
sóboɁ what is fed into a machine for processing (as abaca into an abaca stripping machine); to feed into a machine for processing
WMP Itbayaten
i-sovo to put in the mouth
Ilokano
i-súbo to feed, supply; to pass warp threads through the reed in weaving
Bikol
i- súboɁ to stuff a lot of food into the mouth at one time
WMP Ilokano
s<um>úbo put something in the mouth
Tagalog
s<um>úboɁ put some food in the mouth
WMP Ilokano
subú-an to replace; substitute; take over someone else’s responsibility
Tagalog
subú-an to feed someone; to put into the mouth of someone (stress on person)
WMP Yami
sovo to put food in one’s mouth
pa-sovo-a to stuff food into someone’s mouth
Ayta Abellan
hobo to feed (as in feeding one’s baby brother); to eat with the hands
Mansaka
sobo to give some food to his fellow man while eating
WMP Bontok
sudsúd to relate an experience; to tell
Kankanaey
sudsúd tell a story, relate a tale, narrate. When telling a story the teller usually sings in a very monotonous way
Ifugaw
hudhud to relate a story that is recognized as being fictitious, as to relate a story in which animals are personified; a fictitious story
Ilongot
tudtud story, esp. a known story; a myth or fable
Iban
tusut pedigree, family tree
Singhi Land Dayak
susud story (history)
WMP Itbayaten
sodsod idea of going against current (and the like), idea of going to an opposite direction
Ilokano
sudsúd sticks thrown into a brook to drive fish toward the net; dibble used for transplanting rice
sudsud-án to throw sudsúd in water; to push sticks through to find snakes, rats, etc., plunge a pole into a hole; dibble
Ibaloy
sodsod flat wooden utensil used to dish out rice from the pot
Pangasinan
sorsór carpenter’s plane
man-sorsór to plane (wood)
Kapampangan
sudsúd an iron bar used for digging in very hard soil
Tagalog
sudsód plowshare; the blade of a plow; that part that cuts the soil
Bikol
sudsód the point of a bladed weapon; the cutting edge of a knife, plow or other bladed instrument; plowshare; the tip (as of a finger)
mag-sudsód to sharpen to a point or a fine edge
Romblomanon
sudsúd brown carpet shark: Chiloscyllium griseum (Müller and Henle), found in shallow sandy and rocky coastal waters
patiŋ sudsúd armed guitarfish or white-spotted shovel-nosed ray fish (presumably from the shape of the face, which pushes up the sand in shallow water
Aklanon
súdsud blade of plow
Waray-Waray
sudsód the feeling or touching something by the feet underwater
Cebuano
sudsúd dig up or turn up the earth by shoving with the tip of an instrument, or (by animals) with the snout; push sand lightly with the feet in search of crabs; bladed instrument with a blunt end used to remove weeds by shoving under the roots
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
sudsud to cut off a plant underneath the soil with the jabbing motion of the end of a bolo
Mansaka
sodsod to plane (as lumber)
WMP Itbayaten
sodsod idea of going against current (and the like), idea of going to an opposite direction
Tagalog
sudsur-an mutual, verbal accusation; an angry quarrel
Bikol
mag-sudsod to contradict or disagree with someone
WMP Itbayaten
sodsor-en to go against (current, etc.) and not in the sense of disobeying
Bikol
sudsod-on to contradict or disagree with someone
WMP Ilokano
sódo ladle or dipper consisting of a cuplike section (mostly one half of a coconut shell) provided with a handle, and used to dip water
Bikol
súro coconut shell
Malagasy
sútru a spoon; in the provinces, a plate
Iban
suduʔ spoon
Malay
sudu spout-shaped spoon, made usually of coconut shell; spooning up or shovelling up
Javanese
suru spoon fashioned from a banana leaf
ñuru to use a banana leaf spoon
Bare'e
suyu spoon made of wood or horn
Chamorro
suhu dip water (with container); water container
CMP Ngadha
suzu spoon; to spoon out
Kambera
huru spoon, ladle; scoop out or up with a ladle
huru kaba coconut shell ladle
Selaru
sru-ke spoon, ladle
Yamdena
n-sur to spoon up, to ladle up
WMP Ida'an Begak
sunduk scoop
Malay
sudok shovel; wooden spade; duck's bill; scoop, scoop up
CMP Ngadha
suzu spoon; to spoon out
WMP Tagalog
súloŋ go ahead! go away!; push forward
s-um-úloŋ to progress
Kayan
huduŋ progress; to push along; move an object
Old Javanese
suṇḍuŋ to push
WMP Tagalog
súroʔ spoonful
(mag)-súroʔ to eat with a spoon
pa-núroʔ spoon
Mapun
suruɁ spoon; also a shovel
nuruɁ to take or eat something with a spoon
Yakan
suruɁ a spoon
mag-suruɁ to use a spoon; to give or take something with a spoon
Tausug
suruɁ a spoon
mag-suruɁ to feed (someone) with a spoon
suruɁ-un to take or eat something with a spoon
Lun Dayeh
suduʔ spoon
Kenyah (Long Anap)
suduʔ spoon, ladle
WMP Bisayan (Panay)
sudu-sudu a shrub: Euphorbia neriifolia L.
Malay
sudu a shrub: Euphorbia antiquorum
sudu-sudu a shrub, the cultivated: Euphorbia neriifolia
sudu-sudu bukit a shrub: Euphorbia sinadenium
WMP Tagalog
sugbó to dive head first; to douse; to pour water on a fire
Aklanon
súgbo(h) to immerse, dunk into liquid
p<in>a-súgbo(h) smelted (in another metal)
Agutaynen
t<om>ogbo to step into a river, lake, ocean; to wade out into the ocean; to go out wading
Hiligaynon
mag-súgbu to jump overboard, to dive into
Cebuano
sugbú to dive or jump into water
Mansaka
sogbo to bathe; to take a dip (as into the ocean)
WMP Ilokano
sugígi toothbrush
ag-sugígi to clean the teeth
i-sugígi to sweep with the tip of a broom; insist
Pangasinan
sugígi toothbrush
Maranao
sogi brush, swab, pick the teeth
Kayan
sugi a chewing wad of tobacco
Iban
sugi quid of tobacco or betel
Malay
sugi rubbing with the point (as a match is ignited); of the Malay way of cleaning the teeth with a cleaner of wood, of a tongue-scrapter, of a brazier’s graver, of the way a torch is put out (by having its flaming end rubbed off on planking)
pə-sugi tooth cleaner of wood
Acehnese
sugɔε toothbrush, specifically a roll of tobacco with which one brushes the teeth after chewing betel
Toba Batak
sugi-sugi a quid of chewing tobacco
Rejang
sugay a wad of tobacco with which to rub one’s teeth and stop one’s mouth
Balinese
sugi wash one’s face with one’s hands
WMP Ilokano
sugsóg provocation
man-nugsóg incitor, agitator, provoker
sugsug-an to provoke; urge
Cebuano
sugsúg tease, harass someone by irritating actions or remarks, or by poking fun at him; to annoy, bother with persistence (as mosquitos that keep buzzling in one’s ears)
WMP Tagalog
súgod dash; plunge; rush; sudden advance
mag-súgúr-an to stampede; to make a general rush
Agutaynen
s<om>ogod to continue on going; to go directly somewhere or to somebody, with no delay; to rush to confront or challenge somebody about a disagreement
Binukid
sugud to start, begin (to do something)
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
suǥud to begin something
Mansaka
sogod to go all around (as someone going all around a house or the village)
WMP Tagalog
s<um>úgod to rush, dash, or plunge forward; to advance or push into a forward attack; to advance; to move forward; to lunge; to make a sudden forward movement
Agutaynen
s<om>ogod to continue on going; to go directly somewhere or to somebody, with no delay; to rush to confront or challenge somebody about a disagreement
WMP Ilokano
suá pomelo, used in native medicine against fever: Citrus decumana
Kapampangan
suáɁ ~ swáɁ pomelo
Tagalog
súhaɁ a species of grapefruit or pomelo
Bikol
suháɁ ~ suwáɁ citrus fruit
mag-suháɁ to squeeze the juice of citrus fruits on something
WMP Kenyah (Long Anap)
sui bird
Kenyah (Long San)
sui bird
Mori Atas
sui bird
WMP Ilokano
suil kind of hoe
suil-en to pry open; lever
Maranao
soil rudder
Kadazan Dusun
suvi a lever
Formosan Amis
cowiɁ a bird, Common Sandpiper (appears at sunset with its call)
Bunun
suiq kind of bird
WMP Ilokano
súga stake, pointed sticks placed in the ground to prevent people or animals from entering
sugá-an to provide with pointed sticks
Isneg
túxa short, pointed sections of a cane of bamboo grass or of splinters of bamboo, stuck in the ground, mostly in a slanting position; they are usually placed in groups, at a short distance from one another (a weapon of defense, also used by trappers)
Bontok
súga short, sharpened sticks, stuck in the path of an advancing enemy, or placed in sweet potato patches to injure trespasssers
na-súga have an injury caused by stepping on a sóga stick
sugá-ən to place at and angle, as a nail into wood or a sharp stick into a path
Ifugaw
húga sharpened ends of canes stuck on paths or ricefield dykes to impede passage
Pangasinan
sugá prong, spike; to placed spikes on the way (to deter intruders, etc.)
Tiruray
suro sharpened spikes of biyowon (Schistostachyum bamboo) placed in the ground point up to pierce the feet of an enemy; pierced by suro
Malay
suda bamboo spike stuck point-outwards in the ground to delay stormers in Malay warfare
Karo Batak
suga (rih) newly-sprouted sword grass (Imperata cylindrica), which is very sharp
Toba Batak
suga thorn, spike, sharp point (on trail)
mar-suga be furnished with trail spikes
tar-suga tread on a trail spike
Nias
suxa place bamboo spikes in the ground (as against thieves)
Mentawai
suga pitfall or trail spikes made of sharpened
Balinese
suda pointed sticks stuck in the ground with the point upwards to deter intruders
Uma
huja sharp bamboo spikes planted in the ground
Bare'e
man-cuya stick upwards; put sugar palm fibers on the point of a stake to discourage thieves
Tae'
sura sharpened spikes of bamboo placed in the ground and used as a mantrap to keep off thieves
Makassarese
sura mantrap; sharpened bamboo spikes in a pit trap for pigs
CMP Kamarian
sura bamboo trail spikes
Asilulu
sula animal traps; stakes at the base of garden fence posts
Buruese
sura(n) sharpened bamboo stave driven into the ground for the purpose of impaling unsuspecting humans or animals
OC Tolai
ua a small spike put in a path for an enemy to tread upon
Arosi
suda a stake set in a pit for the enemy, set slanting and sharpened
WMP Yami
sorod a comb
mi-sorod to comb hair
sorod-en to comb hair
Itbayaten
sorod comb; harrow; separator (of weaving machine)
sorod-en to comb hair
Ilokano
súgud comb with row of thick teeth on both sides
Bontok
súgud a fine-toothed comb
Kankanaey
súgud small-toothed comb
Ifugaw
húgud comb to disentangle the hair
Ayta Abellan
hodod delousing tool
Bikol
súrod a small-toothed comb used for removing lice
Maranao
sorod comb
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
surud fine-toothed comb for combing lice out of the hair
Molbog
surud lice comb
Murut (Papar)
surud lice comb
Bisaya (Sabah)
surud lice comb
Bisaya (Limbang)
surud comb
Bulusu
surud comb
Lun Dayeh
udud a comb
Bintulu
surud comb
Nias
suxu comb
Proto-Minahasan
*surur comb
Tombulu
surud to comb
WMP Simalur
suʔa kind of tree: Gnetum gnemon L.
Tontemboan
suka kind of tree: Gnetum gnemon L.
Bare'e
suka kind of tree: Gnetum gnemon L.
CMP Manggarai (West)
cuka kind of tree: Gnetum gnemon L.
Kei
huk kind of tree: Gnetum gnemon L.
WMP Sambal (Botolan)
hoka to vomit
Ayta Abellan
hoka to vomit
Tagalog
súka vomit, spew, the substance thrown up from the stomach
i-súka to throw up; to spew; to vomit
maká-suká to sicken; to make sick; to nauseate
naka-ká-suká disgusting; offensive
s<um>úka to throw up; to spew; to vomit
Bikol
mag-súka to vomit, throw up
mapa-súka to feel like vomiting
Hanunóo
súka vomiting
s<um>úka to vomit, will vomit
Aklanon
súka to vomit (out), throw up
Waray-Waray
i-suka to vomit or eject what is inside the stomach
pag-suka the act of vomiting
Agutaynen
mag-toka to vomit
Hiligaynon
súka spew, vomit
mag-súka to vomit, to throw up
Cebuano
súka to vomit; to ‘squeal’, divulge a secret
ka-suka-un to feel like vomiting
Aborlan Tagbanwa
suka to vomit
Central Tagbanwa
tuka vomit, vomitus
tuka vomit (n.)
Mansaka
soka to vomit
Tausug
suka vomit (ejected matter from the stomach via the mouth)
s<um>uka to vomit, throw up
Proto-Sangiric
*suka to vomit
Proto-East Gorontalic
*suka to vomit
OC Tolai
uk to bore through, bore into
Lakalai
e-suka the making of fire with the fire-plow; a fire-plow
Lau
su-suka gimlet
su-suka-i to bore
WMP Ilokano
sukáb open from below, at the bottom (e.g. when extracting a mollusk from its shell, when a thief breaks in, etc.)
Tagalog
sukab-ín open oysters with the point or edge of a knife
Cebuano
suŋkab get at food by breaking open the place where it is kept
Ida'an Begak
sukab open roof from the inside out for the russay ritual
Bisaya (Limbang)
sukab open
Melanau (Matu)
sukab open
Malay
suŋkap pulled loose (as fingernail)
Balinese
suŋkab uncover, reveal, remove a cover
Uma
huŋkaʔ open
CMP Manggarai
cuŋkap lever up, tunnel under (a fence) with the snout, root or grub up the earth
WMP Balinese
sukak cough, clear the throat, cough up something stuck in the throat
Tae'
suʔkaʔ (preconsonantal ʔ unexpl.) heavy sobbing
WMP Ilokano
súkat a measure; size; measurement
Ifugaw
húkat measure of capacity (as of rice in a wooden container)
Casiguran Dumagat
sukát to measure, to take the measurement of; a measurement
Pangasinan
súkat area, size; to measure, fit
Tagalog
súkat measurement; dimension; size; one of a series of measures; gauge; a standard measure; tract; an area
sukát measured
i-sukát to try on; to put on (e.g. shoes or clothes in order to test the size, fit, etc.)
ka-sukát proportional; in the proper proportion
sukat-án model or sample used for measuring;
Mansaka
sokat to measure; to survey (as land)
Kadazan Dusun
sukat a kind of basket for measuring; to measure
Kayan (Uma Juman)
sukat measurement of the length, width, height or thickness of something
ñukat to measure the length, width, height
Melanau (Mukah)
sukat measurement
Malagasy
úhatra measure, comparison; a parable, a proverb
Malay
sukat measurement; rightly (and in literature and northern Malaya) the measurement of length, area and capacity, in contrast to measurement by weight
Toba Batak
suhat-suhat measurement
Sangir
sa-sukaɁ measuring rod
Boano
sukat measurement
WMP Melanau (Mukah)
mə-ñukat to measure
Malagasy
ma-núhatra to measure, to compare
Toba Batak
ma-nuhat to measure (both length and quantity)
Sangir (Tamako)
ma-nukaɁ to measure, as the depth of water
Totoli
mo-nukat to measure
WMP Ilokano
sukát-en to measure
Ifugaw
hukát-on to measure
Ibaloy
sokat-en to measure something --- spoken of volume (as liquid or dry measure)
Kadazan Dusun
sukat-on to be measured
Malagasy
uhár-ina to be measured, to be compared
WMP Itbayaten
sokay idea of hunting snails under dried leaves, etc.
Ilokano
sukáy to search, explore, inspect (for lice, etc.); overturn (when looking for something)
ma-sukay-án to be discovered, found out, detected
Ifugaw (Batad)
hūʔay for a pig to root up soil
Pangasinan
man-súkay to investigate, search
Bikol
mag-sukáy to part the hair, usually by using the fingers; to search for something on the scalp by parting the hair in this way
Aborlan Tagbanwa
sukay to delouse
Maranao
sokay part, as in hair
Binukid
sukay to delouse (the head)
Mansaka
sokay to part (as hair to look for lice, or grass to look for something lost)
Tausug
mag-sukay to look for (and kill) lice in the hair, one by one
WMP Ilokano
sukay-an to search, explore, inspect (for lice, etc.); overturn (when looking for something)
Binukid
sukay-an be deloused by someone
Formosan Amis
coker to prop up, support, help, as the cross pole in the hitch of a wagon
WMP Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
suɣked walking stick; use a walking stick for support
Mongondow
tukod a prop; to prop up or support; press a sagging surface upward (as a ceiling)
Bare'e
suŋko the slanting poles that support the raised floor between the houseposts; also the slanting poles used to protect a tilting house from collapsing
WMP Casiguran Dumagat
suklúban type of basket (cubic shaped, and with a cover)
Hanunóo
suklúban any telescopic basket; specifically a checker-woven telescopic rattan box used to hold betel and areca nut ingredients
WMP Ida'an Begak
sukkol worry
Iban
sukar hard to do
Malay
sukar arduous; (of an illness) hard to cure
kə-sukar-an difficulties, esp. financial difficulties
Sundanese
sukər in trouble, preoccupied, busy; be in distress or need
Old Javanese
sukər hindered, hampered, having trouble, in difficulties, feeling uneasy
a-nukər to hinder, repel, resist
Javanese
suker-sakit plagued by illness and difficulty
Balinese
sukeh difficulty; difficult, troubled in mind
Sasak
sukər busy, preoccupied
kə-sukər-an fall into difficulty, get into trouble
WMP Ilokano
súkit pole with hook used to pick fruits
Tagalog
suŋkít hook attached to a pole and used for picking fruit
s<um>uŋkít to pick fruit by means of a hook attached to a pole; to pick food particles from between the teeth
Cebuano
suŋkit a pole or stick, usually with a hook at the end, used to get something out of reach; to get something out of reach with such a pole
Mansaka
soŋkit to remove with a long pole (as fruit in a tree)
Makassarese
a-ñukkiɁ pick fruit from a tree with a bamboo pole that has a hook on the end
pas-sukkiɁ supply a bamboo pole with a hook in order to pick fruit from a tree, or a bucket from the well; to pick, pluck
CMP Tetun
sukit to remove, to extract (with any tool or instrument)
OC Arosi
suki poke out, poke through
su-sukí poke fruit off a tree with a pole
WMP Ilokano
sukit-én to lift, raise; prick; get something out of a crack by use of a wedge, pry out
Tagalog
suŋkit-ín to pick fruit by means of a hook attached to a pole; to pick food particles from between the teeth
Formosan Kavalan
suksuk key
Amis
cokcok to lock
Puyuma
suksuk lock
su<a>ksuk key
suksuk-ay to lock (as a door)
WMP Itbayaten
soksok idea of poking at (something)
Bontok
suksuk to slide one object behind another, as a knife behind one’s belt; to dig up the ground, of a pig
pa-suksuk to bribe
Ifugaw
hukhúk onomatopoetic word used by gamblers when they shuffle the cards
Ibaloy
soksok to insert something into a narrow space (as pipe into headband, roofing grass into leaky spot)
Pangasinan
soksók to sheathe bolo or knife
Tagalog
pag-su-suksók shuffling of playing cards; weaving in the repair of mats or nipa roofing; sheathing a weapon
naka-suksók inserted in a scabbard
Bikol
mag-suksók to insert something into a narrow slit or opening; to shuffle cards
Hanunóo
suksúk overlay work
Waray-Waray
suksók the act of inserting or putting in between; ensheathing
naka-suksók having inserted or put in between
Agutaynen
mag-soʔsok to insert something inside a space; to plug into a socket
Cebuano
suksúk go or put something into or in between something else (as a child snuggling between her mother’s legs)
Maranao
soksok wedge in, put in between
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
suksuk to slip under something, as a sliver slipping in under the skin
Mansaka
soksok thorn; to insert into (as abaca into the stripping machine)
Lun Dayeh
uuk putting thread through the hole of beads
Ngaju Dayak
ma-nusok penetrate deeply (as a thorn, etc.)
Malagasy
súsuka an appendix, something added
susúh-ana to be added to, to be darned, to be replaced
Iban
tusok pierce; threaded or strung together; strings of fish
gawai tusok pendiŋ rite of piercing child’s ears
Malay
susok loop; eye-hole; aperture; button-hole; basket trap; to trap (fish)
Old Javanese
susuk anything piercing or penetrating into something (dart, thorn, sting, etc.), esp. into the heart
ka-susuk-an entered, possessed
Javanese
susuk pancake turner, spatula
Balinese
suksuk be pressed together, be close together (sit, sleep, etc.)
Sasak
suksuk pierce through something (bushes, a crowd)
Banggai
mon-susuk to price or pierce
Mandar
susuʔ to pierce, penetrate
pe-susuʔ thorn
Wolio
susu to sting, give an injection
CMP Tetun
susuk a stitch; a pain in the side, mostly said as sa-susuk; a mosquito
Selaru
susu string together or tack on the roof thatch
Yamdena
n-susuk prick with a pointed instrument
su-susuk pointed instrument for perforating
Asilulu
susu to stab; to perforate
OC Vitu
zuzuh-ia insert, put in
Mbula
sus dig up, root around in the ground, overturn earth
Motu
dudu-a to insert in armlet; to prod with a stick (as a wasp’s nest, so as to make it fall)
Kwaio
susu injection; to jab, inject; to sting, of an insect
susu-ia put finger in female genitalia
Lau
susu to prick; impale, pierce; pick out, poke with a stick; to sting; to darn; to accuse
'Āre'āre
susu-a to dig the earth
Sa'a
susu to prick, pierce, impale; to stake; to sew
Mota
sus to pierce, run through
Rotuman
susu to sew
susu-ŋa sewing, stitch, hem, seam
Tongan
huhu to prick, pierce (with a small hole); (of a bee, etc.) to sting; to give an injection to
hūhūk-ia pricked in many places, having many small holes as if pricked
Samoan
(su)suɁ-i to thrust (needle or other sharp object through something), pierce; to pin (especially leaves of thatching panels)
Rennellese
suk-i to plant, as seeds, or cuttings; to set a stake in the earth, as to hold the sounding board; to insert, as a spear; to sting, as a bee; to pierce, puncture, as a sea urchin, balloon fish or spear; to swoop down or claw, as a hawk; to snatch in its talons, as an osprey
Maori
huk-i to transfix, spit (a bird, etc..) on a stick; stick in, as feathers in the hair; a spit, consisting of a single pointed stick, on which fish, etc. are roasted
WMP Old Javanese
ka-susuk that which (a person who is) a thorn in the side; a cause of pain
Wolio
ka-susu pin, hairpin
WMP Itbayaten
ma-noksok to poke at something or somebody (when getting papaya fruit or pointing person)
Ibaloy
me-noksok to shuffle cards
Malay
me-ñusok to stab, to pierce
Toba Batak
ma-nusuk to string together
Sasak
ñuksuk to pierce through something
Sangir
ma-nusuʔ to prick, pierce, penetrate; to embroider, carry out embroidery
sa-susuʔ bodkin, prickle, instrument used for piercing or penetrating
Bare'e
men-cusu press in, creep into
WMP Old Javanese
ma-susuk penetrating or entering into something
Sangir
ma-susuʔ prick or pierce oneself
WMP Bontok
saluksúk a chisel-like tool; to use this tool
Tagalog
s<al>uksók tucked in or inserted at the waist, as a revolver, knife, etc.; careful searching, probing
Hanunóo
s<al>uksúk overlaid work with nito [fern] and/or akós [loose coils of red-dyed rattan strips] on buri-leaf baskets and bags
Maranao
salosok tool for weeding, shaped like a spatula
Binukid
saluksuk to put, insert, slip, slide (something) in between (something else)
Balinese
s<el>uksuk force a way in, thrust something in
Formosan Kavalan
s<m>uksuk to lock
WMP Old Javanese
s<um>usuk to enter, penetrate into, pierce
WMP Waray-Waray
suksok-í to insert or put something in between; to give, as of inserting something into one’s pocket
Muna
susuk-i fill completely, cram, stuff
OC Mussau
sui to sew (of mats, thatch, etc.)
Bugotu
suki to pierce, impale, prick
susuk-i to sew, thread, of fish teeth or money beads
Nggela
suki to prick; to lance a boil, vaccinate, inject, bleed; to sew; a seam; to plug a small hole; to pole a canoe
susuki to pole a canoe; the pole; injection; to inject with a needle
Lau
susu-i a wasp
Toqabaqita
susuʔi hornet (insect)
susuʔi-a of scorpions, insects: sting; mend a basket (reweaving a damaged part or replacing the carrying strap)
'Āre'āre
susuʔi-a pierce, spear, take with a needle; prick of the poisonous nohu [stonefish]
Sa'a
susu-i to prick, to set up, fix firmly, to set upright in the ground (as bamboos for a wall)
Arosi
susu-ʔi to plant a cutting; to prick, pierce, impale
susu-raʔi to prick, pierce, impale
Fijian
cuki to root, dig up or loosen the ground with a stick, to dig the surface only; fig. to force information from a person
Niue
huki to pierce, lance, inoculate; needle, prickle, lance, injection, inoculation; fork
Futunan
suki be pricked, pierced
Samoan
suʔi thrust needle or other sharp object through something, pierce; to pin, esp. leaves of thatching panels; to sew; to tack; seam; tailor
suʔi-ŋa a stitch
suʔi-suʔi-ŋa sewing
Tuvaluan
huki pierce; test ground for turtle eggs with a stick; poke a stick through mats to hold them on ridge of house
huki-huki perform an action or series of actions producing many holes
Kapingamarangi
hugi to make a small hole in something
Nukuoro
sugi pierce (slightly), stab (lightly), lance (e.g. a boil)
Rennellese
suki to plant, as seeds, or cuttings; to set a stake in the earth, as to hold the sounding board; to insert, as a spear; to sting, as a bee; to pierce, puncture, as a sea urchin, balloon fish, or spear; to swoop down or claw, as a hawk; to snatch in its talons, as an osprey
suki-suki to set up, as by tamping; to put in place
Maori
huki transfix, spit, a bird, etc. on a stick; stick in, as feathers in the hair
huki-huki roast on a spit
WMP Iban
suku quarter, fourth part; generic for distant relatives
suku juru people unrelated to speaker
Malay
suku quarter; section; tribe; among the Peninsular Malays suku is either rather indefinite (as in suku suku depa ‘that lot, that crowd), or rather contemptuous from the fact that the orang pĕsukuan of the old Johore State (people with a tribal system) are the Protomalays, esp. the primitive Orang Laut; the suku is associated with inferior culture; among the Orang Laut a suku is a sort of clan tracing descent through the father and broken up into many little settlements that claim kinship one with another; among the Minangkabau Malays a suku is made up of a number of uterine families (pĕrut), each under its own headman but each recognizing the higher authority of the tribal headman; among these highly civilized Malays the tribal system connotes advanced culture and fits into the general scheme of world government suku sakat genealogy; a family in all its ramifications
Karo Batak
suku relatives, somewhat narrower than kadé-kadé (relative, in a very broad sense); a woman reckons herself as belonging to the suku of her husband
me-suku treat a stranger as family
suku-suku all relatives in one’s lineage
Toba Batak
suhu each, every, all together (Warneck 1906); ompu means ‘grandfather, great-grandfather, forefather, and ancestor; those who are of one and the same lineage, na saompu, thus represent the lineage stemming from a common forefather four generations back, as well as the lineage that is already 12 sundut = generations old and is on the way to becoming a marga ... The meaning of the term suhu = corner, group, is close to that of ompu in the expression suhu ni partubu = corners of the lineage, descent groups within one lineage; the word suhu, however, usually embraces less than ompu ... The term saompu defines units of about the extent of a marga branch, but each genealogical suhu is also an ompu; the terms are interchangeable (Vergouwen 1964)
Mandar
suku ethnic group (< Malay?)
CMP Rembong
suku lineage
Sika
suku lineage
Lamaholot
suku descent group, clan
suku ama non-aristocratic clan (lacking rights to the soil)
suku ile jadi autochthonous clan
Kédang
suku clan
Formosan Amis
cokor walking stick, cane
tano-cokor to take along nothing but a cane; for an old person to have only a cane on which to lean
Thao
lh-tukus walking stick, cane
malh-tukus to walk with a walking stick or cane
t<m>ukus to walk with a walking stick or cane
Paiwan
tukuz-an staff, cane, walking stick
WMP Bontok
súkud any stick or reed used as a walking stick
Kankanaey
men-sókud to lean; to lean upon (a staff, a cane, a support, etc.)
Cebuano
suŋkúd cane, crutch
Maranao
soŋkod staff, walking stick
Kadazan Dusun
sukud rod, walking stick
Murik
suŋkun a prop
WMP Hanunóo
suŋkuk drooping head; hanging of one's head, being unable to speak or answer because of fear, shame, or similar emotions
Karo Batak
suŋkuk sit somewhat hunched over with the head drooping, as of someone full of cares
CMP Sika
hugu bend the head down; hang the head because one is sad
WMP Cebuano
súkul fight back against, stand up (as to someone who challenges one to a fight); react, snap back into place as if offering resistance; resist, endure; endure and do the same in return
Iban
sukul go against, be resisted by (as in fighting a headwind in sailing); take measures against, fend off accusation
WMP Tagalog
ma-sukól to be surrounded, cornered, or enclosed; to be driven into a corner
s<in>ukól enclosed; surrounded; cornered; driven into a corner; driven to the wall
sukul-ín to surround, corner or enclose; to drive into a corner
OC Arosi
duʔu to be unable to get away, be cornered, as a fish in a net, mosquito in a net
duʔu-si to corner, close in upon
WMP Tagalog
mag-súkol measure from top to bottom or bottom to top (Panganiban 1966)
sukúl-in measure from top to bottom or bottom to top
Bikol
súkol measurement, size, dimension; standard
mag-súkol to measure; to calculate, estimate, gauge (size, length); to survey
Hanunóo
sukúl measuring
OC Arosi
duʔu a measure, (a) hands outstretched, fathom, (b) a man stands on a rope and brings hands to full extent above head holding the rope; to measure in this manner
WMP Iban
sukun trees, Artocarpus spp.
Malay
sukun breadfruit: Artocarpus laevis; of this fruit two varieties are recognized, one having pips and the other pipless
Sundanese
sukun the breadfruit tree and its fruit
Javanese
sukun breadfruit
Balinese
sukun the breadfruit tree and its fruit
Sasak
sukun the breadfruit tree and its fruit: Artocarpus laevis
Mandar
sukuŋ breadfruit
CMP Erai
sukun breadfruit tree (said to be from Malay)
Paulohi
suɁune breadfruit tree: Artocarpus incisa L.
Proto-Ambon
*sukun Artocarpus sp.
Asilulu
suɁun breadfruit (Artocarpus sp.)
Manipa
suhune breadfruit
SHWNG Kowiai/Koiwai
suɁun breadfruit tree
WMP Ilokano
na-súkoŋ deep; concave (plates)
Tiruray
suŋkuŋ a hunchback
Toba Batak
suhuŋ stooped, bent; tie hands to feet
WMP Maranao
sokoŋ rod used as leash or harness; control by the nose; boom of a sail
Tiruray
sukuŋ a boom on a sailboat
Malay
sokoŋ prop; shoring up; underpinning; buttressing; supporting at an angle; spinnaker-boom; sprit
layar sokoŋ spritsail
sokoŋ barat pole clamping roof-strut to diagonal crossbeam
WMP Ibaloy
man-soko to surender, give up (as an army, dissidents submitting to the law, boxer giving up a fight)
Pangasinan
súko to surrender
on-súko to corner
Ayta Abellan
hoko to surrender
Tagalog
súkoʔ surrender; the act of surrendering
Bikol
mag-súkoʔ to surrender, capitulate
WMP Hanunóo
súkut collection of payment of debts, bills, rent, etc.
mag-súkut to collect payment
Aklanon
sukót to collect debts
Agutaynen
tokot-on to charge a fee, to collect a fee, a fare, or a debt; to request payment for a fee or a debt
Cebuano
sukút ask to collect payment
Binukid
sukut to ask someone to pay a debt; to collect payment for something
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
sukut to go and collect or ask for the payment of a debt
Tausug
sukut a demand for payment; demand from the spirits for an offering
CMP Rotinese
sula horns (of buffalo or deer)
Buruese
sula-n horn, antler
WMP Cebuano
súla unopened terminal stem of plants that are sharp, e.g. of cogon or lagnub (Ficus hauili)
suláh-an kind of nose fish, a delicious fish with a sharp projection in front of the eyes: Naso spp.
Balinese
sula skewer, spit, pointed stick
WMP Ilokano
ag-súlam to embroider with untwisted silk
Tagalog
súlam design or embroidery on mats, fabrics, etc.
Kadazan Dusun
sulam embroidery
Ngaju Dayak
sulam embroidery
Malay
sulam embroidery, as of cloth with gold thread
Old Javanese
a-nulam to embroider
s<in>ulam to embroider
Javanese
sulam material used to repair or replace something broken
ñulam-i to patch, to mend something by replacing materials
Balinese
sulam embroider
ñulam to embroider, decorate; join together
Sasak
sulam embroidery, needlework
ñulam to embroider
sulam-an embroidery, needlework
Makassarese
sulaŋ embroidery (formerly found only in stories translated from Malay)
Wolio
sula to prick in
OC Arosi
sura to take out a thorn with a needle
Fijian
cula to pierce, to let blood, to vaccinate, to sew
i cula a needle, a thing for piercing with
CMP Rotinese
sula horn of a carabao, antler of a deer
Buruese
sulan horn, antler
WMP Hanunóo
súlaŋ meeting (someone)
Maranao
solaŋ against; pass without noticing each other
Malay
sulaŋ to meet and pass over and under one another when coming from all directions
OC Sudest
ula-ulari worm
Tamambo
sulati earthworm
Nakanamanga
a-sulati hookworm, tapeworm
WMP Maranao
solaʔ play active game
Iban
sulaʔ (of children) playing games
WMP Tagalog
sulíb secret compartment in furniture
pa-sulíb secretly
Iban
nulap secretly plant a small patch and make an offering before the general planting
Malay
main sulap sleight-of-hand, conjuring
WMP Maranao
soled enter, come in
Murut (Timugon)
sulor insert, thrust in
CMP Rotinese
sule stop up
Formosan Amis
coled insert; push inside a slot or opening; put into a handbag or basket
WMP Sasak
sulen plug up, cork
CMP Rotinese
sule stop up
WMP Cebuano
súluŋ to set against, attack; go somewhere to look for trouble
Bahasa Indonesia
solaŋ argue with, repudiate, reject, deny (something said)
WMP Tagalog
suwi plant shoot (Laktaw 1914)
Tboli
suliʔ (of plants such as banana, abaca, ginger, pineapple, bamboo) new shoots
Kelabit
ulih sprout, shoot, bud
Kayan
huleʔ new shoot from padi [rice] plants; shoots or suckers from bananas or pineapples; a member of a family, a scion
huli-n banana shoots; suckers; new shoots from padi [rice] plant
Ngaju Dayak
suli a shoot from the root of a palm tree
Iban
suliʔ plant sucker, shoot, runner’ (fig. ‘children’)
Malay
suli grandson; descendant
Karo Batak
suli seed, germ, sprout
er-suli to sprout
Bare'e
suli taro: Colocasia antiquorum (in the Tojo area used as a medicine against headache and stomach pain)
CMP Manggarai
culi shoot, sprout (of banana plant)
Rembong
suli shoot, sprout (of banana plant)
SHWNG Numfor
sur sprout, shoot; to grow
OC Manam
suli slip, layer, cut, shoot
udi suli-di banana cuttings
Numbami
duli corm, bulb (of plant)
Motu
dui banana tree
Dobuan
suli taro sucker
Roviana
zuli to transplant seedlings, etc.
Nggela
nduli a sucker of banana
Mota
suliu a sucker from roots, shoot from tubers (metaphorically, children, offspring)
Fijian
suli a banana or taro sucker; name also extended to other plants, as yaqona [Piper methysticum] suckers
suli-suli to shoot out, produce suckers
Tongan
huli shoot, sprout, twig or sucker; fig. scion, descendant; to send out one or more shoots or suckers
huli-ŋa node (of a plant or tree)
Samoan
suli sucker of a banana plant; heir
Rarotongan
uri a young shoot, or sprout or tuber; seed of any kind
uri-kuru a young shooting up (branch) breadfruit tree, that generally grows from the spreading roots of the breadfruit tree
Maori
huri seed; young shoot, sprout
huri-huri growth of young shoots
Hawaiian
huli taro top, as used for planting
Formosan Amis
coli return, retort
pa-coli to oppose, rebel
maca-coli disagree with each other (two parties)
WMP Hanunóo
súli child born with legs first
Agutaynen
soli breach birth, delivery; impossible (going against reality)
Muna
suli return, go home
suli-ki go back to get something
WMP Yami
soli taro
Itbayaten
soli taro (not planted in wet ground, with rare exceptions)
Ivatan
sudi taro
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
suli the taro plant and its tubers: Colocasia esculenta
Bare'e
suli taro: Colocasia antiquorum
CMP Leti
suli the taro plant
Wetan
suli a tuberous plant: Colocasia esculenta
Selaru
sus the taro plant
WMP Tagalog
sulíb space between foot of wall and floor, or between double-wallings or under the bed; secret compartment in furniture
Malay
sulip retired, secluded, secret (as a place)
WMP Ilokano
súlid thread
s<in>úlid thread
Bontok
s<in>úlid thread
Tagalog
súlid flax for a spinning wheel
súlir-an spinning wheel; spindle; spool
Cebuano
súlid small twine, thread of two or more strands twisted together; make a thread of this sort
WMP Romblomanon
sulig a painted coral trout fish or lunar-tailed grouper, Variola louti (Forsskål); it is reddish-orange and covered with dark red and pink spots, with a yellow pectoral fin; frequents coral reefs
sulig mabūyus yellow-striped Caesio fish, or black-tipped fusilier fish, Pterocaesio chrysozonus (Cuvier); it is silvery gray above and whitish to pink below, with a straight yellow stripe from the eye along the flank to the caudal peduncle; swims in schools around coral reefs and midwater areas to 50 meters; a slender fusilier fish, Pterocaesio pisang (Bleeker); it is bluish-green across the back and whitish to pink below, with a median, lateral, golden band; swims in schools around coral reefs and midwater areas to 60 meters
Sama (Central)
sulig a fish, Caesionidae, fusiliers
OC Loniu
ña-cun a fish, fusilier
Lihir
sil Caesionidae (generic)
Tongan
huli kind of fish
Samoan
uli-seŋa a fish (Caesio species)
Kapingamarangi
uli gold-banded fusilier: Caesio coerulaureus
Nukuoro
uli fish sp. (several species)
WMP Tiruray
suliŋ a bamboo ring flute with four holes; to play a suliŋ
Mapun
suliŋ a flute (usually made of bamboo)
nuliŋ to play a flute
suliŋ-un to play a flute
Yakan
suliŋ a bamboo flute; any type of flute; the traditional suliŋ is a fipple flute, i.e. has a whistle mouthpiece and is made of a thin kind of bamboo ... it has six holes in a row
Tausug
suliŋ a flute, fife (usually made of bamboo)
s<um>uliŋ to play such an instrument
Tombonuwo
suliŋ flute
Murut (Timugon)
suliŋ flageolet, flute
Kayan
suliŋ flute
Ngaju Dayak
suliŋ flute with four holes, usually made of bamboo, but sometimes also of the stalks of old rice plants
Malagasy
súdina a pipe; a flute
Iban
suliŋ flageolet, fife, pipe, whistle
Malay
suliŋ a fife, flageolet, or pipe; a tube of bamboo closed at one end and open at the other; it has six small holes on one side and one rather larger on the other near the open end; it is of finer finish than the bangsi
Gayō
suliŋ flute
Karo Batak
suliŋ to blow in (to a house), of wind
Toba Batak
suliŋ flute (said to be from Malay)
Sundanese
suliŋ the ordinary flute
ñuliŋ to play the flute
Old Javanese
suliŋ flute
a-nuliŋ to play the flute
a-suliŋ to play the flute; flute player
p<in>a-nuliŋ-akən played the flute for someone
Javanese
suliŋ a gamelan blowing instrument, usually of bamboo, with a flute-like tone, held vertically like an oboe
Balinese
suliŋ flute
ñuliŋ to play the flute
suliŋ-suliŋ a piece of bamboo with holes between its nodes to channel water
Sasak
suliŋ bamboo flute
ñuliŋ to play the flute
suliŋ-aŋ to play the flute for someone
Totoli
suliŋ flute
Lauje
suliŋ flute
Dampelas
suliŋ flute
Tae'
suliŋ tube, pipe, culvert; flute
suliŋ patomali the tubes on both sides, in other words the two ears
suliŋ rapiɁ same as tulali, a bamboo flute with two small pipes which fit into two larger ones (rapiɁ = ‘twin’)
Mandar
suliŋ bamboo flute
Makassarese
suliŋ flute
as-suliŋ to play the flute
Wolio
suliŋ flute
Muna
suliŋ transverse bamboo flute
WMP Ayta Abellan
howi a breach baby
Maranao
soliɁ to hit back
Binukid
súliɁ to reverse, invert (something); to be or do something backwards or in reverse
Murut (Timugon)
man-suliɁ to retaliate, take revenge
Gayō
sulih to recover, restore
Proto-Minahasan
*suliɁ take revenge, repay
CMP Rembong
suliɁ go home, return; again, also
WMP Ilokano
sulít impatience
na-sulít complicated, difficult, hard; lacking in persistency
sulit-én to consider an easy job hard
ma-sulít to be adamant about doing something difficult
Isneg
na-sulít hard, difficult; dear, expensive
Kankanaey
na-sulít difficult; hard
Ifugaw
ma-hulít what is difficult to be done or achieved
Casiguran Dumagat
sulit explanation; rendering of accounts; examination; return of something previously entrusted
Ibaloy
man-sodit take a long time, be a long time in doing something
solit one who does something slowly
Pangasinan
sulít cruelty, perversity, tyranny
Kapampangan
sulit-an examine something
Tagalog
sulit explanation; an account or report; accounting for, reporting; exam, test
Cebuano
pa-súlit test, examination; hold an exam
Bahasa Indonesia
sulit difficult, complicated; hidden, kept secret; unclear
Sundanese
sulit hard (of wood), not easy to split; also, of a word or saying, unclear, ambiguous; also, to do with reluctance, peevish, grumpy; dissatisfied
sulit ati a grumpy mood
Old Javanese
sulit trouble, difficulties
a-sulit(-sulit) troublesome, hard to get out of
ka-sulit-an stand in each other’s way, too tightly packed
ka-sulit-en to be in difficulties with, having something hampering (being in the way)
Javanese
sulit difficult, full of obstacles
ñulit to cause difficulties, to complicate things
Madurese
solet extremely stingy, selfish, reluctant to share or give
Balinese
sulit hard to split (of wood)
Bare'e
suli costly, expensive; scarce, hard to obtain; also difficult, troublesome
ma-suli expensive
Tae'
suliʔ dadi hard to obtain
ma-suliʔ rare, scarce; difficult; expensive
Mandar
ma-suliʔ expensive
Buginese
suliʔ expensive
Makassarese
suliʔ rare
WMP Ilokano
súlit substitute; replacement
sulít-an to substitute, replace
sulít-en to win back one’s losses in gambling; regain what one has lost
Casiguran Dumagat
sulet the replacement of something planted which has died or been uprooted (as to replant coconuts where the previously planted coconuts had been eaten by pigs; or for a child’s second teeth to come in after the first baby teeth had come out)
Tagalog
súlit returning something that was borrowed
sulít na recovered (referring to invested capital)
Bikol
mag-sulít to return or put something back in its proper place
Hanunóo
sulít replanting of a kaingin [swidden] if the sprouts of the first planting are too few
Hiligaynon
mag-súlit to test, to repeat, to do again
Binukid
sulit to mimic, ape, repeat (what someone said)
WMP Itbayaten
soxsox bonfire, farm-clearing fire
Ilokano
sulsúl-an to kindle, ignite
Aklanon
súesue to ignite, set on fire, kindle
Maranao
sosol light a fire
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
sulsul to set a fire to something in various places with a torch
Mansaka
sosol to burn (as a person or an animal) with a lamp or firebrand
WMP Bontok
sulsúl to follow a stream, especially to follow upstream; to meet or pass someone going in the opposite direction; to take something further along or past something
Yakan
mag-susul to walk along or follow the edge of something (especially of a body of water, as the edge of the sea)
Ngaju Dayak
susul what sails against the wind
ma-ñusul to sail against the wind
Malay
susul following up and overtaking
me-ñusul to go after; to follow inquest of
Lampung
susul to follow something
Sundanese
ñusul to go after someone, follow, pursue
Old Javanese
a-nusul to follow after, catch up with
Javanese
ñusul to follow someone later, to catch up with; to send a letter after someone, or after an earlier letter, with additional information
susul-an a follow-up message, letter, etc.; a later addition
Balinese
susul follow someone who has gone ahead
Bare'e
susu to follow, take turns after another, to replace
CMP Rembong
susul following and overtaking
WMP Hanunóo
súlsul crowding, pressing in, insisting
Balinese
sulsul be crowded together, be pressed together
sulsul-aŋ to surrender, give in with little pressure
Bare'e
susu crowd against one another, push so that each becomes pressed against the other
OC Nauna
sulu- to roast
Loniu
cun cook fish on wood or coconut leaf placed on the fire
Likum
e-sun to burn
Bipi
sun to roast
Tanga
sul to cook, to singe
Roviana
sulu-a to burn (something)
s<in>ulu the spot where a fire has been
Eddystone/Mandegusu
sulu to burn, of a fire
Lametin
sulu-i to burn
Peterara
sulu to burn
WMP Ayta Abellan
ho fingernail; toenail
Manobo (Ata)
sulu fingernail
Binukid
sulu fingernail, toenail; claws, hooves
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
sulu toenail; fingernail
Proto-Minahasan
*sulu nail, claw
Tondano
sulu claw, fingernail, toenail
Tontemboan
sulu fingernail, toenail, hoof
WMP Tboli
sulud comb; to comb one’s hair
Berawan (Long Terawan)
sulon comb
Melanau (Mukah)
sulud comb
Formosan Puyuma
sulud push
ma-sa-sulud push each other (two people only)
s<in>ulud a pushed thing
sulud-an Push it! (imperative)
WMP Tboli
tulud push
Bilaan (Sarangani)
sulud to push
Formosan Puyuma
s<əm>ulud to push
WMP Tboli
t<m>ulud to push
WMP Bantik
sulúŋ to shelter (from sun, rain)
CMP Rotinese
sulu seek shelter; cover, shade, protect
WMP Pangasinan
i-solóŋ to wear, put on clothing, etc.
Hanunóo
súluŋ putting on, wearing, with reference to clothing
mag-súluŋ to put on, wear
Kimaragang Dusun
suluŋ put on clothes
OC Wayan
sulu to dress, put on clothing
i-sulu clothes, dress (general); skirt or sarong, sheet of cloth worn wrapped around the waist of a man, and around the waist and upper body of a woman
vaka-i-sulu to dress, put on clothing; wear or have clothes
Fijian
i sulu a loincloth, piece of cloth one fathom long girt around the loins; nowadays applied to clothing in general
sulu-ma to put on clothing
sulu-ŋa to wrap in a cloth; to carry a child on one’s back; to carry a thing in one’s clothes
Tongan
hulu to fix one’s loincloth by tucking in one end of it at the waist
Futunan
sulu sarong, wrap-around garment
Samoan
sulu (of garment) put on, wrap around oneself
Tuvaluan
hulu skirt-like garment (cloth worn by both sexes, wrapped around the lower half of the body and tucked in at the waist; formerly woven of pandanus)
WMP Itbayaten
soxo torch, made of viaho (a reed: Miscanthus floridulus (Labill) Warb); torch or lamp (or fire) which guides a boat at night
kapa-noxo act of fishing or hunting (e.g. sea crabs) with help of torch
mi-soxo to provide oneself with a torch (or recently, lamp)
soxo-an kind of boat used for torch-fishing
Agta (Dupaningan)
sulu light, any kind of device for emitting light
Casiguran Dumagat
sulo torch
məg-sulo to walk at night using a lit torch to see by
Kapampangan
sulúʔ torch, light
su-sulúʔ do something with light
Tagalog
sulóʔ a lighted torch, a light to be carried about or stuck in a holder
Hanunóo
súluʔ torch
s<ur>úlʔ-an light, lamp, lighting fixture
Masbatenyo
súloʔ torch
Aklanon
sueóʔ torch; to use as a torch
Waray-Waray
sulóʔ torch, flambeau
Agutaynen
tolok torch (made of a bottle filled with kerosene and with a rag for a wick, or a coconut palm frond or piece of bamboo with fire on the end; rarely used anymore)
Hiligaynon
sulúʔ torch
Cebuano
súluʔ torch made of a dry palm frond bound tightly at regular intervals along its length to make it burn slowly; use a torch in doing something, or illuminate ones way with a torch
pa-núluʔ go hunting or fishing at night with torchlight
Maranao
soloʔ lamp, light, resin
Binukid
suluʔ light, torch, lamp
mig-suluʔ to light (a lamp, etc.); to use something for light
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
suluʔ a lamp, a light
pe-nuluʔ to hunt at night with a light
Mansaka
so-soroʔ torch
Yakan
sūʔ resin; a light (fueled with resin)
Tausug
sūʔ light (of a torch, candle, etc.)
mag-sūʔ to light or kindle
Iban
suloh shine light on, cast beam of light
Malay
suloh torch; flare (used out of doors, and made of some material that burns up quickly, such as dry palm leaf)
Acehnese
sulōh torch
Gayō
suluh torch
be-suluh use a torch, illuminate with a torch
Simalur
sulu(h) torch
Karo Batak
suluh to burn
Toba Batak
sulu ~ sulu-sulu torch
Nias
sulu torch; eye
Rejang
suluaʔ torch
Sundanese
suluh combustible material, as firewood
ñuluh-an to look for firewood; put wood on the fire
Old Javanese
suluh torch, light
ka-suluh-an shine upon, illuminate
Javanese
suluh torch; firewood; inner corner of the eye
Balinese
suluh light, lamp, torch, illumination; the eye
suluh-in be lit with a lamp, be illuminated; be found out about
Sasak
suluh fish for eels with a torch
Sangir
suluʔ torch
Tontemboan
suluʔ moonlight; torch
Mongondow
tuluʔ fire
Uma
huluʔ torch
Tae'
sulo torch
Mandar
sulo torch
me-sulo carry a torch
Makassarese
sulo torch
pa-sulo illuminate with a torch in order to find something; use as a torch
Wolio
sulu resin; torch
sulu beau resin of the candlenut tree
Palauan
túiʔ torch, lamp (especially for night fishing)
Chamorro
suloʔ type of fishing, torch-fishing
CMP Manggarai
culu torch (made of twigs, bamboo, etc.)
Rembong
suluʔ torch
Ngadha
sulu torch, lamp, light; set alight, burn
Kambera
hulu torch
rú hulu leaf (lontar palm, coconut) used for a torch
Hawu
huru torch
ru huru torch made of bundled leaves
Tetun
ai sulu a torch
Erai
hulu torch
Leti
sulu torch
Wetan
uli torch; to practice reef-fishing by torchlight
Selaru
sus torch made of coconut frond
Yamdena
sulu torch made of coconut frond
n-sulu illuminate with a torch
na-sul fish by torch light
sulu lo new moon
Watubela
huluk torch
OC Nauna
cul torch
Loniu
cun dried coconut frond
Nali
suy bamboo torch (cp. palay coconut leaf torch)
tuka-suy use a torch at night
Sori
suŋ torch
Bipi
sun torch
Seimat
lul torch
Mussau
u-sulu coconut leaf torch
Vitu
zulu torch made of dried coconut leaves tied together
Takia
sul torch
Gitua
sulu torch for night fishing
Roviana
sulu to burn
s<in>ulu the spot where a fire has been
Eddystone/Mandegusu
sulu to burn, of a fire
Nggela
hulu frond of a coconut
Proto-Micronesian
*sulu torch
Kosraean
tul torch; fish with a torch
Marshallese
til torch
Pohnpeian
dihl dried palm frond, torch
Puluwat
túúl ~ téél torch
Woleaian
túlú- torch, torch-light; to do torch fishing
Avava
sil go fishing at night with burning torches
Rotuman
sulu coconut spathe; torch made of a coconut spathe
Tongan
hulu to show a light, or to give light, with a lantern, or a torch, etc.
Niue
hulu a torch
hu-hulu to shine (as the moon)
hulu-hulu evening
Samoan
sulu illuminate, light up
su-sulu (of the sun and moon) shine
sulu-sulu shine on, illuminate
Maori
huru glow, and so rise, of the sun
huru-huru diffused glow
WMP Itbayaten
ma-noxo to use torch or lamp in fishing or hunting (as for coconut crabs)
Casiguran Dumagat
mə-nulo to fish at night with a torch or flashlight or lantern
Kapampangan
ma-ñulúʔ light a candle, join a procession
Malay
me-ñuloh use a torch for burning bees nests or for spearing fish
Simalur
ma-nulu(h) to fish by torchlight
Karo Batak
nuluh to burn
Toba Batak
ma-nulu to illuminate with a torch
Nias
ma-nulu use a torch
Sasak
ñuluh light up, illuminate
Mongondow
mo-nuluʔ go spearfishing with torches
Palauan
mə-lúiʔ to shine, reflect light on, illuminate; go night fishing with torch or lamp
WMP Itbayaten
s<om>oxo fish or hunt by torchlight
Toba Batak
s<um>ulu illuminate with a torch
Old Javanese
s<um>uluh to shine
WMP Nias
sulu-i to illuminate, cast light on; to light, kindle
Old Javanese
s<um>uluh-i shine upon, illuminate
Uma
hulu-ʔi to fish by torchlight (?)
OC Tongan
hulu-hulu-ʔi to give light to, throw light on (path, book, etc.)
WMP Ilokano
súma menispermaceous vine with long-petioled, glabrous leaves; the roots are used in medicine
Isneg
súma common woody vine which cures any kind of snake bite if the person chews its bitter stem and spits the juice on the affected part
Malay
daun suma medicinal leaf mentioned sometimes in Malay prescriptions
WMP Ilokano
súman native rice cake made with díket (glutinous rice) and gettá (coconut milk)
Casiguran Dumagat
súman rice delicacy consisting of glutinous rice boiled with coconut milk and sugar and wrapped in leaves
Pangasinan
súman delicacy made from sticky rice, sugar and coconut milk; wrapped and cooked in banana leaf
Tagalog
súman rice cake made from the glutinous variety of rice and wrapped in banana or palm leaves
Bikol
súman rice sweet made from glutinous rice flour, coconut milk and brown sugar, shaped into a cylinder about six inches long and wrapped in burí (palm) leaves
Cebuano
súman sweet prepared from crushed ingredients (rice, corn, pili nut, millet, etc.) formed into sticks, wrapped in banana leaves, and steamed
Maranao
soman rice delicacy cooked in coconut milk
WMP Malay
səmaŋat spirit of life; vitality; soul (in the old Indonesian sense); the Indonesian ‘soul’ is a bird of life, timorous and easily scared; its flight ... is synonymous with weak vitality; it leaves the body in sleep, and when absent from the body may be seduced or captured by other persons; magic is used sometimes to attract and so win a girl’s səmaŋat, or to attach it to oneself; Malays believe that this spirit of life is found in all nature, even in things that we consider inanimate; thus the ‘soul of iron’ (səmaŋat bəsi) is responsible for the special merits of iron, and due homage has to be paid to it if a kris is to retain its virtue; this animistic belief underlies the special reverence paid to certain weapons, and comes out clearly in the harvest rites associated with the ‘rice soul’ (səmaŋat padi); if the seed rice is to give a good crop the following year it must retain its spirit of life, and every care is taken to honor it and to see that reaping is done so as not to lessen its vitality
Malay (Jakarta)
səmaŋət soul, spirit of a living person
Acehnese
seumaŋat soul of a living person, life-force, (impersonal) soul; be conscious
Simalur
sumaŋar soul, life-force
Sasak
səmaŋət fontanel; life breath, soul
Bare'e
sumaŋa ghost, spirit of the dead, above all those who have long been dead (rare in everyday speech; mostly used in oral literature
Tae'
sumaŋaʔ soul, spirit of a living person, life-force
Makassarese
sumaŋaʔ immaterial body, essence, soul; consciousness (people claim that the sumaŋaʔ has the same form as the material body, but never dies; it can take flight, endangering the body it occupies, and when this happens it must be called back)
Wolio
sumaŋa spirit (of a deceased person); reincarnation
Muna
sumaŋa spirit of dead person, ancestor spirit
CMP Hawu
hemaŋa soul
Vaikenu
smana soul
Yamdena
smaŋat soul, ghost, spectre
Proto-Ambon
*sumaŋə soul of a living person
Tifu
ə-smaŋe-n soul of a living person
WMP Malay
səmaŋat padi soul of the rice plant (seed rice must be harvested with the tuai, a small crescent-shaped blade concealed in the palm of the hand and used cautiously so as not to frighten away the rice soul and so loss the potency of the seed for the following harvest)
Acehnese
seumaŋat padé soul of the rice
WMP Malay
sumbat plug; stopper; cork; plugging a hole or stopping a leak
Karo Batak
sumban stopped up, plugged up (as a blowpipe)
Toba Batak
ma-numbat to plug, cork
tar-sumbat plugged up
WMP Maranao
sombaŋ disharmony; taboo; vow
Tiruray
sumbaŋ incest, sexual relations with any close relative, as someone descended from one’s great grandfather (second cousin or closer)
Ngaju Dayak
sumbaŋ incest, commit incest
Malay
sumbaŋ revolting; incestuous; an abomination, esp. of incest; in a looser sense also all serious sexual offenses are sumbaŋ, e.g. adultery and illicit pregnancy
anak sumbaŋ a child of incest
Gayō
sumaŋ incest; subject that is forbidden or improper
Karo Batak
sumbaŋ contrary, esp. of marriage to someone of too close a degree of relationship; incest
Toba Batak
sumbaŋ incest
mar-sumbaŋ to commit incest
Rejang
sumbaŋ incest
sumbaŋ kécéɁ a breach of sexual etiquette by speaking to a person of a prohibited degree of relationship
sumbaŋ mata-i to make eyes with a person of the opposite sex with whom a sexual relationship is taboo
sumbaŋ taŋeun to touch a person of the opposite sex with whom a sexual relationship is taboo
Balinese
sumbaŋ incest
ñumbaŋ commit incest, do something indecent or wrong
Sangir
sumbaŋ commit incest
Tae'
sumbaŋ border, there, where something stops
WMP Central Tagbanwa
sumbiŋ harelip
Tausug
sumbiŋ jagged, dented, notched, nicked (as of the edges of cutting tools); hare-lipped
ma-sumbiŋ to become nicked
Malagasy
súmbina a fragment, a chip, a piece of something; mutilated, chipped, broken off
Malay
sumbiŋ jagged; notched (of a sharp edge); dented (of a razor or knife)
gəlak sumbiŋ laugh with a twist in it; sickly laugh
mulut sumbiŋ hare-lip
Toba Batak
sumbiŋ-sumbiŋ full of chips and points, of something that has been broken; dented, jagged
Javanese
suwiŋ having a harelip
Proto-Minahasan
*sumbiŋ jagged, chipped
WMP Ayta Abellan
homboŋ to tell on; to report
Kapampangan
i-sumbuŋ to accuse, denounce, tattle on
Tagalog
sumbóŋ accusation, complaint
Bikol
i-sumbóŋ to tattle or squeal about; to report about
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
sumbuŋ to accuse
WMP Berawan (Batu Belah)
sumit moustache
Iban
sumit moustache
Uma
sumiʔ moustache
Makassarese
sumiʔ moustache
WMP Casiguran Dumagat
súmpa oath, pledge, act of swearing; to make an oath, to make a sworn promise; to curse someone
Pangasinan
sumpá amulet, antidote; oppose, resist
Kapampangan
sumpáʔ curse (a very serious form of parental punishment)
Tagalog
sumpáʔ oath; a solemn promise or statement that something is true, which God is called on to witness; vow, solemn promise; curse; imprecation; malediction
ma-numpáʔ to depose; to swear to
pag-sumpáʔ act of cursing
s<um>umpáʔ to curse; to call down a judgement, calamity or curse on someone
Bikol
sumpáʔ oath
mag-sumpáʔ to pledge, promise, swear, vow; to blaspheme
pa-sumpaʔ-ón to swear someone in, to give an oath to
Hanunóo
sumpáʔ oath, swearing
s<um>umpáʔ to swear
Romblomanon
sumpaʔ an attestation or oath that a particular situation exists/will exist or action occurs/will occur; a curse placed on someone to cause evil to befall that person
pa-numpaʔ take an oat or solemnly attest that a particular situation exists or will exist, or action occurs or will occur
Masbatenyo
mag-súmpaʔ to vow, swear
sumpaʔ-án promise, pledge of love
sumpáʔ-on be cursed
Aklanon
súmpaʔ promise, oath, pledge, vow (in good connotation); curse (in bad connotation); to vow, swear, promise; to curse
Hiligaynon
súmpaʔ oath, sworn statement, vow
sumpáʔ-un to take an oath, to swear, to make a big promise
Cebuano
súmpaʔ to counteract something evil before it happens, usually of a magical nature
pa-númpaʔ to swear, make an oath to do something or that something will happen
Binukid
sumpaʔ to counteract something evil before it happens, usually of a magical nature (as in counteracting the punishment of supernatural beings through rain; oath
pa-numpaʔ to swear, make an oath or vow to do (something)
Mansaka
sómpaɁ to counteract (as witchcraft); to treat (as a boil with medicine)
Mapun
sumpaʔ a curse that is put on someone
numpaʔ-an to put a curse on someone
Iban
sumpah oath, swearing; to swear, curse, abuse
Malay
sumpah oath; ordeal; imprecation; sumpah also means ‘curse’ both (i) in the modern sense of mere bad language, and (ii) in the old sense of spell-change by a curse
Toba Batak
sumpa oath
mar-sumpa to swear an oath
si-balik sumpa perjurer
Rejang
supeaʔ oath, vow
be-supeaʔ to swear, to take an oath
kno supeaʔ to suffer supernatural punishment for having made a false oath
Sundanese
sumpah to swear, pledge an oath, declare under oath that (something is true)
ñumpah-an administer an oath to someone
Old Javanese
sumpah oath, imprecation
a-numpah to enounce (launch) an imprecation against
Javanese
sumpah one’s oath; to swear, take one’s oath
ñumpah to administer an oath to
Madurese
sompa oath
a-sompa to swear an oath
ñompa administer an oath to someone
Balinese
sumpah a curse (especially on a piece of land); an oath
balik sumpah a great festival of offereings to turn such a curse back on its layer
ñumpah-in to swear an oath
Sasak
sumpah oath
bə-sumpah to swear an oath, lay down an oath
WMP Casiguran Dumagat
i-súmpa to curse someone
Kapampangan
i-sumpáʔ to curse someone
Tagalog
i-sumpáʔ to condemn; to express strong disapproval
WMP Kapampangan
maka-sumpál able to block up or gag
sumpal-an block up a hole; gag someone; fill a cavity
Tagalog
sumpál a stopper; a plug; a gag
Toba Batak
sumpol stopper, cork
ma-numpol to stop, plug up
Javanese
sumpel stopper, cork
Balinese
sumpel stopper, cork
Sasak
sumpəl to plug with a cork; a cork
WMP Maranao
sompiŋ beard, moustache
Bare'e
sumpi ~ wulu ncumpi moustache
WMP Tagalog
(naka)-sumpíŋ carried on or behind the ear, as a pencil or a cigarette (in some areas)
Iban
sumpin ear-stud, ear-ring
Sundanese
su-sumpiŋ an ear ornament, worn on topengs (masks), and on shadow puppets; also a certain talisman or amulet worn behind the ear in former times
Old Javanese
sumpiŋ flower (leaf, etc.) worn on the ear; ear ornament in the shape of a flower
a-sumpiŋ to wear a sumpiŋ
maka-sumpiŋ to use as a sumpiŋ, to serve as a sumpiŋ
Javanese
sumpiŋ ear ornament worn as part of a costume for the classical dance
sumpiŋ-an to put on such an ear ornament
Balinese
sumpiŋ an ear ornament
Sasak
sumpiŋ stuck behind the ear; to stick behind the ear
sə-sumpiŋ anything that one sticks behind the ear
WMP Ilokano
sumpít injection; syringe; enema; blowgun; small glass used by erbularios [herbal doctors] to draw out venom from snakebite victims
ag-sumpít to use a syringe; play with a syringe
sumpit-én to hit with a popgun; to draw out poisoned blood from a snakebite victim
Itawis
súmpit blowgun
Tagalog
sumpít blowgun; popgun; enema apparatus
Bikol
mag-sumpít to spray (as a bug with insecticide)
Hanunóo
sumpít sling for hurling stones, usually of stick, cord, and leaf construction
Romblomanon
sumpit bamboo blowgun; a toy used by children for shooting seeds such as mung beans
Masbatenyo
súmpit toy blowgun
Aklanon
súmpit to jet out, splurt, squirt (out); blowgun
Waray-Waray
sumpít blowgun
Cebuano
sumpít blowgun or something used to squirt liquid; to squirt liquid or blow pellets with a blowgun
Maranao
sompit water gun; spray, gush, spurt; syringe
Binukid
sumpit blowgun; something used to squirt a liquid, watergun; to blow pellets with a blowgun at (something)
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
sumpit a blowgun
Mansaka
sompit projectile (as a dart from a blowgun)
Mapun
sumpit the flowing out of a liquid from pressure below
sumpit-un for a liquid to flow out because of pressure below (as from an underground spring, blood from a wound, etc.)
sumpit-sumpit type of fish characterized by squirting water out of its mouth to knock insects off something and into the water
Tausug
sumpit squirting, spurting
mag-sumpit (for a liquid) to squirt, (for a gas) to escape rapidly; to blow (something out with force), spray a liquid; to shoot something with a blowgun
sumpit-an an instrument used for blowing a pointed missile (bawang) with the aid of a wad of kapok or cotton, blowgun (made of bamboo or a material with the same texture as bamboo; has a sight at the end away from the mouth opening)
Bukat
supit blowgun
Ngaju Dayak
səmpit-an bung hole
Iban
sumpit blowpipe
Malay
sumpit shooting with a blowpipe
me-ñumpit to use the blowpipe
sumpit-an a blowpipe
ikan sumpit blowpipe fish, Toxotes spp.
Acehnese
sumpét shoot with a blowpipe
s<ɨn>umpét a blowpipe
Simalur
sumpit blowpipe
Sichule
umpid blowpipe
Totoli
sumpit-an blowgun
Boano
sumpit-an blowgun
Tajio
sumpit blowgun
Balaesang
sumpit-an blowgun
Banggai
ba-sumpit go hunting with a blowgun
sumpit-an blowgun
Tae'
sumpiʔ bamboo blowpipe; shoot a dart at a target with a blowpipe
Makassarese (Bantaeng)
sumpiʔ blowpipe
CMP Bimanese
sumpi blowpipe; shoot with a blowpipe
Manggarai
sumpit blowpipe
Ngadha
supi blowpipe; shoot with a blowpipe
ana supi blowpipe dart
Soboyo
sumpi blowpipe
WMP Toba Batak
ma-numpit shoot with a blowpipe
Tae'
ma-numpiʔ shoot with a blowpipe
WMP Ayta Abellan
hompoŋ to be attacked by an illness or anito (evil spirit)
Tagalog
sumpóŋ whim, caprice, sudden change of mind without any reason; mild mania; a kind of insanity characterized by great excitement
Aklanon
súmpoŋ to ‘blow up’, get/become hot-headed
Cebuano
sumpúŋ to be in one of one’s bad moods, have one’s sickness or fit come over one
Mansaka
sompoŋ to become depressed again; to have recurring pain or feelings
OC Motu
dumu kind of triggerfish
Proto-North-Central Vanuatu
*sumu triggerfish
Paamese
sum(u)sum kind of fish
Wayan
cum fish taxon, includes many (Balistidae) and leatherjacket (Aluteridae) species
Fijian
cumu a small diamond-shaped fish, file or trigger fish, Balistes sp; also the name of a Fijian constellation
Tongan
humu kind of fish
Niue
humu a species of fish (black in color, with yellow tints)
Futunan
sumu dark/sombre Picasso fish: Rhinecanthus rectangulus (Solander)
Samoan
sumu name given to triggerfishes of genera Balistes and Balistapus; Southern Cross (from its resemblance to the shape of the fish)
Nukuoro
sumu triggerfish, filefish (the native term is applied to many species); a method of lashing which is diamond-shaped, and of decorating mats (with a diamond-shaped design)
Rennellese
sumu to lash (general term, as rattan cane or sennit; general name for triggerfish
Hawaiian
humu-humu triggerfish; to sew, of many or continuously
WMP Subanun (Sindangan)
sunday comb
Subanon
sundoy comb
Samal
suday comb
Dumpas
suday comb
Tatana
suday comb
Bisaya (Sabah)
suday comb
WMP Maranao
sondol adjacent, contiguous; attack
sondol-an joint, boundary
Old Javanese
suṇḍul to, reaching up to, touching (from below)
Balinese
ñundul be assembled close together, be arrayed (soldiers)
WMP Maranao
sondoŋ slant, bow
Toba Batak
sunduŋ slanting overhead, inclined, at an angle
WMP Ibaloy
sonson to stuff, cram something into something else (as handkerchief into pocket, animal fodder into sack, intestines of wounded man back into the abdominal cavity)
Cebuano
sunsun close together or to each other (as coconuts planted close together, or a cloth that is thick because the weft threads are close to each other)
Tausug
mag-sunsun to tighten the weaving (of nipa or coconut leaf shingles or woven material such as a mat or basket)
WMP Bontok
ʔi-sontók to fight; to hit with the fists; to box
Casiguran Dumagat
suntuk to hit with the fist, box
Tagalog
suntók a blow, punch or hit with the fist
ma-nuntók to punch; to hit with the fist
mag-suntuk-án to box; to fight one another with the fists
Aklanon
súntok to rap or hit with one’s knuckles, especially on the head
Agutaynen
mag-sontok to box, to hit with the fist
Maranao
sontok punch, blow, box
sontok-en to hit, punch
Mansaka
sontok a punch (as with the fist)
s<om>ontok to punch, hit with the fist
Tboli
suntuk boxing, fistfight; to fistfight
Manobo (Sarangani)
sontok hit or punch something or someone
Tausug
suntuk a blow (as with the hand or fist)
mag-suntuk to box or sock (someone), hit (someone) with one’s fist
WMP Ilokano
sunód next person (in line)
ag-su-sunód to stand in a row; walk behind; retreat
Casiguran Dumagat
sunud to obey, to follow
Tagalog
sunód the one following; the next; the continuation; the successor; sequence; something that follows; result
di-ma-súnúr-in disobedient; obstinate
ka-sunód the one following; after; later; following; next; nearest; subsequent; later
mag-ka-ka-sunód consecutive (for three or more); following without interruption
mag-ka-sunód one after the other (for two); one following another
mag-ka-sunód to set; to arrange; to fix for others to follow
taga-sunód follower; a person who follows the ideas or beliefs of another; satellite; a follower or attendant upon a person of importance; hanger-on
sund-án to follow someone; to follow up an application, request, etc.
sund-ín to obey; to pursue; to follow; to abide by, keep faithful to; adhere to
dapat sund-ín authoritative; ought to be obeyed
Bikol
sunód next
i-sunód to place after; to collocate; place in consecutive order, place in a series; to sequence; to rank
ka-sunód the person following; the successor, sequel
mag-sunód to follow, ensue
m<in>a-sunód to follow in succession
pa-sunód phase, stage (as of development)
sunud-án to follow after; to track, trail, pursue
sunud-ón to do something after something else
Hanunóo
sunúd following
s<um>unúd to follow
Cebuano
sunúd to follow, go behind someone; do something later as the next thing; do something right after having done something else; follow, imitate
pa-nulund-un something which is inherited (< met. of *pa-nulud-nun?)
sund-án-un tending to have offspring closely spaced
Binukid
sunud next, the one following; to follow, go behind (someone or something); to do, come next after (something or someone); to do (something) one after another
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
sunud to be next; to follow; to inherit
Mansaka
sonod to follow (in order); to be next
WMP Casiguran Dumagat
s<um>unud to obey; to follow
Tagalog
s<um>unód to obey; to comply with; to conform; to act according to law or rule; to follow, meaning to obey; to follow, meaning to go or come after; to take the place of; to ensue; to follow
WMP Ilokano
sunód-sunód one after the other (in a row)
Casiguran Dumagat
sunud-sunud to go in single file
Tagalog
sunúd-sunód chronological; arranged in order of time; successive; following in order
s<um>unúd-sunód to tag after; to follow closely; to tail; to follow close behind
sunúd-sunúr-an pliable; easily influenced; yielding; subservient; servile; slavishly polite and obedient
Bikol
sunúd-sunód chronological; consecutive, sequential
mag-sunúd-sunód to take turns in doing something
Cebuano
sunud-sunúd keep following, tagging along after (as a dog following its master)
WMP Ilokano
ag-súnog to smoke out bees from their honeycombs
Isneg
ma-núnug to gather honey
a-nunúx-ān a tree that is the custormary abode of honeybees
Bontok
súnug to smoke something out of a hole, as rats or frogs
Tagalog
súnog fire; a destructive burning, as of a building
sunóg burnt
má-nu-nunog incendiary; arsonist; person who maliciously sets fire to property
ma-súnog to burn; to be on fire; to catch fire; to be ablaze
pa-núnog incendiary; causing fires (as incendiary bombs)
s<um>únog to incinerate, to reduce to ashes
Bikol
mag-súnog to cure betel nut by smoking
Hanunóo
sunuy smoke (?)
Cebuano
súnug to burn something up (as weeds); be burnt, destroyed by heat; roast something that one uses slightly burnt; fire, conflagration
Binukid
sunug to burn up, burn down (something); to destroy (something) by heat
Mansaka
sonog to burn, as brush in a field
Proto-Bungku-Tolaki
*sunuR to burn
CMP Tetun (Dili)
sunu to burn
OC Tongan
hunu to singe
hunu-hunu to singe for some time, or all over
Niue
hu-hunu to burn
Futunan
su-sunu to burn, scorch
Samoan
ma-sunu to singe
su-sunu to burn up
sunu-sunu to scorch
Maori
hunu beam, ray of the sun; to singe
WMP Ilokano
sunúg-en to take the honeycombs away from the beehives by smoking out the bees
Tagalog
sunúg-in to burn; to set on fire
sunug-ín combustible; capable of taking fire and burning
Bikol
sunóg-on to cure betel nut by smoking
Hanunóo
sunúy-un smoke torch used for chasing bees away
Formosan Paiwan (Southern)
tulʸar brightness, light
t<m>ulʸar be bright, shining
WMP Javanese
sunar light, radiance
s<um>unar radiant, shining
Formosan Paiwan (Southern)
t<m>ulʸar be bright, shining
WMP Javanese
s<um>unar radiant, shining
Formosan Puyuma
suŋa upstream; do wrong
ma-suŋa to do the opposite of what you are told to do
WMP Ibaloy
me-soŋa to be wrong, make a mistake (as doing something the wrong way, having one’s shoes interchanged)
WMP Tagalog
suŋál having the upper lip or teeth protruding over the lower
Karo Batak
suŋar project outward, of the teeth
WMP Pangasinan
soŋáw evaporation by exposure; vapor rising from ground after rain
Bikol
mag-suŋáw to exude a vapor, air, etc.; to give off (as fumes)
Agutaynen
toŋaw for the air to escape from a baloon or a tire; for a smell to escape; for the ground to steam and smell; for something to evaporate; for a fever to go down
WMP Sambal (Botolan)
hóŋay horn
Ayta Abellan
hoŋay animal horns
Tagalog
súŋay horn of cattle, sheep, deer, etc.
suŋay-án horned; horny; having a horn or horns
súŋay na usá antler, horn of a deer
Bikol
súŋay horn, antler
mag-súŋay to grow a horn
Hanunóo
súŋay horn, i.e. of an animal
Aklanon
súŋay horn (of animals)
Hiligaynon
súŋay horn
mag-súŋay to gore, to pierce with a horn
Cebuano
súŋay horn; to butt, gore
suŋáy-an animal with horns; the devil; one like a devil
Maranao
soŋay tusk, protruding teeth, as in wild pig
Binukid
suŋay horn (of an animal); to butt, gore (someone or something) with horns
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
suŋey the horn of an animal; to horn or gore
Proto-Sangiric
*suŋay horn (of animal)
Sangir
suŋe horn of an animal
ma-nuŋe gore with the horns
Proto-Minahasan
*suŋe horn (of animal)
Tontemboan
suŋe horn
s<um>uŋe butt with the horns
Proto-East Gorontalic
*suŋe horn of an animal
WMP Bontok
suŋət to be angry
ka-su-suŋət anything which causes anger
suŋt-an to get angry at something
Tboli
suŋet to snap at anyone
s<m>uŋet moody
WMP Narum
siŋot nose
Miri
siŋot <M nose
Kayan
suŋit upper lip
Mongondow
tuŋit beak, bill
Bare'e
suŋi to smile
WMP Yami
soŋit bit
ma-noŋit to bite
soŋit-en to bite
Itbayaten
soñit bite; solid food already bitten, or with bitten part; anything which is partly eaten (of food)
ma-noñit to bite
soñit-en to bite
Maranao
soŋit to put into the mouth
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
suŋit to put food into one’s own mouth or someone else’s
Tiruray
suŋit to hand feed someone; to eat with one’s fingers
Tausug
s<um>uŋit to put food into one’s (or someone’s) mouth, either by hand or with a spoon; to feed someone
WMP Ilokano
na-súŋit disobedient; obstinate; unruly; rebellious
Ayta Abellan
hoŋit harshness, sternness; surly, ill tempered, unfriendly; dour-faced
Tagalog
ka-suŋít-an harshness; sternness
ma-súŋit dour-faced; sullen; sulky; cross; ill-tempered
WMP Tagalog
suŋkál digging or uprooting with the snout; nuzzling, pressing with the nose
Bikol
mag-suŋkál to dig something up with the snout
paŋ-suŋkál the snout of animals (such as the pig)
Malay
suŋkal rooting up or turning up, as a ploughshare turns up the soil
Sundanese
suŋkal the turning up of something, as a stone with a lever; (figuratively) to swindle, defraud
Old Javanese
a-nuŋkal to force open by shoving something in (?)
WMP Tagalog
súŋkit hairpin (Laktaw 1914)
Ngaju Dayak
suŋkit embroidery
Malagasy
súkitra all work made by a pointed instrument, such as a graver, a chisel, etc.
vua súkitra engraved; picked out, taken out, as a cricket from a hole
Iban
suŋkit prise open, lever up; vaccination, vaccinate, inoculate; brocade, embroidery, any weave done with needle following weft
Malay
kain suŋkit cloth embroidered with gold or silver by a “digging out” process, i.e. by using a sharp point to pull out short lengths of the silk of the fabric and then substituting pieces of gold or silver thread
OC Fijian
cuki to root, dig up or loosen the ground with a stick, to dig the surface only; fig. to force information from a person
i cuki a digging stick
cukit-a to root, dig up (trans.)
Niue
huki to pierce, lance, inoculate; a needle, prickle, lance, injection, inoculation; fork
Samoan
suɁi thrust needle or other sharp object through something, pierce; pin (especially leaves of thatching panels); sew; mend, darn; tack; seam
suɁi-ŋa stitch
Tuvaluan
huki to pierce; test ground for turtle eggs with a stick; poke a stick through mats to hold them on ridge of house; sticks so used
ma-huki pierced
huki-huki perform an action or series of actions producing many holes
Rennellese
suki to plant, as seeds or cuttings; to set a stake in the earth, as to hold the sounding board; to insert, as a spear; to sting, as a bee; to pierce, puncture, as a sea urchin, baloon fish or spear; to swoop down or claw, as a hawk
WMP Maranao
sokob moveable hand fish trap; fit
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
suŋkub a device for trapping mudfish which is a funnel-shaped basket, open at the top and bottom; this is repeatedly pushed wide and down through the water to the mud; if a fish is caught it is retrieved through the top open end
Tboli
sukub a lid of something, usually bigger than what is covered
Iban
suŋkup miniature house erected over grave at gawai antu (feast of the dead) (Richards 1981)
Malay
suŋkup covering under a hollow, such as an inverted bowl, a prolongation of the eaves of the house, or an overturned boat
Mongondow
tuŋkub cover over (as with a basket)
WMP Tagalog
suŋkól a stroke, knock or blow with the knuckles, the point of the elbow, or with the end or corner of a thing
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
suŋkul hit something with the head or the top end of something
Kelabit
ŋ-ukul poke into a hole with a finger, stick, etc.
WMP Agta (Dupaningan)
suŋsuŋ-an headwaters, source of a stream or river
Pangasinan
soŋsóŋ to contradict; to go against wind, current or tide
Kapampangan
tapayan suŋsuŋ a large clay jar, sometimes glazed -- said to be Chinese
Tagalog
pag-suŋsóŋ going against the current or wind; old name for China; north of the monsoon (according to an old Chinese belief, Lusóng (Luzón) refers to the island south of China, or “south of the monsoon”, the opposite of suŋsóŋ “north of the monsoon”
Bikol
mag-suŋsóŋ go against the current or into the wind; steer something into the wind or against the current
Agutaynen
toŋtoŋ-on to go forwards against the wind or current
Cebuano
s<al>uŋsuŋ go directly against the current or wind; brave adverse weather conditions or a battle; bravely face someone difficult to approach
Mansaka
soŋsoŋ to go against (as the current); to sail against (as the wind)
Tiruray
suŋsuŋ China, specifically Hong Kong
Mapun
nunsuŋ ~ pa-sunsuŋ to go against the wind or current; to go upstream
ka-sunsuŋ able to go against the wind or current
Yakan
pa-sunsuŋ to flow or go backwards (as a river flowing upstream at high tide; food returning in vomiting); to push something (as a boat into the sea, or a person pushed upward to assist him in climbing a tree)
Tausug
suŋsuŋ China
Malay
soŋsoŋ breasting; making little headway or slow progress against adverse forces, such as winds or tides (as in working one’s way upriver against a strong current)
soŋsoŋ harus pushing on against the tide
me-ñoŋsoŋ aŋin fighting the wind, of a soaring kite or eagle; sailing very close-hauled
Javanese
di-suŋsuŋ go upstream, toward the source (Pigeaud)
Balinese
suŋsuŋ go to meet; respect deeply; revere
Sasak
suŋsuŋ do something against the grain, as in shaving upward
WMP Bikol
mag-suŋsóŋ to clog or stop something up
Romblomanon
suŋsuŋ a bottle stopper, as a cork, rolled paper or any suitable material used to stop a bottle neck; a plug to stop up an opening; to cork or stop up an opening
Masbatenyo
mag-súŋsoŋ to plug, stop, cork, block, plug up, bung
Aklanon
súŋsuŋ stopper, cork; to cork up, stop up, put a stopper in
Hiligaynon
súŋsuŋ stopper, cork
mag-súŋsuŋ to close an opening with a stopper or a cork
Cebuano
suŋsuŋ stop up or stuff something into a tube or mouth of a bottle (tobacco into pipe, cork into bottle); stopper; pinch of pipe tobacco, enough to put in the pipe; posthole digger made of a bamboo pole which is forced into the ground and then pulled out with the dirt stopped up inside it
Mansaka
suŋsuŋ cap (of a bottle, etc.); to put a cap on, stop up (as an opening)
Singhi Land Dayak
sisuŋ cork
Chamorro
soŋsoŋ plug up, close up (hole); stopper, plug
WMP Bontok
suŋsuŋ to smell something; to have a smell
Ifugaw (Batad)
huŋhuŋ an odor, either pleasant or foul; for something to emit an odor; for someone, an animal to smell something with the nose; for the nose to be able to smell
Ibaloy
soŋsoŋ snout of an animal; to smell something, especially of animals, and especially purposeful smelling (as a dog her pups)
Binukid
suŋsuŋ (for an animal) to sniff at something with the nose close to it
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
suŋsuŋ to sniff at something with the nose close to it
WMP Pangasinan
soŋó spike-like projection from the head of shrimp
Hanunóo
súŋu the pointed anterior projection of the rostrum of shrimps and crayfish; also, sometimes, including bases of antennules, “nasal spike”
Aklanon
súŋo “whisker” of shrimps
Hiligaynon
súŋu antennae of insects
Malay
suŋu horn (in Java)
Toba Batak
suŋu rhinoceros horn
Old Javanese
suŋu horn (of an animal); a wind instrument
Javanese
suŋu horn, antler
Balinese
suŋu a conch shell trumpet; used to announce the beginning of the observance of manyepi [an annual ceremony]
WMP Ilokano
súŋo muzzle, snout; upper lip
ag-súŋo to have a prominent snout
i-súŋo to point out with the nose
pa-súŋo rope attaching the nasal septum of a carabao to the larger rope (used to restrain it)
Cebuano
suŋú bill, beak of fowl or birds; similar structure in other animals, as trunk of elephants or the proboscis of mosquitos; the whitish triangular lower structure of a grain of corn that attaches it to the cob; in cockfighting, set the cocks and let them peck at each other before fighting them or determining the winner
WMP Cebuano
súŋut-súŋut irritating, irksome
Iban
suŋut murmur, mumble, bear a grudge against
Malay
ber-suŋut to grumble, grouse
suŋut létér nagging
WMP Pangasinan
soŋót mouth, upper lip
Miri
suŋot nose
Sundanese
suŋut mouth, beak, snout
SHWNG Gimán
usnut <M nose
WMP Ayta Abellan
hoŋot cat’s whiskers, shrimp feelers, and catfish’s feelers
Tagalog
suŋót antenna; the feelers on the head of an insect, spider, lobster, etc.; pointed end of certain unhusked grains
Malay
suŋut ~ se-suŋut long sparse hairs on the upper lip; barbels of fish; cat’s whiskers; antennae of insect
Toba Batak
suŋut twisted moustache
Old Javanese
suŋut antenna, feeler (insect, shrimp), tendril
ma-suŋut with feelers
Javanese
suŋut insect’s feeler/antenna; tip of a vegetable pod
WMP Uma
hupaʔ spit out
Bare'e
supa spit or blow chewed medicinal herbs on (a patient)
OC Arosi
tuha to spit; puff out
Proto-Polynesian
*tufa to spit (Formosan only)
Formosan Kavalan
supay- whet, sharpen
Pazeh
zupay whet (a knife)
Puyuma
supay sharpen in water
Formosan Kavalan
s<m>upay to sharpen (as a knife)
Pazeh
mu-zupay to whet (a knife), to grate (as a radish) with a grater having sharp notches
Puyuma
s<əm>upay to sharpen in water
Formosan Kavalan
supay-an whetstone
Pazeh
za-zupay-en whetstone
Puyuma
sa-supay-an whetstone
SHWNG Buli
suf to peel, pare
n-cuf-i s/he is peeling it
Numfor
suf cut with a knife, of soft things, as the manufacture of little boats carved from soft wood, the peeling of yams, etc.
OC Nauna
sup to peel yams
Lou
sup to peel yams
Titan
su-i to peel yams
Leipon
suh to peel yams
Sori
sup to peel yams
Bipi
suh to peel any fruit
Lakalai
suvi to peel taro
Gedaged
supi to pare, peel (cut off thin slices)
Gitua
supi cut up taro and similar food, only with small knife
Motu
duhi-a pare, prepare (yams, etc.) for cooking
Lau
sufi to shave with a razor, to cut hair
Toqabaqita
sufi-a to shave, shave off (beard, hair as direct object)
'Āre'āre
suhi-a to shave the head, beard; scrape
Arosi
suhi to peel yams
Fijian
suvi to cut in pieces, chiefly of yams and breadfruit, generally lengthwise
OC Ere
suhir cockatoo sp.
Ahus
cu-cuhir small cockatoo
Kuruti
suhir cockatoo sp.
Lele
suhil cockatoo sp.
Kele
suhir cockatoo sp.
Takia
suil cockatoo sp.
WMP Yami
sopit clamp
ma-nopit to grab
so-sopit chopsticks
sopit-en to clasp
Itbayaten
sopit idea of being jammed
so-sopit pincers, tongs
sopit-en to jam
Agta (Eastern)
supit narrow
Bontok
súpit to make something narrow, as a pondfield or a house
Tboli
sufit tongs, usually a piece of bamboo about 8-10in. long bent in half and used as kitchen tongs or by a blacksmith in moving coals of fire, kettle lids; crab pincers; to use tongs to get or move something; to carry something under the arm by squeezing it’; to get stuck or caught between something, as one’s finger pinched in a door, lid of a trunk
Kelabit
upit bamboo tweezers
Iban (Lemanak)
sumpit chopsticks; narrow
Malay (Baba)
sumpit chopsticks
Sundanese
supit narrow (of a path or road), a narrow passageway
Old Javanese
supit pincers (of a lobster, etc.)
Javanese
supit pincers, pinching claws; pincers, tongs
Balinese
supit pinch, squeeze; thing to squeeze with, tweezers
Sangir
ma-supiʔ narrow; pressed in (because there are too many things or people crowding against one another); always grumbling
Mongondow
mo-nupit to pinch, press
to-tupit pincers or tongs of bamboo
Uma
hupiʔ tongs
mpo-hupiʔ pick up with tongs
Wolio
supi tongs
Formosan Kavalan
supsup to suck (as a snail from its shell, a baby suckling from its mother)
Amis
copcop to suck (as a mosquito sucking blood)
WMP Bontok
supsup to suck out, by using a short, sharp sucking action, as a snail from its shell; to clean a child’s nose by sucking it out
Pangasinan
ma-nopsóp to suck, take repeated big sips
Bikol
súpsúp sip, suck
Maranao
sosop suck
Banggai
susup cigarette; straw (for sipping)
ba-susup to smoke (tobacco)
susup-an cigarette paper or leaf
OC Bipi
susuh to suck
Kove
ruru to suck
Sinaugoro
ruru to suck
Tongan
huhu to suck (as a baby does) from breast or bottle
Samoan
susu suck
WMP Proto-Minahasan
*supu boundary, border
Tonsea
supu boundary, border
Tombulu
supu boundary, border
Tondano
supu plot in rice field
pa-supu-an boundary, border
Tontemboan
supu boundary, border
Tonsawang
suwu boundary, border
CMP Manggarai
cupu boundary, border
WMP Ilokano
súpot paper bag; bag; pouch; scrotum; afterbirth
i-súpot to place in a bag
i-supót-an to put in a bag for someone
Casiguran Dumagat
súput cloth bag, sack
Pangasinan
súpot bag, sack
Kapampangan
súput paper bag
Tagalog
súpot bag (made of paper, cloth, plastic, etc.); pouch
mag-súpot to put in a bag
má-nu-nupot in folklore, a creature who is supposed to catch children who go wandering about and put them in a bag and carry them away
Bikol
supót ~ súpot paper bag, pouch
mag-supót to place something in a bag or pouch
Aklanon
súpot paper or cloth bag
Hiligaynon
súput paper sack or bag
Cebuano
súput general name for bags, esp. paper bags
Maranao
sopot paper bag
Mansaka
sopot paper bag
Tausug
suput a paper bag
WMP Sambal (Botolan)
howág to bunt or butt
Bikol
mag-súʔag to gore
Mansaka
soag to gore (as an animal with horns)
WMP Itbayaten
i-swan digging iron (in farming), digging stick (for yam, camote)
Kankanaey
súan one of the most used agricultural implements, consisting of a wooden stick and an iron blade, forming a straight tool, and used instead of a spade or hoe (used only in tales, and now replaced by saŋgáp in everyday speech)
Ibaloy
sowan walking stick or its equivalent
man-sowan to have, carry a walking stick
Karo Batak
nuan planting, of rice, cash crops, trees, etc.
suan-suan-en plant materials, young plants
Toba Batak
pa-nuan-an ricefield
s<in>uan tunas son
suan-suan-an useful plants
Javanese
suwan digging stick (Pigeaud 1938)
Proto-Sangiric
*suan to plant
Sangir
suaŋ a stick sharpened flat on one side at a single end and used as a wedge and lever in splitting open sago trees
CMP Yamdena
suan digging stick used to excavate tubers
Watubela
hukan dibble stick
SHWNG Kowiai/Koiwai
swen digging stick
OC Lakalai
sua push up the stone of the la-humu[earth oven] with a stick
Kwaio
sua plant (e.g. tubers) very shallow in ground
Samoan
sua lever up; uproot, dig up; root; thrust, butt; plough
WMP Toba Batak
ma-nuan to plant
Sangir
ma-nuaŋ split a sago trunk with a stick sharpened flat on one side at a single end
Formosan Puyuma (Tamalakaw)
suHaR thorn (in general)
WMP Tiruray
suwar thorn
Tboli
suʔal thorn
Bilaan (Sarangani)
suʔal thorn
Kenyah (Long Anap)
suaʔ <M thorn
WMP Ibaloy
soɁkip to insert something (as money into book, hairpin into hair)
Cebuano
sukip include something together with something sent; put closely in between two things or inside something (as money into someone’s pocket)
Maranao
sokip to tuck in
WMP Pangasinan
man-solót to wear clothes
Ayta Abellan
holot to wear
hoot clothes; to wear clothes
Tagalog
suʔót wearing apparel; clothes
Bikol
mag-suɁlót to wear, don, put on (as a hat)
Waray-Waray
sulʔót something that is worn or put on, as clothes
Maranao
solot to dress, put on (pants or shirt), to wear, as one wears pants or shirt
WMP Tagalog
suɁit-ín to uproot or dislodge with the tip or end of a leverlike tool (Panganiban 1966)
Hanunóo
suwít extraction of something from a hole or cavity, with a prying instrument
Iban
suit joist; lever; stick to take part of weight of carrying pole load on other shoulder by bearing on it to lever up the pole behind
en-suit to tip up, tilt
WMP Maranao
sosoʔ pry out, as in getting meat from a coconut, scrape off
Chamorro
soʔsoʔ scrape coconut meat from its shell, make copra, pry loose, scrape (with thrusting motion) -- as in scraping a pancake from the griddle
WMP Cebuano
suʔud close in space or time
sudsud close together
Melanau (Mukah)
susud succession (one after the other)
WMP Kankanaey
i-sóok to go out for the first time (after a time of sacrifice, during which it was forbidden)
s<um>óok to enter; to penetrate (a place densely covered with bushes, grass, clothes, etc.)
Maranao
soʔok enter into, as the Devil enters
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
suʔuk of a supernatural who has entered into a person, to influence him to do evil; of a fish in a large stream, to enter into a smaller stream during a flood
Formosan Paiwan
tuqulʸ carry on the head
WMP Ilokano
su-suón pad placed on the head for carrying heavy objects; object carried on the head
su-suon-en to carry on the head
Agutaynen
mag-tokon to carry something on the head or shoulders
Kenyah (Long Anap)
suʔun carry on the shoulder
Melanau (Mukah)
suʔun carry
Simalur
sun carry on the head
Sundanese
suhun to take, put or carry on the head
suhun-an beam that supports the roof; ridge of the roof
Old Javanese
a-nuhun, s-um-uhun to carry on the head; to take or receive on the head; to raise over the head; to pay homage, accept respectfully, act respectfully
Javanese
suhun to have great respect for
Balinese
suhun carry on the head (a sign of great respect); fig., obey an order
Totoli
suun carry on the head
Tialo
suun carry on the head
Balaesang
suuŋ carry on the head
Palauan
mə-lúʔəl carry on the head
CMP Li'o
suʔu carry on the head
OC Proto-North-Central Vanuatu
*suʔu-ni carry or wear on head
SHWNG Waropen
sura comb
OC Wuvulu
cuxa-cuxa comb
Dobuan
sura a bunch of bananas
'Āre'āre
sura a comb with four prongs, the two outer ones long, the two inner ones short
WMP Tagalog
sulambí eaves; the lower projecting edge of a roof; small annex to a house
Ida'an Begak
sərambi kitchen (with gas stove)
Ngaju Dayak
sarambi an extension in front of or behind a house (on the side it is called suŋkiŋ)
Malay
serambi a long low closed front verandah made by prolonging the eaves of the main building or ibu rumah (mother house); usually supported outwardly by an additional row of posts
Sundanese
surambi front veranda, front porch
Old Javanese
suramby-an outer verandah, front porch
Javanese
srambi ~ surambi front veranda, front porch
Balinese
suramby-a veranda, the front part of a house
WMP Pangasinan
solámbi coquette
Tagalog
sulambíʔ eaves; the lower projecting edge of a roof; small annex to a house
Cebuano
sulámbiʔ an extension to a house, appended to a side or end, usually used for storage; paramour; make an extension room for the house
Karo Batak
surambih annex to a large house; extension, gallery
Toba Batak
surambi posts of the stall under the rice granary
WMP Ilokano
súroŋ upstream
s<um>úroŋ to go upstream
Itawis
map-pa-súruŋ to go upstream
Bontok
suluŋ to do something regardless of the consequences; to invade; to brave, as a storm
Ifugaw (Batad)
huluŋ for someone to go upstream along a brook or river
Casiguran Dumagat
sulúŋ to push forward, to push something forward, to progress
məg-sulúŋ for the tide to rise
suluŋ-an drawer
Ibaloy
on-soloŋ to go, depart
Pangasinan
on-soloŋ to go ahead, put into effect
Kapampangan
suluŋ to develop, move forward
ma-suluŋ forward, leaning
Tagalog
súloŋ Go ahead! Forward! Move!
mag-súloŋ to push; to push along or forward
pag-súloŋ advance; development; advancement; progress; improvement
s<um>úloŋ to develop; to make progress; to advance; to progress
Hanunóo
súluŋ advancing, forward motion; pushing, shoving
Hiligaynon
mag-súluŋ to raid
Cebuano
súluŋ set against, attack; go somewhere to look for trouble; go somewhere to do something
dasmag súluŋ rush attack or assault
ma-nuluŋ-súluŋ attacker, invader
Murut (Timugon)
man- suluŋ to enter a place
Malagasy
vua-súruna put in, made to enter, as a piece of timber, etc.; put through a window or to be put in or on, as fuel to a fire
surún-ina to be put in or on, as fuel to a fire, etc.
Iban
suroŋ to push forward, along, or out (as in pushing wood into the fire); temporary bridge or path of poles laid end to end over marsh; proffer, hand over, pay up
Malay
soroŋ shoving forward along the ground; pushing out; (fig.) underhand gift, bribe; of a drawer; a barrow or mail
soroŋ-kan to push along; to pass (wine, or sireh or cigars); to launch (a boat)
Gayō
suruŋ push forward, rush forward
Karo Batak
suruŋ pass or go through, happen, be brought about
Toba Batak
suruŋ priority, superiority, advantage
Sundanese
suruŋ pushing, shoving
suruŋ sapi a children’s game in which two boys set their hands or shoulders against one another and try to push the other away
ka-suruŋ propelled forward
ñuruŋ to push or press forward
Old Javanese
a- suruŋ at close quarters (pushing each other)
a-nuruŋ to push, shove forward, press
s<in>uruŋ-akən to push forward, force to push on?
Javanese
suruŋ shark
ñuruŋ to push something forward from behind (as in giving a bicycle a push and then letting it go)
Madurese
soroŋ glide forward, push forward, push
Balinese
suruŋ ~ ñuruŋ to push, push away, force away; take away by the hand; encourage to flee
WMP Tagalog
s<um>ulóp to penetrate, permeate (Panganiban 1966)
Malay
surup sink or fall, of a heavenly body
Old Javanese
surup going down, setting (of sun, moon, stars)
salah surup in disorder (entering the wrong place)
s<um>urup to enter (a narrow opening), penetrate, enter and become invisible, set (sun, moon, stars)
surup-an place of entering (setting); time of setting, death
Balinese
surup go inside, be thrust in; disappear; set (sun); die
Bare'e
suyu to enter; go down, set, of the sun
OC Lau
sū set, of sun, moon and stars; dive, swim under water
Arosi
suu down; set, of the sun; dive; sink
Wayan
curu go into seclusion for any ritual purpose; enter an institution for a period, e.g. be admitted to a hospital; (of a spirit, demonic force, mood) get into a person, possess someone
Fijian
curu enter
Tongan
hū to enter, to go in; to pass through an entrance (whether going in or out), put on, get into (clothes)
Niue
hū enter, emerge, push one's way in
Samoan
ulu go into, enter; of a team, contest or competition, to enter (i.e. pay an entrance deposit)
ma-ulu dash in (as into the surf)
faʔa-ma-ulu put on, get into (garment, etc.)
uluf-ia be entered, as a house
Kapingamarangi
ulu to enter; to dress
Nukuoro
ulu enter, join (a group), get in; wounded (by something which has pierced)
Rennellese
sugu insert, as a flower in the hair, a fan in the back, a stick in thatch; go or fall down; set, as the sun
Rarotongan
uru to enter into, to penetrate, to form part of, to pass into, to indwell, to abide or dwell in; to regain, as a person recovering from an illness; to clamber or climb among, as a person among the fronds of a coconut tree; to enter, to come or go into; to possess, as a familiar spirit; to participate in; to arrive at or reach a place
Maori
uru enter; to possess, as a familiar spirit; associate oneself with; participate in, become accessory to an action; reach a place, arrive
whaka-uru insert
OC Lihir
curu(bian) a fish: Lethrinus harak
Tolai
urup kind of large fish
Nggela
huru kind of fish with scarlet splashes on fins, head and snout (Fox): Lethrinus harak and L. obsoletus (Foale)
Longgu
suru long-nosed emperor: L. elongatus
Lau
suru small species of reef fish (Lethrinidae)
Toqabaqita
suru fish sp., Striped emperor: Lethrinus ramak
WMP Ilokano
súrot to follow; pursue; obey; pledge allegiance to; yield; keep the mind upon; understand
Bontok
ʔi-súlut to follow a trail; to believe; to obey; to copy; to follow with
Bikol
ma-surót one after the other, at close intervals; successive
Hanunóo
ma-súrut closely packed, jammed together
Maranao
sorot agreement, agree, fit (as two people who are fit for one another)
WMP Ilokano
súgat wound
i-súgat to inflict a wound with
Ibaloy
sogat wound
Pangasinan
sugát cut, hurt, wound
a-sugát hurt
man-sugát to hurt
Kapampangan
súgat wound, break in the skin
Tagalog
súgat wound; a hurt or injury caused by cutting, stabbing, shooting, etc.; any hurt or injury to feelings, reputation, etc.; a cut; sore; a painful place on the body where the skin or flesh is broken or bruised
Maranao
sogat hit
Binukid
sugat to hit a mark; figuratively, to cause someone to get sick or die as the result of a curse
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
suǥat to hit a mark, as in shooting or throwing something; figuratively, to exactly meet a need, as to come up with the proper solution to a problem
Mansaka
sogat to hit
Lun Dayeh
urat a cut, a wound
ŋ-urat to cut, wound, or injure someone
Kelabit
urat wound
ŋ-urat to wound (someone, something)
pəp-urat to wound one another
Sa'ban
roət wound
Kenyah
suat a wound; bleeding
ñuat to wound
Penan (Long Lamai)
suhat wound; wounded
Kiput
suiət a wound
ñuiət to wound (someone, something)
WMP Ilokano
ma-súgat wounded
Kapampangan
ma-súgat wounded
Lun Dayeh
m-urat wounded or cut
Kelabit
m-urat wounded
WMP Ilokano
maka-súgat to be stinging, of a wound
Tagalog
maka-súgat to wound
Lun Dayeh
mek-urat can be cut, injured, or wounded with a sharp object; will be cut, injured or wounded with a sharp object
OC Tolai
uru- <A bone; midrib of a leaf; rib of a boat; skeleton
Motu
duri sting of a stingray, barb of an arrow
Roviana
suri-na splinter
su-suri-na bone
Nggela
huli- body; bone; vein of a leaf
Kwaio
suli-na bone, backbone
Lau
suli-na bone
Arosi
suri-na bone
suri-ariari vertebra
Haununu
suri- bone
Mota
suri- bone
Lakona
suri- bone
Nokuku
sui- bone
Malmariv
sui- bone
Araki
sui- bone, skeleton
Marino
suri- bone
Raga
hui- bone
Apma
su- bone
Leviamp
su- bone
Rotuman
sui bone; needle
Wayan
sui bone
sui-sui-a bony, thin
Fijian
sui-na bone
Tongan
hui bone; needle; bony (of fish, etc.)
Niue
hui foot, leg; bone; keel of canoe
hui-hui bony (of fish)
Samoan
ivi bone
Tuvaluan
ivi bone
ivi-ivi-a bony
Kapingamarangi
iwi bone; upper ridge pole; crease, sharp edge
Nukuoro
ivi bone; needle
ivi-ivi-a skinny, thin (person), emaciated
Rennellese
ibi bone; hard core, as of wood
Anuta
ivi bone (in certain constructions and words)
Rarotongan
ivi bone
Maori
iwi bone; strength
Hawaiian
iwi bone; shell; midrib
OC Gedaged
duzi to guide, lead, conduct, show the way
Takuu
sui succeed to a position, replace, change
Nggela
huli to lead, go before
Arosi
suri along, at, to, through, in, following, after, because of, on account of, according to; to follow
Samoan
ui go along; tread upon, gain admittance to; go by way of, follow a road to
WMP Maranao
soŋgod push, move, shove
Bilaan (Sarangani)
sulud to push
Talaud
sužuda to push
Sangir
suhudəɁ to push
Formosan Puyuma
mar-sa-suruɁ to call one another
s<əm>uruɁ go to fetch someone
WMP Ilokano
i-súro to teach; show; point out; reveal
sur-suru-an to teach; tutor; educate
sur-suru-en to learn; study
Bontok
ʔi-súlu to teach
Tagalog
súgoɁ a delegate; messenger; envoy
s<um>úgoɁ to send off to some place for some purpose; to dispatch; to delegate, to send as a representative
Hanunóo
súguɁ order, command
Maranao
sogoɁ command, charge, mission, order; according
Mansaka
sogoɁ to request; to command; to summon
ka-sogow-an body of commandments
Penan (Long Labid)
sohoɁ to order, command
Kayan (Uma Juman)
suhu request, order
ñuhu to ask or order someone to do something
Ngaju Dayak
soho emissary; order, command; be given an order or command
ma-ñoho to send (persons, things)
Maloh
suroɁ to order, instruct
Malay
suroh to send on an errrand; to order; to bid
Toba Batak
ma-nuru to send, dispatch; to order, command
mar-suru to send, dispatch; to order, command
pa-nuru the act of sending or ordering
Chamorro
sugoɁ stop by, stop for awhile, visit briefly, drop in on
WMP Hanunóo
suguɁ-án demand, order, command
Malay
suroh-an emissary
WMP Tagalog
sugúɁ-in be sent off to some place for some purpose, to be delegated
Toba Batak
si suru-on messenger (‘the one who is sent’)
Formosan Saisiyat
hœhœʔ female breast
ka-hœhœʔ-an nipple of the breast
Sakizaya
cucuʔ female breast
Amis
coco breast of a female; udder; teat
mi-coco to suck or nurse; give the breast to
Thao
tutu breast
pa-tutu-an nurse him! (e.g. crying child)
Bunun
susu breast
Bunun (Isbukun)
susuʔ female breast
Hoanya
tutu female breast
Saaroa
ʔu-susu female breast
Proto-Rukai
*θoθo female breast
Puyuma
ʃuʃu breasts
ra-ʃuʃu-an having big breasts
Paiwan
tutu breasts
WMP Itbayaten
soso teat, breast, nipple
Ilokano
súso breast; teat; udder
pa-susu-an to strike someone on the breast
Kalinga (Guinaang)
súsu female breast
Ibaloy
soso the breast, including the nipple, both of males and the female mammary, both in humans and animals; the milk from the mammary glands or its substitute
me-noso to nurse, suck --- of the babys action to the mother or bottle
soso-en to suck something (as orange juice)
Pangasinan
sosó breast; to drink from the breast; to milk
Kapampangan
súsu female breast; baby bottle
su-susu to nurse, suckle
Tagalog
súso breast
mag-pa-súso to nurse, give milk to
susú-han to suck the breast or nipple for milk
susú-hin to suck milk from a mother, to suckle; to suck at the breast or a bottle
Bikol
súso breast, teat, udder; bust
mag-súso to suck milk from the breast
Buhid
súso female breast
Hanunóo
súsu breasts, especially those of an adult woman
Masbatenyo
súso female breast
Inati
soso female breast
Aklanon
sóso female breast
Waray-Waray
súso breast
pag-súso the act of sucking
Hiligaynon
súsu mammary gland, breast
mag-súsu to nurse from the breast or bottle
Cebuano
súsu breast, the mammary gland or its analogous formation in males; angular corners of pillows, sacks, and the like that can be taken hold of
sus-i to suckle
susu-g ágtaʔ hornets nest hanging from a tree (lit. an agtàs breast)
úmaŋ sus-an hermit crab in a shell having a barnacle, used as a medicine for mothers with a swelling breast
Maranao
soso breast; nipple; suck, suckle
Binukid
susu breast; udder; for a baby to suck the breast; to be at the sucking stage
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
susu the nipples on the mammary glands; to suck at the breast
Mansaka
soso to nurse (as a baby at its mothers breast)
Maguindanao
súsu female breast
Yakan
susu breast
mag-susu to suck at the breast
Bisaya (Lotud)
susu female breast
Kadazan Dusun
susu breasts, paps, udder; milk
Kujau
susu female breast
Ida'an Begak
susu milk
Bisaya (Lotud)
susu female breast
Bulungan
suse female breast
Melanau (Mukah)
susəw breast; milk
Seru
susaw breast
Ngaju Dayak
tuso female breast
Iban
tusu breast, udder; milk
Jarai
təsəw breast
Malay
susu breast, udder; milk
Gayō
susu breast
Toba Batak
susu female breast; milk
Nias
susu breast, udder
õsi zusu milk (breast contents)
Rejang
susaw female breast
Sundanese
susu female breast, udder; barrel of a gun or pistol
cai susu ~ ci susu milk (breast water)
ñusu-kən to suck at the breast, of a child
Old Javanese
susu womans breasts, udder; milk
a-susu with breasts
Javanese
susu breast; milk
Balinese
susu breast; milk
Sasak
susu female breast, udder
Sangir
susu female breast; milk
bawi ma-susu mother pig
Tontemboan
susu breast, udder
Boano
susu breast
Balaesang
susu breast
Banggai
susu breast, udder
susu leelo milk
Bare'e
susu breast, udder
Ampana
susu female breast
Tae'
susu female breast, udder; suck at the breast; also a crude expression for to eat
Proto-Bungku-Tolaki
*susu breast
Mori Atas
uo female breast
Koroni
susu female breast
Wawonii
susu female breast
Mandar
susu breast
Makassarese
susu female breast
Wolio
susu female breasts, udder; milk; to suck at the breast, of a baby
Palauan
tut breast, baby bottle
Chamorro
susu breast; suckle, breast feeding
CMP Bimanese
susu female breast
oi susu milk (breast water)
Komodo
susu female breast
banu susu milk (breast water)
Manggarai
cucu female breast
Rembong
susu breast; suck at the breast
Ngadha
susu udder, mothers breast; to suck, slurp
Li'o
susu breast
Lamaholot
tuho ~ tuso breast, udder
Kambera
huhu breast; suck at the breast
Hawu
huhu breast
ei huhu milk (breast water)
ta huhu suck at the breast
Rotinese
suʔu female breast, udder
Tetun
susu-n breast (of women), udder (of animals)
susu to suckle, to suck with the mouth
susu female breast
Waima'a
susu female breast
Erai
susu breast
Tugun
susu breast
Roma
huhu female breast
East Damar
huhu- female breast
Leti
susu female breast
n-susu to suckle, suck at the breast
Luang
uhu female breast
Wetan
ui milk; female breast; to suckle
Selaru
susu-re mammary gland, female breast
r-sus to suck
uu female breast
Yamdena
susu breast (male or female)
n-susu suck at the breast, of an infant
Fordata
susu breast (male or female)
Kei
sus female breast, udder, teat
sus waha-n milk (breast water)
Bobot
susi-n female breast
Masiwang
susi-n female breast
Paulohi
susu female breast; suck at the breast
susu wair-i milk (breast water)
Alune
susu female breast
Hitu
susu female breast
Asilulu
susu breast
susu hatu nipple, teat (breast stone)
susu wae mothers milk (breast water)
Wakasihu
suso female breast
Sula
sosu female breast
Sekar
súsi female breast
SHWNG Kowiai/Koiwai
sus female breast
Gimán
susu female breast
Buli
sus breast, udder, mammary gland; to suck
Biga
sus female breast
As
sus breast
Minyaifuin
sus female breast
Dusner
sus female breast
Moor
tút(a) breast
Wandamen
susu female breast
Numfor
sus milk; breast
Waropen
susi female breast; suckling
susi rauno milk (breast water)
Pom
huhu breast
Papuma
u breast
Munggui
susi female breast
Woi
huhu female breast
OC Nauna
sus female breast
Lou
susu- female breast
Loniu
susu- female breast
Nali
susu- female breast
Andra
sus breast
Ahus
susu- female breast
Ponam
sus- female breast
Sori
suh female breast
Seimat
susu- female breast
Wuvulu
cucu- female breast
Kaniet
susu- female breast
Nalik
zus female breast
Mendak
zuzu female breast
Sursurunga
sus milk
Tanga
sus(u) breasts
Label
susu female breast
Bali (Uneapa)
zuzu female breast
Vitu
zuzu breast; milk; suckle
Lakalai
susu to nurse, of a baby
la susu milk
la susu- breast
Kaulong
susu female breast
Sengseng
sus(u) female breast
Sobei
sisu female breast
Kis
sus female breast
Ali
sus female breast
Manam
ruru milk; breast (of a woman)
Sio
su female breast
Mbula
zuzu breast
Yabem
su female breast
Numbami
susu breast; milk
Labu
su female breast
Watut
sus- female breast
Wampar
sos breast; to suck
seso-n her breast
Ubir
susu- female breast
Suau
susu- female breast
Adzera
sisu-n breast
Dobuan
susu- breast
Molima
susu milk
susu- breast
Saliba
susu female breast
Tubetube
susu breast; suck
Sudest
thuthu to nurse
Papapana
na-susu breast
Nehan
huhu-n chest, breast
huh to nurse at the breast; breast milk
Haku
a-susu breast
Petats
sus female breast
Piva
evi-su female breast
Uruava
susu- female breast
Torau
susu female breast
Takuu
uu female breast
Luangiua
uu female breast
Ririo
sus breast
Roviana
susu-na the breasts; milk
Eddystone/Mandegusu
susu female breast; nipple; milk from the breast
Nggela
susu the breasts of a woman; a baby at the breast; mothers milk
Kwaio
susu breast; suck; breast milk
susu-fia suckle
Marau₂
susu- female breast
Lau
susu-na the breasts; milk; to suck the breasts
Toqabaqita
susu breast, udder; milk; suck at the mothers breast
susu-fia suck at the breast
'Āre'āre
susu to suck the breast
susu-na breast
Sa'a
susu- breast, paps, dugs of animals
susu to suck the breast; to have children at the breast
Arosi
susu to suck the breast
susu-na breasts
Sikaiana
uu female breast
Proto-Micronesian
*susu breast; to suckle
Marshallese
ittūt breast, nipple, teat
Pohnpeian
dihdi breast, baby bottle; to suckle, to nurse
Chuukese
ttú- breast, teat
túttú to suck, of a nursing child
Puluwat
túút breast, nipple
Woleaian
tútú breast; to suck milk, drink milk from ones mothers breasts
Ulithian
dudu female breast
Haununu
susu- female breast
Motlav
ni-sis female breast
Mota
sus breast; to suck
Vatrata
sisi- female breast
Lakona
susu- breast
Merig
susu- female breast
Piamatsina
susu- female breast
Malmariv
susu- breast
Lametin
susu- female breast
Mafea
susu- female breast
Amblong
susu breast
Araki
susu- breast; milk
Marino
susu- breast
Raga
huhu breasts
Apma
susu- breast
Vao
huhu female breast
Atchin
susu breast
Rano
ne-su female breast
Lingarak
na-sus female breast
Axamb
na-süsü- female breast
Maxbaxo
na-susu- female breast
Lonwolwol
huh breast; suck at the breast
Toak
su-x female breast
Nakanamanga
na susu- breasts
Pwele
na-susu female breast
Lelepa
na-su- female breast
Anejom
na-θeθ female breast
Rotuman
susu breast, udder; milk
susu-a to suckle
Fijian
sucu suck the breast
sucu-na breast
wai ni sucu milk (breast water)
Tongan
huhu to suck (as a baby does) from breast or bottle
Niue
huhu breast, nipple
huhu-a be filled with milk (of the breast)
Futunan
ū nurse a baby
Samoan
susu suck (at the breast); breast (of woman); milk
Tuvaluan
ū breast
Kapingamarangi
uu breast; to absorb; to suck up (e.g. water)
Nukuoro
uu milk
Anuta
uu breast; nipple
Rarotongan
u mammary gland, breast, udder; milk
Maori
ū breast of a female, udder, teat
Hawaiian
ū breast, teat, udder
WMP Yami
ka-soso because of drinking milk
Kadazan Dusun
ko-susu (can) suck milk, nurse
Palauan
kətút full-breasted
WMP Kadazan Dusun
mo-nusu to suck
Malay
me-ñusu to suckle, of an infant
Gayō
me-nusu to nurse, suckle, suck at the breast
Toba Batak
ma-nusu to suck at the breast
Sasak
ñusu to nurse, suckle, suck at the breast
Banggai
mon-susu suck at the breast
Bare'e
man-cusu suck at the breast
Makassarese
an-nusu suck at the breast
WMP Yami
mapa-soso to breastfeed; a breastfeeding woman
Sangir
mapa-susu suck at the breast, give the breast
Formosan Thao
pa-tutu nurse a child, give the breast to
Puyuma
pa-ʃuʃu to breast feed
Paiwan (Western)
pa-tutu to suckle
WMP Pangasinan
pa-sosó to give the breast to
Aklanon
pa-sóso to suckle, breastfeed
Cebuano
pa-súsu feed with the breast or bottle
Binukid
pa-susu to nurse, breastfeed a baby
Yakan
pa-susu to breastfeed, nurse a child
Wolio
pa-susu to suckle
SHWNG Buli
fa-sus to nurse, give the breast to
OC Tanga
fa:sus to nurse a baby, give the breast to
Kwaio
faʔa-susu-fia to suckle, nurse
Niue
faka-huhu to suckle
Samoan
faʔa-susu to suckle
Nukuoro
haa-u suckle at the breast
haga-uu suckle, nurse (feed milk)
Formosan Thao
pa-tutu-n be nursed, of a child at the breast
WMP Itbayaten
pa-soso-en to let it (baby) suck breast milk
Ilokano
pa-susu-en to breastfeed, give the breast
Tagalog
pa-susú-hin to nurse, give milk to
pa-susu-hín suckling; not yet weaned; sucking
Yakan
pa-susu-hun give him the breast!
Kadazan Dusun
po-susuv-on to nurse, breastfeed a child
Toba Batak
pa-susu-hon to nurse a child
Formosan Thao
t<m>utu to nurse at the breast, of a child
Puyuma
ʃ<m>uʃu to suckle, to nurse (of a child)
Paiwan
t<m>utu to suckle
pu-amin a t<m>utu to wean (amin = finished)
WMP Itbayaten
s<om>oso to suck from the breast
Ilokano
s<um>úso to suck at the breast
Tagalog
s<um>úso to suck milk from a mother, to suckle; to suck at the breast or a bottle
Kadazan Dusun
s<um>usu to suck the breast, nurse at the breast
Old Javanese
s<um>usu to suck at the breast
Sangir
s<um>usu to suck at the breast
Tontemboan
s<um>usu suck at the breast; give the breast to
Mandar
s<um>usu suck at the breast
Palauan
t<m>ut suck on (breast, thumb, candy); to suck milk
CMP Lamaholot
t<əm>uhũ suck at the breast
WMP Cebuano
sus-an having a mammary gland, or something like it; mother with a nursing child
Old Javanese
susw-an wet nurse
Wolio
susu-a wet nurse; royal babies used to have susua Wolio and susua Papara (different sultanates in Buton)
WMP Agutaynen
soso a kind of banana, small to medium size
Malay
pisaŋ susu kind of banana, very delicate in flavor
Sundanese
cau susu name of a tasty kind of banana
Tae'
punti susu small, tasty kind of banana that was recently introduced
OC Nggela
susu sp. of very large plantain
OC Lukep (Pono)
susul a fish: emperor
Wayan
cucu fish of the snapper family, possibly Lethrinus variegatus or Lethrinella sp.
Formosan Thao
in-tutuz-in were piled up by someone
makin-tutuz to gather together, collect in one place (as baby chicks under a hen’s wing)
pakin-tutuz to stack up, pile up in stacks (as cups, wood, stones)
WMP Tagalog
susón extra layer; reinforcing layer
mag-susón to double; to fold over
susón-susón layer on layer; one on top of another
Ngaju Dayak
suson several belonging together (cups, plates, etc.); also stacked one on another
Malagasy
súsuna a fold, a layer, duplication
mi-súsuna having a lining
Iban
tusun pile in layers, arrange (similar things) in order; crowded together, herd, shoal (of fish)
Malay
susun piled on; position one on another, of saucepans or Malacca baskets that nest in one another; of flowers with outer and inner petals, of pillows arranged one on the other, etc.
ber-susun in layers, arranged one on the other
me-ñusun to arrrange in layers; (in circumcision) to smooth or flatten the prepuce before cutting it off)
ter-susun piled up, as mattresses on a bed
Gayō
susun stack up
me-ñusun to stack up
Alas
susun stack up
Karo Batak
nusun gather one’s property together, pack up; put away, clear away
susun-en a pack, bundle
pe-nusun-en depository, place to store things
Toba Batak
ma-nusun to stack up (wood, shingles)
Nias
ma-nusu to string, sew through, to thread
Sundanese
ñusun lie on top of one another, heap together, heap up, stack up
Old Javanese
susun layer, tier, storey, row
s<in>usun to pile up in later upon layer, build (construct, etc.) in layers (tiers, storeys)
ka-susun-an to attack in row after row, to shower (arrows) on
Javanese
ñusun to arrange and classify, sort out
susun-an arrangement, deployment
Balinese
susun section, layer, hollow
ñusun to put in layers; to arrange
susun-an system, program, arrangement
Banggai
susun layer, stack
mo-susun put in layers, stack up
Makassarese
susuŋ layer, stack, shelf (as of bookrack)
Muna
sunsu ~ susu storey, layer (of house, tray, etc.); arrange, pile up (as stones)
WMP Old Javanese
(p)a-susun consisting of several parts one above the other, in layer upon layer, in row after row
Muna
po-sunsu stacked, in layers or storeys
WMP Ilokano
sosó generic for freshwater snails (edible)
Ayta Abellan
huho snail
Tagalog
susóʔ river snail with cornucopia-like shell
Cebuano
súsuʔ smooth cerith shell of fresh waters, black, dark green or brown
Maranao
sosoʔ shell, shell-fish
Subanon
susuɁ freshwater snail
Mansaka
sosoɁ kind of freshwater snail
Old Javanese
susuh snail
Balinese
susuh freshwater snail
Tae'
suso kind of edible black snail found in rice paddies
OC Motu
dudu kind of shellfish
WMP Malay
susur outer edge, of the very edge of the beach; hugging the shore
Proto-South Sulawesi
*susu(r) edge
Makassarese
susuruɁ run along the edge; sail along the coast
WMP Ilokano
na-sutsút-an grown thin (of a sick person)
Malay
susut shrinkage; lessening; thinning (of a man reducing his indebtedness; of food supplies becoming less; of fur getting thinner; of cattle giving less milk, and especially of a body losing flesh)
CMP Rembong
susut thin (of the body), skinny
WMP Bontok
sutsut-an to wash clothes without using soap
Balinese
nutsut to wipe clean
sutsut-in to be wiped clean
WMP Ilokano
sutsút hissing sound used to call attention
Yogad
sussút a soft whistle to get someone’s attention
Tagalog
sutsót hiss; the sound made when trying to attract the attentionof someone or when calling for silence; hiss, a whistling sound
Hiligaynon
mag-sútsut to make a hissing sound to call attention
Cebuano
sutsút to attract someone’s attention with a low, interrupted hissing sound; the hissing or slurping sound of this sort
WMP Ilokano
suyɁók curvature or hollow between cliffs, pit
Kankanaey
súyuk corner; angle; nook
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
suyuk a corner inside of a house or rectangular area
Minangkabau
suyok projecting part of the roof at the narrower ends of a Malay house
WMP Tausug
suysuy rumor, hearsay, reports not based on definite knowledge, general conversation
mag-suysuy to tell, report a rumor, converse on general subjects; give an account of or story about (something)
Proto-Minahasan
*suysuy speak, say something
Robert Blust and Stephen Trussel
www.trussel2.com/ACD
2010: revision 6/21/2020
email: Blust (content) –
Trussel (production)
CognateSets-Index-s