e   

earth:   heap of earth

earth:   space between earth and sky

eat

edge, ridge

edge, rim, flat container

This is an example of a type of comparison that is unfortunately rather common in Dempwolff (1938), namely one in which the semantics of forms that would allow a higher-level reconstruction are extremely forced and artificial (the Ngaju Dayak and Javanese forms, which are semantically compatible, cannot safely support a reconstruction, given the longstanding Javanese influence on Banjarese and Ngaju Dayak). Unlike most of the chance resemblances for which Dempwolff proposed PAn reconstructions this one also shows an unacknowledged phonological irregularity, since he cites Fijian i-tabi ‘flat basket’, while Capell (1968) instead gives tabe ‘to hold or carry with the hands under’, i-tabe ‘a small oval basket without handles’.

edge, border

Dempwolff (1938) posited *te(m)biŋ ‘edge, bank’, but this is one of the rare comparisons in which he allowed massive irregularity, since the expected Fijian reflex would be **tovi or **tobi, and the Ngaju Dayak form also shows an unexplained irregularity in the first vowel. The remaining forms are best regarded as late innovations in western Indonesia, or as loans from Malay.

eel:   iguana, eel

Bugotu and Arosi point to PSES *papa; the resemblance of Rarotongan aa to these forms is attributed to chance.

eel

Potentially a reflex of *zalit, but given their limited distribution the similarity of the Philippine forms to Nggela is best attributed to chance.

elder kinsman

elder sibling:   father, uncle, elder sibling

emotionally upset

enclosing wall

end:   beam, house end

endure:   bear, endure

This is an example of the type of comparison that clutters Dempwolff (1938) and distracts attention from the many valid etymologies he recognized.

enemy

Without any other known form that can be compared with these, and given the irregular vowel correspondence in the penultimate syllable, this comparison is best treated as a product of chance. Dempwolff (1934-1938) posited ‘Uraustronesisch’ *mesaq ‘enemy’.

entice

entice, persuade

The resemblance of Kankanaey imók to the Central Philippine forms is attributed to chance.

Erythrina:   tree sp.: Erythrina indica

Gedaged baz, Gitua baram 'k.o. tree: Erythrina indica' probably are cognate. The similarity of these to the other forms cited here is attributed to chance.

escort:   accompany, escort

This set of forms, which Dempwolff (1934-38) assigned to *bali contains material reflecting two distinct etyma (*balian, *baliw₂).

evil:   plot evil

evil, harm, disaster

Dempwolff (1938) proposed this comparison, which appears to be a collection of unrelated forms in all three languages. I am unable to find sona in Richardson (1885), and the closest form I can find to his so-sol is sol ‘uprooted (by storm)’ in Pigeaud (1938).

excavated:   dug out, excavated

Probably a chance resemblance. Dempwolff (1938) proposed PAn *tibag ‘dug out, excavated’.

exclamation

exclamation

exclamation

exclamation

exclamation

Probably an independent development, motivated by a still poorly understood set of language universals (those governing non-auditory sensory iconicity).

exhalation:   breath exhalation

exhausted

exhausted

Dempwolff cited Tagalog lasáɁ ‘destroyed, demolished’, and posited Uraustronesisch *lesaq ‘drained, exhausted’, but I find nothing of the kind in any modern dictionary of Tagalog, and even if it existed the penultimate vowel would be irregular.

experience fear

Dempwolff (1938) reconstructed *sindak ‘experience fear’, but the comparison fails to carry conviction.

experiment

extinguish a fire

extinguish a fire

The resemblance of the Tolai form to those in Central Pacific languages probably is a product of convergence.