Austronesian Comparative Dictionary

217. Ibaloy (830) WMP (Ballard 2011) [ibl] (Ibaloi) Philippines [aka: Ibaloi, Inibaloi]

abolto drive, chase something away, as animals that are causing disturbance or damage (PPh: *ábuR)

abot-ento reach, come to a place (also, of time, to be around long enough to see something, reach the end of something (as the end of one’s work before quitting time) (PPH: *qábut-en) *qábut

abʔab-ento swill, gulp, drink copius draughts of a liquid, perhaps loudly (as water, gin); also can apply to a person who eats voraciously out of hunger (PPH: *habhab)

abʔab-ento swill, gulp, drink copious drafts of a liquid, perhaps loudly (as water, gin); also can apply to a person who eats voraciously out of hunger (PPH: *qabqab)

a-diroŋ-anto cast a shadow on or over something; (to some) the human spirit (PAN: *liduŋ)

alithis direction, toward me/us, coming --- both of space or time; of space, where ali lends a meaning component of this-direction, e.g. daw ‘go’, daw ali ‘come’; of time, where ali lends a meaning component of future; give it here! Give it to me! (PAN: *aRi)

alistoquick, ready, alert, enthusiastic, zealous, smart, prompt, aggressive (LOAN)

anadcaution, ability to avoid trouble; forethought to avoid something; discretion (PPH: *anad)

apdagto spread something --- of things that were folded or rolled (as rug, sleeping mat, blanket) (PPH: *ap(e)lag)

atolstone wall, used of all kinds (as property boundary, barriers to cattle, retaining walls for rice fields, or low walls to prevent sliding of upland... (PAN: *atuR)

baakaged, old --- of cereals that are kept, preserved for more than a year; probably fig., of old people, esp. old maid, bachelor (PPH: *baqak₂)

bagbagto dismantle, disassemble, demolish s.t. (as a house to be moved, a stone wall) (PPH: *bagbág)

bagbag-ento dismantle, disassemble, demolish s.t. (as a house to be moved, a stone wall) (PPH: *bagbag-en) *bagbág

balitokgold; deity invoked in some rituals (he was traditionally held to be the owner of all gold; thus a mining venture is preceded by an appropriate ritual) (PPH: *balitúk)

banabakind of tree --- a beverage is made from its leaves and used as a folk medicine for vascular problems; a red tea is also brewed from its wood (PPh: *banabá)

baŋaearthenware pot, jar (primarily associated with cooking non-staple food eaten with rice, but to some also used for rice, and for storing cold water (PPH: *baŋaq₂)

baŋbaŋ-anto reduce the height of, or make a breach in, a stone wall by removing some of the stones (PWMP: *baŋbaŋ₄)

baŋbaŋ-ento make a stone wall topple down in one place (as when an animal passes over it) (PWMP: *baŋbaŋ₄)

basiga sterile person, i.e. one who has had no children after several years of marriage (PWMP: *basiR)

batektattoo --- esp. of the ancient practice of tattooing women’s arms (PMP: *batek)

bateŋseine, large fishing net held at both ends and suspended vertically in the water; fish are snared when they try to swim through (used at dams) (PPH: *batéŋ)

bayato leave something alone, not disturb it, not cause it trouble (PPH: *bayáq)

bayoga variety of bamboo --- tough, small bore; it is desirable commercially for many things (PPH: *bayug)

beKot-ento pluck something (as a hair); (in cards) to draw a card (PPH: *bagut-en) *bagut

bitopit covered with sticks and leaves as a trap to catch wild animals; underneath the covering is a snare to entangle the animal, or sharp objects to injure or kill it (PPh: *bítu)

bokbokto pour, dump out something, as potatoes from a sack (not used of liquids) (PPH: *bukbuk₄)

bolik ~ borikspeckled, spotted; of chickens that are speckled with white and dark colors (PWMP: *burik)

botbot-anto make a hole in something (as cutting a hole in roofing grass, as rat does in a sack) (PPH: *butbut₃) *butbut₂

dakdak-ento peel something off that has adhered (as adhesive tape, paint, poster from wall, chewing gum from floor, skin of animal in skinning) (PWMP: *laklak)

d<al>akaycollective term for the old men, elders of the community (PWMP: *lakay)

daneblard, the rendered fat or fatty meat of pigs; grease, fat of meat (PPH: *lanéb)

daŋenpair of big logs on which a pig is laid after it has been killed (the fire is between, which burns off the hair before it is butchered) (PMP: *laŋen₁) *laŋen

daŋkajackfruit: tree of the mulberry family that bears the largest fruit in the world (taboo for new mothers to eat) (LOAN)

daŋsistrong, offensive odor (as of old blood, body odor, dirty clothes) (PMP: *laŋ(e)si)

dapdap-ento strip off something, esp. with a bolo or large knife (as meat from the bone, sod from the earth, skin from an animal) (PPH: *lapláp)

dawaŋto be spacious, roomy (as the inside of a house, field, shoe that is too big) (PWMP: *lawaŋ₁)

dawitsmall ritual performed to call back a soul --- either a soul that has wandered away (as when the person was frightened), or the soul of a dead relative before the kail (second burial) ceremony, or the soul of a person who died away from home (PPH: *lawit₂)

debas-ento make, take , etc. something too far (as house dimension beyond the specifications, bananas beyond proper ripeness) (PPH: *labas)

dekebdoor of a house; also similar structures (as window shutters) (PWMP: *lekeb)

depir-ento braid, plait something (as woman’s hair, or the head strap for a carrying basket (PPH: *lapid)

dibegmurkiness, turbidity of water --- esp. of a condition that clears quickly (as when a truck crosses a stream) (PPH: *liq(e)beR)

dibegmurkiness, turbidity of water --- esp. of a condition that clears quickly (as when a truck crosses a stream) (PPH: *libeg)

dikawroundabout, circuitous route, the long way to a place, detour (PAN: *likaw)

dikoŋ-anto hollow something out, create a recess in something (as rice-pounding mortar, rock to hold water for chickens to drink) (PWMP: *likuŋ-an) *likuŋ

dinawahuman spirit --- that which characterizes a living person; it is believed the dinawa walks around when one is asleep and participates in dreams (PPH: *linawa)

diŋo-ento cause someone to make a mistake (as by interrupting someone who is counting, giving wrong information about a bet) (PWMP: *liŋu)

dipaykind of vine with large pods (vines are used for tying and the beans for children’s toys) (PPH: *lipay)

dobaŋcamote (sweet potato) slips for planting; budding stem of sugarcane stem --- the part that is planted (PPH: *rubaŋ)

dobir-ento twist strands of something together to make rope, cable, string, thread (PPH: *lubid-en) *lúbid

dobir-ento twist strands of something together to make rope, cable, string, thread; rope (PPH: *lubid-en) *lúbid

dokat-anto open something, generic term for removing covers, obstructions, etc. (PPH: *lukat₂)

dokotsmall species of honey bee with no stinger; its honey is edible; builds small hives in clefts of rocks (PPH: *lukut₂)

dólaŋlow table designed for use by those sitting on shetmog seats (low stools) (PPH: *dulaŋ)

dólaŋlow table designed for use by those sitting on shetmog seats (low stools) (LOAN)

doŋoncoffin (coffins must traditionally be made of pine, and ideally with wooden pegs instead of nails, so the deceased will not be unhappy when metal rusts (PWMP: *luŋun)

doyasomething that has lost its resilience, spring (as metal spring, bamboo); also a piece of steel that bends easily (PWMP: *luya₂)

e-dawaŋto be spacious, roomy (as the inside of a house, a field, shoes that’s too big) (PPH: *rawaŋ)

e-ditembruised, of the dark discoloration of skin following trauma (PWMP: *li(n)tem)

e-kapoyweak, unable to do a certain job (as bulldozer to remove a boulder, man to do work, medicine to relieve pain) (PPH: *kápuy)

emo-ento tame, break, train an animal (as carabao for plowing) (PPH: *haq(e)muq)

em-potiwhite; also of light hues such as yellow, pink, pastel blue and green (PMP: *putiq)

enatto pull something towards oneself (as with rope in leading an animal, extracting a nail) (PPH: *enat)

en-sagapsaprough to the taste, tongue --- describes the unpleasant feeling some things give in the mouth (as hair on meat, bone in fish, peeling of some beans that come off, stone or husk in cooked rice) (PPH: *sagapsap)

epidbraided headstrap or tumpline that is placed at the forehead for supporting heavy loads on one’s back (PWMP: *epid)

e-toleŋdeaf, hard of hearing; (fig.) inattentive, unresponsive to criticism, advice (PPH: *tuleŋ)

i-bawaŋto open the outlet for the water to escape --- either the outlet from the irrigation canal (which is the inlet for rice field irrigation) or the outlet from the field to the field below (PPH: *bawaŋ₂)

i-bokbokto pour, dump out something, as potatoes from a sack (not used of liquids) (PPH: *i-bukbuk) *bukbuk₄

i-bowaŋto release water by removing what blocks it (as plug in rice terrace dyke, opening dam spillway, dismantling dam used in salep fishing, etc.) (PPH: *buaŋ)

i-daemto put something inside, into the interior (as inside a house or car) (PMP: *i dalem) *dalem

i-dibedto wind a rope or similar binding material around something (as post, tree trunk) (PWMP: *libej)

i-doʔkipto put something between two things (as slip of paper in a closed book, playing card into a deck of cards, money under a pillow, etc.) (PPH: *luq(e)kip)

i-kotibto whisper something to someone as a secret, esp. in public (PPH: *kútib)

i-Koyodto pull on something (as to dislodge rope caught in tree, plow by carabao) (PWMP: *guyud₃)

ilitown; sometimes esp. the municipio town center as opposed to the barrios/barangays; (also any geopolitical unit, as province or country, e.g. ili ni hapon ‘the country of the Japanese’) (PMP: *hili)

i-mata-anto see something for oneself, precisely, personally; to recognize something (PMP: *mata) *maCa

inotto do something slowly, little by little, esp. of spending money (PWMP: *inut)

iŋKauntil; in a very general way indicating the extent of something, both space and time (PMP: *qiŋga)

i-pagpagto hit, slap, strike something hard against something else (as one’s hand against a wall) (PWMP: *pagpag)

i-pedpedto pack down, tamp down something (as earth around house post, carrots in a sack so it will hold more) (PAN: *pedped₁)

i-penpento pack, stuff, put a large amount of something into a container (as cargo on a bus, harvested rice into a basket) (PWMP: *penpen₁)

i-ponasto use something to wipe (as cloth); proper cloth to wipe with (PMP: *punas)

i-sadsadto trample, stomp on something, step on something repeatedly (as dried bean pods to free seeds) (PPH: *sadsad)

i-saŋdalto roast or parch something with dry heat (as coffee beans, peanuts in a cast-iron pot) (PMP: *saŋelaR)

i-sapatto put something up to a higher place --- especially of putting rice bundles up into the attic granary or on the sapat-an drying rack; more broadly, of putting cargo on top of a bus (PPH: *sapat)

i-sapo(in butchering) to cut an animal into basic large portions, to quarter it (PPH: *sapuq)

i-sawsawto dip something---especially food (as in preparation for cooking, lechon (pork) in sauce (PPH: *sawsáw)

isbo-anplace to urinate (as urinal, bedpan); to urinate on something (PAN: *sibu)

i-sedsedto pack something down, compress, tamp (as earth around a housepost, carrots in a sack) (PPH: *sedsed₂)

i-seksekto hide, place, plant something thus (as coffee seedlings among tall trees, house built in wooded area); to stuff something into something else (as tobacco into a pipe bowl, things into a suitcase) (PPH: *i-seksek) *seksek₁

i-shemshemto keep something a secret --- especially of wrong-doing (PAN: *demdem₁)

i-siŋilto bring something out in confronting someone (as old misunderstanding, quarrel, favor given that wasn’t returned) (PWMP: *siŋir)

i-sipolto apply either the drink to the staple, or the staple to the drink (PMP: *simbuR)

i-tagayto pass an alcoholic beverage around in a common cup, perhaps especially at feast occasions (PPH: *i-tágay) *tágay

i-tantanto delay something --- esp. of that done purposely or by neglect (as of someone not completing his work on time) (PPH: *tantán)

i-taŋalto put something in the mouth so that a part of it protrudes (as pencil, large camote, thermometer) (LOAN)

i-taʔkipto insert something into something else (as money in a book) (PPH: *taq(e)kip)

i-tikebto invert, turn over something so that it is lying on its “abdomen” or usual top side (as can, basket, cooking pot, book face down) (PWMP: *tiŋkeb)

i-tiponto unite man and woman --- of the action of a community in marrying a young couple or uniting the separated (PPH: *típun)

i-toloyto continue something --- both of something that one persists in and does not discontinue, and also of something that one carries on after an interruption or suspension (PMP: *tuluy₁)

i-toroto point to, point out, show something -- especially of that done with a gesture of the hand, eyes, etc; to indicate, tell someone -- especially to a go-between -- whom one wants to marry (PAN: *tuzuq₁)

iwi-iwilstaggering, swaying (as drunk, baby learning to walk), wobbly, incapable of steady position (as chair with damaged leg) (NEAR)

iyothuman copulation, sexual intercourse (not an appropriate word in most conversations) (PPH: *iut₂)

kabancavan; a unit of dry measure equivalent to 75 liters, or 4 large kerosene cans (used especially for rice, both rough and milled; introduced as a measure by the Spanish in the 19th century) (LOAN)

KabKabto cause an abrasion of the skin; to scratch, scrape the skin (as rock does) (NEAR)

KaloŋKoŋgeneral term for both trachea and esophagus – the anatomical part both in humans and animals (PWMP: *kaRuŋkuŋ)

kaot-ento insert one’s hand(s) into a hold to get something (as honey from a cleft, midwife delivering a breech) (PMP: *kaut) *kahut

kapesfiber useful for tying---abaca, alinew tree, cotton, commercial fibers (LOAN)

ka-pitothe seventh day of the aremag/siling funeral ritual (PMP: *ka-pitu) *pitu

kapkapto grope, feel for something with the hands without light and without seeing (as in a dark room, in one’s pockets for money, in walking along in the dark; this word has decided sexual connotations without proper context, since the word is used of intimate caressing; method of fishing and gathering shrimp and crabs , i.e. use of the bare hands (PAN: *kapkap)

kaposthat remaining to be completed of a piece of work (as harvesting rice, building a wall) (PPH: *kapus)

kara-showaspirit of a living person; turns into kedariŋ/kaleshiŋ at death (PMP: *duha) *duSa

katirooster that is trained to lure sabag wild roosters (usually small size since the sabag might not fight a big rooster); the kati is tied so that when the sabag approaches to fight it is snared (done at dawn) (PPH: *kátiq)

Kawedbetel pepper, Piper betle; the leaves are used as an ingredient in the mama betel chew, along with areca nut and lime (widely thought to strengthen teeth) (PPH: *gawed)

kawit-anto get or catch something by means of a hook of some kind (as clothesline) (PWMP: *kawit-an) *kawit

kebkebenclosure --- especially of a pig pen; to pen, cage something (as pig, carabao) (PMP: *kebkeb₁)

KedKesh-ento cut something with a bladed instrument by pressing down and drawing the blade back and forth (as in cutting meat with a knife) (PPH: *gelgél)

KemKemto hold, grasp something in a closed fist; make one’s hand into a fist (PAN: *gemgem)

KetKet-ento grind the teeth on something, make repeated bites into something (as lice when picked) (PWMP: *getget₁)

Kidiŋ-angrinding stone, grinding machine; (in mining) machine used to crush ore (PWMP: *giliŋ-an) *giliŋ

kiki-ento tickle s.o. --- esp. of tickling animals in a friendly fashion (PPH: *kiki₃)

kitkit-anto scratch, dig at something bit by bit, gradually (as a rat gnaws open a package, digging with a tool in very hard ground) (PWMP: *gitgit)

kiyewtree; in some contexts kiyew is generic for all trees, but also kiyew can be specific in contrast with kadasan, non-pine trees; wood; firewood, wood for fuel (PMP: *kahiw) *kaSiw

kiyew-ancommunal forest, place to get wood for fuel and lumber for house construction (all forest not owned by someone belongs to the community, and anyone can get wood and forest products there) (PWMP: *kahiw-an) *kaSiw

koI, my; 1sg possessor and agent of a non-actor focus verb (-k after vowel-final stems) (PAN: *-ku)

kobotto be wrinkled, as s.t. dried in the sun, skin of old people, animals (PPH: *kubut₃) *kubut₂

kodatkind of edible mushroom that grows on dried wood, grayish white in color (PMP: *kulat₂) *kulaC

Koloncogon grass, Imperata cylindrica (young shoots can be eaten cooked; the roots, which contain starch and sugars, are easy to chew; the sikpot flowers are eaten by children; used also in certain areas for roofing) (PMP: *guRun)

kompas-anto act in rhythm, in synch, in time with something (as dancing to the beat of the drums); to be appropriate (as what one says to the topic of conversation) (LOAN)

konoit is said, they say; I understand that, the story goes that, according to (PMP: *kunu₂)

kopitgraft, kickback, cheating, pilfering (said to be from Ilokano) (PPH: *kúpit)

kotkotto dig something up in the manner of animals, with paws or hands (PWMP: *kutkut₁)

KotKotto scratch something to relieve itching (as skin rash); or in tickling or scratching someone’s back (PMP: *gutgut) *guCguC₂

kotohead louse in humans; also related species that infest animal fur (PMP: *kutu₁) *kuCux

kowanwhat one says, one’s word; quotative verb, he said, etc. (PWMP: *kua-n) *kua₁

Koyodto pull on something (as to dislodge rope caught in tree, plow by carabao) (PWMP: *guyud₃)

Koyod-ento pull something toward oneself in an effort to get more of it; (fig.) to force, convince someone to come along (PPH: *gúyud-en) *guyud₃

Koyor-ento pull something toward oneself in an effort to get (more of) it; to force, convince someone to come along; (of non-rice food) to “pull rice”, i.e. to fail to satisfy hunger and require more rice (PWMP: *guyud₃)

ma-dketsharp, as a blade that bites into wood or bamboo, instead of bouncing off (PPH: *ma-deket) *dekeC

ma-iwilto be tilted, listing to one side, skewed, leaning at an angle of less than 90 degrees instead of nicely vertical (as flagpole, plant whose roots have been eaten away, basket set wrongly on one’s back) (NEAR)

ma-lekiof a woman who regularly has illicit relations with men, promiscuous (PMP: *laki₁)

man-asodto help one another pound rice --- of two or more pounding in alternate strokes at the same mortar (PPh: *qasúd)

ma-nawtáwto wander about in places other than one’s own --- esp. of one who goes away (as to the lowlands and never comes back) (PWMP: *tawtaw)

man-dekito have illicit relations with a man --- spoken of a woman (PMP: *laki₁)

man-de<l>kebto shut oneself in behind a closed door (as for secret conversation) (PWMP: *lekeb)

man-desdesto roll up one’s sleeves, trouser legs; to push something out of the way (as pushing back the cuticle around a fingernail, cut grass at the edge of a field (PPH: *desdés)

man-desdesto roll up one’s sleeves, trouser legs; to push something out of the way (as pushing back the cuticle around a fingernail, cut grass at the edge of a field) (PPH: *lesles₁)

man-dikepto close, stop operations temporarily (as house, store or other business establishment) (PPH: *liqekep)

man-ŋasŋasto pant, breathe in short, labored breaths (as from exertion) (NOISE)

man-ŋeŋŋeŋto speak words that are not distinguishable (as crowd of people all talking, new song being sung, deaf mute talking) (PMP: *ŋeŋeŋ)

man-ŋikŋikto whimper, the beginning of a cry (as child, puppy in the night when cold) (PMP: *ŋikŋik)

man-ŋisŋisto whine, whimper, esp. of dog’s low sound (as in calling its pups) (PPH: *ŋisŋis₂)

man-payapayto wave, flap (as a blanket on the back of a running person) (PPH: *payapay)

man-paypayto wave, stir the air (as flag, shirt tail or runner); to wave with one’s hand --- sideways to greet someone, outward to tell someone to go, toward oneself to summon to come (PPH: *paypáy)

man-saŋato lean one’s head, jaw on one’s hand, or both hands, for support (connotes disappointment, sadness, or sometimes thinking) (PMP: *saŋa₁)

man-saŋsaŋto face one another (implies opposition, hostility, as in disputes, court cases, opposing politicians) (PPH: *saŋsáŋ)

man-sedsedto feel with the feet; to walk that way, as a blind man feeling his way (PPH: *sedsed₃)

man-seksekto go inside something and thus be out of sight; hide onself (as bird into grass, many people into a house or forest) (PAN: *seksek₁)

man-sokoto surender, give up (as an army, dissidents submitting to the law, boxer giving up a fight) (PPH: *suku₂) *sukuq

man-tebalto converse, of two people talking together, or multiple people talking to one (PPH: *tebáR)

man-tombalikto somersault, tumble end over end in the air --- of persons or animals that fall (PPH: *tumbalik)

ma-renomhaving abundant water, liquid; (of fruit, etc.) juicy; (of mother’s milk) abundant (PMP: *danum) *daNum

ma-y-penpenchock-full; to gather with standing room only (as people) (PWMP: *penpen₁)

may-saɁŋitto become suspended above the ground (as thrown stick hangs in tree, clothers blown from a clotheline come to rest on a bush) (PPH: *saq(e)ŋit)

me-basbasto come loose, unstitched, frayed, undone (as frayed threads, strands of cable, fence tie) (PPH: *basbas₅) *basbas₄

me-dabi-anto be somewhere upon its getting dark, to be overtaken by darkness, to be benighted (PPH: *ma-Rabi-an) *Rabiqi

me-daydayto wilt, fade --- of the change of state in flowers, leaves, before they begin to rot or dry up (PPH: *layláy)

me-dipitto be narrow, not spacious (as field, place to sleep, road, room) (PMP: *liq(e)pit)

me-kebkebto be isolated, hemmed in, cut off from escape (as when road is closed to the outside) (PMP: *kebkeb₁)

meki-kanto eat with someone, join in a meal, esp. of going to a feast (PPH: *maki-kaen) *kaen

me-malpalthe traditional way to kill a chicken for ceremonies by striking it with a stick or knife handle around its body, head, neck, wings --- softly, but the head blows kill; the blows cause swelling and improve taste (PPH: *palpál₁)

me-matpatto cut down something with repeated strokes (as high grass, sugarcane) (PWMP: *patpat)

me-miʔpito pound clothes on a stone in the washing process; clothes are put on a flat stone or concrete and paddled so that dirt is dislodged (PPH: *piqpiq)

me-nabsabto eat voraciously, wolf down, gulp down, devour, eat one’s food with fervor, especially of animals (as pigs), but also perhaps figuratively of people (PAN: *sabsab)

me-nedepto fish by diverting a stream and recoursing it through waiting fish traps, or to lower the water level so fish are accessible to netting (PPH: *sáRep)

me-niktikto separate rice grains from the toyo (inner husk) by holding the winnower up and shaking and vibrating it (PPH: *tiktik₄)

me-niŋtiŋto ring a bell, perhaps especially a small, tinkling bell (PMP: *tiŋtiŋ)

me-nogtogto knock, using repeated raps with the knuckles (as in asking to be received at a house) (PMP: *tugtug₁) *CugCug₂

me-nogtogto knock, using repeated raps with the knuckles (as in asking to be received at a house) (PWMP: *tugtug)

menok-endiscern one’s course of action by the omen given by the gall bladder of a chicken butchered for the purpose (PPh: *manuk-en) *manuk

me-noladito play a flute, or other things that are similar (as rice stalks, straw) (PMP: *tulali) *tulani

me-nosoto nurse, suck --- of the babys action to the mother or bottle (PAN: *susu₁)

me-ŋanto eat; to bite, cut into (as auger bit cuts into wood) (PMP: *ma-ŋaen) *kaen

meŋ-ebʔebto sit on eggs, brood --- of fowls that hatch their eggs by setting (PPH: *qebqeb)

me-ŋnato trap, snare, catch something (as fish, bird in a trap) (PWMP: *ma-ŋena) *keNa

me-ŋotim (< kotim)to remove the husks from rice with the fingers and teeth in order to eat the grain raw (as rats and birds, or those who fancy freshly harvested rice) (PPH: *kutím)

me-pilayto be lame, crippled, both of temporary and permanent disability, either of total or partial disability (PMP: *ma-pilay) *piNay

me-sKem-anto sting, burn (as the action of salt, chili peppers, antiseptics on wounds, cuts) (PWMP: *sejem)

me-soŋato be wrong, make a mistake (as doing something the wrong way, having one’s shoes interchanged) (PAN: *suŋa)

me-taŋaŋato be so overwhelmed by something that one does not know what course to take (PWMP: *taŋaŋaq)

me-tikoŋto be crooked, bent, curved, twisted, not straight (as stick, rainbow, lumber) (PWMP: *tikuŋ)

mosaŋwild animal, the exact nature of which is obscure; probably a wild cat or civet cat (PMP: *musaŋ)

nawnaw-anto swish, move water around in a container (as basin, pot) to give it a cursory cleaning (PPH: *nawnáw)

nawnaw-ento dissolve something --- esp. of something that requires little stirring (as starch into water, scrambling eggs) (PPH: *nawnáw)

nini and its inflected forms (niya, nita, nima) and its specific form nonta are together the source set of articles; at the clause level, indicates that the part of the clause that is marked by the ni article is non-topic and non-location, or is a time phrase; in genitive (or qualifying) phrases marks part-whole relations (e.g. atep ni baley ‘roof of the house’) (PAN: *ni)

nisnis-ento wipe something off of something else (as water, dust from chair) (PPH: *nisnís)

ŋabŋab-anto bite off the surface of something (as skin of guava, dog’s bite that takes a little skin, bulldozer skims only surface) (PAN: *ŋabŋab)

ŋalŋalto chew, perhaps especially to chew something for a long time (PAN: *ŋalŋal)

ŋalŋal-ento chew on something for a long time, with the jaws working hard and perhaps noisily (as dog chewing on bone) (PAN: *ŋalŋal)

ŋitŋit-anto nibble at something (as fish to bait, dog eating last scraps on bone); also, to grasp something in the teeth (as in picking up a coin in a contest, or a hangnail) (PAN: *ŋitŋit₁)

odit-ento say, tell, relate something, esp. of something said repeatedly (as in scolding) (PPH: *hulit)

okap-ento remove something that is tightly in place, requiring considerable force to remove it (as floorboards) (PPH: *ukap)

okitto remove, extract something from a fixed position that requires some degree of effort or digging (as dried nasal discharge from the nose, something from a cleft in a wall) (PPH: *úkit)

olawstate of disorientation, dizziness (as in vertigo, slightly drunken state) (PAN: *ulaw)

on-abotto come to, arrive at, reach somewhere (as before it gets dark) (PPH: *qábut)

on-boltoŋto separate oneself, go on one’s own (as a goat that leaves the herd, young married couple who leave their parents and set up their own home, person who goes into business for himself (PPH: *buR(e)túŋ)

on-daʔnabto overflow --- of the river’s overflowing its banks during heavy rains (PPH: *laq(e)nab)

on-ŋatoto go high --- esp. of a person’s station in life, and prices (said to be from Ilokano) (PPH: *ŋatu)

on-piakto emit a sudden, loud cry --- esp. of babies, but also of chickens (PAN: *piak)

on-polito pass on to another generation --- of some trait or characteristic (PPH: *pulí)

on-salkedto have difficulty in getting through a passage (as table too big to get through a door, truck held back by protruding rock) (PPH: *saR(e)ked)

on-saŋɁatto arrive up above, to a high place (as climbers of a mountain, the souls of the dead by tradition on Mt. Pulag) (PPH: *saŋ(e)qát)

on-sebetto absorb, pick up (as cloth does dust, hair does fleas, wood does moisture) (PWMP: *sebet)

on-seŋawto escape, go out into the air, of flavor, aroma, strength (PWMP: *seŋ(e)qaw)

on-shalanto drop by somewhere for a quick visit enroute to somewhere else (PMP: *zalan)

on-shenshento move oneself a short distance (as to make room for someone else to sit down) (PPH: *denden)

on-tapewto be on top (as children playing); to come to the surface, top (PPH: *taq(e)paw)

on-tawento be a year old (as debt, baby, time of a person in a place) (PMP: *taqun)

on-tekokof the crowing of roosters; also of person (perhaps figuratively) to hoot, as to attract someone’s attention at a distance (PPH: *tekuk₂)

on-tontonto walk in a line, column, single file, following one another (PWMP: *tuntun)

on-toʔmawto come into view, presenting only a part (as person at a window, snake’s head from behind a rock, baby’s presenting part at birth) (PPH: *tuq(e)maw)

oŋotbowl made from a half coconut shell (today the oŋot bowl is mainly used ceremonially, in rituals) (PPH: *húŋut)

oŋotbowl made from a half coconut shell (today the oŋot bowl is mainly used ceremonially in rituals) (PPH: *úŋut)

opakthe layers (compact leaves) that comprise the trunk (stem) of the banana tree; also outer leaves of such as cabbage or lettuce (PWMP: *hupak)

pageyrice --- esp. of rice standing in the field, but also of harvested rice that is still on the stalk unthreshed, and of unhusked rice off the stalk (PAN: *pajay)

paitsourness (as of unripe orange); bitter taste, saltiness; also describes the taste of good coffee or rice wine (PMP: *paqit₂) *paqiC

pakpák-ento hit something with a resulting thump, thud (as head by police baton, volleyball on palm) (PAN: *pakpak₁)

palpalto beat something, strike many blows to something, esp. to the head (PPH: *palpál₁)

pan-showato divide something into two (as inheritance, large camote, piece of land) (PMP: *duha) *duSa

pa-ŋan to“his meal”, designation for the first day of the aremag/siling funeral celebration, when one pig is butchered (PWMP: *pa-ŋaen) *kaen

parissomething that goes with something else to make a pair of matching set (LOAN)

pekan-anto fill in the space between two sides (as in piling rocks and earth into the space between two sides of a wide stone wall, backfilling a wall) (PMP: *pakan)

pekelto form, gather, compress something into a ball, tight mas, lump, cluster (as rice grains when eating with the fingers) (PPH: *pekel)

pe-sakitto make someone sick (esp. with the spirit world as agents) (PMP: *pa-sakit) *sakit

pespesto squeeze something so that the liquid it contains comes out (as pustule on the skin, cow’s udder to milk, sponge, orange) (PMP: *pespes)

pidit-ento force, compel, make, constrain someone to do something; the act of forcing; do something forcefully, as a cow forcing its way through a fence (PPH: *pílit)

pikpik-ento pat, tap something (as friend on the shoulder or buttocks); to pet an animal; to tap a chicken around its body before killing it (PAN: *pikpik)

pilpil-ento pound on something to flatten or soften it (as in forging a bolo or preparing an animal hide) (PWMP: *pilpil)

pipitvagina, female genitals --- the anatomical part, esp. of little girls (PWMP: *pipit₂)

pisekto have a deep hollow, recessed place (as scar from a boil, person’s cheeks when teeth removed, deflated ball when punched) (PWMP: *picek₂)

pitpit-ento flatten, press, compress, press flat (as steel by blacksmith’s hammer, peso bills in money clip, something stepped on) (PAN: *pitpit₃)

pokpokscare device for rice birds—constructed of two bamboo halves cut lengthwise to the middle, where a notch is cut to allow the halves to open and close; when the bayon line is pulled one half moves with the line, and when it is released it hits back against the other half, making a clapping sound (PAN: *pukpuk)

pokpok-ento knock off; brush off something that clings (as dust on clothes) (PAN: *pukpuk)

polidescendant --- of blood line, esp. with regard to genetic characteristics (PPH: *pulí)

polpol-anto remove, strip all the leaves and/or branches from a tree (PWMP: *pulpul₁)

posoheart (regarded as the seat of various emotions, as love, sympathy, generosity) (PMP: *pusuq₁)

pospos-ento finish something, come to the end of something --- of serial actions (as taking the prescribed number of pills), or of something that can be viewed as serial (as climbing rope, planting field) (PWMP: *puspus₁)

sabakind of banana: tree of medium height, large fruit with only one seed, not rounded at the ends (can be boiled or eaten raw) (PWMP: *sabeqa)

saboŋflowers (for ornamentation as opposed to blossoms of useful plants; said to be from Ilokano) (PPH: *sabuŋ₂)

sadsad(in rice agriculture) trampling as part of crushing down rice stalks (PPH: *sadsad)

s<ag>absabanimal (as pig, carabao) that eats anything given to it, not being choosy (PAN: *sabsab)

sagidto make contact with, touch, brush asgainst something with sufficient force to be felt (PPH: *saq(e)gid)

sagsagbreak dirt clods up into small pieces; to split bolo bamboo lengthwise into fourths, eighths, sixteenths, etc. (PWMP: *sagsag₁)

sakaaŋto have the legs, or similar parts of an object (too) wide apart (PPH: *sakáqaŋ)

sakaŋto have the legs, or similar parts of an object (too) wide apart (PMP: *sakaŋ)

saleŋthe highly resinous heartwood of old or prematurely injured trees, pitch pine (valued as kindling, torches, house posts, fence posts) (PAN: *saleŋ)

salepdam placed in a stream to divert its water (as for fishing, irrigation, pool for carabao wallow) (PPH: *sáRep)

salked-ento block, hold back something passing through --- both of complete and partial blockage (PPH: *saR(e)ked)

salopganta, a unit of dry measure equal to about three liters; used for measuring coffee, rice, peanuts, etc (PPH: *salúp)

saŋKaphand-held digging tool: long metal or wood handle and short, wide, flat blade; trowel (NEAR)

sapal-anto be able to attend to all one’s duties, cope with one’s work (PPH: *sapal)

sapaŋkind of tree; slivers of its wood are boiled to make a red tea (PWMP: *sapaŋ)

satsat-ento cut, tear, rip something (as cloth, paper, galvanized iron sheets, including when the item is divided in two) (PPH: *tastas-en) *tastas

sedop-ento measure something, especially of measuring by the ganta, but also used for other measures (PPH: *salup-en) *salúp

sedsed-ento feel for something (as people feeling with their feet among the rocks where they thought a drowned man was wedged) (PPH: *sedsed₃)

se-saiŋto want something that someone else is eating or selling but not to ask for it; rather to stand nearby as a hint, hoping to be offered some (PPH: *saiŋ)

se-spak-en (< sepak)to break something without completely severing it, esp. of tree limbs, jawbones of pigs in butchering process (PWMP: *sepak₁) *sepak

shanomwater; river or other body of water (as dam reservoir); juice (as of fruit); pus, or serious drainage from a wound or sore (PMP: *danum) *daNum

shapshapwork of cleaning, chopping irregularities off wood or sod; also the wood chips resulting from such work (PPH: *dapdáp)

sheketto cause something to adhere (as adhesive tape); to stick --- especially of food that sticks to cooking pots; hard, thin mass of rice that sticks to the pot after cooking; (fig.) very sharp blade (as bolo) that bites into wood or bamboo, instead of bouncing off (PMP: *deket₁) *dekeC

shelshelto push something with a steady, even pressure (as in forcing open a door); to push one another thus (as two carabaos head-to-head) (PPH: *deldel)

shitapoison, venom --- of that injected by a snake, rabid dog, spider (PPH: *dítaq)

showa-ento make something two, i.e. by adding one to one or by dividing a larger amount (PMP: *duha-en) *duSa

siarticle, “personal” counterpart of both i and say; occurs with peoples names, titles when standing for the person and some kinship terms, especially in genitive ni phrases (PAN: *si₁)

sibolto have a simple meal or snack that is composed of only a staple food (as rice, camote, bread) and a drink (as water, broth, coffee) (PMP: *simbuR)

sikadto stamp one’s foot or feet (as an impatient horse, children marching, frustrated person) (PPH: *síkad)

siksiksearch in the hair with one’s fingers for lice and lice eggs (PWMP: *siksik₁)

s<in>adsadthe method of cultivating a rice paddy --- breaking the mud clods with the feet (PPH: *sadsad)

siraviand, i.e. non-staple food that is eaten along with rice, other cereal, camote, taro at a meal; includes primary meat or fish and vegetables; functionally, food that induces appetite for the filling staple food (PPH: *siraq₂)

siʔship-ento aim at something (as with a gun); to sight something in with the eye (as the levelness of land, the evenness of house posts) (PPH: *siq(e)rip-en) *siq(e)rip

sobdito pass one another on the way --- esp. of those who want to meet (PPH: *sub(e)líq)

sokat-ento measure something --- spoken of volume (as liquid or dry measure) (PWMP: *sukat-en) *sukat

soɁkipto insert something (as money into book, hairpin into hair) (PPH: *suq(e)kip)

soksokto insert something into a narrow space (as pipe into headband, roofing grass into leaky spot) (PAN: *suksuk)

sonsonto stuff, cram something into something else (as handkerchief into pocket, animal fodder into sack, intestines of wounded man back into the abdominal cavity) (PPH: *sunsun)

soŋsoŋsnout of an animal; to smell something, especially of animals, and especially purposeful smelling (as a dog her pups) (PPH: *suŋsuŋ₃)

sosothe breast, including the nipple, both of males and the female mammary, both in humans and animals; the milk from the mammary glands or its substitute (PAN: *susu₁)

soyodharrow, the farming implement to loosen and level the soil for planting (LOAN)

tabastrimmings, remnant, that remaining of something (as piece of cloth, galvanized sheeting) after the desirable piece has been removed; the “cut” of a person, i.e. his nature, characteristics (PWMP: *tabas₂)

tabokolcast net, throw net; fishing net that is thrown and pulled back, closing the mouth of the net and trapping the fish (PAN: *tabukul)

tabtabto eat voraciously, wolf down, gulp down, devour, eat one’s food with fervor --- esp. of animals (as pigs), but also figuratively of people (PAN: *tabtab₂)

tabʔaŋpertaining to the unpleasant bitter taste of water, esp. of brackish, salty water (PWMP: *taq(e)baŋ)

tadtadact of cutting up meat into small pieces; deadfall trap: trap for large animals in which a heavy weight is arranged to fall on and kill or disable the prey (PWMP: *tadtad)

tadtar-ento cut, chop something into pieces; to cut on, draw blade across something with repeated motions (as in maliciously ruining the sleeve of a jacket); to cut up meat into small pieces --- an important step in butchering (PPH: *tadtad-én) *tadtad

tagip-ento slice something in several parallel slices (as sweet potato, loaf of bread) (PPH: *tájip)

takbabackpack, pack frame --- general term for things worn on the back, esp. for carrying oads (PPH: *tak(e)bá)

takba-enesp. of animal copulation, when the male mounts the female with his front feet on the females back (PPH: *tak(e)bá)

takeda tie, fastening, binding --- what is wrapped around to hold something in place (PPH: *takéd)

taltal-ento loosen something by striking it (as pipe fitting or bolt with a hammer, peg that holds plow parts together) to strike, jar something (as house wall with hammer) (PWMP: *taltal₁)

tama-anto hit on, especially of something done timely, fortuitously (as selling one’s vegetables when the price is high; or hitting on the ‘heart of the matter’); such a fortuitous happening, as with gold strikes (PAN: *tama₁)

tambaŋ-anto lie in wait for something, esp. with the idea of killing (as enemy, animal being hunted) (PPH: *tambaŋ-an) *tambáŋ

tampipilightweight box for keeping one’s clothes, blankets, that can be used as a travelling bag (PPH: *tampipiq)

taŋankind of tree, probably purging nut: Jatropha curcas (PWMP: *taŋan-taŋan)

taŋkal-anto put a concave object over something --- perhaps esp. something to catch a chicken (PPH: *taŋkal)

taŋpa-ento pay for an animal when it is newborn or in utero, at a low price, taking it when it is weaned (if it dies the buyer loses, so it is a gamble) (PPH: *taŋ(e)paq)

tapeyrice wine, rice beer (made from traditional kintoman rice; a necessary part of almost all ritual and festive gatherings) (PWMP: *tapay)

tapj-anto have rice wine go along with an animal butchered (PWMP: *tapay-an) *tapay

tapokdust as it swirls in the air or has settled on something (as when stirred by a vehicle) (PPH: *tapuk₂)

tapoŋto grind something to a fine powder (as coffee beans, rice to make flour) (PPH: *tapuŋ)

taposthe end, last one --- of the last day of the month or year, the end of a person’s life or the world (PAN: *tapus)

tastasto dismantle something --- esp. of a house prior to moving it to another site, and roofing material prior to changing it, but also of such as clothing that is unstitched and resewn (PAN: *tastas)

tata-ŋfather --- esp. as a term of address or a term of endearment; term of respect for village elders (PAN: *tata₁)

tayawthe traditional Ibaloy dance performed at many feast occasions (PPH: *tayaw)

taʔnay ~ tanʔaya bundle of rice stalks; at harvest the rice is cut along with enough of the stalk to give it a “handle”; a taɁnay, though varying in size from place to place, is a local standard of measure (PPH: *taq(e)nay)

tebelkind of tree with wide leaves and plentiful fruit that is not edible (revered traditionally as important to water; planted around water sources, and said to increase water where it is, esp. in wet ground) (PPH: *tebéR)

tedothree --- the cardinal number; three stars that appear together in a line; the group is said to reach its zenith at dawn during harvest time (August); could be the three bright summer stars, Vega, Deneb, and Altair (PAN: *telu)

tekaŋ-ento spread, force something apart to make a space between (PPH: *tákaŋ)

tekot-anto fear something (as a current in trying to cross a river) (PWMP: *takut-an) *takut

tektekkind of insect similar to cricket, whose call is “tek-tek-tek” (PAN: *tektek₂)

teneb-ento temper steel by plunging or “quenching” it suddenly in water after it has been made red-hot in a forge (PAN: *teneb)

teshos-anto be able to understand, folllow something (as lecture, sermon) (PWMP: *tarus)

teshosh-anto be able to understand, follow something (as lecture, sermon) (PPH: *tarús)

tikboto pour, dump out the contents of something, esp. by inverting the container and shaking it (as chili peppers from a bottle, salmon from a can) (PPH: *tik(e)buq)

tikdopto close a door or window part way, so that it is left ajar (PPH: *tik(e)lúp)

tiktikthe two pieces of iron that are held, one in each hand, and beaten together by one of those accompanying the tayaw dance, making a dull sound (PAN: *tiktik₁)

tiŋal-ento put, cram, wedge something large into the mouth; (in butchering) to put a piece of wood into a pig’s mouth after it has been killed --- part of the butchering tradition (PPH: *tiŋal)

tiponfor three or more to come together, be united, joined (as earnings of a whole family brought together); of the newly married or those brought together after a marital separation (PPH: *típun)

tobaa kind of shrub; its leaves, fruit and roots are poisonous and are pounded in slow-moving water to intoxicate (disorient) the fish and make them easy to catch (PAN: *tubah)

toboŋsections of bamboo internodes that were traditionally used to store salt, chili peppers, sugar (PWMP: *tubuŋ)

tokakkind of small white, nonedible frog; usual habitat is ponds and ricefields, where they make loud noise at night (PPH: *tukák)

tokodpost, esp. of house posts, but also of other structures that have supporting posts (as stairs, bridges) (PAN: *tukud)

toktokhead; other physical features corresponding to the head, with qualifying ni phrase, e.g. toktok ni shontog ‘top of the mountain (PAN: *tuktuk₂)

toloŋhelp --- especially of help other than with field work (as help with expenses, sick person’s work, government assistance) (PMP: *tuluŋ)

tostos-ento cut something into tiny pieces (as tobacco); to roll a cigarette (PPH: *tustus)

walwalto move something around, back and forth, in order to loosen it (as post deep in the ground, s.t. that is tied or assembled) (PPh: *walwál)

yawyawexpression used to call someone to come and eat, i.e. Let’s eat!; Come and eat! (PPH: *yawyaw)

ʔatuŋburned, scalded skin, eyes, or other body part (as by fire, boiling water) (PPH: *hátuŋ)

ʔi-tuludto help something along, take someone, something somewhere (as by giving a boost, accompanying to a certain place, etc.) (PPH: *i-tulúd) *tulúd

abasexamination, reconnaissance; go and see, visit, examine, look into, hear a case (NOISE)

adaiborn, be born, give birth; supply, provide; have, possess (PWMP: *wada-i) *wada

adapaspect, position; to face, seek an interview, go before, appear before, present oneself; on the side of, towards (PMP: *qadep)

adohexclamation of pain or surprise, adih; cry to a child to sooth it (PMP: *aduq)

agar-agarjelly made from edible sea-weeds (Eucheuma, Gracilaria, Sphaerococcus, and other spp.) often colored and flavored with pandan (kerupok) (LOAN)

ak-andistant cousin; polite form of address to a younger person (PWMP: *kam-anak-en) *aNak

akarcreeper or anything used for binding or generally as a substitute for rotan (except in mat-making) (PMP: *wakaR)

amaŋmenace, threaten, aim (weapon) at; (hence) test, try (someone) (PWMP: *amaŋ amaŋ)

ambatintercept, (hence) stalk prey as a cat does; block, surround and catch (PMP: *qambat)

amokattack, run amuck; passion, enthusiasm, do with keenness, slave away at (PMP: *hamuk)

ampirencroach, come foraging; approach threateningly or suspiciously (PWMP: *hampir)

anakchild, son, daughter, offspring, youngster, junior; small, a little, young (PMP: *anak) *aNak

anak ampaŋbastard, child with no known or recognized father; valueless, 'black sheep' (PWMP: *hampaŋ)

anak bunsuyoungest child in a family; joint (in wood work); final tuck of knot or lashing; last knot in finishing a mat, point or climax of a story (LOAN)

anitgnaw, nibble, tear off with the teeth (as the skin of a fruit) (PMP: *qanit) *qaNiC

antuspirit, demon, or devil that can enter into men; familiar spirit, esp. of ancestor, in whatever guise it appears; the dead; any denizen of another world, the first being existing at the creation (PMP: *qanitu) *qaNiCu

aŋgapreckon, calculate, think, consider, look ahead; forethought, foresight (PWMP: *a(ŋ)gap)

aŋkutcarry in many loads or continuously, shift, remove, esp. of bringing in the harvest (PMP: *hakut) *SakuC

api baraʔ('smouldering fire') praise name of Ngelingkan, ancestor of Tuang of Ulu Klauh and Pengulu Ngali of Delok, whose remains are kept in the house at Engkramut (PMP: *baRah hapuy) *baRah

apitsqueeze, press (as a hand caught in a closing door) (PMP: *qapit) *qapiC Iban

asamsour, acid, sulky; plants yielding sour fruit (used in preserves and for flavoring), esp. trees of Mangifera spp. (PWMP: *qalesem)

atisexclaim; exclaim and egg on; (call out and) encourage people to quarrel (PWMP: *atis)

aurgeneric for kinds of large bamboo, payan, esp. Gigantochloa scortechinii and Bambusa wrayi (PMP: *qauR)

aya-ʔuncle, stepfather. Term of address for men of speaker's father's generation; term of reference for the hearer's father (PMP: *aya₂)

babaktake off, pull down, undo, tear away, pull out, pull up by the roots (PMP: *bakbak₁)

babalignorant, thoughtless, slow-witted, forgetful, absent-minded (PWMP: *balbal₂)

bagishare, part; divide, distinguish; divide bilik property after a death and allot the shares equally to the survivors (PMP: *baqagi)

bakatchoppy (of water), small waves made by wind and tide in shallow water (PWMP: *bakat)

bakoŋplants of Amaryllis family growing on river banks, Crinum spp. (esp. Crinum asiaticum: also water lilies, Nymphaea spp., and probably Indian lotus, Nelumbium spp. (PAN: *bakuŋ₁)

balikturn, turn to look at; turned speech in which syllables are said in reverse order (PMP: *balik₂)

baŋkaupike, short round spike on a staff; baŋkau also applies to the long bayonets of the early 19th century fixed to ironwood staves for arming Fortmen (Richards (1981)) (PWMP: *baŋkaw)

baŋkaycorpse, dead body of any animal; to call a person baŋkay in swearing is a gross insult (PWMP: *baŋkay)

bataŋprincipal member or part (as of river); tree, tree trunk, log, stem; numeral coefficient for rigid things, as posts, cigarettes, spears, trees (PMP: *bataŋ) *bataŋ₁

batustone, rock, ore, stone-hard, made of stone, talisman, charms used by shamans for protection, for invisibility, or for clear sight when seeking errant souls in the afterworld (PMP: *batu) *batux

bayacrocodile: Crocodilus porosus (in estuaries), Crocodilus siamensis (in freshwater swamps); manifestation of a water deity (PMP: *buqaya)

bebarterrified flight; scatter, disperse (as chickens frightened by a civet cat) (PMP: *berber₁)

bedilsmall gun (usually Muzzle-loaded) as opposed to meriam (large cannon) or senapaŋ (shotgun, rifle). Many bedil were cast in bronze at Brunei, often decorated and with twin barrels, for use from houses or boats bedil keretas firecrackers (LOAN)

bekalsupplies, provisions; provide for, esp. for a journey; advice, instruction (PWMP: *bekel)

bekautrace, track, mark, footprint; remains of, showing traces of, as a result of (PMP: *bekas₃)

belaŋLeucoderma, mottling of the skin from loss of pigment (usually seen in the palms and soles); piebald, black and white in patches (of the coloration of pigs) (PMP: *belaŋ₂)

belatcane fishing screen or net (with canes horizontal) usually set across stream or current (PWMP: *bakelad)

belatcane fishing screen or net (with canes horizontal) usually set across stream or current (PMP: *belat₂)

belatcane fishing screen or net (with canes horizontal), usually set across stream or current (PWMP: *belet)

belatiktrap consisting of a low frame from which a spear is hurled when the trap is sprung (PWMP: *bala(n)tik)

belimbiŋfive-ridged fruit: Averrhoa bilimbi L. and Averrhoa carambola L. (PWMP: *baliŋbiŋ)

bembairush or reed with fragrant white flower: Clinogyne dichotoma, and Donax, Cyperus spp. The skin is stripped for making mats which often have fine patterns in them but are not durable (PWMP: *benban)

bentaŋrotan or cord stretched across a river with charms and offerings attached to it, to isolate and protect the people within it from sickness known to prevail outside (PMP: *benteŋ)

benuaŋ, menuaŋquick growing softwood riparian tree similar to entipoŋ, Octomeles sumatrana Miq. (PWMP: *banuaŋ)

benuaŋ, menuaŋquickly growing softwood riparian tree similar to entipoŋ (Anthocephalus cadamba: Octomeles sumatrana Miq. (PWMP: *benuaŋ)

beŋkoŋrim (biŋkai) or ring-frame, usually of rattan or creeper, e.g. in a fish trap (bubu), etc. (PMP: *beŋkuŋ)

beraŋaiwar boat, esp. the 'boat' in which the souls of the dead travel the Mandai River (PWMP: *baraŋay)

beraŋansmall trees yielding a small chestnut: Castanopsis spp. (PWMP: *baraŋan₂)

beratheavy, ponderous (hence unwilling), burdensome, oppressive, important (PMP: *beReqat)

b-er-ibitcarry by a fold (as in a bag or a cloth held by one hand), (of crabs) carry in the claws (PMP: *bitbit₂) *bitbit

beribitcarry by a fold (as in a bag or cloth held by one hand), (of crabs) carry in the claws (ROOT)

beruaŋMalay (or Malayan Sun) Bear, "Honey Bear", Helarctos sp. (PWMP: *baRuaŋ)

beruruan herb, Salomonia cantoniensis Lour., used as liniment; a climber, Mucuna biplicata, used as lashings and in medicine; (PWMP: *baluRu)

besaibig, large, great; be as big as; think highly of, treat as important (LOAN)

biauwave about, wave to someone; wave a fowl over a person or thing as a minor rite (NOISE)

bidaŋnumeral classifier for things spread out when in use, e.g. cloth, skirt, leaf matting, land, mats (esp. heavy kinds) (PWMP: *bidaŋ)

bidaŋnumeral classifier for things spread out when in use (cloth, skirt, palm leaf matting, land, mats -- esp. heavy kinds) (LOAN)

bikoŋgeneric for cutting tool angled like a scythe or golf-club (PMP: *biŋkuŋ)

bilikroom; walled-off part of longhouse, belonging to single family; family that inhabits a bilik (PMP: *bilik)

bilisanchovy, very small fish of Stolephorus and other spp., usually salted and dried (PWMP: *bilis)

bilutcrooked, turned (of a cutting edge); crumpled, puckered; make faces, grimace at (PWMP: *bilut)

bintih(of birds) fight with legs and spurs, attack; (of a cock) tread a hen; kick the shins (of people) (PMP: *bintiq)

bintis(of birds) fight with legs and spurs, attack, (of a cock) tread a hen (PMP: *bities)

binuaŋquick growing softwood riparian tree similar to entipoŋ (Anthocephalus cadamba): Octomeles sumatrana Miq. (PWMP: *binuaŋ)

biŋkairim made to strengthen the edge of a container (as a basket) (PWMP: *biŋkay)

birahan aroid associated with itchiness: Alocasia macrorrhiza (PMP: *biRaq₁)

biriŋred-brown color, esp. of fighting cocks; (of human beings) flushed, ruddy of countenance (PMP: *biRiŋ₁)

biruʔsmall fan palms of the forest floor, whose disc-like leaves are divided to the center into wedge-shaped leaflets: Licuala sp. (Licuala glabra?). The leaflets are used for roofing, forest shelters, for wrapper mats and for hats (PMP: *biRu)

bisastrong, powerful, effective; poisonous (as a snake); fierce (as a hornet's sting) (LOAN)

buahfruit of any kind, berry, nut; anything rounded or resembling a fruit (calf of the leg, biceps); pattern, design; numeral classifier for e.g. buildings, boats (PMP: *buaq)

buah jakoʔone to be spoken of and remembered (in song); famous, renowned in story (PMP: *buaq)

buaythrow away, throw out, do away with, abolish, abandon, banish (PMP: *buqaŋ)

buboksmall beetle, unid. whose larvae bore into wood, (also?) a big black beetle that burrows in soft wood, unid. (PMP: *bukbuk₃)

bubuany fish trap having a narrow opening so that the fish can enter but cannot get out. Usually conical, of rattan and creeper, with an inner cone of sharp spikes (ijap) fitted in the frame (beŋkoŋ) of the mouth (many named varieties) (PAN: *bubu₂)

buburjellyfish, sea nettle, swimming bell, Medusa spp. The common white kind is preserved in brine by Chinese (PAN: *bubuR₁)

buburrice or sago gruel, porridge, used to eke out a meagre rice supply, esp. by poor Chinese (PMP: *buRbuR₁)

bubusholed, pierced (as a shoe by a nail); break through (as a fence) (PMP: *busbus)

bubutcommon coucal or crow pheasant: Centropus sinensis Stephens, named from the call and associated with death (PWMP: *butbut₁)

bucurflow through a hole, usually of a container leaking out, as opposed to a roof leaking in (tiris) (LOAN)

buihfroth, foam, spume; swirl in water caused by movement below; crocodile (PMP: *buqiq)

bukithill, steep land, mountain (distinct from gunoŋ, large forested mountain (PAN: *bukij)

bukit-anpeople of the Kakus River and adjacent areas in southern Sarawak (PWMP: *bukij-an) *bukij

bulaŋcord with which an artificial spur is tied to the leg of a fighting cock (PWMP: *bulaŋ)

bulohbamboo, Bambusa and other spp.; anything tubular resembling bamboo (shotgun barrel, etc.) (PAN: *buluq₂)

bulufeather, quill, fur, hair (except of the head); kind, sort, color, pattern (PMP: *bulu₁)

bunohkill, slay, murder; destroy (skin disease, warts), extirpate (trees from cleared land) (PMP: *bunuq₂) *buNuq₂

buntalglobe or puffer fish: Tetrodon and other species...There are two kinds, both poisonous: the yellow, buntal pisaŋ can be eaten, but only after careful preparation to remove the poisonous parts (PMP: *buntal)

buntilbag made from prepared bark; bag slung from he shoulders for chewing materials, etc. (PWMP: *buntil)

buntuʔbloated, swollen, rotten (of fish); (of old men) fat, bloated (PMP: *buntuʔ)

buŋkaropen up, take apart; unload (as cargo from a boat); disassemble (as a hut, the pieces of which will be used again) (PMP: *buŋkaR)

buŋkasstrip off boat awnings (i.e. make all secure in a storm) (PMP: *bu(ŋ)kas) *bukas

buŋurtrees of Lagerstroemia spp., esp. L. flos-reginae Retz., Queen Flower tree (PAN: *buŋuR)

burikspeckled, streaky (black and white), a color of fighting cocks (PWMP: *burik)

buritbottom, base (as of a jar); bottom, rump, posterior (PMP: *buRit₁) *buRit

burokrotten (as a tree stump), septic (as a wound); lazy, good-for-nothing (PAN: *buRuk)

buroŋbird, bird-like; frequented by birds; initial component in the names of many birds; omen, omen bird (or animal, insect), seek omens, practice augury (LOAN)

burudrive away, send away, ostracize (as in sending someone away from the longhouse) (PAN: *buRaw)

busoŋafflicted with supernatural punishment for blasphemy, for uttering prohibited names of marrying within prohibited degrees; often heard as part of a prayer not to fall into sin and misery (PWMP: *busuŋ)

dalamdeep (as water); sensible, judicious, thoughtful; in, into, inside, referring to house, heart (usually alam); however (much) (PMP: *dalem)

damarresin, trade name for a natural exudation from trees (mostly of Dipterocarp spp., esp. Shorea spp.) (PAN: *damaR₁)

dampaʔtemporary longhouse built by a group of families farming contiguous land at a distance from the main longhouse (NOISE)

danawlake, natural pond, shallow pool, land flooded permanently or for long periods at regular intervals (PAN: *danaw)

darayoung woman, unmarried woman, maiden; (of women) smart (PWMP: *da-daRa) *daRa₂

daunleaf; page (of book); blade (of knife); sheet (of paper), card (PMP: *dahun)

deŋutmurmur, grunt, whine, squeal (as young pigs), any protesting sound (PWMP: *deŋut)

depaʔspan of the arms outstretched (between tips of middle fingers), fathom; lengths of cane, rope, etc., and generally where English measure is in yards (PAN: *depah)

dua-iboth; the two of them; spouse of brother- or sister-in-law (not otherwise related) (PWMP: *duha-i) *duSa

dudok be-silasit kneeling (on knees and feet together); sit deferentially, or cross-legged(?) (LOAN)

duduk be-silasit kneeling (on knees and feet together); sit deferentially, or cross-legged (?) (LOAN)

duriantrees, Durio spp (Malvaceae), with large spiky (be-duriʔ) fruit (PWMP: *duRi-an) *duRi

embascare, threaten (as by intimidating someone near with a show of strength) (NEAR)

empaŋfish weir or dam of stakes and cane set upright, in which traps may be set (PMP: *empeŋ)

empiasdrops of driven rain (e.g. drops of rain blown onto a table by a window, drops of rain driven into a room) (PWMP: *ampias)

entakdrive a pile; bump down, come down with a thump, knead or beat (clothes in washing) (PMP: *qentek)

eŋkuaslarge rhizomatous herb used as a spice in cooking, Alpinia spp. (esp. the white A. galanga) (PWMP: *laŋkuas)

gamata plant: Cyanotis cristata Roehm. et Schultes. The leaves are edible, and may be used for poulticing (PWMP: *gamat)

gamaʔfeel or touch with the hands, palpate, examine by feel; grope (in the dark); catch fish with the hands (PWMP: *gamaʔ)

gatalitchy; (of women) sensual, amorously inclined; longing for (PMP: *gatel) *gaCel

gawayreligious rites accompanied by festivity, feast, festival (PWMP: *gaway₂)

gayaŋpierce, make a hole, stab, as by thrusting a spear or knife into the neck of a pig as a ritual act (PAN: *gayaŋ)

getah buŋasuntapped rubber tree, first rubber tapped from a tree (PMP: *buŋas)

gulokshort heavy knife or sword, stump-ended and sometimes grooved (PWMP: *guluk)

idap(of illness) be subject or liable to; have a relapse or recurrence of (PWMP: *hidap)

ijoka palm: Arenga saccharifera (Wurmb.) Merr. (formerly A. saccharifera Lab.). It yields a toddy, soft brown sugar, and good black cordage (PWMP: *izuk)

impungather into a flock; keep safe, take care of (as a mother hen gathering her chicks) (PMP: *qi(m)pun)

inda-imother, call mother, term of reference or address for woman of mother's generation (PWMP: *inda₂)

indu-ʔwoman, mother, female, feminine; female of a pair; sacred plants set with the stones as the "centre" of a padi field; principal, chief, main or bigger member of a class (PWMP: *indu-q) *indu

insan, isanrelationship between the parents of those who have married (PWMP: *insan)

iparbrother-in-law, sister-in-law, relation by marriage of the same generation (PMP: *hipaR₁) *hipaR

ipiltrees, Adinandra spp.; also Gordonia havilandii Burkill; trees of Intsia spp., esp. I. bijuga (Colebr.) (PMP: *qipil)

ipohthe upas tree: Antiaris toxicaria (Pers.) Lesch. The latex is used in making poison for blowpipe darts. (PWMP: *qipuq)

itoŋreckoning, calculation, count; reckon; reckoned; held to be, considered to be (PWMP: *qituŋ)

jalaiway, path, road; go, walk, travel; way of doing something, method, solution (way out) of difficulty (PMP: *zalan)

jaŋkitinfectious, contagious; catch, spread (as fire or disease) (PWMP: *za(ŋ)kit)

jarinlength of stout canes twisted together from which are hung overlapping cane nooses to catch driven deer (PMP: *zariŋ)

jawaʔmillet, especially Bulrush millet, Pennisetum typhoideum; jawaʔ is planted with the padi, but not as a main crop (PAN: *zawa₂)

jelataŋsmall tree, Laportea stimulans Miq., having stinging hairs on the leaves, which can be littered about where an enemy may rest (PMP: *zalateŋ)

jəramiʔsacred plants (induʔ padi – lit. ‘rice mother’) in the paddy field after harvest (PMP: *zaRami)

jeraʔlearn by experience (‘the hard way’), have one’s fill, get one’s fingers burned, be fed up with; (poetic) fearful, crazed (PWMP: *zeRa)

jiratto hobble or tie by the legs (of animals, usually for killing) (PWMP: *ziRet)

kabankinsman, relation; companion, follower, supporter; group, band, herd, member of group (PWMP: *kaban₁)

kabithang or hook on (as in hooking coins onto the hem of a skirt, or hanging a basket on a branch) (PAN: *kabit₁)

kacawdisturbed, in disorder, confused, troubled, in a stir, annoyed (PWMP: *kacaw)

kacaw-kacawstirring, moving, moved (as leaves stirred by a troupe of monkeys) (PWMP: *kacaw)

kairto scratch, scrape with the foot (as a hen searching for food) (PWMP: *kahir)

kaladigeneric for aroids of Alocasia and Colocasia spp., and yams of Dioscorea spp. (PWMP: *kaladi)

kandoŋwomb, foetus; (of padi, fruit) in bearing, fruiting, having fruit set and swelling; (of women) pregnant, conceive (PWMP: *kanduŋ)

kaŋkoŋwater convolvulus, Ipomoea spp., I. aquatica, I. reptans and others; quick-growing layering plant grown as a green vegetable (LOAN)

karamawash, capsized, wrecked, foundered (strictly, karam applies to boats or anything that floats, and means full of, or covered with water so as to be unmanageable) (PWMP: *kaRem)

kausscrape out (a pan, the pulp of a cucumber), rake and throw out (earth, as for planting) (PWMP: *kaus)

kayuʔtree; numeral classifier for trees; wood, timber; wooden; length of wood, stick (PMP: *kahiw) *kaSiw

kebalinvulnerable to weapons, have skin impenetrable by anything sharp (PWMP: *kebel)

kədaŋa stretch (as in stretching out one’s arms; also of an arm being stiff and lacking suppleness) (PMP: *kedeŋ)

kelalaperceive, scrutinize (e.g. a pig’s liver for omens), identify, know, recognize (a person) (PAN: *kilala)

kemiritree bearing hard nuts, candle nut, Aleurites triloba Forst. (PMP: *kamiri)

kenasfish (ikan) preserved by steeping or parboiling to remove bones, salting and smoke-curing in bamboo (PMP: *kenas)

kenaʔright, proper, suitable; suffer, undergo, be affected by; forming a passive; use, wear (PAN: *keNa)

kendiformerly round earthenward cooking pot, usually with spout; now bell-mouthed brass pot with spout or lip, or a modern kettle (LOAN)

kenuʔit is said, the story goes (esp. in tales to mark quotations or new sections). (PWMP: *kenu)

kepitsqueeze, press (as sugarcane, a hand caught in a closing door); carry under the arm, hold under the elbow (PMP: *kepit)

kepit baŋkaycaught between, of the inhabitants of a longhouse bilik (family unit) where there has been a death in each of the adjoining bilik so that one’s movements are restricted by taboo (lit. ‘hemmed in by death) (PMP: *kepit)

keratto cut length or piece, morsel, cut in lengths; cut off (as a piece of sugarcane) (PAN: *keRet)

keratcut length or piece, morsel, cut in lengths, cut off (as a piece of sugarcane) (PAN: *keret)

ketapknife for reaping grain, esp. padi; this is a half disc of iron with a straight edge of 3” - 4” sharpened, set across a short stick or bamboo which is grasped in the right hand; the stalk is held with thumb and forefinger while the middle finger presses it against the knife to cut it (PWMP: *ketep₂)

ketoŋsection of bamboo with holes on opposite sides, used to scare birds by beating on it, or by hanging it with a stick to be sounded by the wind (LOAN)

kikirfile, grater (originally skate or shark skin used as sandpaper); (fig.) mean, stingy (PMP: *kiDkiD)

kulatfungus, toadstool, mushroom (many varieties, both poisonous and edible) (PMP: *kulat₂) *kulaC

kumaŋ məñaruŋhermit crab (məñaruŋ < saruŋ ‘sheath, case, covering’) (PMP: *kumaŋ)

kuñitturmeric; the rhizone yields a yellow dye, and is used for smearing the forehead of a corpse at the laying out of the dead (PMP: *kunij)

labisoft-shelled or freshwater turtle: Trionynx cartilagineus Boulanger and other spp. (PWMP: *labi-labi)

ladaŋbank, dyke or firebreak to mark boundary or protect land; swamp or wet paddy field enclosed by bunds (NOISE)

lakafar apart, big; too large, as an opening or space (e.g. the space between the rungs of a ladder) (PWMP: *la(ŋ)ka)

lakimale; husband; male of a pair, e.g. of mortice and tenon joint, press-studs (PMP: *laki₁)

lalohsurplus, over and above, more than enough; enough and to spare; (of money) credit balance, excess of income over expenditure (PWMP: *laluq)

landaygently sloping, usually of land; (of speech or voice) gentle, slow (PWMP: *la(n)day)

laŋitsky, heavens; the Heavens, as distinct from Earth; World of the Dead, and the land of the serpent deities…The hornbill, Segadu’, represents the manang (shaman), of whom the chief is Menjaya or Ini’ Manang, living in the seventh heaven (PMP: *laŋit) *laŋiC

laŋkahstep, pace, stride; overstep (as in disobeying an order or violating customary law) (PMP: *laŋkaq₁)

lemahsoft, weak, feeble, languid (as a person who doesn’t feel up to doing anything) (PWMP: *lemaq)

lemasstifled, drowned; (fig.) of a baby, stillborn, dead in the womb (PMP: *lemes)

lepasfree, at large; set free, dismiss, release, let go; past, after (PWMP: *lepas)

limawcitrus spp. and hybrids; pomelo, mandarin orange, bitter orange, lime, grapefruit, lemon, etc. (PWMP: *limaw)

liŋgaŋrocking, swaying, crank, unsteady (as a boat rocking in the water) (PWMP: *liŋgaŋ)

luŋkasdismantle, uncovered; remove (awning from boat, shirt, etc.) (PMP: *lu(ŋ)kas)

lutancharred wood, cold embers, litter of charred logs in burned clearing; unburned logs (PMP: *aluten)

luyaʔfaded, secondhand, shop-soiled; (of a woman) be divorced after having borne children who have not lived (PWMP: *luya₂)

mata dacingraduated marks on balance or weigh-beam (‘eye of scale’) (PMP: *mata) *maCa

mata manaŋbeads presented to a manang (shaman) to give him keenness of sight (PMP: *mata) *maCa

menoa, menuaarea of land held and used by a distinct community, esp. longhouse (rumah), including house, farms, gardens, fruit groves, cemetery, water and all forest within half a day's journey. Use of the menoa is only gained and maintained by much effort and danger, and by proper rites to secure and preserve a ritual harmony of all within it and the unseen forces involved; home, abode, place, district, country, region (PMP: *banua)

miaŋirritants produced by plants; irritating; irritated (as by paddy dust or bamboo) (Scott 1956), minute bristles on bamboos and other plants; irritation of skin caused by them (Richards 1981) (PWMP: *amiaŋ)

mukatfish with a seine or drag-net; pukat empelawaʔ, spider’s web pukat are set with weights and floats across a stream, or may be dragged ashore in shallows (PWMP: *ma-muket) *puket₁

munsaŋMalay weasel: Mustela nudipes Cuvier, and other species; generic for palm civets, including otter civets and linsangs (PMP: *musaŋ)

nalitwist into rope, prepare fibre for rope; continue the line, inherit bilik and share of property (PWMP: *ma-nalih) *CaliS

nampokperform a vigil, go to a solitary place to meet with ancestors or other beings in dream or vision, and obtain their help; tops of hills are used but any isolated place, even a cemetery, may be used (PWMP: *tampuk₂)

ñañisinging, especially in style other than Iban, or particular kind of song (probably < Malay) (PWMP: *ñañuy)

ñatohgeneric for trees yielding gutta (including gutta percha), Palaquium, Ganua and other species (PMP: *ñatuq)

ñawavoice, sound; mouth; life, existence, breath; hence rest, ‘breather’ (PMP: *nihawa) *NiSawa

niboŋtall prickly cluster palms, Oncosperma spp.: Oncosperma horridum Scheff. (bayas) growing inland; Oncosperma tigillarium (filamentosum) Blume (niboŋ proper) coastal, with leaves arched; niboŋ wood resists teredo and termites; yields posts, piles, ribs of leaf thatch, split flooring; spines make blowpipe darts; fruit can be used as betel (pinaŋ) and the 'cabbage' (upaʔ) is edible (PMP: *qanibuŋ)

nulapsecretly plant a small patch and make an offering before the general planting (PWMP: *suleb)

ŋaitto hook (as a thorn hooking the clothes of a passer-by) (PWMP: *ma-ŋawit) *kawit

ŋ-akuʔtreat as, acknowledge; claim, admit, confess, own (as if owning up to the paternity of a child) (PWMP: *maŋ-aku) *aku

ŋ-alunoverwhelm, roll over, drive back, rush furiously (as a wave overwhelming a boat) (PWMP: *maŋ-qalun) *qalun

ŋe-matawatch over, look after, be caretaker or manager of, keep an eye on (PMP: *mata) *maCa

ŋindaŋto soar, hover over (as a hawk hovering over fowls before attacking) (PWMP: *kindaŋ-kindaŋ)

padaŋlarge space covered with one kind of vegetation; freshwater swamp, usually flooded and supporting few plants; field, meadow, green, sports-ground (PWMP: *padaŋ)

padoŋraised sleeping platform or bunk near or in outer wall of house; (formerly) sleeping place for girls (PWMP: *pa(n)duŋ)

panaulight patches on skin, leucoderma, caused by diet deficiency or (mild) tinea (PMP: *panaw₁) *panaw

pantaŋforbidden, not done or avoided for fear of evil consequences; ritual restriction or activity (LOAN)

pantarraised floor or bench built in or next to front wall of longhouse (PMP: *pataR₁)

paŋgauwooden platform, bench or bedstead in ruai (longhouse gallery); frame or threshing sieve; hunter's machan (usually near salt lick) (LOAN)

papan pelaŋkasleeping platform, bedstead; open wooden box on four ornamental legs ... used in SAUT ritual (LOAN)

paraframe or rack over a hearth for drying or preserving things laid on it; platform for felling large trees; hide or machan for hunter in tree (PAN: *paRa₁)

pariʔskate; ray. Generic for sting-rays (Trygonidae), electric rays (Torpedinae), and eagle-rays (Myliobatidae) (PMP: *paRih) *paRiS

pauha tree bearing inedible mango-like fruit: Parkia speciosa Hassk. (PMP: *pahuq₁)

pautpull towards oneself, take a share of, tug at, draw paddle towards boat; include (PWMP: *paqud)

pelamconceal (as an illness); keep oneself in seclusion, of an unmarried woman with child, until she cites the father (PWMP: *pelaqam)

pelesitslip out, shoot out, press out, extrude (as a small fish from between the fingers)! (PWMP: *pulesit)

peñuʔany marine turtle (green turtle, hawksbill turtle, leatherback turtle, loggerhead turtle) (PMP: *peñu)

pe-ŋaitcrook, hook (esp. the stick used in the left hand when cutting grass and bushes with a broad heavy knife) (PWMP: *pa-ŋawit) *kawit

peram(of birds) to sit, incubate, (of hens) go broody, hatch eggs; (of fruit) cause to ripen, keep until ripe (LOAN)

perawangeneric for ‘red meranti’ hardwood trees (Shorea spp.), as well as softwoods (PWMP: *parawan)

periaʔbitter gourd Momordica charantia L., a yellow-white pointed cucumber with lumpy skin, eaten raw or cooked (PWMP: *paria)

pesokholed, broken through, bashed in (esp. of hollow things, as boats, gongs, clothes) (PMP: *pesuk)

pilokcrooked, twisted, lame (of a leg or foot that is crooked) (PAN: *piluk₁) *piluk

pipitrice sparrow or Munia, especially the Dusky Munia: Lonchura fuscana Cassin. (PWMP: *pitpit₁)

pipitrice sparrow or munia, esp, Dusky munia: Lonchura fuscana Cassin. (PWMP: *pipiqit)

pukcall of any bird of prey with plaintive note, as opp. to screechers (PMP: *epuk)

pukiʔ maʔswearing interjection or gross insult (lit. ‘(your) mother’s vagina!’) (PAN: *puki)

pulutglutinous rice, Oryza glutinosa; it is fermented, cooked (sometimes sweetened) in bamboo or leaf packets for offerings and to eat at rites (PMP: *pulut)

pumpoŋbreak or cut the top off (as wind breaking off the top of a fruit tree), behead (as an enemy) (PWMP: *puŋpuŋ₁)

punaipigeon, including Green Pigeon, Treron spp., Jambu Fruit Pigeon, Ptilinopus jambu Gmelin, and Spotted-Neck Dove, Streptopelia chinensis Scopoli (PAN: *punay)

punasbarren, childless, with no direct heirs; died out, having no survivors; wipe out, destroy (PMP: *punas)

pun biliksenior member of a bilik family by descent (who would erect the first post of new building) (PMP: *puqun)

pun rumahfounder of a longhouse; padi pun primary sacred padi of bilik family (PMP: *puqun)

puntulstubby, bob-tailed, partly cut off, cut short, blunt and short (PMP: *putul) *putun

rabutpulled out or off, as the head of a spear in the flesh of an animal (Scott 1956) (PMP: *Rabut) *RabuC

rakitbring together (as in bringing one boat alongside another, of bringing a married couple back together after they have separated) (PMP: *Rakit)

(re)ñuankind of small bee, often kept under eaves in hives (tikoŋ of hollowed logs; honey is good, but inferior to that of the large wild mañiʔ (PMP: *qari-ñuan)

reŋkoŋnoisily, loud sounding (as of someone beating on the buttress of a tree) (ROOT)

riassplit into strips, split and splay at end (e.g. to make torch), strip pieces off (e.g. sugarcane, to chew the sweet core) (PMP: *riqas)

rumahhouse, permanent dwelling; housing; longhouse as ritual center of menoa (area of land held and used by distinct community) (PAN: *Rumaq)

runutlong black fibres under leaf-butts of palms, esp. Arenga spp. (PMP: *Runut)

sabaŋgeneric for palmlike plants (Palm Lily), Cordyline spp. ... forest Pleomele spp., also (?) Dracaena and other spp., widely used in SE Asia in medicine, cooking, and ritual, popularly called in Eng. "croton" (PWMP: *sabaqaŋ)

sabit bekaitCrooked Sickle, sea lawyer and trouble-maker of the heavens, always ready to settle disputes by fighting (PMP: *saqebit)

Sabit bekaitCrooked Sickle, sea lawyer and trouble-maker of the heavens, always ready to settle disputes by fighting (PWMP: *sabit)

saboksarong, especially worn short, as by men, i.e. wrapped at waist and hardly reaching knees (LOAN)

sadaistand or lean, esp. against rail or frame (penadai) for drying out of doors (PMP: *sanday) *saŋeday

salahwrong, bad; be wrong, find guilty; shoot and miss (a target) (PMP: *salaq₁)

samaktanning, plants yielding tannin, preservative for cordage, nets, etc. (PWMP: *samak)

sandaɁgive token price in kind, give goods for later repayment in kind; hence lend against repayment of equivalent (PWMP: *sanda)

sandaɁgive token price in kind, give goods for later payment in kind; hence lend against repayment of equivalent (NEAR)

sandaŋcarry slung from shoulder or at hip (e.g. unsheathed knife) (PWMP: *sandaŋ)

saŋkai(of boats) come to land, touch at, go alongside; put ashore; take passage (in boat), carry cargo, set down (cargo or passenger); join in business or work, lend a hand (PMP: *sakay₁)

saparsplit or strip from round to leave flat surface; rive; hence flat-sided, strips removed (as from cane) (PWMP: *sapaD)

saratheavily laden, fully loaded, deep in the water (of boats with little freeboard) (PWMP: *saRad)

sawaŋ(of hole or wound) gaping, large; to enlarge; (in sword or spear fighting) to expose oneself (PWMP: *sawaŋ₂)

sekatnarrow, tight (example sentence: "Skrang women wear their skirts very tight") (PWMP: *seket₁)

səlambawlarge triangular fishing net set between stakes or, in tidal streams, anchored boats (PWMP: *salambaw)

selampaywoman’s embroidered scarf for ceremonial, worn round throat with ends hanging behind (PWMP: *salampay)

selatalternation, stripes, striped (as red and white stripes on woven cloth); thrust in, squeeze in between (PWMP: *selat)

seligiwooden javelin, spear of hardened bamboo or palm; crocodile ‘hook’ (LOAN)

sempitnarrow (as a path); cramped, squeezed in (as with tight trousers) (PWMP: *sempit)

sendattight,close-fitting (as a coat); stuck (as finger in a bottle); puzzled (PWMP: *sendet)

seŋkalanboard for crushing spices on, kitchen board, chopping block (PWMP: *saŋkalan)

seŋkarcross piece, horizontal strut, tie-beam; lie across; spreader thwart in dugout ‘keel’ of boat to help widen it; spreader left to receive flooring; generic for thwart, as in longhouse (PMP: *seŋkar)

sesak-sesakwhispering chatter, e.g. of engkerasak (Spider-hunter) (PWMP: *seksek₂)

siahto push aside (people), to clear a surface to see down (in water) (PWMP: *siaq)

simbakfling open, draw aside (e.g. curtains); unveil (memorial plaque); open (PWMP: *sibak)

siŋkoŋcrooked, curved U shape (as a trigger guard, a crooked arm) (PWMP: *siŋkuquŋ)

siraŋcleft, gash; division, partition, section; divide in sections, cut lengthwise (NOISE)

subokcome upon unawares, surprise; hence stalk game; (of speech) tactful, persuasive (PWMP: *subuk₁)

suitjoist; lever; stick to take part of weight of carrying pole load on other shoulder by bearing on it to lever up the pole behind (PWMP: *suqit)

sukulgo against, be resisted by (as in fighting a headwind in sailing); take measures against, fend off accusation (PWMP: *sukul₁)

sulurproject, stick out (in succession), hence go one after another; new growth (of cut plants) (LOAN)

suŋkitprise open, lever up; vaccination, vaccinate, inoculate; brocade, embroidery, any weave done with needle following weft (PMP: *suŋkit)

suŋkuɁMuslim cap, fez, usually in Sarawak a shallow cylindrical cap of black velvet without tassel (LOAN)

suroŋto push forward, along, or out (as in pushing wood into the fire); temporary bridge or path of poles laid end to end over marsh; proffer, hand over, pay up (PWMP: *suruŋ)

tabancarry off, carry along, i.e. without leave (and so liable to fine), but with no intention of theft, and not by force; abscond or elope with, i.e. without consent of parents or tuai rumah (head of longhouse) (PMP: *taban) *tabaN

tabursprinkle, scatter, sow broadcast (as seed rice in planting) (PMP: *tabuR₁)

tajamsharp, keen-pointed (as a knife); excitable, excite, incite (PMP: *tazem) *Cazem

talirope, cord, string, line; tali is made from bark, palm fiber, etc. by laying the fibers together and rolling with palm on thigh or other handy surface (PMP: *talih) *CaliS

tali sipatcarpenter’s line, i.e. black cord for stretching on wood, lifting to smack back and mark straight line (PWMP: *sipat)

tampalpatch, cover; hence replant failed patches, e.g. in padi (rice in the field) (PWMP: *tapal)

tampaysee from afar, catch sight of, make out at a distance (as in recognizing someone from a long way off) (PWMP: *tampay)

tanah baru(‘new land’) land that is recently first cleared and still fertile (PMP: *taneq)

tanah jəramiʔ‘stubble’, land harvested of paddy with crops other than grain still to be gathered; land in the first year of fallow (PMP: *zaRami)

tandinmatching, equal, uniform; balancing match in which contestants each hold a foot with the hand and barge with the knee so bent (PWMP: *tandiŋ)

taŋkirfix next to, add to, extend; extension (as to a garden), supplement (PWMP: *taŋkir)

taŋkupcover with something hollow (as a plate with a basin); to match, correspond, fit (PMP: *takub)

tarumindigo plant, unidentified (probably creeper Marsdenia tinctoria R, Br., and not Indian Indigofera tinctoria L.); the blue-black dye made from it (PMP: *taRum)

tasakcollect material and plait (as palm thatch, split bamboo for basket) (PWMP: *sasag)

tau-hubean curd made by grinding to consistency of soft cheese, usually eaten cooked (LOAN)

te-kaitbe hooked or caught in passing, as clothing caught on a thorn (PAN: *kawit)

tekaŋclimb a tree with a rope thrown over a branch (hence by shinnying up?) (PWMP: *tekaŋ)

te-kaŋkaŋstiff with cold, wet and chilled, terror-struck (as of someone paralyzed with fear of thunder); stiff (as the corpse of a dog) (PMP: *kaŋkaŋ₃)

telapsink into, settle (e.g. sediment), percolate, enter the system (e.g. medicine) (PMP: *teleb)

temadauwild ox: Bos javanicus d'Atton (formerly Bos sondaicus) (PWMP: *tamadaw)

temanattendant on a superior, escort; (hence polite for) companion, partner (NOISE)

teŋarmangrove, Ceriops, esp. C. tagal and other species yielding dark tannin, used locally (PMP: *teŋeR)

te-piloksprained, laimed (pilok ‘crooked, twisted, lame, as a foot’) (PMP: *ta-₂)

teranto strain, force (as in trying to speak when ill, or when defecating) (PWMP: *teRan)

terasheartwood; (in Skrang and northern to lower Rejang river) ironwood (PMP: *teRas)

tetakcut up, cut into lengths, cut off or to a length (as in cutting wood for punting poles) (PAN: *tektek₁)

tikai lampitheavy mat of lengths of rattan threaded together with bark cords (PWMP: *lampit)

timbaŋto weigh, measure weight; to balance, make up for something; to assess, judge fairly (usually in for leniency); hence fine or sentence (PWMP: *timbaŋ)

timbawjoin on, add to; planks added to keel of boat, sides of boat (PWMP: *timbaw₁)

timpaŋlame; one-sided (as a jacket with only one sleeve, a man short of a finger) (PMP: *timpaŋ)

titilow bridge, timber causeway, board walk; usually distinct from batang (felled tree or logs laid end to end), and andau (bridge); walk along narrow way or in single file (PMP: *taytay)

tubaiplants with poisonous juice used esp. to stupefy fish; tubai is one of the gifts made to mankind by the snake deities of Panggau; plants include Derris spp.: Derris malaccensis Prain, D. elegans Benth., D. thyrsiflora Benth., D. elliptica Benth., D. trifoliate Lour. (D. uliginosa Benth.); Diospyros spp. (trees, ... of which unripe fruit is used; Croton spp.; Diospyros spp. (yam climbers – tubers used); Calophyllum muscigerum Boerl. et Koord.; Barringtonia spp.; Linostoma pauciflora Griff. (shrub?); Blumea balsamifera Ham., Sapium indicum Willd. (coastal tree), and others; a little fresh root crushed in a cup of water will kill a man if he drinks it; a large scale tubai-fishing is a social occasion under an organizer (tuai) (PAN: *tubah)

tujohseven (counting fingers of one hand, then thumb and forefinger of the other makes 7) (PAN: *tuzuq₁)

tulakpush away, shove aside, push off (boat); to reject (as a gift); to refuse (as to see visitors) (PMP: *tulak)

tulaŋbone (including fish bones); (fig.) strength, stamina; component in names of various trees (PWMP: *tuqelaŋ)

tumbohshoot up, grow, arise; begin, broach (subject); call together; organize; form (group or society) (PMP: *tubuq, tumbuq) *Cubuq

tumpihflat round sweet cake of rice or sago flour fried in oil, usually for offerings (PWMP: *tumpiq)

tuŋawbiting insect or mite on wet land (small and red); black sand flea (PWMP: *tuŋaw₁)

tuŋkapfind or ferret out, discover by diligent inquiry, research (PWMP: *tu(ŋ)kab)

tuŋkuʔtrivet for cooking pot (originally three stones, or five for two pots, now iron tripod ring (LOAN)

turundescend, go down (as in descending a hill, coming down from a tree); poetically, of journeys; go out to work or set out on an expedition; to lower, bring down (as prices); line of descent (PMP: *tuRun₁)

turuspost or pile standing free, esp. in water; mooring post, post to which divers cling in diving contest (PMP: *turus)

tusokpierce (as the ears for inserting earrings); threaded or strung together; strings of fish (PAN: *tusuk)

tusunpile in layers, arrange (similar things) in order; crowded together, herd, shoal (of fish) (PMP: *susun) *susuN

tutohlopped, topped (of a tree before or after felling); to circumcize (PWMP: *tutuq)

tutur(of a resin torch) let fall sparks, dribble fire; hence apply fire to (PWMP: *tutuD)

udaŋ, undaŋgeneric for prawn, shrimp, tailed crustacean (distinct from crab) (PAN: *qudaŋ)

ukircarve, engrave; hence: draw designs, write; design or pattern carved or drawn (PMP: *ukir)

ukurmeasure length, calculate distance, set out (work, plan) by measurement (LOAN)

ulamfood eaten raw, esp. spiced salad of vegetables and fruit; cattle fodder; eat raw; graze; eat anything cooked or raw without rice, take a snack (PWMP: *qulam)

uluhilt, handle (as of sword, paddle, knife); upper part of river basin, headwaters (PMP: *qulu) *quluh

ulurlet down, pay out (rope), launch (a boat), cast (fishing line) (PMP: *huluR) *SuluR

umaŋdependent on others, orphaned; hence generally poverty-stricken (PAN: *qumaŋ)

unjurstretch out, lay lengthwise (as one's legs, a snake in the path, etc.) (PMP: *qunzur)

upihspathe of palm blossom (mayang), esp. areca (pinang), yielding tough waterproof material for e.g. bailers (PMP: *hupiq) *Supiq

uyutdeep, narrow rattan basket carried slung on shoulder or back (PWMP: *uyut₁)

Iban (Lemanak) (2) WMP [iba] (Iban) Malaysia (Sarawak)

sumpitchopsticks; narrow (PWMP: *supit) Lemanak

tampirjoin, attach, tie on (PWMP: *tampir) Lemanak

aŋaŋa burial urn used by the first inhabitants of the island prior to the 1680s; a large earthen jar for water, wine, etc. (PPH: *aŋaŋ)

apātotkind of hardwood tree with yellow fruit used as worm medicine, and leaves used as a poultice (PPH: *apatut)

apisthe coconut bark where the leaves come out at the base of its fronds (can be used for straining, and wringing out coconut milk from grated coconut) (PPH: *epis)

bayoykind of tree with bark that can be stripped and used for straps of an alat basket or for tying rice bundles (PMP: *bayuR)

desdesto roll or rub together something between the palms of the hands (PPH: *desdes)

gametkind of brown seaweed with leaflets on both sides of the stem (PWMP: *gamet)

habaswhat is passed by (as by a person who is looking for something) (PPH: *labas)

hanotkind of tree used for posts; the thick inner fibrous bark of the hanot tree that can be stripped by just pulling it off the tree (used for straps of alat baskets, making rope, or for tying something, as rice bundles) (PPH: *lánut)

i-kayatclimb up a tree, ladder, steep incline, etc. with something (PPH: *i-kayat) *kayat

kametto grasp something with the tips of the fingers, especially cooked rice (PMP: *kamet)

kaykaya wooden rake made from a trunk of a shrub with splits on one end; to rake (leaves, etc.); to scratch up (as a chicken scratching in a pile of dry leaves or soil) (PPH: *kaykáy)

m-antadsomething is easily seen, visible; someone or something is famous (PPH: *aŋ(ə)tad)

maroŋgaya kind of drumstick or horseradish tree with edible leaves, pods, and roots: Moringa oleifera (PPH: *maruŋgay)

matankind of fish resembling the squirrel fish, but with larger eyes and mouth (PPH: *mata-án)

mayp-antadsomeone or something becomes visible, especially that comes out or sticks out (PPH: *aŋ(ə)tad)

may-sagsagsomeone chops up something, minces meat; someone chops up fallen branches in a field before burning (PWMP: *sagsag₂)

oteŋthe tongue of the protruding part of the blade that forms part of the handle (of a tool or weapon) (LOAN)

oteŋthe tongue of the protruding part of the blade that forms part of the handle (of a knife, etc.) (LOAN)

pa-seksek-ensomeone inserts, tucks something in the narrow space between two things (PAN: *seksek₁)

sabhaycarry something, as a bag or sack suspended over the shoulder (PPH: *sab(e)láy)

sakebbe inverted, upside down (as a barrel), lie face down (person) (PPH: *sakeb)

salōyotokra plant with edible green pods and spinach-like leaves: Hibiscus esculentus, or Abelmoschus esculentus (PPH: *salúyut)

sapad-anthe place on the stem where the hands of bananas are separated (PPH: *sapád-an) *sápad

simsimsample food or drink to test the quality or flavor of something (PPH: *simsím)

sīpiŋtwo fruits or parts of the body conjoin, join together as one (esp. bananas) (PPH: *sípiŋ)

tabecause (marks the result proposition in result-reasons, as in ‘He passed &because& he studied’) (PPH: *taq₁)

tabafat of the body, substance from animals or plants used for cooking (PWMP: *tabeq)

taŋtaŋto hammer metal to flatten it (from the sound “tangtang” that is produced) (PPH: *taŋtáŋ₁)

toboŋa section of a bamboo stem or a tube (a tube with a closed end was used for a lamp) (PWMP: *tubuŋ)

y-amen1pl ex topicalized nominative pronoun, fronted agent pronoun (PAN: *i-amen) *amen

yaŋawa new shoot of vines and creepers, as sweet potato, squash, beans, etc. (PPH: *Raŋaw₁)

y-aten1pl in topicalized nominative pronoun, fronted agent pronoun (PMP: *aten) *iten

-ku1sg genitive pronoun (marks both possessor and non-subject actor of an undergoer verb) (PAN: *-ku)

a-kind of prepositional prefix which makes certain word-bases adjectival and descriptive, as if they were preceded by the preposition 'with'; in the Kiangan area an- is preferred to simple a- for some word-bases: a-tike/an-tike/ 'short (with shortness)' (PMP: *ha-₁) *ha-

abílodinflammation caused by whipping, e.g. the part of a boy's body which is whipped begins to swell and becomes red (NOISE)

abitwedge anything between waistband of loincloth and body (PMP: *habit) *Sabit Batad

ābulfrighten away chickens, rice birds, pigs, flies in any effective manner (PPh: *ábuR) Batad

ad-dalómbeneath, at the bottom (of a container); at the underworld (PMP: *dalem)

adínegative auxiliary of verbs that actually denote a present action; if the verb denotes a past action, uggé must be used (PAN: *qazi)

adinegative auxiliary of verbs that actually denote a present action; if the verb denotes a past action uggé must be used (PAN: *adi)

agáquick, swift, fast, implying a short time; as verb it conveys the meaning of doing something in a short time, without delaying (PPH: *ága)

ahúdpound rice with two or three pestles in one trough, each pounder acting by turns (PPh: *qasúd)

ākaŋfor someone to step over someone or something, especially something low (PWMP: *akaŋ) Batad

ákupact of scooping out things (e.g. pounded rice, beans) with one's two hands joined (PMP: *aŋkup₁) *aŋkup

alágakind of big reddish ant, known to cause much pain by its stinging (PWMP: *alagaq)

algawdo something all day long; to sun something or someone (PMP: *qalejaw) Batad

alutónpieces of wood that are not, or not wholly burned and still lie in the hearth (PMP: *aluten)

alʔúpestle for pounding rice in an Ifugaw trough, also called lalú. It is just a round, polished pole (more or less one meter twenty long and 20 cm. in diameter) rounded at its ends so that it can fit in the bottom of the hollowed cavity of the trough; its handle is made in the middle, which is thin enough to fit the grip of the hand (PMP: *qahelu) *qaSelu

amindo all, complete something, exhaust a supply, as of food, money; all, exclusively (PAN: *amin) Batad

amtáka yellow variety of green gram: Phaseolus radiatus Linn., universally known as mongos (PWMP: *hametak)

amtíblack nightshade: a broad-leafed plant, Solanum nigrum [Sol.] planted in upland fields … or on mounds … along a pondfield dyke. The leaves and young shoots are boiled and eaten as a side dish (PMP: *hameti) *SameCi Batad

amtínightshade: Solanum nigrum Linn.; a common solanaceous weed with white flowers and small black berries (PMP: *hameti) *SameCi

anthe taste of food; to eat; for a fire to consume something combustible; for a saw to cut into iron, wood (PAN: *kaen) Batad

-ansuffix of general use. First, it conveys a locative meaning; it is used to form names of places, or common nouns indicating certain places... Second, -an (like -on) is a suffix which actually verbalizes a given word-base by making it pertain to the so-called passive voice..... The difference between the suffix -on and the suffix -an can be (in some way) clarified as follows: the suffix -on puts in evidence that the meaning of the word-base can be applied and, in fact, is applied to the direct object, while the suffix -an puts in evidence that the meaning of the word-base is only indirectly applicable to the grammatical object (PAN: *-an)

anákson, daughter; sibling; may sometimes be used in the sense of nephew or niece (PMP: *anak) *aNak

ananayan exclamation expressing pain, either superficial or severe (PPH: *ananay₁) Batad

aninítothe word-base aníto, conveying the idea of a supernatural being (either a deity or a spirit), is always pluralized by the reduplication of ni, even in the Ifugaw invocations and prayers (PMP: *qanitu) *qaNiCu

ānudto float inanimate objects downstream; to float downstream, of inanimate objects, of a dead person (PAN: *qañud) Batad

ànudconcept of floating away, being taken away by the strong current of a river (PAN: *qañud)

a-nu-káthing ... may be used in the sense of adultery in the case that the speaker avoids using the real word (PMP: *a-nu) *-nu₁

anúphunt wild animals with a dog; a hunting dog; to bark, of a dog (PAN: *qanup) *qaNup Batad

aŋáŋa great earthen cooking pot in which the Ifugaw boil the food for pigs (e.g. sweet potato, peels) (PPH: *aŋaŋ)

aŋáŋa great earthen cooking pot in which the Ifugaw boil the food for pigs (e.g. sweet potato peels) (LOAN)

aŋhógsuppurating skin disease of the armpit, or the stench that it produces (PWMP: *qaŋ(e)sej)

aŋhógsuppurating skin disease of the armpit, or the stench that it produces (PAN: *qaŋeseR)

āŋitcall another to come and fight as in play, or when in earnest as of a drunk person; one who is extremely angry (PMP: *haŋit) Batad

aŋtógextremely unpleasant odor of decaying flesh, unwashed genitals, of smells worse than those referred to as munʔāgub or munʔagutūut (PPh: *qaŋ(e)téj) Batad

āpalchase after to catch or to drive away, as to chase a thief, or a pig to catch it or drive it away (NOISE) Batad

apgúbile, bile-sac (omens are taken with e.g. the bile-sac of a chicken) (PAN: *qapejux)

apídto braid, entwine, interlace; applicable to anything that can be or that is braided, such as ropes, strings, threads, mats, women's hair (PWMP: *apid₁)

apídbraid, entwine, interlace; applicable to anything that can be or is braided, such as ropes, strings, threads, mats, women's hair (PAN: *qapid)

āpintemporary garbage container woven from the inner stripping of bamboo (PMP: *hapin) Batad

ápinleaf, or part of a big leaf which is spread over the bottom of containers, such as jars or baskets (PMP: *hapin)

aplahto sandpaper with a rough leaf of an aplah tree; a tree (Moraceae Ficus odorata Blanco Merr. or F. ulmifolia Lamk.) the leaves of which are used for sandpapering (PMP: *qa(m)pelas) Batad

aplú(h)act of rubbing something (e.g. a broken bone), massage (PPh: *hap(e)rus)

āpoha cotton plant: Gossypium barbadense [Malv.]; a kapok tree: Ceiba pentandra; cotton fibers (LOAN) Batad

apúgrandfather, grandmother, granduncle, grandaunt; also used in the sense of 'master', 'leader having the authority of prestige', 'teacher', 'superior', etc. (PMP: *ampu) *apu

apūaprub any part of the body with the open palm, as to rub an insect bite, an area that has been bumped (PMP: *hapuhap) *SapuSap Batad

āpuladd lime to areca palm nut; lime made from snails (successive layers of reeds and shells are stacked and thoroughly burned; the shells are then pounded in water, yielding lime) (PAN: *qapuR) Batad

ápullime, lime-powder to be sprinkled over a betel pepper leaf enveloping a betel nut slice (PAN: *qapuR)

átagreen, applied to grass, leaves, unripe fruit, natural color of vegetation in general (PWMP: *hataq)

átagreen; applied to grass, leaves, unripe fruit, natural color of vegetation in general (PAN: *qataq)

átalact of distributing, imparting small things (e.g. betel nuts) by tossing them in different directions to those sitting around together (PPH: *hátaR)

atéword-base of all the words that convey the meaning of death, die, kill, try to kill by fighting (PMP: *atay) *aCay

atóproof of a house, granary, hut, shed; after the ... roofers have covered the four ridges of the pyramidal roof with bundles of grass, they begin covering the lower part of the íbat (trapezoidal shelf of reeds that is lashed to the rafters) with layers of canes that still have leaves ... they continue their covering operation using now bundled sheaves of gúlun grass (Imperata cylindrica). Each layer is laid a little higher than the one already laid and strongly lashed to the ulhút (pair of reed stalks) of the íbat by means of horizontally laid canes called hípit (PMP: *qatep)

átula stone wall built up with stones on both of its sides; it is not a retaining wall (the Ifugaw may construct such a double stone wall above the upper border of the village stope) (PAN: *atuR)

āyatfor a person, animal, insect, climbing vine to climb something, as a tree, ladder, house, steep incline such as a stone wall, sheet rock surface that is nearly vertical, but not to climb a hill or mountain (PPH: *kayat) Batad

āyiwa branching tree with a hard bark, or a piece of a tree, such as a stick, log, plank (PMP: *kahiw) *kaSiw Batad

ayúdswing used by children, who rock themselves backward and forward (PWMP: *ayud)

a-ʔanthe taste of a staple or snack food, such as rice, sweet potato, bread or pastries, fermented rice grains, and fruit (PAN: *kaen) Batad

bagutpull out a piece of wood that is pressed between two other pieces of wood (ROOT)

bāhiga sterile man or woman; for someone to remove the testicles from an animal, especially a dog, cat, carabao, pig with a knife (PWMP: *basiR) Batad

bakbákwooden slab with a handle with which women beat the clothes they are washing; frog (PAN: *bakbak₂)

balábaghorizontal position of a wooden stick, a cane, a shelf of canes, a spear including its shaft, etc. (PPh: *bala(R)báR)

balabógkind of spear, the blade of which is provided with two barbs (PWMP: *balabeg)

balátoŋkind of bush producing small, black beans: Phaseolus radiatus L. (PWMP: *balatuŋ)

balbálkind of wooden slab with a handle with which women beat the clothes they are washing (PAN: *balbal₁)

balitókit is often used in the sense of “gold”, though it properly means a gold ornament, either a necklace composed of several golden pieces, or a golden earring (PPH: *balitúk)

balitókoften used in the sense of "gold", though it properly means a gold ornament (necklace, earring) (LOAN)

balítuʔplate s.t. with gold, esp. to cap or crown a tooth with gold (LOAN) Batad

báliwact of turning oneself when walking, etc. and continue (walking, etc.) in the opposite direction; produce an action which will have an effect which is the contrary of what somebody else tries to produce (e.g. to defend the life of somebody who is attacked); opposite part (e.g. the lowlands are the balíw-on of the mountain area and vice versa (PMP: *baliw₁)

baliwohwo(h)sugar mill; an apparatus with two standing rollers for pressing out the juice of the sugarcane (to make the rollers revolve a man pushes a long pole fixed to one of the rollers, walking in a circle around the milling apparatus) (PPH: *baliweswes)

balló(h)conveys the idea of vengeance; take revenge on somebody (with unexplained -ll-) (PAN: *bales₁)

ballúnewly ripe rice; young person married or not, who has the characteristics of not being old (PMP: *baqeRu) *baqeRuh

bāluthat which a man or woman wears to indicate that his or her spouse has died; to put on clothing to indicate that one's spouse has died (PMP: *baliw₃) *baliw₁ Batad

baluŋábiŋcock's comb, also applied to the crest above the head of a hen (NOISE)

bannúgkind of bird of prey said to eat small snakes, and cannot fly as quickly as other birds of prey (PPh: *banúR)

banteŋa flint lighter, consisting of a flint stone...a piece of steel against which the flint is struck, and tinder...which lights when a spark is created; for someone to strike a fire with a flint lighter (PMP: *bantiŋ) Batad

bantíŋa small iron (or steel) piece with which the Ifugaw strike a small piece of flint to produce sparks that hit some cotton and is easily enkindled by blowing over it; in the Hapaw area, matches, a box of matches, is called bantíŋ-an (PMP: *bantiŋ)

banútana tree the stem of which yields a very hard and reddish timber (PPh: *banútan)

baŋbaŋplant something that must grow in the earth, not in the mud (PMP: *baŋbaŋ₃)

baŋlómint; a very fragrant little herb; hence applied to whatever plant or flower has a good smell (PPH: *baŋ(e)lúh)

bātaŋsulphur mushroom (poisonous; inedible); for a decaying tree to grow sulphur mushrooms (PMP: *bataŋ) *bataŋ₁ Batad

bawaŋthe width of the horizontal surface of a terrace, as of a pondfield or house terrace (PPH: *bawaŋ₂) Batad

bāyadthe payment for something such as non-inherited goods, debt, fine, with money or barter goods (PMP: *bayaD) Batad

báyuto pound rice (this word-base is exceptionally used in the sense of “pestle”) (PAN: *bayu)

bayúgan unarmed climbing bamboo with thick walls; it is chiefly used for flooring and binding purposes (PPH: *bayug)

bihʔákact of parting, severing; disunite coiled rings (e.g. of a copper bracelet or leglet) (PMP: *biseqak)

bikbíkact of beating, knocking on something (e.g. on one's breast) (PWMP: *bikbik)

bíkoŋlover's harp; flat, thin metal plaque, the inner, loose part of which can vibrate and produce harplike sounds if someone holds it to the lips and, so to say, speaks through it ... During the evening hours, boys coming to a girls' dormitory use it to express their love of one or another girl. The girl who is addressed answers through her own bíkoŋ (ROOT)

bīlaa wild taro growing in forested areas: Araceae Alocasia heterophylla [presl.] Merr. (PMP: *biRaq₁) Batad

bilágact of unfolding, unrolling something, e.g. a package, a bag that is rolled up (PMP: *bilaj)

bílaŋto count, number, compute. Iloco word, known and understood by all the Ifugaw (PAN: *bilaŋ₁)

bīlatscarred, of a part of the body (except the forehead and scalp) by a cut, a boil on that part of the body (PMP: *bilat₂) Batad

biláubamboo grass (Miscanthus sinensis Andr.), reed, canes; used for making flakes, sometimes to make fire in the hearth (PAN: *biRaSu)

bilínto put, lay something aside, to push something a little farther (PWMP: *bilin)

b-in-okbókwhat is crushed, what is pulverized (applied to the yeast cakes uŋwád or onwád) (PWMP: *b<in>ekbek) *bekbek₁

bitáulgeneric term for several trees, the foliage of which appears to be the same, but not the wood of their stems; a few species yield a sort of timber that is good for building purposes, while the other species are not free from woodworms (some of them are spoiled quite rapidly after they have been felled) (PMP: *bitaquR)

bítilfamine; general scarcity of food, e.g. after the end of the war, when the retreating Japanese troops had harvested the rice fields and dug up the sweet potatoes, while the Ifugaw were hiding themselves in isolated places in the midst of the mountains (PMP: *bitil₁)

bītinbe out on the end of a branch (of a person or animal); hang from the branch of a tree, of a small bat; a horizontal branch on which a small bat customarily hangs (PPh: *bítin) Batad

bītumake a deep hole to catch wild animals; a deep hole dug to catch wild pigs. The hole is camouflaged by covering it with twigs and grass (PPh: *bítu) Batad

bítupitfall dug in a wild pig's trail (with interior stone wall and sharpened bamboo impaling spikes at bottom); any pit dug into the ground may be called bítu; a pit without bottom, made into a beam is an úwaŋ; a waterpit (however small it may be) is a loboŋ (PPh: *bítu)

bitugbump oneself as by hitting the head against a beam, by falling (ROOT) Batad

bitúkastomach, though stomach and intestines are more often called putú; the gizzard of a chicken may also be called bitúka (PMP: *bituka) *biCuka

bitúwonstar; also planet since the Ifugaw do not distinguish between the two... All the stars are believed to be the daughters of the moon deity (PAN: *bituqen)

biʔuŋa Jew's harp made either of bamboo or from a flattened piece of brass wire (ROOT) Batad

bōbodbind something into a relatively small bundle, as to bind a bundle of tobacco (from about 3" to 6" in diameter), the arms or legs together, a bundle of clothing, the feet of a chicken, the remains of the dead into a blanket (PMP: *bejbej₂) *bejbej Batad

bóbodwhatever serves to bind, attach, wind around something, e.g. a rope, a string, a liana thong (PMP: *bejbej₂) *bejbej

bogahto develop rice grains, of growing rice, of a pond field; become full, enlarged, of growing rice grains, of the bile of a chicken or pig. An enlarged bile is a good omen if the chicken or pig is being sacrificed for something such as for stored rice to increase in amount, but bad for something as for a sickness (PMP: *beRas) Batad

boga(h)pounded rice; may also be used figuratively in the sense of what is most significant, as the decorticated grains are the only important products of rice plants (PMP: *beRas)

bognátrelapse into the same sickness; to make wounds, infections, skin diseases that were being cured, grow worse by not being careful (PPh: *beRnát)

bohátbreak by jerking, by a snapping pull; applied to strings, threads (PMP: *be(R)tas)

bokbókanything that may serve to crush or pulverize grains, nuts, the roots of certain herbs, etc. by continued beating, pounding, or hammering (PMP: *bekbek₁)

bokónexclusive, i.e. restrictive negation; if bokón itself functions as a verb it means 'refuse', 'not want', 'reject', 'take ill' or something similar (PWMP: *beken)

boladremove the clothing covering the genitals, thus to expose one's nakedness (PWMP: *belaj) Batad

bola(h)word-base conveying the idea of "white" in the Kiangan area, and of "red" in the other areas of Ifugawland (NOISE)

boŋbóŋa dam made to prevent the flow of water, e.g. in an irrigation canal, a water outlet in the dyke of a rice field (PWMP: *beŋbeŋ) *beŋbeŋ₁

botbótstrike something repeatedly with a knife, e.g. to split a log, to fell a tree (PMP: *betbet)

botókrice bundle; other things are seldom called botók, but botók may be used as a word-base so that the compound word implies the act of bundling (PPh: *beték)

botoʔto bundle together into a small bundle, as to bundle rice into a sheaf, imperata grass into a small bundle, vegetable greens, the hair of a woman to make a pony tail (PPh: *beték) Batad

buahfor someone to do something early to something or someone, or with someone or something (PPh: *buás) Batad

bubúŋthat capsheaf of a building (traditionally ten to fifteen bundles of cogon grass laid around the roof peak, butt-ends down, tied to the roof-bearing post, twisted, bent over to one side, and tied again; for someone to lay a thatch capsheaf on a roof peak or ridge (PMP: *bubuŋ₁) Batad

búbuŋpeak of the pyramidal roof of an Ifugaw house or granary consisting of a couple of grass bundles attached to and above the grass that already covers the highest parts of the topmost roof slope and upper ends of the rafters. Thus, these bundles of grass constitute the outside búbuŋ. Since the grass bundles are firmly attached to, and the twelve rafters nailed to a wooden disk, the disk which helps support the rafters constitutes, together with the tops of the rafters, the inside búbuŋ, and is rightly called búbuŋ or ambubúŋan/ (PMP: *bubuŋ₁)

budbúdgeneral term for bundle, e.g. a bundle of firewood, of canes; not applied to a bundle of rice ears (botók); however, if the rice bundle is smaller than ordinary in a certain area it is called budbúd (NOISE)

būgastone-like object reportedly found in the flesh of animals such as a wild pig, about the size of a pea (PPh: *búgaq) Batad

búgapeculiar little stone which is said to have been found by an ancestor of former times and has been put in the ritual box of the one who inherited it; it is believed to have a magic power, since it makes the rice last long, not quickly consumed. It seems to be a tektite, or what is called 'tooth of the thunder' (PPh: *búgaq)

būgawfor someone to shout something to someone over a distance (PAN: *buRaw) Batad

bugnáya tree: Antidesma bunius [Linn.]; fruit of the bugnáy tree, sweet-sour to the taste, eaten as a snack food; old berries are pounded before eating (PWMP: *buRnay) Batad

bugnékind of tree producing small black berries which are edible: Antidesma bunius Spreng. (Euph.) (PWMP: *buRnay)

buháka split in a piece of wood; to burst; produce a burst by cutting open something that is still closed; to split a piece of wood (PPh: *bus(e)qák)

buhismall and more or less superficial fissures in a board or beam (PPh: *busiq)

būhughunter's bow, weapon used with an arrow (pāna) for hunting small animals such as birds and snakes; cotton fluffer (made of bamboo in the shape of a bow, about 33 cm. long); for someone to fluff cotton with a fluffer (PMP: *busuR₂) Batad

buhúgfor food to satisfy someone in eating; for someone to satisfy himself in eating (PWMP: *busuR₃) Batad

búhugfluffing implement: kind of bow with its cord used to make cotton more fluffy by making its cord vibrate in the midst of a heap of cotton (PMP: *busuR₂)

būhulan enemy of a village; i.e. a person of another village; wartime; for two or more hostile villages to engage in warfare against each other. Traditionally warfare was potentially engaged in with any village with which there was not a truce agreement (bayaw). Warfare was caused by disputes over territorial boundaries or use of public forests. Rampant and serious theft or more trivial matters could finally result in warfare. The heads of enemies killed in battle were taken, and sometimes hands or feet, and ceremonies involving these body parts performed (PAN: *busuR₁) Batad

búkaconveys the idea of making appear what is covered, or otherwise invisible (PMP: *buka)

buláfor someone to push out foreign matter (food, spent betel quid) from the mouth with the tongue (PMP: *buRah) *buReS Batad

buláwanaction-denoting noun: that which dazzles, i.e. an ornament (a necklace, an earring) that dazzles; it may occasionally replace the term balítok 'gold' (PAN: *bulaw-an) *bulaw

búligbunch of bananas; i.e. the whole bunch (as when it still hangs on the banana tree) (PMP: *buliR)

būlua thin-walled bamboo, Schizostachyum lumampao, used as weave (lāga) for making house walls, waterspouts, water containers, and salt-meat containers. Also used as material for the eel basket trap, locust basket and loosely woven head basket (PAN: *buluq₂) Batad

bulúwashing one's face using one's hands; hence washing one's face and hands (PMP: *bulu₂)

būludthe ascending ridge of a mountain; roof-ridge thatch of a traditional house, baluy, and pile hut, inappal (PMP: *bulud₃) *buled₁ Batad

buludfor someone to temporarily borrow something, such as an implement, for working (PPh: *bulud₁) Batad

búludcrest of a mountain or hill; occasionally used in the sense of 'mountain', as in the Mayawyaw area (PMP: *bulud₃) *buled₁

buluga breeding domestic male animal (said to be from Ilokano) (PPH: *bulug) Batad

bulúntravelling companion; companion in general; to accompany as helper (PMP: *bulun) *buluN

bunbunsecond crop rice seed planting season, in which rice seeds (billuŋan) are planted in dry seedbeds; for someone to plant rice seeds in a dry seedbed (PMP: *bunubun) *bunabun Batad

bunbún, bumbúnput something under ashes (as sweet potatoes for roasting, firewood so that it will not be extinguished during the night) (PMP: *bunbun)

bunígeneral term for deities, i.e. those who pertain to the higher classes of the Ifugaw supernatural beings, not those who are better called 'spirits'; however, shamans, go-betweens and others may occasionally neglect making a distinction and call all the supernatural beings buní (PWMP: *buni₂) *buni₁

bunwíta fish-hook (with or without a fish-line); to hook up a fish, etc. (PPh: *bunwít)

būŋathe pulpy fruit of a plant, tree, vine, with or without seeds or pits; for a plant or tree to bear fruit, seed vessel, grain (PMP: *buŋa) Batad

búŋafruit of trees, shrubs, plants (banana pods, rice ears, berries, beans, pears, nuts, etc.) (PMP: *buŋa)

buŋbuŋdynamite, used to break large rocks, especially in a pond field; for someone to put dynamite on something to blast something, as a stone, sheet rock (PPh: *buŋbuŋ₂) Batad

buŋbúŋonomatopoetic word, since it imitates the sound produced by an explosion, a detonation (PPh: *buŋbuŋ₂)

būŋuga low-pitched sound, as of someone talking in a bass, somewhat rough voice; as of the sound of a truck, bus, propeller driven aeroplane; group of men chanting a song; for someone or something to make a low-pitched sound such as this (PWMP: *buŋug) Batad

būŋutfor someone to muzzle an animal (dog, carabao, pig) (PWMP: *buŋut) Batad

bútafor a foreign substance to lodge in the eye, as dirt or a hairy thorn; for a foreign substance, such as a hairy thorn, dust or ashes to irritate the eye by lodging in it (PMP: *buta₁) *buCa Batad

butbútless poetic word for 'hawk', called buliklík in hudhúd stories (PWMP: *butbut₁)

butífor someone to pop corn in coals or hot ashes of a fire with a stir stick (PPh: *butíq) Batad

butikícalf, i.e. the fleshy hinderpart of the leg below the knee (PPh: *butikíq)

būtoŋfor someone to be drunk to the extent that the person can still control his or her actions; typically of a person who shouts or wants to fight (PMP: *buteŋ) Batad

búttoŋfirstborn child; a first born child which is the only one (PPh: *bug(e)túŋ)

butúlfor part of the body to be raised in a welt as the result of an insect bite or allergic reaction (PMP: *butequl) Batad

buʔbúʔfor termites, weevils, etc. to extensively destroy something, as corn, rice, wood (PMP: *bukbuk₃) Batad

buʔbúʔfor someone to pour out a solid such as rice into something, such as the hand, a container, or onto something such as the ground (PMP: *buqbuq) Batad

dadánold; long-time, as an old jar, a long-time position of an agricultural leader (PMP: *dadan) *dadaN Batad

dadánold, not new, no longer new; applied to clothes, bags, blankets, anything that has been used for a long time (PMP: *dadan) *dadaN

dadáŋwhat is burnt, i.e., food that has been fried or boiled over the fire until it is black (PMP: *daŋdaŋ₁) *daŋdaŋ

dagāmirice stubble, i.e. stalks remaining after the upper stalks with rice panicles ... have been harvested, either standing in a pond field, or removed to allow for a second planting (PMP: *zaRami) Batad

dálablood of an animal, fish, person (the blood of animals and chickens is boiled with salt and vegetables and eaten as a side dish) (PAN: *daRaq)

dālana way, habitually used in going from one place to another; to walk (person or animal); make a path through a given area by clearing it with a bolo, walking back and forth over the same area; for the sun, moon, stars, water in a river, spirit beings, to follow a set course (PMP: *zalan) Batad

dálanpath; nowadays horsetrail, road for large vehicles; act of walking, traveling (PMP: *zalan)

dālomthe lower belly of an animal, person; the lower flank cut, of a butchered animal (PMP: *dalem) Batad

danúma liquid, such as broth, juice of fruits and plant stalks, milk, rice beer, tree sap, water, wine (PMP: *danum) *daNum Batad

danúmwater; also applied to whatever is watery, juicy, succulent (PMP: *danum) *daNum

daŋdáŋact of removing the cooking pot with boiled rice from the dalikán (trivet), and depositing it on the ashes of the hearth more or less near the fire, so that the boiled rice will be somewhat dry before it is served (PMP: *daŋdaŋ₁) *daŋdaŋ

dáŋokind of stinkbug very destructive to young ears of rice -- eats also the leaves of sweet potatoes (PWMP: *zaŋaw)

dapáto touch with the palm of one’s hand, to grope in order to find something when it is dark, or to find one’s way when traveling at night without a torch (PAN: *dapa)

dāpatfor three or more animals, people to be lying side by side, as in sleeping; of pigs, trussed and waiting to be sacrificed (PPH: *dápat₁) Batad

dapulashes; for something to become ashes, of any combustible material (PMP: *dapuR₁) Batad

datóŋarrival; to arrive at one’s destination, to bring something to the place where it has to be, etc. (PMP: *dateŋ)

dáwatact of accepting, receiving something; act of giving, presenting, offering, tendering something to somebody (PPH: *dáwat)

DāyaThe Heavens (includes the earth’s atmosphere, touched by mountain peaks, where birds fly; it is the location of clouds, and the source of meteorological events, as rain, hail, thunder and lightning, storms and the like. The territory also includes outer space and involves spirits relating to, and named after various celestial bodies, such as the sun, moon, numerous named stars, sunlight and so forth) (PAN: *daya) Batad

dáyacosmic Upstream Region, extending beyond the Sky Cupola; it is conceived as surrounding half of the earth; the cosmic Upstream Region is inhabited by the gods and spirits of the Dáya, who dwell in a number of villages situated above the lower part of the Sky Cupola; the stem dáya is also applied to any site of the Earth proper that lies nearer the cosmic Dáya (i.e. more upstream) than the habitat of the person who speaks (PAN: *daya)

dāyuna blanket or mat hammock (as for a child to sleep in); a hammock is suspended from a horizontal pole and carried on the shoulders of two men to transport someone unable to walk; it is sometimes suspended from two vertical poles and used for sleeping (PPH: *dúyan) Batad

dáyuncradle, i.e. an oblong basket that can be suspended in some way on both its ends, so that the baby can be rocked; the word is also applied to a long cradle-like basket used to carry a sick person to a certain place (PPH: *dúyan)

d<in>okdoksugarcane sap that is dry and has been pressed strongly, so that it became a sort of cake (PAN: *dekdek₂)

diŋdíŋwalls of huts (very seldom of houses or granaries), made of twilled bamboo flakes; walls of huts may also be made of biláu (arrow-grass) canes (PMP: *diŋdiŋ₁)

dohdó(h)to push down with one’s hands, or stamp down, e.g. long grass, rice plants, straw of rice plants that still remain standing in a rice field (PPH: *desdés)

dohókto prick, sting with or without purpose; to hurt by using a sting or sting-like thing (PMP: *desek₂)

dokdokto press something which is not strongly compact; to push something with force into another thing, as the handle of a knife into the socket of its blade (PAN: *dekdek₂)

dokótwhat clings, adheres, sticks to something; paste, glue (PMP: *deket₁) *dekeC

doldólto shove, push something forward (over the floor, ground, bench., etc.) (PPH: *deldel)

dopaa unit measure of an arm span, i.e., a distance measured between the fingertips of two outstretched arms (PAN: *depah) Batad

dūgua roof-ridge rafter of a traditional house; a corner line of a box, building basket (reference is to the exterior or interior line where two converging walls of a building meet; a horizontal or oblique line where two sides of a box or basket meet, as of a colander basket (PWMP: *zuRu) Batad

dulí-dulía kind of small cricket which hides in growing beans, eventually in their pods; it is difficult to discover them, but now and then it cries dulí-dulí (PPH: *dulí-dulí)

dúlowhat is brownish because of being dry, applied to leaves, betel nuts, bark of trees (PPH: *dulaw)

g<in>íliŋa coiled copper bracelet or leglet, the former worn by women from the wrist up to a short distance from the elbow; the latter worn by men below the knee down to and resting on the calf (PPH: *g<in>iliŋ) *giliŋ

gomgomfor someone to grasp something tightly in one or both hands to prevent escaping, as an animal, or a piece of meat someone is trying to wrest from someone else (PAN: *gemgem) Batad

gūluna coarse spear grass, Imperata exaltata, commonly called cogon grass; used for roof thatch (PMP: *guRun) Batad

gūyudfor someone to pull something along, as to drag a tree, a sledge; to lead an animal on a leash (PWMP: *guyud₃) Batad

hábaŋsaid of a person who arrives at the bank of a river and goes across; also said of a tributary of a large river that flows into it and thereby enlarges it (PMP: *sabaŋ₁)

habhábgluttonous manner of eating, i.e. eat with heaping spoonfuls or with a hand more than full (PAN: *sabsab)

habláy-anhanger, protruding peg (or anything that can serve as a hanger) (PPH: *sab(e)láy)

habúwagto disperse, scatter, throw things (of the same kind) in various directions toward several persons (PPH: *sabuag)

hādagto lean something against an erect object, as to lean a load against a tree or house post so it stands on end (PWMP: *sandaR) Batad

hádagthat against which a sitting or squatting person can bend his or her back; dorsal of a chair (PWMP: *sandaR)

hakayfor someone to ride on an animal, such as a horse or carabao (PMP: *sakay₁) Batad

halakháka kind of kingfisher with dark brown plumage, medium size; in hudhúd chant the word is used in the sense of a dark brown jar (not necessarily used for rice wine), which has a special cover resembling the crest of a kingfisher (PWMP: *salaksak)

halɁób ~ halóbto get water with any container, not drinking water from the spring, but from any place where water flows or is available (PPH: *saR(e)qeb)

hāloŋpitch pine root of a pine tree, bolbol, heavily saturated with pine resin; a pitch-pine torch (PAN: *saleŋ) Batad

háloŋresin of pine trees; the word may be used in the sense of pine tree, though the exact term is bolból; splinter of a pine tree containing resin, used as a torch (PAN: *saleŋ)

hálopthe part of a river that has been drained so that it became a fishpond without much water in it (PPH: *sáRep)

halp-onfor someone to dam a river for fishing. A relatively deep place in a river is chosen; below the area arrow-grass canes (bilāu) are placed, held by stones as a screen (hābay), to allow water, but not fish, to pass. Above the area a dam (bātug) is constructed to stop the flow of water into the area, which is then scooped out. River fish, eels, crabs, and edible tadpoles are caught in the shallow water. (PPH: *sáRep) Batad

haŋlaga roasting spatula (made of wood or tin with a blade about fifteen centimeters long and ten centimeters wide, and with a handle about one meter long; used for roasting grains in a vat); the roast-quality of cereal grains (PMP: *saŋelaR) Batad

haŋlag-onto dry-roast cereal grains (maize, peanuts, young rice grains) in a pan or vat, without fat; it is usually stirred with a stirring spatula; to fry cooked rice, pork fat (PWMP: *saŋelaR-en) *saŋelaR Batad

hápadbunch of betel nuts, grapes, cluster of bananas or other fruits (PPH: *sápad)

haphápact of chopping pieces of wood, especially boards, to make their surface even and smooth, using a knife if no plane is available (PWMP: *sapsap)

hápuallotment, apportionment, i.e. act of dividing things into two parts (not necessarily equal parts), and thus allotting one part to the kinship group of the husband and the other part to the kinship group of the wife; applied to butchered meat that has not been consumed in a festive banquet, but also to movable possessions, as jewels, in cases of divorce (PPH: *sapuq)

hāudfor someone to string a warping frame with warp threads in preparation for weaving (PPH: *saud) Batad

háudwarp; the threads lengthwise in a weaving loom which are crossed by the woof (PPH: *saud)

haʔitthe pain of a body part; of an affliction specifically located, as the pain of a boil, a headache, stomachache, a wound (PMP: *sakit) Batad

hiarticle and nominative case marker of names of persons (e.g. hi Aligúyun) and kinship appellations (e.g. hi ama ‘my father’) (PAN: *si₁)

híbeeaves of a pyramidal roof in the sense of the lower edges of the four slopes that overhang the walls of an Ifugaw house or granary (PPH: *sibay)

hibódact of encircling (a post, rod, etc.) with a rope, string, or thread (ROOT)

hibula brothy moistener for cooked rice or sweet potatoes; for someone to moisten food such as rice or sweet potatoes with a brothy moistener, either in a spoon or in the mouth (PMP: *simbuR) Batad

hīkadact of pushing, bumping, striking, kicking something with one’s foot or feet (as in bumping one’s foot against a stone to move it out of the way, stamping into the mud of a rice field to avoid sliding when one is about to hurl a spear toward an adversary (PPH: *síkad)

hikád-anthe bulky block of wood, or a heavy stone, against which the weaver (who sits at the end of the weaving loom) presses her feet when weaving (PPH: *sikád-an) *síkad

híkuelbow; also applied to paths, roads, ricefield dikes, things that are provided with projections, that resemble an elbow (PAN: *sikux)

hi ma-biláuin uncultivated land, i.e. in the places where many canes grow (PAN: *biRaSu)

hīnagan afterglow emitted by the sun’s rays after sunset (PMP: *sinaR) *siNaR Batad

hiŋhíŋring; may be applied to earrings that are real rings (said to be from Ilokano) (LOAN)

hípagblow in general, but not with a weapon (e.g. a stick); mostly used of blows with one's fist (ROOT)

hiphipfor someone to clean a dry pondfield or seedbed of weeds, stubble, or vegetation with the use of a suitable implement, as a digging stick or sickle (done during the preparation of seedbeds and fields for planting and transplanting) (PPH: *sipsíp) Batad

hīpita cane thatch clamp made of arrow-grass canes placed horizontally two or three together on top and near the top edge of a thatch row, and tied securely to two or three cane purlins; for someone to clamp thatch with a thatch clamp (PAN: *sipit) Batad

hípitliana thongs or reed stalks which are tightly lashed to the upper border of baskets in order to keep it (the upper border) more resistant (PAN: *sipit)

hīʔadfor someone to brace the foot, as when walking in a swift current, or pushing something heavy (PPH: *síkad) Batad

hodhódpressing action; apply pressure in one or another way on whatever it may be, but not applied to sugarcane pressing (PPH: *sedsed₂)

hogópact of entering a house, a granary, a hut built more or less two feet above the ground, a houseyard surrounded by a fence with a small gate (PAN: *sejep)

hokóba provisory cover, anything that can cover a container for the time being, e.g. a leaf, a carton, a piece of wood, even the palm of a hand, in order to avoid that dirt or drippings would spoil what has been poured or put into the container (PWMP: *se(ŋ)keb)

honhónact of accumulating, piling up things into a container until it be filled; the honhón action does not per se imply pressing (PPH: *sensén)

huboŋspecific term for a pang-ó necklace (consists of a number of cylindrical beads) (PWMP: *subeŋ)

hudhudto relate a story that is recognized as being fictitious, as to relate a story in which animals are personified; a fictitious story (PWMP: *sudsud₁)

húgasharpened ends of canes stuck on paths or ricefield dykes to impede passage (PMP: *suja)

hukhúkonomatopoetic word used by gamblers when they shuffle the cards (PAN: *suksuk)

h<um>athatfor someone to clear a field of old sweet potato vines with a digging trowel or digging bar (PWMP: *t<um>astas) *tastas

huŋhuŋan odor, either pleasant or foul; for something to emit an odor; for someone, an animal to smell something with the nose; for the nose to be able to smell (PPH: *suŋsuŋ₃) Batad

i-prefix of names of places. Indicates the person or the people who inhabit the village, the site, the region, the zone which bears a name known by all those who live there (PMP: *hi-) *Si-₂

īagto shout yəhə əy in a long drawn out fashion by many people at a dance (PMP: *iag) Batad

íagshout some words to call people; a loud cry to give vent to one's excitement or contentment (PMP: *iag)

íanto stay overnight, or for a short time, at one of the houses of a given village, when traveling (PAN: *ian₂)

i-āyiwto take someone along in gathering firewood, e.g. when men take along women to get firewood during the post-transplanting holiday season (PMP: *kahiw) *kaSiw Batad

igúpLagawe word for drinking which is used in hudhud chant in the sense of "sip" rice wine; it is usually reduplicated (PMP: *hiRup) *SiRup

íhuwash one or all of the following: the face, the hands and arms, the feet and legs (PMP: *hisuq) Batad

íiutter sharp cries because of anger, or to express astonishment and surprise because something disagreeable suddenly happened (PMP: *iqi)

ikánany kind of fish that is greater than mudfishes; may be applied to fishes in general (PMP: *hikan) *Sikan

ílaknowing, seeking, finding. Exceptionally, ila may convey the meaning of "seeing, looking" (PWMP: *ila₂) *ila

ínatto draw out, stretch out, lengthen, extend something by pulling (PWMP: *iñat)

ínitartificial warmth or heat (not potaŋ heat produced by the sun); applied to whatever is warmed or rewarmed by the fire (PWMP: *qinit)

ipa-prefix meaning: 1. let something be done, achieved, etc. by the intermediary of somebody, 2. cause that something be used for another purpose than that for which it is made, 3. that something be put above, under, in, or on that which is implied by the particular word-base (PPh: *ipa-)

ipa-datoŋ-nafocus is on an unnamed agent which causes an epidemic sickness to arrive, such as influenza (PMP: *dateŋ) Batad

ípila leguminous tree that yields red, hard timber, very valuable for building purposes. Intsia bijuga (Colebr.) (PMP: *qipil)

ipil-ípilleguminous tree bearing small leaves (often planted in coffee plantations, because they shade the coffee plants better than other trees) (PPh: *ipil ipil)

i-tuduto explain something, as directions to a visitor, a subject to school children (PWMP: *i-tuzuq) *tuzuq₁ Batad

íusaid to be a kind of enormous eel, or boa, or a monstrous dragon swimming in the Lake of the Downstream Region (PAN: *qiSu)

īwalmake a space between an object planted firmly in a base (as the ground) and that around it which holds it in place (as the soil), by moving the object back and forth, as for the wind to make a space between the foundation post of a house and the soil around it by shaking the house; to wiggle a tooth to loosen it from the gum (PWMP: *hiwal) Batad

ka-creates abstract nouns: ka-tagu ‘manhood’ (cp. tagu ‘man, human being’) (PAN: *ka-₅)

ka- -anformative for nouns of location; ka-kayu-an ‘place where there is firewood’ (cp. kayu ‘tree, wood’) (PAN: *ka- -an₂)

kabana miniature house sepulchre for the dead, of traditional design (used only for a rich person) (PWMP: *kaban₂) Batad

kabánIfugaw pronunciation of the term caván, measure for pounded rice, beans, etc., 25 halúb (LOAN)

kalátto bite; mostly applied to dogs, seldom to human persons, e.g. when someone bites in a fruit (PMP: *kaRat) *kaRaC

kalutfor someone to dig or scrape something from something else with the hands, paws, or suitable instrument, as to scrape food remains from a container; for a dog to dig a hole (PAN: *karut₁) Batad

kamātisa tomato plant, Lycopersicum esculentum (grown in upland fields and dry pond fields; the fruit of a tomato plant (LOAN) Batad

kanwordbase conveying the meaning of “eating”, especially cooked rice or sweet potatoes (PAN: *kaen)

kaníbulidea of being turbid, muddy, as the water of a river after a heavy rain (ROOT)

kápohcotton, mostly cultivated on mud heaps in rice field terraces: Gossypium paniculatum (LOAN)

káputstring, rope, liana, thong to tie, fasten, bind one thing to another in order to keep either of the two or both in their right place. Thus the two posts of a ladder are said to be nikáput, if liana thongs running from one post to another under each of the rungs, prevent dislocation (PMP: *kaput₁) *kaput

káwitwhat has the form of a sickle; first or last quarter of the moon (PAN: *kawit)

káyatto climb, e.g. on a long ladder, an upright pole, a tree; implies that arms and hands, as well as legs and feet are used in climbing (therefore the ascent of a path, which is not upright, is not considered a “climb”, but merely an ascent) (PPH: *kayat)

kayŋótbite on one's lower lip thereby to show one's anger or displeasure (ROOT)

kelkela file rasp; a ridged tool for smoothing surfaces of metal or wood (PAN: *kiRkiR) Batad

kīawa bird, commonly called a Moor hen: Gallinula chloropus Linn. (PAN: *kiaw)

kíkiksqueaking noise produced, e.g. by the hinges of a door when it is opened or closed (PMP: *kikik)

kodkódsometimes used in the sense of attaching, tying one thing to another which is already fixed, so that the thing attached would not move (PPH: *kedked)

konparticle of interrogation, the question being made to obtain a clarification of a doubt, or to elicit an answer (PWMP: *kua-n) *kua₁

-kupronominal enclitic of the first person singular with genitive or possessiv meaning; if the word to which ku should be affixed ends in a vowel, only k is affixed, u being eliminated (PAN: *-ku)

kukufingernail, toenail of a monkey, person; the claw of an animal, bat, bird, chicken (PMP: *kukuh) *kuSkuS₁ Batad

kumpáya broad-leafed creeping grass (grows in fertile soil around dwellings, pond or upland fields, or wooded areas (PPH: *kumpáy) Batad

kutkútto make a small, superficial hole by scratching (applied to dogs, rats, mice) (PWMP: *kutkut₁)

kútulouse in the hair (of women especially, because of their long hair) (PMP: *kutu₁) *kuCux

kúyugto walk in front, to take the lead of a traveling group, to lead on, precede the others as leader (PPH: *kúyug)

labúnact of burying a newborn child or any small child which cannot be put in a death chair (PWMP: *Rab(e)qun)

lágaact of weaving closely certain baskets; also bamboo mats or walls of huts (PWMP: *laja)

lāhuheat, of the sun, fire; for a heating agent, as a fire, the sun, a hot object or substance, as water, coffee, etc. to transfer heat to someone with or without causing the skin to blister (PAN: *lasuq₁) Batad

lahuthe thin membrane which covers the skin on account of contact with hot water, or because of the very strong rays of the sun (PAN: *lasuq₁)

lākia male pig, domestic or wild, either castrated or uncastrated (PMP: *laki₁) Batad

lāloga common housefly (refers to most flying insects with transparent wings, including the large blowfly) (PMP: *lalej) Batad

lámunto push weeds or straw under the water and into the mud of a rice field (PMP: *lamun₁)

láŋawa rice-beer fly (a small brown fruit fly that is partial to rice beer and breeds and multiplies in wine jars if not tightly covered (PMP: *laŋaw) Batad

laŋítheaven, skyworld; currently used by the Ifugaw, but borrowed from Ilokano or other languages (PMP: *laŋit) *laŋiC

láŋo ~ láŋawvery small winged insects that sip rice wine (if the jar is not covered) (PMP: *laŋaw)

laŋónsticks between which (two below and two above) pigs are strongly tied when they must be sacrificed or transported (PMP: *laŋen₁) *laŋen

lāpaa shoulder portion of a butchered animal, as a pig, carabao (the segment of the front leg above the foot up to and including the shoulder joint) (PAN: *lapaq) Batad

látatin can; an empty láta may be used as a coconut cup, or as a recipient of urine when someone is very ill (LOAN)

laúhto pass by a certain place without stopping; time span which already passed (PPH: *lahús)

lāyaginger (grows chiefly in upland fields); ginger root, i.e. the rhizone (used chiefly as a food condiment, and sometimes as a side dish) (PMP: *laqia) Batad

láyaginger, Zingiber officinale Roscoe. This is extensively cultivated by the Ifugaw; the root only is eaten by them, sliced and boiled in water (PMP: *laqia)

likónring-shaped cover of grass which is put above the head of somebody in order to soften the carrying of a heavy load (PWMP: *riken)

lilínbeeswax. Used in weaving, i.e., when the weaver has some difficulty to raise the warp threads of her chain, etc. she rubs them a little with lilin (PMP: *lilin)

lipáksudden fall of something which produces a plumping or clattering noise (PWMP: *lipak)

litlitfor someone to bind something with binding material in one or more winds, as a bundle of wood with a vine, a wounded hand with a bandage, the waist with a loincloth (PAN: *litlit) Batad

litlítstring or thong that serves to wind something around another thing (PAN: *litlit)

lobagthe swelling of someone or something, as of the body of a dead person, an infected wound, snakebite, boil (PPH: *lebág) Batad

lobágconsiderable and extensive swelling of the whole body, i.e. of a corpse sitting on a death-chair (PPH: *lebág)

lobóŋlake, pond, waterpit (even a small one); it is also applied to ricefield terraces if no rice is planted in them and the straw has been pushed into the mud (PPH: *lebeŋ₂)

lopa(h)conveys the idea of finishing, ending a certain work or action that cannot be accomplished within a short time, or a series of actions which pertain to one whole and are conceived of as forming a single complex, for example, a celebration, a work, a headhunting expedition, etc. that lasts several days (PWMP: *lepas)

lūhithe glans of a man or animal (a socially offensive word) (PPH: *lusiq) Batad

luhuŋa mortar, used with a pestle (a mortar is either carved from wood or chiseled from stone; it is used for pounding) (PMP: *lusuŋ) Batad

l<um>āgato weave a basket (flexible material such as thin strips of bamboo or rattan is used (PPH: *l<um>aja) *laja Batad

lútugeneral word base for “cooking”; to boil rice, sweet potatoes, meat, etc. (PWMP: *lutuq)

lútuyweakness of the body which eventually causes the weak person to swoon (PPH: *lutuy)

luyáwhatever is too old, worn out (e.g. clothes), having holes here and there (e.g. baskets) (PWMP: *luya₂)

ma-duwa-yto be two unit measures of length, quantity, size, time, value, weight, etc. (PMP: *duha) *duSa Batad

magádryness of a land, of vegetation, or what happened to be wet insofar as the dryness is caused by the heat of the sun or the lack of rain (PMP: *maja)

maki-prefix denoting that an action is done together with another, or in company with others (PPH: *maki-)

ma-múnahto wipe away, to wipe up something from a body part, object, an area with wiping material, as to wipe perspiration from the face, excretion from the eyes, mucus from the nose, charcoal from a table, water from a floor (PMP: *punas) Batad

ma-múŋa-ybear fruit; may also convey the idea of producing interest on money (PMP: *buŋa)

ma-mūtulfor someone to cut off the head of an animal, chicken or person with a bolo or head axe (PMP: *putul) *putun Batad

manan exclamatory particle expressing strong feeling about a statement being made (PPH: *man) Batad

manadverbial interjection by which one or more words of a given phrase are emphasized (PPH: *man)

ma-nanumfor someone to water something, such as cooking food, plants, a pond field (PWMP: *ma-nanum) *daNum Batad

man-duwato divide a count object, such as a board ... into two more-or-less equal parts (PWMP: *man-duha) *duSa Batad

man-haŋlagto dry-roast cereal grains (maize, peanuts, young rice grains) in a pan or vat, without fat; it is usually stirred with a roasting spatula (PWMP: *ma-naŋelaR) *saŋelaR Batad

ma-noŋolfor a person, a living thing with ears, to hear or listen to someone or something, as the call of a bird, a cry, music, noise, talking; to hear about someone or something; for someone to obey someone (PMP: *deŋeR) Batad

ma-nuluto be able to produce three things in a specified period of time, as for stone walling to produce three pesos a day in earnings, or for a man to be a three basket per week weaver (PWMP: *ma-nelu) *telu Batad

ma-nutufor someone to pound bark, bark fiber, or spun yarn with a pounding tool to soften it (PWMP: *ma-nutu) *tutuh Batad

ma-ŋanfor someone to engage in eating, especially a scheduled meal (regular meals are eaten in the morning and at night; a noon meal is more casual and irregular); for someone to eat with someone else (PMP: *ma-ŋaen) *kaen Batad

maŋmáŋlook with attention at somebody; conceived of as different from aŋ-áŋ, which not necessarily implies an attentive looking (PWMP: *maŋmaŋ)

ma-tuluto be three units of measure, of length, quantity, size, time, value, weight (PAN: *ma-telu) *telu Batad

ma-ʔana main-dish food, either a staple food, normally eaten with a side dish, or a snack food, as fruits of various varieties, bread or pastries (PAN: *ma-kaen) *kaen Batad

mun-dalómthe unwoven ‘lowest’ part of the warp (in loom weaving) (PMP: *dalem)

mun-dapulsprinkle ashes on something, as on plants to make them grow (PMP: *dapuR₁) Batad

mun-lūhifor someone to expose the penis by pulling back the prepuce (PPH: *lusiq) Batad

mun-tanómto plant a plant crown, cutting, rhizome, seed, shoot, vine into soil (PMP: *tanem) *CaNem

na-píliwhat is (was) chosen; what is preferred (among the things that can be chosen) (PWMP: *na-piliq) *piliq

niyúgoconut palm, Cocos nucifera L.; coconut fruit; a coconut cup may be called niyúg, but exceptionally (PMP: *niuR)

nuwáŋwater-buffalo. Rarely used to work in the rice field terraces among the Ifugaw, but raised to offer a sacrifice for the ancestors (never offered to the gods and spirits who want pigs) (PMP: *qanuaŋ) *qaNuaŋ

ŋabŋábbite off a mouthful out of something edible, e.g. a piece of meat, a cake (PAN: *ŋabŋab)

ŋādana name by which something or someone is identified (people, spirits, geographical divisions, flora and fauna); what?, when?, where?, who? (PMP: *ŋajan) Batad

ŋádanproper name of a person, also the particular name of a village, a mountain, a forest, a group of rice terraces, and so forth (PMP: *ŋajan)

ŋālabthe thin edge of the blade of an axe, bolo, or knife (PPH: *ŋarab) Batad

ŋaŋábig fissure in a piece of wood, e.g. in a board, a beam (PMP: *ŋaŋa₂)

ŋāyawfor a group of men … to go on a headhunting raid (a raiding party traditionally consisted of about five to ten men, usually from a single clan) (PMP: *ma-ŋayaw) *ŋayaw Batad

ŋulŋúllamentations performed in a more or less chanting tune by one or several women (but not in unison) in front of a dead person sitting on a death chair (PWMP: *ŋulŋul₂)

obánspecial blanket in which babies and little children are carried on the back of somebody (PMP: *heban) *SebaN

obókrattling noise, sometimes applied to the resonant sounds produced by those who beat the gongs for those who are dancing (PWMP: *ebek)

odógback of persons, animals; textiles, garments, belts, certain tools, etc., may be said to have a back (PWMP: *edeg)

onacatch something by a trap; throw something accurately with the object of hitting a mark (as in throwing a spear, a stone) (PMP: *ena) Batad

onóbdoor of an Ifugaw house or granary; more exactly, the cover of the door opening (PMP: *qeneb₁) *qeNeb₁

otárice grains that still have the cortex, i.e., failed to be decorticated by the pestle (PMP: *qeta) *qeCah

otákIfugaw long knife having a single-edged blade of approximately two daŋan (handspans) in length (PPh: *eták)

pádawhat is the same, the equal in measure, quantity, number, or degree, commonly used with suffix -na (PWMP: *pada)

pagtíkwhat is hurled away, what bounds away by itself as if it were exploding (ROOT)

páhokwedge used to cleave logs before they can be split and serve as firewood (PAN: *pasek)

pāitthe austere taste of old wine, ginger, salt, onion, garlic, red pepper, lemon, tobacco; of the stinging sensation of smoke (PMP: *paqit₂) *paqiC Batad

paítsourness; mostly applied to fruits that are not yet ripe (PMP: *paqit₂) *paqiC

pa-kánthread shot through the gape which the woman who is weaving made by raising the even (or the uneven) threads (PAN: *pa-kaen) *kaen

paláattic of an Ifugaw house in which rice bundles (and some other things) are stored (PAN: *paRa₁)

páladpalm of a human hand (scrutinized for signs of one's fortune) (PMP: *palaj₁)

pálakcry loudly out of anger, making a sobbing sound (applied to children) (PMP: *palak)

pallú (-ll- unexpl.)heavy stick to beat somebody with (e.g. a recalcitrant slave or servant), or an animal (PMP: *palu) *palu₃

pa-múŋaa unit measure of a bunch of fruit; relatively low interest on something borrowed, as on money, a pig, carabao (PPh: *paŋ-búŋa) *buŋa Batad

pánabow and arrow. Practically, it is only used by boys … it is hardly longer than one meter; its cord is mostly a string of rattan; its arrow is merely a straight, thin stick. (PAN: *panaq)

pa-nālopfor someone to use stones for damming up a river for fishing (PPH: *sáRep) Batad

paŋgúkstifled, suffocated because of swallowing something the wrong way (ROOT)

pá-panbait, to lure birds to the place where they can be ensnared, or eels into a cage trap called udál, or rats into a kind of deadfall called ipít (PAN: *paen)

patpátto cut off or cut down growing vegetation by swaying one’s knife to and fro, e.g. grass, canes, sugarcane plants (PWMP: *patpat)

pa-ʔana weft thread; transverse strips of certain baskets; to weave a weft thread onto warp threads (PAN: *pa-kaen) *kaen Batad

pīlaygout or a gout-like inflammation, esp. of the ankle or knee joints, with or without swelling (PAN: *piNay)

pīlitfor someone to insist on doing something with someone or something, or to someone or something (PPH: *pílit) Batad

pilit-oninsist on doing something with someone or something, or to someone or something (PPH: *pilit-en) *pílit Batad

pitpita short, shrill cry of an omen bird, īdaw; the cry resembles the sound ‘pit, pit, pit’ (this cry does not signal an omen, as do numerous other cries of the omen bird) (PWMP: *pitpit₁) Batad

pitpitonomatopaeic word; pit-pit-pit sound produced by ído birds (ído = sparrow-like birds with long tail feathers; their quick and protracted pit-pit-pit is believed to predict good luck to headhunters (travelers or hunters), bad luck if their pit-pit call is slow and short) (PWMP: *pitpit₁)

pitpítto compress a number of things into a single container; to use pressure when closing a pot or a basket which has a fitting cover (PAN: *pitpit₂)

pūhogthe navel of a person or animal, the umbilical cord; exclamation: Rascal! (this is a set expression consisting of a noun, pūhog, followed by a possessive pronoun or possessive noun; it is a non-vulgar expletive, classed as mild scolding) (PMP: *pusej) Batad

púhognavel; it is also applied to cavities which serve as mortise for a tenon, the undeep cavity being navel-like (PMP: *pusej)

pūhuthe heart of a person, animal, bird, chicken; the heart of a banana plant, i.e. the inflorescence (PMP: *pusuq₁) Batad

pukúpukmake a small heap by pouring out pounded rice, beans, peas or the like (ROOT)

pūligfor someone or something to roll, especially down an incline, of his, or its own volition; for someone to roll something relatively spherical along, as by pushing it (PPH: *pulij) Batad

púligto tumble down headlong and, eventually roll further down if the one who tumbles descends a steep slope (PPH: *pulij)

pulúpulto pluck, pull off all (or almost all) the fruits borne on a given tree or shrub (PWMP: *pulpul₁)

p<um>ūtulfor someone to cut off the head of an animal, chicken or person with a bolo or head axe (PMP: *putul) *putun Batad

púnahwiping material, as a cloth, paper, rice straws, leaves (PMP: *punas) Batad

pútawkind of axe with a wider blade than the commonly used axes called wáhe, or wáhay (LOAN)

pūtulthe neck stump of an animal, chicken, person, after the head has been removed (PMP: *putul) *putun Batad

pútuldecapitation; to cut off the head of a man (not of animals), to behead (PMP: *putul) *putun

puúnlower or lowest part of the trunk of a tree or of whatever is planted in the ground (posts of a house, granary or hut); of growing stalks of plants, that part above the roots (PMP: *puqun)

tasubordinating conjunction, “so that”, “in order that” (PPH: *taq₁) Batad

taconjunction introducing a purpose or a result clasue, “in order that” (PPH: *taq₁)

tabaanimal fat, of the body fat of an animal or person; rendered lard of an animal; coconut meat (PWMP: *tabeq) Batad

taddóŋa large circular hat used as an umbrella, mostly by women when they are working in the rice fields, or in a sweet potato swidden (PPH: *taduŋ)

taddóŋlarge circular hat used as an umbrella by women working in the rice fields or in a sweet potato swidden (ROOT)

tadómsharpness of the blade of a knife, a spear, an axe, etc.; it is also applied to the balíga, i.e. the sword among the weaving rods (PMP: *tazem) *Cazem

tadtádfor someone to slash down a slender-stalked plant or tree, especially sugarcane, with a single slash using a bolo; for someone to chop meat into small pieces for cooking (PWMP: *tadtad) Batad

tāgipfor someone to slice a vegetable, fruit, tuber into chips with the use of a knife (PPH: *tájip) Batad

tagláŋribcage of a person or animal; i.e. the upper backbone and the ribs (PAN: *tageRaŋ) Batad

tagláŋribs; side of a human chest (what is enclosed by the ribs) (PAN: *tageRaŋ)

tákaŋ-na“its gape”, i.e. the gape between the odd and even threads through which the weaver can shoot the shuttle (PPH: *tákaŋ)

takípcover of a container, e.g. a basket which has a fitting cover (PPH: *takíp)

talírope, cable, anything that serves to bind, attach, wind, etc.' (said to be from Ilokano) (PMP: *talih) *CaliS

taluŋeggplant, Solanum melongena (grown chiefly in dry pondfields and upland fields) (LOAN) Batad

tanókto boil something a long time because what must be boiled is too hard and thick (e.g. the hide of a water buffalo, a cow); it is also applied to an overcooking of vegetables by lack of attention so that they happen to be half-spoiled (PMP: *tanek) *taNek

tanómseed rice, selected during main-crop rice harvest for planting main-crop rice (PMP: *tanem) *CaNem Batad

tanómact of planting what must grow; transplanting (e.g. rice seedlings); tanóm is not applied to putting seeds in the earth, only to rice, trees, bushes (PMP: *tanem) *CaNem

tantánprogress of a certain work which cannot be finished in one day, or even in a few days (PPH: *tantán)

tāŋada location above something; for someone to look up at something (PMP: *taŋad)

taŋkála provisional basketlike container which is roughly made by using reeds and grass (PPH: *taŋkal)

taŋlágkind of grass which has long and sharp leaves, and so cannot be used to cover roofs: Themeda gigtantea (PMP: *taŋelaj) *Caŋelaj

tapafor someone to smoke meat over a fire (as beef, catfish, venison, eel, frog, mudfish) (PMP: *tapa₁) *Capa Batad

tapámeat or fish which has been laid to dry in the sun, or held over the fire (PMP: *tapa₁) *Capa

taptápmovement of lips when somebody chews what he does not eat and swallow (as betel nut, tobacco leaf) (PPH: *taptap)

ta-táwalaughter; to laugh conveys a passive meaning, since the duplicated word-base takes the prefix ma- or na-, never the prefix mun- or maŋ- (PMP: *ta-tawa) *Cawa

tíkaŋsmall split in a piece of wood, or a narrow gap between two floor planks or wall boards (PWMP: *tikaŋ)

tikgóŋbumping sound produced when something that is hard falls and collides (ROOT)

tiktíkonomatopoetic word-base of taniktík, favorable chirping of 'ido birds (PMP: *tiktik₁)

tiktíkslight knocks, ticks on something (e.g. a lime tube, the knocking being done with the nail of a finger) (PAN: *tiktik₁)

tímidpointlike tip of the upper lip; tip of the chin; may be used in the sense of lip (PMP: *timid) *timij

tiwātiwto frighten away animals, birds, chickens, from drying produce, as rice, mung beans, etc. (PPH: *tiwatiw) Batad

tiwátiwup-and-down motion of the long pole of an Ifugaw sugarcane press (PPH: *tiwatiw)

tobalfor someone to respond to a question (or to being called); for someone to promise to give something to someone as an inheritance, a gift; to promise to sell a field to someone (PPH: *tebáR) Batad

tobálanswer, approving speech; ritual invocation and its concluding prayer (PPH: *tebáR)

togtogfor someone to pound something in a downward motion with something, as a stone to crush another stone; a heavy piece of wood or stone to tamp soil; for someone to use something for pounding as described above (PMP: *tegteg) *CegCeg Batad

togtógonomatopoetic word imitating the sound produced by carving statues, handles of knives, spoons, ladles, wooden plates, wooden cups and other things (PMP: *tegteg) *CegCeg

togtogfor someone to pound something in a downward motion with something, as a stone to crush another stone, a heavy piece of wood or stone to tamp soil, etc. (PAN: *CegCeg)

toktókbore (as in boring a hole in a plank), drill; prick (as a thorn pricking the finger) (PMP: *tektek₂) *CekCek

tolóbto pour some water out of the cooking pot, because the one who was boiling rice sees that too much water had been poured in the pot (PMP: *teReb)

topóŋto measure the length, width, thickness of beams, rafters, posts, boards, etc. lest the building would be misconstructed (PPH: *tepeŋ₂)

tūbaa cultivated bush, Meliaceae Dysoxylam; fruit of the tuba bush, used as a poison for catching fish (PAN: *tubah) Batad

túbathe green fruit of the liana also called tuba: Jatropha curcas L. (Euph.); tuba fruits are used to envenom (more or less) fishes ... so that they may be easily caught (PAN: *tubah)

tūbunew growth, of a plant, weed, grass, tree growing from a seed; of a branch or plant stalk; of a fingernail, hair, tooth (also refers to new growth issuing from a pit, nut or fruit such as coconut (PMP: *tubuq, tumbuq) *Cubuq Batad

túbuleaves of trees, shrubs, and plants in general; not applied to leaves which serve for special purposes, such as chewing leaves or banana leaves (PMP: *tubuq, tumbuq) *Cubuq

tuddúto teach by speaking, by writing (e.g. on a blackboard), by showing (e.g. pictures) (PPh: *tulduq)

tudúfor someone to point at something with the use of the index finger; the index finger of a person, monkey; for someone to explain something, as directions to a visitor, a subject to school children (PAN: *tuzuq₁) Batad

túdudripping; rain drops which fall on the floor of a house because there is a little hole in the grass covering the house (PAN: *tuduq)

tugia lesser yam: Dioscorea esculenta; the root is boiled and eaten as a staple (PPH: *tugíq) Batad

tukábact of taking something apart (e.g. a house, or parts of it); to take off something (as the cover of a basket) (PWMP: *tu(ŋ)kab)

túkolhuddling position of a chicken or a bird which neither moves nor gives a sign of life (PAN: *Cukul)

túkudpost of an Ifugaw house or gramary; the two posts of the paladáng standing loom (PAN: *tukud)

tullu-tullufor people to be three at a time in a particular state doing something, of one group repeating an action, or two or more groups acting successively (PMP: *telu-telu) *telu

tulu-wónto give (make, lay, etc.) three of the same kind (value, size, etc.) (PWMP: *telu-en) *telu

tūluyfor someone to continue on doing something, as going someplace, talking, working (PMP: *tuluy₁) Batad

túluycontinue with one's work, story, speech until it is completed completed (said to be from Ilokano) (PMP: *tuluy₁)

tūmaa small white blood sucking clothing louse which infests soiled clothing; rascal! a jocular expletive (PMP: *tumah) *CumeS Batad

t<um>ulufor something to become three, especially through natural processes such as reproduction (PPH: *t<um>elu) *telu Batad

tuntunfor someone to arrange the presentation of something in order, as ritual prayers during a religious ceremony, a genealogy, a description of events and arguments in presenting a case for decision (PWMP: *tuntun) Batad

tuŋala bone of the skeletal structure of an animal, bird, person (PWMP: *tuqelaŋ) Batad

tutua bark-pounding tool, used to pound bark or bark fibers (made of wood, about 25 cm. long, or of stone) (PAN: *tutuh) Batad

úgaŋdebt; Iloko, Tagalog, etc. word sometimes used by the Ifugaw instead of gawat (PMP: *qutaŋ)

uháuldownstream; to move or walk in the direction of the flow of a stream (PPH: *usauR)

úhilact of those who defend their habitat and pursue (or try to pursue) those who attack (PAN: *qusiR)

ukpíthold by pressing something between the knees, between the elbow (or the upper arm) and the side of the body (ROOT)

úla(h)wash one's hand or face, not applicable to the act of taking a bath (PMP: *huRas) *SuRas

úlalsmall brownish snake which is not dangerous. It lives among the rice fields, behind or between the stones of retaining walls (PMP: *hulaR) *SulaR

ulayfor someone to calmly tolerate something; for someone or something to do something slowly, gently with something (PMP: *huRay) *SuRay Batad

uláy ~ uléslowness in moving, walking, laziness; meekness, gentleness, mildness of character (PMP: *huRay) *SuRay

ulúw-anthe rod at the head of a weaving loom which holds up the threads of the warp (PMP: *qulu-an) *quluh

-um-verbal infix used with intransitive bases, and to mark inchoatives or futures (PMP: *<um>) *-um-

umáa tract of land cleared for cultivation; conveys the meaning of habal 'swidden', but is seldom used among the Ifugaw (PMP: *quma) *qumah

um-āpalfor someone to chase someone, something with the intention of catching or driving him or it away; to chase a thief, a pig (PPH: *hápaR) Batad

um-úhildefend one's habitat and pursue (or try to pursue) those who attack (PWMP: *um-usiR) *qusiR

unábe first, foremost; go ahead; do something first; accomplish something before anybody else (PMP: *unah)

upákdry leaf of a betel nut tree; usually it hangs down along the stem of the tree (PWMP: *upak₁)

upú(h)empty; consume all the things that are available, or have been gathered (PMP: *upus)

útoŋtang beneath the blade of a spear or knife, driven into the shaft or handle (LOAN)

ūtua louse or flea, a generic term for parasitic insects infecting warm-blooded animals and humans; a head louse, infesting the hair of humans (PMP: *kutu₁) *kuCux Batad

uú(h)suck at something which is sappy (e.g. a sugarcane stalk); not applied to the sucking of a baby at the breast (PMP: *ququs)

uwaya climbing palm (Palmae Calamus mindorensis) used for making baskets; for tying materials together as in constructing a roof, etc. (PAN: *quay) Batad

úyunbundle of firewood, grass, etc., but not of rice, since a bundle of rice is called botok (PWMP: *uyun₁)

wagwágshake out what is filling a container, e.g. a sack the contents of which cannot be poured out and emptied without shaking (PPh: *wagwág₂)

wáhay, wáheIfugaw axe, the blade of which is thick but narrow near and in its wooden handle (PWMP: *wasay)

wahíwa(h)a sort of Ifugaw fan ... a man who sits near the corpse of somebody who is installed on a death chair sways it back and forth to chase the flying insects away (PPh: *wasíwas)

wahíwayfrighten away flies from food, and esp. from the dead while tied in a death chair during preburial ritual by a continual waving back and forth of a stick (PPh: *wasíwas) Batad

wahwáhlift up and down in the water to wash off mud, as of the feet, a vegetable, in washing off soil from the root (PPh: *waswás₁) Batad

walu-an(with gemination of the second consonant to indicate reciprocal action), that which eight people do together (PPh: *walu(h)-an) *walu Batad

walwálmake a space between an object planted firmly in a base (as the ground) and that around it which holds it in place (as soil) by moving the object back and forth and then removing it (PPH: *walwáR) Batad

wanánthe four beams of an Ifugaw house or granary... they serve as supporters of all the rafters of the pyramidal roof (NOISE)

watwátmay be used in the sense of widening a hole with a tool that can hollow out (PPH: *watwát)

wigwígto shake, of the body or parts of the body, as with palsy, when frightened, nervous, exhausted (PPh: *wigwíg) Batad

wigwígshake the head in a negative manner (implying a denial or refusal) (PPh: *wigwíg)

witwítcontinual moving of a light or a torch, i.e., the person who holds the light or the torch makes it move up and down, back and forth, higher or lower, farther or nearer, while he is walking in the darkness of the night (PPh: *witwít₂)

-ʔu1sg genitive pronoun (marks possessor and non-focus agent or actor of the action of a verb) (PAN: *-ku) Batad

Ifugaw (Amganad) (4) WMP (Reid 1971) [ifa] (Ifugao, Amganad) Philippines

a-nú-nawhen? (PMP: *a-nu) *-nu₁ Amganad

ina-onMZ, FZ (PWMP: *ina-en) *ina Amganad

piŋsanonce (PWMP: *pisan) Amganad

pi-piŋsanfirst cousin (PWMP: *pisan) Amganad

Ifugaw (Batad) (344) WMP (Newell 1993)

abitwedge anything between waistband of loincloth and body (PMP: *habit) *Sabit Batad

ābulfrighten away chickens, rice birds, pigs, flies in any effective manner (PPh: *ábuR) Batad

abuniyanskyworld; the dwelling place of spirits (PWMP: *buni₂) *buni₁ Batad

ahawan inside rafter of the roof of a house (PMP: *kasaw₁) Batad

ahāwaʔonthe person whom one marries, spouse (PPh: *qasawa-en) *qasawa Batad

ahínsalt; to salt food (PAN: *qasiN) Batad

ahin-anthat salted (PWMP: *qasin-an) *qasiN Batad

ākaŋfor someone to step over someone or something, especially something low (PWMP: *akaŋ) Batad

ākupscoop out a liquid or solid with the two hands cupped together (PMP: *aŋkup₁) *aŋkup Batad

ālaget (PAN: *alaq₁) Batad

ala-ʔonget (PAN: *alaq-en) *alaq₁ Batad

algawdo something all day long; to sun something or someone (PMP: *qalejaw) Batad

ālifor someone to come towards the speaker or hearer (PAN: *aRi) Batad

amindo all, complete something, exhaust a supply, as of food, money; all, exclusively (PAN: *amin) Batad

anthe taste of food; to eat; for a fire to consume something combustible; for a saw to cut into iron, wood (PAN: *kaen) Batad

ananayan exclamation expressing pain, either superficial or severe (PPH: *ananay₁) Batad

antatādularge green caterpillar such as the common tomato worm (PWMP: *qantatadu) Batad

ānudto float inanimate objects downstream; to float downstream, of inanimate objects, of a dead person (PAN: *qañud) Batad

ānud-onthat floated (downstream) (PPh: *qañud-en) *qañud Batad

Ifugaw (Batad) (20 / 344)

anúphunt wild animals with a dog; a hunting dog; to bark, of a dog (PAN: *qanup) *qaNup Batad

anup-anthat hunted, i.e., a wild animal (PMP: *qanup-an) *qaNup Batad

anúp-onthat hunted, i.e., a wild animal (PMP: *qanup-en) *qaNup Batad

āŋahthe face of a living being (PPH: *aŋas) Batad

āŋitcall another to come and fight as in play, or when in earnest as of a drunk person; one who is extremely angry (PMP: *haŋit) Batad

aŋīt-onthe one called to come and fight (PMP: *haŋit) Batad

aŋtógextremely unpleasant odor of decaying flesh, unwashed genitals, of smells worse than those referred to as munʔāgub or munʔagutūut (PPh: *qaŋ(e)téj) Batad

āpalchase after to catch or to drive away, as to chase a thief, or a pig to catch it or drive it away (NOISE) Batad

apidbraid with three strands, as of a rope, hair (PAN: *qapid) Batad

āpintemporary garbage container woven from the inner stripping of bamboo (PMP: *hapin) Batad

aplahto sandpaper with a rough leaf of an aplah tree; a tree (Moraceae Ficus odorata Blanco Merr. or F. ulmifolia Lamk.) the leaves of which are used for sandpapering (PMP: *qa(m)pelas) Batad

aplah-onbe sandpapered with a rough leaf (PWMP: *qa(m)pelas-en) *qa(m)pelas Batad

āpoha cotton plant: Gossypium barbadense [Malv.]; a kapok tree: Ceiba pentandra; cotton fibers (LOAN) Batad

apūaprub any part of the body with the open palm, as to rub an insect bite, an area that has been bumped (PMP: *hapuhap) *SapuSap Batad

apúyset fire to something, revive a fire from coals (PMP: *hapuy) *Sapuy Batad

apuy-anthat burned, as wood; that revived, i.e. coals (PWMP: *hapuy-an) *Sapuy Batad

attibset a rat or mouse trap; catch a rat or mouse in a trap (NOISE) Batad

awītanrooster (PPH: *kawitan) Batad

awniexclamation roughly equivalent to 'wait!', 'later!' (PAN: *Sauni) Batad

Ifugaw (Batad) (40 / 344)

āyiwa branching tree with a hard bark, or a piece of a tree, such as a stick, log, plank (PMP: *kahiw) *kaSiw Batad

a-ʔanthe taste of a staple or snack food, such as rice, sweet potato, bread or pastries, fermented rice grains, and fruit (PAN: *kaen) Batad

ba-bāiwoman; female (person, monkey) (PAN: *ba-bahi) *bahi Batad

bagatell; confess; request (PMP: *bajaq₂) *bajaq Batad

bāhiga sterile man or woman; for someone to remove the testicles from an animal, especially a dog, cat, carabao, pig with a knife (PWMP: *basiR) Batad

bāholcareless act; charge someone with a careless act (PPH: *básul) Batad

balíkisrelatively narrow imported belt of leather (PPh: *balíkis) Batad

balítuʔplate s.t. with gold, esp. to cap or crown a tooth with gold (LOAN) Batad

bāluthat which a man or woman wears to indicate that his or her spouse has died; to put on clothing to indicate that one's spouse has died (PMP: *baliw₃) *baliw₁ Batad

bannuga bird commonly called a Red-tailed hawk (PPh: *banúR) Batad

bātaŋsulphur mushroom (poisonous; inedible); for a decaying tree to grow sulphur mushrooms (PMP: *bataŋ) *bataŋ₁ Batad

baturock (PMP: *batu) *batux Batad

batu-batustony (PMP: *batu-batu) *batux Batad

bawaŋthe width of the horizontal surface of a terrace, as of a pondfield or house terrace (PPH: *bawaŋ₂) Batad

bāyadthe payment for something such as non-inherited goods, debt, fine, with money or barter goods (PMP: *bayaD) Batad

bīlaa wild taro growing in forested areas: Araceae Alocasia heterophylla [presl.] Merr. (PMP: *biRaq₁) Batad

bīlatscarred, of a part of the body (except the forehead and scalp) by a cut, a boil on that part of the body (PMP: *bilat₂) Batad

b-in-aŋonwas awakened by something (as a rooster crowing) (PWMP: *b<in>aŋun) *baŋuN Batad

Ifugaw (Batad) (60 / 344)

b-in-unbunsecond crop rice seedling (PMP: *bunubun) *bunabun Batad

bīolan enlarged thyroid gland, commonly called goiter (NOISE) Batad

bītinbe out on the end of a branch (of a person or animal); hang from the branch of a tree, of a small bat; a horizontal branch on which a small bat customarily hangs (PPh: *bítin) Batad

bittūanbe starry, of the sky; a star (PAN: *bituqen) Batad

bītumake a deep hole to catch wild animals; a deep hole dug to catch wild pigs. The hole is camouflaged by covering it with twigs and grass (PPh: *bítu) Batad

bitugbump oneself as by hitting the head against a beam, by falling (ROOT) Batad

bitu-onwild pig caught in such a trap (PPh: *bítu) Batad

bitūʔathe stomach of man and most vertebrates; the gizzard of a fowl (PMP: *bituka) *biCuka Batad

bīʔahbecome strong, be quick; strength (PWMP: *bikas) Batad

biʔuŋa Jew's harp made either of bamboo or from a flattened piece of brass wire (ROOT) Batad

bobod-onthat (which is) bound (PPh: *bejbej-en) *bejbej Batad

boholblame, be angry at, hate someone for something (PPh: *bes(e)qel) Batad

bokkokbe short and stocky, of an adult (PWMP: *beŋkek) Batad

boladremove the clothing covering the genitals, thus to expose one's nakedness (PWMP: *belaj) Batad

bolayto cause tiredness, as of work (PPh: *belay) Batad

boŋboŋdivert water into a canal for irrigation by making a dam across a stream of water (PWMP: *beŋbeŋ) *beŋbeŋ₁ Batad

botoʔto bundle together into a small bundle, as to bundle rice into a sheaf, imperata grass into a small bundle, vegetable greens, the hair of a woman to make a pony tail (PPh: *beték) Batad

boʔʔadigging bar (NOISE) Batad

Ifugaw (Batad) (80 / 344)

buahfor someone to do something early to something or someone, or with someone or something (PPh: *buás) Batad

būgastone-like object reportedly found in the flesh of animals such as a wild pig, about the size of a pea (PPh: *búgaq) Batad

būgawfor someone to shout something to someone over a distance (PAN: *buRaw) Batad

bugnáya tree: Antidesma bunius [Linn.]; fruit of the bugnáy tree, sweet-sour to the taste, eaten as a snack food; old berries are pounded before eating (PWMP: *buRnay) Batad

bugtuŋan only child of a man, a woman (PPH: *buR(e)túŋ) Batad

buhúgfor food to satisfy someone in eating; for someone to satisfy himself in eating (PWMP: *busuR₃) Batad

buláfor someone to push out foreign matter (food, spent betel quid) from the mouth with the tongue (PMP: *buRah) *buReS Batad

būlanmoon (PMP: *bulan₃) *bulaN Batad

būludthe ascending ridge of a mountain; roof-ridge thatch of a traditional house, baluy, and pile hut, inappal (PMP: *bulud₃) *buled₁ Batad

buludfor someone to temporarily borrow something, such as an implement, for working (PPh: *bulud₁) Batad

buluga breeding domestic male animal (said to be from Ilokano) (PPH: *bulug) Batad

b-um-ūŋotbecome angry (PWMP: *buŋet) Batad

bunbunsecond crop rice seed planting season, in which rice seeds (billuŋan) are planted in dry seedbeds; for someone to plant rice seeds in a dry seedbed (PMP: *bunubun) *bunabun Batad

būŋathe pulpy fruit of a plant, tree, vine, with or without seeds or pits; for a plant or tree to bear fruit, seed vessel, grain (PMP: *buŋa) Batad

buŋbuŋdynamite, used to break large rocks, especially in a pond field; for someone to put dynamite on something to blast something, as a stone, sheet rock (PPh: *buŋbuŋ₂) Batad

būŋotanger (PWMP: *buŋet) Batad

Ifugaw (Batad) (100 / 344)

būŋutfor someone to muzzle an animal (dog, carabao, pig) (PWMP: *buŋut) Batad

butá-onto blind (PMP: *buta-en mata) *buCa Batad

butífor someone to pop corn in coals or hot ashes of a fire with a stir stick (PPh: *butíq) Batad

bútigwart, mole on the body (PMP: *buteliR) Batad

butiʔicalf of the leg (PWMP: *butiqes) Batad

būtoŋfor someone to be drunk to the extent that the person can still control his or her actions; typically of a person who shouts or wants to fight (PMP: *buteŋ) Batad

butúlfor part of the body to be raised in a welt as the result of an insect bite or allergic reaction (PMP: *butequl) Batad

būtusvoting time for the election of government officia (LOAN) Batad

būutspider web (NOISE) Batad

buyuta lacy-leaved grass, Drymaria cordata Caryophyl. (NOISE) Batad

buʔbúʔfor termites, weevils, etc. to extensively destroy something, as corn, rice, wood (PMP: *bukbuk₃) Batad

buʔbúʔfor someone to pour out a solid such as rice into something, such as the hand, a container, or onto something such as the ground (PMP: *buqbuq) Batad

buʔbuʔ-anplace into which something is poured (PPh: *buqbuq-an) *buqbuq Batad

dadánold; long-time, as an old jar, a long-time position of an agricultural leader (PMP: *dadan) *dadaN Batad

dālablood (PAN: *daRaq) Batad

dala-dālabloody (PMP: *daRa-daRaq) *daRaq Batad

Ifugaw (Batad) (120 / 344)

dālomthe lower belly of an animal, person; the lower flank cut, of a butchered animal (PMP: *dalem) Batad

danúma liquid, such as broth, juice of fruits and plant stalks, milk, rice beer, tree sap, water, wine (PMP: *danum) *daNum Batad

dāpatfor three or more animals, people to be lying side by side, as in sleeping; of pigs, trussed and waiting to be sacrificed (PPH: *dápat₁) Batad

dapulashes; for something to become ashes, of any combustible material (PMP: *dapuR₁) Batad

datoŋfor someone to arrive at a given place or time (PMP: *dateŋ) Batad

doldolsomeone’s provoking or tempting of someone else (PPH: *deldel) Batad

domdoma large flying fox, black with grey flecks (PAN: *demdem₂) Batad

dopaa unit measure of an arm span, i.e., a distance measured between the fingertips of two outstretched arms (PAN: *depah) Batad

dūlawfor a fruit to be fully yellow-ripe (PPH: *dulaw) Batad

duli-dūlia cicada (produces a long, shrill sound) (PPH: *dulí-dulí) Batad

d<um>ālato bleed (nose, teeth, a wound, etc.) (PAN: *daRaq) Batad

d<um>anumto urinate (used euphemistically) (PMP: *danum) *daNum Batad

d<um>apulfor dust to cover a surface (PPH: *d<um>apuR) *dapuR₁ Batad

d<um>oŋolfor the ear to hear, and thus to function properly (PWMP: *d<um>eŋeR) *deŋeR Batad

d<um>uwa-yto become two (PPH: *d<um>uhá) *duSa Batad

duwathe number two (PMP: *duha) *duSa Batad

gahúta unit of a hundred (PMP: *Ratus) *RaCus Batad

Ifugaw (Batad) (140 / 344)

galíta black and white speckled cat or dog (PWMP: *garit) Batad

gomgomfor someone to grasp something tightly in one or both hands to prevent escaping, as an animal, or a piece of meat someone is trying to wrest from someone else (PAN: *gemgem) Batad

gūluna coarse spear grass, Imperata exaltata, commonly called cogon grass; used for roof thatch (PMP: *guRun) Batad

gūyudfor someone to pull something along, as to drag a tree, a sledge; to lead an animal on a leash (PWMP: *guyud₃) Batad

hābuŋa plant bud, which develops into a flower (PPH: *sabuŋ₂) Batad

hādagto lean something against an erect object, as to lean a load against a tree or house post so it stands on end (PWMP: *sandaR) Batad

hakayfor someone to ride on an animal, such as a horse or carabao (PMP: *sakay₁) Batad

hāloŋpitch pine root of a pine tree, bolbol, heavily saturated with pine resin; a pitch-pine torch (PAN: *saleŋ) Batad

hālopthe activity of dam-fishing in a river (PPH: *sáRep) Batad

hāpada unit measure of a hand of bananas (PPH: *sápad) Batad

hāudfor someone to string a warping frame with warp threads in preparation for weaving (PPH: *saud) Batad

hayūtia chayote vine or fruit (LOAN) Batad

haʔitthe pain of a body part; of an affliction specifically located, as the pain of a boil, a headache, stomachache, a wound (PMP: *sakit) Batad

hia personal noun determiner (PAN: *si₁) Batad

hibula brothy moistener for cooked rice or sweet potatoes; for someone to moisten food such as rice or sweet potatoes with a brothy moistener, either in a spoon or in the mouth (PMP: *simbuR) Batad

him-pūluthe number ten (PAN: *puluq₁) *puluq Batad

hīnagan afterglow emitted by the sun’s rays after sunset (PMP: *sinaR) *siNaR Batad

Ifugaw (Batad) (160 / 344)

h<in>aŋlagfine roasted cereal (PMP: *s<in>aŋelaR) *saŋelaR Batad

hiŋ-gahútone hundred (PMP: *Ratus) *RaCus Batad

hīʔadfor someone to brace the foot, as when walking in a swift current, or pushing something heavy (PPH: *síkad) Batad

hīʔuthe elbow of a person (PAN: *sikux) Batad

huluŋfor someone to go upstream along a brook or river (PWMP: *suruŋ) Batad

h<um>aʔitfor something to pain (PWMP: *s<um>akit) *sakit Batad

huŋhuŋan odor, either pleasant or foul; for something to emit an odor; for someone, an animal to smell something with the nose; for the nose to be able to smell (PPH: *suŋsuŋ₃) Batad

hūʔayfor a pig to root up soil (PPH: *sukáy) Batad

īagto shout yəhə əy in a long drawn out fashion by many people at a dance (PMP: *iag) Batad

i-ānudthat floated (downstream) (PPh: *i-qañud) *qañud Batad

i-āyatfor someone to climb with someone or something carried (PPH: *i-kayat) *kayat Batad

i-āyiwto take someone along in gathering firewood, e.g. when men take along women to get firewood during the post-transplanting holiday season (PMP: *kahiw) *kaSiw Batad

i-bōbodthat with which one binds something, as bark (PPh: *i-bejbej) *bejbej Batad

i-boŋboŋthat with which a dam is made, as stones, dirt (PWMP: *beŋbeŋ) *beŋbeŋ₁ Batad

íduhto spoon something, as in eating (PAN: *qidus) Batad

íhuwash one or all of the following: the face, the hands and arms, the feet and legs (PMP: *hisuq) Batad

in-dālato menstruate (PAN: *daRaq) Batad

in-y-āli-nwas brought to (recipient) (PAN: *aRi) Batad

Ifugaw (Batad) (180 / 344)

ipa-datoŋ-nafocus is on an unnamed agent which causes an epidemic sickness to arrive, such as influenza (PMP: *dateŋ) Batad

ītibclench the teeth, bite down on something (NOISE) Batad

i-tuduto explain something, as directions to a visitor, a subject to school children (PWMP: *i-tuzuq) *tuzuq₁ Batad

kabana miniature house sepulchre for the dead, of traditional design (used only for a rich person) (PWMP: *kaban₂) Batad

kamātisa tomato plant, Lycopersicum esculentum (grown in upland fields and dry pond fields; the fruit of a tomato plant (LOAN) Batad

kamatis-anfor someone to add tomatoes to something as a condiment (LOAN) Batad

kaŋkáŋthe whine of a dog in fear; to whine in fear (of a dog) (PAN: *kaŋkaŋ₂) Batad

kelkela file rasp; a ridged tool for smoothing surfaces of metal or wood (PAN: *kiRkiR) Batad

kikia laugh (NOISE) Batad

kukufingernail, toenail of a monkey, person; the claw of an animal, bat, bird, chicken (PMP: *kukuh) *kuSkuS₁ Batad

kumpáya broad-leafed creeping grass (grows in fertile soil around dwellings, pond or upland fields, or wooded areas (PPH: *kumpáy) Batad

labimidnight (i.e. about 11:00 p.m. to 1:00 a.m.) (PMP: *Rabiqi) Batad

labiy-onduring the night (PMP: *Rabiqi) Batad

labiy-onduring the night (PPH: *Rabi-en) *Rabiqi Batad

lāgathe work of weaving (PWMP: *laja) Batad

lākia male pig, domestic or wild, either castrated or uncastrated (PMP: *laki₁) Batad

lāloga common housefly (refers to most flying insects with transparent wings, including the large blowfly) (PMP: *lalej) Batad

Ifugaw (Batad) (200 / 344)

láŋawa rice-beer fly (a small brown fruit fly that is partial to rice beer and breeds and multiplies in wine jars if not tightly covered (PMP: *laŋaw) Batad

laŋhiodor produced by fishes (NOISE) Batad

lāŋitheaven (PMP: *laŋit) *laŋiC Batad

lāpaa shoulder portion of a butchered animal, as a pig, carabao (the segment of the front leg above the foot up to and including the shoulder joint) (PAN: *lapaq) Batad

lāyaginger (grows chiefly in upland fields); ginger root, i.e. the rhizone (used chiefly as a food condiment, and sometimes as a side dish) (PMP: *laqia) Batad

lemathe number ‘five’ (PAN: *lima) Batad

lema-lemaalways five; five by five (PMP: *lima-lima) *lima Batad

l<in>ūgawrice mush (PPH: *l<in>ugaw) *lúgaw Batad

litlitfor someone to bind something with binding material in one or more winds, as a bundle of wood with a vine, a wounded hand with a bandage, the waist with a loincloth (PAN: *litlit) Batad

liyaŋa natural cave, found where there is large sheet rock (PMP: *liaŋ) Batad

lobagthe swelling of someone or something, as of the body of a dead person, an infected wound, snakebite, boil (PPH: *lebág) Batad

lūgawrice mush (PPH: *lúgaw) Batad

lūhithe glans of a man or animal (a socially offensive word) (PPH: *lusiq) Batad

luhuŋa mortar, used with a pestle (a mortar is either carved from wood or chiseled from stone; it is used for pounding) (PMP: *lusuŋ) Batad

lūlugthe knee of an animal, person (PAN: *luluj) Batad

l<um>abifor it to be midnight (PMP: *Rabiqi) Batad

l<um>abifor it to be midnight (PPH: *R<um>abiqi) *Rabiqi Batad

l<um>āgato weave a basket (flexible material such as thin strips of bamboo or rattan is used (PPH: *l<um>aja) *laja Batad

ma-baturocky, of a land area (~ ma-batu) (PWMP: *ma-batu) *batux Batad

ma-bīʔahstrong, fast (PWMP: *ma-bikas) *bikas Batad

Ifugaw (Batad) (220 / 344)

ma-būŋotangry (PWMP: *buŋet) Batad

ma-buʔbúʔfor something (as corn, rice, wood) to be extensively destroyed by termites, weevils, etc. (PPh: *ma-bukbuk) *bukbuk₃ Batad

ma-duwa-yto be two unit measures of length, quantity, size, time, value, weight, etc. (PMP: *duha) *duSa Batad

ma-māyadfor someone to pay for something (PMP: *bayaD) Batad

ma-mīlifor someone to choose someone, something (PWMP: *ma-miliq) *piliq Batad

ma-mūtulfor someone to cut off the head of an animal, chicken or person with a bolo or head axe (PMP: *putul) *putun Batad

manan exclamatory particle expressing strong feeling about a statement being made (PPH: *man) Batad

ma-nāloŋfor someone to gather pitch-pine root (PAN: *saleŋ) Batad

ma-nālopfor someone to go dam-fishing (PPH: *sáRep) Batad

ma-nanumfor someone to water something, such as cooking food, plants, a pond field (PWMP: *ma-nanum) *daNum Batad

maN-apuyset fire to; revive a fire (PWMP: *maŋ-hapuy) *Sapuy Batad

man-duwato divide a count object, such as a board ... into two more-or-less equal parts (PWMP: *man-duha) *duSa Batad

man-haŋlagto dry-roast cereal grains (maize, peanuts, young rice grains) in a pan or vat, without fat; it is usually stirred with a roasting spatula (PWMP: *ma-naŋelaR) *saŋelaR Batad

man-iduhto spoon up (PPh: *maŋ-qidus) *qidus Batad

ma-nutufor someone to pound bark, bark fiber, or spun yarn with a pounding tool to soften it (PWMP: *ma-nutu) *tutuh Batad

manuʔa domestic or wild chicken (PMP: *manuk) Batad

maŋ-ahínthe one who salts (PWMP: *maŋ-qasin) *qasiN Batad

Ifugaw (Batad) (240 / 344)

maŋ-aplahto sandpaper with a rough leaf of an aplah tree (PWMP: *maŋ-qa(m)pelas) *qa(m)pelas Batad

maŋ-āyiwgather firewood from a forest (PWMP: *ma-ŋahiw) *kaSiw Batad

mataeye of a person, animal, insect, living being (PMP: *mata) *maCa Batad

ma-tabafat, of a person or animal (PWMP: *ma-tabeq) *tabeq Batad

ma-tuluto be three units of measure, of length, quantity, size, time, value, weight (PAN: *ma-telu) *telu Batad

ma-ʔana main-dish food, either a staple food, normally eaten with a side dish, or a snack food, as fruits of various varieties, bread or pastries (PAN: *ma-kaen) *kaen Batad

mun-dapulsprinkle ashes on something, as on plants to make them grow (PMP: *dapuR₁) Batad

mun-lūhifor someone to expose the penis by pulling back the prepuce (PPH: *lusiq) Batad

na-pituseventy (PAN: *pitu₁) *pitu Batad

ŋādana name by which something or someone is identified (people, spirits, geographical divisions, flora and fauna); what?, when?, where?, who? (PMP: *ŋajan) Batad

ŋālabthe thin edge of the blade of an axe, bolo, or knife (PPH: *ŋarab) Batad

ŋatn-anfor someone to name someone or something (PWMP: *ŋajan-an) *ŋajan Batad

ŋāyawfor a group of men … to go on a headhunting raid (a raiding party traditionally consisted of about five to ten men, usually from a single clan) (PMP: *ma-ŋayaw) *ŋayaw Batad

ŋulŋulfor someone to wail in crying, especially in grief (PWMP: *ŋulŋul₂) Batad

ŋ-um-āyawwaylay an enemy … for the purpose of taking a head in revenge (PMP: *ma-ŋayaw) *ŋayaw Batad

o-baylarge female animal (PMP: *bahi) Batad

ohado something alone, do something with one item (PAN: *esa) Batad

ohóʔplants seeds such as corn with a dibble stick (PPH: *hesek₁) Batad

okókto cough, cough up something, cough on something (PMP: *qekqek) Batad

Ifugaw (Batad) (260 / 344)

olómunduly jealous or suspicious (PWMP: *elem₂) Batad

olótdo something by exertion, strength (PWMP: *elet₂) Batad

onacatch something by a trap; throw something accurately with the object of hitting a mark (as in throwing a spear, a stone) (PMP: *ena) Batad

onomm-ánthat which six people do together (PPh: *enem-an) *enem Batad

pa-causative prefix (PAN: *pa-₂) Batad

pāitthe austere taste of old wine, ginger, salt, onion, garlic, red pepper, lemon, tobacco; of the stinging sensation of smoke (PMP: *paqit₂) *paqiC Batad

pa-lemathe fifth time; to do something five times (PAN: *lima) Batad

pa-múŋaa unit measure of a bunch of fruit; relatively low interest on something borrowed, as on money, a pig, carabao (PPh: *paŋ-búŋa) *buŋa Batad

pa-nālopfor someone to use stones for damming up a river for fishing (PPH: *sáRep) Batad

pa-napūl-ana fireplace (PMP: *dapuR₁) Batad

paN-apuywhat is used to make a fire (PWMP: *paŋ-hapuy) *Sapuy Batad

panniʔa bat: Pteropus Leucopterus (PMP: *paniki) Batad

paŋ-ahínwhat is used to salt something (PWMP: *paŋ-qasin) *qasiN Batad

paŋ-ālainstrument used to get something (PWMP: *paŋ-alaq) *alaq₁ Batad

pa-ŋanfor someone to feed someone something (PWMP: *pa-ŋaen) *kaen Batad

paŋ-ānudway in which something drifts (PPh: *paŋ-añud) *qañud Batad

paŋ-anupthat used to hunt, i.e., a dog (PPh: *paŋ-qanup) *qaNup Batad

pa-paʔuan edible fern: Athyrium esculentum (PWMP: *paku) *paheku Batad

patoykill any kind of animal life including man (PMP: *p-atay) *aCay Batad

patoy-onthat killed (PMP: *p-atay) *aCay Batad

Ifugaw (Batad) (280 / 344)

pa-ʔana weft thread; transverse strips of certain baskets; to weave a weft thread onto warp threads (PAN: *pa-kaen) *kaen Batad

pikufor a linear object to be crooked (PAN: *pikuq₁) Batad

pīlitfor someone to insist on doing something with someone or something, or to someone or something (PPH: *pílit) Batad

pilit-oninsist on doing something with someone or something, or to someone or something (PPH: *pilit-en) *pílit Batad

pituseven (PAN: *pitu₁) *pitu Batad

pūhuthe heart of a person, animal, bird, chicken; the heart of a banana plant, i.e. the inflorescence (PMP: *pusuq₁) Batad

pūligfor someone or something to roll, especially down an incline, of his, or its own volition; for someone to roll something relatively spherical along, as by pushing it (PPH: *pulij) Batad

p-um-atoythat with which one kills, as a bolo (PMP: *p-atay) *aCay Batad

p<um>ílifor someone to choose someone, something (PAN: *p<um>iliq) *piliq Batad

p<um>ūtulfor someone to cut off the head of an animal, chicken or person with a bolo or head axe (PMP: *putul) *putun Batad

púnahwiping material, as a cloth, paper, rice straws, leaves (PMP: *punas) Batad

pūtulthe neck stump of an animal, chicken, person, after the head has been removed (PMP: *putul) *putun Batad

tawe two (PAN: *-ta) Batad

tasubordinating conjunction, “so that”, “in order that” (PPH: *taq₁) Batad

tabaanimal fat, of the body fat of an animal or person; rendered lard of an animal; coconut meat (PWMP: *tabeq) Batad

tabāʔutobacco (LOAN) Batad

tadtádfor someone to slash down a slender-stalked plant or tree, especially sugarcane, with a single slash using a bolo; for someone to chop meat into small pieces for cooking (PWMP: *tadtad) Batad

tāgipfor someone to slice a vegetable, fruit, tuber into chips with the use of a knife (PPH: *tájip) Batad

Ifugaw (Batad) (300 / 344)

tagláŋribcage of a person or animal; i.e. the upper backbone and the ribs (PAN: *tageRaŋ) Batad

taluŋeggplant, Solanum melongena (grown chiefly in dry pondfields and upland fields) (LOAN) Batad

tanómseed rice, selected during main-crop rice harvest for planting main-crop rice (PMP: *tanem) *CaNem Batad

tapafor someone to smoke meat over a fire (as beef, catfish, venison, eel, frog, mudfish) (PMP: *tapa₁) *Capa Batad

tawónyear, unit time measurement (PMP: *taqun) Batad

t-in-apasmoked meat (PMP: *t<in>apa) *Capa Batad

tiwātiwto frighten away animals, birds, chickens, from drying produce, as rice, mung beans, etc. (PPH: *tiwatiw) Batad

topoŋa bundle, linear or volume measure of something (PPH: *tepeŋ₂) Batad

tūbaa cultivated bush, Meliaceae Dysoxylam; fruit of the tuba bush, used as a poison for catching fish (PAN: *tubah) Batad

tūdufor something to leak (as a rain hat, a water pot) (PAN: *tuduq) Batad

tudu-onbe pointed at (PAN: *tuzuq-en) *tuzuq₁ Batad

tugia lesser yam: Dioscorea esculenta; the root is boiled and eaten as a staple (PPH: *tugíq) Batad

tugtugbullfrog (PMP: *tugtug₂) *CugCug₁ Batad

tuluthe number three (PAN: *telu) Batad

tūluyfor someone to continue on doing something, as going someplace, talking, working (PMP: *tuluy₁) Batad

tūmaa small white blood sucking clothing louse which infests soiled clothing; rascal! a jocular expletive (PMP: *tumah) *CumeS Batad

Ifugaw (Batad) (320 / 344)

t-um-ūbufor something to issue new growth (PMP: *t<um>ubuq) *Cubuq Batad

t<um>ulufor something to become three, especially through natural processes such as reproduction (PPH: *t<um>elu) *telu Batad

tuŋala bone of the skeletal structure of an animal, bird, person (PWMP: *tuqelaŋ) Batad

tutua bark-pounding tool, used to pound bark or bark fibers (made of wood, about 25 cm. long, or of stone) (PAN: *tutuh) Batad

ukukto cough (NOISE) Batad

ulayfor someone to calmly tolerate something; for someone or something to do something slowly, gently with something (PMP: *huRay) *SuRay Batad

um-ālito come towards the speaker or hearer (PAN: *um-aRi) *aRi Batad

um-ānudone who floats something downstream (PWMP: *q<um>añud) *qañud Batad

-um-anupthat with which one hunts, i.e., a dog (PAN: *q<um>aNup) *qaNup Batad

um-āpalfor someone to chase someone, something with the intention of catching or driving him or it away; to chase a thief, a pig (PPH: *hápaR) Batad

um-aplahthat with which one sandpapers, i.e., a leaf of an aplah tree (PWMP: *q<um>a(m)pelas) *qa(m)pelas Batad

um-apuythat with which something is burned, i.e. a fire (PMP: *h<um>apuy) *Sapuy Batad

ūtua louse or flea, a generic term for parasitic insects infecting warm-blooded animals and humans; a head louse, infesting the hair of humans (PMP: *kutu₁) *kuCux Batad

uwaya climbing palm (Palmae Calamus mindorensis) used for making baskets; for tying materials together as in constructing a roof, etc. (PAN: *quay) Batad

wahíwayfrighten away flies from food, and esp. from the dead while tied in a death chair during preburial ritual by a continual waving back and forth of a stick (PPh: *wasíwas) Batad

wahwáhlift up and down in the water to wash off mud, as of the feet, a vegetable, in washing off soil from the root (PPh: *waswás₁) Batad

walu-an(with gemination of the second consonant to indicate reciprocal action), that which eight people do together (PPh: *walu(h)-an) *walu Batad

Ifugaw (Batad) (340 / 344)

wigwígto shake, of the body or parts of the body, as with palsy, when frightened, nervous, exhausted (PPh: *wigwíg) Batad

yamyámfor excessive talking to tire the mouth (PPH: *yamyám) Batad

yuŋyuŋfor a person to bow down the head (PPH: *yuŋyúŋ) Batad

-ʔu1sg genitive pronoun (marks possessor and non-focus agent or actor of the action of a verb) (PAN: *-ku) Batad

Ifugaw (Bayninan) (1) WMP (Reid 1971) [ify] (Kallahan, Keley-i) Philippines

ŋa-nuwhat? (PAN: *-nu₁) Bayninan

Ifugaw (Keley-i) (2) WMP (Hohulin et al. 2018)

balitukthe metal gold (PPH: *balitúk) Keley-i

deket ~ dekketblack or any other dark color (PPH: *deket₃) *deket₂ Keley-i

abal-ábalkind of brown burrowing June beetle or June bug. Many people eat it. (PPh: *abal abal)

ábaskind of tumor or swelling that grows in the mouths of animals (PPh: *hábas)

abíratbrother-in-law, sister-in-law. A term confined to persons who are married to two brothers or sisters (NOISE)

abúnofertilizer; money contributed by one to pay another’s debt; advanced payment (LOAN)

adaw-anto go far away from, get away from, keep one’s distance (PPH: *adayúq)

adígipost; pillar. Any of the principal posts on which the whole frame or skeleton of the house is built; any of the four posts that support the frame of a loom (PMP: *hadiRi) *SadiRi

agáw-ensnatch away, off; carry off, take away by violence; obtain by robbing (PPh: *qaRaw-en) *qaRaw

ag-báliwchange, vary, alter, fade, be inconstant, fickle, unstable (PMP: *baliw₂)

ag-búkarto open, burst open, break open (flowers, fruits, etc.) (PMP: *buŋkaR)

ag-dugmónto make a nest (said of pigs); to wallow; to not make one’s bed (PPH: *dug(e)mún)

ag-impapa-ŋínato play hard to get; to pretentiously show off material wealth although poor (PPH: *ŋina)

ag-ka-báŋato have a mutual báŋa; to share meals when living together (from the same pot) (PPH: *baŋaq₂)

ag-káburto boil (water agitated by fish); to worsen, intensify (anger) (PPH: *kabuR)

ag-kátaŋ-kátaŋto drift, randomly float; to not have a permanent house to live in; to live from house to house (PPH: *kataŋ-kataŋ)

ag-kebbá-kebbáto gasp for breath; be out of breath; to rise and fall strongly (said of a chest out of breath) (PPH: *kebá)

ag-kutímto peel with the teeth; uproot with the teeth; remove the outer shell of nuts, etc. with the teeth; purse the lips (PPH: *kutím)

ag-kutog-kutógto shake repeatedly (contents in a jar, passengers in a car, etc.) (PWMP: *kutug)

ag-layónto continue moving; continue to be in an office; remain, stay (PPH: *layun)

ag-luábto be lifted away by the wind (thatch); to bubble, boil; rise (PMP: *luab)

ag-luksóto leap; sprint (horses); jump out of the water (fish); jump out of the net (PPH: *luk(e)súh)

ag-luslósto slip, slide; pull back and forth (uncircumcised penis); (fig.) masturbate; to have a hernia; slip, slide backwards (PMP: *luslus)

ag-matáto be watchful, alert; open one’s eyes; bear fruit; result in, be the result of; be realized (PMP: *mata) *maCa

ag-ŋádasto have a sore palate; to be unable to pronounce (said of dying people) (PMP: *ŋadas)

ag-ŋawŋawto meow (said of the cat), speak softly, under one’s breath; gossip (PAN: *ŋawŋaw)

ag-pa-klebto fall prone; to lie on the stomach (cited under base kelléb) (PPH: *keléb)

ag-pa-ŋínato be vain; conceited; to assume to be more important than one actually is (PPH: *ŋina)

ag-piŋkíto start a fire with flint; flash in one’s mind; flare up (anger) (PPH: *piŋkíq)

ag-púlaŋto return to one’s original position; come to life; regain consciousness (PWMP: *pulaŋ)

ag-ságidto collide; brush up against; touch accidentally or incidentally (PPH: *saq(e)gid)

ag-saksíto appear before the priest before marriage; appear as a witness (LOAN)

ag-sarigsígto move in a half circle; strut; attack from the side (cocks) (PPH: *sarijsij)

ag-síkadto strut, walk with the head erect and body bent backward; to peddle a paddleboat (PPH: *síkad)

ag-tákawsteal, pilfer, purloin, rob, plunder, pillage, loot, harry (-an, manaN-) (PMP: *takaw₁) *Cakaw

ag-tambáŋto ambush; raid; attack; waylay; obstruct a voyage; hold up and rob; block one’s way (PPH: *tambáŋ)

ag-tarústo go straight to without delay, move on; pierce, penetrate (PWMP: *tarus)

ag-tugáwto sit down; to be inaugurated, assume a political position (PWMP: *tujaw)

ag-tuktókto knock eggs against each other; to make a knocking sound (PAN: *tuktuk₃)

ag-tútokto aim; point; focus (eyes); to point at (as a knife pointing at someone’s back) (PPH: *tútuk)

aguásedible fresh-water fish; it is very similar to the puroŋ, but its scales are smaller (PMP: *qaRuas)

águdscraping the edge of a board of a strip of bamboo, etc. with the edge of a tool (PWMP: *aRud)

ag-uniutter a sound, make a noise, to cry (animals), to sing (birds), to speak (men) (PMP: *huni) *Suni

ag-yánstay, dwell, abide, occupy a certain relative place or position (PAN: *ian₂)

ag-yútcopulate, unite in sexual intercourse. Said of male persons and animals (PAN: *qiut)

akóbjoin together two things of the same kind facing each other (two plates, two shells, two hands, etc.) (PMP: *aŋkub)

ako-énreceive, accept with both hands; receive graciously (a petitioner, etc.); to get (a reward) (PWMP: *aku-en) *aku

akúp-engather, collect. With both hands, two brooms, etc., as dirt (PMP: *aŋkup₁) *aŋkup

akut-ákutkind of hymenopterous insect resembling a bumblebee but more slender, and very thin at the junction of the abdomen and the thorax (PWMP: *hakut hakut)

allónwave, ripple forming no breakers, e.g. those produced by a swimmer or bather (PMP: *qalun)

amáfather. Also said of persons that are old enough to be one's father (PAN: *amax)

ambúgproud, presumptuous, haughty, supercilious, arrogant, insolent (PPh: *hambúg)

aníbuŋCaryota cumingii Lodd. The fish-tail palm: a slender palm with spreading leaves and numerous flabelliform leaflets, the apex of which is obliquely truncate and irregularly and prominently toothed. It yields a kind of tinder and its leaves are used for ornamental purposes (PMP: *qanibuŋ)

antábayside; unison (of voices, strings, etc.); stand side by side; sing in unison (PPh: *antábay)

antatádokind of blackish freshwater fish, generally as thick as an arm and more than one foot long; its meat is esteemed by the Chinese (PWMP: *qantatadu)

ànuddrift, float; be driven along, carried away (by a current of water) (PAN: *qañud)

anúphunter: a dog that scents game or is trained to the chase (PAN: *qanup) *qaNup

aŋlítbe afflicted with disease of the axilla or armpit. A peculiar odor (aŋlít) if diffused by the affected part of the body (PAN: *qaŋeliC)

apátotkind of shrub whose fruit may be used as soap, and whose roots yield a red dye: Morinda bracteata (PPH: *apatut)

apgésto smart; cause a sharp, acute, smart, pungent pain (said of irritants, etc.) (PMP: *hapejes)

ápinany kind of leaf (usually a piece of banana leaf) spread over the bottom of an earthen pot, at the inside, before the rice that has to be cooked is poured into it (PMP: *hapin)

apin-anto place the ápin [lining] at the bottom of a pot (PPH: *hapin-an) *hapin

aplítto whip (a top); to flap (as the horse does with its tail); to whip, to lash (PPh: *hap(e)lít)

árakwhisky, gin, whisky, etc. The fermented juice of grapes and any alcoholic beverage obtained by distillation (LOAN)

aroófilao, beefwood, Casuarina equisetifolia Forst. A leafless, dioecious tree with oblong cones; roots and bark are used for medicinal purposes: their infusion, when drunk at regular intervals, is supposed to cure bad humors, especially in women suffering from diseases of the womb (PMP: *aRuhu)

ásawhet, hone, grind; polish, burnish; to gall, to chafe, to fret (PMP: *hasaq) *Sasaq

asákpass between, wriggle through; make one's way through grasses, between objects or persons, etc. (PWMP: *qasak)

ásaŋgill, branchia; glands at the inside of the throat; the pin of a lock that fits in the socket of a key (PMP: *hasaŋ)

asáwahusband, wife; pendant, one of a pair, match, companion piece, counterpart (PAN: *qasawa)

at-atímonkind of cucurbitaceous vine that grows in marshy places; its small fruits are used in medicine (PMP: *qatimun)

atéproof. This term includes only the roofing, that is: cogon (Imperata cylindrica), nipa, corrugated iron, etc.; not: the rafters, etc. (PMP: *qatep)

atídry, evaporated, dried out, waterless. Exhausted in its supply of liquid (PMP: *qati) *qaCi

átissweetsop, kind of tropical fruit similar to the cherimoya and anónas, Annona squamosa (LOAN)

awánexistential; to not have; nothing, nobody; there is not, there are not (NEAR)

ayáan adverb of interrogation implying an additional notion of wonder (PAN: *aya₁)

ayam-ayammiddle-sized tree with leaves violet at the back; the latter are used in medicine (NOISE)

ay-áyamrecreation, diversion, amusement, play, game, sport, toy, plaything (PWMP: *qayam₃)

babásto miss -- the mark one shoots at, the harbor on account of contrary winds, the habits of a different rank in society, etc. (PWMP: *babas)

bagáy-anto help in a project; accompany on a musical instrument; encourage (PPH: *bagáy-an) *bagay

bagbágunravel, disentangle, disengage the threads of; to clear (of underbrush, etc.) (PWMP: *bajbaj)

bagiata ribbon worn around the calf to prevent cramp or rheumatism (PPh: *bagiat)

bákoŋCrinum asiaticum L. A stout, amaryllidaceous plant with large, fragrant white flowers, much cultivated for ornamental purposes (PAN: *bakuŋ₁)

balákikind of middle-sized white marine fish; it is provided with barbels and its meat is esteemed (PWMP: *balaki)

balantíkflipping, flicking with the tip of a stick; being hit by a twig that crosses the path in a forest (PWMP: *bala(n)tik)

balátkind of blackish, edible worm, resembling a leech; it is found in brackish pools along the seashore (PPh: *balát)

balaw-bálawfresh-water shrimp or prawn, not much larger than the head of a pin (PPh: *balaw₁)

baláyaŋa variety of thick-skinned banana with numerous seeds, Musa sp. (PPh: *baláyaŋ)

bálestake revenge; vengeance; reward, repay; make requital, remuneration (PAN: *bales₁)

balígaflat wooden bar inserted in the shed of the warp to facilitate insertion of the boloan (section of bamboo used to keep the threads in place (PMP: *balija) *baRija

balintuágturn a somersault, tumble, revolve, rotate; turn upside down (PWMP: *balin-tuaj)

balítiFicus sp. Moraceous trees whose timber is used for building: F. indica L., F. stipulosa Miq., F. benjamina L., F. concinna Miq., etc. (PPh: *balítiq)

bálogkind of wild pigeon, larger than the turtledove, but with the same plumage (PMP: *baluj) *baRuj

bálonprovisions; a stock or store of needed materials when going on a journey (PWMP: *balun₂)

balúlaŋlarge, open-worked basket with a flat, square, footless bottom and a round rim; it has no cover, and is used for holding tobacco leaves, fodder, etc. (PPh: *balúlaŋ)

banabáLagerstroemia speciosa (L.). Tree with large panicles of lilac-purple flowers, yielding a valuable timber (PPh: *banabá)

banágSmilax bracteata Presl., a woody, liliaceous vine, armed with spines; its root is used in infusions to purify the blood (PMP: *banaR₁) *baNaR

baníkind of tree with oblong pods whose leaves and bark are used to cure cough: Pongamia mitis (PPH: *bani₂)

baníPongamia mitis (L.) Merr. A tall leguminous tree with woody, oblong pods ... The bark and leaves of this tree are used to cure cough (NOISE)

banía tall, leguminous tree with woody, oblong pods: Pongamia mitis L. (NOISE)

baŋbáŋ-anto hill, raise a heap of earth above the roots of a row of plants (usually by means of a plow) (PWMP: *baŋbaŋan)

baŋbaŋ-ánraise a heap of earth, a hill, about the roots of a row of plants (NOISE)

báŋkaa kind of large bilog (double outrigger canoe) without outriggers (PMP: *baŋkaq)

baŋón-ento raise, erect, build, construct, rear, set upright; to elevate, appoint, nominate; to found, to originate (PWMP: *baŋun-en) *baŋuN

baŋsálannex to the kitchen consisting of an unroofed platform raised on posts --- used for storage, cleaning, etc. (PWMP: *baŋsal)

baórswitch; noose and switch (extensively used in automatic snares) (PMP: *bauR)

baor-anto mix ordinary rice with díket (soft, sticky) rice (PWMP: *bahuR-an) *bahuR

bápaterm of respect for (male) person one generation older than the speaker (LOAN)

barambánmarine fish resembling the sardine; it is about 8 inches long and very fat; its meat is esteemed, but it is full of spines (PPh: *baranbán)

baránkind of small, edible, gastropodous freshwater mollusk with a rough shell (PMP: *baran)

barkésanan inflammatory disease of the skin, often originating at the waist; to tie into one bundle (PMP: *bakes₁)

barónew, fresh, modern, novel, recent; virgin (soil); unmarried man, bachelor, youth (PMP: *baqeRu) *baqeRuh

básisugarcane wine that is boiled with the bark of the Java plum (lungboy) for coloring and then fermented in earthen jars with yeast (PPH: *bási)

batáŋ-ansawhorse; wood used to place objects on over the floor; one of the four horizontal beams of the granary (PWMP: *bataŋ-an) *bataŋ₁

bátugrow, line; file; part opposite or in front of; across, opposite (PPH: *batuR₂)

begnátto relapse, suffer a relapse. The return of a disease after improvement (PPh: *beRnát)

bekkágcotton boll, the fruit of the cotton plant before it bursts open (PWMP: *bekaj)

bekkágcotton boll, the fruit of the cotton plant before it bursts open (PMP: *be(ŋ)kaR)

bekkóghollow. Depressed part on the surface of a iron sheet, a kettle, etc. (PMP: *bekug)

beŋbéŋcurtain. Any kind of cloth used as a hanging screen and intended to darken, conceal, protect or be ornamental, usually admitting of being drawn back (PWMP: *beŋbeŋ) *beŋbeŋ₁

beŋŋátaccent; manner of speaking or pronouncing; word or phrase often repeated inadvertently in talking (PPh: *beŋát₂) *beŋát

bettákcrack, burst, explode, break (bottles, bellies, furuncles, gun barrels, waves, etc.) (PMP: *betak)

bettékband, string, strip used to bind; bundle of harvested rice (PPh: *beték)

bi-bíŋkakind of soft, flat cake made of díket rice, either ground or pounded into powder, sugar and gettá (LOAN)

bídaŋbroad band or sash worn by women around the body from the waist to the knee and over the upper part of the saya (skirt) (PWMP: *bidaŋ)

biélgoiter, enlargement of the thyroid gland, swelling in the neck (PAN: *biqel)

bígaelephant's ear, Alocasia indica (Roxb.) Schott.. A coarse, erect, araceous plant with very large leaves, broadly ovate, up to 1.5 meters in length (PMP: *biRaq₁)

bigáowinnow; winnowing basket. It is woven closely, rather large, very shallow, and oval in shape, with one end broader than the other (NOISE)

bigáʔowinnow; winnowing basket (woven closely, rather large, very shallow and oval in shape, with one end broader than the other) (PPh: *bijaqu)

bigláto do, etc. extemporare, impromptu, suddenly, unexpectedly (PPh: *big(e)láq)

bikkógdepressed part on the surface of an iron sheet, a kettle, etc.; to bend, to curve (lath, rattan, etc.) (PWMP: *bikug)

bilógsmall boat made of the trunk of a tree that has been hollowed out, or of a few boards fastened together; her distinctive characteristic is the existence of two outriggers to prevent upsetting (PWMP: *bilug)

b-in-okbókworm-eaten, with one or more cavities or decayed spots; affected with necrosis, with caries (said of wood, grain, teeth, etc.) (PPh: *b<in>ukbuk) *bukbuk₃

biráya small boat, much larger than the bilóg, and with a flat bottom; she is made of boards and has a rudder; the biráy is sometimes used as a sailing vessel, but she is generally propelled by oars, the rowers on both sides facing the stern and following the directions of the pilot at the rudder (LOAN)

bittáugCalophyllum inophyllum L. A guttiferous tree with fragrant white flowers and globose fruits; its timber is excellent for furniture; from the fruit is extracted a kind of oil, formerly universally used for lighting purposes, and its resin is used to cause boils and furuncles to mature (PMP: *bitaquR)

bóbokind of large bow net used to catch fresh-water shrimps; it is made of fine wickerwork (heavy bamboo) and is about one yard long with a diameter of one foot at the mouth; its funnel-shaped entrance has a double row of sharp points; bag of a seine (PAN: *bubu₂)

bobóŋridging: thatch, nipa leaves, etc. that cover the ridge of the roof (PMP: *bubuŋ₁)

boboŋ-ánthe two beams at the ridge of the roof, namely: the sallabáwan on which the rafters rest and the pakabáyo which rests upon the rafters; the latter runs parallel with the sallabáwan/ and is covered with the ridging (PMP: *bubuŋ-an) *bubuŋ₁

bókolany projecting bone, for instance: the malleoli, the wrist bones, the bridge of the nose, the two projections of the frontal bone on the forehead, etc. (PMP: *buŋkul)

bóloan unarmed, erect bamboo whose walls are thin; it is extensively used, either split or woven, for building (wall, roof, floor, ceiling, etc.), and fencing purposes: Schizostachyum mucronatum Mack. (PAN: *buluq₂)

bolo-ána section of bólo inserted in a shed of the warp in order to keep the threads in place; either of the two horizontal movable bars of a pagtagúdan or combing frame, over which the cotton yarn is stretched in order to be combed (PAN: *buluq₂)

boŋkólthe part of any large bone (humerus, femur, etc.) consisting of the head and a part of the shaft (PMP: *buŋkul)

bótakind of marine fish; its body is flattened and elongated, from 12 to 16 inches long, and its meat is esteemed (PWMP: *butaq₁)

bótopenis, male member; style (of the pistil); clapper, tongue (of a bell); either of the two pins of the saŋgáw or upper beam of the lathe of a loom (PMP: *butuq) *buCuq

bótolpadlike protuberance in the foot of a fowl, corresponding to the palm of the hand; burl; a knot or thread in thread or ropes (PMP: *butequl)

bu-bussog-ánthe part of a flank of a quadruped that bulges out when the animal is satiated (PWMP: *busuR₃)

búgakind of edible yam, different from the úbi, the túgi, the dorián, the limalimá, the karót and the kamáŋeg (PWMP: *buga)

bugáw-anevade, elude. To avoid (slyly or adroitly, one's desserts) by dexterity, subterfuge, artifice, stratagem) (PAN: *buRaw)

búgiroe; spawn; coral. The eggs or ovaries of fish, crustaceans, etc. (PPh: *bujiq)

bugnáya dioecious, euphorbiaceous tree with entire leaves and ovoid, fleshy, red, acid, edible fruits; its wood is used to make charcoal: Antidesma bunius (L.) Spreng. (PWMP: *buRnay)

bukélseed stone (of a drupaceous fruit); round, circular, cylindrical, globular, orbicular, spherical (PWMP: *bukel)

bukóthe knuckle, the rounded prominence formed by the ends of the two adjacent bones of a joint in fingers and toes; node (of bamboo, etc.) (PMP: *bukuh)

búlan-búlankind of fish found either in the sea or in fresh water; it is larger than an ordinary sardine and its meat is soft, full of spines, and not much esteemed (PMP: *bulan-bulan₁) *bulan-bulan

buldíŋone-eyed, single-eyed, blind in one eye, having but one eye (PPh: *bul(e)díŋ)

bulílead; wharve, whorl; sinker (any of the pieces of lead or balls of earthenware that are attached to one of the sides of several kinds of fishing nets) (PMP: *buliq₁)

bulíkadto dilate, open wide (the eyes); view with close attention, fix the eyes on (NOISE)

bulós-anto free, set at liberty; to vent, let loose (anger, affection, etc.) (PWMP: *bulus-an) *bulus

búnogthe boktó fish (white, fat freshwater fish), when at its largest (PWMP: *bunuR₂)

búŋafruit: berry, capsule, drupe, follicle, glans, legume, pod, loment, nut, peop, pome, schizocarp, silicle, silique, sorosis, strobile, synconium, etc; outgrowth, issue, consequence, advantage, benefit (PMP: *buŋa)

buŋár-anthe first alcoholic product of nipa, rice, etc., stronger than later ones (PWMP: *buŋaR-an) *buŋaR

buŋár-ento cure by drinking again (the bad effects of drunkenness) (PWMP: *buŋaR)

búŋiswith bared, uncovered genitals. Said of women; occasional meaning: with bare, uncovered buttocks (ROOT)

buŋtótstench of dung, of rotten meat or fish, of stagnant water, of spoiled liquor, etc. (PPh: *buŋ(e)tút)

burbúr-ankind of spaniel, poodle or pekinese dog with long, thick hair, generally wavy or curly (NOISE)

buríshave diarrhoea, flux. A flowing or liquid discharge from the bowels, a purging or looseness of the bowels (PPh: *bug(e)ris)

busór-enoppose, counteract, counterwork, antagonize, war against (PAN: *busuR₁)

butbut-énto pick cotton. Separate the cotton from the lúpis or pericarp of the boll, which is done with the fingers (PPh: *butbut-en) *buCbuC

bútigkind of wart, excrescence or protuberance on the face resembling an ordinary wart, but smaller, softer and less black (PMP: *buteliR)

butik-butik-ánspeckled, spotted, variegated, dappled, mottled, marbled, ocellated (PPh: *butik)

butítikind of large, fat marine fish, about half a meter long and covered with spines, esp. on the back; its gall is poisonous and its meat is rarely eaten. This term is also applied to short, big-bellied persons (PWMP: *butiti)

buy-buyókan erect, leguminous herb with dense spikes of blue flowers: Parosela glandulosa (Blanco) Merr. (PPh: *buyúk)

dalágkind of freshwater mudfish, called borikikkik when very small, or borikaw when small, Ophiocephalus striatus (PPH: *dalág)

dalán-ana passageway, pathway; to run over; run through; do haphazardly (PAN: *zalan-an) *zalan

daláyapshrub with lemonlike fruits, Citrus lima, used in native medicine to cure fever (PAN: *dalayap)

dalikánhearth. Any kind, but more especially a portable earthen contrivance, more or less in the shape of a cradle, with a flat bottom and three hornlike projections ... at one end, upon which are placed the jars used in cooking (PMP: *dalikan)

dalúpaŋkind of shrub with yellow flowers: Thespesia lampas (PPH: *dalúpaŋ)

diadverb of negation (di-ka maŋan ‘Don’t eat!’, di pay ‘not yet’, etc.) (PPh: *diq)

díketa generic name for several varieties of rice ... ; the díket is very soft and oily, and is used chiefly to make native sweets (PMP: *diket) *dikeC

dugmónnest of the wild boar (or any other animal that is not a bird); dirty (PPH: *dug(e)mún)

dúgocorner post of a house (one of four); backbone; foundation; monument (PWMP: *zuRu)

dúŋuntree whose bark is used to dye nets: Heritiera littoralis (PWMP: *duŋun)

dúyoga coconut shell, a receptacle for many things; a drinking cup (PPH: *duyuR)

eŋʔéŋgrumble, mutter, mumble; stutter, stammer; whimper, whine (PPh: *qeŋqeŋ)

errésdroop, decline, languish (persons, animals, plants); to shrink, contract (wood) (PMP: *eRes)

gabát-ento loot, rob a house; gather anything useful from flotsam (PPH: *Rabat)

gawédbetel pepper, used in native medicine to cure wounds, stomach aches and bone dislocations; people combine gawed, apug (powdered lime) and buá (betel nut) to make mama, a concoction for chewing (PPH: *gawed)

gergérline, groove; any temporary line produced in the skin by wrapping, binding, etc. (PWMP: *gerger₂)

gíbusend, termination, limit, finish, cessation, completion, conclusion, close (ROOT)

g<in>úlayvegetable dish of boiled vegetables seasoned with vinegar (PWMP: *gulay)

gulis-anto make a hill (for cultivating); make a row for cultivation (PPH: *gúlis)

i-bílinto order, to command; give an order to, give an order for (PPh: *hi-bilín) *bilin

i-buáŋto permit, allow; open (obstruction), open (faucet); set loose (animal); let newly hatched chicks out of the nest (PPH: *buaŋ)

idían adverb: formerly, in time past, at that time, then; a conjunction: when, at the time that, while (PMP: *idi)

i- gígirto shelter, shield; protect, guard, take care of; defend (PWMP: *gigir)

i-kalkágto bump something against the ground (in order to remove the dirt) (NOISE)

ikaménmat. A coarse fabric made by weaving strips of the leaves of the screw pine, strips of the petioles of the silag or buri palm, or similar material, and universally used to sleep on (PPh: *ikamen)

ílekkind of large spotted marine fish with tasty meat, rudder fish, Kyphosus sp. (PPH: *hilek)

ilétnarrow, strait, constricted, tight, giving little room (openings, garments, etc.); difficult, labored (breath) (PWMP: *ilet)

íliwremember (an absent friend, relative, etc.) with affection; long to see; be homesick, nostalgic (PPh: *íliw)

íloanything used for cleaning after defecating: toilet paper, a small stick, etc. (PAN: *qiluS)

i-lugárto place something, put in the proper place; find space for; employ (LOAN)

i-luges-lugésto press down, oppress; to squash the feet (over an insect, etc.) (PPH: *luges)

imatóncare for, look after, attend to, heed, mark, observe, notice (PPh: *himatún)

ímonjealousy, envy (about matters of the heart, as opposed to apal, which concerns material goods) (PPh: *qímun)

i-múlato plant, to sow; to insert, to implant (a new, fresh strip of bamboo, etc. while weaving baskets, etc.); to insert (a tenon into a mortise); to incrust with, to incrustate with, to inlay (PAN: *mula)

-in-perfective infix of -en and -an verbs and many complex verbs with these endings (PAN: *<in>) *-in-

ínatstretch, stretch oneself (as persons or animals after awakening) (PWMP: *iñat)

indáŋoverseer, supervisor, superintendent, foreman, inspector; to mind, regard with attention (PWMP: *indaŋ)

innáwdo the dishes; wash, rinse, cleanse plates, glasses, jars, etc. (PMP: *hiñaw) *Siñaw

inum-énto drink; beverage, drink (wine, beer, gin, tea, coffee, etc.; more especially: water) (PWMP: *inum-en) *inum

ínutdo, etc., intermittently, at intervals, at times, now and then, a little at a time (PWMP: *qinut)

iŋétstrict, rigorous, severe, constant, firm, resolute, steady, resolved, determined (PMP: *qiŋet)

iŋgáend, conclusion, close, termination, ending; till, until, to (place and time) (PMP: *qiŋga)

iŋpísthin, tenuous (paper, plates, boards, hair, strings, etc.) (PAN: *iŋ(e)pis)

i-pádato compare; make something thesame or similar to something else (PPH: *i-pada) *pada

i-pelpélto press down (through an opening); put on a wheel; thrust into hole or mouth (PWMP: *pelpel)

i-penpénto store, keep in reserve; accumulate, pile up; keep; conceal, hide (PWMP: *penpen₁)

ípilIntsia bijuga (Colebr.) O. Kuntze. A leguminous tree which yields a very valuable building timber (PMP: *qipil)

ípona fish which, after having been hatched in sea water, ascends rivers, where it grows and spawns. From August or September to January, about nine days after the new moon, it appears in exceedingly numerous shoals... Its meat is very much esteemed... It rarely exceeds an inch in length, and when it has grown larger, it is known by some other name (PMP: *hipun₁)

i-sabuágto cast something at one’s opponent; to cast earth out of a hole in the ground (PPH: *sabuag)

i-saŋɁátto carry up to a place; land; take to the mountains (a captive) (PPH: *saŋ(e)qát)

ísipintellect, mind, intelligence; consider, think on, study, ponder (PPh: *ísip)

ispélobstructed by food; experiencing difficulty in getting the food down the throat (ROOT)

i-súboto feed, supply; to pass warp threads through the reed in weaving (PPH: *i-súbuq) *súbuq

i-tarus-ánto guess, arrive at, get to the true meaning; come upon; comprehend (PPH: *tarús)

ítikkind of freshwater duck with speckled plumage, yellow, brown, etc. It is not very common (PWMP: *itik₂)

ittípcrust of rice; the rice that adheres to the bottom of the earthen jar when it is cooked (PPh: *itíp)

i-tudóto point out, indicate, show, signify, designate, make known, explain, reveal, disclose, tell (PWMP: *i-tuzuq) *tuzuq₁

i-túladto copy after, pattern after; compare with something else (PWMP: *tulad)

íwasramble, rove, roam, range; to move from side to side; to turn to the left, to the right (PPh: *iwas)

ka-with the particle idí, the ka- prefix with an adjectival root translates that the quality of the adjective is at the highest level: idí ka-pintás-na ‘at the highest level of his/her/its beauty’ (cp. pintás ‘beauty’) (PPH: *ka-₃)

ka-transitive verbal prefix indicating companionship of the action expressed by the root (ka-sala ‘to dance with someone’, ka-sao ‘to speak with someone’) (PPH: *ka-₄)

ka-ásimercy, pity, clemency, compassion, commiseration, charity, leniency, indulgence, tolerance, forbearance (PMP: *ka-qasiq) *qasiq

kabásikind of large marine fish, gizzard shad: Anodontostoma spp. (PWMP: *kabasi)

kabatítia vine with edible, long cylindrical fruits: Luffa cylindrica (PPH: *kabatíti)

ka-bátugarea in front of which something stands; something on the opposite side of (PPH: *batuR₂)

kablíŋspecies of aromatic herb with pink-purple flowers: Pogostemon cablin (PPH: *kab(e)liŋ)

kádaŋeight timber pieces that form the Saint Andrew’s Cross of the granary (PWMP: *kazaŋ₁)

kagtéŋstriped marine fish somewhat over eight inches in length (PMP: *keRteŋ)

kagtéŋkind of striped marine fish larger than the birút (kind of freshwater fish, Eleotris melanosoma) (PWMP: *kaReteŋ)

kahélspecies of orange tree with sweet or sour fruit (said to be from Spanish cahel through Tagalog) (LOAN)

kákakthe uniform cry of the hen, when restless, looking for a nest, etc. (PMP: *kakakₐ) *kakak

kalamutiŋa plant: Pouteria macrantha (Merr.) Bachni, Sapotaceae (PWMP: *kalamuntiŋ)

kalbit-énto nudge, pluck; make plucking motion of fingers to call someone’s attention; touch tip; pull the trigger of a gun (PPH: *kal(e)bit)

kalísdissimulate, dissemble, disguise (one's thoughts, etc.), express (one's thoughts, etc.) with difficulty (PWMP: *kalis)

kal-lútaŋfloat, etc. at random, drift, as a rudderless ship, a sailing vessel when there is no wind (PWMP: *lutaŋ)

kamágoŋa tree with edible brown, hairy fruits: Diospyros discolor (PPH: *kamaguŋ)

kamáligkind of low granary or warehouse, lower than the agamang but with a larger capacity (PMP: *kamaliR)

kamantígiImpatiens balsamina, balsam, touch-me-not, used in native medicine against boils (PPH: *kamantigi)

kandóŋsmall tree with large coriaceous leaves and deep blue or purple flowers: Memecylon umbrellatum (PWMP: *kenduŋ)

kannáwayheron with white plumage, living in the vicinity of rivers and brooks (PMP: *kanaway)

ka-pilít-anto do without the will; be forced to do; a necessary obligation (PPH: *pílit)

kapóna sterilized animal or human not able to bear children; castrated male (LOAN)

ka-puónnumber of trees in a given area; ka-puón-an lineage, pedigree, genealogy; line of descent, stock (PWMP: *ka-puqun) *puqun

karasákasrustling sound; shuffling sound of feet on floor; crumpling sound (PPH: *kaRaskas)

karitíkitsound of a running mouse or a shuffling hen; sound of rain; sound of jingling (PPH: *kaRitkit)

kárusscraper; anything that can be used to scrape out the meat of coconuts, or to scrape pawpaws or papayas into shreds for salad; for instance, a potsherd, piece of coconut shell, etc. (PAN: *kaRus)

katúda decumbent, strigillose, composite herb with reddish stems and ovoid heads of white flowers: Eclipta alba (L.) Hassk. (PWMP: *katud)

katúdaytree with large white edible flowers: Sesbania grandiflora (PPH: *katúday)

kaut-ento stick in one’s hand in order to take out what is inside, draw from a hole or empty place (PMP: *kaut) *kahut

káwalarge kettle for making sinublán (sugarcane juice) or bási (sugarcane wine) (PWMP: *kawaq)

kawáysignal with the hand, wave the hand in greeting or summoning (PMP: *kaway₁)

-kayósecond person plural -ak series enclitic pronoun, or second person singular polite: you (pl.) (PPH: *ka-yú) *iSu

kikítsmallest finger, little toe; matter of extreme unimportance; least favored (PMP: *kikit)

kílaŋkind of tree whose bark, ground into powder, is added to basi (an alcoholic beverage), etc. to produce fermentation (PWMP: *kilaŋ)

kirússcraper; anything that can be used to clean a pot, pan, etc. to which some extraneous matter is sticking. The kirús is smaller than the kárus (PAN: *kiRus)

kítakind, class; appearance; species; shape; aspect; look (PAN: *kita₂) *kita

kita-ento look at; examine; seek; watch over; pay attention to; watch out for (PAN: *kita-en) *kita

kítiŋshort (garments, etc.); narrow, restricted, circumstances (building sites, etc.) (PWMP: *kitiŋ)

-koergative first person singular enclitic pronoun: I, my; changes to –k after vowels and the suffixes –an and -en (PAN: *-ku)

koŋkóŋ-enknock, strike resoundingly; rap upon (a door, something hollow) (PAN: *ku(ŋ)kuŋ)

koriátcricket, believed to be bad as they enter the ears and may cause hardship or death (PWMP: *kuRiat)

korʔitscratch with claws or nails, paper in writing; scratching a match (PMP: *kur(e)qit)

kuáterm used to replace nouns or roots that the speaker cannot name by word due to lack of memory (PWMP: *kua₂) *kua₁

kudítdiligent, active, energetic, assiduous, restless, unsettled, unquiet (PWMP: *ku(n)zit)

kúgawfish resembling the puróŋ (white, elongated fresh water fish), but with smaller scales; its meat is esteemed (PMP: *kuRaw)

kúlitto peel, decorticate (sugarcane); bite off the rind of sugarcane (PPH: *kúlit)

kuŋkóŋkind of small bird that cries at dusk; hollowed-out tree trunk used for sending messages (PAN: *kuŋkuŋ₁)

kuriátcricket, believed to be bad because they enter the ears and may cause hardship or death (PWMP: *kuriat)

kutkut-énto corrode; wear away (soil); erode; cut a groove in; dig; exhume (PWMP: *kutkut₁)

lábagstrand; single needleful of thread; line; passage (in literature) (PPH: *lábag)

lakáyold man; husband; colloquial term of address between males; old (of males) (PWMP: *lakay)

laŋkóklower part of the thumb, including the adductor pollicis and the first phalanx (PMP: *leŋkuk)

lápusexceed, go beyond, pass over, pass through, move past (PWMP: *la(m)pus₂)

lásaŋto disjoin; separate; disconnect; tear apart; break off (PWMP: *lasaŋ₂)

láwawide, spacious, extensive, broad, large, roomy, loose, ample (PAN: *lawa₁)

layáginger, Zingiber officinale, used in native medicine to cure rheumatism, wounds, cough and stomach ache (PMP: *laqia)

lebbéksmash, pound in the mortar (with a pestle). Cooked rice, bananas, dodomén or roasted immature rice, etc. (PPh: *lebék)

leplepabsolute silence, e.g. when someone has shouted; hush, silence, be still (PWMP: *leplep) *leplep₂

leppákseparate at the joints (bones, roasted chickens, palm spines, etc.) (PMP: *lepak₁)

leppákseparate at the joints (bones, roasted chickens, palm spines, etc.) (ROOT)

leppápcompressed, oblate, flattened (at the poles), of tomatoes, etc. (PWMP: *lepap)

liádbent or inclined backwards; with protruding abdomen and bent back (PWMP: *liad)

libáskind of vine with white flowers and edible shoots: Momordica ovata (PWMP: *libas₁)

liŋúsmake a wry face, grimace, at the same time slightly shaking the head, as when hearing something unpleasant (PWMP: *liŋus)

lipat-ento forget something intentionally; disregard, neglect (PPH: *lipat-en) *lipat

lípaykind of vine whose seeds children use as marbles: Mucuna sp. (PPH: *lipay)

lolósoft, spoiled by handling, squeezing or beating, e.g. fruits (PWMP: *lu(q)luq)

luábto top cooking rice; to remove the upper layer from the kettle (PMP: *luab)

lúganvehicle; unborn child; fellow passenger; ride (on or in a vehicle); be contained, comprehended, comprised, included (PMP: *lujan)

lukátto open -- doors, books, boxes, letters, one's heart, mind, etc., revealing one's feelings; free from obstruction (PWMP: *lukat₁)

l<um>áŋanto be absent; to play hooky; skip; miss, fail to do something; miss a meal (PPH: *laŋan)

lúmpiaPhilippine eggroll, spring roll, meat, vegetables and or shrimps wrapped in rice starch wrappers (LOAN)

lúmpiaPhilippine eggroll, spring roll, meat, vegetables, and/or shrimps wrapped in rice starch wrappers (LOAN)

l<um>sótto go through; break through; pass through; to protrude, spurt, break through; flow out; to escape from danger (PPH: *lusút)

lúnodto sink, disappear, vanish, be lost at sea; lose all one’s money; forget completely (PPH: *lúnud)

lupaypáylanguid; droopy; weary from lack of sleep; without energy (PPH: *lupaypáy)

ma-ánuddrift, float; be driven along, carried away (by a current of water) (PMP: *ma-qañud) *qañud

ma-bogbógto pulp; become pulpy, pulplike. Being booked to excess (PMP: *buRbuR₁)

madre kakáwkind of tree with edible flowers and durable timber used in construction and hardwood flooring (LOAN)

mag-dúkotto draw or pull out something (as from a pocket, a drawer, etc.); to pickpocket someone (PPH: *dúkut)

mai-padpádto land, reach the shore after having been gone awhile; set foot on; drift; reach a destination (PPH: *padpád)

maka-intransitive potentive prefix, corresponding to the transitive ma- indicating potential, abilitative, accidental, or coincidental action (PWMP: *maka-)

maka-báwito win one’s money back; disown; disclaim one’s promise (PPH: *báwiq)

maka-gúyodto be capable of pulling; to be sufficient; to be of use; capable of drawing a crowd (PWMP: *guyud₃)

maki-participative (social), intransitive verbal prefix that takes the -ak series pronoun enclitics (PPH: *maki-)

ma-lalákimasculine; looking strong and responsible; daring; courageous; intelligent (PWMP: *la-laki) *laki₁

ma-lúgito suffer a loss in business; to be shortchanged, become bankrupt (LOAN)

ma-lúnodto sink, disappear, vanish, be lost at sea; lose all one’s money; forget completely (PPH: *ma-lúnud) *lúnud

ma-lúsakfall to the ground and bruise (fruits); be smashed, crushed (PWMP: *lucak)

mamáa concoction for chewing made of betel leaf, betel nut and lime; areca nut, tobacco, lime and betel leaves (PMP: *mamaq)

manparticle of entreaty: please; affirms a negative statement; whether or not; may express unexpected information; so what; again (PPH: *man)

mannápawnonvenomous snake found in thatched roofs of temporary huts, built for watching crops and afterwards abandoned (PAN: *sapaw)

man-naulprone to barking; kind of small black bird that cries at night (PPH: *tahúl)

maŋgáthe mango tree; mango fruit (leaves used in native medicine against cough and fever) (LOAN)

maŋ-úgutto fish in the ebb tide (with the hands); to fish with the hands in tide pools (NEAR)

ma-pídutto be picked up; to happen to pick up; coincidentally pick up (PPH: *pidut)

ma-puláŋ-anto recover to normal condition (health, finances, etc.) (PWMP: *pulaŋ)

máraŋspecies of tropical fruit with sweet white flesh around thick seeds and surrounded by a spiny covering (PWMP: *madaŋ)

ma-rbáto be shipwrecked; wrecked; crumble down, collapse; to fall down; decay (PPH: *ma-Rebaq) *Rebaq

mata-ánlarge-eyed; variety of large-eyed fish (club mackerel: Rastrelliger chrysozomus) (PPH: *mata-an) *maCa

m-atáydie, expire, perish, cease, become extinct, be (sick, tired) to death, become indifferent, stop (PMP: *m-atay) *aCay

ma-úlawfeel dizzy; be confused, perplexed, muddled, flustered, flurried (PAN: *ma-ulaw) *ulaw

molmólkeep something in the mouth (candy, one's thumb, etc.) without sucking (PAN: *mulmul)

mugiŋ-anhaving a large forehead (which denotes intelligence in Ilokano culture) (PAN: *mujiŋ-an) *mujiŋ

mulmólred and yellow marine fish eaten whole, rainbow-colored parrot fish: Scaridae family (PPH: *mulmúl)

na-atagreen, unripe, immature; unseasoned, raw, undry; not cooked thoroughly (rice) (PAN: *qataq)

na-báogspoiled and smelling due to lack of air and moisture (rice and seeds) (PPH: *báqug)

na-garáwlively, restless, active, wild (animals); unruly; lewd; immodest (PPH: *garáw)

nákemmind; will, free will; intellect, sense, reasoning, good mental capacity (PPH: *nákem)

na-killówinding, meandering; twisted; crooked; distorted; broken (talk) (PMP: *kiluq)

na-pilifastidious, finicky, very selective; choice, select, high quality (PWMP: *na-piliq) *piliq

narráleguminous trees with yellow flowers and orbicular pods which yield a valuable timber for construction, etc.: Pterocarpus spp. (PMP: *naRah)

n-atáydead, defunct, extinct, extinguished, indifferent, stopped (PMP: *in-atay) *aCay

nemnémdissimulate, dissemble, refrain from divulging one's thoughts, keep silent (PAN: *nemnem)

nisingular of the personal article, used before names of people and intelligent animals (pets); possessive proper article (PAN: *ni)

nípathe nipa palm whose leaves are used for thatching; the alcoholic beverage distilled from this palm (PMP: *nipaq)

nítofern used in basket and hat making: Lygodium flexuosum, Lygodium japonicum (PMP: *nituq)

ŋádaspalate, roof of the mouth; the rice that cleaves to the upper half of the jar in which it is cooked; the concave side of a jar or pot (PMP: *ŋadas)

ŋ<ar>ikŋikhigh-pitched, shrieking laughter (said of females; ungik is used for pigs) (PMP: *ŋikŋik)

ŋesŋésto have difficulty when breathing through the nose (as a person with sinusitis) (PAN: *ŋesŋes)

ŋúsabsound of voracious eating, chomping; to snap the jaws while eating (said of hogs) (NEAR)

ŋusúŋosto growl (said of animals whose food is being taken away) (PAN: *ŋusŋus)

óboŋpigsty, pigpen; a small enclosure for swine, situated at some distance from the house (NOISE)

óbosdrained, emptied, bled, deprived of contents (impaired containers); bleed to death (PMP: *qubus)

okrítto line, mark with a line or lines, to rule; to scarify, to scratch or cut the skin (ROOT)

ománto consult, take counsel, seek the opinion or advice of another (PAN: *quman)

ontáyhanging, suspended, dangling (being fastened at one end) (PWMP: *quntay₁)

pag-amu-ento make enemies friends as before, make people reconcile (PPH: *haq(e)muq)

pag-apúg-ankind of very small báŋa or earthenware jar used by chewers of betel nut for holding lime; any receptacle for lime (PWMP: *paR-qapuR-an) *qapuR

paka-nominalizing instrumental affix for potentive maka- verbs (maka-surat ‘able to write’ : paka-surat ‘something with which one is able to write’) (PAN: *pa-ka-) *pa-₂

pakáwbow-legged; term used for Japanese soldiers during occupation (PPH: *pakáw)

pak-pa-kilápburning glass; gathering the rays of the sun with the aid of a lens (PMP: *kilap)

páladline in the palm of the hand, the fingers, the sole of the foot (PMP: *palaj₁)

pala-pálascaffold, scaffolding. For supporting workmen, etc.; a framework for ornamental arches, etc. (PWMP: *pala pala₁)

palásanvariety of or species allied to Calamus mollis. Blanco, the common rattan (LOAN)

pampágbeat, strike repeatedly (rugs, etc.) either with the hand or with an instrument (ROOT)

pantártreeless plain; (in some districts) shore, land immediately bordering on a stream (PMP: *pa(n)tar₁)

pantóktop, apex, summit (mountains, houses); tip of the nose (when long) (PWMP: *pa(n)tuk₁)

pantóktop, apex, summit (mountains, houses); tip of the nose (when long) (ROOT)

paŋdánthe screw pine, Pandanus tectorius Sol. Its leaves are used in the manufacture of hats and mats (PMP: *paŋedan) *paŋudaN

paŋgála stick or bamboo transversely tied to the head or neck of an animal, or a collar consisting of a kind of triangle made of three pieces of wood or bamboo, to keep the wearer from passing through bamboo fences (PMP: *pagal)

paŋ-ólohead, chief, director, leader, commander, headman, chieftain, ruler, governor (PWMP: *paŋ-qulu) *quluh

párathe sprouting embryo of the coconut, before the cotyledon appears (PMP: *para)

parbóthe four rafters that meet the solókan (hip rafters) at their upper end, near the ridge of the roof (PPh: *paR(e)bu)

pariáMomordica charantia L. A vine with yellow flowers. Its young shoots and leaves and its fruits are edible (PWMP: *paria)

pariókan iron pan with a round bottom and a short iron handle in the shape of a socket (PAN: *pariuk)

parokpókrapids; to bubble, said of liquids: water issuing from a spring or a spout, boiling, etc. (PPH: *p<aR>ukpuk) *pukpuk

párutpull up, grub up, uproot, pluck up by the roots, pull off, pluck (feathers, hair, etc.) (PMP: *paRut)

pa-súŋorope attaching the nasal septum of a carabao to the larger rope (used to restrain it) (PPH: *suŋu₂)

pátawbuoy; float; anchor; (fig.) anything used for support in times of danger (PPH: *patáw)

patay-énkill, slay, put to death, dispatch, murder, extinguish, put out; to stop (an engine) (PMP: *p-atay) *aCay

paúdstrings that attach the warp to the weaver, when weaving without a loom (PWMP: *paqud)

pekka-ento shatter, smash; break; open someone’s fist forcibly; break free from bondage; disjoint (PWMP: *pekaq)

pelléŋbe stunned, stupefied, rendered senseless (by a blow on the head, the report of a gun, the crash of thunder, etc.) (ROOT)

pespésjuice extracted from the stomach of ruminants, used as sour seasoning to make pinespesan, also called pinespes (PMP: *pespes)

pigkétthe glutinous substance exuded by several trees; gluey, glutinous, sticky (PWMP: *piReket)

pigkétthe glutinous substance exuded by several trees; gluey, glutinous, sticky (ROOT)

pilkógdoubled, bent, curved, crooked, turned (nails, edges of knives, etc.) (ROOT)

pintal-énto soak thread or string before putting it on the netting needle (PWMP: *pintal)

pitíkpulsate, beat, throb -- said of the heart, the pulse, the fetus (PMP: *pi(n)tik)

pítikcorporal punishment: flicking with the finger; flip (PMP: *pitik₁) *pitik

pitik-ento punish physically; to flip with the finger; flick the ear in punishment (PMP: *pitik₁) *pitik

posótwean (a child); deprive, debar, shut out, dispossess, bereave (PWMP: *pucut₂)

pugús-ento cut the web from the loom; to cut testicles off an animal (PPH: *pugus)

púlaŋto return (what has been borrowed); carry; give back; bring; replace; atone; satisfy (PWMP: *pulaŋ)

púlisto wind (a rope) around a tree, pole, etc., so as to keep an animal in check (PMP: *pulis)

puŋán-anto supply someone with a pillow; use someone as a pillow (PPH: *puŋan)

puónbeginning; origin, source; base; root; trunk; lower part; parentage; ancestry; unit for counting trees; cause, reason (-en, -in-, i-) (PMP: *puqun)

púsegbelly button, navel; umbilical cord; eye of an apple; innermost part of a cave (PMP: *pusej)

pusʔóŋhypogastrium, lower, front-central region of the abdomen below the navel (PPH: *pus(e)quŋ)

pútolbeheaded, decapitated; manner in which a woman’s dress, neckline, or hair is cut (PMP: *putul) *putun

puyóŋform into a purse; gathering together and fastening the four corners of a handkerchief, net, etc.; improvised purse or bag contents of an improvised purse or bag (PWMP: *puyuŋ)

puyoŋ-ento form into a purse or bag (joining together four corners of a cloth, etc.) (PWMP: *puyuŋ)

qalaŋto block, obstruct, blockade; seize by surprise, ambush, waylay (PWMP: *qadaŋ)

rákitbamboo raft; bamboo or wood that covers the rafters; scaffolding, the part of a scaffold workmen stand on (PMP: *Rakit)

ramasknead (in washing clothes, cleaning rice before cooking, crumbling clods, massaging some part of the body, etc.) (PAN: *Rames)

ram-ramíttools; items; facts; circumstances; components; ingredients; elements (PPH: *Rámit)

raráŋkind of large, elongated mollusk with a pointed shell; mother-of-pearl (PPH: *RaRaŋ)

regreg-ánto drop; intentionally drop foof under the table for the dog (PPH: *regrég)

reŋŋatto crack, fissure, cleave, part, open, split, be creviced; said of ground (PWMP: *reŋat)

rimpóŋbinding together the four limbs (animals); tying elbow to elbow (men) (PMP: *rimpuŋ)

risrísthe sound of fluttering June bugs when taking hold of their outer wings (PWMP: *risris)

rissíkto sparkle, emit sparks; also: the cracking sound of a glass, etc. when breaking (PWMP: *ricik)

roáŋandoor, entrance, passage, gate (the opening, not the movable frame of boards or other material) (PWMP: *Ruqaŋ-an) *Ruqaŋ

rusrústo lower, to slip down (a garment, without unfastening or unbuttoning) (PWMP: *rusrus₂)

sabáliother, another; separate; diverse, different; someone else, something else (PPH: *sabáliq)

sagságbecome destroyed by beating or shaking (as a roof in a storm) (PWMP: *sagsag₁)

sakáyto ride, mount (a horse, etc.); to embark (go on board a steamer, etc.) (PMP: *sakay₁)

sakkúbkind of basket put over the mother hen to keep her in place, with small openings for the chicks to run in and out (PPH: *sakúb)

sakm-énto gather everything in reach; take all one can; to include in one’s jurisdiction; take everything in reach (PPH: *sakém)

salaksákkind of kingfisher with blue and black plumage, larger than the bíding, named for its sound, which is thought to bring about bad luck (PWMP: *salaksak)

saltékthe common house lizard; its cry is supposed to announce the arrival of visitors (PWMP: *sale(n)tek)

saltékthe common house lizard; its cry is supposed to announce the arrival of visitors (ROOT)

salugsógsliver, bigger than the puris, but smaller than the rud-ak (PPH: *salugsúg)

salukúb-anto cover (in order to protect); defend, shelter; conceal (PPH: *salúkub)

salúyotCorchorus olitorium, Jew’s mallow with edible spinachlike leaves famous in Ilokano cuisine; appellation given to the Ilokano people (PPH: *salúyut)

sámakMacaranga tanarius, tree whose bark and bitter leaves are used to brew bási (sugarcane wine) and give it a brown color (PWMP: *samak)

sámirpinnae of coconut palm leaves woven into basketwork and used for a temporary shade (PWMP: *samir)

samónan erect grass, very leafy above, in whose inflorescence the spathe is longer than the spikes: Themada triandra Linn. (PWMP: *samun)

santóltree with yellowish acidic fruits, eaten salted and dried: Sandoricum koetjape (LOAN)

saŋɁátland (distinguished from water); upland region; bank, ledge (PPH: *saŋ(e)qát)

saŋgácollar or flange surrounding the base of the blade of a knife or bolo, and used to prevent it from entering deeper into the handle (PWMP: *saŋga)

saŋga-ento fend off; turn aside (with a sword); to shield; deflect (PWMP: *saŋgaq)

saŋka-btekone bundle of palay. In some districts: four, five or six bundles of palay (PPh: *beték)

saóword; speech, talk; conversation; language; statement; saying; conversation; terminology; expression; proverb (PPH: *sahuq)

sapáŋCaesalpinia sappan L.. A small, leguminous tree with scattered prickles, long leaves, terminal panicles, and yellow flowers (PMP: *sepaŋ)

sapáŋtree with yellow flowers and red bark: Caesalpinia sappan (PWMP: *sapaŋ)

sapin-ánto cover for protection from wetness; to put sapín on someone (PPH: *sapín)

sapsápgumabbék fish in fresh water (gumabbék = slipmouth, Leiognathidae family) (PPH: *sapsáp)

sa-r-dámevening; the period from sunset or from the evening meal to ordinary bedtime (9-10 p.m.) (PWMP: *sedem)

sarébwater drawn from a well; water used for washing clothes or dishes (PPH: *saR(e)qeb)

sarigsig-anto incite cocks; circle around a hen (said of a cock); attack from the side; (fig.) court a girl (PPH: *sarijsij)

satsátto unravel; tear, rip garments; demolish; undo crochet work by pulling the string (PAN: *tastas)

satsat-énto unravel; tear, rip garments; demolish; undo crochet work by pulling the string (PPH: *tastas-en) *tastas

seddémoppressed, weighed down, overburdened (with grief, pain, work, etc.) (PMP: *sendem)

seddémoppressed, weighed down, overburdened (with grief, pain, work, etc.) (ROOT)

sekkádto prop; resist; make a stand against; set feet firmly in the ground (PWMP: *sekad)

sekseksound of the maya bird (rice sparrow); the maya bird itself (PWMP: *seksek₂)

seppákbreak, snap, of bows, limbs, etc., more especially at the joints (PWMP: *sepak₁) *sepak

seppétbe choked (plants); be obstructed (liquids, the meshes of a net or strainer being clogged or filled up) (PMP: *sepet₂)

siobsolete variant of ni: singular of personal article (also occurs in the word for ‘who?’, and in the independent personal pronouns siak, siká, sitá, sikamí, sitayó, sikayó) (PAN: *si₁)

sidáany article of food that is eaten with rice (meat, fish, vegetables, etc.) (PPh: *sidáq)

sigéexpression indicating departure by either speaker or hearer; go ahead, carry on (LOAN)

sigpítclip, clasp; border of a basket; strip of bamboo that runs across a layer of taléb (overlapping bamboos) (PPH: *sig(e)pít)

siít-anbamboo with spiny branches: Bambusa blumeana; generic names for spiny, thorny plants (PWMP: *siqit)

s<in>igáŋdish made with fish cooked in a sour broth (tamarind, etc.) (PPH: *sigáŋ)

síŋitposts of a granary or house used to support the busóran girders [girders supporting the floor joists]; little fork (PPH: *síŋit)

sípahacky sack: a kind of boys’ game that consists of standing in a circle and kicking up a small, light ball, keeping it in the air as long as possible (LOAN)

sípiŋgrown together (fruits, parts of bodies, etc.); inseparable (PPH: *sípiŋ)

sódoladle or dipper consisting of a cuplike section (mostly one half of a coconut shell) provided with a handle, and used to dip water (PMP: *sudu)

soŋʔábrespire convulsively, gasp, pant violently, be breathless or out of breath (PWMP: *cuŋ(e)qab)

suápomelo, used in native medicine against fever: Citrus decumana (PPH: *suháq)

suat-ento prick, gouge, take out a sliver with a pointed instrument (PMP: *suat₂)

subá-ento go against (current, wind, etc.), to refuse to pay a debt (PPH: *súbaq)

subú-anto replace; substitute; take over someone else’s responsibility (PPH: *subuq-an) *súbuq

sudsúdsticks thrown into a brook to drive fish toward the net; dibble used for transplanting rice (PPH: *sudsud₂)

sudsud-ánto throw sudsúd in water; to push sticks through to find snakes, rats, etc., plunge a pole into a hole; dibble (PPH: *sudsud₂)

súgastake, pointed sticks placed in the ground to prevent people or animals from entering (PMP: *suja)

sukábopen from below, at the bottom (e.g. when extracting a mollusk from its shell, when a thief breaks in, etc.) (PMP: *su(ŋ)kab)

sukáyto search, explore, inspect (for lice, etc.); overturn (when looking for something) (PPH: *sukáy)

sukay-anto search, explore, inspect (for lice, etc.); overturn (when looking for something) (PPH: *sukay-án) *sukáy

sulít-ento win back one’s losses in gambling; regain what one has lost (PPH: *sulit₂)

súmamenispermaceous vine with long-petioled, glabrous leaves; the roots are used in medicine (PWMP: *suma)

s<um>ágidto meet casually, touch in passing; brush up against; (fig.) to be partly correct (PPH: *saq(e)gid)

súmannative rice cake made with díket (glutinous rice) and gettá (coconut milk) (PPH: *súman)

s<um>ápatto go to the top, ascend; reach the second half; pass the medidian (sun) (PPH: *sapat)

s-um-ilápflash, sparkle, shine, glossy or lustrous, glisten, glitter (metals, silk, etc.) (PMP: *silap)

s<um>írippeep through a crevice; peer in (said of light through small hole); look through a microscope (PPH: *siq(e)rip)

sumpítinjection; syringe; enema; blowgun; small glass used by erbularios [herbal doctors] to draw out venom from snakebite victims (PMP: *sumpit)

sumpit-énto hit with a popgun; to draw out poisoned blood from a snakebite victim (PMP: *sumpit)

sunúg-ento take the honeycombs away from the beehives by smoking out the bees (PPH: *sunúg-en) *sunuR

suŋkákind of native game played with small butiti shells and a board with twelve holes (LOAN)

súrotto follow; pursue; obey; pledge allegiance to; yield; keep the mind upon; understand (PPH: *súrut)

su-suónpad placed on the head for carrying heavy objects; object carried on the head (PAN: *suquN)

taso, because; that; conjunction connecting causative or resultative clauses (PPH: *taq₁)

tabtab-ánto hollow out boards for putting rungs of stairs in them when making a ladder (PPH: *tabtab-an) *tabtab₁

tabúkolround net with cord at the center and lead sinkers around the circumference (PAN: *tabukul)

tadémedge, the cutting side of the blade of a knife, an axe, a saw, etc. (PMP: *tazem) *Cazem

tagáto trim, shape (by cutting); kind of small gray bird that nests in tree holes it bores (PAN: *taRaq₁)

tahúkind of delicacy made from soybean or mung bean meal and syrup; the Philippine version is served sweet, not salty as the original Chinese (LOAN)

takbáto embrace from behind, hang on somebody’s neck while being carried on the back; cover; copulate on the back (PPH: *tak(e)bá)

takkístool, feces, fecal matter, excrement, ordure; dung; rust, verdigris (PMP: *taki) *Caki

talakítokkind of small, speckled marine fish with dark meat, Caranx sp. (PPH: *talakituk)

tali-ánto rope, to bind, tie or fasten with a rope or cord; connect or fasten together with a rope; to clench, grip, clutch, hold or grasp firmly (clinching); to entwist, entwine, twist or wreath around (snakes) (PWMP: *talih-an) *CaliS

talipupústo do, etc. completely, entirely, utterly (extinguishing a debt, a lineage by death, buying up a crop; devastating a whole village, etc.) (ROOT)

tampípikind of rectangular light bamboo trunk with flat sides, used for traveling (PPH: *tampipiq)

tan-tandókGynandropsis pentaphylla (L.) DC.. An erect capparidaceous herb with digitate, long-petioled leaves ... and white flowers tinged with purple; it is considered a caustic (PWMP: *tanduk tanduk)

taŋgígikind of marine fish, usually eaten raw in kilawen (a raw meat dish), Spanish mackerel (PWMP: *taŋgiRi)

táoman, person, human being, individual; people (i-REDUP, ka-REDUP) (PMP: *tau₁) *Cau

tápathin slices of meat, salted, occasionally dipped in vinegar, and dried in the sun (PMP: *tapa₁) *Capa

tápeykind of fermented drink made by the Igorots (mountain people) (PWMP: *tapay)

tapóŋhusked rice soaked in water before it is pounded into powder (PPH: *tapuŋ)

taráyrun; speed; operation or functioning (of a machine); drift; elopement (PPH: *taray)

tătaterm of address used for father or uncle; male one generation above speaker (PAN: *tata₁)