Updated: 6/21/2020
| Updated: 6/21/2020 |
Austronesian Comparative Dictionary
Cognate Sets
la
32922 11385 11386 Note: On the basis of just the Malagasy and Sa'a forms given here Dempwolff (1938) posited Uraustronesisch *laba ‘big, large’. There can be little doubt about the validity of POc *lapa ‘big, large’. However, given the absence of other known forms in island Southeast Asia, the connection of the Oceanic forms to Malagasy lava may be a product of convergence.
26910 *lababa flat-topped coral head 3375 POC *lababa flat-topped coral head
Note: In addition to the other changes they underwent, I assume that the Tolai and Polynesian forms were reduced by haplology.
32932 *lábag bundle of thread or plant fibers 11400 PPh *lábag bundle of thread or plant fibers
Note: Surprisingly, reflexes of *lábag have not been found in any other language, including Tagalog. The likelihood that this is a loan distribution is thus virtually nil.
33189 *labag against, contrary to custom 11690 PPh *labag against, contrary to custom
26861 3323 Note: Also Cebuano labɁák ‘get to have spaces or omissions in between; cause something to do so, skip’.
26918 3383 PMP *la(m)bak slam something down
Note: With root *-bak₂ sound of a heavy smack.
32872 11330 Note: Possibly a chance resemblance.
32924 *laban₂ oppose, go against someone 11388 PMP *laban₂ oppose, go against someone
11389 PMP *laban-an oppose, go against someone
26919 *la(m)baŋ go beyond, go over, go past 3384 PWMP *la(m)baŋ go beyond, go over, go past [doublet: *labeŋ 'abundance, surplus']
32710 *labas pass by, overlook something when searching; to pass by (of time) 11136 PPh *labas pass by, overlook something when searching; to pass by (of time)
11137 PPh *pa-labas-en to let something pass by
11138 11139 PPh *labas-an to pass by, overlook
Note: Also Binukid lagbas ‘to pierce, penetrate deeply in (something); to pass through something (as a nail piercing the foot)’.
33271 *labat fence 11795 PPh *labat fence
Note: Possibly a Cebuano loan distribution, although the regular phonological developments in Subanen/Subanun languages and the relative remoteness of Sarangani Blaan make this appear less likely.
30656 *labaw₁ rat 8172 PAN *labaw₁ rat [doublet: *balabaw, *kalabaw]
Note: A disyllabic base *labaw has been extracted from Formosan forms that disagree in the initial syllable. It is unclear why there are so many variants of this word that differ only in the initial CV-.
33090 *labaw₂ project above, stick up 11581 PPh *labaw₂ project above, stick up
Note: With root *-baw₁ ‘high; top’.
32923 11387 33266 *la(m)béj wrap or wind around something 11790 PPh *la(m)béj wrap or wind around something
Note: Tiruray lambed ‘to wind around’ appears to be a Danaw loan, although the source language is yet to be identified. With root *-bej ‘wind around repeatedly’.
32933 *lab(e)náw thin, of liquids such as soup; to dilute 11401 PPh *lab(e)náw thin, of liquids such as soup; to dilute
Note: Posibly a Tagalog loan in Ilokano.
27515 *lab(e)nuR a small tree, the septic fig: Ficus hauili Blanco 10966 PPh *lab(e)nuR a tree: Ficus sp.
Note: Reflexes of PAn *l in Batanic languages show complex conditioning. In most environments *l became x in Itbayaten and h in the other languages (h ~ Ø in Yami). However, adjacent to *i they remain laterals, and in the sequence *lVR after the change *R > y they assimilated to the following consonant as yVy (e.g. PAn *qaluR ‘deep channel in river’ > Itbayaten ayoy ‘canal-like depth at sea, deep spot in the sea’, PAn *laRiw ‘run, run away. > Itbayaten yayoh (-h unexplained) ‘race’, *ma-laRiw ‘run, run away’ > Itbayaten ma-yayoh, Ivatan ma-yayo ‘to run’. Finally, *y or secondary y from *R both became l in Yami, masking the earlier change *l > y in the sequence *lVR.
26863 *labeŋ abundance, surplus 3325 PWMP *labeŋ abundance, surplus
26862 *labeR₁ wide 3324 PMP *labeR₁ wide
Note: Also Malay lébar ‘wide’.
33252 *labeR₂ roam freely, of domesticated animals that are untethered 11771 PAN *labeR₂ roam freely, of domesticated animals that are untethered
11772 PMP *lambeR roam freely, of domesticated animals that are untethered
Note: Although this comparsion is flawless, Buginese lampaɁ ‘free, as a domesticated animal loose from its tether’ suggests that the Makassarese form reflects *lambaR. If this interpretation is adopted the present etymology will be demoted from a cognate set capable of supporting a reconstruction to a near comparison, only implying one.
32746 11182 PWMP *labetik to flick or snap
Note: With root *-tik₁ ‘spring up; flicking motion’.
26864 *labi₁ excess; more than; surpass 3326 PMP *labi₁ excess; more than; surpass [disjunct: *labiq, *lebiq]
Note: Also Kapampangan labíɁ ‘excess, what is left over; survivor’.
33585 *labi₂ freshwater turtle 12324 PWMP *labi₂ freshwater turtle
33147 *labid intertwine, braid, as strands to make rope 11642 PPh *labid intertwine, braid, as strands to make rope [doublet: *lúbid]
32925 *labi-labi soft-shelled river turtle 11390 PWMP *labi-labi soft-shelled river turtle
Note: Also Lun Dayeh labi ‘a large freshwater mud turtle’. Possibly a Malay introduction in the Philippines.
30915 8759 8760 PWMP *labiq-en (gloss uncertain)
Note: Also Tagalog labí ‘remains; what is left; surplus; excess’, Cebuano labí ‘more, greater; be greater than something else, or excessive’, Maranao labi ‘more than’, Tausug labi ‘extra, excess’, Malay ləbeh ‘more; in excess’, mə-ləbeh’ to surpass’, Toba Batak lobi ‘more, too much, excess’, lobi-lobi ‘excess, what is left over’, Javanese luwih ‘more than; exceeding normal bounds’. Without the Paiwan cognate this set of data would best be treated as a near comparison. Based on forms in western Indonesia and the non-conforming Tagalog form Dempwolff (1938) reconstructed *lebiq ‘excess; more’.
33093 11584 PPh *lábis exceed; excessive [doublet: *labi]
Note: Tiruray labis is clearly a Danaw loanword (Blust 1992), but an exact source language is yet to be determined, and its loan status does not detract from the fact that it is found near
the southern extremity of the Philippines, making this etymology attested from northeast Luzon to southern Mindanao.
33094 11585 Note: With root *-bit₁ ‘hook, clasp; grasp with fingers’.
33046 11535 33159 11658 PMP *labu₂ ashen, grayish [doublet: *qabu]
26920 *la(m)bug₁ throw out (of a container or enclosure) 3385 PWMP *la(m)bug₁ throw out (of a container or enclosure)
26921 *la(m)bug₂ turbid 3386 PWMP *la(m)bug₂ turbid
Note: Also Tagalog labóʔ ‘(applied to liquids) turbidity’.
33130 11624 PWMP *la(m)buk to pound rice [disjunct: *lebuk]
Note: With root *-buk₂ ‘pound, thud, heavy splash’.
33607 *labuŋ abundant, growing profusely 12347 PPh *labuŋ abundant, growing profusely
30889 8718 PWMP *labuq₁ to fall; drop anchor’
Note: Also Tiruray labuɁ ‘to drop anchor’. With root *-buq ‘fall’.
33146 *labuq₂ the bottle gourd: Lagenaria siceraria 11640 PWMP *labuq₂ the bottle gourd: Lagenaria siceraria
Note: Also IDA labu ‘squash’, Malay labu ‘gourd, gourd-shaped water vessel, pumpkin; musk melon’, Sundanese labu ‘kind of gourd’, Javanese labu ‘vine-grown melon or gourd’, Toba Batak tabutabu ‘bottle gourd, used as a rice container’.
This form is widely regarded as a Sanskrit loan (Dempwolff 1938, Wilkinson 1959:635-636), but there are problems with this interpretation. First, the bottle gourd evidently has been present in Southeast Asia for millennia, making it unnecessary to borrow a foreign term for it. Second, the reconstruction proposed here ends with a uvular stop that is not present in Sanskrit alabu. While the final glottal stop in some languages could be secondary, the presence of -k as a regular reflex of *q in the Tboli word makes it far more likely that this term is directly inherited, despite its general similarity to the Sanskrit name for the same plant.
26865 3327 Note: With root *-buR₁ ‘rice gruel; to mix’.
33451 12159 PPh *labus naked, undressed [doublet: *lebas]
33272 *labut involvement, engagement, business 11796 PPh *labut involvement, engagement, business
33452 *labúyuq wild chicken; rooster 12160 PPh *labúyuq wild chicken; rooster
33171 *lacak destroy 11670 PWMP *lacak destroy [disjunct: *lecut]
30268 *laCeŋ stinging nettle: Laportea spp. 7166 PAN *laCeŋ stinging nettle: Laportea spp.
7167 PMP *lateŋ stinging nettle: Laportea spp. [doublet: *zalateŋ, *zilateŋ]
7168 POC *latoŋ stinging nettle: Laportea spp.
7169 PMP *la-lateŋ stinging nettle: Laportea spp.
7170 POC *la-latoŋ stinging nettle: Laportea spp.
Note: Also Buginese lallateŋ, Makassarese laʔlataŋ ‘stinging nettle’, Komodo hayu lantéŋ ‘stinging nettle: Dendrocnide sp.; jellyfish’, Nali nayat, Loniu ñalat, Leipon ñilet, Sori ñaraʔ, Seimat nalat ‘stinging nettle’, Bipi ñalak ‘kind of plant that causes itching for half a day after contact with the skin’.
I assume that PMP *la-lateŋ is a product of partial reduplication, and so classify it as an affixed form of *lateŋ rather than a doublet, as with *zalateŋ and *zilateŋ, but this remains provisional. This term, and the doublet forms that constitute a word-family with it evidently applied not only to various types of stinging nettles, but also to animals that have stinging hairs or tentacles, as various caterpillars, the Portuguese man of war and at least some jellyfish. Saisiyat appears to be unique in using the root as a verb meaning ‘to sting’.
33236 *la(n)day gradually sloping (of terrain); soft-spoken 11753 PWMP *la(n)day gradually sloping (of terrain); soft-spoken
Note: Also Karo Batak andé-andé ‘gradual slope at the foot of a mountain’.
26866 3328 Note: Possibly a Malay loan distribution.
33121 *ladlád spread out, as a net or clothes on the ground to dry 11613 PPh *ladlád spread out, as a net or clothes on the ground to dry
26930 3396 PMP *la(ŋ)ga to heat food [disjunct: *la(ŋ)gaq]
33122 *lagak sound of gurgling water 11614 PWMP *lagak sound of gurgling water
Note: With root *-gak₂ ‘raucous throaty sound’.
33322 11860 PMP *la(ŋ)gaq to heat food [disjunct: *la(ŋ)ga]
32747 11183 PWMP *lagecik splash, spatter [disjunct: *ragecik]
Note: With root *-cik ‘fly out, splash, spatter’.
32749 *lagepak slap, sound of collision 11185 PWMP *lagepak slap, sound of collision [disjunct: *ragepak]
Note: With root *-pak₁ ‘slap, clap’.
32751 *lagetub₁ make a thudding or popping sound 11187 PWMP *lagetub₁ make a thudding or popping sound
32752 11188 PWMP *lagetub₂ blister; blistered
32753 *lagetuk popping or knocking sound 11189 PWMP *lagetuk popping or knocking sound
Note: With root *-tuk₂ ‘knock, pound, beat’.
26867 3329 Note: Also Tagalog lagiʔ ‘always’, possibly a loan from Malay.
33646 *laglag to fall, of leaves from a tree 12389 PPh *laglag to fall, of leaves from a tree [doublet: *dagdag]
26868 3330 PWMP *lagu₁ way, manner; melody
33586 12325 PPh *lagu₂ a tree: Myristica spp.
33190 11691 PPh *lagúq to flourish, of plants
11692 PPh *ma-laguq luxuriant, flourishing (of plants)
32934 11402 Note: The Tagalog form in this comparison is courtesy of April Almarines.
30206 *lahud downstream, toward the sea 7039 PAN *lahud downstream, toward the sea
7040 7041 POC *laur downriver, toward the sea
7042 PMP *i-lahud (gloss uncertain)
7043 POC *i-laur (gloss uncertain)
7044 PWMP *ka-lahud (gloss uncertain)
7045 PWMP *ma-lahud (gloss uncertain)
7046 PAN *Si-lahud wind from the sea (?)
7047 PWMP *ka-lahud-an (gloss uncertain)
7048 PWMP *lahud-an the high seas, far from land
11322 PMP *pa-lahud go downriver, go seaward
11323 POC *pa-laur go to sea, make a sea voyage
Note: Also Paiwan lauḍ ‘seaward, downhill (form used in sacred songs)’, Itbayaten hi-lawod ‘north wind (risky fishing weather)’, Tagalog láot ‘mid-ocean, high seas; far out to (at) sea’, p PAn *lahud was one of the key directional terms in PAn, opposed to *daya ‘upstream, toward the interior’. In many languages this term has since been reinterpreted in terms of a system of cardinal directions, probably through Western contact influence. The general semantic evolution of *lahud is quite rich. From an original narrow sense ‘toward the sea’ the marine element has been generalized to mean ‘sea’ in Central Philippine languages generally (Bikol, Aklanon, Cebuano, etc.), Binukid, the Malayic languages, Balinese, Sangir, Buginese, Kambera, Hawu, Wetan, and Tolai. Although Topping, Ogo and Dungca (1975) give only the cardinal direction meanings, Brant
Songsong assures me that this word still retains its sense of ‘toward the sea’, as in the expression lagu para i tasi, said regardless of which cardinal direction the sea might be from a given location.
Moreover, in some of these languages, as those of the central Philippines, it refers specifically to the high or open seas as opposed to littoral waters. In other languages, especially those whose speakers came to reside in high inland regions, the contrastive elevation of *lahud was extended to encompass the general meaning of ‘lower, at a lower altitude’, in some cases entirely losing its marine associations. In Thao of central Taiwan, for example, raus refers to a downhill, or downward direction from the mountains, with no particular reference to the sea, in Hanunóo of the north-central Philippines láwud refers to the lowland regions, but so far as the available data indicate, not necessarily to the sea, and in Bare'e (or Pamona) of central Sulawesi lau refers to any place that lies lower than the speaker at the time of reference, evidently with no connection to the sea as a feature of orientation.
Finally, Ngaju Dayak olo laut, Hawu dou lou and no doubt similar collocations in other languages for which insufficient data is to hand suggest that once settled in a given location, AN speakers tended to conceive of anyone who arrived by sea as a foreigner, or stranger.
32947 11416 11417 PPh *i-lahúk to mix two or more things
11418 PPh *ka-lahúk ingredient in a mixture
11419 PPh *l<um>ahúk to mix in, mix together
11420 PPh *lahuk-án to mix something with something else
Note: Also Toba Batak mar-laok ‘mixed together, no longer pure’ (< Malay). This word
apparently referred primarily to mixing different types of food together, as seen in the glosses
for Bontok and Malay.
30644 8156 Note: This comparison was first proposed by Tsuchida (1976: 136).
33587 *lahús to pass through or by something, esp. after stopping 12326 PPh *lahús to pass through or by something, esp. after stopping
31357 *laja to plait, weave by hand, of baskets or mats 9439 PWMP *laja to plait, weave by hand, of baskets or mats
9440 PWMP *man-laja to plait, as mats or baskets
9441 PPh *l<in>ága woven; was woven by someone
9442 PPh *l<um>aja to plait, weave by hand, of baskets or mats
9443 PWMP *lalah-en be woven by someone
Note: Also Kapampangan mag-lála ‘to weave’ (< Tagalog), Romblomanon pag-lāya ‘someone’s weaving of a basket, mat’, layāh-un ‘a basket or mat is woven by someone’, Toba Batak lage ‘small mat made for one person’. PMP *añam and PWMP *laja both appear to have meant ‘to plait or weave by hand, as mats or baskets’; the semantic distinction between them remains unclear.
30392 *lajam familiar with, accustomed to 7492 PAN *lajam familiar with, accustomed to [doublet: *najam]
32936 *lajaq pepper; to sting, of a wound or spices in food 11404 PMP *lajaq pepper; to sting, of a wound or spices in food
Note: Also Tagalog ma-laláɁ ‘serious; aggravated; acute (of an illness)’, Ida'an Begak lado ‘pepper’, Malay lada pepper; (sometimes) capsicum; black pepper; chili or small capsicum’. Based on a comparison that included Tagalog, Malay, Toba Batak and Javanese, Dempwolff (1938) reconstructed ‘Uraustronesisch’ *laja ‘to burn (of wounds or spices)’.
33177 *laje branching coral; coral limestone 11675 POC *laje branching coral; coral limestone
Note: Osmond, Pawley, and Ross (2003:102) suggest that Lauje (northwest Sulawesi) lais ‘coral’ is cognate with this term, and on this basis have proposed PMP *lajay ‘coral’. However, Himmelmann 2001:117) actually cites Lauje lais E, where ‘E’ represents a paragogic vowel (usually -e), and the expected reflex of a PMP *lajay would be *lae, not laise. In addition, the forms in Admiralty languages do not support *j, which merged with PMP *d as Proto-Admiralty *r (Blust 1978). In short, although this etymology is well-supported on the POc level, the available evidence does not justify a reconstruction higher than Proto-Oceanic.
26870 *laji₁ tree with poisonous sap, (probably Antiaris toxicaria) 3332 PMP *laji₁ tree with poisonous sap, (probably Antiaris toxicaria)
26869 *lajih dolphinfish 3331 PMP *lajih dolphinfish
9113 POC *laji₂ dolphinfish
30549 7848 7849 Note: Also Hiligaynon ma-lakáʔ ‘scarce, rare, sometimes’, Aklanon eakáʔ ‘to put an interval, space, keep distance, make sparse’, Romblomanon lakaʔ ‘few (people, things), little (action, substance)’.
33212 11719 Note: A longer version of this comparison was first proposed by Ross (2003:234).
33237 *laka₂ basket 11754 POC *laka₂ basket
Note: This comparison was first proposed by Osmond and Ross (1998:78).
30550 7850 PMP *lakaj to stride, take a step [doublet: *lakaw]
7851 POC *lakas to stride, take a step
7852 PPh *i-lákaj (gloss uncertain)
7853 PPh *maR-lákaj to step, to walk
7854 PPh *l<um>ákaj to step, to walk
7855 PPh *lakáj-an to step on, walk on something (?)
7856 PPh *lakaj-en to walk a certain distance (?)
7857 POC *lakar-lakar (gloss uncertain)
Note: Also Amis rakat ‘movement; walk’, Hiligaynon lakát ‘trip, walk, business trip’, mag-lakat ‘to walk, to go, to leave’, Masbatenyo mag-lakát ‘to walk, go away, leave; run away from home’, Waray-Waray lakát ‘to leave, depart’, Cebuano lakát ‘walk; for something to be going on; go away, depart; spread; follow up; trend, course or direction something is taking; errand; trip, journey; procedure for doing something’, pa-lakát ‘make something walk, go away, spread news’, Balinese laŋkar ‘step, stride, overstep, pass over’, Proto-Micronesian *laa ‘go, proceed; (as directional) away’. The similarity of the CEMP forms cited here to those in the Philippines may be due to chance, as no clear cognates have been found anywhere between these extremes, and a number of formally and semantically similar but non-corresponding forms must be recognized in any case.
31107 *lakaŋ crotch, space between thighs 9081 PWMP *lakaŋ crotch, space between thighs
Note: Also Aklanon eákʔaŋ ‘walk with big steps, take long strides’, Masbatenyo lakʔáŋ ‘step, stride’, Cebuano lakʔáŋ ‘stand or squat with legs wide apart’ (< *laqekaŋ). With root *-kaŋ₁ ‘spread apart, as the legs’.
26931 3397 PMP *la(ŋ)kas spirited, energetic
Note: With root *-kas₃ ‘swift, agile; energetic’.
31121 *lakas quick, energetic, strong 9096 PMP *lakas quick, energetic, strong
9097 POC *lagas quick, energetic, strong
Note: Dempwolff included Tagalog lakás under his *lekas ‘apply strength, energy’. With root *-kas₃ ‘swift, agile; energetic’.
26871 *lakat₁ root 3333 PWMP *lakat₁ root [doublet: *wakat]
33238 11755 PAN *lakat₂ walk, take a step [doublet: *lakaj]
30551 *lakatán banana sp. 7858 PPh *lakatán banana sp.
Note: Yakan lakatan a small variety of banana (similar to suley badju), Musa family is assumed to be a Greater Central Philippines loan, and the same may be true of the similar Ilokano term.
30552 *lakaw to be in motion; go, walk 7859 PMP *lakaw to be in motion; go, walk
7860 7861 PWMP *pa-lakaw (gloss uncertain)
7862 7863 7864 Note: Also Aklanon lágaw ‘to go around, travel about’, Tiruray agew ‘to go, to walk’, Kayan lakoʔ ‘a pace, a step’, Chamorro lahu‘go, walk’, Rembong lakoʔ ‘to walk’. Unlike PAn *paNaw, PMP *panaw, which clearly meant ‘to walk’, PMP *lako appears to have meant something more like ‘to be in motion’, since reflexes refer to more abstract types of ‘motion’, as in ‘to run (a business)’, ‘in vogue, current among’, ‘business, doings’, ‘on the point of doing something’, and the like, as well as travelling in ways other than walking.
30553 *lakay grandfather 7865 PWMP *lakay grandfather
Note: This reconstruction is very problematic. First, it is confined largely to the northern Philippines. Second the forms in Yami, Pangasinan, Hanunóo and Melanau are phonologically irregular. However, the irregularities in the last three languages appear to be caused by contamination with PMP *laki ‘male, masculine; man’. If Hanunóo lakí ‘grandfather’, and Mukah and Dalat Melanau lakəy ‘old, of people; are taken to reflect *lakay with contamination from *laki, there is a basis for attributing *lakay to PPh, but the evidentiary basis for this inference remains perilously slim.
30765 *lake sore, dermal irritation, wound 8469 POC *lake sore, dermal irritation, wound
Note: Although the forms within the Admiralty islands appear to be cognates, as do those of the central and Southeast Solomons, the similarity of the forms in these two sets of languages to one another may be a product of chance.
26932 3398 Note: Also Casiguran Dumagat sakeb ‘lie face down’, Maranao lekeb ‘turn upside-down’, Javanese ruŋkeb ‘fall face down’, uŋkeb ‘lie face down’, Balinese kakeb ‘lie forward, slope forward, fall forward’, pointing to a root *-keb₂.
26873 3335 Note: The prenasalization in Old Javanese lambaŋ is assumed to be secondary.
26934 3400 PWMP *la(ŋ)k(e)qaŋ spread the legs [doublet: *lekaŋ 'separate, disunite']
26933 *la(ŋ)ket stick, adhere to; sticky, viscous 3399 PMP *la(ŋ)ket stick, adhere to; sticky, viscous
Note: Tagalog lagkít ‘stickiness’, Agutaynen ma-laʔket ‘sticky’. With root PAn *-keC, PMP *-ket ‘adhesive, sticky’.
32598 *lak(e)táw jump over or across 10984 PPh *lak(e)táw jump over or across [doublet: *lik(e)táw]
Note: Also Bikol luktáw ‘to step over; to leave out, omit, overlook, skip over’.
26872 *laki₁ male, masculine; man 3334 PMP *laki₁ male, masculine; man [doublet: *aki 'grandfather']
7866 7867 PWMP *la-laki male
7868 PWMP *ka-(la)laki-an (gloss uncertain)
Note: Also Itbayaten xakay ‘male, man, mister’, Romblomanon lyāki ‘a boy or man; a male animal, fish, mollusk’, pagka-lyāki ‘someone’s manliness’, Uma Juman Kayan akiʔ, Mukah Melanau lay ‘male’, Pendau Lauje laŋkai ‘man, male’, Bare'e laŋkai ‘male, of animals, masculine; husband’. This form is known only in languages that have been classified as WMP or CMP. Its meaning appears to be identical to that of PAn *RuqaNay, and the two clearly co-existed in PMP and later proto-languages, although to date no language has been found with reflexes of both. In addition to the basic meaning ‘male’ the simple form of this base (*laki) or the collocation *anak laki replaced PMP *ñaRa ‘brother’ (woman speaking) in a number of Malayo-Polynesian languages, evidently through transfer from the meaning ‘wife giver’ (‘male group’; cf. Blust 1993).
33023 11512 PWMP *laki₂ old, of people [doublet: *aki 'grandfather']
Note: Also Isneg lakáy ‘old man’, Atta (Pamplona) laka-lakáy, Palawan Batak lagi-lági ‘old’.
30554 *laklak to peel off skin, bark or leaves; excoriated, decorticated, defoliated 7869 PWMP *laklak to peel off skin, bark or leaves; excoriated, decorticated, defoliated
Note: Also Karo Batak me-lak ‘come loose, of the skin; shaved, skinned’. Dempwolff (1938) included Fijian lala ‘empty, unoccupied, uninhabited’ in this comparison, but the semantic connection appears far-fetched.
30556 *lakub enclosure; to enclose 7871 PPh *lakub enclosure; to enclose
33074 11565 30557 7872 Note: With root *-kup ‘enclose, cover’.
31134 9118 Note: Most Oceanic forms cited here outside the Admiralties are from Pawley (2011:186-187), who notes that Mussau lailai, Kove lalai, Balinese lailai ‘pearlshell’ may be borrowings of Tok Pisin lalai, itself from Tolai lalai ‘Trochus spp.; armlet made from trochus shells’, with unexplained final –i. Trochus shell armbands were traditionally of widespread importance in Melanesia, and hence presumably in Proto-Oceanic society, but it is unclear whether this was also true of PMP speakers.
33459 12168 26874 3336 Note: The comparison which supports this reconstruction was first recognized in print by Kähler (1961).
26875 *lalatu₂ sparks, burning ashes in the wind 3337 PWMP *lalatu₂ sparks, burning ashes in the wind
Note: Also Kambera latu ‘carbonized; charcoal’. Dempwolff (1924-1925) posited *latu ‘spark’, but cited little supporting evidence.
26876 *lalaw exceed, surpass, go beyond 3338 PWMP *lalaw exceed, surpass, go beyond [doublet: *lalu]
Note: For the comparison Tagalog laloʔ (-ʔ unexpl.), Ngaju Dayak lalao (-ao unexpl.), Malay, Malagasy lalu ‘go past, go over, go beyond’ Dempwolff (1934-38) reconstructed *lalu. To account for the irregular Tagalog and Ngaju Dayak forms, Hendon (1964) suggested that this etymon be modified to *lalew. The fuller data presented here do not support Hendon's proposal, and are best explained through the reconstruction of doublets.
33219 *lalay cicada 11727 PAN *lalay cicada [doublet: *Nali]
Note: Also Saisiyat lalaiɁ ‘cicada’ (< *NaNai), Pazeh lalay ‘cicada’ (< *NaNay), Thao lalay ‘cicada’ (loanword from Northern Bunun). It is unclear why this word shows phonological irregularities in so many languages. Cp. the equally probalematic doublet PAn *Nali. Osmond (2011:397) adds Molima lele ‘a mountain insect with a very attractive cry’, and Dobuan lele ‘cicada’, proposing POc *l(ae)le ‘cicada’, but the Oceanic forms are just as problematic as those in Saisiyat, Pazeh and Thao. A non-problematic etymon for ‘cicada’ thus continues to remain elusive at all levels of reconstruction.
30429 *lalej housefly 7572 PMP *lalej housefly
Note: Also Karo Batak laneŋ ‘a fly, especially the blue meatfly’, Toba Batak lanok ‘a fly’. Dempwolff (1938) also includes Fijian lalo ‘a fly (dialectal)’, but since no other Oceanic reflex is known, and a form of this shape is not found in Capell (1968) I assume that this is an error.
32937 11405 PMP *lali ankle bone (?) [disjunct: *laliŋ]
33123 11615 32938 11406 PMP *laliŋ ankle bone (?) [disjunct: *lali]
33124 *lalu₁ more (intensive), even more, moreso; surplus; to worsen (as an illness) 11616 PMP *lalu₁ more (intensive), even more, moreso; surplus; to worsen (as an illness) [doublet: *laluq]
33125 11617 PWMP *lalu₂ rice pestle [doublet: *laq(e)lu, *qaSelu]
Note: Also Palawano laalu ‘rice pestle’.
26877 3339 Note: The penultimate segment is reflected irregularly in Isneg, Melanau (Mukah), Tae'’, and Manggarai. It is possible that this form contained a rare PMP mid-vowel *o.
33126 *laluq more (intensive), even more, moreso; surplus 11618 PWMP *laluq more (intensive), even more, moreso; surplus [doublet: *lalu]
26880 *lama₁ lie on a surface, of water 3342 PMP *lama₁ lie on a surface, of water
26881 3343 33191 11693 Note: Possibly a chance resemblance.
26878 *lamak mat 3340 PMP *lamak mat [doublet: *amak]
Note: Also Sundanese samak ‘pandanus mat’. Dempwolff (1934-38) gives *lamak ‘mat’ based on the comparison of Malagasy lámaka with Javanese lémék ‘lining, protective underlayer’, Sa'a lama ‘spread over, cover over (as water covers the earth in a flood)’. However, only the Malagasy and Sa'a terms exhibit a recurrent phonological correspondence, and only the Malagasy and Javanese terms exhibit a close semantic correspondence.
33688 *lámak to set out a lavish meal 12435 PPh *lámak to set out a lavish meal
Note: Possibly a chance resemblance.
30088 *laman deep 6805 PCEMP *laman deep, of the sea; deep sea
6806 POC *laman deep, of the sea; deep sea beyond the reef
Note: The only meaning that can confidently be inferred for this form in PCEMP is the generic sense ‘deep’. However, in POc it had clearly come to refer specifically to the deep sea beyond the reef.
33033 11522 PPh *lamán pork, flesh of a pig
Note: Delang babi laman ‘domesticated pig’ may be connected, but given the meaning of
this word it is more likely that the second term is cognate with Iban laman ‘open space by a
house’.
33032 11521 PPh *lámaŋ only, just, but [doublet: *laŋ]
33012 *lamaR slippery 11499 PWMP *lamaR slippery [disjunct: *lamas]
Note: Also Kadazan Dusun hama ‘slippery’.
33013 *lamas slippery 11500 PWMP *lamas slippery [disjunct: *lamaR]
33075 *lámay a wake for the dead, night vigil 11566 PPh *lámay a wake for the dead, night vigil
Note: Also Iban lemay (Howell and Bailey 1900) ‘work in the evening’.
33239 *lamay a tree: Mallotus lackeyi Elm. 11756 PPh *lamay a tree: Mallotus lackeyi Elm.
Note: This comparison is taken from Madulid (2001), and could not be confirmed from
independent sources.
33460 *lambanug fermented drink made from coconut juice, palm juice, etc. 12169 PPh *lambanug fermented drink made from coconut juice, palm juice, etc.
26883 *lambaq go 3345 PWMP *lambaq go [doublet: *lampaq]
33095 11586 Note: Possibly a Malay loan.
26882 *lambayuŋ plant sp. 3344 PWMP *lambayuŋ plant sp. [disjunct: *rambayuŋ]
Note: Despite its different meaning, Casiguran Dumagat lambáyuŋ probably is cognate, the semantic connection being the draping extension of colorful flowers/feathers.
29864 6512 Note: Ambiguous for *lambeg or *lambeR; possibly a chance resemblance.
33522 *lambid to cross over, wind around, embrace 12254 PPh *lambid to cross over, wind around, embrace
26884 3346 PMP *lambuk knock, pound, beat [doublet: *rambuk]
Note: With root *-buk₂ ‘pound, thud, splash’.
33523 12255 PPh *lambuŋ robe, long garment
Note: Also Tiruray lambuŋ ‘(of women) to wear Western style clothing rather than Tiruray style’. Possibly a Tagalog loan distribution.
33160 *lamíg cold 11659 PPh *lamíg cold
26885 *lamlam₁ impetuous 3347 PAN *lamlam₁ impetuous
32939 *lamlam₂ weak (in intensity); insipid 11407 PWMP *lamlam₂ weak (in intensity); insipid
Note: Dempwolff (1938) also included Sa'a lala ‘to be soft, of taro’, but the cognation of this form remains in doubt.
26887 *lampaŋ go 3349 PMP *lampaŋ go [disjunct: *lampaq]
Note: Also Sundanese lɨmpaŋ ‘walk’, Lauje me-lempaŋE.
26886 3348 PMP *lampaq walk, go [disjunct: *lampaŋ]
33161 *lampás to go past, go beyond, be excessive 11660 PPh *lampás to go past, go beyond, be excessive
Note: Also Tiruray lamfas ‘to outrun, exceed’.
33076 *lampin layer of cloth or clothing 11567 PWMP *lampin layer of cloth or clothing
30985 8887 PWMP *lampit rattan sleeping mat
32950 11424 Note: Also Toba Batak lampiaŋ ‘plant similar to a lily’.
26891 *lamu₁ seaweed sp. 3353 PMP *lamu₁ seaweed sp. [disjunct: *lamun, *lamut]
33192 11694 Note: Also Bipi, Sori lami- ‘body hair, feather’. Some of these forms may reflect *Ramut ‘fibrous roots’.
33021 11508 11509 PWMP *ŋa-lamuj to mix together, as ingredients in cooking
11510 PWMP *pa-lamuj to mix together (?)
Note: Also Kadazan Dusun hamuʔ ‘to mix, add’.
26889 3351 30139 *lamuk₂ mosquito 6882 PMP *lamuk₂ mosquito [doublet: *ñamuk]
Note: Also Manggarai lemok ‘small fly, fruit fly; also small mosquitoes that gather in swarms’, Manggarai lemuk ‘sandfly, small biting mosquito’.
26890 3352 33293 *lamun₂ eat voraciously, gulp down, swallow whole 11826 PPh *lamun₂ eat voraciously, gulp down, swallow whole
11827 PPh *lamun-an (gloss uncertain)
11828 PPh *lamun-en eat voraciously, eat like an animal
32940 *lamuq to salt meat or fish for storing 11408 PPh *lamuq to salt meat or fish for storing
33178 *lamuR dew 11676 PMP *lamuR dew [doublet: *ñamuR] [disjunct: *dahemuR]
Note: Dempwolff posited ‘Uraustronesisch’ *lamuR ‘dew’ on the basis of Tagalog hamóg, and Javanese lamur ‘dew’. However, the latter form does not appear in any Javanese dictionary available to me.
31316 *lamut seaweed sp. 9387 PMP *lamut seaweed sp. [disjunct: *lamu, *lamun]
Note: Also Manggarai ramut ‘moss, algae’.
33975 12817 34001 12847 12848 PPh *lanaŋ-an place of flowing water
33461 12170 33462 12171 32941 *landak porcupine 11409 PWMP *landak porcupine
Note: It is initially tempting to consider this an innovation in western Indonesia that spread to Palawano by Malay contact. However, there are two reasons to reject this interpretation. First, Palauan sits on the Sunda shelf along with Borneo and the other Greater Sunda islands,and so has a native porcupine (Darlington 1980:390). Second, there is no obvious reason why a Malay word would be borrowed to designate a native animal. It is most plausible to assume, then, that the porcupine was first encountered by Austronesian speakers moving south from Taiwan when they reached Palawan, and the name that was innovated for it there was preserved as they continued to expand southward. In some areas, however, the name for this animal was replaced by a reflex of *taRutuŋ ‘porcupine fish’.
32942 *landasan anvil 11410 PWMP *landasan anvil
Note: Also Maranao randas ‘to beat on an anvil’, randas-an ‘anvil’, Malagasy landaizana ‘an anvil’. Possibly a Malay loan distribution. Dempwolff (1938) also compared Tagalog landás ‘path; beaten path’, Toba Batak landas ‘smooth, level, as the surface of a field’, and Javanese landəs ‘material used to protect a surface’ with Malay landas and proposed Uraustronesisch *landas foundation, basis’, a proposal that is probably best abandoned until further support can be found.
33294 *lanéb lard, fat, greasy scum on the surface of liquids 11829 PPh *lanéb lard, fat, greasy scum on the surface of liquids
Note: Tagalog and Bikol share a metathesis of the vowels in this form, a clear indication of their subgrouping relationship.
33295 *lanés dried up, wilted (of plants) 11830 PPh *lanés dried up, wilted (of plants)
33463 *lanét dried up, wilted, of plants 12172 PPh *lanét dried up, wilted, of plants [disjunct: *lanes]
26893 3355 Note: Also Sasak lantan ‘long, protracted’.
27110 *lantay bamboo matting or platform 3580 PWMP *lantay bamboo matting or platform
Note: Dempwolff (1938) also included Sa'a lade ‘stones of the earth oven’, but this is best treated as a chance resemblance.
33102 *lantik graceful curve (of body) 11593 PPh *lantik graceful curve (of body)
30048 *lantiŋ tie together, of floating objects 6748 PWMP *lantiŋ tie together, of floating objects
32725 *lánut abaca fiber; fiber-yielding plant; kind of tree with bark that yields a vine-like fiber 11158 PPh *lánut abaca fiber; fiber-yielding plant; kind of tree with bark that yields a vine-like fiber
Note: Also Yami ganot ‘type of plant: Cuban bast’.
33162 11662 Note: With root *-zak ‘step, tread’.
26916 3381 Note: Also Tiruray lanah ‘oil’. Dempwolff (1924-1925) posited *laña ‘oil’, but cited little evidence in support of his reconstruction.
26927 3392 Note: With root *-ñut ‘stretchy, elastic’.
33378 11984 PPh *laŋ only, just, merely [doublet: *lámaŋ]
33034 11523 26914 3379 Note: With root *-ŋa(q) ‘gaping, wide open’.
26915 *laŋaq₂ simple-minded 3380 PWMP *laŋaq₂ simple-minded
30430 *laŋaw housefly 7573 PAN *laŋaw housefly [doublet: *baŋaw, 'paddy bug', *beRŋaw 'bluebottle']
7574 PMP *laŋaw bluebottle, blowfly, horsefly
7575 POC *laŋo housefly
7576 PAN *laŋaw-en infested with flies, covered with flies
Note: Also Ilokano ŋílaw ‘housefly’, ŋílaw ti nuaŋ ‘horsefly’. In the absence of other known evidence I take the apparent correspondence between this Ilokano form and Buli laŋ ŋiŋilaw ‘bluebottle, horsefly’ to be a product of chance convergence. PAn *laŋaw appears to have meant ‘housefly’, with qualifying words needed to designate the bluebottle or other types of flies. However, in PMP *lalej evidently replaced *laŋaw in this meaning, and *laŋaw came to refer to the bluebottle, botfly or horsefly without the need for a qualifying term. No doubt because houseflies are the most frequently encountered pests in the family Diptera reflexes of *laŋaw have shifted back to the meaning ‘housefly’ in many languages.
33464 *laŋeg to rot, spoil, become rancid 12173 PPh *laŋeg to rot, spoil, become rancid
30032 *laŋen rollers for beaching a canoe 6729 PMP *laŋen₁ rollers for beaching a canoe
6730 POC *laŋon rollers for beaching a canoe
33261 *laŋ(e)qes stench, odor, as of fish 11783 PWMP *laŋ(e)qes stench, odor, as of fish [doublet: *laŋ(e)si]
26929 *laŋ(e)si unpleasant odor 3395 PAN *laŋ(e)si unpleasant odor
11781 Note: Also Bikol ma-laŋsíɁ ‘having a fishy smell or taste’, Aklanon eáŋsa ‘fishy-smelling, having a fishy odor’, Cebuano láŋsa ‘having a fishy smell or the taste of blood’
33179 *laŋi₁ beach 11677 POC *laŋi₁ beach
Note: Also Waskia laŋi beach, shore, strand, coast. Waskia is a non-Austronesian language, but appears to have borrowed this word from an Austronesian source, and is currently the only language known to preserve the final vowel.
33230 11741 Note: Probably a reflex of PAn *laŋiC ‘sky’, but the semantic agreement between these forms is unknown elsewhere.
30407 *laŋiC sky 7528 PAN *laŋiC sky
7529 PMP *laŋit sky
7530 PWMP *laŋit laŋit palate; canopy
Note: Also Puyuma ɭaŋis ‘sky (ritual term)’, Sasak le-laŋit ‘canopy, as over a bed’, Muna laŋi-laŋi ‘a white cloth wound around the top of a tombstone (sometimes draped like a tent) to ward off the disturbing influence of the spirit of the dead person’, Buruese lanit ‘sky’, Arosi daŋi ‘the light; the wind; daylight, the day, a day’, Kapingamarangi laaŋi ‘day’.
This word has a wide range of associations. In most languages it seems to have referred not only to the physical sky, but also to a mythological realm of spirits, and reflexes in at least Iban and Sundanese suggest that the concept of a celestial spirit realm embodied the notion of seven levels, a concept that was reported in a slightly different form in early sources on Chuukese. In many parts of the Pacific reflexes of this term refer to weather phenomena, such as rain or wind, either together with the meaning ‘sky’ or without it. Forms in some languages of Vanuatu, as Central Maewo tae-laŋi and Mafea tai-laŋi apparently reflect *taqe laŋi ‘cloud’ (lit. ‘feces of sky’). Finally, in both Micronesia and Polynesia reflexes of *laŋi were used to refer to high chiefs and perhaps others of aristocratic rank.
33241 *laŋiR a tree from which a sort of shampoo is derived: Albizia spp. 11758 PWMP *laŋiR a tree from which a sort of shampoo is derived: Albizia spp.
Note: Also Javanese laŋir ‘a fruit producing a soapy substance which is used as a shampoo’, Sasak laŋer ‘to oil the hair’. A form of this comparison was first proposed by Mills (1981), who posited ‘Proto-Indonesian’ *laŋi(DrR) ‘tree sp. (usually Albizzia saponaria Bl.) from which a sort of shampoo is derived’. This may be a Malay loan distribution.
31120 *laŋkaq₁ step, stride; to omit or skip over 9095 PMP *laŋkaq₁ step, stride; to omit or skip over
Note: Also Sasak laŋkah ‘take a step in the pencaʔ (martial arts dance)’, presumably from Malay. This word is well represented in both western Indonesia and Polynesia, where it shares several of the same semantic nuances, but is unknown elsewhere. In the physical sense it clearly meant ‘step, stride’, but often with the implication that this was literally over a person’s body (a cultural taboo); more figuratively it evidently represented the idea of by-passing or ‘stepping over’ a person in favor of someone else less deserving. Dempwolff (1938) also included Malagasy laka ‘lines drawn at right angles in the game called fanorona [played on lines and spaces with pebbles, seeds, etc.]’, and Sa’a laka ‘to leap about, to play, of schools of bonito’, neither of which appears to belong here. Presumably with root *-kaq₂ ‘split’ (from the separation of the legs in taking a stride).
26917 3382 Note: Mills (1975: 748) has Proto-South Sulawesi *laŋka(C) ‘high’. Miri kéw ‘tall’ suggests that this form contains a root *-kaw.
33242 11759 PWMP *laŋkay man, male [doublet: *laki]
Note: A version of this comparison was first proposed by Mills (1981), who posited ‘Proto-Indonesian’ *la(ŋ)ka(hØ)i or *la(ŋ)kay ‘male; revered’. In so doing he combined words for ‘grandfather’ with those for ‘male’, although the two appear to be distinct since each gloss is attested in separate sets of widely separated languages.
30555 *laŋkuas a plant: Alpinia galanga 7870 PWMP *laŋkuas a plant: Alpinia galanga
Note: Also Tagalog laŋkáwas ‘Alpinia pyrimidata Bl. Zingiberaceae, Zingiber zerumbet L.’ (Madulid 2001), Bikol laŋkáwas ‘plant in the ginger family possessing roots used as a seasoning, Alpinia galanga’, Aklanon eaŋkawás ‘spicy plant: Curcuma zedoaria’. Possibly a loan distribution due to borrowing from Malay.
33205 *laŋlaŋ eat together as a group 11708 PPh *laŋlaŋ eat together as a group
11709 PPh *ka-laŋlaŋ eating partner; eat together
Note: Possibly an Ilokano loan.
26928 *laŋu vertigo 3393 PAN *laŋu vertigo
3394 Note: Also Cebuano laŋuʔ ‘dizzy due to poisoning; drunk (slang)’, Maranao laŋot ‘dizzy, dizziness’. Mills (1981) posits "Proto-Indonesian" *laŋu(ho) ‘nausea, nauseating’, but cites cognates only from WMP languages. The present etymon is possibly identical with *laŋu ‘unpleasant taste’ in Blust (1970). For a semantic parallel with a different root, compare Samoan ʔona ‘poisonous’, ʔo-ʔona ‘sour, bitter; (of drink) strong’, Hawaiian ʔona ‘drunk, dizzy and unsteady, intoxicated’; note also the etymology of intoxicated.
30738 8378 PWMP *laŋuy to swim [doublet: *naŋuy, *taŋuy]
8379 Note: Also Ida'an Begak luŋuy, gə-luŋuy ‘to swim’, Old Javanese laŋhuy ‘to swim’, l 30539 *lapa₁ fish sp. 7823 POC *lapa₁ fish sp.
Note: Possibly identical with POc *lapaq ‘various flat fishes, including sole and flounder’ in
Osmond (2011:118). However, Osmond’s reconstruction cannot be justifed by the evidence
she presents. First, the final consonant of her *lapaq evidently is based on Loniu lapak, but Loniu reflects POc *q as zero, not as /k/ (Blust 1978). Furthermore, all languages of the eastern Admiralties have reduced POc CVCVC to CVC by loss of the last -VC, yet she cites both Titan lapa and Loniu lapak as evidence for *lapaq, when this would be a fundamental
irregularity in both languages. Since all of the other forms that she cites in support of her reconstruction show one or more irregularities her proposed POc *lapaq should be abandoned until better evidence becomes available.
30610 *lapa₂ a skin disease: ringworm 8071 POC *lapa₂ a skin disease: ringworm
33180 11678 11679 33220 11728 PWMP *lapak smack, slap, slam [doublet: *lepak]
Note: Also Hanunóo lagpák ‘fall, falling’, Cebuano lagpák ‘to slap, strike a part of one’s body with the hand or with something flat’. With root *-pak₁ ‘slap, clap’.
33240 *la(m)paŋ large piece or chunk of meat, etc. 11757 PWMP *la(m)paŋ large piece or chunk of meat, etc.
32951 *lapaq to cut up, butcher, slaughter an animal 11425 PAN *lapaq to cut up, butcher, slaughter an animal
30431 *lapaR₁ hungry 7577 PMP *lapaR₁ hungry
Note: Also Nias lofo ‘hunger’, Sundanese lapar ‘hungry’ (< Malay), Balinese (High) lapa ‘hungry’ (< Javanese).
33213 11720 POC *LapaR₂ flash of lightning
Note: A somewhat longer version of this comparison was first proposed by Ross (2003:145).
33262 *lapas to pass, cross over to the other side; to be past, of time for an action 11784 PWMP *lapas to pass, cross over to the other side; to be past, of time for an action
33181 11680 POC *lapat₁ big, great, large [disjunct: *lapa]
34061 *lapat₂ tight-fitting 12916 PPh *lapat₂ tight-fitting
Note: Also Malay rapat ‘contact; contiguity’, rapat-rapat ‘as close as possible; tightly’. Until cognates are found outside the Philippine area I will assume that the Mapun and Yakan forms cited here are loanwords from a Greater Central Philippine source.
26922 3387 33689 *lap(e)des to whip and leave welts 12436 PPh *lap(e)des to whip and leave welts
33906 12735 Note: Possibily a Tagalog loan in Casiguran Dumagat.
34044 *lap(e)qút thick, sticky, pasty 12898 PPh *lap(e)qút thick, sticky, pasty
33077 11568 PPh *lapi to fold over [doublet: *lepiq]
33253 *lapid to braid, intertwine strands 11773 PPh *lapid to braid, intertwine strands
Note: With root *-pid ‘braid, wind together’.
29960 6643 Note: Also Proto-Atayalic *rapit ‘flying squirrel’. It is unclear whether *lapis and *lawaR designated different types of flying squirrels, or whether there is some other explanation for the distribution of two terms, both of which require a PAn reconstruction in this meaning.
32949 11423 PMP *lapis stone slab, thin layer
33254 11774 PWMP *lapit put close together
Note: With root *-pit ‘press, squeeze together; narrow’.
26894 *laplap loose (as of clothing) 3356 PAN *laplap loose (as of clothing)
33079 *lapláp cut meat from the bone 11570 PPh *lapláp cut meat from the bone
33524 *lapu₁ to scald food in hot water 12256 PPh *lapu₁ to scald food in hot water
33907 12736 Note: Also Manobo (Western Bukidnon) lapey ‘to overflow’.
33908 12737 PPh *lapu₃ to start out, begin
32967 *lapuk decayed, rotten, moldy, mildewed (of wood) 11444 PMP *lapuk decayed, rotten, moldy, mildewed (of wood)
Note: To this comparison Dempwolff (1938), added Sa'a lähu ‘to be worn out; worn-out things’, but there is little reason to consider this anything more than a chance resemblance.
33909 *lapuŋ mildew, mildewed, moldy 12738 PPh *lapuŋ mildew, mildewed, moldy [doublet: *lapuk]
33221 11729 11813 PPh *l<um>ápus go over and beyond
33910 *lapus untie (a knot), undress, remove clothes 12739 PAN *lapus untie (a knot), undress, remove clothes
26923 *la(m)pus₁ gone, vanished, terminated 3388 PWMP *la(m)pus₁ gone, vanished, terminated [doublet: *lapuŋ]
Note: With root *-pus₁ ‘end, finish’.
26924 *la(m)pus₂ pierce, penetrate; pass through 3389 PWMP *la(m)pus₂ pierce, penetrate; pass through
26895 3357 26897 3359 PWMP *laq(e)lu rice pestle [doublet: *qaSelu]
33623 *laq(e)nab to overflow, flood, of a river 12364 PPh *laq(e)nab to overflow, flood, of a river
Note: Also Tagalog lánap ‘extensively inundated’.
30174 *laqia ginger 6972 PMP *laqia ginger
Note: Also Tagalog lúya, Hiligaynon lúyʔa, Aklanon eúyʔa, Waray-Waray luyʔáʔ, Mansaka loya, Binukid luyʔa ‘ginger, Zingiber officinale’, Masbatenyo lúyʔa ‘ginger root’, Cebuano luyʔá ‘ginger, Zingiber officinale’, Manobo (Western Bukidnon) luya, ‘ginger, Zingiber officinale. The rhizomes of the ginger plant are used for flavoring stews’, Tiruray giya ‘ginger’, Tausug luuya, Ngaju Dayak lai, Tae' laa, Kove haia ‘ginger’. Reconstruction of this word raises several formal issues, and suggests cultural practices that reach beyond linguistic reconstruction.
Dyen (1947, 1953) posited PMP *leyqa ‘ginger’ in order to account for the penultimate vowel of forms such as Cebuano luyʔá, but this proposal confuses an innovative doublet *luqia in Proto-Greater Central Philippines with reflexes of *laqia. Apart from these deviant forms, a number of languages have disyllabic words that appear to reflect *lia. In some cases (Kelabit, Kenyah, Bintulu, Iban, etc.) these can be derived by regular change from *laqia through reduction of the first-syllable vowel to schwa, which then deleted along with the following glottal stop, but in Oceanic languages such as Kwaio or Sa'a this does not work, and forms such as Kwaio lia or Sa'a lie must therefore be regarded either as irregular reductions of *laqia, or as evidence for a possible doublet *lia.
The cultural role of ginger is particularly interesting. Apart from its use as a condiment in cooking, the glosses in several languages show that this plant was used for medicinal purposes from an early time. In this function it evidently was chewed and spewed with saliva onto the afflicted part, as shown in the glosses for Sangir and Rotinese lia. Similar descriptions appear in ethnographic accounts. Fortune (1963:295), for example, notes that among the Dobuans of western Melanesia sorcerors regularly chew ginger and spray it out in practicing sorcery as well as curative medicine: “It is chewed with many healing incantations, apart from the tabu exorcisms which are breathed into water for bathing the patient. With other healing spells it is spat on the seat of illness. The sight of a magician chewing ginger, spitting it onto the object charmed at intervals, and muttering his spell at the same time is a common one at Dobu … It is chewed in all the incantations to ward off a squall at sea and spat towards the lowering squall. It is chewed and bespattered over the canoe, in lashing it with incantation, making it speedy and seaworthy…”.
The puzzling Lakalai gloss, which combines ginger with prowess as a warrior is further illuminated by remarks in Codrington (1972:133) regarding cultural practices on the island of Florida in the central Solomons. A man who is about to go out on a vendetta against his private enemy “will pull up his ginger-plant, and judge from the ease with which it comes out of the earth whether he shall succeed or not; he will make his sacrifice, and with the ginger and leaves on his shield and in his belt and right armlet will go to fight.” As in Dobu, a curer (195) “will chew ginger and blow into the patient’s ears and on that part of the skull which is soft in infants, will call on the name of the tindalo, (ghost) and beg him to remove the sickness.”
Judging from the glosses in Rotinese and Kei in eastern Indonesia ginger provided a stimulant for various kinds of purposes. In particular it evidently was given to dogs to make them more vigorous in hunting. The gloss in Rotinese and the above quote from Fortune on the Dobuans suggest that it was also chewed and spat upon inanimate objects, as a fishing net or canoe to make them more efficacious. These varied uses are all perhaps united by a common thread: given its stimulating taste ginger evidently was conceived as a plant that could impart vitality to other objects, either when chewed and expectorated upon them, as in healing or improving the efficacy of tools such as nets or canoes, or when fed directly to an animal, as in improving the hunting acuity of dogs. When used to confront something negative, as a storm, its supposed supernatural powers act to counter the undesirable effects.
32935 *laqin different; another 11403 PWMP *laqin different; another
26896 3358 PWMP *laqu thirst, hunger [doublet: *daqu]
33223 *laqús past one’s prime, outdated, obsolete 11731 PPh *laqús past one’s prime, outdated, obsolete
26898 3360 Note: Dempwolff (1934-38) reconstructed *laraŋ ‘forbid’, but based his reconstruction entirely on 26899 *laRiw run, run away, flee, escape 3361 PAN *laRiw run, run away, flee, escape
3362 PAN *ma-laRiw run, run away, flee
3363 PMP *pa-laRiw run away, flee; flight, escape; fugitive
3364 PWMP *pa-laRiw-an running, running away, flight
Note: Also Itbayaten ma-yayuh ‘to run’, Itawis pa-ladyaw ‘run’, Bontok layaw ‘flee, run away, clear out’, and Tagalog lagyóʔ ‘spirit’ (the latter included under *laRiw ‘flee’ by Dempwolff (1934-38), but excluded here). As with the parallel discrepancy in PAn *balija or *baRija ‘weavers sword’ the Formosan languages indicate *R as the initial consonant of this item, while the MP languages indicate *l. I have posited several morphologically complex forms of *laRiw, although a distinctive meaning is not always apparent for these, as with *ma-laRiw. The form *pa-laRiw requires special comment, as its reflexes have survived in some languages when a reflex of *laRiw has not. In languages such as Tiruray, Wolio and Chamorro (WMP), Tetun (CMP), and Numfor (South Halmahera-West New Guinea), the morpheme boundary that is recognized is purely historical, and is marked by = to distinguish it from the similar synchronic morpheme boundary in forms such as Malay lari, pe-lari.
It is an interesting question why the morpheme boundary should have been lost more commonly in reflexes of *pa-laRiw than in reflexes of other morphologically complex forms of *laRiw. One might argue that affixes differed in how tightly they were bound to the stem. However, this should be generally true and not specific to particular lexical items. Moreover, just what tightness of binding might mean is obscure except in terms of text frequency. Perhaps *pa-laRiw occurred with particularly high text frequency because it not only signaled the abstract notion of flight or escape, but also the actor ("fugitive; one who has eloped"). In some descendants of PMP reflexes of *pa-laRiw may have occurred with higher text frequency than reflexes of *laRiw, thus favoring the survival of the bi-morphemic word even when the stem itself passed out of use.
30196 *lasa₁ tame, accustomed, used to 7023 POC *lasa₁ tame, accustomed, used to
Note: This form may have been *lacam, but the available reflexes do not allow the reconstruction of a final consonant or disambiguate the medial obstruent.
33214 *lasa₂ coconut shell drinking cup 11721 POC *lasa₂ coconut shell drinking cup
Note: A somewhat longer version of this comparison was first proposed by Ross (1998:73-74).
26900 3365 33328 11866 PWMP *lasaŋ₂ split, spread apart
Note: Possibly a chance resemblance.
33037 11526 34045 *lásaw thin, of liquids; watery 12899 PPh *lásaw thin, of liquids; watery
26901 *lasem sour 3366 PWMP *lasem sour [doublet: *qasem]
30432 7578 PMP *laseR scrotum and testicles
7579 POC *lasoR testicles
Note: Also Ilokano láteg ‘testicles with scrotum’, Sasak (Jantuk) laso ‘penis’, Avava liso-n ‘scrotum and/or testicles’. It is unclear whether this term referred to the scrotum and the testicles or just to the scrotum, since the word for testicles in some languages is ‘seed’ or ‘fruit’ of the scrotum, where the latter is a reflex of *laseR. Both this word and *buŋaw ‘scrotum, testicles’ appear to have co-existed in PPh, presumably with some difference of meaning.
32983 11464 PWMP *laslas abrasion of the skin
33038 *lasuq₁ hot; blistered by heat 11527 PAN *lasuq₁ hot; blistered by heat
Note: Also Maranao laso ‘scald’, Lun Dayeh leuɁ ‘heat’.
33215 *lasuq₂ penis 11722 PMP *lasuq₂ penis
Note: This term clearly co-existed with PAn *qutiN, 33105 11597 PPh *latag spread out on ground
Note: Also Cebuano látad ‘spread something out under the sun (as corn, copra, or clothes). Possibly a Tagalog loan distribution.
33525 12257 33131 *latak₁ hit, making a loud sound 11625 PWMP *latak₁ hit, making a loud sound
Note: With root *-tak₂ ‘sound of cracking, splitting, knocking’.
33222 *latak₂ mud 11730 PWMP *latak₂ mud
Note: Also Old Javanese latək ‘mud, bog’, a-latək ‘muddy’. With root *-tak₁ ‘mud; earth, ground’.
26892 3354 PWMP *la(n)taw to float [disjunct: *le(ŋ)taw]
Note: Also Tiruray rantaw ‘float’.
33526 *latay to lay down a walkway over muddy ground 12258 PPh *latay to lay down a walkway over muddy ground
26926 *la(n)t(e)qas go directly, take a shortcut 3391 PWMP *la(n)t(e)qas go directly, take a shortcut
33103 *latiŋ to spring back, bounce off 11594 PWMP *latiŋ to spring back, bounce off
26902 *latiq swidden farm in swampy ground 3367 PWMP *latiq swidden farm in swampy ground
Note: Also Kiput ladeiʔ ‘swampy forest’, Simalur ma-daliɁ ‘swampy’. Zorc (1985) posited “Proto-Hesperonesian” *latiq ‘swidden; wetland’, without commenting on the apparent contradiction in this gloss.
33216 *latu last burning bit; to snuff out a spark 11723 PMP *latu last burning bit; to snuff out a spark
26925 3390 Note: With root *-tuk₁ ‘bend, curve’.
33080 *latuk to hit, pound, rap on something 11571 PWMP *latuk to hit, pound, rap on something
26903 3368 33224 *lau a fish, the banded sweetlips, Plectorhinchus spp. 11732 POC *lau a fish, the banded sweetlips, Plectorhinchus spp.
Note: This comparison was first noted by Osmond (2011:80).
32948 *laun be stretched out, of time; old (of past crops that are still not consumed) 11421 PWMP *laun be stretched out, of time; old (of past crops that are still not consumed)
11422 PWMP *ma-laun old, kept for a long time (as rice)
Note: Also Toba Batak laon ‘long, of time (< Malay).
26905 *lauŋ howl 3370 PMP *lauŋ howl [disjunct: *rauŋ]
Note: Also Puyuma ɭaun ‘to bark (of a dog)’.
26904 3369 26908 *lawa₁ wide 3373 PAN *lawa₁ wide [doublet: *lawas₁]
Note: Also Yamdena lawas ‘length’, Kei lawar ‘breadth’.
30662 *lawa₂ spider 8180 PWMP *lawa₂ spider [doublet: *lawaq₂]
Note: Also Malay laba-laba, labah-labah ‘spider; generic for all spiders’
33014 11501 PWMP *lawa₃ drop by, pay a visit
33041 *lawa₄ body 11530 PWMP *lawa₄ body [disjunct: *lawas]
33833 *lawag to hunt, search for something 12643 PPh *lawag to hunt, search for something
Note: Possibly a chance resemblance. This comparison was first proposed by Himes (2002:290).
26909 3374 PMP *lawan₁ kind of long fishnet [disjunct: *lawaq₁]
Note: Proto-Ambon *lawar ‘fishing line’ is apparently distinct.
33039 *lawan₂ exceed 11528 PWMP *lawan₂ exceed
33005 11490 33040 *lawaŋ₂ door, gate, passageway 11529 PWMP *lawaŋ₂ door, gate, passageway
Note: Possibly identical with PWMP *lawaŋ₁ ‘wide, spacious’.
30233 7101 PMP *lawaq₁ dip net, scoop net [disjunct: *lawan]
30661 8177 PAN *lawaq₂ spider; spiderweb [doublet: *lawa₂]
8178 8189 PMP *ka-lawaq spider
Note: Possibly a reduction of earlier kələ-lawaʔ (cp. Kelabit kələ-lawaʔ ~ kə-lawaʔ ‘spider’. 8190 PWMP *kala-lawaʔ spider
Note: Probably with a variant of the *qalikali- prefix found on the names of many ‘creepy-crawly’ creatures that evidently were protected by a taboo against random killing (Blust 2001). 8179 PMP *lawaq-lawaq spider; spiderweb
8191 PWMP *la-lawaq spiderweb
Note: Also Bontok kawá, Ibaloy ka-kawa ‘spider’, Simalur lawal-lawal ‘spider’, Lau lagwa ‘spider; spider web’, Mota marawa ‘spider’. In many languages this base is embedded in a larger word. In a few cases, as with Manobo (Western Bukidnon) kele-lawaʔ the first two syllables may reflect the *qalikali- prefix, but in many others the preceding phonemic material has no known meaning or function.
It is possible that *lawaq₁ ‘dip net, scoop net’ and *lawaq₂ ‘spider, spiderweb’ are the same form, in which the meaning ‘spiderweb’ has been extended to include other similar-sized weblike structures, such as the hand nets or dip nets used to catch small aquatic prey.
32873 11331 PWMP *lawaq₃ broad, wide [disjunct: *lawa]
33042 *lawaqan kind of hardwood tree 11531 PPh *lawaqan kind of hardwood tree
Note: Also Agutaynen lawan ‘kind of tree whose wood is used for making furniture and houses (found on mainland Palawan, but not on Agutaya)’.
29910 6583 Note: Also Thao rawaz ‘generic for flying squirrels’ (expected **rawalh).
26906 3371 PAN *lawas₁ wide, broad [doublet: *lawa₁]
Note: Also Singhi Land Dayak tawas ‘wide (spacious)’, Malay luas ‘spacious, broad’.
26907 *lawas₂ body 3372 PWMP *lawas₂ body
Note: Zorc (1971) posits PPh *lawas ‘body’.
33148 *lawas₃ internode of bamboo; section of something 11643 PAN *lawas₃ internode of bamboo; section of something
33149 *láway saliva 11644 PPh *láway saliva
33263 11785 11786 PWMP *laway-an device for making thread or yarn
Note: Possibly a Malay loan in Soboyo.
33267 *law(e)qay offensive to decency, immodest 11791 PPh *law(e)qay offensive to decency, immodest
Note: Agutaynen ma-lāway is assumed to show medial schwa syncope and cluster reduction prior to *q > k.
30200 *lawi₁ long tail feathers of bird or rooster 7029 PMP *lawi₁ long tail feathers of bird or rooster
7030 PWMP *lawi-lawi something that resembles a tail feather (?)
Note: Also Itbayaten rawi ‘tail feather’.
30201 *lawi₂ top of a tree, tip, extremity 7031 PWMP *lawi₂ top of a tree, tip, extremity
Note: Dempwolff (1938) assigned Ngaju Dayak lawi to *lawi ‘long tail feathers of a rooster’. However, the evidence to hand suggests that *lawi₁ and *lawi₂ are distinct comparisons, and until cognates are available that allow the semantic gap between them to be bridged more convincingly the similarity between them will be treated as a case of homophony rather than polysemy.
33527 *lawig long, of time; protracted 12259 PPh *lawig long, of time; protracted
26911 *lawit₁ hook 3376 PMP *lawit₁ hook [doublet: *kawit]
33528 *lawit₂ ritual for calling back the soul (?) 12260 PPh *lawit₂ ritual for calling back the soul (?) [doublet: *pulin]
32952 11426 26912 3377 PWMP *layak purpose, intention
32926 *layaŋ₁ to fly, soar through the air 11391 PWMP *layaŋ₁ to fly, soar through the air
33143 *layaŋ₂ wide, broad, open (of land) 11637 PWMP *layaŋ₂ wide, broad, open (of land)
26913 3378 Note: Also Itbayaten s-um-ayap ‘to fly, soar’, Ifugaw táyap ‘flight of birds, bats, insects that can fly’, Ilokano tayáb ‘to fly’.
30369 *layaR sail 7409 PAN *layaR sail
7410 PWMP *maR-layaR to sail, set sail
7411 Note: Also Ilokano láyag ‘sail (of a ship)’, ag-láyag ‘to sail’, Agta (Dupaningan) layag ‘sail of a boat’ (from Ilokano), Kapampangan láyag ‘sail’, mag-láyag ‘to sail’ (probably from Tagalog), Hanunóo láyag ‘sail (not currently used by the Hanunóo)’, mag-láyag ‘to sail’ (probably from Tagalog), Tiruray layag ‘a sail; to sail’ (< Maranao or another Danaw language), Karo Batak layar ‘sail’, er-layar ‘to sail’ (probably from Malay), Chamorro laʔyak ‘mast, sails’.
33043 *layas₁ to desert a place, flee 11532 PPh *layas₁ to desert a place, flee
Note: Possibly a Tagalog loan distribution.
33660 *layas₂ to overflow its banks, of a river; to flood field (for planting) 12405 PPh *layas₂ to overflow its banks, of a river; to flood field (for planting)
Note: Also Ilokano layós ‘a flood’, ag-layós ‘to flood’.
33044 *layláy to wilt, wither, droop, as plants; dangling, hanging loosely 11533 PPh *layláy to wilt, wither, droop, as plants; dangling, hanging loosely
30240 7111 7112 7113 PWMP *pa-layu make something wither, let something wither or wilt
Note: Also Bontok leyáw ‘to be withered, of plants’, Cebuano layʔú ‘for plants to wither from being in the heat after being uprooted or damaged by wind’, Bintulu lazuʔ ‘wither’, Ngaju Dayak ma-layoh ‘wither, withered (of trees)’, Iban layus ‘wither, scorched, dry’, Kambera laï ‘withered, wilted’, Arosi marasi ‘withered’ (*ma-layu would regularly yield Arosi **marasu).
The basic meaning of this term seems clearly to have been ‘to wilt, wither’ with respect to the natural process of gradual desiccation that takes place in plant material that has been plucked, or with leaves on deciduous trees in the season of death, or falling leaves. The parallel between this process and that of a declining life force and eventual death in humans was seen and elaborated in several parts of western Indonesia, as seen in the glosses of the Malay, Sundanese, Javanese, and especially Tae' (southern Toraja) forms. Only a portion of the layu-expressions relating to death in Tae' have been cited here, and it is quite clear that this group, which is known for its elaborate mortuary rites, maintained a rich association of the idea of withering or wilting in the plant world with that of death in the human world, perhaps initially through euphemism.
33268 *láyug tall, of trees (especially coconut palms) 11792 PPh *láyug tall, of trees (especially coconut palms)
Note: Also Tboli layul (of trees) very old, straight, slender, tall; (of logs) very long; (of legs) lanky.
32953 *layun to continue, persist in something 11427 PPh *layun to continue, persist in something
le
33561 12297 PPh *lebág to swell, as a wound
Note: Also Mansaka labag ‘to swell; to rise (as a river)’. This comparison was first noted schematically by Zorc (1986:164).
31290 9347 PWMP *lebak₁ pound, thud [doublet: *depak 'clip-clop, as of horse's hooves']
Note: With root *-bak₂ ‘sound of a heavy smack’.
33112 11604 PWMP *lebak₂ ravine, glen, valley
Note: Also Tagalog lambák ‘valley’, Tiruray lefak ‘ravine’, Tboli lefak ‘slope, small valley at the base of a mountain’.
26979 *le(m)baŋ valley, watercourse between hills 3445 PWMP *le(m)baŋ valley, watercourse between hills [disjunct: *le(m)beŋ]
Note: Also Ilokano lúboŋ ‘valley’.
26978 *le(m)baq valley, watercourse between hills 3444 PWMP *le(m)baq valley, watercourse between hills [doublet: *le(m)bak]
Note: Nothofer (1975:135) posits "Proto-Malayo-Javanic" *ləbah ‘meadow-land, low-lying land’.
33132 11626 PWMP *lebas naked, nude, undressed
Note: Also Kankanaey lábus ‘naked, nude, bare, unclothed’.
26937 *lebék to pound (rice, etc.) in a mortar 3403 PPh *lebék to pound (rice, etc.) in a mortar
Note: With root *-bek ‘sound of breaking, etc.’.
26980 *le(m)beŋ valley 3446 PWMP *le(m)beŋ valley [disjunct: *le(m)bak, *le(m)baŋ, *le(m)baq]
Note: Also Ilokano lúboŋ ‘valley’.
30269 7171 7747 Note: Dempwolff (1938) also included Fijian lovo ‘native pit oven’, but it is not at all clear that this form belongs with the other cited here.
32735 11170 PPh *lebeŋ₂ pond, pool; lagoon
Note: Also Yami -bneŋ ‘unit for taro fields, pool, lake, water accumulation’.
26935 *lebet set close together, dense, luxuriant 3401 PMP *lebet set close together, dense, luxuriant
30916 8761 PMP *lebiq excess, surplus [doublet: *labiq]
Note: The historical relationship between *labiq and *lebiq ‘excess, surplus’ is somewhat unclear. While the former can clearly be assigned to PAn, the latter is restricted to Borneo, mainland Southeast Asia, Sumatra, Java-Bali, and southern Sumatra
26974 *le(b)leb forfeit (a pledge, etc.) 3440 PWMP *le(b)leb forfeit (a pledge, etc.)
30308 *lebleb₁ foggy, misty, overcast, gloomy, of weather preceding rain 7256 PAN *lebleb₁ foggy, misty, overcast, gloomy, of weather preceding rain
7265 PAN *ma-lebleb foggy, misty, overcast, gloomy, of weather preceding rain
Note: A somewhat problematic variant of this comparison was first proposed by Tsuchida (1976:177).
32943 *lebleb₂ sink, submerge; overflow 11411 PMP *lebleb₂ sink, submerge; overflow
11412 POC *lolop overflow, be inundated
33015 11502 PWMP *lebug muddy water [disjunct: *lebuR]
Note: Also Mongondow lobog ‘muddy, of water’.
33026 11515 PWMP *lebuk to pound, thud [doublet: *lubuk₂]
Note: With root *-buk₂ ‘pound, thud, heavy splash’.
33047 11536 PMP *lebuq village area [doublet: *lipu]
26936 3402 Note: Also Kapampangan álbug ‘flood’, Old Javanese ləbug ‘mud’, Palauan yobs ‘scum, foam from cooking food’
26938 *lecik fly off, of solid bits or water droplets 3404 PAN *lecik fly off, of solid bits or water droplets
Note: With root *-cik ‘fly out, splash, spatter’.
26939 *lecit squeeze out, squirt out 3405 PMP *lecit squeeze out, squirt out [disjunct: *lesit]
Note: The Oceanic members of this comparison were added by Lichtenberk and Osmond
(1998:170). However, the cognation of these forms is uncertain, as this verb in non-Oceanic
languages refers to slippery solids that are forced out under pressure, while in Oceanic
languages it invariably refers to the wringing out of liquids, and these two concepts are lexically distinguished in many Austronesian languages.
26940 3406 PWMP *lecut squeeze out, slip out
Note: Also Ilokano ma-i-lasut-án ‘to be free, liberated, cleared from debt’; mai-lasút ‘to
escape’. With root *-cut ‘slip out or off’.
33133 *ledek to pound into powder, as grain 11627 PWMP *ledek to pound into powder, as grain
Note: With root *-dek₂ ‘pulverized, pounded fine’.
32736 11171 33150 *ledep to dive, swim under water 11645 PAN *ledep to dive, swim under water
11646 PAN *l<um>edep to dive, swim under water
33151 11647 34033 12885 Note: With root *-guŋ ‘deep resounding sound’.
26985 *le(ŋ)gur thunder 3451 PMP *le(ŋ)gur thunder
Note: With root *-gur ‘purr, rumble’.
26986 3452 Note: With root *-kab ‘open, uncover’.
26988 3454 PMP *le(ŋ)kaŋ separate, disunite
26987 3453 Note: With root *-kaq₁ open forcibly.
26941 *lekas₁ open, undress, remove, release 3407 PMP *lekas₁ open, undress, remove, release
Note: Also Bontok lókas ‘to remove some of one’s clothes; to partially undress’, Tiruray lekas ‘to change clothes, to undress’, lekas-an ‘spare clothes ready to wear’ (< Maranao or Magindanao). With root *-kas₂ loosen, undo, untie.
31122 9098 Note: Tboli lekakas is assumed to show rightward foot reduplication. Dempwolff (1938) included Fijian loka ‘heavy breakers over a reef’ under his *lekas ‘apply strength, energy’, but this now seems unwarranted. With root *-kas₃ ‘swift, agile; energetic’.
26989 3455 PWMP *lekeb cover, shut in [disjunct: *lekep]
Note: Also Ifugaw lokúb ‘patch used to cover a hole, a breach of clothes’. Zorc (n.d.) gives PPh *lekeb ‘close (shutter, door)’. With root *-keb₁ ‘cover’.
26942 *leken coil 3408 PMP *leken coil [disjunct: *reken]
26943 3409 PWMP *lekep₁ cover, shut in [disjunct: *le(ŋ)keb]
30896 8728 PWMP *lekep₂ complete, replete
Note: Also Tagalog laŋkáp ‘included; incorporated; joined with’; the part with which something is joined or incorporated’.
26944 3410 Note: With root *-kes ‘encircle, wrap firmly around’.
30897 *leket sticky, adhesive; stuck in one’s memory 8729 PWMP *leket sticky, adhesive; stuck in one’s memory
Note: Also Sasak ləket ‘adhere firmly’, Tontemboan leŋket ‘to stick, adhere to’. With root *-keC ‘adhesive, sticky’.
26945 *leku bend, fold, folding part of the body; curl up on the ground, of an animal 3411 PMP *leku bend, fold, folding part of the body; curl up on the ground, of an animal [doublet: *deku]
33113 11605 32538 *lekuq₁ bend; bending part, joint 10897 PAN *lekuq₁ bend; bending part, joint
12524 33114 *lekuq₂ lie down, curl up (of animals) 11606 PPh *lekuq₂ lie down, curl up (of animals) [disjunct: *leku 'bend, fold']
Note: Also Yakan lekkuɁ ‘to lie down (of animals), sit down (of birds).
33134 *leleb to forfeit, lose by failure to meet an obligation 11628 PWMP *leleb to forfeit, lose by failure to meet an obligation
30728 8333 PMP *lem in, inside [doublet: *dalem]
8334 32711 11140 30505 *lemba to carry on a shoulder pole 7734 PCMP *lemba to carry on a shoulder pole
Note: Also Tetun lebo ‘to carry or transport any object from the ends of a pole with the center’.
32985 *lembut soft 11466 PWMP *lembut soft
Note: Dempwolff (1938) compared the Tagalog, Malay and Javanese forms cited here with Fijian lobo-lobo ‘soft, muddy, of earth’. However, the latter form is phonologically irregular, and is best treated as a chance resemblance. The remaining comparison, in which the Tagalog form is also irregular, may be a product of borrowing from Malay.
26946 *lemek₁ soft 3412 PAN *lemek₁ soft
Note: Also Karo Batak me-lemuk ‘tame, gentle, of animals; accustomed’, Toba Batak lomuk ‘tender, weak, fragile’.
26947 3413 Note: Possibly the same morpheme as Dempwolff's (1934-38) *lemek ‘fat, oily, greasy’; cp. Bikol tabá ‘greasy (food); rich (soil), fertile’ which, like Iban lemak, includes both meanings.
26949 3415 32993 *lemeŋ₂ cook in a tube of green bamboo 11478 PWMP *lemeŋ₂ cook in a tube of green bamboo
Note: Also Toba Batak maŋa-lomiŋ ‘cook something in a bamboo case’.
30917 8762 PWMP *lemeq soft, weak, flexible
8763 Note: Also SUBC mo-lama ‘weak’, Tiruray lemak ‘soft’, Samal lamma ‘weak’, Yakan lamma ‘weak; to feel weak’, Tausug lamma ‘weakness, illness, sickness; boredom’, Kayan ləmeʔ ‘weak, feeble (of people or animals)’, Kenyah ləma ‘tired, soft, ləma tulaŋ ‘tired (‘soft bones’)’, Bintulu laməh ‘weak, exhausted’, Ngaju Dayak lamah ‘soft, gentle, mild’, ka-lamah ‘softness, gentleness’, Proto-Minahasan *ləmeʔ ‘soft, gentle, tender’, Tontemboan ləmeʔ ‘soft (as skin)’. This reconstruction appears to be valid, but the related form in many languages evidently is Malay loan.
26948 3414 32927 *lemes stifle, suffocate; drown 11392 PMP *lemes stifle, suffocate; drown [doublet: *limes]
11393 POC *lomos submerge, go under water
11394 11395 PWMP *lemes-en to intentially drown, cause to drown
26953 *lem(e)tub blister 3419 PWMP *lem(e)tub blister
26951 3417 PWMP *lemi soft, weak [disjunct: *lemuy]
26950 3416 Note: Also Maranao kemiʔ ‘dent’, Malay kemék ‘dent, e.g. in a metal surface’.
33231 11742 11743 26952 *lemlem dark, of weather; overcast 3418 PAN *lemlem dark, of weather; overcast
Note: Also Thao humhum ‘twilight’ (< Bunun), Chamorro lemlem taotao ‘twilight, sunset’. With root *-lem₁ ‘dark’.
32994 *lemu weak, frail; gentle in personality 11479 PWMP *lemu weak, frail; gentle in personality
Note: Dempwolff (1938) also included Sa'a mä-lumu ‘soft, gentle’, Fijian ma-lumu ‘weak, faint, sick, soft’ in this comparison, and posited Uraustronesisch *lemu ‘weak, frail’.
33067 11557 PWMP *lemuy soft, weak [disjunct: *lemi, *lumúy]
33206 11710 PPh *lenlen to push aside [doublet: *lesles, *denden]
32959 11435 Note: TAGA lantík is assumed to be a Kapampangan loan.
26973 3439 26975 3441 PWMP *leñeb disappear under water [doublet: *leñed, *leñeD] [disjunct: *leñep]
Note: Also Ilokano nebnéb ‘sink, founder (of ships)’, Ayta Abellan lanab ‘flood’, Cebuano lánap ‘overflow or flood an area’, Tiruray leneʔ ‘drown’.
29865 *leñej sink, disappear under water 6513 PWMP *leñej sink, disappear under water
Note: Also Kayan leñen ‘to drown, drowning’. With root *-ñej ‘submerge, sink, drown’. Further support for the final consonant in this form is seen in the last syllable of Karo Batak keneŋ ‘to sink’, which appears to contain a reflex of the same monosyllabic root.
33225 11733 PWMP *leñep disappear under water [doublet: *leñeb]
32978 *leŋa sesame 11457 PMP *leŋa sesame
Note: Also Muna laŋa ‘sesame plant (the seeds are called woto)’ Tongan eŋa ‘turmeric: yellow powder made from the root of the aŋo’, Samoan leŋa ‘turmeric powder prepared from the root of the turmeric plant’, and used as a dye and as a medicine. This word was almost certainly borrowed during the early period of Indian contact with western Indonesia. However, it appears native in most languages, and a source is yet to be identified. Based on the words in Tagalog, Toba Batak, Javanese, Ngaju Dayak, Malay, Tongan and Samoan Dempwolff (1938) posited Uraustronesisch *leŋa ‘name of a plant’, without further specification, but the forms in Oceanic languages are phonologically irregular and semanitically distinct, and so are best treated as chance resemblances.
30521 7763 Note: The loss of the final nasal in Ba'amang leŋe and similar forms in other languages of southeast Borneo probably is due to metanalysis, where –n was taken to the be the third person singular possessive suffix, much as in Kayan (Uma Juman) forms such as utiʔ < PMP *qutin ‘penis’ (Blust 1977).
27192 10636 PWMP *leŋkeb lie prone, face-down
Note: With root *-keb₂ ‘face downward’.
26976 *leŋkiq scream 3442 PMP *leŋkiq scream
Note: With probable root *-kiq ‘high-pitched throaty sound’. Cf. *tekiq.
26977 3443 PMP *leŋkuk bend, curve [disjunct: *laŋkuk]
32992 *leŋkuŋ concave, curved inward 11476 PMP *leŋkuŋ concave, curved inward
11477 Note: With root *-kuŋ ‘bend, curve’.
33135 11629 Note: Malay ləmpar ‘throwing, casting (as a stone is thrown)’ may belong here, in which case PPh *lepad ‘to fly’ will constitute a semantic innovation (presumably from PMP *le(m)paD ‘to throw’) rather than a lexical innovation.
26981 3447 Note: With root *-pag ‘strike, beat’.
26954 3420 Note: With root *-pak₂ break, crack, split.
26955 *lepak₂ thud 3421 PWMP *lepak₂ thud [doublet: *depak]
Note: With root *-pak₁ ‘slap, clap’.
26956 *lepap flattened 3422 PWMP *lepap flattened
Note: Perhaps also Malay te-lempap ‘laying the palm of the hand on any surface’.
30909 *lepas to set free, let loose, liberated; passed by, come to an end 8751 PWMP *lepas to set free, let loose, liberated; passed by, come to an end
Note: This word appears to have carried both the physical sense of being freed from bondage, as in animals escaping from confinement, and of being relieved of social burdens either through the passage of time, or through being dischared by someone in authority.
26957 *lepaw₁ hut 3423 PAN *lepaw₁ hut
7769 PMP *lepaw₂ field hut, granary
Note: Also Rejang lempaw ‘small shop, kiosk, food stall’. Although reflexes of *lepaw are found in Formosan, WMP and CMP languages in the meaning ‘house’, this was not the meaning of this term in PAn or PMP (Blust 1987). The other options that appear viable are ‘field hut’, a meaning that shows up in several of the languages of Borneo, and ‘rice granary’, a meaning that shows up in several of the languages of Borneo, and in Atoni of west Timor. Given this distribution the only meaning that can plausibly be assigned to PMP *lepaw is ‘granary’.
Both ‘field hut’ and ‘granary’ also occur with reflexes of PAn *sapaw, but the distribution of meanings across major subgroups clearly favors *sapaw in the meaning ‘field hut’. Reflexes in Kelabit and Kayan raise the prospect that PMP *lepaw could have referred both to field huts (when unqualified) and to granaries (when qualified by a word for ‘rice’). However, since this inference is not supported by converging lines of evidence from both WMP and CMP languages it is best treated as a speculation. The similar semantic profiles of *lepaw and *sapaw strongly suggest that rice granaries were simple structures that did not differ significantly from field huts which were used for temporary residence when working in the fields away from the village for several days in succession.
33168 *lepaw₂ surpass, exceed, overdo 11667 PPh *lepaw₃ surpass, exceed, overdo [disjunct: *la(m)paw]
33517 *lepes simultaneous, at once 12247 PMP *lepes simultaneous, at once
26958 3424 Note: With root *-pet ‘plugged, stopped, closed off’.
32986 11467 PMP *lepet₂ to fold [doublet: *lepit]
33169 *lepet₃ wrapped packet of cooked rice 11668 PWMP *lepet₃ wrapped packet of cooked rice
Note: Possibly the same as PMP *lepet₂ ‘to fold’.
26959 *lepik snap, break off (twigs, etc.) 3425 PMP *lepik snap, break off (twigs, etc.)
Note: With root *-pik pat, light slap.
33081 11572 PWMP *lepiq a fold or hem; to fold [doublet: *lapi, *lepit]
Note: With monosyllabic root *-pi(q) ‘fold’.
26960 3426 Note: Possibly equivalent to Dempwolff's (1934-38) *le(m)pit ‘fold’. With root *-pit ‘press, squeeze together; narrow’.
32987 11468 PMP *lepit₂ to fold [doublet: *lepet]
11469 Note: Also Tae' luɁpiɁ, Muna lupi ‘to fold’, Makassarese lappaɁ ‘a fold, in connection with numerals’.
26984 3450 Note: Possibly with a variant of the root *-leb ‘sink, disappear under water’. Cp. Javanese ilep ‘put under water; soak’, silep ‘submerged in water’.
26961 3427 26965 *lepu fish with poisonous dorsal spines 3431 PMP *lepu fish with poisonous dorsal spines [disjunct: *lepuq]
9389 POC *lopu fish with poisonous dorsal spines
Note: Also Malay (Kedah) ikan depu ‘angler fish, goblin fish’.
26962 3428 Note: With root *-puk₁ throb, thud, clap, break.
26963 *lepuq₁ crooked, of limbs; bone fracture 3429 PWMP *lepuq₁ crooked, of limbs; bone fracture [doublet: *lumpuq 'lame']
31318 *lepuq₂ fish with poisonous dorsal spines 9390 PMP *lepuq₂ fish with poisonous dorsal spines [doublet: *ñepuq 'stonefish']
9391 POC *lopu fish with poisonous dorsal spines
Note: Also Malay (Kedah) ikan depu ‘angler fish, goblin fish’.
26964 3430 PMP *leput blow out, force out
Note: Also Tiruray lefuk ‘blowgun; blow a dart out of a blowgun’. With root *-put ‘puff’.
26966 3432 Note: With root *-guk ‘deep throaty sound’.
30069 *leqo voice 6772 POC *leqo voice [doublet: *liqo]
Note: Also Nggela leu, leuleu ‘dialect, foreign language; speak a foreign language.
PCEMP *liqə evidently became POc **liqo ~ *leqo (free variants). Given the semantic reflexes in Roviana and Eddystone/Mandegusu, it is tempting to compare this form with PAn *liqeR ‘neck’, but PAn *liqeR would regularly yield Roviana, Eddystone/Mandegusu **lioro. Since schwa did not occur word-finally in earlier proto-languages, and there is little other evidence that it could occur in this position in PCEMP, this form may have had some other final consonant that has been lost in all available reflexes. The most likely candidate for this segment is *q.
26967 3433 PMP *leseq nit, egg of a louse [doublet: *liseSeq]
Note: Also Proto-Minahasan *ləseʔa ‘nit, louse egg’. Zorc (1985) posits PCPH *lesaq ‘nit’. Like Buli loas, reflexes of *liseSeq frequently show metathesis. This variant was first noted in print by van der Tuuk (1897-1912).
30506 7735 31317 *lesit squeeze out, squirt out 9388 PWMP *lesit squeeze out, squirt out [disjunct: *lecit]
Note: Also Kelabit besit ‘squirt out (as pus from a pimple)’, Kiput luséːt ‘come out, go out’, Manggarai lesit ‘slippery’. Proto-South Sulawesi ?*lɨssu(C) ‘be born, set free’ (Mills (1975: 759) almost certainly is identical with *lecut ‘slip away, escape’.
30898 *lesles₁ lift up the clothes, roll up the pant legs (as when crossing shallow water) 8730 PPh *lesles₁ lift up the clothes, roll up the pant legs (as when crossing shallow water)
Note: Also Bikol lislís ‘curled up, upturned (as a lip); blown up (as a skirt)’ (probably < Tagalog).
33232 *lesles₂ to wring, squeeze out by twisting or wringing 11744 PMP *lesles₂ to wring, squeeze out by twisting or wringing
11745 POC *lolos wringing, squeezing
11746 POC *lolos-i wring, squeeze out (trans.)
26968 *lesu₁ punctured, having a hole 3434 PWMP *lesu₁ punctured, having a hole
30516 7745 PCMP *lesu₂ come out, take out
32988 11470 PWMP *lesu₃ fatigued, exhausted
11471 PWMP *l<um>esu to grow weak or exhausted
Note: Also Malagasy lezo-lezo ‘faint, weary (used primarily of bending branches)’.
32995 11480 PMP *lesuŋ rice mortar [doublet: *lusuŋ]
Note: Also Mori Atas nohu ‘rice mortar’.
26982 3448 PMP *le(n)tak clack the tongue
Note: The essential features of this comparison were first noted in print by Verheijen (1967-70).
26969 3435 PWMP *letak₁ split, crack [disjunct: *retak]
33082 *letak₂ fetter, restriction 11573 PWMP *letak₂ fetter, restriction
26983 3449 PWMP *le(n)taw to float [doublet: *lantaw]
Note: With root *-taw ‘float’. Zorc (1971) reconstructs PPh *letaw ‘float’.
30507 *letay₁ above 7736 PCMP *letay₁ above
Note: Also Manggarai eta, Kambera d-íta, Hawu d-ida ‘above’.
30508 *letay₂ bridge 7737 PCMP *letay₂ bridge
32989 *letek clattering sound 11472 PWMP *letek clattering sound
Note: Also Maranao letak ‘clapper used to frighten birds, or when weaving’. With root *-tek₁ ‘clicking or light knocking sound’.
32615 *letik flick with the finger; sound of flicking 11003 PWMP *letik flick with the finger; sound of flicking
Note: With root *-tik₁ ‘spring up; flicking motion’.
26970 *letiq thunder and lightning together 3436 PWMP *letiq thunder and lightning together
Note: Also Tagalog lintík ‘lightning’, Aklanon líntiʔ ‘thunderclap, crash of thunder’, Cebuano lítiʔ ‘thunderbolt’, Mansaka lintiʔ ‘thunder’.
26971 3437 PWMP *letlet wind around, roll up
30522 *letub blister 7764 PWMP *letub blister
Note: Also Karo Batak me-letup (expected **letum) ‘blistered; have a blister on the skin from burns, etc’. Since the Iban, Malay and Toba Batak forms could all reflect *letup it is possible that *letub can be assigned no higher than PPh.
33083 *letup blister 11574 PWMP *letup blister [doublet: *letub]
26972 *lezep submerge, disappear under water 3438 PAN *lezep submerge, disappear under water [doublet: *leñep]
Note: Also Bontok letep ‘dive into water, dive for something’, Chamorro liʔof ‘dive, submerge’, Iban, Malay lesap ‘disappear’, Malay resap ‘disappear by slow degrees’. For similar semantics, compare Isneg lannáp ‘overflow; flooded’, Ujir leñep ‘covered by water (as a boulder by rising water in the river)’, Malay leñap ‘gone, vanished’.
li
32979 *liad to bend backward, protruding the abdomen 11458 PWMP *liad to bend backward, protruding the abdomen
30861 *lian to change appearance 8681 PMP *lian to change appearance
Note: Also Javanese liya ‘other, different’, Tolai ria ‘eclipse, especially of the moon; to change appearance, as the sun or moon in an eclipse’. Dempwolff (1938) posited *lian ‘to change’, but the semantic disagreement between WMP and Oceanic forms raises questions about the validity of this comparison on the PMP level.
30905 8744 Note: Also Sasak leŋleŋ ‘a hole under the kitchen wall for throwing out garbage’, Tontemboan liaŋa ‘hole (as in the road). PMP *liaŋ evidently replaced PAn *Nihib ‘cave, cavern’. As noted in Blust (1984/85) its application to burial practices in a number of the languages of northern Sarawak almost certainly derives from the former practice of cave burial, a custom that had been abandoned by the time of first Western contact.
26990 3456 33193 *libák attack from concealment, criticize from a distance 11695 PPh *libák attack from concealment, criticize from a distance
30525 *libas₁ kind of sour edible fruit, possibly fruit of rattan 7782 PWMP *libas₁ kind of sour edible fruit, possibly fruit of rattan
33170 *libas₂ to pass someone by, overtake in walking, go past 11669 PWMP *libas₂ to pass someone by, overtake in walking, go past
33299 *libat cross-eyed 11834 PPh *libat cross-eyed
33846 *libeg murky, roiled, of water 12658 PPh *libeg murky, roiled, of water
30113 *libej coil around, wrap with rope 6842 PWMP *libej coil around, wrap with rope
Note: With root *-bej ‘wind around repeatedly’.
26991 3457 33274 *lib(e)túŋ deep place in river; pool of water left when a stream dries up 11801 PPh *lib(e)túŋ deep place in river; pool of water left when a stream dries up
Note: Also Ilokano libsóŋ ‘puddle’, mai-libsóŋ ‘to step in a puddle’, Manobo (Western Bukidnon) lidtuŋ ‘a pool of water which remains when a stream dries up; of a stream, to dry up, leaving only scattered pools’.
26992 3458 PMP *libuR murky, clouded, turbid
Note: With root *-buR₃ turbid.
26993 *libut surround, encircle, as game 3459 PWMP *libut surround, encircle, as game
3460 PWMP *pa-libut surround, encircle
Note: Also Isneg lipu-lipút ‘surrounded by’. Mills (1975:762) posits Proto-South Sulawesi *limbo ‘gather round’.
33233 *licaw shiny (of a smooth and polished surface) 11747 PMP *licaw shiny (of a smooth and polished surface)
11748 Note: Also Iban linsau ‘dazzled, dim-sighted’. Possibly a chance resemblance.
26994 3461 33163 *lidam tongue 11663 PAN *lidam tongue
Note: Also Kavalan rilam ‘tongue’ for expected **rizam.
31155 *lidem dark in color or from the absence of light 9152 PWMP *lidem dark in color or from the absence of light
Note: Also Ilokano lítem ‘livid black and blue’, Karo Batak liŋgem, Toba Batak liŋgom ‘shadow’. Dempwolff (1934-38) assigned Tagalog lílim to *DeDem ‘dark’, but most diagnostic witnesses suggest that Dempwolff's reconstruction should be *demdem. Since Panganiban (1966) also gives Tagalog limlím ‘impeding darkness’, lílim is perhaps best assigned to the present etymon. With root *-dem₁ ‘dark; overcast’.
26995 *lidik cutting or clearing of undergrowth 3462 PWMP *lidik cutting or clearing of undergrowth
27025 3495 PWMP *li(n)dis crush, roll over [doublet: *li(ŋ)gis]
31156 *liduŋ shelter, cover, protection; shade 9153 PAN *liduŋ shelter, cover, protection; shade
9154 PWMP *ma-linduŋ-an (gloss uncertain)
9155 PWMP *linduŋ-an sheltered place (?)
Note: Also Ilokano línoŋ ‘shade (from sun); shelter (from rain)’, ag-línoŋ ‘to take shelter, go to the shade’, Maranao lindiŋ ‘protect, surround’, Gayō linuŋ ‘shelter, place that is nestled between two hills; sheltered place’, Dairi-Pakpak Batak ce-lénduŋ ‘take shelter so as not to be struck by rain or strong wind’, Mandar mal-lindu-i ‘sheltered, protected’. Amis normally reflects *d as r; its retention as a stop in this form is unexplained, but may indicate that the stop followed a nasal which was subsequently lost, raising the question whether the absence of medial prenasalization in Formosan languages reflects a PAn state or a subsequent innovation. With root *-duŋ ‘shelter, protect’.
33106 *lig(e)pít fasten, as with a clip 11598 PPh *lig(e)pít fasten, as with a clip
33379 11985 PPh *lig(e)say slippery; to slip
26996 3463 27033 *li(ŋ)get gnash the teeth in anger or impatience 3503 PWMP *li(ŋ)get gnash the teeth in anger or impatience
Note: Also Aklanon ugót ‘be angry, get peeved’, Manggarai jeget ‘angry’.
33194 11696 PPh *lig(e)tas to save, rescue
33300 11835 PWMP *ligid to roll over and over
Note: Possibly a Greater Central Philippines loan in Yakan.
27034 3504 PWMP *li(ŋ)gis crush, roll over [doublet: *li(n)dis]
Note: Also Tagalog ligí ‘powdered by crushing or pounding’. Cf. Zorc (n.d.) PPh *ligis ‘trample, run over’.
33048 *lihem hide, conceal, do in secret 11537 PWMP *lihem hide, conceal, do in secret [doublet: *lihim]
Note: Also Hiligaynon ma-hílɁum (< met.) ‘to guess, to sense, to suspect’.
33049 *lihim hide, conceal, do in secret 11538 PWMP *lihim hide, conceal, do in secret [disjunct: *lihem]
Note: Also Casiguran Dumagat lihim ‘secret; to do something secretly’ (< Tagalog). Although Tagalog líhim could reflect either *lihem or *lihim, it is assumed to point unambiguously to the latter econstruction since ka-lihim-an ‘secrecy’ does not show the expected deletion of the reflex of *e between consonants which are themselves flanked by vowels.
27035 3505 PWMP *li(ŋ)ji batten of a loom
30437 7587 Note: With root *-kab ‘open, uncover’.
30316 *likaC lightning 7276 PAN *likaC lightning
7277 PMP *kilat₁ lightning
7278 PWMP *maR-kilat to flash, of lightning
7279 PWMP *k<um>ilat to lighten, to flash, of lightning
7280 PMP *kila-kilat shine, flash repeatedly
Note: Also Kankanaey kimát ‘lightning, flash of lightning’, Itawis kilád ‘shininess’, Bontok kelyat ‘lightning; to flash, of lightning’, Ifugaw kilʔát ‘lightning, lightning flash’, muŋ-kilʔát ‘it discharges lighting flashes; glittering, sparkling (as sun rays flashing in a mirror)’, Ifugaw (Batad) īlat, Kapampangan kíldap, Tagalog kidlát ‘lightning’, Aklanon kídlat ‘flash of lightning’, Mapun maŋirat ‘lightning; for lightning to flash’, Mansaka silat ‘shine; to rise (as sun or moon)’, Maranao kindat ‘shine; radiance’, Yakan lalat ‘lightning, flashes of lightning’, Tombonuwo kudilop ‘lightning’, Singhi Land Dayak kijat ‘lightning’, Malagasy helatra ‘lightning; (fig.) swift, quick’, manelatra ‘to lighten, to flash; (fig.) angry, hasty in temper’, Talise pila-pila ‘lightning’.
The most striking feature of this comparison is the apparent metathesis of the first two consonants in Malayo-Polynesian languages and in Kavalan. This might be taken as evidence that the East Formosan languages (Basai, Trobiawan, Kavalan, Amis, Siraya) subgroup immediately with Malayo-Polynesian, but the order of consonants in Amis likat agrees with that of the PAn form, and so suggests that the metatheses in Kavalan qilat and PMP *kilat are historically independent changes.
30408 7531 PAN *likaw curve, bend, winding [doublet: *luiku₂, *likuq]
7532 PAN *pa-likaw (gloss uncertain)
7533 7534 PPh *likáw-likáw (gloss uncertain)
11739 POC *liko₂ curve, bend, meander
Note: Also Itbayaten ma-liko-liko ‘zigzag; not straight; winding’, Agta (Eastern) likóg ~ pa-likóg ‘bend at ninety-degree angle; riverbend’, Casiguran Dumagat likó ‘bend in a path’; liku-likó ‘crooked path; to turn and walk in a different direction’, Masbatenyo mag-likóʔ ‘turn and go’, liku-likóʔ ‘winding, curving, twisting, zigzag (refers to roads or paths)’, Mapun likoʔ ‘a curve or bend (in a road or path)’, Mansaka liko-liko ‘to zigzag; to weave in and out; to wind’, Maranao likoʔ ‘curve, swerve, detour’, Binukid likuʔ ‘to return, to go or come back; to return (to a former state)’, Manobo (Western Bukidnon) likuʔ ‘to return’, Kadazan Dusun hiku ‘to bend (a branch)’, Acehnese liŋkoʔ ‘bend, curved; bay’, Minangkabau liku ‘bend; angle of road; turning’, Old Javanese liku-liku ‘twists, bends; twisted, bending, winding’, Javanese liku-liku ‘complex, many-faceted (as a problem)’, Makassarese liku ‘eddy in a river; maze (as in the alleyways of a night market)’, Asilulu liʔu ‘to bend, to curve’, Buruese liku ‘to bend’.
27037 3507 27038 *li(ŋ)keŋ curvilinear 3508 PWMP *li(ŋ)keŋ curvilinear [doublet: *li(ŋ)kuŋ]
32599 *likes wrap firmly around, encircle tightly 10985 PMP *likes wrap firmly around, encircle tightly
10986 POC *likos wrap firmly around, encircle tightly
Note: Also Javanese likas-an ‘reel, thread winder’, Balinese likas ‘reel’, ŋ-likas ‘to reel, wind (line, cord)’. Roviana h appears to be the normal reflex of POc *ns. Because a POc prenasalized series is strongly supported only in initial and medial positions, this item is assumed to reflect a late prenasalization following the addition of echo vowels. With root *-kes ‘encircle, wrap firmly around’.
29911 *likeS mosquito 6584 PAN *likeS mosquito
Note: Also Kavalan Ris ‘mosquito’.
26997 3464 PMP *liket sticky, adhesive [doublet: *riket]
Note: Also Isneg níkat ‘resin’. With root *-keC ‘adhesive, sticky’.
32600 *lik(e)táw jump over or across 10987 PPh *lik(e)taw jump over or across [doublet: *lak(e)táw]
33217 *liki little, small in size or amount 11724 POC *liki little, small in size or amount [doublet: *dikit]
Note: A somewhat larger version of this comparison was first proposed by Ross (2003:194).
33164 *liklík go around the edge, take a detour 11664 PPh *liklík go around the edge, take a detour
30022 *liko commit suicide by hanging 6718 POC *liko₁ commit suicide by hanging
26999 3466 PMP *liku₁ deep place in a river
Note: Mills (1975:766) gives Proto-South Sulawesi *liku ‘deep’. This cognate set may reflect *likuʔ (Blust 1970) in the more specific meaning ‘deep eddy, whirlpool’.
31123 9099 PWMP *liku₂ winding or curving [doublet: *likaw, *likuq]
Note: Also Malay bəliku ‘sharp twist or bend in river’. With root -ku(q) ‘bend, curve’.
32984 *li(ŋ)kub to surround, encircle 11465 PWMP *li(ŋ)kub to surround, encircle [doublet: *li(ŋ)kup 'to cover, enclose']
Note: With root *-kub₂ ‘surround, encircle’
30409 *likud back 7535 PAN *likud back
7536 PAN *pa-likud (gloss uncertain)
7537 PMP *ta-likud turn the back on
7538 POC *ta-likur turn the back to someone
7539 PAN *likud-an back area, place at the back?
7540 PAN *liku-likud (gloss uncertain)
7541 PAN *liku-likud-an (gloss uncertain)
Note: A peculiarity of this comparison is that reflexes of the simple base are unknown in CEMP languages, yet reflexes of *ta-likud ‘turn the back to someone’ persisted, evidently as an unanalyzed base, long after *likud had been replaced by other forms. Under his *likuD Dempwolff (1938) also included Fijian talikura ‘warm oneself at a fire’ (< *ta-likuD-an), but the proposed connection with this reconstruction is questionable. Pawley and Sayaba cite Wayan taliku ‘warm oneself (usually by a fire but also by blankets, etc.), showing even more clearly that the semantic grounds for a judgement of cognation in this case are quite weak.
33050 11539 Note: With root *-kug₁ curl, curve’.
32990 *likuŋ concave, curving inward 11473 PWMP *likuŋ concave, curving inward
11474 PWMP *likuŋ-an (gloss uncertain)
Note: Also Toba Batak lehuŋ ‘bent, curved’.
32996 11481 PWMP *likup₁ to cover, enclose
11482 Note: With root *-kup ‘enclose, cover’.
33165 11665 PPh *likup₂ scoop, scooping tool
Note: Possibly an Ilokano loan in Ayta Abellan.
31124 *likuq zigzag, winding or curving 9100 PMP *likuq zigzag, winding or curving [doublet: *likaw, *liku₂]
9101 PWMP *liku-likuq winding, curving repeatedly
Note: Also Ilokano likkó ‘curved, bent’, ag-likkó ‘to turn (a corner)’, l 26998 3465 Note: With root *-kut ‘hunched over, bent’.
30705 *lileq whirlpool 8284 PMP *lileq whirlpool
8285 POC *liloq whirlpool
Note: Possibly a chance resemblance.
30026 6722 27000 *lilin beeswax 3467 PMP *lilin beeswax
Note: Dempwolff (1934-38) reconstructed *lilin ‘wax candle’, citing cognates only from western Indonesia. The Ifugaw and Ngadha cognates suggest that the use of beeswax to stiffen threads or twine has a long history in MP languages.
27001 *liliŋ₁ askew, in a slanting direction 3468 PMP *liliŋ₁ askew, in a slanting direction
33051 *liliŋ₂ circle around looking for something 11540 11726 PWMP *liliŋ-liliŋ move around in a circling fashion
Note: Apparently distinct from PMP *liliŋ₁ ‘askew, in a slanting direction’.
33084 *lílip hem 11575 PPh *lílip hem
Note: Also Agutaynen lilin ‘hem’
33085 *lilit rattan sp. 11576 PPh *lilit rattan sp.
30033 6731 POC *liliu turn around, turn over
30365 *lima five 7384 PAN *lima five
7385 PMP *lima ŋa puluq fifty
Note: This PMP construction replaced PAn *ma-lima-N ‘fifty’. 7386 POC *i-lima five
Note: Presumably with the same numeral marker that appears as e in other Oceanic languages. 7387 Note: For Mongondow i-lima ‘the fifth’ cp. e.g. Kadazan Dusun iŋg-onom, Malagasy in-énina ‘six times’,Mongondow iŋg-onon ‘the sixth’. This still poorly understood numeral prefix evidently had different allomorphs before vowel-initial and consonant-initial bases. 7388 Note: In many languages it is difficult to disinguish reflexes of this form from reflexes of PAn *Sika-lima ‘the fifth’. Both *ka-lima and *maka-lima appear to have meant ‘five times’, and it is therefore possible that the data taken to support this shorter word are actually truncated forms of *maka-lima. 7389 PWMP *kuma-lima fifth in order
Note: Possibly *k<um>a-lima ‘become fifth’. 7390 PAN *la-lima five (in counting people)
7391 Note: Onvlee (1984) gives Kambera njara makalimangu baina ‘a stallion with five mares’ (lit. ‘a stallion, five times his mares’, but this appears to be njara ma-ka-lima-ŋu bai-na ). It is possible that the PAn form meaning ‘five times’ was *maka-lima-N. 7392 PWMP *maŋ-lima divide into groups of five
Note: Although the prefix in this form clearly was *maŋ-, it may have had an allomorph [maŋa] before bases that began with a liquid consonant. 7393 PWMP *maR-lima divide into groups of five
7394 PMP *pa-lima divide into five (?)
7395 7396 7397 PAN *Sika-lima fifth (ordinal numeral)
7398 PMP *ika-lima fifth (ordinal numeral)
9000 PAN *qa-lima hand
Note: This form is puzzling, as it is clearly derived from *lima ‘five’, but *qa- is not a known affix. A number of other languages reflect *lima as both ‘five’ and ‘hand’, in the latter meaning presumably by reduction of the longer form. In other cases the two senses are distinguished by stress, as in Bontok limá ‘five’ : líma ‘hand and arm’, or Kankanaey limá ‘five’ : líma, ma-limá-an ‘manipulated; rickety, as chickens or dogs that are manipulated too much in their youth’. The latter meaning raises questions about whether seemingly distinct items such as Cebuano alíma ‘take care of someone by administering to his needs’, or Manobo (Western Bukidnon) elima ‘to care for; to look after; to provide for, as children, plants, garden, animals, etc.’ might also be related (cf. English ‘to handle someone’s affairs’). 7399 PWMP *taR-lima five each, five together
7400 PWMP *ka-lima-an (gloss uncertain)
7401 PAN *ma-lima-N fifty
Note: The reconstruction of this pattern for multiples of ten in PAn was first demonstrated by Zeitoun, Teng and Ferrell (2010). 7402 PPh *paR-lima-en divide into five
Note: Puyuma (Tsuchida 1980) also has a pattern paR-X-n for bases ending in a vowel, and paR-X-en for bases ending in a consonant, meaning ‘to do X times’. However, for this affixational pattern the innovative form luwaT ‘five’ is used, yielding paR-luwaT ‘to do five times’. While this form cannot be directly compared with those in Philippine languages, it does suggest that if a reflex of *lima had been retained in this type of construction the result would have been **paR-lima-n, and the reconstruction given here would then be upgraded to PAn. 7403 PWMP *lima-an a set or group of five
7404 PMP *lima-lima five by five, in groups of five
Note: Also Kenyah (Long Anap) ləma, Iban limaʔ, Moken lemaʔ , Acehnese limɔŋ, Simalur limo, Balinese limaŋ, Muna dima, Lamaholot lema, Gitua lima ‘five’. The meaning ‘starfish’ as the reflex of *lima-lima in both Ilokano and Gitua is almost certainly convergent, given the clear evidence for PMP *saŋa-saŋa ‘starfish’ (lit. ‘branch-branch’). This is one of the most stable morphemes in Austronesian languages, being reflected in all major geographical regions and in the great majority of languages. Sagart (2004) has argued that *lima was an innovation that postdated the breakup of PAn, but there are problems with his argument.
30795 8534 PMP *limas bail out a canoe [doublet: *nimas]
8535 PMP *la-limas bailer, instrument used for bailing
8536 PWMP *maŋa-limas bail out water
8537 PWMP *limas-an to bail out completely
8538 PWMP *limas-en to be bailed out, of water
30535 7816 PWMP *limaw lime, citrus fruit
Note: Also Mongondow limuʔ ‘lemon; citrus fruit in general’, Dampelas, Totoli lemo ‘citrus fruit’, Bare'e lemo ‘citrus fruit; pomelo, Citrus decumana, etc.’, Proto-Bungku-Tolaki *lemo ‘citrus fruit’, Makassarese lemo ‘name for various types of citrus fruits’, Muna lemo ‘citrus fruit’ (includes tangerines, pomelos, oranges, and others). Dempwolff reconstructed *limaw, and included Oceanic forms such as Sa'a moli ‘a wild orange’, Fijian moli ‘an orange, general name for species of citrus fruits’, and Tongan moli ‘orange or other citrus fruit, but usually excluding lemons and limes’ on the assumption that these have undergone syllable metathesis. However, Ross (2008:339) shows convincingly that the POc form was *molis, and the two cognate sets must therefore be distinguished. The similarity of Portuguese limão ‘lemon’ to this form presumably is due to borrowing from Malay.
27002 *limbun heap up, pile up (as earth); dam 3469 PMP *limbun heap up, pile up (as earth); dam
Note: With root *-bun ‘heap, cover with earth; collect, assemble’.
33024 *limbuŋ place covered by shallow water 11513 PWMP *limbuŋ place covered by shallow water
Note: Possibly a chance resemblance.
33107 *liméd concealed, secret; to deny, hide something 11599 PPh *liméd concealed, secret; to deny, hide something
33088 *limeŋ hidden behind something else 11579 PPh *limeŋ hidden behind something else
32928 11396 PPh *limes to drown [doublet: *lemes]
32980 *limun to conceal; be concealed 11459 PMP *limun to conceal; be concealed
Note: It is unclear whether the base form in this comparison is *limun or something longer. Most longer forms seem to be affixed, although the affixation patterm (with *qa-X-an) is
unusual.
30638 8146 PMP *limut moss, algae [doublet: *lumut]
Note: Also Rotuman rimi ‘greyish lichen growing on tree trunks’. Dempwolff (1938) reconstructed *limut as a doublet of the far better-attested *lumut ‘algae, moss, seaweed’, but cited only Toba Batak limut ‘moss, seaweed’, and Ngaju Dayak la-limot ‘thin (like moss)’ outside Fijian and the Polynesian languages as support for this reconstruction. However, Hardeland (1859) gives Ngaju Dayak la-limot and limo-limot with the meaning ‘fine, thin (of hairs, young rice plants)’. Dempwolff himself added ‘(like moss)’, evidently in an attempt to increase the plausibility of the etymology, but since no further evidence for a variant *limut has been found after thorough searching, the validity of this comparison beyond Central Pacific must be considered open to serious question.
33273 *lináb brilliant, sparkling 11800 PPh *lináb brilliant, sparkling
32726 11159 PPh *linak calm, still, quiet [doublet: *linaw]
31320 *linaŋ calm, tranquil, of the surface of water 9394 PMP *linaŋ calm, tranquil, of the surface of water [doublet: *linuŋ] [disjunct: *lineŋ]
33007 *linaw calm, still, as the surface of water 11492 PMP *linaw calm, still, as the surface of water
11673 PMP *ma-linaw calm, still, as the surface of water
11799 POC *ma-lino calm, still, of the surface of water
33489 12211 PPh *linawa breath, breath soul
Note: Almost certainly a derivative of PAn *NiSawa ‘breath; to breathe’, although this form cannot be analyzed into morphemes, and its shape is unique to languages in the Philippine group.
27003 3470 30386 *lindur earthquake 7475 PWMP *lindur earthquake [doublet: *linuR] [disjunct: *linduR]
30387 *linduR earthquake 7476 PMP *linduR earthquake [doublet: *lindur, *linuR]
7488 POC *lidruR earthquake
Note: Also Casiguran Dumagat lindul ‘earthquake’, Sundanese lindu ‘earthquake’, ka-lindu-an ‘be struck by an earthquake’, Bare'e líndugi ‘earthquake; also the name of the spirit that causes earthquakes’. It is unclear from the evidence found so far whether POc had *lidruR or *ridruR. Ross, Pawley and Osmond (2003) do not include this term in their treatment of the POc vocabulary for the natural environment, and cite Mota rir under Proto-North-Central Vanuatu *ruru ‘to shake; earthquake’.
31319 *lineŋ calm, tranquil, of the surface of water 9393 PWMP *lineŋ calm, tranquil, of the surface of water [disjunct: *linaŋ, *liNuŋ]
27004 *linis smooth, fine (of texture) 3471 PWMP *linis smooth, fine (of texture)
Note: Also Kayan lanih ‘fine, of grain or texture; smooth, of surface; fine, of powder’, Proto-South Sulawesi *rɨnni(s) ‘fine, powdery’. Zorc (1985) gives PPh *linis ‘clean’.
32601 *línis clean 10988 PPh *línis clean
10989 27005 *linuR earthquake 3472 PAN *linuR earthquake [doublet: *linduR]
Note: Also Seediq (Truku) luno ‘earthquake’, m-luno ‘to have an earthquake’, Thao rinuz ‘earthquake’, m-rinuz ‘to have an earthquake’, rinuz-in ‘be shaken by an earthquake’, Paiwan luni ‘earthquake’, l<m>uni ‘to have an earthquake’, Ibanag, Balangaw, Yogad lunig, Atta (Pamplona) lunik, Gaddang alúnig, Itawis lúnig, Boano linuʔ, Chamorro linao ‘earthquake’. For unknown reasons at least three closely similar forms can be reconstructed meaning ‘earthquake’, and many other words that appear to have a historical connection with these fail to show regular sound correspondences.
Based on the comparison Tagalog lindól : Javanese linḍu ‘earthquake’, Dempwolff (1938) reconstructed *linḍuγ ‘earthquake’, but he was forced to acknowledge that the sound correspondence supporting the final consonant is irregular, Tagalog pointing to *lindul or *lindur, but Javanese to *lindu or *linduR (ignoring the *d/ḍ distinction, which is no longer regarded as valid). Access to apparently related forms from a much larger selection of languages now permits the reconstruction of both *linduR and the disjunct *lindur, although neither of these is a competitor of PAn *linuR ‘earthquake’. At first glance Paiwan luni and Philippine forms such as Agta (Central Cagayan), Balangaw lunig suggest a PAn doublet *luniR, but closer attention to northern Luzon forms indicates that they probably reflect *lunij. This in turn allows comparison with Thao rinuz (< *linuj), except that the position of the vowels is reversed and there is no clear basis for deciding which order was original. In addition, Li (1981) has posited Proto-Atayalic *gunug ‘earthquake’ on the basis of evidence that actually supports Proto-Atayalic *runug, a form which would reflect earlier *lunuR. Reflexes of *linuR (and words for ‘earthquake’ more generally) completely skip Borneo, which is a tectonically stable region in an area otherwise known as part of the circum-Pacific ‘ring of fire’.
27006 *liNuŋ calm, tranquil, of the surface of water 3475 PAN *liNuŋ calm, tranquil, of the surface of water [doublet: *linaŋ] [disjunct: *lineŋ]
9392 PMP *linuŋ calm, tranquil, of the surface of water
33275 11802 27030 3500 27031 3501 Note: This is one of only a handful of reconstructed PMP monosyllables that are not either grammatical particles (e.g. *ni ‘genitive’) or onomatopes (e.g. *tuk ‘sound of knocking, pounding, beating’).
27019 *liŋa₁ inattentive 3489 PWMP *liŋa₁ inattentive
Note: Also Tagalog liŋát ‘negligence, lack of attention’, Cebuano liŋag ‘lacking concentration, preoccupied with many other things so as to make stupid mistakes’, Manobo (Western Bukidnon) liŋew ‘of an occupation or activity, to absorb someone so completely that he forgets everything else’, Iban liŋas ‘careless, idle’, Malay léŋah, liŋah ‘dawdling’.
30754 8449 PWMP *liŋa₂ to hear, listen [doublet: *deŋeR, *diŋa]
27014 3484 PMP *liŋak turn to the side [doublet: *liŋeR 'turn the head aside']
33025 *liŋaR look from side to side, turn the head in this way 11514 PWMP *liŋaR look from side to side, turn the head in this way [doublet: *liŋeR]
Note: Also Pangasinan liŋáw ‘turn the head to one side; look back’.
27015 *liŋas unable to concentrate 3485 PWMP *liŋas unable to concentrate [doublet: *liŋa 'inattentive']
33255 *liŋát look quickly here and there, look hastily in all directions 11775 PPh *liŋát look quickly here and there, look hastily in all directions
33276 *liŋáw become distracted or confused, as by noise 11803 PWMP *liŋáw become distracted or confused, as by noise
27016 *liŋaw₁ shadow 3486 PAN *liŋaw₁ shadow
Note: Also Gaddang alinaw, Mongondow olinow ‘shadow’.
33136 *liŋaw₂ turn the head to look back 11630 PPh *liŋaw₂ turn the head to look back
27018 *liŋay₁ time of lengthening shadows; afternoon 3488 PWMP *liŋay₁ time of lengthening shadows; afternoon
33661 *liŋay₂ turn the head to look back 12406 PPh *liŋay₂ turn the head to look back [doublet: *liŋaw]
27032 *liŋ(e)bas kind of axe or adze 3502 PWMP *liŋ(e)bas kind of axe or adze [doublet: *riŋbas, *Riŋbas]
27020 3490 Note: Also Kayan liŋun ‘hidden; obscured knowledge’.
27022 *liŋ(e)qet sweat, perspiration 3492 PWMP *liŋ(e)qet sweat, perspiration
Note: Also Bikol gaʔnót ‘sweat, perspiration’, Tboli iŋet ‘perspiration’ (cited in the English index, but not in the Tboli listing).
27021 3491 PWMP *liŋeR turn the head aside [doublet: *liŋus]
Note: Also Ngaju Dayak liŋak ‘wagging of the head from side-to-side’, Kambera ha-liŋa ‘leaning to one side (of a boat, pregnant woman, etc.)
33109 11601 33108 *liŋgaŋ to sway back and forth, as plant stems in the wind 11600 PWMP *liŋgaŋ to sway back and forth, as plant stems in the wind
30821 8585 8586 POC *ta-liŋi spilt
8587 POC *liŋi-liŋi (gloss uncertain)
Note: Also Lau ligi ‘to pour by inclining a vessel, pour into’; ligi-sia ‘spilt’. Hawaiian nini ‘ointment, balm; to apply ointment; to pour, spill’. This form is evidently distinct from PMP *iliŋ, both of which are reflected in Arosi.
33277 *liŋiq turn one’s head to the side to look back 11804 PPh *liŋiq turn one’s head to the side to look back
33286 *liŋkep to close up, shut, as a door 11814 PPh *liŋkep to close up, shut, as a door
Note: With root *-kep₁ ‘cover; fold over’.
33226 *liŋkit stick, adhere; join together 11734 PWMP *liŋkit stick, adhere; join together
Note: With root *-kit₂ ‘join along the length’.
27023 3493 27029 *liŋu get wrong, be mistaken; forget 3499 PWMP *liŋu get wrong, be mistaken; forget [doublet: *liŋaw]
Note: Zorc (1985) gives PPh *liŋu ‘err; cheat’.
27028 3498 PWMP *liŋus turn the head aside
Note: Also Isneg liŋat ‘look quickly back over one's shoulder’, liŋáy ‘turn the head’, Tagalog liŋón ‘act of looking back’, Cebuano liŋuʔ ‘shake one's head to say no, or in hopelessness or resignation’, Malay liŋar ‘glance sideways’, Roviana liŋana ‘turn the head, look round’.
33227 *lio-lio brown triggerfish: Pseudobalistes fuscus 11735 POC *lio-lio brown triggerfish: Pseudobalistes fuscus
Note: This comparison was first proposed by Osmond (2011:123).
33110 11602 Note: With root *-pak₁ ‘slap, clap’.
33052 11541 31322 9396 11596 PPh *lipat-en forget, be forgotten
33053 11542 33054 *lipay kind of vine that causes swelling and itching 11543 PPh *lipay kind of vine that causes swelling and itching
33624 *lipéd to hide, conceal something 12365 PPh *lipéd to hide, conceal something
30237 *lipen tooth 7105 PAN *lipen tooth [doublet: *ipen, *ŋipen, *nipen]
7106 POC *lipon tooth
Note: This is one of many doublet forms meaning ‘tooth’. The glosses in Lun Dayeh of northern Sarawak and Lau of the Solomon Islands suggest that the universal animistic belief in ‘thunder stones’ (Tylor 1958:348ff) was at least alternatively conceived as ‘thunder teeth’ in PMP society.
For the same association with a different base form cp. Ifugaw (Batad) baban di idul (‘tooth-ligature-thunder’) ‘a tooth charm, lit. tooth of thunder, a tooth or tusk fragment of a prehistoric elephant, Elephas stegodon.’
33137 *lipeŋ to feel light-headed; to faint, lose consciousness momentarily 11631 PPh *lipeŋ to feel light-headed; to faint, lose consciousness momentarily
31072 9031 30967 *lipis thinness, of materials 8861 PWMP *lipis thinness, of materials [doublet: *nipis]
Note: Also Casiguran Dumagat lápes ‘thin (of paper or cloth, or a pig skin without fat on it)’. With root *-pis₂ ‘thin, of materials’.
33055 *lipit join together; beams used in house construction 11544 PWMP *lipit join together; beams used in house construction
Note: With root *-pit (or *-peqit?) ‘press; squeeze together; narrow’.
33057 *lipuC disappear behind something that envelops or blocks the view 11546 PAN *lipuC disappear behind something that envelops or blocks the view
27007 3476 PWMP *lipud cover, conceal [doublet: *salipud, *salipuj]
Note: Cf. Zorc (n.d.) PPh *lipu(D,r) ‘cover, extinguish’.
33138 11632 Note: With root *-puk₁ ‘throb, thud, clap, break’.
33056 *lipuq village 11545 PMP *lipuq village [doublet: *lebuq]
Note: Also Tae' lipu ‘region, district’, Muna liwu ‘village, country, inhabited area’.
33008 *liput₁ surround, encircle, as in attacking someone 11493 PMP *liput₁ surround, encircle, as in attacking someone
11494 PWMP *l<um>iput go around, envelop, surround
33009 *liput₂ treachery, betrayal 11495 PPh *liput₂ treachery, betrayal
Note: Possibly identical to *liput₁ ‘surround, encircle’.
30068 *liqə voice 6770 PCEMP *liqə voice [doublet: *leqo]
6771 POC *liqo voice
Note: Also Sika liʔar, Lamaholot ra ‘voice’, Leti lira ‘sound; voice; word; language’, Kisar lira ‘voice, sound of; way, method’, Wetan lira ‘voice, sound; disputation; affair; war’, maka-li-lira ‘music’, Erai li(n) ‘voice, sound of the voice; to sound’ lir ‘voice, language, speech’, Yamdena liri ‘voice, language’, Nehan liro-lir ‘mumble, babble’. Buli normally reflects PAn *e as o in the penult, but a in the ultima (Blust 1978:192-194). It is unclear whether lio shows a conditioned change following another vowel.
33278 *liq(e)beR murkiness, turbidity, of water that has been stirred up 11805 PPh *liq(e)beR murkiness, turbidity, of water that has been stirred up
11806 PPh *ma-liqeb(e)R murky, turbid, of water that has been stirred up
33279 *liqed footprints, tracks 11807 PPh *liqed footprints, tracks
33280 12216 Note: With root *-kep₁ ‘cover, fold over’.
31073 *liq(e)pit press between two flat surfaces 9032 PMP *liq(e)pit press between two flat surfaces
Note: With root *-pit ‘press, squeeze together; narrow’.
30357 *liqeR neck 7356 PAN *liqeR neck
7357 POC *liqoR neck
Note: Also Favorlang/Babuza li ‘throat, neck’, Proto-Rukai *ɭəʔə, Tagalog leʔég, Maranao leher < Malay) ‘neck’. Based on data only from Tagalog and Malay Dempwolff (1938) reconstructed *liqiR ‘neck’, but the wider set of data considered here shows clearly that the last-syllable vowel was PAn *e (schwa). As noted elsewhere in this dictionary (*leqo Note), PCEMP *liqə and POc *leqo ‘voice’ may be continuations of this form with semantic change. However, even if this is true the meaning ‘neck’ evidently persisted, as shown by the Helong form given above, and by reflexes in at least twelve languages of Guadalcanal in the central Solomons, and seven others of San Cristobal in the southeast Solomons, all of which are represented above by just Ghari and Bauro.
33058 11547 PWMP *liqes nit, louse egg [doublet: *liseqeS]
27008 *liqu forget 3477 PWMP *liqu forget
3478 PWMP *ma-liqu forget
30509 7738 PCMP *liRi sound, voice [disjunct: *liqo '(PCEMP: 'voice')']
33287 11815 30536 *liseqeS nit, egg of a hair louse 7817 PAN *liseqeS nit, egg of a hair louse [doublet: *liqes]
7818 PMP *lisehaq, liseqah nit, egg of a hair louse
7819 Note: Also Pazeh deres ‘nit’, Thao riqnish ‘nit, egg of head louse’, riqnish-in ‘to have nits, be infested with nits’, Ilokano liés ‘nit, egg of the louse’, Bikol luʔsá ‘nit, the egg of a louse’, luʔsáh-on ‘describing someone with nits’, Agutaynen liket ‘louse egg’, Aklanon eusáʔ ‘nit, louse egg [about to hatch]’, Masbatenyo lusáʔ ‘louse, louse egg, nit, bedbug’, lusaʔ-ón ‘infested with louse eggs’, Cebuano lúsaʔ ‘nit, the egg of a louse’, lusáʔ-un ‘full of nits’, Dampelas, Lauje luesa ‘nit, egg of a louse’, Makassarese ku-licca ‘nit, egg of a louse’, Muna liko ‘nit’, Chamorro lotsa ‘nit, egg of louse’, Buli loas ‘nit, egg of a louse’, Loniu lus ‘nit, egg of a louse’, Seimat lil ‘head louse’, Wogeo lisar ‘nit, egg of a louse’, Mbula leeze ‘louse egg, nit’.
In addition to reflexes that conform to expectation this list shows that there is a surprising number of apparently related forms that do not. Some of these might be taken as evidence for doublets, as Cebuano lúsaʔ, Loniu lus < PMP *lusehaq, or Kapampangan liyas, Kayan liah, Mori Atas liʔoho < PMP *liqesah. However, the evidence for a variant *lusehaq currently seems too tenuous to take seriously, and apparent reflexes of *liqesah are probably best treated as products of convergent metathesis. Forms such as Bare'e lioso, Mori Atas liʔoho also suggest that the merger of *e (schwa) and *a before a final laryngeal had not yet taken place in PMP (hence PMP *liseheq/liseqeh). However, since all other languages point to PMP *-aq or *-ah in this form, and a similar merger is supported by other etymologies, I will assume that the second rounded vowel in these Sulawesian forms is a product of assimilation to the regular reflex of *e in penultimate position.
Finally, several widely separated languages (Tboli, Yakan, Bare'e, Komodo, plus the irregular Makassarese form ku-licca) reflect the base reconstructed here with a prefix *ku- of unknown function. Although it is by no means certain, this may have been a Sama-Bajaw innovation that spread by contact.
31945 *lislís to roll up sleeves or pant legs 10162 PPh *lislís to roll up sleeves or pant legs
27039 *li(ŋ)suŋ mortar 3509 PWMP *li(ŋ)suŋ mortar [doublet: *esuŋ, *lusuŋ]
33139 *litas to tear, rip (as cloth) 11633 PPh *litas to tear, rip (as cloth)
Note: With root *-tas ‘cut through, sever, rip’. Kankanaey shows regular metathesis of *tVs found in most languages of northern Luzon.
27009 3479 PMP *litek muddy; sticky, as mud
Note: The Palauan member of this comparison was pointed out to me courtesy of Alexander Kuznetsov. With root *-tek₂ mud.
27026 *li(n)tem deep black, shiny black 3496 PWMP *li(n)tem deep black, shiny black
Note: Also Maranao intem ‘dark in color’. Murik lintem can be assigned equally well to *li(n)dem or *li(n)jem ‘dark’.
27010 3480 PMP *liteq sap of a tree or plant [doublet: *Niteq]
33096 *lítid tendon, ligament; prominent veins 11587 PPh *lítid tendon, ligament; prominent veins
27027 *li(n)tik snap off, snapping or clicking sound 3497 PMP *li(n)tik snap off, snapping or clicking sound
Note: With root *-tik₂ ‘ticking or clicking sound’.
32981 *litlit wind around, bind by winding around 11460 PAN *litlit wind around, bind by winding around [doublet: *letlet]
11461 PAN *ma-litlit be or become wound around something
11462 PAN *pa-litlit to make something wind around something else
33059 11548 Note: With root *-tuk₁ ‘bend, curve’.
33256 11776 PPh *lituk₂ flick with the finger
Note: With root *-tuk₂ ‘knock, pound, beat’.
30560 7918 30561 *liu₂ circle round, circumvent 7919 PMP *liu₂ circle round, circumvent
7920 POC *li-liu turn around, change direction
33068 11558 27011 *liuS circumambulate, circumvent 3481 PAN *liuS circumambulate, circumvent
Note: Also Manobo (Western Bukidnon) eliǥu ‘go around an obstacle in one's path or go out of one's way to avoid someone or something’. Reconstructed as *liu ‘circumvent’ in Blust (1973:no. 207), where Formosan and Oceanic reflexes are not cited.
27012 3482 PWMP *liut₁ go around, encircle [doublet: *liuS 'circumvent']
30562 7921 PMP *liut₂ to twist, as a limb
Note: Also Tontemboan liu ‘twisted, of a foot or hand (referring to people or animals)’.
33140 *liwag put off, delay, postpone, break one’s promise 11634 PPh *liwag put off, delay, postpone, break one’s promise
33288 *líwan outside 11816 PPh *líwan outside
27013 3483 Note: With root *-waŋ ‘wide open space’.
30049 6749 PWMP *liwed scatter to and fro
33069 *liwet to pass around or near someone or something 11559 PWMP *liwet to pass around or near someone or something [doublet: *liut]
Note: Also Ilokano maŋ-liwés ‘to go around; pass around’, Kankanaey líwes ‘to go round; to walk round; to encircle’.
30034 *loan endure, last a long time 6732 POC *loan endure, last a long time
33234 11749 30510 7739 PCMP *lolan to cut off a piece
33243 11760 Note: Ross (2003:84) used this and forms such as Tongan lōmaki (N) ‘flood, deluge’ to posit POc *lomak ‘flood, of sea’ (noun and verb). However, to justify this reconstruction it must be assumed that the Tongan form is historically lōmak-i, without any explanation of the long vowel in the antepenult, or of the -i as a nominal ‘suffix’. For the time being, then, the reconstruction will be proposed without a final consonant.
30115 6844 Note: Also Lenkau lele ‘sugar ant’, Mussau loa ‘red tree ant’, Gedaged zoz ‘large yellow ant’, Samoan loi, Nukuoro loa ‘ant’. Osmond (2011:391-392) posits PMP *loRo ‘red tree ant’ based on Oceanic reflexes plus Pendau lō ‘big red tree ant’. This comparison may be valid, but given the length of the form and the lack of other known cognates in non-Oceanic languages, it should be treated with caution until further confirmation becomes available. Likewise, Mussau loa ‘red tree ant’, Nukuoro loa ‘ant’ could be used to support a POc doublet *loa, but without further evidence this possibility will be kept in abeyance.
30126 6859 30176 *loto₁ inner self, feelings, mind 6974 POC *loto₁ inner self, feelings, mind
30050 6750 lu
32982 *luá interjection used to halt a carabao in the fields 11463 PPh *luá interjection used to halt a carabao in the fields
Note: This comparsion is of some importance, as it clearly implies the use of work animals in the fields by at least Proto-Philippines times, something that might not otherwise be clear
from the surviving linguistic evidence.
27040 *luab swell up, as boiling rice; boil over 3510 PMP *luab swell up, as boiling rice; boil over [doublet: *Ruab 'high tide']
Note: Also Keleyqiq Kallahan lewag ‘to boil’, Pangasinan luág ‘to boil (liquid)’, Iban ruap ‘bubble or froth up (as vegetables boiling over in a pot)’, Malay me-ruap ‘to bubble up’, Manggarai lua ‘to boil (as rice)’, rua ‘to boil; boil over’.
30649 8164 PMP *luaŋ₁ hole in the ground [doublet: *lubaŋ₁, *Ruqaŋ]
Note: Also Numfor rwa ~ rwa-ri ‘opening of a hole, the barrel of a gun; any opening that is circular in shape.
33281 11808 30647 *luaq spit out (food, substances alien to the body), to spew 8161 PMP *luaq spit out (food, substances alien to the body), to spew
8162 POC *lua-ki spit something out, vomit something
Note: Also Kankanaey luáak ‘to retch and vomit; to do nothing but vomit’, Hiligaynon lúʔad ‘to spit out, to throw out of themnouth’, Aklanon eúad ‘to spit out (food)’, Iban luaʔ ‘spit, spit out, let dribble out (as fruit seeds)’, Banjarese luak ‘spit out of the mouth (as medicine)’, Chamorro lugaʔ ‘spit out (mouthful), to spew or spray out of the mouth by blowing, such as a mouthful of chewed coconut meat after juice is gone’, Futunan luʔa-ki ‘to spit out (blood), to vomit’.
I assume that Paiwan ḍeluaq ~ luaq ‘sound of vomiting’, pa-ḍeluaq ‘make sounds of vomiting’ is unrelated, and that the final –i and –ki of various Polynesian reflexes is a fossilization of the POc transitive suffixes *-i and *-aki(ni), presumably motivated by a need to distinguish a large number of historically expected homophones with the base shape lua. Although reflexes of *luaq have come to mean ‘vomit’ in a large number of widely scattered languages, it is clear that PAn and PMP *utaq ‘vomit; vomitus’, *um-utaq ‘to vomit’ referred to the regurgitation of food from the stomach, while PMP *luaq evidently referred to ejecting something undesirable or useless from the mouth, as the pits of fruits, food or medicine that has an unexpectedly foul taste, the reddened saliva and pulp of the areca nut, etc.
32589 *luás take a trip; commence a voyage 10967 PPh *luás take a trip; commence a voyage
10968 PPh *l<um>uas to leave on a trip, start a voyage
Note: Also Yami loas ‘go out to sea’, pa-loas-en ‘to push a boat out to sea’, l 30653 *luas₁ outside; outside area; spacious, roomy 8168 PMP *luas₁ outside; outside area; spacious, roomy [doublet: *luqar, *luqaR]
Note: Also Agutaynen loa ‘outside’, mag-loat ‘to remove clothing, shoes’, Gayō luah ‘freed, let loose’, Karo Batak lua ‘tear off the clothes; expose the genitals(?)’, luah ‘escape, break loose, from a pen, from danger’, Sasak luah ‘outside’, (se)-luah-an ‘except for’, Mongondow mo-luas ‘wide, spacious, extended’ (< Malay), Tetun luar ‘free, without responsibility, unrestricted’, Buli luas ‘spacious, having plenty of time’ (< Malay). Since several of these words appear to be loans from Malay the question arises whether this might be true for a number of others. This is possibly the case for some of the languages of Indonesia, where the semantics of the form agree closely with those of Malay luas, but it seems much less likely in the case of Philippine forms, where the semantics tend toward the meaning ‘outside, out of doors’ rather than ‘spacious’.
33282 *luas₂ remove the clothes, undress 11809 PPh *luas₂ remove the clothes, undress
30335 7311 PAN *lubaŋ₁ burial pit [doublet: *lebeŋ]
7312 PMP *lubaŋ₁ hole, pit [doublet: *lebeŋ]
7313 PWMP *maR-lubaŋ to dig a hole or pit
7314 PAN *l<um>ubaŋ to bury, place in a pit or hole
Note: Also Mapun lowaŋ ‘a hole (especially one that doesn’t go all the way through or one that daylight can’t be seen from)’, Yakan lowaŋ ‘a hole’, Kiput ubië ‘hole’, Balinese lobaŋ ‘a game, throwing small things into hollows’, Makassarese aʔ-lobaŋ ‘play a kind of game with three people who throw a coin toward a hole or line on the ground to try to get closest to the target’.
30336 *lubaŋ₂ to plant root crops, plant cuttings 7315 PPh *lubaŋ₂ to plant root crops, plant cuttings
33301 *lubaŋ₃ mortar or gin for crushing plant material 11836 PPh *lubaŋ₃ mortar or gin for crushing plant material
27080 3551 33207 *lubay ear-ring 11711 PPh *lubay ear-ring
Note: Possibly an Ilokano loan, although this seems unlikely, given its presence in Yami and absence in Ibatan.
27041 *lubet buttocks 3511 PWMP *lubet buttocks [doublet: *lebut]
32712 *lúbid string, rope, cordage made by twining fibers 11141 PPh *lúbid string, rope, cordage made by twining fibers
11142 PPh *lubid-en twist fibers into twine
Note: With root *-bid ‘twist, twine together’. Seguliud lubid ‘rope’ is assumed to be a loan from Tausug or another language spoken by a Muslim population of the southern Philippines.
33141 11635 PPh *lublúb tinder; start a fire
33027 *lubuk₁ cave, cavern, possibly submarine 11516 PWMP *lubuk₁ cave, cavern, possibly submarine
33028 *lubuk₂ to pound with a pestle 11517 PMP *lubuk₂ to pound with a pestle [doublet: *lebuk]
Note: With root *-buk₂ ‘pound, thud, heavy splash’.
33976 12818 Note: Possibly a chance resemblance.
33195 *lubús completely, to the end 11697 PPh *lubús completely, to the end
Note: With root *-bus ‘end, terminate, finish, use up’.
33228 *lubut a hole; make a hole in, perforate 11736 PPh *lubut a hole; make a hole in, perforate
30448 *lucak trample earth, turn into mud, as a paddy field prior to planting 7614 PWMP *lucak trample earth, turn into mud, as a paddy field prior to planting
27083 3554 PWMP *lu(n)cuR slip or slide down [disjunct: *lu(ŋ)suR]
Note: Also Binukid lusɁug ‘to go down, descend, as monkey descending a tree after eating a banana (coarse)’.
27042 3512 PWMP *lucut squeeze or squirt out [doublet: *lusut]
Note: With root *-cut ‘squirt, squeeze, or slip out’.
30116 *luCuŋ the Formosan rock monkey: Macaca cyclopis 6845 PAN *luCuŋ the Formosan rock monkey: Macaca cyclopis
Note: Also Pazeh rutuh ‘monkey’, Karo Batak lottoŋ ‘kind of monkey; stupid, stupid monkey’, Mandar, Buginese lotoŋ ‘black’. Some of these words are likely loans from Malay, including widespread South Sulawesi forms reflecting *lotoŋ ‘black’ (Mills 1975:2:778), and possibly Manobo (Sarangani) lotoŋ. However, a reconstruction *luCuŋ is still required to explain the agreement between Formosan forms and words for monkey that are geographically far removed from these.
30592 11788 PAN *ludaq saliva
7993 PMP *ludaq saliva; to spit [doublet: *dulaq, *zulaq, *luzaq]
11782 Note: Also Tagalog duráʔ ‘spit, spittle, saliva, sputum’, Tiruray duraʔ ‘spit, saliva; to spit’, Tombonuwo duraʔ ‘saliva; phlegm’, Kelabit lidhaʔ ‘saliva, sputum that has been expectorated’, Dusun Deyah nduraʔ, Malagasy róra ‘spittle’, man-dróra ‘to spit at, to spit’, Sangir dulo ‘saliva’, mən-dulo ‘drivel, slobber’.
This is an extremely variable comparison. Dempwolff (1938) posited *ludaq ‘saliva’, but most forms in the Philippines and Sabah reflect *dulaq with apparent metathesis. However, the attempt to unite reflexes of *ludaq and *dulaq under a single etymon with metathesized variants in some languages quickly falls apart, since a number of languages (Tagalog, Tiruray, Tombonuwo, Dusun Deyah, possibly Malagasy) have an apparent reflex of *dulaq with a medial /r/ that cannot be traced to a single etymological source. Finally, Dempwolff noted Ngaju Dayak luja ‘spittle (after it is expectorated)’ as an irregular reflex of *ludaq, but this can now be assigned to a tentative PWMP doublet *luzaq based only on evidence from languages either currently spoken in Borneo (Kanowit, Ba’amang, Kapuas) or historically deriving from Borneo (Sama-Bajaw), but not subgrouping closely together.
33152 *ludeg wrestle, seize and throw a person to the ground 11648 PPh *ludeg wrestle, seize and throw a person to the ground
27043 3513 Note: With root *-dem₁ dark; overcast.
33289 *ludlud₁ scrub hard to remove dirt 11817 PPh *ludlud₁ scrub hard to remove dirt
33695 *ludlud₂ to worsen, deteriorate, as a condition 12443 PPh *ludlud₂ to worsen, deteriorate, as a condition
Note: Possibly a chance resemblance.
27084 3555 Note: Also Maranao lono ‘induce to go to sleep’.
27060 *luem ripe 3531 PAN *luem ripe
Note: Also Ifugaw luúm ‘ripeness of fruits’, Casiguran Dumagat lumu ‘overripe (of fruit)’.
32968 11445 11446 11447 PPh *lugaw-en to make into gruel, rice porridge
33303 *lug(e)múk fall in a heap (of a person whose legs collapse) 11838 PPh *lug(e)múk fall in a heap (of a person whose legs collapse)
Note: Possibly a Bikol loan in Casiguran Dumagat.
32969 11448 PPh *luges to force upon, oppress
Note: The resemblance of the Ilokano forms to the others cited here may be due to chance.
33302 11837 PWMP *lugit to gouge or pry out
Note: Possibly a Greater Central Philippines loan in Ida'an Begak.
33235 *luglug shake something in the water; shake something with water in it 11750 PMP *luglug shake something in the water; shake something with water in it
11751 POC *luluk shake something in the water
Note: Also Samoan luuluu ‘to shake (as a bottle)’, Kapingamarangi luuluu ‘to shake gently (e.g. baby’s hammock or a bottle)’.
33072 *luh(e)naw green, as vegetation 11562 PPh *luh(e)naw green, as vegetation
Note: Many thanks to David Zorc for additions which enabled a more accurate shape for this reconstruction.
27044 3514 PWMP *luhit lever up [doublet: *su(q)it]
33290 *luhúd act of kneeling 11818 PPh *luhúd act of kneeling
11819 27045 3515 PMP *lujan cargo; load a canoe
Note: Also Buginese lureŋ ‘load, cargo’. Zorc (1985) gives PPh *lujan ‘ride; load (a vehicle)’. Mills (1975:773) posits Proto-South Sulawesi *luran ‘to load; carry as freight’.
27086 3557 Note: With possible variant of the root *-kaq₂‘split’.
33115 *luka wound 11607 PMP *luka wound
Note: Also Malagasy a-loka ‘used of the spear, etc. used for striking’, loka-na ‘be struck with the point of a spear, be speared’.
27046 *lukab turn up at the edge, expose the bottom side 3516 PWMP *lukab turn up at the edge, expose the bottom side
Note: With root *-kab ‘open, uncover’.
33127 *lukag to wake up early, be early in rising 11619 PPh *lukag to wake up early, be early in rising
27079 *lu(ŋ)kas remove, loosen, untie 3550 PMP *lu(ŋ)kas remove, loosen, untie
Note: Also Maranao lekas ‘undress’, Tiruray lekas ‘change clothes, undress’. Probably identical to Dempwolff's (1934-38) *lu(ŋ)kas ‘be open’. With root *kas₂ ‘loosen, untie’.
27047 *lukat₁ purify ritually; exorcise 3517 PWMP *lukat₁ purify ritually, exorcise
Note: Also Ilokano lukat ‘to free, set at liberty, release, liberate’.
33116 *lukat₂ to uproot, expose by uncovering 11608 PPh *lukat₂ to uproot, expose by uncovering
27087 *lu(ŋ)keb cover 3558 PWMP *lu(ŋ)keb cover
Note: With root *-keb₁ ‘cover’.
32970 *luk(e)bán a citrus fruit, the pomelo 11449 PPh *luk(e)bán a citrus fruit, the pomelo
29912 *lukeNaw Formosan clouded leopard 6585 PAN *lukeNaw Formosan clouded leopard
Note: Also Bunun kuknav, Proto-Rukai *ɭikolaw, Puyuma (Tamalakaw) rikulaw ‘clouded leopard’, Paiwan likulʸaw ‘tiger cat: Felix chinensis’. The latter three forms may reflect a doublet *likeNaw, or show a borrowing relationhip. Saisiyat lʸoklaw is assumed to show metathesis of the syllable-initial consonants. Thao rukcaw ([rukθaw]) for expected **rukzaw ([rukðaw]) is due to voicing assimilation or mishearing.
34062 12917 PPh *luk(e)saq to be in mourning
32971 *luk(e)súh to jump, leap across 11450 PPh *luk(e)súh to jump, leap across
32822 11274 Note: Also Kankanaey loktó ‘young locust’.
33118 *lukluk hide, stay in a tight or hidden place 11610 PPh *lukluk hide, stay in a tight or hidden place
32972 11451 PPh *luktun young wingless locust
33060 11549 PPh *lukúb to encircle, surround
27048 3518 PAN *lukuC parasitic plant sp.
33218 *lukun to bend, as an arm or leg 11725 POC *lukun to bend, as an arm or leg
27049 *lukuq bend 3519 PWMP *lukuq bend
Note: With root *-ku(q) ‘bend, curve’.
27088 3559 Note: With root *-kuq ‘bent, crooked’.
27050 3520 Note: Zorc (1971) reconstructs PPh *Lukut ‘crush, crumple’.
33970 12810 PPh *lukut₂ small stingless bee
33097 11588 Note: Possibly a chance resemblance, as Karo Batak luluk, with essentially the same gloss as Toba Batak, should have -ŋ < *-g.
30410 *luluj shin 7542 PAN *luluj shin
Note: Also Kavalan nunuR (< *nujul?) ‘shin; mountain ridge’, Bunun lulu (< *RuRuj?) ‘leg bone’, Maloh lunus ‘shin’, Ngaju Dayak ruror ‘shin bone’. The irregular Formosan forms suggest that this word was found in PAn, but its exact form cannot be inferred from the available data.
30411 7543 PAN *luluN to roll up, as a mat
7544 PMP *lulun to roll up, as a mat
7562 Note: Also Thao m-runrun ‘to roll up, as a mat’, ra-runrun ‘bandage, something used to wrap around’, Palauan melúyl ‘to roll up (blanket, mat, etc.; for expected **meyúyl), Wetan lulli ‘to roll up, to tuck up, e.g. a mat or one’s sleeves or dress’.
30035 6733 POC *luma forelegs of an animal
32973 11452 Note: Also Agutaynen loma ‘things which are old, have been around a long time, or are worn
out; former things from the past’. Possibly a Tagalog loan distribution.
33061 *lumay love charm, aphrodisiac 11550 PPh *lumay love charm, aphrodisiac
11551 PPh *lumay-en give a love potion to someone
27052 3522 33244 11761 PWMP *lumbaR to pay out a rope
Note: Possibly a chance resemblance.
33062 *lumbeq a race, running competition 11552 PWMP *lumbeq a race, running competition
Note: Also Ilokano lumba-lumba ‘kind of large marine fish’ (< Malay), Iban lumbaɁ ‘strive or compete, race’, lumbaɁ kaki ‘footrace’, Malay lomba ~ lumba ‘racing; competing (usually of horse-racing and regattas)’, lomba-lomba ‘porpoise; dolphin’.
27053 *lumbu plant sp. 3523 PMP *lumbu plant sp.
33070 *lumbuŋ₁ pit, deep cavity in the ground 11560 PMP *lumbuŋ₁ pit, deep cavity in the ground
33071 11561 PMP *lumbuŋ₂ rice barn, granary
33029 *lumek oily, as the hair or skin 11518 PWMP *lumek oily, as the hair or skin [disjunct: *lumuk]
27056 *lumeŋ smeared, smudged, dirty with 3527 PMP *lumeŋ smeared, smudged, dirty with
27055 *lumes smeared, smudged, dirty with 3526 PMP *lumes smeared, smudged, dirty with [doublet: *lumeŋ]
Note: Wilkinson (1959) gives lumas as Malay (Jakarta). If so, we would expect **lumes. I assume borrowing from some Malay dialect in which last syllable shwa became a.
27057 3528 PMP *lumiq to fold, hem [disjunct: *lumiC, *lumit, *rumiC, *rumit]
Note: Also Tongan numi ‘to tuck or pleat’, Maori numi ‘bend, fold’.
27058 3529 PWMP *lumpaŋ pound in a mortar
32975 *lumpat to jump, as fish in the water 11454 PWMP *lumpat to jump, as fish in the water
33017 11504 PMP *lumpuk cluster, group [doublet: *lumpuŋ]
Note: With root *-puk₃ ‘gather, flock together’.
33018 11505 PWMP *lumpuŋ cluster, group [doublet: *lumpuk]
Note: With root *-puŋ₁ ‘bunch, cluster’.
33000 *lumpuq paralyzed, lame 11485 PWMP *lumpuq paralyzed, lame
Note: Also Tagalog lumpó ‘paralyzed; crippled, lame’, Malay lumpok ‘lameness as the result of beri-beri, peripheral neuritis or edema’.
29936 6616 27059 3530 PMP *lumu₂ soft, tender, gentle
6432 PMP *ma-lumu soft, tender, gentle
Note: Also Paiwan ma-lum ‘ripe, become ripe’, Makassarese luʔmuʔ ‘soft, limp, weak; tender (of meat)’. Cf. Zorc (n.d.) PPh *-lumu ‘easy, soft’. Nggela malu-a ‘soft, pliable, easy; eased after pain, as a boil lanced’, malu-ate ‘weak, not firm; slack, of bowstring; soft and pliable, as greased leather; easy; pinched in and weak, of a basket’.
27054 *lumuk oily, as the hair or skin 3525 PMP *lumuk oily, as the hair or skin [disjunct: *lumek]
Note: Also Malay lomak, lumak ‘oily, greasy’.
33645 *lumun to live with someone as a free guest 12388 PPh *lumun to live with someone as a free guest
Note: Possibly a Bisayan loanword in Agutaynen.
30519 7757 PMP *lumut moss, algae, seaweed [doublet: *limut]
7758 PWMP *ŋa-lumut to form moss on something
7759 PMP *lumut-an covered with moss
7760 PWMP *lumut-en covered with moss
7761 PMP *lumut-lumut moss
Note: Also Ngaju Dayak lomot ‘scum (on water), moss (on trees)’, ha-lomot ‘scummy, mossy’, Mentawai lumun ‘moss’, Mandar lumi-lumiʔ ‘moss, green slime’, Manggarai ramut ‘moss’, Wetan lomti ‘seaweed, moss’, Buruese lomot ‘moss’, Nali yomwot ‘seaweed’, Bugotu lumusa ‘moss’. The frequent occurrence of reduplicated forms of *lumut is somewhat puzzling; doubling of the base may have indicated a particularly tiny variety of algae.
32974 11453 32727 11160 33245 11762 27061 3532 PWMP *lunaw soft watery mud [disjunct: *luñaw]
Note: With root *-naw₂ ‘melt, liquefy’
33063 11553 Note: Possibly a Tagalog loan.
30734 8369 Note: Possibly a chance resemblance.
30388 *lunek₁ pulpy, fleshy, as a fruit; soft flesh around the seeds of a fruit 7477 PWMP *lunek₁ pulpy, fleshy, as a fruit; soft flesh around the seeds of a fruit
Note: Also Malagasy lúnaka ‘rich, good, applied to soil’, Toba Batak lunak ‘soft, of earth’, bosi lunak ‘tin’ (lit. ‘soft iron’). Dempwolff (1938) reconstructed *lunak ‘soft, tender, weak’, but the limited comparative evidence available points instead to the present reconstruction.
32954 *lunek₂ solid residue left after squeezing to remove coconut oil, etc. 11428 PPh *lunek₂ solid residue left after squeezing to remove coconut oil, etc.
Note: Apparently distinct from PWMP *lunek₁ ‘pulpy, fleshy, as a fruit’.
32955 *lunlún to sweep aside, clean by throwing aside 11429 PPh *lunlún to sweep aside, clean by throwing aside
11430 PPh *lunlún-en to sweep aside, clean by throwing aside
33001 *lunlun gulp down food, gorge on one food to the exclusion of others 11486 PWMP *lunlun gulp down food, gorge on one food to the exclusion of others
33153 *lunsan coup-de-grace, fatal blow 11649 PPh *lunsan coup-de-grace, fatal blow
30511 7740 33064 *lunu₂ unconscious 11554 PPh *lunu₂ unconscious
32956 11431 11432 PPh *ma-lúnud to sink, submerge, capsize
33119 *lúnus to become soft or overripe, as fruits that are kept too long 11611 PPh *lúnus to become soft or overripe, as fruits that are kept too long
32957 *lunuy wade through waist-deep water 11433 PPh *lunuy wade through waist-deep water
33246 *lunzag jump up to reach something 11763 PWMP *lunzag jump up to reach something [disjunct: *runzag]
Note: Also Javanese (Pigeaud 1938) lunjak-lunjak ‘jump up (from desire or joy)’
33350 *luNuŋ cloud 11953 PAN *luNuŋ cloud
33247 11764 32958 *luŋáluŋ shelter, temporary hut 11434 PPh *luŋáluŋ shelter, temporary hut
30103 *luŋan rollers for beaching a canoe 6831 POC *luŋan rollers for beaching a canoe
Note: Also Yamdena luŋar ‘supports placed under a thing so that it does not touch the ground’, Fordata lunur ‘canoe rollers’, Kei luan ‘rollers over which beams or boats can be dragged’.
33065 *luŋ(e)búy a tree and its fruit, the Java plum: Syzygium cumini 11555 PPh *luŋ(e)búy a tree and its fruit, the Java plum: Syzygium cumini
33142 *luŋun coffin 11636 PWMP *luŋun coffin
33002 11487 Note: Also Sasak lupaɁ ‘to forget’.
27081 3552 PWMP *lu(m)pak break, split off
Note: With root *-pak₂ break, crack, split.
30294 *lupas₁ peach 7229 PAN *lupas₁ peach
Note: Also Amis lopas ‘a peach tree and its fruit’. Possibly a loan distribution. The Kavalan and Puyuma forms support *lupas, but Amis lopas indicates *lupaS. Both the Kavalan and Amis words can reflect *lupaS, but this form would then be assigned to Proto-East Formosan, not to PAn, and it would be irregular in Puyuma, suggesting possible borrowing from Amis.
30767 8471 33019 *lupasáy in a resting position 11506 PPh *lupasáy in a resting position
27062 3533 32976 11455 Note: Possibly a Tagalog loan distribution.
33208 *lupes infertile rice grain, husk without grain inside 11712 PPh *lupes infertile rice grain, husk without grain inside
27063 *lupi dream 3534 PWMP *lupi dream [doublet: *Sipi]
Note: Also Moken lipuy ‘dream’.
27082 3553 PWMP *lu(m)pi fold, hem [disjunct: *lupiq]
33380 *lupiŋ nick or dent on the cutting edge of a blade 11986 PPh *lupiŋ nick or dent on the cutting edge of a blade
32977 *lupíŋ droopy-eared (as dogs) 11456 PPh *lupíŋ droopy-eared (as dogs)
31335 9413 PWMP *lupiq fold, hem [disjunct: *lu(m)pi]
Note: Also Ilokano kulpí ‘fold’, kulpi-én ‘to fold’, tupí ‘fold, hem; seam’. With root *-pi(q) ‘fold’.
30968 *lupis₁ thinness, of materials 8862 PWMP *lupis₁ thinness, of materials
Note: With root *-pis₂ ‘thin, of materials’.
33209 *lupis₂ outer layer of abaca plant 11713 PPh *lupis₂ outer layer of abaca plant
27064 3535 33248 *luqaq outside 11765 PWMP *luqaq outside [doublet: *luqar, *luqaR]
Note: Possibly a chance resemblance.
30652 *luqar outside 8167 PMP *luqar outside [doublet: *luas] [disjunct: *luqaR]
Note: Also Mongondow luai ‘come out, come out somewhere, appear’. Some of these forms may be loans from Malay, but it is unclear whether this is true for enough of them to eliminate the comparison as valid.
30651 *luqaR outside, wide open spaces; loose 8166 PMP *luqaR outside, wide open spaces; loose [doublet: *luas] [disjunct: *luqar]
Note: Also Tetun luak ‘wide, broad; vast, extensive’, luan ‘wide, broad; vast, extensive’, Nehan luak(a) ‘loose, as a belt’.
33117 *luq(e)kip insert between, slip in 11609 PPh *luq(e)kip insert between, slip in
33016 11503 32960 *luq(e)nit healed, of a wound with shiny skin 11436 PPh *luq(e)nit healed, of a wound with shiny skin
33020 *luqepit press between two flat surfaces; to press down, crush 11507 PMP *luqepit press between two flat surfaces; to press down, crush
11563 POC *lupit to press down, crush
Note: With root *-pit ‘press, squeeze together; narrow’.
27085 *lu(q)luq crushed or squeezed out of shape 3556 PWMP *lu(q)luq crushed or squeezed out of shape
32961 11437 PPh *luqúb inside area, estuary
27065 *luquk bay 3536 PWMP *luquk bay
Note: Also Ilokano luék ‘cove, sheltered bay’. Dyen (1953:14) reconstructs *luuk, and Zorc (1982:129) *luːʔek ‘bay’, but Banjarese luhuk points clearly to medial *q.
27066 3537 27067 *lurus straight 3538 PMP *lurus straight
Note: Kambera luruhu may be a loan from Malay.
30720 *lusa₁ shoot at, throw a spear at 8307 POC *lusa shoot at, throw a spear at
33269 *lusa₂ overcooked until mushy, as rice or vegetables 11793 PPh *lusa₂ overcooked until mushy, as rice or vegetables
34063 12918 Note: With root *-cak₁ ‘muddy; sound of walking in mud’
32962 *lusiq prepuce, foreskin; pull back the prepuce 11438 PPh *lusiq prepuce, foreskin; pull back the prepuce
11439 PPh *lusiq-en to pull back the foreskin
32602 *luslus hernia; to slip down, slip off, pull back the foreskin of the penis 10990 PMP *luslus hernia; to slip down, slip off, pull back the foreskin of the penis
11674 Note: Also Itbayaten ma-loslos ‘to slip (off?), to slide down (as pants)’.
33249 11766 PMP *lusuŋ rice mortar [doublet: *lesuŋ]
31321 9395 PWMP *lu(ŋ)suR slip or slide down [disjunct: *lu(n)cuR]
32963 *lusút to slip through, pass through, escape, as from danger 11440 PPh *lusút to slip through, pass through
30472 *luSeq tears 7667 PAN *luSeq tears
7668 PMP *luheq tears
7669 PAN *maR-luSeq to shed tears, weep
7670 PMP *maR-luheq to shed tears, weep
7671 PPh *l<um>uheq to shed tears, weep
7672 PPh *luheq-an cry about something
Note: Also Ifugaw (Batad) lugwa ‘tears’, l 32964 11441 27069 *lutak muddy 3540 PWMP *lutak muddy
Note: With root *-tak ‘mud; earth, ground’.
27070 *lutaŋ float 3541 PWMP *lutaŋ float
32965 11442 PPh *lutáq mud, ground, earth [doublet: *lutak]
33291 11820 Note: With root *-taw ‘float’.
33098 11589 PAN *lutay weak, exhausted [doublet: *lutuy]
33099 *lutek mud 11590 PPh *lutek mud [doublet: *lutak]
29913 *lutuk₁ the Formosan hare: Lepus sinensis formosus 6586 PAN *lutuk₁ the Formosan hare: Lepus sinensis formosus
Note: Also Kanakanabu, Saaroa lituka ‘hare, wild rabbit’.
33100 *lutuk₂ sound of breaking or pounding 11591 PWMP *lutuk₂ sound of breaking or pounding
Note: With root *-tuk₂ ‘knock, pound, beat’.
30104 *lutuq cook 6832 PWMP *lutuq cook
6833 33101 11592 PPh *lutuy tired, weak, exhausted [doublet: *lutay]
27073 3544 27074 *luya₂ weak, worn-out, second-hand 3545 PWMP *luya₂ weak, worn-out, second-hand
Note: Also Old Javanese luhya ‘listless, indolent, weak, tired, apathetic, loath’, pointing to *luqeyaʔ?
33210 11714 Note: Possibly a chance resemblance.
27072 *luyak soft through exposure to moisture; sticky 3543 PWMP *luyak soft through exposure to moisture; sticky
33003 *luyaŋ bronze 11488 PWMP *luyaŋ bronze
Note: The antiquity of this comparison is a matter of debate. It must postdate the advent of bronze metallurgy in western Indonesia, which may not precede 500 BC (Bellwood 1997:268).
27075 3546 PWMP *luyek soft mud [disjunct: *luyak]
32966 *luylúy flabby 11443 PPh *luylúy flabby
27077 3548 27078 3549 27076 3547 PWMP *luyut sag, bend under weight
Note: Also Ilokano loyók ‘belly, bulging part -- of a hammock, a sail, etc.’.
30593 7994 PWMP *luzaq saliva; to spit [doublet: *dulaq, *ludaq, *zulaq]
a b c C d e g h i j k l m n N ñ ŋ o p q r R s S t u w y z
Austronesian Comparative Dictionary, web edition
*l
WMP Malagasy
lava long, tall
mana-láva to lengthen
OC Seimat
la-lap big, large
Nggela
lava great (in a few compounds)
Sa'a
laha big (not in common use)
Arosi
raha big, great, large
Pohnpeian
lap large in stature; important or physically large
Puluwat
lap be large, big, old, important
Mota
lava great, large
Rano
mi-lep big
Maori
raha open, extended
Hawaiian
laha extended, spread out, broad; circulated, broadcast
OC Tolai
lalā (< *la-lapa) piece of hard, flat coral
Motu
lababa flat-topped umbrella-shaped rock in the sea
Samoan
lapa flat-topped coral head
Maori
rapa anything broad and flat
Hawaiian
poʔo lapa-lapa a square head
WMP Ilokano
lábag strand; single needleful of thread; line; passage (in literature)
saŋa-lábag one strand
l<in>ábag threadlike strand
labág-en to separate strands from
Cebuano
labág ~ lábag a bundle of abaca fibers consisting of thirty-two smaller bunches; any large bundle of threads or yarn; to group fibers into bunches
WMP Casiguran Dumagat
labág against, contrary; to break a law, rule or custom
Ayta Abellan
labag disobey; to transgress, go across a line of what is right and wrong; be against (as against one’s will)
Tagalog
labág against; contrary to; violating
l<um>abág to go against; to violate (as a law)
WMP Cebuano
lábak for a sore or an infected wound to be opened wide
Sasak
labak spacious, wide
CMP Manggarai
labak wide (of the mouth, the opening of a lamp-fly nest, etc.)
WMP Cebuano
labák throw something hard on the ground
CMP Ngadha
laba drum, to drum; strike, beat, hit, knock, batter
Buruese
ef-lafa flap (wings)
OC Motu
lapa strike, as with sword or flat weapon
WMP Hiligaynon
labán besides, except, moreover, furthermore
Iban
laban because, owing to
WMP Ilokano
lában fight, quarrel; feud; competition
l<um>ában to fight; compete
Casiguran Dumagat
lában war, battle; to fight (in a war)
Pangasinan
lában competition; opponent; fight
i-lában to liberate
on-lában to fight
ka-lában enemy, foe
Kapampangan
lában oppose, compete, fight against
ka-lában opponent
Tagalog
lában fight, conflict
Cebuano
lában take sides with; defend someone in a lawsuit; defend one’s honor
Mansaka
laban to resist, to challenge
Kadazan Dusun
havan to oppose, resist, disobey
Malay
lawan opposition; an adversary
ber-lawan in rivalry with; having a rival
lawan-i to contend against
Sundanese
lancan opponent
Old Javanese
lawan match, opponent, adversary
Javanese
lawan enemy, opponent
ŋe-lawan to fight
Sasak
lawan against, opposed to (in a fight); put up resistance
Tae'
laa to check, stop; prevent, oppose
CMP Paulohi
lahan-e friend, companion
WMP Tagalog
laban-án fight, conflict; clash
Cebuano (dialectal)
labán-an tending to take sides with one’s child or other person in whom one is interested
Javanese
lawan-an to resist, oppose
WMP Cebuano
labaŋ cross something, go across, bring across
Bare'e
lamba go past, go beyond, go through
WMP Yami
avas pass by
ka-pi-avas passed by
ni-mi-avas passed by
Itbayaten
xavas idea of excess in duration, quality, quantity
pa-xavas-en to let pass
xavas-an to pass by
Ibatan
habas what is passed by (as by a person who is looking for something)
h<om>abas to pass by (object, day or time)
Ilokano
lábas passing; overlooking of something
ag-lábas to pass by, skip, omit
ag-labas-lábas to come and go, pass back and forth
ag-pa-lábas to let pass; tolerate; be understanding
i-lábas to cause (a parade) to pass; pass by with something
ma-labás-an to be passed by
Isneg
na-lábas past
Kankanaey
na-labás gone; gone away; passed; passed on
labas-na favorably moment; opportunity
Casiguran Dumagat
lábis excessive, more than enough (as a pole that is longer than it needs to be); excess
Ibaloy
on-dabas to pass, pass by
debas-en to make, take , etc. something too far (as house dimension beyond the specifications, bananas beyond proper ripeness)
Pangasinan
a-labás too much, more than enough
apa-labás past (time, etc.)
on-labás to go beyond, pass through; surplus, excess above requirements
Ayta Abellan
labah to pass by
Kapampangan
labas pass by, pass through (in the process of leaving, going out)
WMP Itbayaten
pa-xavas-en to overdo
Ibatan
pa-habas-an let something pass by
Ilokano
pa-labs-en to let go; not mind; let pass
Isneg
pa-labás-an to let pass, to leave
WMP Itbayaten
om-xavas to pass by, to go past, to come to pass
Ilokano
l<um>ábas to pass by; pass on; pass through; get through
WMP Itbayaten
xavas-an to pass by
Ilokano
labas-an to overpass someone; pass over; overlook
WMP Cebuano
labát fence; patches made in clothing, walls, fence
Subanun (Sindangan)
dlabat fence
Subanon
glabat fence
Tboli
labat fence; to put a fence around something
Bilaan (Sarangani)
labat fence
Formosan Kavalan
mə-rabaw field rat
Puyuma
ku-ɭabaw rat (generic term)
Paiwan
ku-lavaw rat, mouse
ku-lava-lavav-en large number of rats (be overrun by rats?)
WMP Lun Dayeh
labo mouse, rat, squirrel; nickname for growing boys
Kelabit
labo meat
labo iik rat
labo kətər squirrel
Kayan
lavaw rat, mouse
Kayan (Long Atip)
lavaw rat, mouse
CMP Tetun
laho a rat (rodent)
laho tilun an edible mushroom (lit. ‘rat’s ear’)
Talur
p-laho mouse, rat
Paulohi
ma-laha rat, mouse
WMP Kankanaey
lábew committing excesses; troublesome; making a great fuss
lab-lábew beautiful; handsome; pretty
Ibaloy
dabaw the top side
Bikol
labáw protruding or extending above; exceeding the height of other things nearby
mag-labáw to be higher than; to protrude or extend above
Hanunóo
lábaw quality of being higher, above, exceeding, over or longer than (something else)
Agutaynen
labaw for someone or something to be greater, higher, more important than everything else
Cebuano
labaw jut out higher than something, stick out farther from the margin or limit; be more, over in degree, number; be ahead in a contest; prevail over
Maranao
labaw very, especially, more than
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
lavew highest; great; to exceed someone
WMP Ilokano
lábay skein, measurement of yarn
i-lábay to reel cotton yarn
Tagalog
lábay a skein, a hank (of woolen yarn or thread)
Hanunóo
lábay a type of yarn or thread
Ngaju Dayak
laway yarn (for sewing or weaving)
Malay
laway numeral classifier for thread
sa-laway bənaŋ a piece of thread
Karo Batak
lawe a strand of thread
Sundanese
labay said of something from which one or another object hangs down
Old Javanese
lawe thread, yarn
laway-an yarn reel
Javanese
lawe thread, yarn
WMP Bontok
labə́d to bind; to wrap and tie
l<in>abəd a confection prepared on the first day of the apoy ceremony (ceremonial complex that occurs after the rice planting) and during ag-agom; it is made from powdered rice with fish or meat, and is wrapped and tied in banana leaf
Tagalog
habíd entangling obstacle
Agutaynen
i-lambed to tie or wrap a rope around something, scuh as a tree trunk
lambed to tie or wrap a rope around something, such as a tree trunk
Cebuano
lambúd wing around, get wound around
Maranao
labed ~lambed entangle, wind
Tiruray
lambed to wind around
WMP Ilokano
na-labnáw thin (said of liquids, soups, etc.), watery
Casiguran Dumagat
lábnaw to rinse (as scraps of food from plates, or soap from cloth)
Ayta Abellan
labnaw thin in consistency, as laundry starch or blood
Tagalog
labnáw thinness or diluted condition of liquids
pa-labnaw-ín to dilute or thin out
Cebuano (dialectal)
labnáw heavily diluted, having too much water; be diluted, put too much water in a mixture
Mansaka
labnaw diluted; weak (as coffee); to weaken by diluting, to dilute
WMP Yami
labnoy a tree: Ficus fistulosa
Itbayaten
yabnoy tree with greenish fruit, found at edge of forest: Ficus integrifolia Elm., Ficus hauili Blanco
Ivatan
yabnoy Chinese banyan: Ficus hauili
Ibatan
yabnoy kind of softwood fig tree with inedible fruit
Aklanon
eábnog a medicinal shrub: Ficus hauili Blanco.
Cebuano
lagnúb <M erect shrub or small tree with smooth, glabrous, and shiny oval leaves, used to stop bleeding: Ficus hauili
Maranao
labnog a tree: Garcinia sp.
WMP Aklanon
eáboŋ grow steadily, multiply, expand, be prolific
Cebuano
lábuŋ abundant and long, of growth; exaggerating for the sake of bragging
Maranao
labeŋ fill up, overcrowd
Kayan
laveŋ surplus, excess (of food, etc.)
Formosan Paiwan
me-lava wide
WMP Palawan Batak
ma-labeg wide
Manobo (Kalamansig Cotabato)
ma-label wide
Sangir
ma-lamba wide
CMP Yamdena
labar width
mé-labar wide
Formosan Amis
lafel to let run loose, roam (as sheep that are not penned up)
WMP Makassarese
lámbaraʔ free, wander about freely (of water buffalos, horses)
WMP Ilokano
labtík beat, throb (of the heart), pant (out of breath)
Cebuano
labtík strike with a flicking or snapping motion; for a mechanism to flick or snap; action of flicking
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
letik to flick something with the fingers
Tausug
l<um>abtik to flap (as of a spring, rubber, or the tongue)
Malay
lətek to flip about, as small fish hauled out on sand; to tick
WMP Ilokano
lábi remnant
labí-en be overdue
labi-lábi toad; obese person
Bikol
lábi more than
Hanunóo
lábi excessiveness
Cebuano
labí more, greater; be greater than something else; excessive
Maranao
labi more than
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
lavi to make something more so; to put a higher value on one thing than another
Tiruray
labi more than
Ngaju Dayak
labih surplus; more
Tae'
laʔbi more
Wolio
labi more; profit, fruits (legal term)
CMP Manggarai
labi more; excess; surpass
WMP Palawano
labi freshwater turtle
Malay
labi-labi soft-shelled river turtle
WMP Cebuano
lábid braid, become entwined
Maranao
labid hug
Tiruray
labid a portion of a line where extra strands are twisted together for greater strength
WMP Tagalog
labí-labí small freshwater turtle (in some areas)
Palawano
labi freshwater turtle
Tombonuwo
labi type of small, soft-shelled turtle
Iban
labi soft-shelled or freshwater turtle: Trionynx cartilagineus Boulanger and other spp.
Malay
labi-labi soft-shelled river turtle
Karo Batak
labi-labi a small freshwater turtle
Toba Batak
labi a small freshwater turtle: Trionyx
Formosan Paiwan
mu-laviq to overflow
pa-pu-laviq to fill something to overflowing
WMP Ilokano
lábi remnant
Kapampangan
labíʔ excess, what is left over; survivor
Tagalog
labíʔ remains; what is left; surplus; excess
Mansaka
labi more; most; to be above; higher; Lord: Most High
Ngaju Dayak
labih more
ka-labih excess, surplus
la(bi)-labih a little more
Sangir
labi surpass, excel
Bare'e
yabi remainder, surplus, what is left over, more
Wolio
labi remnant; more
Muna
labhi more, more than, over
CMP Kambera
lebi abundant, more than usual, royal, excessive
WMP Ilokano
labi-en to be overdue
Ngaju Dayak
labi-en more
WMP Casiguran Dumagat
lábis excessive, more than enough, excess (as a pole that is longer than it needs to be)
Ayta Abellan
labih more than; excess
Hanunóo
lábis an excessive amount; more,
Tiruray
labis extra amount
WMP Itbayaten
xavit idea of hand-carry
mag-xavit to carry in hand
xavit-en to hold or carry by the hand
Cebuano
labit to stitch with a loop that holds but can be unravelled
WMP Cebuano
labu to fool someone by flattery or lies
Malay
labu to fool, ‘pull one’s leg’ (Echols and Shadily)
WMP Kelabit
labuh gray, color of darker clouds
CMP Buruese
lafu ashes
WMP Cebuano
lábug throw out (from a container, etc.)
Malay
lambok throw up (as dirt from a trench being dug)
WMP Tagalog
lábog turbidity of liquid due to muddiness or colloidality
Iban
lambok the disturbed water in rapids
CMP Paulohi
ma-mala to dry up, evaporate
WMP Bikol
mag-labók to crush or pound with a pestle; crush toasted rice
Proto-South Sulawesi
*lambu(k) to pound rice
WMP Ayta Abellan
laboŋ many; to grow, increase (as the membership of a group)
Binukid
ma-labúŋ abundant, long, thick of growth; thick, dense; to grow thick, abundantly
WMP Maranao
laboʔ disembark; anchor
Subanun (Sindangan)
mɨ-labuʔ to fall
Tiruray
lawuʔ to drop something
Samal
labu to fall
Kenyah
laboʔ to fall (accidentally)
pe-laboʔ to let drop
Katingan
laβuʔ to fall
Ma'anyan
laβuʔ to fall
Malagasy
lávo fallen (applied mostly to living things)
Dusun Witu
laβuʔ to fall
Iban
laboh fall, drop, let fall
Tsat
phu⁵⁵ to fall
Malay
laboh lowering by means of a cord, of dropping a curtain, letting down a net or deep-sea fishing line, or casting anchor; also, to execute by drowning
ber-laboh to lie at anchor
Nias
lawu-lawu waterfall
Sundanese
labuh (of people) fall to the ground; dropping of an anchor
Old Javanese
(m)a-labuh to cast oneself down (on or into something) and seek one’s death; to cast something into the water
pa-labw-an anchorage, harbor
l<um>abuh to cast oneself (into the fire, into the water, onto the rocks), to seek one’s death; to cast anchor
labw-an rainfall (after the dry season)
Javanese
labuh to drop anchor; fall, i.e. the brief season between the close of the dry season and the onset of the rains, during which leaves fall
ŋe-labuh to fling into the sea as appeasement to the deities
Balinese
labuh to fall, fall off, fall down; anchor; to beach a boat
Tae'
labu-i to sink, go down
ma-labu to sink, go down, fall to the ground
Makassarese
labu sunk, as a ship; driven in, as a thorn in the sole of the foot or a dagger in someone’s body
labu batu anchorage (‘the sinking of the anchor stone’)
Wolio
labu anchor; to drop anchor, land a boat
CMP Kambera
labu anchor
watu labu anchor stone
WMP Palawano
labuʔ squash, pumpkin
Tiruray
labuʔ a general term for the common gourd: Lagenaria leucantha (Duch.) Rusby
Tboli
labuk the bottle gourd: Lagenaria siceraria
Kadazan Dusun
hobuʔ calabash, type of gourd
Tombonuwo
labu a type of gourd
Toba Batak
labu bottle gourd, used as a rice container
Nias
labu kind of gourd
Uma
laboʔ gourd, calabash
WMP Hanunóo
lábug rice gruel
Cebuano
labúg dish consisting of shredded broiled fish mixed with pickled fish
Dairi-Pakpak Batak
rabur mixing up (foods); to mix
WMP Ilokano
lábus naked (from the waist down)
Bontok
labus-an to undress; to remove one’s clothes
Kankanaey
men-lábus naked, nude, bare, unclothed
Ibaloy
man-debos to remove all of one’s clothes
Ayta Abellan
laboh naked; to undress
WMP Bikol
lábot business, concern, care, attention
Hanunóo
lábut perpetrator, doer, especially of a nefarious deed; the one to blame
Aklanon
eábot affair, concern, business
Hiligaynon
lábut business, concern
Cebuano
lábut concern, connection, part of; including
Tboli
labut involvement or part in something; to get involved, be a part of an activity, argument
WMP Ilokano
labúyo wild chicken; cockfighting rooster
Tagalog
labúyo wild chicken; cockfighting rooster
labúyoʔ wild chicken
Hanunóo
labúyuʔ rooster, cock
Cebuano
labúyuʔ adolescent rooster; wild chicken, male or female, characterized by its smallness as compared with the domestic ones
Mansaka
laboyoʔ rooster
WMP Kapampangan
lasak-an to destroy something
Iban
lacak destruction; smash, destroy
Formosan Saisiyat
kæ-Lasəŋ stinging nettle: Laportea spp.
L<om>asəŋ to sting, of bees
WMP Bisayan (Panay)
latoŋ Trema cannabina Lour. (Madulid 2001)
Bagobo
latoŋ a stinging plant: Urtica bullata Bl. (Madulid 2001)
Tiruray
lateŋ a tree: Trema orientalis Linn.
Malay
lataŋ stinging nettle
Gayō
latoŋ plant with stinging leaves, Laportea spp.
Alas
lateŋ stinging nettle
Karo Batak
lateŋ the large stinging nettle shrub, of which several varieties are distinguished
lateŋ manuk variety of stinging nettle
Toba Batak
latoŋ generic for herbs and trees with leaves like the stinging nettle
Nias
lato a tree with stinging, pain-producing leaves
lato manu a plant like the stinging nettle
Old Javanese
latəŋ stinging nettle
Javanese
lateŋ a certain grass with itchy leaves (Horne); stinging nettle (Pigeaud)
Balinese
lateŋ stinging nettle
CMP Manggarai
lanteŋ kind of tree with fine stinging hairs on the leaves: Laportea spp.; caterpillar with hairs that cause itching when touched
Rembong
lantoŋ stinging nettle tree: Laportea; caterpillar with hairs that cause itching when touched
Ngadha
ladé kind of large tree that causes severe itching when touched
OC Gitua
lato big stinging leaf, red underside
'Āre'āre
ruru-rao kind of nettle
Sa'a
nunu-lao stinging nettle tree with large leaves used to cover a chief’s body exposed for burial
WMP Simalur
lalateŋ stinging nettle (several types are distinguished)
Old Javanese
lalateŋ stinging nettle
Tae'
le-latiŋ stinging nettle tree, the leaves of which cause severe itching: Laportea spp.
Buginese
lal-lataŋ stinging nettle
OC Lenkau
lalatr stinging nettle: Laportea spp.
Wuvulu
lalaʔo stinging nettle: Laportea spp.
WMP Tagalog
laláy gradually sloping; soft or unstressed, as in pronunciation
Iban
landay gently sloping, usually of land; (of speech or voice) gentle, slow
Malay
landay slight slope (of the direction in which land slopes away and water runs, i.e. of a watershed; of the sloping inner side of a horseshoe, etc.
WMP Palawano
ladiŋ knife, pocket knife
Cebuano
lariŋ kind of sword with a slight curve to the blade
Delang
ladiŋ knife
Malay
ladiŋ long, sharp-edged cleaver of the parang type
Karo Batak
ladiŋ generic for curved knives and swords
Old Javanese
ladiŋ type of cleaver or jungle knife
Wolio
ladi kind of knife, rount on one side, used for cutting sugar palm leaves to be used as cigarette paper
CMP Rembong
ladiŋ kind of small knife
WMP Casiguran Dumagat
ládlad to roll out, to flatten (as to roll out a mat or bolt of cloth, or a long fishnet to dry in the sun)
Kapampangan
ladlád spread out, display
i-ladlád to spread something out
Tagalog
naka-ladlád unfurled; unfolded
l<um>adlád to become unfurled or unrolled
Bikol
ladlád to unfold or unfurl
Hanunóo
ladlád unrolling of sleeping mats or similar matlike objects
Cebuano
ládlad spread soaped white clothes under the sun to bleach them; spread for display; show, present, tell
WMP Maranao
laŋga hot, boiling, heated
CMP Manggarai
laŋga roast fish wrapped in leaves
Rembong
laŋga to roast; anything fried
WMP Bikol
lagák-lagák sound made when swallowing liquids
Yakan
lagak a sound (as of waves), gurgling (as water of a flood), bubbling (of something cooking)
WMP Tagalog
mag-lágaʔ to boil; to cook by boiling
ni-lágaʔ boiled
lagaʔ-án boiler, boiling utensil
Cebuano
lágaʔ to boil water or water with something in it: coffee, medicinal herbs and the like
CMP Manggarai
laŋga roast fish wrapped in leaves
WMP Cebuano
lágsik for small things to fly off, splatter
Malay
ləcek blow the nose, e.g. with the fingers
WMP Cebuano
lágpak slap, strike a part of one’s body with the hand, or with something flat
Malay
ləpak to fall with a thud
WMP Cebuano
lágtub giving off a single thud
Malay
lətup to go off with a pop (of the pop when a gun goes off, in contrast to the reverberation, etc.)
WMP Cebuano
lágtub inflamed, blistered (like something cooked crisp)
Malay
lətup blister on skin
WMP Bikol
lagtók popping sound; the sound of cracking the knuckles
ma-lagtók half-cooked rice (referring to the popping sound made when eaten)
Malay
lətok a knocking sound; a thud
WMP Cebuano
lagi particle used to assert emphatically that something is what it is
kay lagi because, after all, that is what one would expect; expressing surprise at something contrary to one's expectations
Malay
lagi more; yet more; still
Old Javanese
lagi continuously, constantly, again and again, always, usually; continuing for some time already, going on, keeping on, still
Sasak
lagi very, extremely (generally with a denial)
CMP Manggarai
lagi while, whereas
WMP Keley-i
laglag for leaves to fall from trees
Cebuano
laglág fallen off (as leaves); destroyed, ruined; to abort, have a miscarriage or an abortion
WMP Malay
lagu tune
Malay (Penang)
lagu style, way
Karo Batak
lagu way of handling, of behaving
Old Javanese
lagu use, custom; behavior, bearing
Sangir
lagu way, manner; melody; manner of speaking, behaving
WMP Itbayaten
xago a tree: Myristica cagayanensis Merrill
Kalamian Tagbanwa
lago a tree: Myristica guatterifolia (Madulid 2001)
Bagobo
lago a tree: Myristica fatus Houtt. (Madulid 2001)
WMP Casiguran Dumagat
lagú healthy (of crops)
Pangasinan
lagó healthy, robust individual, plant or animal
Ayta Abellan
lago young, not yet mature (of rice); soft, tender
Kapampangan
lagúʔ beauty
Tagalog
lagóʔ luxuriant growth
l<um>agóʔ to develop; to flourish; to prosper; to thrive
Hanunóo
láguʔ a large tree
WMP Pangasinan
ma-lagó healthy, vigorous
Ayta Abellan
ma-lago young, of fruits (as coconuts)
Tagalog
ma-lagóʔ luxuriant; lush, growing thick and green
WMP Tagalog
lahar volcanic ash
Central Tagbanwa
lahar a mixture of volcanic ash and water that flows when saturated
Javanese
lahar lava
lahar-an lava bed
Formosan Saisiyat
Læhœr downhill
Pazeh
rahut west; downstream, lower part of a river
mia-rahut go west, go downstream
mu-rahut to flow, as water
Pazeh (Kahabu)
rahud downstream; toward the sea
Thao
raus downhill, downstream; in a downward direction from the mountains
mana-raus go downstream, go downhill, go toward the sea
shi-raus typhoon
Tsou
mua-rovcu to blow downhill
moh-rovcu to flow downstream
Kanakanabu
ʔama-laúcu downhill
Saaroa
tala-la-laucu to look down
Rukai (Mantauran)
laudu downwards
Rukai (Tona)
aúDu downhill
Paiwan
lauz seaward, downslope, toward lower reaches of river
lʸe-lauz to go downhill
WMP Itbayaten
xawod idea of being in the offing by the current
Ilokano
láud west
ag-pa-laud go to the west
laúd-en to the west of
Bikol
lawód the open sea
Hanunóo
láwud lowlands, coastal regions; down below, as opposed to up in the mountains
Aklanon
eawód ocean, sea
Waray-Waray
lawód midsea, high seas
Cebuano
lawúd deep open sea
lawud-láwud be like a sea (as a vast wet rice field)
Maranao
lawd offshore; far; body of deep water
Binukid
lawed deep open sea; center area of a large clearing
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
lawed in the middle of a vast area, such as the ocean; to finish planting half of a field
Mansaka
lawud downstream, seaward
Mapun
lūd go downhill
pa-lūd cause something to go downhill
lud-lūr-an slope, downhill area of land
Tausug
l<um>ūd come down from higher ground, travel downhill
lūr-un slope, embankment, downhill area, falling ground
Ida'an Begak
laud wind
Lun Dayeh
lood toward the sea, downriver
Kelabit
laʔud downriver, toward the sea
Bintulu
laud toward the sea; outside
Ngaju Dayak
laut downstream, seaward; overseas
olo laut people from across the sea
Delang
loot sea
Iban
laut sea; Malay, Muslim
Malay
laut sea, ocean; north (in certain expressions only, as barat laut ‘northwest’, timur laut ‘northeast’)
Old Javanese
lor north
maŋa-lor go to the north, northward
l<in>or-an to pass on the north side
Balinese
lod sea
Sangir
laudəʔ ocean
Bare'e
lau directional term indicating a place that lies at a lower elevation than the speaker, or at least not clearly at a higher elevation
lauk-a low, as the sun in the sky or the level of water
Tae'
lauʔ south, downstream (southward, where the Land of the Dead is)
Buginese
lauʔ sea
a-lauʔ east (in Bone)
Makassarese
lauʔ west (in Goa); south (in Bantaeng)
Chamorro
lagu north (in Guam and Rota); west (in Saipan)
CMP Kambera
laura sea; downstream, at a lower elevation
Hawu
lou sea
dou lou foreigner, stranger (lit. ‘sea person’)
wini lou of foreign origin (lit; ‘sea seed’, said of the mother if she has married in to Hawu; not of the father)
Tetun
lor low-lying ground, the tidal regions, seaside
Talur
lor sea
Luang
lorə sea
Wetan
lora sea, used especially in contrast to land; go to the sea
na-lora at sea, to the sea, from the sea; seaside
Dobel
law sea
Paulohi
lau toward the sea
Alune
lo-lau downstream, toward the sea
Asilulu
lau seaward
SHWNG Buli
lau sea-side
la-lau toward the sea and away from the speaker
ma-lau toward the sea and toward the speaker
po-lau on the sea-side
Wandamen
rau seaward
Waropen
rau ~ ndau sea; outside
OC Tolai
lau the open sea; horizon; the bush people apply this word to any place out of sight; distant, remote, inaccessible, invisible
Lakalai
-lau toward the sea
g-o-lau go seaward
Gedaged
lau the high seas, an open, unenclosed portion of the sea
Bugotu
lau beach, seashore, seaward; south
Nggela
lau seawards; to the shore, shorewards, from a speaker inland; shore; the sea, in koukomulau ‘an island in the sea’; the bank of a river; south, conventional use in translations
Lau
lau north; open sea to the north
Arosi
rau side, bank of stream; shore
rau-na i asi beach
rau-na i wai river bank
Mota
lau the seaside as opposed to the inland, the beach as approached from the land
Fijian
lau east; name of the Windward Islands
WMP Itbayaten
i-xawod go far from the shore (on water), be carried away by waves
Masbatenyo
i-lawód downstream area, seaward place; towards town place
Aklanon
i-lawód the seaward part of any town
pa-i-lawód to go seawards
Cebuano
i-láwud place toward town and away from rural areas
Makassarese
i-lauʔ in the west, of the west
i-lauk-anna westward, the west side of something
OC Manam
i-laul-o seaward
WMP Ngaju Dayak
ka-laut from beyond the shores, foreign
Old Javanese
ka-lor to the north of
Balinese
ka-lod to the sea; north/south
Sangir
ka-laudəʔ at sea
WMP Ngaju Dayak
ma-laut leave the coast, put out to sea
Malay
me-laut to put out to sea
Sangir
ma-laudəʔ of the sea, marine
tau ma-laudəʔ navigator
Formosan Thao
shi-raus typhoon
WMP Itbayaten
hi-lawod north wind
hi-lawr-en disease caused by north wind
WMP Cebuano
ka-lawr-an seas
Bahasa Indonesia
ka-laut-an things connected with the sea
WMP Bahasa Indonesia
laut-an very wide sea, ocean
Sangir
laur-aŋ the wide sea, the high seas
WMP Ilokano
ag-pa-láud to go to the west (= go seaward)
Mapun
pa-lūd to go downhill, to cause something to go downhill
OC Mota
wala-walau to paddle all together
walau-a to collect things for a voyage
Raga
walau guide, steer, direct
Maori
wharau travel, particularly by water
wharau-ŋa voyage
WMP Ilokano
laók mixture
ag-la-laók to intermingle; blend; fuse
Bontok
lauk to mix, particularly of things that are notof the same type, as meat with beans
Ibaloy
daok to mix something into something else, a generic term
Pangasinan
laók to mix, blend
man-la-laók mixed up, scrambled
Tagalog
lahók mixture; something added to a mixture; participation or entry in a contest
pag-lahuk-ín to mix two things together
Bikol
lahók referring to that which is added to a pure substance (wax, honey, wine) to make it appear more than it really is
Tiruray
lawek to mix
Malagasy
laúka any relish or meat eaten wth rice (on the coast it almost always means fish or vegetables)
Iban
lauk anything eaten with rice
Malay
lauk solid food (fish or flesh) to be eaten with rice, in contrast to cooked vegetables (sayur), uncooked vegetables (hulam), and condiments (sambal)
Sundanese
lauk flesh that is eaten; fish; flesh of a slaughtered animal
Mongondow
lauk to mix, mingle, blend
WMP Ilokano
i-laók to mix with something
Tagalog
i-lahók to add, to mix
WMP Ilokano
ka-laók element in a mixture
Tagalog
ka-lahók participant in a contest; ingredient in a mixture
WMP Tagalog
l<um>ahók to compete; to take part in a contest
Tiruray
l<em>awek to give one’s uncooked food to someone to mix and cook with his own
WMP Ilokano
laok-án to mix something
Tagalog
lahuk-án mixed; to mix something with something else (Formosan only)
Formosan Amis
lahod steam, vapor
Kanakanabu
aúnu steam, vapor
WMP Bontok
l<um>áus to pass by
Kankanaey
l<um>áus to pass by; to pass
Ifugaw
laúh to pass by a certain place without stopping; time span which already passed
Pangasinan
laós to finish something already begun
Cebuano
lahús to proceed, go on or forward, esp. after an interruption or stop
Binukid
lahus to proceed, go on to (a certain point); to pierce, penetrate, pass through something
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
lahus to pass through; to pierce, of a projectile, weapon, or a beam of light through a translucent material
WMP Ibatan
maŋ-lāga someone weaves something from weaving materials
Ilokano
lága woven basket; basketwork
ag-lága to weave baskets
i-lága to put inside a woven basket
ma-i-lága to be interwoven with
pag-lága material used in making baskets
Isneg
ag-la-láxa the period of time that follows the weeding of a rice field: the time for weaving baskets
mag-láxa to weave (basketwork)
Bontok
lága to weave, of basketry
Ifugaw
lága act of weaving closely certain baskets; also bamboo mats or walls of huts
mun-lag-lága specialist basket weaver
Ifugaw (Batad)
lāga the work of weaving
Casiguran Dumagat
lade to weave (as mats)
Pangasinan
lagá to weave mats, hats, etc.
Tagalog
lála to weave
lalá lalá
Bikol
mag-rára to weave mats, baskets, etc. from palm leaves
Aklanon
eaeá (h) to weave mats
Waray-Waray
lara to weave; an interlacement
Agutaynen
mag-lara to start weaving the bottom of a basket, using strips of bori or pandanus leaves, or to start weaving the edge of a sleeping mat
Hiligaynon
mag-lála to weave, to weave together
Cebuano
lála weave leaves, straw, plastic (as to make hats or a mat)
Maranao
rara weave a mat or a basket
Binukid
lala to weave (a mat, basket, etc.)
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
rara to weave a mat, basket, etc.; figuratively, of anything tangled or entwined
Mansaka
lara to weave (as a mat)
Tombonuwo
moŋo-raro to weave
Malagasy
rári a plait; plaiting of mats, hats, etc.
vua rári plaited
WMP Central Tagbanwa
man-lara to weave fabric or other materials
Malagasy
man-drári to plait mats, etc.; fig. to arrange or set in order anything; and in the provinces to regulate one’s life; to follow order and equity
WMP Ilokano
l<in>ága woven
Tagalog
l<in>ála woven material or textile
Subanon
l<in>ala woven by (someone)
WMP Ifugaw (Batad)
l<um>āga to weave a basket (flexible material such as thin strips of bamboo or rattan is used
Tagalog
l<um>ála to weave; to interlace
Subanon
l<um>ala to plait, weave by hand, as baskets
WMP Kankanaey
lagá-en to weave; to braid; to make basketwork
Tagalog
laláh-in to weave, to form strips, reeds or the like, into something; to interlace; to arrange strips so that they go over and under each other
Bikol
rará-on to weave mats, baskets, etc. from palm leaves
Binukid
lalah-en be woven by (someone)
Malagasy
rar-ína to be plaited
Formosan Puyuma
ɭadam familiar with, accustomed to
OC Fijian
lasa easy, contented, tame, accustomed, amusing
Tongan
lata feel at home or at ease
Samoan
lata tame; used to, familiar with
Hawaiian
laka tame, domesticated, gentle; to tame, domesticate
WMP Tombonuwo
ladaʔ chili pepper
Toba Batak
laga sharp (of taste, or a knife)
Balinese
lalah tartness, piquancy; spicy, tart
la-lalah a strong-tasting relish with one’s rice
Tae'
lada Spanish pepper
Muna
lea hurt, ache, painful
CMP Kambera
ma-lara biting, sharp (of taste)
OC Nauna
lac coral limestone
Baluan
lat coral limestone
Lou
las coral limestone
Loniu
lac coral limestone
Likum
lac coral limestone
Lindrou
las coral limestone
Mendak
las coral limestone
Takia
lad coral
Motu
lade kind of coral; coral reef
Nggela
lande all kinds of branching coral
Lau
lade-lade branching coral
Arosi
rade coral
Bauro
rate coral
Mota
las live coral of the branching kinds
Fijian
lase the common branchy coral and the lime made from it
Rennellese
gase a kind of common branching coral in the sea, Hexacorallia, not ashore
WMP Palauan
iás milky mangrove tree; a river poison tree (Excoecaria agallocha L.)
CMP Kambera
lari kind of tree generally found in the estuaries of rivers
OC Kwaio
kwai-lasi poisonous tree (kwai = 'river, water', kwaikwai-na = 'juice, liquid, sap')
Sa'a
lasi a tree with juice causing sores
Mota
las a tree
WMP Aklanon
eáli(h) fish
Cebuano
láli kind of amberjack
Samal
lali dolphinfish, family Coryphaenidae
Makassarese
lari sea fish with five stripes, much relished because it is not oily and has few bones
Palauan
iás dolphinfish
OC Loniu
las flattish fish similar to a mackerel
Ere
las flat fish found in river mouths
Leipon
las kind of flat, silvery fish
Gedaged
las whitish-grey marine fish about five feet long
Motu
ladi a fish
Arosi
rasi fish sp.
Gilbertese
nari leatherback: Scomberoides sancti-petri (Johannes 1981:167)
Pohnpeian
lahd fish sp., jack: Atule mate
Mokilese
lahd fish sp., kind of skipjack
Samoan
lai a fish: Scomberoides sp.
WMP Agutaynen
pa-laka-en to become thinned out; to be spaced out, as to plant seed with spaces between
Iban
laka far apart, big; too large, as an opening or space (e.g. the space between the rungs of a ladder)
Sundanese
laŋka rare, exceptional, unusual; seldom or never; scarce
laŋka-laŋka very rare
Muna
laŋka rare(ly), scarce, seldom; spaced wide apart (of teeth, plants, etc.)
laŋka-mi space something wide apart, thin out
ka-laŋka kind of basket with big holes; low frequency; spacing, interval
WMP Agutaynen
ma-laka rare, seldom; to be spaced or thinned out
Uma
mo-laka rarely, seldom
OC Tigak
lak to rise (of the sun)
Lihir
laka top surface, space above
Takia
lak na high up (na = local postposition)
Nggela
ga-laga up; east
OC Mussau
laka round carrying basket placed on the head
Nalik
laka basket
Simbo
(e)-laka basket
WMP Ilokano
ag-pa-lákad to go by land, walk
lákad-lákad walker, support for walking
Ibanag
lákag to walk
Gaddang
mel-lákad to walk
Casiguran Dumagat
lákad to walk, to travel, to go (as the walking of a person, the moving of a boat or truck)
Ibaloy
man-akad (of persons and animals) to walk
Kapampangan
lákad to walk; gait, pace, course
pa-lakar-an to send on an errand
Tagalog
lákad walk; gait; running condition of motors, machines, etc.; headway; a motion forward; march; start; a beginning to go; progress or current situation of some project, event, etc.; trend; manner of acting; mission; errand; goods for sale being carted around or peddled
lakád barefooted; walking, not riding; on foot
ka-lakád a companion in taking a walk
ma-lákad to be within walking distance; to be able to get something by negotiating or by using influence
mag-pa-lákad to run, to make go (as a business)
maka-lákad to be able to walk
ma-pa-lákad to be able to get someone to walk or take a trip, to leave or to depart
pag-lákad manner of walking
Bikol
lákad step, stride; gait, pace
Aklanon
eákad to step over (with big steps)
Cebuano
lákad to step over something; go beyond, exceed; marry or wed ahead of big brothers
Maranao
lakad step, stride
Binukid
lakad step, pace, stride; take a step, step over or across (something)
paka-lakad able to take steps (as a small child just beginning to walk)
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
laŋkad a stride; the measure of a person’s step; to walk a step
Mansaka
lákad to wade through
CMP Waima'a
laka to walk
Sula
laka to walk
SHWNG Numfor
rā go
rā ma come
Waropen
ra go on foot, go into the bush, walk
Ansus
ra to walk
Woi
ra to walk
OC Gedaged
la to go (away, about on foot, a horse, bicycle, vehicle, boat, etc.); to walk, depart, march (get, pack, move, start) off, take leave, get underway, set out; to continue, keep on (with any kind of action), to keep up or maintain any course or series of actions; to carry on
Gitua
la go
Mota
laka to kick up the heels, as in dancing; to dance
Wayan
laka go, move along, proceed
laka-ti go to or over a place
Tongan
laka to go or walk (esp. for a short distance only); to step; to march; to move on or forward, to proceed, progress, develop, or advance
laka hala to step incorrectly, to be out of step
Niue
laka to step; to cross over
fe-laka to step over a person or thing (formerly considered an insult or desecration)
laka-aŋa a step, pace
laka-fia stepped over, exceeded
Samoan
laʔa step, march
laʔa-sia step over, go beyond
Tuvaluan
laka step
la-laka press down with foot (as when firming soil)
Rennellese
gaka to step; to move, as to another district
Anuta
raka to step over something
Maori
whaka-raka walk, step out
WMP Agta (Dupaningan)
i-lákad run away with, kidnap
Tagalog
i-lakád to use something in walking
WMP Agta (Dupaningan)
mag-lákad to walk
Tagalog
mag-lákad to engage in trade or some form of business
mag-lakád to walk; to tramp; to go on foot
mag-lakád-lakád to pace; to walk with regular steps; to keep on walking
Bikol
mag-lákad to step over; to pace off a particular area or distance
Tausug
mag-lakad to step to (a place with big steps)
WMP Agta (Dupaningan)
l<um>ákad to leave, to exit
Tagalog
l<um>ákad to walk, to go on foot
l<um>ákad-lákad to pace; to walk with regular steps; to keep on walking
Tausug
l<um>akad to step to (a place with big steps)
WMP Agta (Dupaningan)
lakad-ín-an leave someone, walk out on (from *lakad-an-an, with low vowel fronting)
Tagalog
lakár-an to walk on something
lakar-án place to walk on
Bikol
lakád-an to pace off a particular area or distance
Tausug
lakar-an to step over something
WMP Ibaloy
ekar-en to walk somewhere, something (as a distance)
Tagalog
lakár-in to walk a certain distance or to a certain place
lakar-ín walk, meaning the distance to walk; to tread; to be underway or in motion
Bikol
lakád-on to step over
Tausug
lakar-un to step from one place to another
OC Mota
laka-laka to rejoice, dance; a dance, a merry-making
Futunan
laka-laka women’s dance performed while sitting
Samoan
laʔa-laʔa go step by step
Tuvaluan
laka-laka take several steps
Rennellese
gaka-gaka to step or move on, as with long steps; to step off, as to measure
Anuta
raka-raka to walk taking large brisk steps; to walk quickly
WMP Hanunóo
lákaŋ taking a long step, as when walking over a fallen tree or a rock in a trail; a pace
l<um>ákaŋ to take such steps; to step over something in this fashion
Cebuano
lákaŋ step across; a step, stride
Sasak
laŋkaŋ crotch, space between thighs
WMP Tagalog
lakás strength, vigor; efficacy; vehemence; healthiness
Malay
laŋkas fiery (of a steed), spirited
OC Nggela
laŋga strong, strength; energetic
Arosi
raga strong, strengthened, invigorated
WMP Tagalog
lakás strength; vigor; force; power; might; loudness of volume; intensity of an attack of sickness or the like; brunt, the main force; vehemence; efficacy; hardiness; endurance; stamina; backbone; energy; power to work or act; fury; violence or strength, as of a storm
ma-lakás strong; physically strong; having much force, power, etc.; powerful; tough, hardy; hard; boisterous; violent; wild; rugged, sturdy; potent, strong; forceful, vigorous; hearty, strong and well; loud, not quiet or soft; making a great sound
ka-lakas-án vitality; strength; virility
l<um>akás to become stronger, increase in strength; to recuperate; to recover from sickness, exhaustion or loss; to swell (as the voice), to grow louder
Maranao
lakas rate of speed
OC Nggela
laŋga strong; strength; energetic; loud
laŋga-laŋga do energetically; do continually; strengthen
WMP Sebop
lakat root
Banggai
lakat root
Formosan Kavalan
Raqat a step; to take a step, to step forward
Amis (Central)
l<um>akat to walk
WMP Hiligaynon
lakát trip, walk, business trip
mag-lakát to walk, to go, to leave
Cebuano
lakát walk; for something to be going on; go away, depart
WMP Ilokano
lakatán variety of sweet thick-skinned banana
Casiguran Dumagat
lakatán species of banana plant and its fruit: Musa sapientum
Ayta Abellan
lakatan a variety of banana with thick-skinned, yellow, delicious fruit; this variety is the ‘national banana’
Tagalog
lakatán a well-known species of banana
Hanunóo
lakatán a tasty variety of eating banana (Musa sapientum lacatan [Blco.] Teodoro)
Romblomanon
lakatan lacatan eating banana plant or fruit, Musa sapientum var. lacatan (commonly eaten raw as a snack food)
Masbatenyo
lakatán lakatan banana, Musa sapientum var. lacatan
Cebuano
lakatán kind of sweet yellow banana, longer than alitundan, very much like those sold in the United States; it is eaten raw, and is more difficult to digest than the alitundan: Musa sapientum var. lacatan
Yakan
lakatan a small variety of banana (similar to suley badju), Musa family
WMP Sambal (Botolan)
lako to go
Bikol
i-lakáw to take for a walk (as a dog)
mag-lakáw to walk, to stride
pa-lakáw method, procedure, process, system, way
pa-lakaw-on to run (as a business, an organization)
lakáw-an bum, hobo, tramp, vagabond, vagrant
lakáw-on to walk for a certain distance or a certain amount of time
Buhid
ag-laáw to walk
Hanunóo
lakáw walk, hike; walking, moving on; in vogue, current (among); circulation
Masbatenyo
pag-lákaw walking
Inati
lakaw to walk
Aklanon
eakáw to amble, go around
Cebuano
lakáw to walk
Maranao
lakaw footprint; killed with a weapon; go
la-lakaw walk; trip; go; journey
la-lakaw-an walk over; group of travelers
Maguindanao
lákaw to walk
Lun Dayeh
lako large strides
me-lako taking large strides
Berawan (Long Terawan)
lakaw to walk
Berawan (Long Teru)
lakaw to walk
Narum
ma-lahaw to walk
Miri
lahaw to walk
Kenyah (Long Wat)
bə-lakaw to walk
Penan (Long Labid)
lakaw to walk
Penan (Long Lamai)
lakaw walk
Kayan
lakaw a step; a pace; to pace out
Bintulu
lakaw to walk
Melanau (Balingian)
mə-lakaw to walk
Melanau (Mukah)
lakaw business, doings; to walk
l<ən>akaw was walked on
Lahanan
bə-lakaw to walk
Toba Batak
laho to go (before a verb it means ‘to be about to, on the point of doing something)
pa-laho-hon make something go, chase away
Proto-Minahasan
*lako go
Tombulu
lako go
Boano
mo-lako to walk
Tae'
lako towards, at
taŋ lako not come
lako-i in a condition to
Proto-Bungku-Tolaki
*lako to go
Kulisusu
lako to go
Proto-South Sulawesi
*lako to go
Mandar
lao to, towards; until; already
Buginese
lao to go; to, towards
CMP Manggarai
lako to walk, go on a trip, go sailing; to move location; to die
Kambera
laku to walk, go, leave
Rotinese
laʔo to go, depart, go away (by land or sea)
Helong
lako to walk
lako to walk
Atoni
nao to walk, go
Tetun
laʔo to walk, travel on foot, to go
Tetun (Dili)
lao to walk
Vaikenu
nao to go
Erai
la go, travel; stay, reside; follow, go by
Wetan
laa to go, to become
la-laa to roam about aimlessly
SHWNG Dusner
ra to walk
Wandamen
ra to walk
Numfor
ra walk
Pom
ra walk
Papuma
ra walk
OC Baluan
lak to go
Lou
lak to go
Loniu
la to go
Likum
la to go
Sori
ra to go
Lindrou
la to go
Tigak
lak go up, enter
Amara
-la go
Kove
la-lao to walk
Wogeo
lako to go
Manam
laʔo to go, go away
Gitua
lago to walk
Patep
la to go
Motu
lao to go
lao-lao journey
Saliba
lao go, walk
Nehan
lako go down a short distance, from inland to the road, village or beach; to away from speaker
Petats
la to go
la-la to walk
Selau
la to go
Torau
ma lao walk
Cheke Holo
lao go, move in one direction, begin or go ahead with
Eddystone/Mandegusu
laγo to go
Proto-Micronesian
*lako go, proceed; (as directional) away
Gilbertese
nako to go, depart, go on, go away
nako-nako a walk, stroll, displacement, voyage, movement
Woleaian
-lago directional suffix, away from the speaker; thither
Raga
laxo to walk
Fijian
lako to go; used for motion of any kind
lako mai come
lako yani go away
lako voli go about
WMP Kanowit
pə-lakaw to walk
Sangir
ia-pa-lako let something go; be sent
Tae'
pa-lako take away, to place, put
WMP Sambal (Botolan)
mako to go
Hanunóo
l<um>akáw to walk, will walk
Bilaan (Sarangani)
magu to walk
Murut (Tagol)
(m)akow to walk
Melanau (Mukah)
makaw to walk
Toba Batak
l<um>aho-laho mobile, moving about
WMP Bikol
mag-lakáw-lakáw to go for a stroll or walk
Toba Batak
l<um>aho-laho mobile, moving about
Buginese
ka-lao-lao to go here and there
OC Kove
la-lao to walk
Manam
lako-lako to go, go away
Gitua
lago-lago walking around; alive
Fijian
i lako-lako away, going, path; also fig. manner, method, the “run” of a thing
WMP Yami
akay grandfather
me-hakay man, male, boy; husband
mi-akay grandfather and grandson
Itbayaten
xakay male, man, mister
Ilokano
lakáy old man; husband; colloquial term of address between males; old (of males)
l<in>a-lakáy something characteristic of old men
l<um>akáy to grow old (said of males)
lak-lakay-an very old, ancient, antique
Agta (Dupaningan)
lá-lakay old man; husband
Isneg
lakáy old man
Itawis
lá-lakay old (of male); old man
Kankanaey
ma-lakéy go grow old, of age
Casiguran Dumagat
lakáy old man (also used as a vocative in addressing old men); to become old, of male humans; husband
Ibaloy
dakay old man
d<al>akay collective term for the old men, elders of the community
me-dakay to become old
Pangasinan
láki grandfather, granduncle
Hanunóo
lakí grandfather (in both nominative and vocative; grandchild of either sex; male ancestor
Melanau (Mukah)
lakəy old, of people
Melanau Dalat
lakəy old, of people
OC Loniu
leke-n a yu my wound
Titan
lake-n a yo my wound
Nggela
lake sickness, high temperature; swellings with liquid contents
vatu lake coral that irritates the skin
Arosi
raʔe sore on the hands or lips
WMP Itawis
lakáb lie face down
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
laŋkeb lie face or front side down
Mansaka
lakob lie face downward; place a thing face down; capsize, turn upside down
Karo Batak
laŋkem lie on the stomach
Sasak
laŋkep lie on the belly; lie front side down (of things)
WMP Bikol
lakbáŋ breadth, width
Kayan
labaŋ broad
Old Javanese
lambaŋ that which is stretched out horizontally
WMP Cebuano
lákaŋ step across
lakʔaŋ stand or squat with legs wide apart
Sasak
laŋkaŋ crotch, space between the legs
WMP Kelabit (Long Napir)
laket sticky
Dairi-Pakpak Batak
alket <M viscous
Toba Batak
alhot <M sap of a tree used to curdle milk
m-alhot thick, viscous
OC Nggela
laŋgo stick, stick to, adhere
laŋgo-laŋgo paste, gum, sticking plaster
Lau
lago sticky, viscous; pasty, as badly cooked bread
Ulawa
la-lako sticky, to stick owing to glutinous nature
WMP Ilokano
laktáw jump; leap; stride
laktaw-en to leap over; skip; elude
l<inn>aktaw a girl’s jumping game
Tagalog
laktáw skipping over; by-passing; omitting
laktaw-án to skip; to pass over; to omit
Bikol
mag-laktáw to step over; to leave out, omit, overlook, skip over
ma-laktaw-án to get missed, overlooked; to get omitted or skipped over
WMP Ilokano
lakí-en masculine; manly (woman); tomboy; lesbian
Isneg
láki male
Bontok
láki male animal
Kankanaey
láki male; cock, he (applied only to animals)
Ifugaw
láki male quadruped; mostly applied to bigger pigs
Ifugaw (Batad)
lāki a male pig, domestic or wild, either castrated or uncastrated
Ibaloy
daki man, male, boy
ma-leki of a woman who regularly has illicit relations with men, promiscuous
man-deki to have illicit relations with a man --- spoken of a woman
e-dak-daki-an lesbian
daki-to male plant (the plant that doesn’t bear fruit)
Pangasinan
lakí male; boy
Remontado
lá man
Hanunóo
láki masculinity, quality of being male
lakí ancestor, male ancestor; in a general sense, any direct, distant male progenitor
Aklanon
eáki man, male
eakin-on mannish
Cebuano
lakí male animal or plant; paramour
l<in>áki man’s bicycle; ride astraddle like a man
lakin-un a female that acts like a male, tomboy
láki have exceptional ability
ka-láki do one’s best
Maranao
laki brother to a woman
Tiruray
lagey a male; term of reference used by a female to refer to a male of her own generation
fe-lagey-lagey (of men) dressed up in one’s best clothes and ornamentation
Klata
laʔi man, male
Tboli
logi man, boy, male; brother, a male sibling
s-logi to be a brother or a male relative to other females
Belait
lai male, man
Kelabit
laʔih male
Berawan (Long Terawan)
lakkeh man, male
Berawan (Long Teru)
lakkeh male, man
Narum
lahay man, male
Miri
lakayh man, male
Kenyah (Long Wat)
lakəy man, male
Kenyah (Long Anap)
laki man, male
Kayan (Uma Juman)
lakiʔ male
Kiput
laay male, of humans, man
Seru
lakeh male
Malagasy
láhi male, masculine (much used in the names of plants, etc.)
ana-dahi a woman’s brother; used also of men when women are speaking
Samihim
laki man
Iban
laki male; husband; male of a pair, e.g. of mortice and tenon joint, press-studs
oraŋ laki a man
manok laki cockerel
Malay
laki husband (less respectful than suami)
ber-laki to take a husband
laki-laki male (usually more polite than jantan); manly; masculine
Acehnese
lakòë husband
Alas
laki husband
Simalur
lai husband
si-lai male, masculine (men and animals)
Karo Batak
laki vocative for ‘grandfather’
Toba Batak
lahi young, of fruits
si-lalahi-an a tree that has only male blossoms, like the papaya
lahi-lahi manly, masculine
Nias
laʔi male mousedeer; man, male
Rejang
lakəy man, husband
Sundanese
laki man; male, masculine (only in combination); pestle (used with mortar)
Old Javanese
laki man, male, husband
laki-laki man, male, husband
maka-laki to have a husband, be married to, have sexual intercourse with (of a woman)
aŋ-laki-laki making a virile appearance, plucky
l<um>aki-laki to incite to manly action, fire the fighting spirit of
Javanese
laki sexual intercourse; husband
a-laki to marry
ŋe-laki to mate or breed (of animals)
Balinese
laki male; man; husband
Sasak
laki man; male, masculine
se-lakiʔ husband of
Buginese
lai male (of humans or animals)
Muna
laki leading bull (of a herd of cows or buffaloes)
Chamorro
lahi man, male, boy; also used in direct address among friends in the same way that lai (‘friend’, ‘man’) is used
lahe-n son of, man of
CMP Donggo
rahi husband
Ngadha
ata saki man; husband
Palu'e
ata laki man, male
Sika
laʔi man; husband
laʔi-laʔi men
Lamaholot
lake husband; male
Adonara
lake husband
Kodi
laghi husband
Waiyewa
lai husband
Lamboya
lai husband
WMP Kelabit
də-laʔih male
Malay (Kedah)
de-laki male
Karo Batak
di-laki male, masculine; boy, man; husband
WMP Ilokano
laláki boy; man; anything masculine; male
ka-laláki the larger part of a pair of two things
ma-laláki masculine; looking strong and responsible; daring; courageous; intelligent
maki-laláki to have an affair with a man
napa-laláki handy at men’s work (women)
Agta (Dupaningan)
lalláki man, male (historically a plural)
Isneg
laláki male
Bontok
laláki man, male, boy
la<l>láki men, boys
Kankanaey
laláki man, male; cock, he (applied to men and animals)
Ifugaw
laláki man
l<in>a-láki men
Isinay
laláki man, boy, male
lalláki men, boys, males
Kapampangan
laláki man, male
la:láki men, males
magpaka-laláki act like a man
Tagalog
laláki, laláke man, an adult male; male, masculine
mag-laláki to act the role of a man (in a play or movie)
man-laláki to take a common-law husband
pagka-laláki manhood; masculinity; virility; manliness
pan-laláki manly; suitable for a man; masculine; in grammar, of the gender of male names
Bikol
laláki boy, lad; man; male
pagka-laláki manliness, masculinity; virility
Hanunóo
laláki man, boy, male
Masbatenyo
laláki male, man (refers to animate beings)
Aklanon
l<in>a-eakí to act like a man (said of a woman)
Waray-Waray
laláki man, male
Hiligaynon
laláki male, man, boy, male illicit lover
Palawan Batak
lalaki man, human male
Cebuano
laláki human male; turn out to be a boy; paramour
paka-laláki act like a man, consider, treat like a man
tag-lakin-an the groom’s relatives at the wedding
Malagasy
laláhy man (provincial)
Iban
le-laki male
Malay
le-laki male; masculine
Sundanese
la-laki male; masculine
Mongondow
lo-laki man; male, masculine; brother (woman speaking)
Wolio
lalaki lord, nobleman, king (chess)
ka-lalaki nobility, greatness
ana lalaki person of noble birth
lalaki-aka be lord of, rule over
WMP Ilokano
ka-laki-an the male (of a pair of animals); masculine
Bontok
ka-laláki-yan brother or male cousin of a female Ego
Ibaloy
ka-leki-an bull, stallion, mature male carabao; (of deer) buck
Tagalog
ka-lalakih-an group of men or males; manhood; men; mankind
Masbatenyo
ka-lalakih-án group of men
Cebuano
ka-lalakin-an the menfolk as a group
Tiruray
ke-lagey-an the persons on the man’s side in a legal dispute
Toba Batak
ha-lahi-an the season when the fruits are still young
Old Javanese
ka-laki-laki(n) manliness, manly courage, virility
WMP Ilokano
láki-ŋ endearing term of address for a grandfather
Hanunóo
laki grandfather/grandchild (recip.)
Melanau (Mukah)
lakəy old, of people
WMP Ilokano
laklák to be skinned, flayed
ma-laklak-an to be skinned, flayed
Bontok
laklák dandruff
Kankanaey
laklák-an to flay, to skin; to gall, to peel; to bark, to strip; to rub off the bark, to tear off the skin
laklak-í dandruff
Ibaloy
dakdak-en to peel something off that has adhered (as adhesive tape, paint, poster from wall, chewing gum from floor, skin of animal in skinning)
Cebuano
laklák for trousers, pants, underpants to be too loose
Ida'an Begak
lallak remove bark of a tree
Melanau (Mukah)
lalak bald
Ngaju Dayak
lalak stripped of leaves, defoliated; peeled (as a banana, sugarcane)
Karo Batak
laklak rind, peeling; bark of a tree
ŋe-laklak-i to peel; strip bark from a tree
Toba Batak
laklak bark, rind
maŋa-laklah-i peel off the bark
WMP Ilokano
lakúb enclosure; encirclement
ma-lakúb to be surrounded
lakub-en to surround, encircle; block
Bontok
lakúb to cover completely, as a landslide covering a whole pondfield
Kalamian Tagbanwa
lakub half coconut shell; to cover with a half coconut shell
Maranao
lakob fence, enclosure
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
laŋkub in roofing, to finish a section or to finish the whole house
Sangir
me-lakubeʔ overhang and at the same time overshadow (as vines, forest)
WMP Cebuano
lakun to coil something (as a rope); a coil (of rope, wire)
Tboli
lakun to coil up, as a rope, or as a snake coils up; to fold something, as abaca fiber
Formosan Paiwan
lakup a covering (as new bark which grows over scar on tree)
l<m>akup to cover over (as with roof-shaped cover); to twine around (as vine)
WMP Waray-Waray
lakóp-lakóp eyelid
Tboli
lakuf to include, be a part of, as an area
Malay
te-laŋkup turned over; capsized; bottom-upwards
Karo Batak
laŋkup cover, wrapping, casing; what covers or surrounds something; a strip of gold or brass that covers the teeth
Javanese
t-lakup covering leaf of a flower or bud; ear flaps; a hat with ear flaps
WMP Tausug
laak trochus, top shell (Pallesen 1985:323)
Proto-Sama-Bajaw
*lalak trochus, top shell (Pallesen 1985:323)
OC Nauna
lal trochus shell
Lou
lal trochus shell
Pak
lal trochus shell
Loniu
lan trochus shell
Leipon
lal trochus shell
Ahus
lal trochus shell
Levei
loŋ trochus shell
pwiki loŋ trochus shell
Likum
lan trochus shell
Sori
laŋ trochus shell
Lindrou
lan trochus shell
Bipi
lan trochus shell
Seimat
lal trochus shell
Wogeo
lala pearl shell
Nggela
lala species of mollusc: Trochus niloticus
Sa'a
lala a shellfish and arm ring made of its shell
Mota
lala top shell and bracelet made of it
Raga
lala Trochus stellatus; shell armlet, ring
WMP Casiguran Dumagat
laláŋ to create (the subject of this verb is always God, and refers to the creation of the world)
Tagalog
laláŋ creation; creature; created
l<in>aláŋ creature; created
l<um>aláŋ to create
lalaŋ-ín to create
Bikol
ma-laláŋ creative; ingenious
lalaŋ-ón to create the world and its creatures (God)
Cebuano
laláŋ to create; power
WMP Simalur
lalatu ant
Sangir
lelatu smallest kind of ant
Bare'e
lelatu red ant that has a painful bite
WMP Rungus Dusun
lalatu ashes that are flying about
Sundanese
si-lalatu spark, small bit of burning matter that flies up from the fire
Old Javanese
latu-latu, lalatu sparks, flying parts of a burning object
Balinese
latu spark, speck
lalatu spark, speck
Tae'
lalatu sparks
WMP Maranao
lalaw second growth of rice (cp. lalo 'above, more, excess')
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
lalew grieve over something to the extent that one does not eat
Kayan
lalaw past, gone; more than, exceed
Ngaju Dayak
lalaw past (of time); exceed, too
Bare'e
lalo go past, go beyond
Formosan Kavalan
raray cicada
Bunun (Northern)
lalay cicada
WMP Bontok
láləg housefly; fly
Ifugaw (Batad)
lālog a common housefly (refers to most flying insects with transparent wings, including the large blowfly)
Kelabit
laled small black housefly
Berawan (Long Terawan)
dilən housefly
Dali'
laləd housefly
Kiput
lalət housefly
Malagasy
lálitra a fly
lálitra ómbi a cattle fly
Maloh
lalas housefly
Malay
lalat a fly, especially the common housefly
lalat hijau bluebottle fly
Acehnese
lalat a fly
Sundanese
laleur common housefly
Old Javanese
laler a fly
l<in>aler-an full of flies
Javanese
laler fly (insect)
Pendau
lale housefly
Balaesang
lale housefly
Bare'e
yale a fly
Tae'
laliʔ kind of large fly
Kulisusu
lale housefly
Wolio
lale housefly
Palauan
yáyəs housefly
Chamorro
laloʔ housefly
CMP Palu'e
lale a fly
Sika
lale common housefly
Hawu
lara housefly
lara menila blowfly, botfly
Tetun
lalar housefly
Erai
lale a fly
Selaru
lal housefly
Asilulu
lale a fly, Diptera
Morella
lari fly
WMP Malay
buku lali projection of bone at ankle
Mongondow
boku lali ankle bone
Bare'e
wuku yali ankle bone
OC Arosi
rari shin, front bone of leg from knee to foot
Fijian
lali the thigh
WMP Cebuano
lálin emigrate, transfer one’s residence to a far place; transfer something to a new location
CMP Manggarai
laliŋ to move (residence); to shift, change
Tetun
lalin to change, to transfer
lalin-an to come or go (a respectful term to superiors)
WMP Ngaju Dayak
buko laliŋ ankle bone (buko = ‘bone’)
OC Arosi
rari shin, front bone of leg from knee to foot
Fijian
lali the thigh
WMP Ilokano
lálo especially; particularly
ag-lálo especially
lal-lálo the more
ma-lálo too much, excessive
pa-lalú-an to do something excessively
Casiguran Dumagat
lálo more, moreso, greater; to get worse (as sickness)
Ayta Abellan
lalo to worsen (as a swollen leg)
Bikol
lálo....na more so, even more; in particular; chiefly; especially; mainly; particularly; primarily; even better
Hanunóo
lálu more (intensive)
Palawano
lalu more, even more so, extremely
Maranao
lalor requirement above, more, excess
Malay
tər-lalu surpassingly; very
Sundanese
lalu go through, continue on one’s way or with one’s work
Old Javanese
lalu to pass, go by, elapse, continue, proceed; thereupon, subsequently; passing the limit, going too far, too much, exceedingly, very, very much
p<in>a-lalu to ignore, pay no attention to, disregard (difficulties, etc.); accept, resign oneself to
l<um>alu to go on regardless of the consequences
ka-lalw-an gone by, past; passed, left behind
Javanese
lalu (and) then, after that
ŋə-lalu to commit suicide
Balinese
lalu to succeed, be successful; extremely, very
CMP Kambera
lalu very, extreme
WMP Palawano
lalu rice pestle
Karo Batak
lalu rice pestle
WMP Isneg
láloŋ the red cock that is tied securely to the tiebeam, immediately above the waldáy, before the tuŋtúŋ ceremony at a solemn sacrifice
Pangasinan
lalóŋ rooster, cock
Bikol
láloŋ rooster, cock
Agutaynen
laloŋ young cockerel with no comb yet
Penan (Long Labid)
iap laluŋ cock, rooster
Melanau (Mukah)
laloŋ male (nonhumans) (Anonymous)
Mentawai
laluk cockspur
Tae'
laloŋ dauntless, courageous in combat
CMP Manggarai
laloŋ male (of birds), cock
Rembong
laluŋ male (of birds)
Li'o
lalu male (of birds), cock
Solorese
manuk laluŋ cock
Rotinese
manu lalu-k cock
WMP Tagalog
láloʔ more; increasingly
Iban
laloh surplus, over and above, more than enough; enough and to spare; (of money) credit balance, excess of income over expenditure
Sasak
laloʔ very bad, very serious
WMP Bare'e
lama lie sticking to or smeared over something else (example sentence: there is water on the plank; don't sit there)
Tae'
lamma dew, mist
OC Sa'a
lama spread over, cover over (as water covers the earth in a flood)
Formosan Atayal
lamaʔ first, do first, before
WMP Pangasinan
láma to age, lose polish, etc.
Iban
lamaʔ old, former, ancient; long (of time), long ago, formerly
Malay
lama length (of time)
oraŋ lama the people of long ago, the ancients
Old Javanese
lama length of time, duration
a-lama long, for a long time, already a long time, old; long ago
Balinese
lama long (time)
OC Tolai
lama general name for coconuts, including the tree, fruit, etc.; ripe coconut
Sa'a
opo lama growing coconut with watery inside, not normal (opo = core, center of a growing coconut)
WMP Malagasy (Provincial)
lámaka mat, mattress
Old Javanese
la-lamak something laid down to put something else on, a mat
Javanese
lamak protective pad
Sasak
lamak underlayer, mat
CMP Yamdena
lamak mat of lontar leaves (on which to dry tobacco, etc.)
WMP Ilokano
lámak lavish party
ag-lámak to picnic
Hanunóo
lámak setting out of food for a meal
CMP Yamdena
me-laman deep
Fordata
laman depth
ba-laman deep; a depth
Kei
laman depth
SHWNG Buli
m-laman deep (of bay, hole, sea)
Dusner
ramen sea
Numfor
ramen very deep
OC Penchal
lam deep sea beyond the reef
Loniu
lama-n deep sea just beyond the reef
Tigak
laman sea
Tolai
lamana deep, of the sea; deep sea, ocean
Gitua
laman deep
Roviana
lamana the ocean; deep, of water
Eddystone/Mandegusu
lamana sea, ocean; deep sea beyond the reef
Arosi
rama-rama deep water beyond the edge of the reef
Mota
lama open sea
WMP Isneg
lamán wild boar
Bontok
láman wild pig
Ifugaw
lamán muscle, e.g. of the limbs; hence human flesh
Casiguran Dumagat
lamán wild pig; wild pig meat
Ibaloy
daman flesh, meat; grain of wood
Pangasinan
lamán body, flesh, meat, muscle, substance
Kapampangan
láman contents; fleshy
Tagalog
lamán meat; flesh; the part of something that can be eaten; kernel; the inside part of a fruitstone, nut, etc.; body; substance; density; contents
ma lamán fleshy; having much flesh
laman-án to fill; to put something into a container; to pack full; to stuff
Bikol
lamán flesh; the bulb of plants
ma-lamán fleshy, meaty
mag-lamán to be fleshy, to have lots of meat
WMP Tagalog
lámaŋ alone; only; just; merely
Hanunóo
lámaŋ only; but
Agutaynen
lamaŋ only; just; only just now; just as soon as
Cebuano
lámaŋ only, just; merely, (do) nothing more than
WMP Malagasy
lama smoothed, made slippery
Mongondow
lamag slippery
WMP Malagasy
lama smoothed, made slippery
Balinese
lamas thin, slimy membrane; mucus on fruit or fish
WMP Ilokano
lámay wake for the dead; overtime work
ag-lámay to work overtime
Tagalog
lámay night vigil for the dead; a wake
pag-lámay overtime work at night
lámay-án wake in honor of the dead
lamay-ín to keep working overtime on something or into the night without sleep
Bikol
mag-lámay to sit vigil for
pag-lámay a wake, a vigil
WMP Ilokano
lamay a tree: Mallotus lackeyi Elm.
Subanon
lamay a tree: Mallotus lackeyi Elm.
WMP Ilokano
lambanóg white wine made from coconut juice
Casiguran Dumagat
lambanug nipe wine (after it has been refined by being run through a still)
Tagalog
lambanóg wine made from coconut or palm juice
Bikol
lambanóg whisky made from distilled tubáɁ (coconut sap)
Agutaynen
lambanog sugarcane wine
Cebuano
lambánug alcoholic drink made from the water taken from the nipa palm bud that has been fermented and distilled
WMP Maloh
lambaʔ walk
Mandar
lamba go, walk
mel-lamba walk
WMP Kapampangan
ma-lambát a long time ago
Malay
lambat slow, taking time; behind time
lambat laun dragging on; protracted; in course of time; at long last
WMP Casiguran Dumagat
lambáyuŋ tail (of the long feathers of a rooster’s tail)
Cebuano
lambáyuŋ creeping vine of seashore with purple morning glory-like flowers: Ipomoea pescaprae
Malay
lembayoŋ the water hyacinth: Eichornea crassipes
WMP Maranao
lambeg throw, cast
OC Tongan
lafo throw (rope, fishing line, net, etc.), or disks; disk-throwing game
Samoan
lafo throw (with forearm), cast
Tuvaluan
lafo throw or toss underarm (as of a quoit); game in which a segment of coconut shell is tossed onto a mat; a shell segment so used
WMP Agutaynen
lambid-en for two things, such as trees or pieces of wood, to be crossed over each other; to cross one’s arms on top of each other; to cross one’s legs/ankles
Cebuano
lambid to be wound around in an irregular way (as tentacles of an octopus around someone’s leg)
Maranao
lambid hug
Tiruray
labid a portion of a line where extra strands are twisted together for greater strength
WMP Proto-South Sulawesi
*lambu(k) pound rice
OC Nggela
lambu hit, strike
Lau
labu strike, hit with a blow, strike down
Arosi
rabu strike, knock, hit, knock in a nail
WMP Tagalog
lambóŋ shroud; something that covers, conceils or veils; a veil used by one in mourning; a mourning mantle
lambuŋ-án to cover something with a mantle
Bikol
lambóŋ an ankle length tunic or robe
mag-lambóŋ to wear such a garment
Hanunóo
lámbuŋ woman’s waist or blouse; a seven-piece, closed-seamed slipover, homespun cotton garment with a flare bottom
Aklanon
eámboŋ shirt; blouse; dress
Agutaynen
lamboŋ clothes, or an article of clothing; garment
mag-lamboŋ to wear clothes; to get dressed; to change clothes
Proto-East Gorontalic
*lambuŋo jacket
WMP Casiguran Dumagat
lamíg cold (of an object which feels cold); to become cold
Tagalog
lamíg cold; coldness; iciness; low temperature
ma-lamíg cold, having a low temperature
pa-lamig-ín to chill; to make cold; to cool
l<um>amíg to become cold
Formosan Paiwan
lamlam precipitate, impetuous
WMP Old Javanese
lamlam carried away by desire (longing); being a prey to one's emotions; feeling uncertain; acting according to one's own desire (whim)
WMP Isneg
lamlám saltless, insipid, flat
Tagalog
lamlám softness or weakness of light; gloominess or dimness of light; languidness of the eyes
ma-lamlám lifeless; languid; indisposed, a little unwell
l<um>amlám to soften, to become less glaring
Karo Batak
lamlam supple, soft (mostly of things that by their nature are hard); be softened by moisture
Toba Batak
lamlam insipid, tasteless
si-lamlam ateate gentle, meek
WMP Tboli
lafaŋ walk around
Karo Batak
lapaŋ trail, path made by animals
Toba Batak
lapaŋ path
Proto-Minahasan
*lampaŋ walk
Mongondow
lampaŋ to step, step over something
CMP Bimanese
lampa walk
WMP Javanese
lampah walk
Sasak
lampaʔ walk, go
Sangir
lampa stride or step over
Pendau
me-lampa to walk
Balaesang
me-lampa to walk
CMP Bimanese
lampa walk
Manggarai
lampa a step
WMP Casiguran Dumagat
lampás excessive; reaching beyond; to penetrate beyond; to pass ahead of
Ayta Abellan
lampah to pass by
Bikol
mag-lampás to pass by; to go beyond; to exceed, surpass, transcend
maka--lampás to unintentionally go too far beyond
Cebuano
lampás ~ lápas past, beyond a time or place considered right; go past a certain time or place, do something beyond, especially when one shouldn’t
Central Tagbanwa
lampas greater than, bigger than
WMP Ilokano
lampín a diaper
lampin-án to put a diaper on a baby
Casiguran Dumagat
lampen diaper (also any clothing an infant is wrapped in)
Tagalog
lampín baby’s diaper; baby’s swaddling clothes
lampin-ín to use something as a diaper
Bikol
lampín a diaper
mag-lampín to diaper, to change the diapers of
Agutaynen
lampin cloth diapers
mag-lampin to put diapers on a baby, have a child wear diapers
Tboli
lafin layer, as layers of clothing, sheet of paper, as a page in a book; to add another layer
l<em>afin to apply an additional layer, one on top of the other
Malay
lampin swathing band; wrapper wound round a very young child to prevent it injuring itself by rolling about
ber-lampin swaddled
Wolio
lampi lining (of coat), sole (of shoe)
WMP Ngaju Dayak
lampit rattan mat used to cover the floor of a house
Iban
tikai lampit heavy mat of lengths of rattan threaded together with bark cords
Malay
lampit sleeping mat (Java)
Old Javanese
lampit a mat of rattan
aŋ-lampit to carry the lampit
Javanese
lampit rattan seat mat
Totoli
lapit mat plaited of nipah leaves
Dampelas
lapit mat (from nipah leaves)
WMP Cebuano
lampuyaŋ ginger: Zingiber officinale; to flavor with ginger
Ngaju Dayak
lampuyaŋ a plant resembling the kujang (kind of tuber)
Malay
ləmpoyaŋ a ginger used medicinally: Zingiber aromaticum or Zingiber zerumbet
WMP Malay
lamu a seaweed for making jelly: Cuhalus coenigii
CMP Ngadha
lamu moss, lichen, slippery as moss
Rotinese
lamu kind of seaweed
OC Proto-Admiralty
*lamu- body hair, feather
Loniu
lomu- feather
Nali
yomu- body hair, feather
Hula
lamu-lamu hair of human body, hair of animals
Nggela
lau-lamu hairs on mango
Arosi
ramu-ramu-a hairy, as a ghost or a man’s legs (ghosts are hairy)
Southeast Ambrym
am needle (of plant, such as pine needle); hair
Formosan Saisiyat (Taai)
L<om>amoz to mix
WMP Isneg
lammúg mix rice pounded into powder, bran or flour with water
Palawano
lamud mix, mixed
Binukid
lamud to mix (two or more things or persons togetheer); to mix something with something else
Mapun
lamud anything added or mixed (with something to form a blend or mixture)
lamur-an add it, mix it in!
Kadazan Dusun
h-in-amu mixture (of food)
Lun Dayeh
lamud a mixture of bəriŋan [an herb], təlakaʔ [tree with blisters on the bark that cause a skin rash when touched], and likuaa [a variety of ginger], used as ingredients for brewing burak [rice wine]
mə-lamud leavened (bread)
Kelabit
lamud mixure
Toba Batak
lamuk mix together
CMP Ngadha
lamu mix together
WMP Lun Dayeh
ŋə-lamud to make lamud
Kelabit
ŋə-lamud to mix
Moken
ŋa-lamud to mix ingredients together in cooking
WMP Kelabit
pə-lamud mixed
Moken
pa-lamud to participate; to get involved in; to take part in; to associate with; to meddle
WMP Maranao
lamok blur, shadow over the moon
Sundanese
lamuk dark, hazy, of the view
ŋa-lamuk appear vaguely in the distance
Old Javanese
lamuk-lamuk vaguely visible
WMP Ilokano
lamók mosquito
lamok-en be bitten by many mosquitoes
Bontok
lamúk mosquito
Tagalog
lamók mosquito
Hiligaynon
lamúk mosquito
Cebuano
lamúk mosquito; be infested with mosquitoes
Javanese
lamuk mosquito
Makassarese
lamuʔ mosquito
OC Rotuman
rɔmu mosquito
Kapingamarangi
lamu flies, mosquitoes
WMP Ilokano
ag-lámon to weed (grasss); clear land of weeds
Itawis
mal-lamun to weed
Ifugaw
lámun to push weeds or straw under the water and into the mud of a rice field
Casiguran Dumagat
lamon grass, weeds; to cut grass, to pull out weeds
Ibaloy
damon the weeding of a field or garden
man-demon to weed, engage in weeding
damon-en to remove something in the weeding
Bikol
lámon reed which grows under the water in rivers
ka-lamún-an an area containing a lot of this reed
Malay (Brunei)
lamun river weed
Sasak
lamun duckweed (on the water)
Palauan
yáml grass in snapdragon family that grows in swampy areas: Limnophila aromatica (Lam.) Merr.
CMP Manggarai
lamuŋ aquatic moss
WMP Itbayaten
xamon idea of swallowing
maŋ-xamon to swallow
Tagalog
lámon voracious eating; devouring; gorging; gormandizing
pa-lamun-in to give someone too much to eat
Bikol
mag-lámon to eat
Aklanon
eámon to eat (of an animal); to eat like a pig, eat voraciously and sloppily
pa-eámon to feed an animal (used insultingly of people)
Cebuano
lámun to put large chunks of food in the mouth whole
Mansaka
lamon to swallow
WMP Itbayaten
lamon-an Adam’s apple
Tagalog
lamun-án a sesssion of gormandizing
WMP Itbayaten
xamon-en to swallow in big quantity, to gulp, to swallow in one gulp
Tagalog
lamún-in to eat voraciously; to devour; to gobble up; to eat fast and greedily
WMP Ilokano
lamó to salt meat or fish for storing
lamu-én to salt meat or fish for storing
Cebuano
lámuʔ temporarily preserve tiny fish by salting lightly
Formosan Saisiyat (Taai)
lamoL dew
WMP Tagalog
hamóg dew, moisture condensed from the air
OC Pokau
lamu dew
WMP Chamorro
lamot type of seaweed
CMP Ngadha
lamu moss, lichen, slippery as moss
Rotinese
lamu kind of seaweed
WMP Ayta Abellan
lanab flood; rushing water
Aklanon
eanáb to flood a little bit, overflow a little
Tboli
lanab high tide
Sangir
lanabəʔ high water, flood
WMP Itbayaten
mi-xanaŋ-an to flow continuously and abundantly
Casiguran Dumagat
lanáŋ puddles of water on the ground after a rain
Mansaka
lanaŋ to overflow, as water from a river
WMP Itbayaten
xanaŋ-an the place where water comes out (hillside, at the foot of hill)
Maranao
lanaŋ-an toilet
WMP Hanunóo
lánay clear pitch; used as a medicament to apply to the skin of those suffering from ringworm
Maranao
lanay to melt
Mansaka
lanay liquid; watery (as a raw egg)
Tiruray
lanay to melt tree sap
Tausug
l<um>anay for candy, butter, lard, soap, tablet, etc. to melt
WMP Ilokano
lánay weakness of body reflected by eyes; slowness of gait
lanáy-en to do gently, softly, etc.
Agutaynen
la-lanay da to be totally exhausted, without any more strength; to feel weak and limp
WMP Palawano
landak porcupine
Iban
landak porcupine
Malay
landak porcupine
Karo Batak
landak porcupine
Toba Batak
si gu-landak porcupine
Sundanese
landak porcupine
Old Javanese
landak porcupine
Javanese
landak porcupine
Balinese
landak porcupine
Sasak
landak porcupine
WMP Cebuano
landásan anvil
Malay
landas solid surface on which heavy work can be done
landasan anvil
WMP Bontok
lanə́b anything used as a hair dressing, as pig fat or coconut oil
Ibaloy
daneb lard, the rendered fat or fatty meat of pigs; grease, fat of meat
Tagalog
lináb <M greasy or fatty scum on the surface of liquids
Bikol
ma-lánab <M greasy, referring to the grease or fat that floats on top of a soup or stew
WMP Itbayaten
xanes sugarcane waste pulp, bagasse (dried and used as kindling or torch)
Casiguran Dumagat
lanə́s wilted, dead, dried up (of plants and trees)
Sambal (Botolan)
lanéh to wither
ma-lanéh withered
Bikol
lanós referring to coconuts which are old and dry
Aklanon
eános a somewhat old coconut
Agutaynen
ma-lanet for plants, leaves, crops to become dried up, withered
Maranao
lanes to wilt, wither
Mansaka
lanus to wither, to fade
Tausug
lanus wilted, withered (generally of leaves; also of coconuts, coffee and grains of corn)
ma-lanus to be or become a spinster or an old bachelor
l<um>anus to wither
WMP Ilokano
i-lanét to wilt over the fire
na-lanét wilted, withered
Agutaynen
ma-lanet for plants, leaves, crops to become dried up, withered
WMP Hanunóo
lántaŋ duration of time
lantaŋ-án long time
Iban
lantaŋ unhurried, take one's time
WMP Cebuano
lantáy anything with a top or bottom consisting of bamboo slats: a bed, table, tray, bench, shelf; to put or make into a lantáy
Maranao
lantay bridge, floor
Binukid
lantay anything with a top consisting of slats (as a bed, table, bench, etc.)
Ngaju Dayak
lantay the floor in a boat
Malay
lantay flooring; the thin strips of nibong or bamboo used for a Malay seat or floor
Sundanese
lantay-an bamboo poles, horizontally fastened on upright bamboo poles in the ground, and used to dry newly harvested rice
Old Javanese
lante mat of rattan (distinctive of high rank)
Sasak
lante rattan sitting mat (probably from Javanese)
WMP Sambal (Botolan)
lantik to curl back, to tip back, to bend back
Kapampangan
lantík to bend, arch the body
Tagalog
lantík ~ ka-lantik-án graceful curve of eyelashes, hips, etc.
Maranao
lantik bend, curve, crooked; curved roof of Maranao house
Mapun
lantik bent, bowed, curved backwards
Yakan
lantik curved, bent in a light curve (as eyelashes); to stick out (like a cock’s tail, a person’s rear)
WMP Cebuano
lántiŋ for boats with no anchor or floats to tie up to or together with another boat
Kayan (Uma Juman)
ŋə-lantiŋ to float
Iban
lantiŋ anything used for support in water
Malay
lantiŋ house built on a raft
WMP Itbayaten
xanot a plant with useful fiber: Hibiscus tiliaceus L.
Ivatan
hanut a plant: Hibiscus tiliaceous Linn.
Ibatan
hanot kind of tree used for posts; the thick inner fibrous bark of the hanot tree that can be stripped by just pulling it off the tree (used for straps of alat baskets, making rope, or for tying something, as rice bundles)
Ilokano
lánot vine
ka-lanót-an a place abounding in vines
lanót-an kind of tree: Bombicydendron vidalianum
Casiguran Dumagat
lanot vine
Pangasinan
lánot thick fiber
Aklanon
eánot abaca fiber
ka-eánot-an abaca plantation
Cebuano
lánut hemp from abaca; any kind of long, tough plant fibers; make hemp from abaca
Subanon
lanut hemp, abaca fiber
Binukid
lanut raw abaca fiber; hemp from abaca
Mansaka
lanot fiber; abaca fiber
Tboli
lanut to reject strands of abaca fiber that are smaller and softer than the rest
WMP Balinese
lanjak kick backwards
Sasak
lanjak to kick
Wolio
landak-i tread on, step on, run over
Muna
landa tread, step on, thresh rice by treading
WMP Ilokano
lána coconut oil; coconut butter
Bontok
lána coconut oil; to apply coconut oil to something
Pangasinan
laná fragrant coconut oil
Kapampangan
laña oil of sesame (Bergaño 1860)
Tagalog
lána oil of sesame
Hanunóo
lána oil, especially coconut oil, used occasionally for the hair
Cebuano
lána oil obtained from plants
Central Tagbanwa
lana vegetable or coconut oil
Maranao
lana oil
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
lana coconut oil; oil from other vegetable sources
Ida'an Begak
lano oil
Simalur
lana oil
Sangir
lana oil
Proto-Minahasan
*lana oil
Mongondow
lana oil
Kaidipang
Rana oil (esp. coconut oil)
Bare'e
lana oil, especially coconut oil
Chamorro
laña oil (generic)
CMP Amblau
lana oil (van der Miesen)
WMP Cebuano
lánut hemp for abaca; any kind of long, tough plant fibers
Kadazan Dusun
hanut tough (of meat); thick, congeal, curdle
Proto-Minahasan
*lanut tough (of meat, fibers)
Tontemboan
lanut tough, as old meat
WMP Ibatan
laŋ only
Ilokano
laŋ only, merely (said to be a contraction of laeŋ)
Bikol
laŋ only, just; merely, a mere
Hanunóo
laŋ only, but (said to be derived by syncope from lámaŋ ‘only, but’)
Aklanon
eaŋ just, only
Hiligaynon
laŋ only, also, just
Palawano
laŋ only
WMP Ilokano
láŋan absence, act of skipping something
l<um>áŋan to be absent; to play hooky; skip; miss, fail to do something; miss a meal
laŋán-an to purposely miss a scheduled event
l<um>aŋ-láŋan to be periodic
Bontok
láŋan to be absent, as a child from school, or a person from his working group
Keley-i
laŋan to abstain from work
Ibaloy
man-deŋan to be absent, take sick leave
Agutaynen
ipa-laŋan to intentionally skip or miss something, be absent; to habitually do something every other time or every other day
Cebuano
láŋan to delay, waste time
Maranao
laŋan delay; omission
WMP Maranao
laŋaʔ stop sucking, as a baby does; release
Singhi Land Dayak
ŋi-raŋah open (of a fruit)
Malay
laŋah open, agape, ajar
Chamorro
laŋŋaʔ (gemination unexpl.) gape, hold mouth agape
CMP Ngadha
saŋa laŋa open the mouth
WMP Cebuano
laŋaʔ stupid, foolish, silly, dull, simple
Sundanese
laŋah careless, inattentive
Formosan Kavalan
raŋaw fly (insect)
Saisiyat (Taai)
Laŋaw small fly
Pazeh
raŋaw a fly (big or small)
raŋaw nuaŋ horsefly
Thao
ranaw housefly, black fly common in houses
Paiwan
laŋaw ~ la-laŋaw a fly (insect)
WMP Itbayaten
xaŋaw big housefly, bluebottle
Agta (Dupaningan)
láŋaw housefly
Isneg
láŋaw a fly
Itawis
láŋaw fly (insect)
Kankanaey
láŋew a very small winged insect, mostly found around slops, wine, etc.
Ifugaw
láŋo ~ láŋaw very small winged insects that sip rice wine (if the jar is not covered)
Ifugaw (Batad)
láŋaw a rice-beer fly (a small brown fruit fly that is partial to rice beer and breeds and multiplies in wine jars if not tightly covered
Casiguran Dumagat
laŋö a fly; many flies
Tagalog
láŋaw housefly
Bikol
láŋaw a fly
ma-láŋaw having many flies; be covered with flies
Hanunóo
láŋaw the common housefly
Masbatenyo
láŋaw a fly
Aklanon
eáŋaw fly (general term for this family of insects)
Waray-Waray
láŋaw a fly
Hiligaynon
láŋaw a fly
Cebuano
láŋaw housefly
Maranao
laŋaw gadfly, horsefly
Binukid
láŋaw generic for flies; for flies to infest an area
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
laŋew a fly
Mansaka
laŋaw a fly
Mapun
laŋaw a fly
ka-laŋaw-an to have a fly or flies stuck or dead in something
laŋaw-an having flies
Yakan
laŋew a fly, housefly
Tausug
laŋaw botfly, a species of large fly
Tombonuwo
laŋow fly, housefly
Ida'an Begak
laŋow housefly
Tabun
laŋaw housefly
Kelabit
laŋo large bluish-green fly, horsefly
Kayan
laŋaw common housefly
laŋaw pusah green paddy bug
laŋaw toʔ large blowfly
Lahanan
laŋaw housefly
Ngaju Dayak
laŋaw a fly
laŋaw hantu large gadfly (lit. ‘ghost fly’)
ma-laŋaw to catch flies
Iban
laŋau bluebottle, or meat fly
Malay
laŋau biting fly of the stable-fly type (Stomoxydae)
Rejang
laŋeuw a bluebottle fly
Sangir
laŋo a fly
me-laŋo come to a feast uninvited
Mongondow
laŋow common housefly
Kaidipang
Raŋo housefly
SHWNG Buli
laŋ a fly
laŋ ŋiŋilaw bluebottle, horsefly
Numfor
ran kind of small fly
ran housefly
OC Penchal
lallaŋ (< *laŋlaŋ) housefly
Lenkau
laŋlaŋ housefly
Seimat
laŋ housefly
Wuvulu
lao housefly
Mussau
laŋo housefly
Tigak
laŋ fly (insect)
Mendak
ləŋ housefly
Vitu
laŋo housefly
Amara
o-loŋo fly (insect)
Kove
laŋo-laŋo housefly
Wogeo
laŋo housefly
Manam
laŋo housefly
Motu
lao a fly
Nehan
laŋ housefly, generic for flies, Diptera, family Muscoidea; fly and similar small insects
Selau
loŋo housefly
Eddystone/Mandegusu
laŋo a fly
Nggela
laŋo a fly
laŋo ni mbolo species of large fly (lit. ‘pig fly’, presumably because they frequent pigs)
Kwaio
laŋo large fly
laŋo bulu blowfly
Lau
laŋo fly, mosquito
laŋo bulu common fly, bluebottle
Toqabaqita
laŋo generic for large flies, bluebottles, blowflies
Sa'a
laŋo the bluebottle fly
Arosi
raŋo a fly
raŋo buru the bluebottle fly
Haununu
raŋo housefly
Pileni
laŋo housefly
Motlav
na-laŋ housefly
Mota
laŋo the bluebottle fly
Mosina
laŋ housefly
Lakona
laŋ fly
Merig
laŋ housefly
Piamatsina
laŋo housefly
Malmariv
lano fly (insect)
Lametin
laŋ housefly
Mafea
laŋo housefly
Amblong
lano housefly
Aore
laŋo housefly
Araki
laŋo a fly
Central Maewo
laŋo a fly
Raga
laŋo a fly
Apma
leŋ housefly
Leviamp
na-lan housefly
Axamb
nə-raŋ housefly
Southeast Ambrym
aŋ fly (insect)
Lelepa
laŋo housefly
Ura
u-leŋ housefly
Rotuman
laŋa a fly
laŋ forau bluebottle (lit’ ‘foreign, or introduced fly’)
Wayan
laŋo houseflies and other Brachycera flies
laŋo-laŋo be fly-infested, full of flies
Fijian
laŋo a fly
laŋo kata a wasp
Tongan
laŋo fly (insect)
faka-laŋo-a to attract flies, encourage flies to come about
Futunan
laŋo housefly
laŋo ʔusi bluebottle (lit. ‘blue fly’)
laŋo-a full of flies, swarming with flies
Samoan
laŋo a fly
laŋo-ia be covered with flies
Tuvaluan
laŋo a fly
Nukuoro
laŋo fly, flying ant, wasp, or other similar flying insect
Rennellese
gaŋo housefly
Anuta
raŋo fly (insect)
Rarotongan
raŋo general name for flies
Maori
raŋo blowfly
Hawaiian
nalo <M the common housefly and other two-winged insects
Formosan Thao
ranaw-in be covered with flies
WMP Tagalog
laŋáw-in be infested or covered with flies
Bikol
laŋáw-on be covered with flies
Masbatenyo
laŋáw-on swarming with flies
Waray-Waray
laŋáw-on fly-infested
Cebuano
laŋáw-un be infested, swarm with flies
Tausug
laŋaw-un be infested with laŋaw (botflies)
WMP Agutaynen
ma-láŋeg rancid; musty smelling (of rancid food, or clothes that have been sitting in water)
Maranao
laŋeg begin to rot, as in fish
WMP Kankanaey
laŋén two big pieces of greenwood on which the hogs that are to be sacrificed at home are stretched out
Ifugaw
laŋón sticks between which (two below and two above) pigs are strongly tied when they must be sacrificed or transported
Ibaloy
daŋen pair of big logs on which a pig is laid after it has been killed (the fire is between, which burns off the hair before it is butchered)
Agutaynen
laŋen stones for supporting a pot (usually three stones are used); hearth, native stove made of a firebox filled with sand, and stones or a metal rack for setting the cooking pot on
laŋen-en to use something to support a cooking pot
Maranao
laŋen roller
laŋen-an drydock
CMP Yamdena
n-laŋan place rollers under, as under a canoe
la-laŋan roller for beaching a canoe
OC Gedaged
luŋ a slip, a sloping ramp or pier, dock; the pieces of wood put on the beach over which the canoe slips when pulled up
Numbami
laŋana canoe rollers
Eddystone/Mandegusu
laŋono a log on which a canoe rests when it is hauled ashore
Arosi
i-raŋo roller for a canoe; place rollers for a canoe (with instrumental prefix i-)
Proto-Micronesian
*laŋo prop
Woleaian
laŋ(o) canoe roller, fulcrum; to be rolled, raised with supporters (as a canoe)
Fijian
laŋo place rollers under a canoe
laŋon-a place rollers under a canoe (trans. form)
WMP Kankanaey
laŋʔés smelling of fish
Malagasy
láni a smell, a stench
ma-láni stinking
Formosan Puyuma (Tamalakaw)
laŋsi stinking, of over-cooked (burnt) rice
WMP Isneg
na-laŋsí the smell of fish, of blood, etc.
Ifugaw
laŋhi odor produced by fishes
Casiguran Dumagat
láŋse smell of sea fish
Ibaloy
daŋsi strong, offensive odor (as of old blood, body odor, dirty clothes)
man-daŋsi to give off such an odor
Agutaynen
ma-laŋsi fishy smelling
ag-laŋsi-an to be bothered by fishy smells
Cebuano
laŋsi having fishy smell or the taste of blood
Kadazan Dusun
honsi fishy smell
OC Loniu
(pwaha) leŋ beach, shore
Nali
leŋ beach, shore
Ere
leŋ beach, shore
Titan
bua-mata-leŋ beach, shore
Gedaged
laŋ beach, shore, strand, coast
OC Loniu
pe-leŋ-an up
Ere
e-leŋ up
Lau
laŋi up, above
Formosan Saaroa
laŋica sky
Puyuma
ɭaŋiT sky
WMP Itbayaten
xañit heaven, sky
Ilokano
láŋit sky, heaven
i-láŋit to raise to the sky, lift up toward heaven
maŋ-láŋit to daydream
Ibanag
láŋiʔ sky
Agta (Dupaningan)
láŋet sky
Isneg
láŋit heavens, sky
i-láŋit spirits of the sky (usually favorable to reapers; when they want to possess a shaman they use a bridge or ladder to come down)
Itawis
láŋit sky
Ifugaw
laŋít heaven, skyworld; currently used by the Ifugaw, but borrowed from Ilokano or other languages
Ifugaw (Batad)
lāŋit heaven
Gaddang
láŋit sky
Casiguran Dumagat
laŋet sky, heaven (thought of as a huge, round, blue dome which is cupped over the earth)
Umiray Dumaget
laŋot sky
Ibaloy
daŋit heaven
Sambal (Botolan)
láŋit sky
Tagalog
láŋit sky
taga-láŋit heavenly; of or in heaven
Bikol
láŋit sky, heavens
ka-laŋít-an the heavens
laŋít-non heavenly, celestial
Hanunóo
láŋit sky, heavens
Masbatenyo
láŋit sky, heaven, firmament, atmosphere
Aklanon
eáŋit sky, heaven
ka-eaŋít-an the heavens; Heaven
Waray-Waray
láŋit sky, space, heaven; eternity
Hiligaynon
láŋit heaven, sky, outer space
Palawan Batak
laŋít sky, heavens
Cebuano
láŋit heaven, sky; joy, happiness
Maranao
laŋit sky, heaven
Binukid
laŋit sky, heaven
Manobo (Tigwa)
laŋit sky
Mansaka
laŋit heaven, sky
Mapun
laŋit the sky
Yakan
laŋit sky
Molbog
laŋit sky
Tboli
loŋit sky, heaven
Tausug
laŋit the sky
Tombonuwo
laŋit sky
Ida'an Begak
laŋit sky
Lun Dayeh
laŋit sky, heaven
Lun Dayeh (Long Semado)
laŋit sky
Kelabit
laŋit sky
Kenyah (Long Anap)
laŋit sky
Murik
laŋit sky
Kayan
laŋit sky
Bintulu
laŋit sky
Melanau (Mukah)
laŋit sky
Kejaman
laŋit sky
Lahanan
laŋit sky
Ngaju Dayak
laŋit sky; vault of heaven
la-laŋit the ceiling of a room
Malagasy
lánitra sky, heaven
Iban
laŋit sky, heavens; the Heavens, as distinct from Earth; World of the Dead, and the land of the serpent deities…The hornbill, Segadu’, represents the manang (shaman), of whom the chief is Menjaya or Ini’ Manang, living in the seventh heaven
Jarai
ŋit sky
Roglai (Northern)
laŋiʔ sky
Malay
laŋit sky
le-laŋit palate
Bahasa Indonesia
me-laŋit to go “sky high” (of prices)
Gayō
laŋit sky
Karo Batak
laŋit sky
Toba Batak
laŋit dome of heaven, sky
Nias
laŋi atmosphere, sky
Mentawai
laŋit red sky of morning and evening
Lampung
laŋiʔ sky
Sundanese
laŋit sky, atmosphere, firmament
laŋit tujuh the seven heavens
la-laŋit canopy; palate
Old Javanese
laŋit sky, firmament
Javanese
laŋit sky; ceiling; facial expression
laŋit-an ceiling; canopy; palate
Balinese
laŋit sky, heavens, air
Sasak
laŋit sky
Tonsea
daŋit sky
Tontemboan
laŋit sky, atmosphere
Tonsawang
laŋic sky
Petapa Taje
laŋiti sky
Uma
laŋiʔ sky
Tae'
laŋiʔ sky, heaven
randan laŋiʔ horizon
Mori Atas
laŋi sky
Moronene
laŋi sky
Makassarese
laŋiʔ sky, firmament
Bonerate
laŋi sky
Muna
lani sky
Popalia
laŋi sky
Palauan
yáŋd sky; weather
Chamorro
laŋet heaven, sky, outer space
CMP Bimanese
laŋi sky; canopy of a stage
Waiyewa
laŋita sky
Lamboya
laŋta sky
Galoli
lanit sky
lanit sky
Leti
lianti sky
Luang
lianti sky
Wetan
lianti sky
Yamdena
laŋit sky, heaven
laŋit sepan horizon
Ujir
laŋit sky
Bobot
lakit sky
Nuaulu
nant-e sky
Kamarian
lanit sky
Alune
lanite sky
Laha
lanita sky
Hitu
lanit sky
Asilulu
lanit sky
Amblau
lanire sky
Buruese
laŋit sky
Kayeli
laŋit sky
Soboyo
laŋi sky
SHWNG Kowiai/Koiwai
raŋgit sky
Gimán
laŋit sky
Buli
laŋit sky, heaven
As
lanit sky
Irarutu
raŋgət sky
Dusner
ranet sky
Ron
ranek sky
OC Loniu
laŋ sky
Nali
yaŋ sky
Ere
laŋ sky
Titan
laŋ light
kole-laŋ sky (‘place of light’)
Lele
yaŋ sky
Kele
laŋi sky
Tigak
laŋit rain
Tabar
raŋiti sky
Duke of York
laŋit sky, heavens
Vitu
laŋi sky
Arop
laŋ sky
Lakalai
la lagi sky
Wogeo
laŋ sky
Manam
laŋ sky
Patep
lag sky
Motu
lai breeze, wind
Nehan
laŋit sky
Halia
laŋits rain
Haku
i-laŋits sky
Piva
nanitsi sky
Uruava
ranisi sky
Takuu
lani sky; weather
Luangiua
laŋi sky
Mono-Alu
laiti rain
Varisi
rani sky
Eddystone/Mandegusu
laŋite sky
Talise
laŋi rain
Sa'a
läŋi up
haʔa-laŋi a house on piles
i-leŋi sky, heaven
läŋi-leŋi-ʔe aloft, lifted up; tall and strong, of a person
Arosi
raŋi to rain; rain
Sikaiana
lani sky
Gilbertese
te naŋ a cloud; fig. hindrance, annoyance, obstacle, worry
naŋi-naŋ with a few clouds, cloudy
Kosraean
lucŋ sky, heaven
Marshallese
lañ sky; weather; heaven
Pohnpeian
lahŋ sky, heaven; bad weather
laŋi-laŋi-h honorific: to give a title, to crown; to wear a garland
Mokilese
loaŋ sky
Chuukese
nááŋ heaven, sky (early German sources report that it has several tiers or levels, of which five were named by distinct terms)
Puluwat
láŋ rain; sky
láŋi-láŋ rain with symbolic portent, as of a canoe coming, death, birth, bad weather; to have portent, of rain
Woleaian
laŋ(i) sky; typhoon, rain-storm, wind; be struck by a typhoon; compass
Pileni
laŋi day
Merlav
laŋ wind
Cape Cumberland
lani wind
Mafea
tai-laŋi sky
Araki
laŋi wind
Peterara
laŋi sky
Central Maewo
tae-laŋi sky
Raga
laŋi wind
Lingarak
ne-laŋ cloud
Avava
a-laŋ sky
Namakir
na-laŋ wind
Makatea
raŋi sky
Nakanamanga
na-laŋi wind
Rotuman
lɔŋi sky, heaven; wind, air, weather
la ne lɔŋi horizon
Wayan
laŋi sky, atmosphere
Fijian
lomā-laŋi the sky, heaven (lit. ‘inside of sky’)
vū ni laŋi as though one who comes from the horizon
laŋi-laŋi beautiful, magnificent, glorious
Tongan
laŋi sky, heaven; eyes, face, mouth, ears, or head (of king or queen)
lāŋi-laŋi splendor, glory, honor
laŋi-laŋi havili to look as if it is going to be windy
Niue
laŋi sky, heaven; thunder; head, hair
Futunan
laŋi sky; mythical residence of persons after their death
Samoan
laŋi sky, heaven; funeral ceremony
laŋi lelei (of the weather) be fine
laŋi faʔatafa sickness of a high chief
faʔa-laŋi address or refer to someone by his ceremonial title
laŋi-ā be cloudy
laŋi-laŋi-ā be stormy
Kapingamarangi
laŋi sky
Nukuoro
laŋi rain; heaven, sky
laŋi haanau a certain kind of rain [an omen of an impending childbirth]
Rennellese
gaŋi sky, heaven
haka-gaŋi to put up a flat ceiling
Anuta
(vae)-raŋi heavens, sky
Rarotongan
raŋi myth: the ethereal space, the not-earth region; sky, firmament (this definition was a meaning quite unknown to the ancient people); the sky sphere; supreme in authority, a crown, supremacy, the paramount high chief, highest authority or power, etc.; an emblem of arikiship worn on the head of chiefs
Maori
raŋi sky; heaven, upper regions, abode of supernatural beings; weather; day, period of time; chief, generally in the form of respectful address: e raŋi ‘sir’
Rapanui
raŋi sky
Hawaiian
lani sky, heaven; heavenly, spiritual; very high chief, majesty; royal, exalted, high born, aristocratic
hoʔo-lani to treat one as a chief; to act as a chief; to enjoy the position and prestige of a high chief
WMP Ilokano
láŋit-láŋit canopy
Tagalog
láŋit-láŋit pallium; canopy; vault roofing
Cebuano
láŋit-láŋit egg white; canopy of an altar or bed
Mapun
laŋit-laŋit a cloth or drapery used to decorate the ceiling of a house during a celebration
Malay
laŋit-laŋit ceiling cloth put up at weddings and other great festivities; canopy on posts over a grave in honor of the dead; palate
Simalur
laŋiʔ-laŋiʔ canopy
Karo Batak
laŋit-laŋit canopy; palate
Toba Batak
laŋit-laŋit canopy
laŋit-laŋit ni dila palate
Nias
laŋi-laŋi material for making clothing
Old Javanese
laŋit-laŋit canopy
Balinese
laŋit-laŋit palate, roof of the mouth; the ceiling or roof-ridge of a house or bale
Sasak
laŋit-laŋit canopy, as over a bed
Makassarese
laŋiʔ-laŋiʔ palate
Wolio
laŋi-laŋi canopy; palate
WMP Malay
laŋir buaya a shrub: Mallotus griffithianus
bər-laŋir to use cleaning materials when bathing
Acehnese
laŋi an aromatic salve
Mandar
laŋer materials used to wash the hair (water with ashes, etc.)
Makassarese
laŋiriʔ shampoo made from ashes of rice straw
WMP Ngaju Dayak
laŋkah to transgress (an order, law)
Iban
laŋkah step, pace, stride; overstep (as in disobeying an order or violating customary law)
Malay
laŋkah step; first step; stepping over; overstepping, passing over
mə-laŋkah lautan sea travel, going overseas
Acehnese
laŋkah a step, pace, stride
Gayō
laŋkah a step, pace, stride
mu-laŋkah to step, stride
Karo Batak
laŋkah conduct, behavior
ŋe-laŋkah-i step over someone; slip between two people without asking permission
Dairi-Pakpak Batak
laŋkah-laŋkah a trip
Toba Batak
laŋka a step, pace, stride
mar-laŋka to step, stride, go
Minangkabau
adat laŋkah extra fee for marrying a younger sister before the elder has been married off
Sundanese
laŋkah step, stride (longer than leŋkah)
ŋa-laŋkah step over something with big strides; step through or over; step across; transgress
ŋa-la-laŋkah-an place or exalt oneself over someone; look down on someone with an attitude of superiority
Old Javanese
laŋkah step, stride
l<um>aŋkah to advance, proceed
ka-laŋkah-an to have something pass over one; be trodden underfoot
Javanese
laŋkah a long step, a stride; too far, beyond the objective, wide of the mark
ka-laŋkah-an to get stepped over; to get by-passed (as a woman whose younger sister is married before her)
ŋə-laŋkah to step over something (as sleeping people); to skip, bypass; to marry ahead of an older sibling
pa-laŋkah gift given to an older sibling by a younger one who is marrying first
Balinese
laŋkah a stride, pace; to stride; go beyond, overstep
OC Wayan
laka to go, move along, proceed
laka-ti go to or over a place
laka-laka to go, keep going; route, method, procedure; conduct, behavior; style, characteristics; contributions to a feast or presentation, what one brings
Tongan
laka to go or walk (especially for a short distance only), to step; to march; to move on or forward; to proceed, progress, develop; to go beyond (literally or figuratively), to go or come past, to go or come over, to pass or cross over; to surpass, to exceed or be in excess of; to omit or skip over
laka hala to step incorrectly, to be out of step
Niue
laka to step; to cross over
laka-aŋa a step, pace
fe-laka to step over a person or thing (formerly considered an insult or desecration
laka-fia stepped over; exceeded
Futunan
faka-laka to pass over
laka-fia be passed over
Samoan
laʔa to step, march
la-laʔa step over; put someone above (in estimation or respect by ‘stepping over’)
laʔa loa skip over, pass over
laʔa-sia step over, go beyond
Tuvaluan
laka step
laka-laka take several steps
Nukuoro
laga-laga put down one foot after the other (as in walking or marching in place)
Rennellese
gaka to step; to move, as to another district
gaka too to step and fall, as of an infant learning to walk; to tumble; an age classification for infants
gaka-uŋa crossing, as of a street; bridge
Anuta
raka to step over something
raka-raka to walk taking large brisk steps; to walk quickly
Maori
whaka-raka to walk, step out
WMP Tagalog
laŋkáw elongated and thin (said of legs or neck)
Bikol
laŋkáw tall, lofty, towering
Palawano
laŋkew height
Tiruray
laŋkaw tall
Ngaju Dayak
laŋkaw roof (of a boat)
Banggai
laŋko height, altitude, elevation
Uma
laŋko height, altitude
CMP Manggarai
laŋga grow, get taller (of a person)
WMP Itbayaten
xakay male, man, mister
Ivatan
hakay man, male
Sambal (Botolan)
lákay husband
Pendau
laŋkay man, male; male animal
Dampelas
laŋkay man, male
Bare'e
laŋkay man, male of animals, masculine
WMP Ilokano
laŋkuás a kind of gingerlike herb, Alpinia galanga
Kadazan Dusun
hoŋkuas (a type of) root, rhizome like a ginger
Ida'an Begak
ləŋkuas Alpinia galanga
Ngaju Dayak
laŋkuas a plant similar to ginger, but larger and milder in taste than lai, true ginger
Iban
eŋkuas large rhizomatous herb used as a spice in cooking, Alpinia spp. (esp. the white A. galanga)
Malay
leŋkuas a ginger, Alpinia galanga; varieties: l. merah (red, used medicinally); l. puteh (white, used to spice curry)
WMP Itbayaten
xaŋxaŋ idea of eating in a group (at least two persons)
mach-xaŋxaŋ to be eating with
Ibatan
haŋhaŋ two people (may) eat together, face to face
machi-haŋhaŋ someone eats with someone face-to-face
Ilokano
laŋláŋ first meal of the bride and groom together
ag-la-laŋláŋ to sit together at a table
WMP Itbayaten
ka-xaŋxaŋ eating partner
Ilokano
ka-laŋláŋ to eat together
WMP Itbayaten
xaŋo idea of seasickness or ride sickness
Ilokano
laŋó distaste for something one is in contact with in excess
ma-laŋó to be tired of (after frequent use)
Casiguran Dumagat
laŋo drunk, intoxicated
Tagalog
laŋó tipsy
Hanunóo
láŋu dizziness; drunkenness
laŋú dizzy; drunk
Mapun
laŋó distaste for something one is in contact with in excess
Malay
laŋu a nasty unpleasant taste in the mouth (as due to illness)
Nias
laŋu poison
Javanese
laŋu (of odors, taste) strong, acrid, disagreeable, overpowering
Balinese
laŋu heavy-headed, giddy
Sangir
laŋu (mentally) dull, far-away (in thought)
Pendau
laŋu drunk, intoxicated
Banggai
laŋu drunk, intoxicated
Bare'e
ma-yaŋu dizzy, intoxicated
ma-yaŋu ntasi seasick
Chamorro
lá-laŋu unconscious; faint, fall in a swoon
CMP Manggarai
laŋu dizzy, drunk
Rotinese
laŋu langu-dizziness: term in ritual language for serious illness (Fox, J. 1993)
Tetun
lanu to intoxicate, to inebriate, to be drunk; to poison
lanu-k intoxicated, drunk
Yamdena
laŋu bitter, poisonous
Formosan Puyuma (Tamalakaw)
ma-laŋu surfeit (with food)
WMP Itbayaten
ma-xaŋo seasick, ride sick
Subanon
mo-laŋu drunk, intoxicated
Mapun
ma-laŋó to be tired of
Mongondow
mo-lo-laŋu drunk; dizzy; queasy
Banggai
ma-laŋu drunk
CMP Soboyo
mba-laŋu drunk
WMP Ilokano
laŋóy swim
ag-laŋóy to swim
i-laŋóy to swim something over, carry by swimming
pag-laŋóy-an place where one swims, swimming pool
Agta (Dupaningan)
mag-laŋoy to swim
Isneg
mag-laŋóy to swim
maŋ-laŋóy to swim
Kankanaey
men-laŋóy to float; to waft
Pangasinan
laŋóy to swim
Tagalog
laŋóy swimming
mag-laŋóy to swim
ma-laŋóy to be able to swim over something
pag-laŋóy swimming
pa-laŋóy swimming party
laŋuy-ín to swim a certain distance, or to a certain place, etc.
Bikol
mag-laŋóy to swim
laŋuy-án a place for swimming, swimming pool, swimming hole
laŋuy-ón to swim for a particular distance or across a particular place
Buhid
ag-laŋóy to swim
Hanunóo
laŋúy swimming
Romblomanon
laŋuy someone swims
pag-laŋuy someone’s swimming
laŋūy-an a swimming place
Masbatenyo
mag-laŋóy to swim, bathe
para-laŋóy swimmer
laŋúy-an swimming pool
Inati
laŋoy to swim
Aklanon
eaŋóy to swim (after/the length of)
Waray-Waray
laŋóy swimming
pag-laŋóy swimming
laŋoy-á to swim across
Hiligaynon
mag-laŋúy to swim
laŋuy-ún to swim
Cebuano
laŋúy to swim; float as if swimming
l<in>aŋy- án style of swimming
Maranao
laŋoy swim
Binukid
laŋuy to bathe, take a bath; to go swimming; to bathe (someone)
Mansaka
laŋoy swim
Tiruray
loŋuy to swim
Mapun
laŋi swim
laŋi-un to swim
Yakan
mag-laŋi to swim
pa-laŋi to cause to swim, to let swim
mag-laŋi-han to swim (repetitive)
Tausug
mag-laŋuy to swim (to a destination)
laŋuy-un to swim out to something
Kelabit
laŋuy swimming
laŋuy-laŋuy dog-paddle in the water
Malagasy
lanu swimming
man-danu to swim
lanus-ina to be swum in
Nias
mo-laŋi to swim
Lampung
laŋuy to swim
laŋuy-laŋuy-an to be in the habit of swimming; (several) to be swimming
Javanese
laŋi act of swimming
ŋ-laŋi to swim
Balinese
laŋi to swim
ŋa-laŋi make something swim
Mongondow
laŋuy swim
Ponosakan
(lo)laŋuy to swim
Buginese
laŋe to swim
Makassarese
aʔ-laŋe to swim
laŋe-i swim toward something, swim in something
WMP Ilokano
l<um>aŋóy to swim
l<um>a-laŋóy swimmer
Tagalog
l<um>aŋóy to swim
Hanunóo
l<um>aŋúy to swim; will swim
Romblomanon
l<um>aŋuy to swim
Mansaka
l<om>aŋoy to swim
Klata
moŋŋoy to swim
Mapun
l<um>aŋi to swim; to swim to a destination; to swim to an object and bring it back
Bonggi
l<əm>oŋi to swim
Tausug
l<um>aŋuy to swim (to a destination)
Kelabit
l<um>aŋuy to swim for fun or enjoyment; float
Malagasy
l<um>anu to swim
Mongondow
l<um>aŋuy to swim
Koroni
l<um>aŋi to swim
Muna
leni to swim
leni-fi swim towards, swim to get something
OC Gedaged
laba grey marine fish about three feet long
Arosi
rah species of fish
Samoan
lafa a fish (Ambassis sp.)
OC Arosi
raha a skin disease
Tongan
lafa (to be affected with) ringworm
Samoan
lafa ringworm
lafa-lafā be spotted with ringworm; (of bananas, etc.) be scarred, bruised
Tuvaluan
lafa ringworm
Rennellese
gaha a fungus disease that kills trees; a skin disease known in the Solomons as bakua, named for the fungus
Anuta
rapa a kind of skin fungus marked by severe itching, and very difficult to cure
WMP Pangasinan
lápar wide
Hanunóo
lápad broadness, width, breadth, as of a field
Cebuano
lapád flat, level surface (as of a face or nose); broad, having considerable width
Central Tagbanwa
ma-lapad wide
OC Niue
lafa-lafa level, flat-topped
lapa a board
lapa-lapa flat
faka-lapa-lapa to flatten
Maori
rapa anything broad and flat; sternpost of a canoe; blade of a paddle, etc.; wide, flat; spread out, extended
WMP Agutaynen
lampak to intentionally throw or slam something down forcefully, or smash it against something; to beat or club a person or animal forcefully with a stick or piece of bamboo
Cebuano (dialectal)
lapák spank someone lightly
Minangkabau
lapak to fall with a thud, of fruit dropping continuously
WMP Tagalog
lapáŋ a big piece or hunk of meat; a quarter piece; hunk; a big lump, or piece of anything else (besides meat); slab
Iban
lampaŋ large piece (of wood, meat, etc.)
Formosan Puyuma
ɭapaʔ loss of skin from abrasion or burn
WMP Ilokano
lapa-en to skin; flay
Ifugaw (Batad)
lāpa a shoulder portion of a butchered animal, as a pig, carabao (the segment of the front leg above the foot up to and including the shoulder joint)
Tagalog
l<um>ápaʔ to butcher, to dress meat
lápáʔ-an slaughterhouse; place for butchering
Bikol
mag-lápaʔ to quarter animals; to cut meat into pieces
Hanunóo
lápaʔ butchering, chopping, splitting up (of something)
lapáʔ-un be cut up, be butchered
Cebuano
lápaʔ to cut into sizeable chunks (as in butchering a pig); to hack to pieces
Maranao
lapaʔ to butcher, chop into pieces, dissect
Binukid
lápaʔ to slaughter, butcher (an animal)
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
lapaʔ to butcher
Mansaka
lápaʔ to cut up a butchered animal
Malay
lapah tearing off the skin
səmbəleh lapah slaughtering and skinning
Gayō
lapah slicing off
mu-lapah to slice off (as carabao flesh)
Simalur
ma-lapa cut up, slaughter (as a buffalo)
Karo Batak
ŋe-lapah cut open a sacrificial animal; cut into a tumor; to operate on
ŋe-lapah-i cut a sacrificial animal into pieces
Toba Batak
maŋa-lapa cut open a sacrificial animal
WMP Iban
lapar hungry, famished
Malay
lapar hunger; craving for food (less correctly of ‘hungering for water’)
lapar mata ‘eye-hungry’: helping oneself to more than one can eat
lapar susu crying for milk (of a baby)
Karo Batak
ŋe-lapar-i to make a child go hungry (as a punishment)
Toba Batak
rapar suffer from hunger
ha-rapar-on deficiency, scarcity
Nias
lofo hungry
Mentawai
lapa hungry
Old Javanese
lapā hunger (also thirst?)
Javanese
lapa hunger
Sasak
lapah hungry
Banggai
laal hunger
ma-laal hungry
CMP Tetun
laha hunger
Selaru
lar hungry
Yamdena
lafar hunger
na-m-lafar be hungry
Fordata
lafar hunger
na-b-lafar be hungry, suffer hunger pangs
OC Tigak
lapak lightning
Sengseng
pe-lap lightning
Pileni
lapa deep phosphorescent light, distinct from surface phosphorescence, occurring from a depth of from about 1 to 6 feet
Tokelauan
lapa flash of lightning
WMP Masbatenyo
mag-lápas to trespass, transgresss, go beyong a boundary
Hiligaynon
mag-lápas to violate, to disobey an order
Cebuano
lápas past, beyond a time or place considered right; vilate a law, go beyond certain rules or agreements
Binukid
lapas to cross, pass through (a river or stream) to the other side
Mansaka
lapas to transgress (a law); to violate; to trespass; to go beyond the limit
Kadazan Dusun
hapas after, after something is finished
Minangkabau
lapas after; subsequent to
Pendau
lapas to pass; late, as in to miss a meeting
OC Seimat
la-lap big (of things)
Varisi
lavata big
Roviana
lavata-na great, large
Nggela
lava great (in a few compounds)
Talise
lava big
Sa'a
laha big
a laha a chief
Arosi
raha big, great, large
Proto-Micronesian
*lapa big, main
Chuukese
nap big, large, great, principal, main
Mota
lava great, large
Merig
lav big
Central Santo
lapa big
Rennellese
gaba large
Maori
raha open, extended
raha-raha spread out
WMP Sambal (Botolan)
lápat to fit well (of clothes, shoes, etc.)
Maranao
lapat airtight
Tiruray
lafat to join two edges of wood together in as smooth a fit as possible
Mapun
lapat completely filled in or covered; completely closed up (as a car with all the windows up); plugged, as a hole, leak, opening
Yakan
lapat for something to be covered with something; to cover an area without gaps; to be close fitting
Tausug
lapat closed, stopped, plugged (as a hole, leak, opening)
WMP Bikol
mag-lapáw to look too far beyond for something that is being pointed out; to go too far beyond
Hanunóo
lápaw excessive depth (in an agricultural sense this means excessive cultivation)
lápaw excessive depth
Aklanon
eapáw surpass, exceed, excel
Agutaynen
l<om>apaw for water to rise, come up and overflow a boundary, flowing into structures or submerging bridges
Cebuano
lápaw go above or beyond a certain amount
Central Tagbanwa
lapaw to overflow a boundary
Maranao
lapaw beyond, over
Malay
lampau excess; too much
WMP Agta (Eastern)
lapdas to get marks on one’s shoulders from carrying a heavy backpack; to spank or whip s.o. with a switch or whip and raise welts
Casiguran Dumagat
lapdəs to get marks on one’s shoulders from carrying a heavy backpack; to spank or whip s.o. with a switch or whip
Bikol
mag-lapdos to whip, to lash
Aklanon
eápdos to strike with a downward motion
Waray-Waray
pag-lapdós the act of whipping or lashing
Hiligaynon
mag-lápdus to hit with a strong force
Cebuano
lapdús to lash or whip; a lash
WMP Casiguran Dumagat
lapút thick, sticky, as of condensed milk, blood, rice gruel, etc. (refers only to types of food)
Tagalog
lápot thickness of liquids; viscosity
l<um>ápot to condense; to become condensed; to congeal
lapút-an to thicken; to make thick, as a liquid
Aklanon
eápot sticky, pasty
Cebuano
lapʔút for a liquid to get thick and sticky
Maranao
lapot mud, silt
WMP Casiguran Dumagat
lapút thick, sticky (as of condensed milk, blood, rice gruel, etc.; refers only to types of food)
Tagalog
lápot thickness of liquids, viscosity
lapút-an to thicken, make thick, as a liquid
Aklanon
eápot sticky, pasty
Cebuano
lapʔút for a liquid to get thick and sticky; for soup to thicken
Maranao
lapot mud, silt
WMP Cebuano
lápi to bend or fold something over double (as a cloth to be cut); to double, increase twofold, or by extension, a few folds more
Tboli
lafi to fold up, turn over
WMP Ibaloy
dapid braid (as of hair)
dapid a braid, as of hair
depir-en to braid, plait something (as woman’s hair)
depir-en to braid, plait something (as woman’s hair, or the head strap for a carrying basket
Aklanon
eápid to join, unite, put together
Waray-Waray
pag-lapid the act of sticking, putting or placing something together
Maranao
lampid entangle
lampid entangle (Formosan only)
Formosan Kavalan
rapis flying squirrel
Saisiyat (Taai)
Lapis flying squirrel
Paiwan
la-lapit a bat (animal; Western dialect)
WMP Casiguran Dumagat
lápes thin, of paper or cloth, or a pigskin without fat on it
Tagalog
lápis stone slab; flagstone (< Span.)
Palawano
lapis layer, level
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
lapis a layer of something, as a layer of skin or a layer of topsoil; to place a layer of something over something
Ngaju Dayak
lapis flat
Malagasy
lampi great flat stones, slabs of marble, etc.
Malay
lapis fold; stratum; layer (of things made up of several folds or strata)
Toba Batak
lampis layer, stratum
Javanese
lapis layer; outer layer
CMP Manggarai
lapis stacked one on top of the other
WMP Pangasinan
lápit to put people or objects very close to each other
Masbatenyo
ha-lápit near, close, in close proximity
ka-ha-lápit nearness, closeness, proximity
Hiligaynon
lapít near, close, intimate
Sasak
lapit insert something between two objects
Formosan Paiwan
laplap loose skin on baby after birth
WMP Bontok
laplap to peel off, as the skin of an orange; make a flap
Cebuano
lapláp for clothing to be loose and flapping
WMP Ilokano
lapláp-en to cut thin (meat); cut nicely (hair); operate on
Ibaloy
dapdap-en to strip off something, esp. with a bolo or large knife (as meat from the bone, sod from the earth, skin from an animal)
Ayta Abellan
laplap to skin an animal; to remove meat from the bone
Tagalog
lapláp decortication; excoriation; skinning
Bikol
mag-lapláp to slice or cut meat away from the bone; to shave the bark off wood or bamboo
Cebuano
laplap slice off something from a surface
Binukid
laplap to slice, trim, cut off (something) from a surface
WMP Agutaynen
mag-lapo to steam or scald food in hot water; to parboil food
Maranao
lapo to scald, as a chicken
WMP Kapampangan
lapú to overflow
Mansaka
lapo to overflow (as water in a vessel)
WMP Yami
lapo beginning, begin
om-lapo to start from
lapo-en beginning
Bontok
lapu to start from; to begin at some place; to lead the way, to be first in line
WMP Tagalog
lapók rotten or decayed (said of , wood or bamboo)
Malay
lapok mouldy; decayed, esp. of the effect of damp on timber; of decay or mould in general
Toba Batak
lapuk mildew, mold
lapuh-on moldy, mildewed (also of clothes)
OC Arosi
rahu old, worn out, as an old bag
WMP Itbayaten
xapoŋ to get moldy
Tiruray
lafuŋ mildew
lafuŋ-en covered with mildew
WMP Ilokano
lápus state of being beyond the limit
ag-lápus to go beyond
Hanunóo
lápus going over and beyond
Agutaynen
lapot for a person or animal to pass through a space, opening; for something to pass or drain through to the other side of something
WMP Ilokano
l<um>ápus to exceed; protrude; go beyond
Agutaynen
l<om>apot for a person or animal to pass through a space, opening; for something to pass or drain through to the other side of something
Formosan Kavalan
rapus to come loose (as a knot)
t-rapus to let something slip by, to forget
Puyuma
ɭapus to take off; undress; untie
mu-ɭapus to untie, as a rope
WMP Kankanaey
lápus gone, vanished, disappeared, out of sight
Ayta Abellan
lapoh to finish
Javanese
lampus dead
Banggai
lapus gone, lost
WMP Ilokano
lápus exceed, go beyond, pass over, pass through, move past
Hanunóo
lápus going over and beyond
Agutaynen
l<om>apot for a person or animal to pass through a space, opening; for something to pass or drain through to the other side of something
Cebuano
lapus penetrate, pierce through the opposite side
Maranao
lapos entirely, wholly
Mansaka
lapos to pierce; to go through
Kadazan Dusun
hapus pierce, get through
Malay
lapus to shoot (sandy) rapids
Minangkabau
lampus through and through
WMP Hanunóo
láʔad brook or stream which may run dry in the dry season; dry streambed; arroyo
Malay (Kelantan)
lahar pool, mere
Malay (Kedah)
lahar pool, mere
Javanese
lahar hot mud and lava flow
lahar-an lava-bed
WMP Kallahan (Kayapa)
laʔlu rice pestle
Ifugaw
lalu rice pestle
Ibaloy
daʔdo rice-pounding pestle
Palawano
laʔlu rice pestle
Aborlan Tagbanwa
laʔlu rice pestle
Karo Batak
lalu rice pestle
WMP Ibaloy
on-daʔnab to overflow --- of the river’s overflowing its banks during heavy rains
Ayta Abellan
lanab flood; rushing water
Aklanon
eanáb to flood a little bit, overflow a little
eanáb-eanáb to rise (said of the river’s water level)
WMP Ilokano
layá ginger, Zingiber officinale, used in native medicine to cure rheumatism, wounds, cough and stomach ache
Agta (Dupaningan)
layá ginger, Zingiber officinale
Isneg
layá ginger
Itawis
layá ginger
Bontok
láya ginger, Zingiber officinale Rosc.
Kankanaey
layá ginger
Ifugaw
láya ginger, Zingiber officinale Roscoe. This is extensively cultivated by the Ifugaw; the root only is eaten by them, sliced and boiled in water
Ifugaw (Batad)
lāya ginger (grows chiefly in upland fields); ginger root, i.e. the rhizone (used chiefly as a food condiment, and sometimes as a side dish)
Casiguran Dumagat
layá ginger, Zingiber officinale (a spice used to flavor viands)
Kapampangan
láya ginger
Bikol
láʔya ginger
Tboli
leʔiye ginger, Zingiber officinale
Kadazan Dusun
hazo ginger
Tombonuwo
layo ginger
Abai Sembuak
layo ginger
Ida'an Begak
ləjo ginger
Basap
lia ginger
Lun Dayeh
liəh ginger
Kelabit
lieh a small variety of ginger: with ləkoa ‘a large variety of ginger: Alpinia galanga’
Berawan (Long Terawan)
ləjəh ginger
Narum
ləjiəh ginger
Miri
ləjeh ginger
Kenyah (Long Anap)
lia ginger
Kenyah (Òma Lóngh)
ləzó ginger
Murik
liaʔ ginger
Wahau
jəʔ ginger
Gaai
aljoʔ ginger
Kelai
jɛʔ ginger
Mei Lan Modang
ləjao̯ʔ ginger
Woq Helaq Modang
ləjao̯ʔ ginger
Long Gelat Modang
ləjao̯ʔ ginger
Kiput
ləcih ginger
Bintulu
ləza ginger
Iban
liaʔ ginger, plant or rhizome of Zingiber officinale
Singhi Land Dayak
roiʔi ginger
Jarai
rəya ginger
Malay
halia <M ginger, Zingiber officinale; used as a drug and as a flavoring for curries
Sangir
lia ginger, used as a spice with food, and as an ingredient in most medicines, charms and spells, where it is chewed with sirih leaves and then sprayed from the mouth onto the afflicted part
Tontemboan
lia Spanish pepper
lia tanaʔ ginger
Tialo
loía ginger
Balaesang
láia ginger
Bare'e
leʔia ginger
Tae'
laia ~ laya kind of ginger which has a somewhat musty odor when the main root is very large
laya panaʔ kind of ginger that has a sharper taste than others
Makassarese
laia ginger, Zingiber officinale
niaʔ laiana (‘he sits in ginger’) = ‘He is of noble descent’
Muna
loghia ginger
loghia ŋkapute white ginger
loghia ŋkadea red ginger
CMP Bimanese
rea ginger, Zingiber officinale
Manggarai
lia ginger, Zingiber officinale
Rembong
rea ginger, Zingiber officinale
Ngadha
lea ginger; kind of vegetable used as a remedy
Sika
lea kind of ginger
Lamaholot
lia ginger, Zingiber officinale
Kambera
layia ginger
wai layia ginger water, infusion of ginger used as a stimulant
Rotinese
lia ginger; spew with (chewed) ginger to make more effective, as a dog to make it bite, a cat to make it a more ferocious mouser, or a net to make it catch more fish
Erai
lia ginger
Leti
lia ginger
Wetan
lia ginger
Kei
leii ginger, Zingiber officinale; people give pieces of ginger to the dogs to make them more spirited in hunting
SHWNG Kowiai/Koiwai
raʔia ginger
OC Lou
lei ginger
Penchal
lai ginger
Ahus
liy ginger
Kuruti
liy ginger
Drehet
lip ginger
Sori
lei ginger
Lindrou
ley ginger
Wuvulu
laia ginger
Mussau
laia ginger
Tanga
lae ginger, Zingiber officinale
Lakalai
la lahia cultivated ginger (Zingiber sp.); by extension, a warrior
Kairiru
lei ginger
Gitua
laea kind of edible ginger, flower like Phameria magnifica
Numbami
lai ginger
Wedau
naia ginger
Nehan
laia plant species, family Zingiberaceae; several types
Kwaio
lia ginger
Toqabaqita
la-laia ginger
'Āre'āre
ria a ginger with perfumed roots, used as a medicine by witch doctors; there are several varieties for different diseases
ria ni marutana a ginger used to enlist the affections of women
Sa'a
lie ginger, called ‘äi ha‘angäu keni, tree given to women to eat (to enlist their affections); used in malevolent magic it causes boils when put down on a man’s path for him to pass over
Arosi
ria ginger, much used in charms
Fijian
caŋo laya ginger (caŋo = ‘turmeric’)
WMP Bikol
láʔin different, differing, dissimilar; another; otherwise
Cebuano
láin different, another
Mamanwa
laʔin other, different
Mansaka
lain another
Iban
lain different, other, another, strange; to differ, vary
Malay
lain other; different
mə-lain-kan but; except
ber-lain-an differing from; apart from
Sundanese
laʔin different, other
Old Javanese
len other, different, otherwise, and also
wwaŋ len unrelated people
Sasak
lain different
WMP Binukid
laʔu thirst
Manobo (Sarangani)
laʔo thirst
Kelabit
laʔuh hunger
Kenyah (Long Wat)
laʔew famine
Bintulu
mə-laʔəw hungry
WMP Ilokano
laús outdated, out of style, old-fashioned
Tagalog
laós sour or fermented because of being overripe; no longer productive; impotent; past the prime; obsolete
Bikol
laʔós antiquated, obsolete, outdated; defunct; a has-been
Cebuano
laús past one’s peak or popularity
Formosan Amis
lalaŋ to forbid, refuse permission
WMP Malagasy
rarána to be forbidden, to be prohibited
Malay
laraŋ to forbid -- of prohibition affecting a person or class of persons
Old Javanese
a-laraŋ inaccessible, withdrawn, keeping oneself aloof?
l<in>araŋ forbidden to others, reserved for, declared
Javanese
ŋə-laraŋ to prohibit, forbid
Formosan Kavalan
m-RaRiw run, run away
Amis
laliw leave behind; desert, escape
WMP Itbayaten
yayo-h race
Hanunóo
lagíw running
Abaknon
lahi to run, run away; elope
Cebuano
lagíw run away, escape from a place
Maranao
lagoy <M rush, hurry
Tboli
meloy (< *l-um-aRiw) <M run
Samal
lahi-lahi to run
Iban
lari run away, make off, cause to run away, take away
rari <A run away, escape
Malay
lari go at a run; escape; evasion
Old Javanese
a-layū run, run away, take flight, flee
Sasak
rariʔ (with secondary final glottal stop) <A take something and flee
Mongondow
laguy flee, run away, escape
Makassarese
lari run, run away, flee
CMP Kambera
lai to run (only in the expression njara lai 'a racing horse')
Hawu
rai run, run away, flee
Rotinese
lai run away, flee
Erai
lari flee, run away
manu la-lari a bird flying up
Leti
lari run
Wetan
lari run
Soboyo
lahi run, run away, flee
SHWNG Ron
farar to run
Formosan Kavalan
m-RaRiw run, run away
Pazeh
ma-raxiw flee, escape, run away
WMP Yami
ma-layo to run
Itbayaten
ma-yayo-h to run
Ivatan
ma-yayo to run
Hanunóo
ma-lagíw run, will run
Old Javanese
ma-layū run, run away, take flight, flee
CMP Rotinese
ma-lai run away, flee
WMP Yami
pa-layo to run
Aklanon
pa-eagíw run away and hide, avoid
Maranao
pa-lagoy run away, escape; flight; elope
Tiruray
fe-rarey run away, escape or flee
Malay
pe-lari fugitive
pelari aŋin the sport of the wind
budak pelari boy who keeps playing truant
Old Javanese
pa-layū running, running away, flight
Javanese
p-layu running pace
Sasak
pe-lai run, flee
pe-rariʔ flight
Mongondow
po-laguy flight
Makassarese
pa-lari runner, running, flight
Wolio
pa-lai flee, run away
Chamorro
fa-lagu run (imper.), move swiftly, hasten, go rapidly; elope, escape, flee
CMP Kambera
pa-lai run, run away, flee
Hawu
pe-rai run, flee, run away
dou do perai fugitive
Tetun
ha-lai flee, run away
Tetun (Dili)
halai to run away, flee
Leti
wa-lari run
Wetan
w(a)-lari flee
SHWNG Numfor
f-rār run, run away, flee
WMP Malay
pe-lari-an act of running fast
Old Javanese
pa-layw-an running, running away, flight
Makassarese
pa-lari-aŋ running, running away
OC Tolai
lā tame, domesticated, of animals; be accustomed, be acclimatized
Fijian
lasa easy, contented, tame, accustomed
Tongan
lata to feel at home or at ease, to be comfortable or happy and contented; to be friendly or at ease with
Futunan
lata used to, familiar with
Samoan
lata be tame; be used to, familiar with; close to, close by
faʔa-lata draw near (in order to get something); tame
lata-lata be near; to approach, come close to
Tuvaluan
faka-lata tame
Kapingamarangi
gai dala <M tame
Nukuoro
dala <M tame; not be timid or uneasy in another’s presence
Rennellese
gata to be tame, unafraid, as a pet or child
haa-gata to tame
he-gata-ʔaki be congenial, accustomed to one another
Maori
rata tame, quiet; familiar, friendly
Hawaiian
laka tame, domesticated, gentle; attracted to, fond of; to tame, domesticate, attract
hoʔo-laka to tame, domesticate; to treat with kindness, as a child or animal, so as to familiarize with one
OC Tolai
lā dish, bowl, any open utensil; shell of a coconut
Numbami
lasa coconut shell
Selau
las young drinking coconut
Proto-Micronesian
*laSa coconut shell; skull
Mota
lasa drinking cup
Raga
laha drinking cup made from coconut shell
WMP Tboli
lasaŋ moulting fowls; dry, dead tree without leaves
Kayan (Uma Juman)
lasaŋ bare, of a field without grass; bald
WMP Ilokano
lásaŋ to disjoin; separate; disconnect; tear apart; break off
ma-lásaŋ to be torn apart, separated
Minangkabau
mə-lasaŋ to sit astride on anything; to handle roughly (fig.)
WMP Maranao
lasaʔ to beat, whip, manhandle
Malay
lasah switching, caning
WMP Ilokano
na-lásaw thin, weak, watery; sparse; scanty; easily consumed
Tagalog
pagka-lásaw thawing; liquefying
lasáw thawed
Bikol
lásaw watery, thin (liquids)
mag-lásaw to become watery
mag-pa-lásaw to thin liquids
Aklanon
easáw not sticky; liquidy, watery
Cebuano
lásaw for liquids to flow or spread all over
lasáw diluted, watery (as cement)
Mansaka
lásaw weak because diluted with water (as coffee)
WMP Isneg
lassám vinegar, sour
Casiguran Dumagat
lasem sour
Maranao
ma-lasem sour
Kelabit
laam sour
WMP Aklanon
eásog testicle
eásg-on having enlarged testicles
Ida'an Begak
lasog testicles
Banggai
laso penis; young boy
CMP Li'o
ae lase testicles
Tetun
lasa-n penis, male genitals
lasa-n fua-n testes
Erai
lasar penis
Selaru
lasa penis
Laha
lasi testicle
Asilulu
lase scrotum
lase hatu testicle (lit. ‘scrotum stone’)
OC Mussau
laso testicles
Mota
laso-i testicles; a big boar pig
Lakona
laso- testicles
Merig
laso- testicles
Piamatsina
laso- testicles
Malmariv
lasa- testicles
Mafea
laso- testicles
Amblong
leso- testicles
Araki
laso- testicles
Marino
laso- testicles
Central Maewo
laso testicles
Vao
laho- testicles
Axamb
rasö- testicles
Tonga
na laho-n testicles
Nakanamanga
na-laso testicles
Tongan
laho scrotum and testicles
Niue
laho scrotum
teŋa laho testicle (lit. ‘seed of scrotum’)
Futunan
laso-fua elephantiasis of the scrotum (lit. ‘fruit scrotum/testicles’)
Samoan
laso scrotum
laso mimi hydrocele
Tuvaluan
laho testicle; scrotum
Rennellese
gaso scrotum
kai gaso scrotum eater (a curse)
Anuta
rao testicle
Rarotongan
raʔo testicle; the scrotum and its contents
Maori
raho testicle; labia majora
Hawaiian
laho term of abuse; male, as pipi laho ‘bull’, pua’a laho
WMP Isneg
lálat hide, skin (of cows, carabaos, etc.)
ma-lálat to skin, to flay
Bontok
ʔi-laslas to rub or scrape clean, using sand or earth as an abrasive
Casiguran Dumagat
laslas to rip accidentally, of clothing
Bikol
mag-laslás to slit, rip; to tear away
ma-laslás to get slit or ripped; to get torn away (as skin from a limb after a fall or accident)
maka-laslás to be torn or ripped from
Ngaju Dayak
lalas what is flayed or skinned
Toba Batak
ma-laslas be trampled, of the earth or a pasture, where many people have been
Formosan Puyuma
lasuʔ burn (badly)
ki-lasuʔ get a burn (as from a cigarette)
WMP Ifugaw
lahu the thin membrane which covers the skin on account of contact with hot water, or because of the very strong rays of the sun
Ifugaw (Batad)
lāhu heat, of the sun, fire; for a heating agent, as a fire, the sun, a hot object or substance, as water, coffee, etc. to transfer heat to someone with or without causing the skin to blister
Tagalog
lásoʔ inflammation of mouth or lips (esp. among children); blister on the tongue
Bikol
lasóʔ-lásoʔ referring to the actions of the hands when trying to pick up something hot and not get burned
Murut (Timugon)
ma-lasuʔ hot
l<um>asuʔ to heat up
Bisaya (Limbang)
lasuʔ hot
Lun Dayeh
lauʔ heat
Kelabit
lauʔ warm, hot
Kayan
lasu hot; heat
Kiput
lasauʔ hot
ŋə-lasauʔ to heat; to boil water
Melanau (Mukah)
lasuʔ hot
WMP Manobo (Ata)
lasuʔ penis
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
lasuʔ penis
Sasak
laso penis
Banggai
laso penis; boy
Tae'
laso penis
lasoʔ penis; boy
Proto-South Sulawesi
*laso penis
Mandar
laso penis of a man or male animal
Buginese
laso penis
Wolio
lasu penis
Chamorro
læsoʔ penis, testicle
CMP Manggarai
laso penis of an animal
Rembong
lasoʔ penis of an animal
Ngadha
lasu penis
Kambera
lahu penis; also used as a curse word
OC Lau
lasu- penis
WMP Casiguran Dumagat
latág to spread open, to lay out (as to unroll a mat, or to spread out a blanket on the floor)
Tagalog
látag something spread on the floor or ground, as a carpet, mat, rug, etc.
mag-látag to spread, to lay
Hanunóo
látag scattering, spreading out
Agutaynen
mag-latag to spread something out flat on the ground, as tree branches or leaves to burn in a field, gravel before laying cement, or clothes to dry in the sun
Cebuano
látag spread something out under the sun (as corn, copra, or clothes)
Tausug
latag widespread, prevalent
mag-latag to cover an area thoroughly; for information, gossip, sickness, etc. to spread, diffuse
WMP Pangasinan
laták crack, crevice
Bikol
laták cracked, split
mag-laták to crack or split (as dry wood)
WMP Pangasinan
látak beat with force
Toba Batak
latak make a knocking sound
Sasak
lantak clack the tongue; call dogs
WMP Ilokano
látak very fine soil
Tagalog
látak residue; dregs; lees; sediment; deposit (of liquids)
Maranao
latak concoction used to blacken the teeth
Iban
latak mud, muddy
Javanese
latak sediment in indigo batik dye
Gorontalo
lataʔo mud
lata-lataʔo rice paddy that has already been prepared for planting
WMP Itbayaten
xataw idea of floating or being afloat
ka-xataw state of being afloat
maŋ-xataw to float something, to launch ship or boat, to have watercraft afloat
xataw-an a float or buoy
xataw-en to float (something), to cause to float, to launch ship or boat
Ilokano
ag-latáw to float; drift
Bikol
latáw buoyant
Bisaya
lantaw-lantaw bob on the surface of the water
l-em-antaw float
Kayan
latau a float (large or small)
Wolio
lanto float
WMP Bikol
mag-látay to lay leaves or sticks across an area of mud or mire to facilitate crossing
Aklanon
eátay to cross a small bamboo bridge
eatay-án river-crossing, small bamboo bridge
Agutaynen
mag-latay to walk on a gangplank or makeshift bridge; something placed across a canal or muddy area in order to walk to the other side
Hiligaynon
mag-latay to cross a narrow footbridge without support; to balance oneself on a narrow board
Cebuano
látay to go over a narrow walkway; go across
latay-án-an narrow bridge or passageway to walk over
WMP Aklanon
eátʔas try to get to some place by a route not ordinarily taken
pa-eatʔas-an shortcut
Cebuano
latás cross or pass through
latʔás go straight across something; take a shortcut
Malay
lantas proceeding forthwith to
Karo Batak
lantas cross a river
WMP Cebuano
latíŋ for a missile to ricochet, bounce off
Minangkabau
latiŋ to spring back, of an elastic cord or rod
WMP Tagalog
látiʔ swamp’ to ‘marsh; swamp; soft wet land; quagmire; a muddy place
ma-látiʔ marshy; soft and wet land
Aklanon
eátiʔ field (for farming)
Maranao
latiʔ cut down; forest clearing
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
latiʔ a swidden which is made in a secondary growth area where the trees are still small; of an old swidden, to form secondary growth
Lun Dayeh
latiʔ a farm, rice field
Kelabit
latiʔ swidden, dry rice field; to work on a swidden
Bintulu
latiʔ riverbank
Melanau (Mukah)
latiʔ mud
WMP Malay
latu, lə-latu spark left on a lamp-wick; portion to be snuffed out
CMP Kambera
latu charred; charcoal
latu epi charcoal
Tetun
latu to snuff out, to remove the charred part of (wick, cigarette, etc.)
Asilulu
au latu fragments of live embers which scatter upward when the embers are blown on
au luten faggots of wood with burnt or burning ends
Formosan Bunun
latuk bow-like musical instrument
WMP Tiruray
lontuk <A concavely curved
WMP Murut (Timugon)
la-latuk to hit or pound repeatedly
latuk-on what has been hit or pounded
Tae'
latuk to hit, beat, punch
WMP Agutaynen
latok type of edible seaweed which looks like small clusters of green grapes (it is dipped in vinegar and eaten raw)
Palawano
latuʔ seaweed
Cebuano
látuʔ branching, semitransparent seaweed, greenish in color and edible
Malay
latoh edible sea-worm or seaweed, sp. unident.
Sangir
lato small seaweed sp.
Muna
latu edible seaweed
CMP Rotinese
latu kind of edible seaweed
Yamdena
latu seaweed sp.
OC Lou
lo a fish: the sweetlips
Lenkau
lou a fish: Plectorhinchus
Loniu
low a fish: the sweetlips or sea bream
Manam
lau a fish: the banded sweetlips
WMP Kapampangan
laún old, worn out; dehydrated, dessicated
Tagalog
laón long time; old, said of rice of a previous harvest, or wine of old vintage; antique
Bikol
laʔón old (rice)
Aklanon
eaón old (rice; maid); spinster, spinstress
Agutaynen
laon old rice or cashew nuts, which have been stored for 1 to 2 years; old maid, spinster; old bachelor
Cebuano
laún aged; for something that gets better as it grows old to be mature; mellowed, aged; old stock left over from the previous harvest
Tausug
mag-laun to let the marriageable age pass by, become too old to get married
Iban
laun late (in arriving); delay, linger
Malay
laun dawdling over work or spinning it out; dragging on
lambat laun protracted; in course of time; at long last
lambat laun hari long ago; some time ago
Sundanese
laun slow, soft, gentle; not sensational
laun-laun slowly; gradually
Old Javanese
lon slowness
a-lon slow, gentle, soft (of wind, gait or other movement; of sound or speech); modest, self-controlled
Tae'
pare laun old rice; rice that is not newly harvested
WMP Tagalog
ma-laón to take or last a long time
Bikol
ma-laʔón to become old, stale (rice)
Tae'
ma-laun old, kept for a long time
WMP Malay
lauŋ a call or summons in loud tone
CMP Buruese
laun cry out
SHWNG Buli
lau to howl, of dogs
WMP Ilokano
láog loop, eye, hole (of a noose, link, ring, etc.)
Malay
laur curve; numerical coefficient for ring-shaped objects
Formosan Paiwan
me-lawa wide
WMP Itbayaten
xawa yard of a house
Ilokano
láwa wide, spacious, extensive, broad, large, roomy, loose, ample
Isneg
láwa large, broad, wide (used in songs)
Casiguran Dumagat
lawa wide, loose, big
CMP Palu'e
lawa long
Fordata
lawa length
OC Gitua
ma-lawa long, tall, high, far
WMP Tagalog
lawa-lawá spiderweb; species of spider
Buhid
láwa spider
Hanunóo
láwa a generic term for spiders, very few of which are given specific names
lawa-láwa simple string figures, or cat’s cradles, made with strings of seed beads
Mamanwa
lawa spider
Kenyah
kə-lawa spider
Kayan
te-lawaʔ spiders of various species
Kayan (Uma Juman)
tə-lawaʔ spider
Malay
lawa-lawa spider
Rejang
lawea spider
WMP Tboli
lawa a friendly visit
Iban
lawaʔ come, go to (visit) (Scott 1956)
WMP Binukid
lawa body (of a person or animal); main part (of a structure)
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
lawa body; tree trunk; top of a garment
Kejaman
lagwa body
WMP Umiray Dumaget
laweg to hunt
Tausug
mag-lawag to find, seek, search, look for (something)
WMP Moken
lawan fish with a net (large); throw a line, angle
CMP Kambera
lawaŋu spiderweb
OC Loniu
law kind of long, narrow fishnet
Arosi
rawa small net
rawa-rawa catch fish or turtles with a net
Fijian
lawa the Fijian fishing net
WMP Maranao
lawan exceed
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
lawan to exceed or excel over someone or something
pe-lewan-aʔ of two or more, to argue
Singhi Land Dayak
rawan exceed
WMP Casiguran Dumagat
lawaŋ to make a wide hole in the ground
Ibaloy
dawaŋ to be spacious, roomy (as the inside of a house, field, shoe that is too big)
i-dawaŋ to make a wide space or passage
Cebuano
láwaŋ for an area to be wide, spacious
láwaŋ-láwaŋ have too much space for the amount of material put in; be in a place which is too spacious; make something wider
Binukid
lawáŋ living room
Kayan
lawaŋ any vacant unused space, e.g. between house and kitchen; unsown area of land (as a vacant space where one could build a hut)
Ma'anyan
lawaŋ empty
Karo Batak
lawaŋ roomy, spacious, wide, broad
Proto-Sangiric
*loaŋ wide
WMP Maranao
lawaŋ pass
lawaŋ-aʔ passage, doorway, hallway
Binukid
lawaŋ to pass in front of someone, between two people or through a group
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
lawaŋ to go out of something
lewaŋ-an a room of a house which has an outside door; a part of the house near the doorway
Tiruray
lawaŋ to pierce through, to pass through
Mapun
lawaŋ door, gate; opportunity; chance; way
ka-lawaŋ-an to have a chance to do something
Ida'an Begak
lawaŋ door
Iban
lawaŋ door
Malay
lawaŋ outer gate (of the gate of the compound in contrast to that of the house)
Sundanese
lawaŋ door opening; exit, entrance; port
Old Javanese
lawaŋ door, gate, entrance
a-lawaŋ door-keeper
lawaŋ-an gate
Javanese
lawaŋ door, entrance (Pigeaud 1938)
Balinese
lawaŋ gate, entrance
Sasak
lawaŋ door, opening
Wolio
lawa-lawa gate (as of yard)
WMP Kayan
lawaʔ hand net made from bark twine
Kayan (Uma Juman)
lawaʔ dip net
Chamorro
laguaʔ scoop net, hand net
OC Lou
la fishnet spread out by men working in two canoes
Loniu
law kind of long, narrow fishnet
Likum
lo long fishnet made of coconut leaves
Arosi
rawa small net
rawa-rawa catch fish or turtles with a net
Fijian
lawa the Fijian fishing net
Formosan Siraya
rawa spider
Puyuma (Tamalakaw)
waraH <M spiderweb
WMP Itbayaten
ax-xaawa spider
Ilokano
lawwa-lawwá spider
Bikol
láwaʔ spider
Romblomanon
lāwaʔ spider
Masbatenyo
láwaʔ spider
Aklanon
eáwaʔ spider
Waray-Waray
láwaʔ spider
Kalamian Tagbanwa
lawak spider
Hiligaynon
láwaʔ spiderweb
Palawan Batak
láwaʔ spider
Cebuano
láwaʔ spider
Maranao
la-lawaʔ spider
Binukid
la-lawaʔ spider (generic)
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
kele-lawaʔ spider
Mansaka
lawaʔ spider; spiderweb
Mapun
lawaʔ spider
Tausug
lawaʔ spider
Lun Dayeh
(te)ke-lawaʔ spider
Ngaju Dayak
lawa small yellow spider that is eaten, and which tastes like a sea crab; spiderweb
Kapuas
ganda-lawaʔ spider
Ma'anyan
lawaʔ spider
Nias
law̃a spider
Sundanese
lancah spider
ŋa-lancah do as a spider does (not work, wait around expecting that the means of subsistence will arrive on their own)
imah lancah spiderweb (lit. ‘house of the spider’)
Mongondow
tonto-ḷawaʔ spider
Tajio
paŋga-lafa spider
Banggai
loa spider
Tae'
laa spider
CMP Dobel
llakʷa (< *la-lawaq) spider
Alune
kʷala <M spider
Larike
lawa spider
SHWNG Buli
kopo-law spider
Minyaifuin
pi-law spider
OC Nauna
canda-law spider
Penchal
tantan-law spider
Loniu
wɨ-law spider
umʷe-n wɨ-law spiderweb
Nali
ŋo-yaw spiderweb
Titan
ñakapʷe-law spider
Leipon
we-law spiderweb
Ahus
we-law spiderweb
Kuruti
oh-low spider
omʷe-n oh-low spiderweb
Lele
drak-low large spider
ŋo-yaw spall spider
Kele
ka-lew-lew spider
Likum
kaano-lew spider
Bipi
wi-law spiderweb, net
Tanga
kum-law spiderweb
Wogeo
lawa spider
Wedau
nawa cobweb
Sudest
lawe spider
Talise
lao spider
Lau
lakʷa species of large yellow spider and large web
Toqabaqita
lakʷa species of spider, very large
'Āre'āre
rawa a spider; cobweb
Sa'a
lawa spider’s web, spider
Arosi
rawa a small net; a cobweb (used in fishing with a kite); a spider
Bauro
rawa spider
Haununu
rawa spider
Pwele
ka-lao spiderweb
Lelepa
lao spiderweb
Rennellese
gaba web, as of spider; a spider, probably Gasteracantha taeniata (Walckenaer)
WMP Tiruray
ke-lawaʔ-lawaʔ any kind of spider that makes a web
Lun Dayeh
kə-lawaʔ ~ kəkə-lawaʔ spider
Berawan (Long Terawan)
kə-lawaʔ spider
Narum
halawaʔ spider
CMP Manggarai
ke-lawa kind of spider that nests underground
WMP Aborlan Tagbanwa
kala-láwaʔ spider
Kelabit
kələ-lawaʔ spider
WMP Ibanag
a-lawa-lawa spider
Masbatenyo
lawaʔ-láwaʔ cobweb, spiderweb
Aklanon
eawáʔ-eawáʔ cobweb, spiderweb
Cebuano
láwaʔ-láwaʔ spiderweb
Yakan
lawaʔ-lawaʔ spiderweb, cobweb
Simalur
awal-awal spider
Karo Batak
lawah-lawah spider, spiderweb
Nias
lawa-lawa spider
Proto-South Sulawesi
*lawa-lawa spider
Mandar
lawa-lawa spider (Mills 1975)
Wolio
lawa-lawa kind of small spider
CMP W.Tarangan (Ngaibor)
lowlowʔ spider
Hoti
lawa-lawa spider
Hitu
lawa-lawa spider
Asilulu
lawa-lawa spider
lawa-lawa tai spiderweb (lit. ‘spider feces’)
OC Fijian
(tā)-lawa-lawa cobweb
WMP Ngaju Dayak
la-lawa spider
Sangir
lə-lawa spiderweb
WMP Ilokano
na-láwa wide; loose; roomy; broad
Isneg
na-láwa large, broad, wide (used in songs)
Casiguran Dumagat
lawa wide, loose, big
Lun Dayeh
lawaʔ space between two things; alternate, miss, skip a day or two
me-lawaʔ far apart, having a space between
Malay
lawah clear, unobstructed (of the view)
mə-lawah to open wide the jaws (of a tiger, etc.)
WMP Ilokano
lawán species of tree used for lumber
Tagalog
lawáʔan a species of tree producing lumber of the third group
Bikol
lawáʔan tree species: Shorea negrosensis (red); Pentacme contorta and P. mindanensis (white)
Hanunóo
lawáʔan a species of tree (family Dipterocarpaceae)
Mansaka
lawaan kind of tall tree (Formosan only)
Formosan Kavalan
rawar flying squirrel
Amis
(ka)-lawal flying squirrel
Bunun
haval flying squirrel
Tsou
rvorə flying squirrel
Kanakanabu
láalə flying squirrel
Saaroa
laarə flying squirrel
Proto-Rukai
*ɭava flying squirrel
Puyuma (Tamalakaw)
RawaR <A flying squirrel
Paiwan
lava flying squirrel
Formosan Puyuma (Tamalakaw)
rawas wide, broad
WMP Chamorro
laguas long, skinny, long and slender (refers to plants or animals)
CMP Yamdena
lawas length
SHWNG Kowiai/Koiwai
ma-rawas long
Gimán
loas wide
Minyaifuin
malawas long
WMP Waray-Waray
lawas body; physique
Maranao
lawas body
Mansaka
lawas body
Tiruray
lowoh a body, stem or trunk
Blaan (Koronadal)
lawɨh body
Lun Dayeh
lawa the trunk of a tree
Melanau (Mukah)
lawaih numeral classifier for people
Kejaman
lagwa body
Formosan Puyuma
ɭawas bamboo to carry water
WMP Ilokano
láwas internode of bamboo; internode of arm or leg
Isneg
láwat internode
láwat ima the forearm, upper arm
taŋa-láwat one internode of bamboo: used for storing fish
Hanunóo
láwas internode, as a bamboo cylinder or strip, including at least one node as well as the section between two joints
Tiruray
lowoh an internode of bamboo
Tausug
ti-lawas-an a segment or section, including one node (of bamboo, sugarcane, etc.)
WMP Casiguran Dumagat
láway spit, spittle; to drool
Ayta Abellan
laway saliva; to salivate
Tagalog
láway saliva, spittle; spit
mag-láway to dribble, to drool
lawáy-an to wet something with saliva
Bikol
láway saliva
mag-láway to drool
Hanunóo
láway saliva (while in the mouth)
Aklanon
eáway to salivate, froth at the mouth
Agutaynen
laway saliva; spittle
Cebuano
láway saliva; feel very desirous of something one cannot have
lawáy-an a folk doctor who treats patients with his saliva
Formosan Paiwan
alay thread
ta-alay-an a single strand
WMP Malay
sa-laway bənaŋ a piece of thread
Old Javanese
lawe thread, yarn
laway-an yarn-reel
CMP Soboyo
lawe yarn
WMP Old Javanese
laway-an yarn-reel
Makassarese
lawe-aŋ device consisting of two vertical bamboos that support criss-crossing laths used to make three- or five-strand threads
WMP Ilokano
ag-láway to go naked
Aklanon
eáwʔay to be indecent; become, get ugly
Agutaynen
ma-lāway impolite, rude, coarse, vulgar; immodest, indecent, shameful, immoral
Hiligaynon
ma-láwʔay ugly, offensive, repulsive
Cebuano
láwʔay offensive to decency, revolting to the taste
Binukid
láwʔay offensive to decency, immoral; obscene, lewd
WMP Itbayaten
xawi upper caudal fin, which is quite a lot longer than the lower one; tail feather of rooster
Ilokano
lawí plume, showy feathers in a cock’s tail
Isneg
lawí the sickles or sickle feathers of a fowl
Bontok
lawí sickle feathers of a rooster’s tail, used as a hat decoration and also as packing on the plungers of bellows
Ilongot (Kakiduge:n)
lawi long feather in general
Tagalog
lawí tail feather of roosters
Bikol
lawí the long tail feather of a fowl; quill, plume
Hanunóo
lawí tail feather(s); specifically, those of the wild jungle fowl; frequently bound together and used as plume decorations stuck in men’s arm bands
Cebuano
láwi sickle feather, one of the long curved feathers in the tail of domestic cocks
lawí-an ~ lawí-han name given to fish of various families that have filamentous projections, usually from the fins
Maranao
lawi tail
lawi a alaw ground orchid: Habenaria sp.
lawi a manok plants: Digitaria Argyrostachya A. Camus, Sporobolus diandrus Retz./Beauv.
lawi-an tail
Binukid
lawi sickle feathers, one of the long curved feathers in the tail of a rooster
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
lawi the long tail feather of a rooster
Mansaka
lawi tail feathers of a rooster (used to decorate hats)
Malay
lawi curving feather or fin
lawi ayam tail feather of fowl
ikan lawi ayam small anchovy
lawi pari fin under a ray’s tail
Gayō
lawi tail feathers of a rooster
Bare'e
lai the long tail feathers of birds, especially of fowls
CMP Manggarai
lawi long tail feathers of a rooster; various plants, including Justicia procumbens, Asystasia intrusa, Dicliptera sp., Peristrophe sp., Lepidagathis sp.
Rembong
lawe ~ lawi the two long feathers in the tail of a rooster
Hawu
(ru)lai tail
Tetun
manu lai-n the long tail feathers of a rooster
OC Vitu
la-lawi tail feather
Fijian
lawe-na the larger feathers of a bird (the smaller feathers are vuti-na)
Tongan
lave feeler, antenna, as of a lobster; long tail feather, as of a rooster or a tavake (tropic bird)
faka-la-lave try to find out in an indirect way; to ‘put out feelers’
WMP Ilokano
lawi-lawi plume, showy feathers in a cock’s tail
Isneg
law-lawí, lawí anúʔ a common herb whose green leaves resemble the sickle feathers of a cock
Cebuano
lawi-láwi something like a tail feather
lawi-láwi sa kúgun the flower of the cogon grass
Bahasa Indonesia
(lawi)-lawi long curved tail feather of rooster or bird
Toba Batak
lai-lai the long tail feathers of birds
eme na paŋa-lai-lai-on riceplant that stands tall and beautiful like the tail feathers of a cock, but is empty of grain
Mentawai
lei-lei tail feathers of a fowl
WMP Ngaju Dayak
lawi tip, end, top (of a tree, etc.)
Angkola-Mandailing Batak
lai-lai tip, extremity
Nias
lai peak, crown, as of a tree
WMP Tagalog
ka-lawíg-an a long duration of time
l<um>áwig to protract; to draw out; to prolong
Bikol
ma-láwig long (duration of time); lengthy; time-consuming
Hanunóo
láwig long time
Agutaynen
l<om>awig for something, someone to become taller; to an item to increase, go up in price; for one’s blood pressure to go up
WMP Tagalog
lawit sickle, hook
Chamorro
laguet catch with a hook
CMP Buruese
lawit single-barbed harpoon; barbed spear
WMP Keley-i
lawit the traditional religious term that refers to a plant that is tied and placed in the grave of the dead to protect a child or a sibling of the dead person from becoming skinny; amulet plant
Ibaloy
dawit small ritual performed to call back a soul --- either a soul that has wandered away (as when the person was frightened), or the soul of a dead relative before the kail (second burial) ceremony, or the soul of a person who died away from home
Tboli
lawit to cry in mourning and at the same time tell what the dead person is remembered for (from the time a person dies until the time of the funeral)
WMP Ilokano
láyab flutter, drift to and fro
Bikol
layáb-layáb a flame
mag-layáb-layáb to dance (flames)
WMP Maranao
layak purpose, intention, desire
Karo Batak
layak state, condition; nature of one's mind or heart
WMP Ilokano
na-láyaŋ high above the ground
Hanunóo
láyaŋ flying
l<um>áyaŋ to fly, will fly
Tiruray
layaŋ flying
Mapun
mag-layaŋ-layaŋ for something like a kite or leaf to float down in the wind with a swaying back and forth motion
Yakan
mag-láyaŋ to fly (like birds, airplanes, etc.)
Iban
layaŋ fly through the air, skim, glide; send flying
Malay
layaŋ being borne through the air (of kites, leaves, etc.; the flight of winged things is tərbaŋ)
layaŋ-layaŋ kite; swallow
Karo Batak
layaŋ swallow (bird); a kite
Toba Batak
leaŋ-leaŋ swallow (bird)
Sundanese
layaŋ to float in the air, as an eagle, hawk, etc.
Old Javanese
paŋ-layaŋ to move (float) through the air, fly
Javanese
layaŋ-an a kite
layaŋ-layaŋ-an to glide in the air
Balinese
layaŋ wing, pinion; what hovers
layaŋ-layaŋ kite
Sasak
lə-layaŋ kite
Mongondow
layaŋ to float, glide, hover in the air
Makassarese
layaŋ to glide through the air, as an object that has been thrown; to vaporize, as the bouquet of wine or the power of a medicine
WMP Ilokano
na-layáŋ open, clear (space)
Kayan
layaŋ wide; broad; spacious
Formosan Saisiyat
L<om>ayap to fly
Paiwan
layap to fly
WMP Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
layap be blown by the wind
Manobo (Ilianen)
layap to fly
Formosan Kavalan
RayaR sail of a raft or boat; cloth around a threshing machine
Paiwan
la-laya a flag, banner
pu-la-laya to raise a flag, fly a banner
WMP Casiguran Dumagat
layág sail; sailboat; to sail, to travel by sailboat
Tagalog
láyag sail of a boat
Bikol
láyag sail
para-láyag one who sails, a fisherman
Masbatenyo
láyag sail
Aklanon
eayág sail [of boat]
Waray-Waray
láyag sail
Hiligaynon
láyag sail (for a boat)
Cebuano
láyag sail of a boat; put up the sail
Maranao
layag sail
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
layag the sail of a water craft; to sail in a sailing craft
Mansaka
layag to sail, to set sail
Mapun
lē a sail (on a boat)
Tausug
layag a sail (the square sail used on small boats)
Kadazan Dusun
hazag sail
Tombonuwo
layag sail
l<um>ayag to sail
Ida'an Begak
layag a sail
gə-layag to sail
Bintulu
lazəh sail
Melanau (Mukah)
layah sail
Malagasy
lay a tent; a sail
Iban
layar sail
Salako
layar sail
Malay
layar sail
Acehnese
layeuë sail
meu-layeuë go on a trip, to sail, be under sail, at sea
Simalur
laeal sail
ma-laeal to sail, set out on a voyage
Toba Batak
rear sail
Nias
loyo sail
mo-loyo to sail, travel over the sea
Rejang
layea sail
be-layea to sail
Sundanese
layar sail; to sail, make a voyage
pa-layar-an sea voyage
Balinese
layah sail of a boat; to sail in a boat
Sasak
layar sail
be-layar to sail
Mongondow
leag sail
l<um>eag to sail
Kaidipang
layago sail
Totoli
leag sail
mogu-leag to sail
Lauje
layag sail
mo-layag to sail
Palauan
yars sail
Chamorro
layak mast; sails
CMP Komodo
lajah sail; to sail
Manggarai
lajar sail; to sail
Rembong
lazar sail (of a boat)
Lamaholot
laja sail
Kambera
líru sail; banner
Rotinese
la the sail of a boat
Tetun
laa-n sails (of boat)
ro laa-n sail a boat
Tugun
lar sail
Leti
lara sail
Wetan
lara sail; to sail
Dobel
ʔa-lar to sail
Nuaulu
nān-e sail
Paulohi
laal-e sail of a boat
Manipa
leale sail
Boano₂
naan sail
Buruese
laa(-n) sail
Tifu
lāh sail
SHWNG Waropen
rararo sail
OC Yapese
laay sail
Wedau
nala sail
Hula
ra sail
Motu
lara a large mat sail of lagatoi, a ship’s sail
Pokau
ra sail
Kilivila
naya sail
Dobuan
naia sail
Proto-Micronesian
*lea sail
Vowa
n-lai sail
Nakanamanga
na-lae sail
Rotuman
läe sail; canvas
Wayan
laca sail of a boat
vaka-laca have a sail, with sails
Fijian
laca a sail
Tongan
lā sail; canvas
Niue
lā sail
Futunan
lā sail; sheet
Samoan
lā sail
Tuvaluan
laa sail
Kapingamarangi
laa sail
Nukuoro
laa sail
Rennellese
gaa sail
Anuta
raa sail
Rarotongan
rā the name of the ancient mat-sail that was used on ocean-going canoes
Maori
rā sail
Hawaiian
lā sail; dorsal fin
WMP Tagalog
mag-láyag to sail, set sail
Masbatenyo
mag-láyag to sail, set sail
Tausug
mag-layag to sail (to a place)
Malagasy
mi-lay to go upon the sea, as a ship or canoe carried by sails
Malay
ber-layar to sail
Toba Batak
mar-rear to sail
SHWNG Buli
fa-lai sail; to sail, go on a trip
OC Penchal
pa-ley sail
Loniu
pe-ley sail
Sori
ba-rey sail
Lindrou
ba-ley sail
Bipi
pa-ley sail
Mussau
pa-le sail
WMP Casiguran Dumagat
layás to desert a place, to go away and not return (especially if you are angry with the people there)
Sambal (Botolan)
láyas to go away, to flee
Tagalog
láyas Go away! Begone! Depart!
layás vagabond; suffering from wanderlust
l<um>áyas to run away
layas-an to abandon someone by going or running away
Bikol
láyas wild (animals); hobo, vagrant, tramp
mag-láyas to run away from; to desert
pa-layás-on to send away; to turn out; to banish
Agutaynen
mag-layas to run away, run off; to flee, escape;to take off, leave, or abandon someone
Hiligaynon
mag-láyas to run away, to flee from. to go away without permission, to run away from home
Mansaka
layas to escape
WMP Ilokano
layás irrigated, flooded
Palawano
layas overflow banks (river); water flowing
WMP Ilokano
i-pa-layláy to expose to the heat in order to wild
na-layláy withered, faded
Kankanaey
na-layláy to hang out; to dangle; to swing loosely
Ibaloy
me-dayday to wilt, fade --- of the change of state in flowers, leaves, before they begin to rot or dry up
Tagalog
layláy hanging; drooping
i-layláy cause to droop or sag
l<um>ayláy to sag; to droop; to hang down
Bikol
layláy dangling or handing loosely
Palawano
leyley withered, faded, wilted (leaves)
Cebuano
laylay tired, drooping from fatigue; for plants to be limp or drooping
Formosan Saisiyat
Lay-Layo wither
WMP Itbayaten
xayo idea of withering
Mapun
layu wilted or withered (as plants, leaves, etc.)
ŋa-layu become wilted or withered
Kelabit
layuh wither
ŋe-layu to make something wither, as by putting it close to the fire
l<em>ayuh to wither (as a plant withering of its own accord)
Kayan
l<em>ayoʔ devastated; ravaged; completely destroyed
Ngaju Dayak
layu withering; what is withered or wilted
la-layu wilted a bit
mampa-layu to wither plants (by a fire)
Malagasy
lazo fading, withering (leaves, grass, wood)
vua-lazo faded, withered
Iban
layuʔ wither, scorched, dry (as leaves because of a long drought)
Malay
layu sere; yellowing; to fade and die; a polite expression for growing pale and ill, and even for death
padi layu-layu-an rice losing its bright green color
Gayō
layu wilted; pale, as a person’s face
Mentawai
layu to wilt; wilted
Sundanese
layu to pine away; wilt, wilted
le-layu sekar half worn-out (poetic: ‘wilted flower’)
layu-an dead body, corpse
Old Javanese
a-layu languishing, withering
layw-an fallen (picked) and fading flower
Javanese
layu to wither, fade
ke-layu to feel one has been deserted
le-layu death
Balinese
layu fade, wither
Sasak
layu wilted; worn out (of clothing)
Tae'
layu wilted, withered; to wither something (as by placing it near a fire); a corpse of trifling importance, for which the minimal death ritual is performed; used euphemistically of a corpse that has been interred without first performing the death ritual
taŋ ka-layu-an of an entire family, not affected by the death of someone in his youth (used in the supplication for long life)
Proto-Bungku-Tolaki
*layu wither
Muna
leu wither (as vegetables that are not cooked soon after picking)
WMP Itbayaten
ma-xayo to be dried, to dry, to wither, to wilt
Mapun
ma-layu wilted, withered
Tae'
ma-layu wilted, withered
Chamorro
ma-layu wilted, dry (leaves), showing lack of fluid
WMP Mapun
pa-layu allow something to wilt or wither
Ngaju Dayak
pa-la-layu make something wither a little
WMP Ilokano
na-láyog very tall; huge (said of vegetation only)
Isneg
láyug tall; a tall tree
Pangasinan
on-layóg excessive tallness; grow very tall
Aklanon
eáyog long range; high; very high; tall (as coconut trees)
Cebuano
láyug tall and quite straight (as a coconut tree)
Binukid
layug (for an old palm tree) to be very tall
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
layug of a coconut palm or an areca palm, to grow very tall
Tiruray
layug of plants and trees, tall
Tausug
layug (of a coconut tree or a person), very tall
Kaidipang
Rayugu tall (esp. of coconut trees)
WMP Ilokano
ag-layón to continue moving; continue to be in an office; remain, stay
i-layón to continue carrying up to a place
Bikol
mag-layón to work on something from dawn to dusk
WMP Ifugaw
lobág considerable and extensive swelling of the whole body, i.e. of a corpse sitting on a death-chair
Ifugaw (Batad)
lobag the swelling of someone or something, as of the body of a dead person, an infected wound, snakebite, boil
Pangasinan
lebág to increase in volume; expand under pressure
Maranao
lebag boil, carbuncle, swelling
Binukid
lebag a large boil
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
levag to swell, as a wound swells up
WMP Cebuano
lubák to pound, beat heavily with something (as in pummeling someone’s face with the fists)
Tausug
mag-lubak to beat, whip, spank someone
Malay
ləbak whack, smack
Proto-Sangiric
*ləbak to pound rice
WMP Casiguran Dumagat
lebak ravine
Mapun
labbak a valley; a dip in the road
Yakan
lebbak a hollow, dell, valley; indentation
lettud-lebbak rolling country (several hills and valleys in succession; said also of a bumpy road)
Tausug
lubbak a wide depression or hole in the ground, a hollow on the head (as caused by a blow), a depressed scar on the skin
Iban
lebak small valley, steep glen
Old Javanese
ləbak valley
Sasak
ləbak lowland between mountains
WMP Iban
lembaŋ valley, stream between two hills
Dairi-Pakpak Batak
lembaŋ valley, watercourse between two hills or mountains
WMP Malay
lembah meadow-land; low-lying land
Old Javanese
lembah low-lying ground, valley
Javanese
lembah low-lying ground (Pigeaud 1938); valley (Horne 1974)
Balinese
lebah decline (ground), slope downwards; valley, hollow
Sasak
lebah valley
Palauan
yóbəʔ ravine, valley
WMP Ifugaw
labo(h) <M nudity
Agutaynen
lebat completely undressed, naked
mag-lebat to take off, remove an article of clothing or shoes
Palawano
lebas naked, undressed
Binukid
lebas to remove, take off clothing
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
levas to take off someone’s clothing
le-levas to take off one’s own clothing
Lun Dayeh
lebha nakedness
ke-lebha pants or tekip (skirt, blouse) drop down
lebhe-in will undress
ŋe-lebha to undress someone
WMP Ilokano
lebbék smash, pound in the mortar (with a pestle). Cooked rice, bananas, dodomén or roasted immature rice, etc.
Bontok
ləbék a ceremonial rice pounding during a wedding ceremony; originally sugarcane, not rice, was placed in the lebkan mortar
ləbk-an the elongated, trough-like mortar
Kankanaey
lebék to beat small, to grind, to pound (corn)
Bikol
mag-labók to crush or pound with a pestle
Kalamian Tagbanwa
lɨbɨk pound rice; wreck, demolish
Agutaynen
lebek-en to pound rice with a traditonal, large wooden mortar and pestle
Palawan Batak
lɨbɨk pound rice
Palawano
meŋ-lebek to pound (grains)
Mansaka
lɨbɨk pound rice
Proto-East Gorontalic
*lobuko to pound (usually of rice)
WMP Iban
lembaŋ valley, stream between two hills
Mongondow
loboŋ valley, low-lying area
Formosan Saisiyat
L<om>əbəŋ to bury
Pazeh
mu-rebeŋ to bury a dead animal, garbage, etc., but not a dead person
WMP Casiguran Dumagat
ləbəŋ grave; to bury a dead person or animal
pəg-ləbŋ-an burial place
Tagalog
libíŋ burial; act of burying; interment
mag-libíŋ bury, lay to rest
libíŋ-an grave, tomb
Bikol
mag-lubóŋ bury a corpse; inter, entomb
maki-lubóŋ to attend a funeral
pag-lubóŋ funeral
lubuŋ-án cemetery, graveyard
l<in>ubŋ-án grave, tomb
Hanunóo
lúbuŋ grave; ground burial as opposed to cave burial
Maranao
lebeŋ bury; burial; grave
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
leveŋ grave; to bury
Abai Sembuak
ŋə-loboŋ to bury
Ida'an Begak
ləbpoŋ grave
Malagasy
mi-levina buried; to stay for a long time
tafa-levina buried unintentionally
voa-levina buried, interred
leven-ana a funeral
fan-deven-ana funeral, funeral ceremonies (used more frequently than leven-ana)
Karo Batak
lebeŋ hole made with a dibble stick for sowing seed
Toba Batak
loboŋ the hole one makes in the earth in order to sow maize or rice
Mongondow
i-loboŋ-an grave, tomb
loboŋ-on it must be buried, bury it!
Totoli
mo-loboŋ to bury
CMP Paulohi
lohone hole in the ground
OC Vitu
lovo grave
Gedaged
lof a pit, hole, grave, mine
WMP Itbayaten
axbeŋ pond, pool, puddle; hollow space where sea water or rain water collects
Ivatan
ahbeŋ a small, stagnant pool, a hollow where water stays
Ibatan
ahbeŋ a small, stagnant pool, a hollow where water stays
Isneg
labbáŋ a lagoon or pool of stagnent water
lab-labbáŋ the great pond that has to be crossed by the souls of the dead
Ifugaw
lobóŋ lake, pond, waterpit (even a small one); it is also applied to ricefield terraces if no rice is planted in them and the straw has been pushed into the mud
Ibaloy
debeŋ deep water
Ayta Abellan
lebeŋ area down river
WMP Ilokano
labbét flock together, gather in crowds
Iban
lebat dense (foliage), abundant (fruit), heavy (rain)
Malay
lebat set closely together, dense; heavy (of rain)
Sundanese
lɨbɨt (of a fruit tree) bear much fruit; be richly laden
CMP Manggarai
lebet dense, luxuriant (of vegetation)
WMP Kadazan Dusun
hobi more, extra, superfluous (in comparison)
Bintulu
ləɓiʔ extra, excess
Iban
lebih more, extra, overmuch, superior
nadai be-lebih there’s nothing over
Rhade
əbeh excessive, extra
Malay
ləbeh more; in excess
ber-ləbeh-kuraŋ to wax and wane (of the moon)
mə-ləbeh-i to surpass
Acehnese
lɨbeh more, in a high degree; remainder
Gayō
lebih more, in excess
Karo Batak
lebih more, in excess, surplus
ŋe-lebih-i give more than the (standard) measure
Toba Batak
lobi more, too much, leftover, remainder; abundance
l<um>obi more
lobi-lobi excess, what is left over
Sundanese
ləbih excessive, be left over
Old Javanese
ləwih superior, higher, better, more; surpassing, exceeding(ly), prominent, eminent; more so, especially; superiority, etc.
Javanese
luwih more than; exceeding normal bounds; especially; all the more so
k(e)-luwih-en too many, too much
Balinese
lebih plus
ŋe-lebih-in to exceed, be more
lebih-an more, being more
Sasak
ləbih more
ləbih-aŋ to increase
Tae'
laʔbi more
ka-laʔbi-an superiority, exceed, be greater than
laʔbi-nna excess, remainder
Buginese
ləbbi more
Makassarese
laʔbi more (than); remainder
CMP Rembong
lebi-lebiʔ too much, too many
WMP Maranao
leleb lose property pawned due to failure to pay; foreclosure
Malay
lelap forfeit (a pledge)
Old Javanese
leleb expired, lapsed, forfeited
Balinese
lebleb be forfeited (a pledge) (Formosan only)
Formosan Pazeh
reberep foggy, misty weather
Puyuma
ɭəbɭəb very heavy fog
Formosan Pazeh
ma- reberep foggy, misty; cloudy and misty
Puyuma
mə-ɭəbɭəb very heavy fog (the horizon is completely obscured; the weather is gloomy and promises rain, which will clear the sky and enable good weather to return)
WMP Pangasinan
lebléb to soak in liquid
Tausug
mag-lublub for people or animals to wallow in the mud; for vehicles to get stuck in the mud
Ngaju Dayak
lelep to overflow
Balinese
lebleb dive, go under water
OC Pak
lol to sink, to drown
Ulawa
lo-lolo a swamp in which sago plants grow
Fijian
lolo beginning to rise, of the tide
Tongan
lolo to push or dip under water, to duck
lōf-ia be inundated
Samoan
lolo to overflow; a flood
lōf-ia be flooded over
WMP Hanunóo
lubúg cloudiness, turbidity
ma-lubúg hazy
Maranao
lebog muddy water
Tausug
lubug (of a liquid) turbid, muddied
ma-lubug to become turbid or muddied
Ida'an Begak
lebpog mud where buffalos bathe
Old Javanese
lebug mud
WMP Bikol
mag-labók to crush or pound with a pestle
Cebuano
lubúk to pound with a pestle
lubk-an-an place where pounding is done; mortar
Malay
ləbok-ləbak thuds, as of cannonballs raining down
ləbuk a dull thud
Gorontalo
mo-lobuʔo to pound, as rice
Mandar
lambuʔ pound something until it is the consistency of flour
WMP Maranao
leboq parcel of land, plot or lot of land
Melanau (Mukah)
ləbuʔ house
Lahanan
ləvu longhouse
Dusun Malang
leuʔ village
Kapuas
lewuʔ village
Toba Batak
lobu an abandoned village site that is still recognizable from its remains
Old Javanese
ləbuh open space (road or square) in town or village
CMP Lamaholot
ləwo village (community of people together with their communal ritual house)
WMP Tagalog
lubóg submerged
l<um>ubóg to submerge, sink
Bikol
mag-labóg to catch fish in the mud, fields, streams, using only the hands
Aklanon
eubóg murky, clouded, dirty (water)
Maranao
lebog muddy water
Tboli
lebol to make turbid, murky or muddy, rile up
Kadazan Dusun
hobug to wallow
ho-hobug-an pool, buffalo pool
Malay
ləbur name given to places where subsidence of the ground has taken place as a result of a supernatural storm (Evans 1923:271)
Sangir
ma-ləbuhəʔ turbid, muddy
mata ma-ləbuhəʔ dim or cloudy vision (as in old age)
Proto-Minahasan
*ləbuh turbid, muddy
Formosan Amis
lcik small broken pieces that have flown and landed someplace
WMP Buginese
lessik spattered
WMP Tiruray
lesit slip or force something out a hole in its container
Malay
lecit be squeezed into squirting out, as a pip out of certain fruits, or of matter from a boil
OC Nggela
loi-losi sponge
Arosi
rosi to wring, twist, squeeze, as coconut fiber in straining coconut scrapings
WMP Itbayaten
axsot idea of being driven out by pressure
Cebuano
lusut to pass, go through (as a big toe coming out of torn socks); in basketball, to drive through the defense
Iban
lecut (of knots, ropes, etc.) slip, become loose, come off
Malay
lecut squeeze out the contents of anything
Tae'
lessuʔ loose, free
Mandar
lassuʔ free (from a cage, fetters)
Makassarese
lassuʔ be born
WMP Ayta Abellan
ledek for someone to pound grain in a mortar with a pestle
Sasak
lədək fine (of flour)
WMP Itbayaten
m-axdem dark, dim
Tagalog
lilim shade; a partly dark place not in the sunshine; shadow, partial darkness
Formosan Puyuma
ɭəɖəp to sink
Paiwan
ledep to dive, plunge
ka-ledep west, west wind
ma-ledep sunset
WMP Casiguran Dumagat
lədəp to swim under water
iye-ldəp to dip something under water
Formosan Paiwan
l<m>edep to dive (as into water)
WMP Casiguran Dumagat
l<om>dəp to swim under water
Formosan Puyuma
ɭəɖɭəɖ rub one’s eyes or nose with a circular movement
WMP Ilokano
ledled-én to rub the eyes; rub something itchy
Casiguran Dumagat
lə́dləd to scratch or rub the eye
WMP Bikol
lagóŋ bass (sound of the voice), low in pitch
Malay
ləgoŋ to boom, esp. of a gong
WMP Karo Batak
leŋgur thunder
CMP Rembong
legur thunder
Formosan Puyuma
ləkab peel off (as skin of a fruit, skin of sugarcane)
WMP Ilokano
ma-lekkáb to be taken apart, torn off, severed, separated
lekkab-én to separate, sunder, (as toenail from foot)
Maranao
lekab take off, as petiole of banana leaf, separate
Sangir
lekabeʔ pull off, take off (as a piece of paper that has been glued on to something)
Bare'e
loka open, undo fastenings, uncover
Wolio
loŋka get loose, come off, become detached, peel off
WMP Ilokano
lekkáŋ separate, disunite, sever, sunder
Kayan
lekaŋ a gap
Iban
lekaŋ lekaŋ wide open
Malay
lekaŋ bursting or cracking, as under the influence of heat; easily shelled, of fruit of which the outer shell does not adhere to the flesh
Mongondow
loŋkaŋ loosening of the outer skin
CMP Manggarai
lekaŋ untie, open, separate (as two people who are fighting)
WMP Maranao
lekaʔ to open
Malay
lekah splitting, to crack
lekah buŋa first blooming of a flower (Echols and Shadily)
Tae'
lakka split, burst
Muna
leŋka to open
CMP Bimanese
leka force open
Manggarai
leha separate
Ngadha
leka open, unfold, untie
Sika
leka split small pieces of wood
OC 'Āre'āre
roka open, unfolded
WMP Bontok
ləkás to remove some of one’s clothes; to partially undress
Maranao
lekas undress
Tiruray
lekas change clothes, undress
Tboli
lekas to use something (as a lever) to open something up; to give something in order to obtain what one wants; to get a separation from one’s spouse
Kayan
lekah to release, let hold of; to spring, of a trap; opened up by steaming (as a boat hull)
CMP Manggarai
lekas open something that is rolled up
Ngadha
leka open up, unfold, loosen, untie; undress
WMP Subanon
mo-lokas fast (as in running)
Yakan
lakkes <M fast, quickly; to be fast or do something quickly
pa-lakkes to speed up something
Tboli
lekakas quickly
Iban
lekas ~ leŋkas quickly, speedily
Malay
ləkas quickly; speedily
WMP Kankanaey
lekéb to patch; to piece; to botch; to clout
Ifugaw
lokób patch used to cover a hole, a breach of clothes
Ibaloy
dekeb door of a house; also similar structures (as window shutters)
i-dekeb to close the door
man-de<l>keb to shut oneself in behind a closed door (as for secret conversation)
Hanunóo
lukúb skin, bark, cover, outer layer
Cebuano
lukúb enclose something in an area, or by putting something over it; shutter, cover
Maranao
lekeb lid, cover
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
lekeb door, shutter
Yakan
lekkeb lid, cover (as of a bottle, jar, box, or pot)
lekkeb-an to cover something (as with a lid)
Melanau (Mukah)
lekeb lid, cover
lekeb mata eyelid
Simalur
loŋkob cover; door
Sichule
löŋkob shut, cover
WMP Cebuano
lúkun coil up, coil something up, usually in several coils
CMP Buruese
leke- to coil
leke-n a coil
WMP Casiguran Dumagat
lekep for a hen to cover its baby chicks with her wings
Mapun
lakkop to be enveloped, covered completely (by lots of something, as a lump of sugar covered by ants)
Malay
lekap to cuddle up or lie flat against. Of a child, a stamp adhering to a letter, etc.
WMP Cebuano
lukúp do something the entire area of something; do something to each and every one or thing
lukup-lúkup go over almost the entire area of something
Malay
leŋkap complete; having all its parts or requisites
me-leŋkap-i to fit out
Old Javanese
ləŋkəp complete (?)
Tontemboan
ləkəp complete, full, bring to completion
po-ləkəp that with which one completes something, as goods to settle a debt for which only a half cash payment was made
l<um>əkəp to bring to completion, make complete
Mongondow
mo-lokop complete, full; to fulfill; to become complete
WMP Balinese
lekes roll something up; a rolled up object
CMP Manggarai
lekes curling this way and that, twisted around (as the body of an eel)
WMP Kayan
leket stuck fast; sticky
Bintulu
ləkət adhesive, sticky
mə-ləkət to stick, adhere
Ngaju Dayak
leket stuck, firmly fixed; adhere firmly to; retain in one’s memory
Iban
lekat sticky; stick, adhere to; stuck, caught, fixed
Malay
lekat adhering; sticking
lekat-kan to paste (a bill on a wall); to stick (a stamp on a letter)
Toba Batak
lohot stuck, firmly fixed; adhere firmly to
Javanese
leket to adhere to (as objects glued together); to stick together, of people
Balinese
leket adhere to, be sticky
leket manah what is stuck in the mind; an unforgettable thing, something printed on the memory
Tae'
laʔkaʔ sticky; to stick to something
WMP Ilokano
lakkó ham, popliteal space; part of the arm opposite the elbow
Isneg
lakkó curl up and sleep, said of dogs
Casiguran Dumagat
leko for an animal to lie down curled up
Maranao
leko lie down
leko-aʔ animal lair; mudhole for carabao
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
leku of an animal, to lie down
Iban
lekuʔ coil, convolution
pe-lekuʔ bend; curl up (as a dog)
Malay
leku rest the elbows on any surface
teleku rest the elbows on any surface
CMP Li'o
leku fold
Proto-Ambon
*leku fold, bend
OC Manam
loku to fold up
Motu
loku-a to double up, fold, roll up
Nggela
logu bend, fold double, as bamboo tongs
loku fold, make a roll of, reef a sail
Sa'a
loku to bend, be doubled back; curl, of a snake
WMP Casiguran Dumagat
ləkop for the fingernail or toenail to come off (because of an infection under it from a burn)
Yakan
mag-lekkup to remove something that is firmly fixed in its place
pa-lekkup to come off, peel (like skin, paint)
Formosan Kavalan
mu-rku to stoop, as an old person walking; to bend one’s head
WMP Cebuano
lúkuʔ be curled up (as the body), loaf in bed; fall down in a curled-up position
lúkuʔ-lúkuʔ inside of the knee joints
Mapun
lakkuʔ a sharp bend in something (as in steel)
ŋa-lakkuʔ to bend something sharply at an angle
Sa'ban
ləkoʔ joint of the body
Lawangan
lokuʔ lie down
OC Seimat
loku- elbow, knee
WMP Isneg
mag-lakkó to curl up and sleep (said of dogs)
Casiguran Dumagat
ləko for an animal to lie down curled up
Palawano
leku to lie down (animals only)
Cebuano
lúkuʔ be curled up (as a person’s body); loaf in bed; fall down in a curled-up position
WMP Maranao
leleb lose property pawned due to failure to pay; forfeited
Old Javanese
lələb expired, lapsed, forfeited
Balinese
leleb be forfeited (a pledge)
WMP Kelabit
ləm at, in
ləm uaŋ inside
OC Ponam
lo in, inside
Bipi
lo in, inside
Tigak
lo in, into, to, on
Mota
lo what is inward, and thence place; in, at; as in compound preposition alo (‘in, on’), ilo (‘into’), talo (‘of or belonging to’); in names of places, as Lo Sepere
Araki
lo in, on, at; locative preposition referring to space
WMP Yami
ema soft
me-hma soft (as a sweet potato)
Itbayaten
axma idea of being soft or easy
Iban
lemah soft, weak, feeble, languid (as a person who doesn’t feel up to doing anything)
Malay
ləmah soft; weak; lacking in rigidity, strength or stiffness; slack (of the tide)
Makassarese
lamma weak, soft, limp
CMP Tetun
leba to carry or transport any object from the ends of a pole with the center supported by the shoulder
Buruese
leba-h to carry on a carrying pole
WMP Kapampangan
ma-lambút soft
maŋa-lambút to feel weak, limp
Tagalog
lambót weakness (ref. to body)
ma-lambót limp; soft; slack
Iban
lembut soft, weak
Malay
ləmbut soft to the touch; supple; pliable; of a smooth, delicate skin; of a weakness such that a man was unable to lift twenty catties; of being able to soften a woman’s heart
Sundanese
lembut very small; soft (of the voice); thin, fine (as of hair); also the spiritual part of a person
Old Javanese
ləmbut fine, soft, thin; delicate, gentle, refined
Javanese
lembut fine, thin, small (this is the Ngoko form; Krama is lembat); fine, of downy feathers, thin, of slices; fine, of grains of salt; refined (of character)
Balinese
lembut fine, soft to the feel, floury, smooth (skin)
Sasak
ləmbut soft, fine
Formosan Puyuma (Tamalakaw)
a-lmek soft, flexible, as of rice-cake, calf of the leg
WMP Pangasinan
lemék become soft
Agutaynen
ma-lemek tender, soft, as of meat, beans that are boiled; mushy, of rotten fish, etc.
Maranao
lemek soft
Kadazan Dusun
homok soft, muddy
ka-hamak-an act of softening
h<um>omok to become soft or muddy
Melanau (Mukah)
lemek soft
WMP Abaknon
lammok fat, stout, obese; greasy
Cebuano
lumúk for the hair to be oily after oil has been applied to it; be, become oily
Abai Sembuak
lomok fat, obese
Kelabit
lemek fat of an animal, grease
Iban
lemak animal fat, lard, suet, grease; (of food, land) fat, rich
Malay
ləmak fat; grease; rich oiliness; richness
Balinese
lemek fertile, good (soil)
CMP Manggarai
lemek fertile (of soil)
WMP Cebuano
lúmuŋ for water to collect and form a pool
CMP Manggarai
lemeŋ oozing, wet (of soil)
WMP Iban
lemaŋ glutinous rice cooked in green bamboo
Malay
ləmaŋ cooking in a vessel of green bamboo lined inside with palm-leaf (a primitive method of cooking still in use among the aborigines and practiced by the Malays for certain dishes and occasions)
nasi ləmaŋ rice so cooked
Old Javanese
lemeŋ-lemeŋ-an food cooked in a vessel of green bamboo
Javanese
di-lemeŋ cooked in a bamboo vessel with water
lemeŋ-an rice boiler
Makassarese
lammaŋ a hunter’s feast consisting of large pieces of the best venison that one puts together with all kinds of other ingredients in a bamboo cooker that one then sets next to the fire
WMP Agutaynen
lemek tender, soft, as of meat, beans that are boiled; soft, as of a mattress, rotten fish, etc.; loose, as of a cough
Mapun
lammaʔ softness; easy-going, flexible, receptive, patient; easy to overcome; weak (as one’s opponent)
pa-lammaʔ to soften something; to become soft or tender; to tenderize something
Tboli
lemek soft spot on the head of a newborn, a portion above the forehead where the bone formation is not yet completed; to soften by cooking
Kayan (Uma Juman)
ləma weak, soft
Malagasy
lemi softness, meekness, gentleness
ma-lemi soft, mollient, meek, gentle, paralytic
man-demi to soften
Iban
lemah soft, weak, feeble, languid
ŋe-lemah diriʔ to tire oneself out (as by physical exercise)
Malay
ləmah soft; weak; lacking in rigidity, strength or stiffness; slack (of the tide)
Balinese
lemeh slack, lazy at work, taking it easy, idle
Sasak
ləmaʔ very flexible in the elbow joint so that one can bend his elbow backward
ləmah plump, chubby; friendly (in talking to people)
Tae'
lammaʔ soft, weak
sika-lammaʔ gentle, mild, be friendly to one another
Buginese
ləmmaʔ weak, soft
Makassarese
lamma weak, soft, slack (also of leadership); flexible, supple; inner part of bread
WMP Agutaynen
lemek tender, soft, as of meat, beans that are boiled; soft, as of a mattress, rotten fish, etc.
Central Tagbanwa
ma-lɨmɨk soft
Mandar
ma-lemmeʔ soft (as banana, jackfruit, etc.) that is already ripe
WMP Karo Batak
lemer soak, wet through from the rain
CMP Manggarai
lemer ooze a little
WMP Itbayaten
axmes idea of drowning
Ilokano
i-lemmés to drown (someone)
Ayta Maganchi
ləməh sink, drown
Bikol
ma-lamós to drown
lamos-ón to drown someone
Aklanon
eumós to drown (either accidentally or intentionally)
Cebuano
lumús drown, get drowned
Central Tagbanwa
lɨmɨt to drown
Iban
lemas stifled, drowned; (fig.) of a baby, stillborn, dead in the womb
Malay
ləmas stifled by smoke, mud or water; (fig.) dizzy, confused
ləmas di-dalam laut drowned at sea
Proto-Sangiric
*ləmis to drown
Tontemboan
ləsəm <M stifle, choke, suffocate; drown; extinguish (as a fire)
ləsəm-an ən api to douse a fire
Mongondow
i-lomot stifled, smothered
l<um>omot stifle, choke, suffocate; drown
Proto-South Sulawesi
*lɨmmɨs to drown
Makassarese
lammasaʔ to sink under, drown; suffocate (as in smoke)
Chamorro
lumos to drown, suffocate
OC Wayan
lomo be under water, submerged (as a reef at high tide); of a container, be filled by dipping under water
lomo-ci plunge something under water, fill something by dipping it
WMP Itbayaten
ma-xmes to be drowned, to drown
Ilokano
ma-lmes to drown (in water, in sorrows, etc.)
Agutaynen
ma-lemet to accidentally drown
Tausug
ma-lumus to lose consciousness due to water in the lungs or lack of air in the lungs (death does not always result), drown
Sangir
ma-ləmmisəʔ drowned
Chamorro
ma-tmos drown, be drowned
WMP Itbayaten
axmes-en to cause to drown
Ilokano
lemmes-en to drown, put in water
Agutaynen
lemet-en to intentionally drown a person or an animal
Tausug
lumus-un to drown (someone or an animal)
Makassarese
lammassaŋ to hold under water, drown (someone or something)
WMP Tboli
lemtub blister
Malay
letup blister on the skin
WMP Ilokano
lámi soft, flabby, flaccid, frail, weak
Iban
lemi soft, weak
WMP Maranao
lemiʔ press, dent
Bare'e
lomi dimple in cheek or chin (considered a mark of beauty in girls)
WMP Maranao
lemiʔ to press hard (as in kneading dough)
OC Tongan
lomi to press, press down or press in
Niue
lomi to press; to print, to type
Samoan
lomi (of muscles, etc.) knead (a form of medical treatment)
Rennellese
gomi to press a little
gomi-gomi to massage, press repeatedly
Rarotongan
romi to squeeze, to massage, to knead
Formosan Saisiyat (Taai)
LəmLəm cloud
Saisiyat (Tungho)
əməm fog, mist
Thao
ma-rumrum dim (because of insufficient light)
Bunun
humhum twilight
WMP Bontok
ləmlə́m typhoon; period of wet weather lasting for several days
Kankanaey
men-lemlém rain continuously, drizzle the whole day
Ifugaw
lomlóm drizzling rain
Tagalog
limlím impending darkness
Toba Batak
lomlom dark, black
WMP Tagalog
lumó extreme physical weakness
Aklanon
eumó (h) to consider easy, find easy
Cebuano
lumú tender, gentle in personality
Tiruray
lemu easy, cheap
Ngaju Dayak
lemo weakness
Old Javanese
ləmu kindly disposed, sympathetic?
WMP Cebuano
lumúy ~ lúmuy soft and delicate, not rigid
Iban
lemi soft, weak
WMP Itbayaten
xenxen-en to roll up (the sleeves)
Ilokano
i-lenlén to wrinkle, ruffle, push to one side
Casiguran Dumagat
lənlən pushed up into wrinkles (such as pant legs when crossing a river)
Agutaynen
lenlen-en to push something aside, or scrunch it up, in order to make room for something else
WMP Kapampangan
lantik arched somewhat, not toward the inside, but toward the outside (Bergaño 1860)
Tagalog
lantik graceful curve of eyelashes, hips, etc.
Iban
lentik bent backwards, as in walking
Malay
ləntek a very gentle curve at the tip (admired)
WMP Malay
leñap sound (of sleep)
Sangir
lennabeʔ sound asleep
WMP Malay
leñap gone, vanished
Palauan
iéləb flood (of major proportions)
mə-leləb cover, submerge; flood over; cover (person) with blanket, etc.
WMP Yami
aned sink
om-ned to sink
Itbayaten
ahned idea of sinking
Ilokano
lennéd sink, be flooded, engulfed
Pangasinan
lenér drown
Hanunóo
lúnud covering up; drowning
Aklanon
eúnud sink, go under water
Cebuano
lúnud sink something
Maranao
ga-lened sink
Kadazan Dusun
h<um>onod to drown
lonod-on to be drowned
Ida'an Begak
lənnod drowned
Kayan
leñen drown
Melanau (Mukah)
leñed sink
WMP Isneg
lannáp to overflow
na-lnáp flooded
Cebuano
lúnup flood; for an emotion to flood over one
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
lenep duck so as not to be seen; duck or go under the water
Kayan (Uma Juman)
leñep flooded, covered by water (as a boulder inundated by rising water in the river)
Malay
leñap gone, vanished
WMP Ilokano
leŋŋa sesame seed, sesame plant: Sesamum orientale
Isneg
laŋŋá the sesame or benne: Sesamum orientale L. A few seeds of sesame mixed with the grains of rice that have been made ready for planting “teach” the latter to grow vigorously
Tagalog
liŋá sesame; a herb of East Indian origin, the seeds of which are a source of oil
Hanunóo
lúŋa sesame, much used as flavoring: Sesamum indicum Linn.
Cebuano
luŋá sesame seeds used for tidbit decorations or flavorings on sweets: Sesamum orientale
Maranao
leŋa sesame plant: Sesamum orientale L.
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
leŋa sesame, Sesamum orientale; the seed is used for food; the oil of the seed is extracted and used for a cosmetic and for cooking; the leaves are used for cleansing hair
Tiruray
leŋoh a general term for sesame: Sesamum orientale Linn.
Iban
ləŋaʔ sesame: Sesamum indicum L.
Proto-Chamic
*laŋa sesame
Jarai
rəŋa sesame
Rhade
əŋa sesame seed
Malay
miñak ləŋa gingelly oil (obtained from bijan, i.e. Sesamum indicum)
Karo Batak
leŋa sesame seed: Sesamum indicum
Toba Batak
loŋa a plant with pitch-black seeds: Sesamum indicum
Sundanese
ləŋa oil (< Javanese)
Old Javanese
ləŋa seseame; sesame oil; oil
l<in>əŋa-n to rub with oil
Javanese
leŋa oil
Balinese
leŋa sesame
Sasak
ləŋa the oil-yielding sesame plant
Proto-Sangiric
*leŋa sesame
Tae'
laŋa the sesame plant: Sesamum indicum; the seed is used in the preparation of pastries and to flavor rice, and produces sesame oil
Makassarese
laŋŋa plant with a seed that yields a useful oil: Sesamum orientale
Wolio
laŋa plant with edible fruit: Sesamum orientale
CMP Tetun
lena sesame: Sesamum indicum
WMP Kadazan Dusun
hoŋon arm, hand, forearm
Tombonuwo
loŋon arm, hand
Basap
ləŋən arm
Lun Dayeh
leŋen arm
Kelabit
leŋen arm
Kenyah
leŋen lower arm
Murik
ləŋən arm from elbow to shoulder
Kayan
leŋen upper arm
Kayan (Uma Juman)
leŋen arm
Melanau (Mukah)
leŋen arm
Seru
loŋon arm
Ba'amang
leŋe arm
Paku
loŋun hand
Malay
leŋan arm; sleeve of garment; foreleg of animal; arm or forethigh of horse
Sundanese
leuŋeun hand; forelegs of an animal that can grasp or strike with the forelegs
Old Javanese
leŋen arm
Javanese
leŋen lower arm
Balinese
leŋen arm, forearm
la-leŋen doorpost, gatepost
CMP Selaru
lena upper arm
WMP Itawis
lakáb lying face-down
mal-lakáb to lie face-down
mapa-lakáb to stumble
Maranao
lekeb turn upside down
Tiruray
leŋkeb (of an infant) rolling over on its stomach; laid face down
Muna
loŋko lie face down, lie prone
loŋkof-i lie face down on or over someone; cover with the body
WMP Kelabit
lekiʔ high-pitched (of voices, as a girl's voice)
CMP Manggarai
leŋki screech, scream
WMP Ilokano
laŋkók lower part of the thumb, including the adductor pollicis and the first phalanx
Malay
leŋkok a bend, curve or twist
CMP Manggarai
lekok to draw (a bow)
WMP Tagalog
lukóŋ concavity (of plates, basins, etc.)
ma-lukóŋ concave; hollow and curved; bowl-shaped, cup-shaped
lukuŋ-án to make something concave
Cebuano
lúkuŋ make a coil; form a circle from something stiff
Malay
ləŋkuŋ curved; curved; hollow
Rejang
lekuŋ to bend; bent, as a tree that has not grown straight
Balinese
lekuŋ concave
leŋkuŋ be bowed, bent, spherical; a bow, bend, semicircle
Sasak
ləŋkuŋ bent, curved
OC Nggela
loku to reef a sail; to make a coil of a fishing line
loŋgu to bend, fold double, as bamboo tongs
Sa'a
loʔu to bend, to double back (as a pocketknife)
Arosi
roku to fold up
WMP Sambal (Bolinaw)
l<um>pad to fly
Sambal (Tina)
l<om>par to fly
Sambal (Botolan)
lɨpad to fly
Ayta Abellan
lepad flight; to fly
Tagalog
lipád flight, flying
pag-lipád flight; flying
l<um>ipád to fly
lipar-ín to fly to or towards something
Palawano
lepad flight
lepad-en to fly
Cebuano
lupád to fly, take a plane, be sent flying; pass swiftly by; fly into a rage
Mamanwa
lɨpad to fly
Tiruray
refar to fly
Proto-Minahasan
*lempad to fly
Tondano
lempar to fly
Tonsawang
lepad to fly
WMP Isneg
lappág to slap, to buffet
Itawis
lappág spanking, slap
Old Javanese
lempag to deal a blow
Balinese
lempag strike, hit with something
WMP Ilokano
leppák separate at the joints (bones, roasted chickens, palm spines, etc.)
OC Arosi
roha break something brittle
WMP Central Tagbanwa
lɨpak to explode, erupt (of a volcano)
Maranao
lepak beat; dull sound
Mapun
lappak to slap or swat (as a mosquito on one’s body); to pat on the back
Malay
lepak (onom.) fall with a thud
WMP Ilokano
leppáp compressed, oblate, flattened (at the poles), of tomatoes, etc.
Malay
ter-lepap flattened against the ground, fallen on one's face
perahu lepap a flat-bottomed dinghy
WMP Ilokano
leppás-en to finish, end, terminate, accomplish; perfect
i-leppás to finish, complete, do until the end
ma-lpás to be able to finish
Isneg
lappás finished, ended, gone
na-lpás finished, ended, gone
Bontok
ləpas the remainder; the last part; the part which is left to be done
ʔi-ləpas to complete; to finish
Ifugaw
lopa(h) conveys the idea of finishing, ending a certain work or action that cannot be accomplished within a short time, or a series of actions which pertain to one whole and are conceived of as forming a single complex, for example, a celebration, a work, a headhunting expedition, etc. that lasts several days
Tagalog
lipás lapsed (referring to a designated time); out of style or fashion (as clothes or some practice); old-fashioned; out of date; obsolete; antiquated; archaic; old; no longer potent (as drugs or the like); faded (as a scent or a color); stale (of food, wine, etc. that has lost its good taste
pag-lipás passage, passing (as of time)
l<um>ipás to elapse; to pass; to slip away; to lapse; to pass away; to roll by; to pass by; to be transient, passing or fleeting
Bikol
mag-alpás <M to free, set loose (usually birds, small animals)
maka-alpás to get loose, get free, break away
Maranao
lepas omit, leave, overtake, forgive, pass by
Tiruray
lefas to pass by, to go beyond a certain place
Malagasy
lefa gone, run away
man-defa to set at liberty, to release, to send off, to set off, to fire off
mi-lefa to run away
vua-lefa set at liberty; set off, fired off
Iban
lepas free, at large; set free, dismiss, release, let go; past, after
Malay
lepas freed; open; unbounded; let loose; left behind; after; subsequent to
Sundanese
ləpas loose, free; out of service; dismissed; also quick, swift
Old Javanese
ləpas free (from bonds), released; let go, thrown (flying missile); set going, moving off, leaving, going away, leaving others behind; moving unhindered and swiftly
Javanese
lepas detached, loosened; to let go of; off and on, temporary
ŋe-lepas to let loose, release, let fly; to shoot many missiles or shoot missiles repeatedly; to hit something with a missile
Balinese
lepas loose, escape, vanish from sight; not reach, fail to hit, fail to hurt, be separated, dismissed
ŋe-lepas to die (High Balinese)
Sasak
ləpas to get loose, come loose (also used of penned-up animals); exempted, as from a duty or burden
ŋə-ləpas to loosen
Gorontalo
lopa-lopato freed
Makassarese
lappasaʔ loose, liberated, free; dismissed, discharged; come to an end, past
Formosan Kavalan
repaw house
WMP Kelabit
ləpo hut in the jungle where one can stay overnight when travelling away from the village
ləpo pade rice granary
Kenyah
lepaw a shelter, a house in the paddy field
Kayan
lepaw a hut
lepaw parey a storehouse for rice
Kayan (Uma Juman)
lepo hut, building other than a longhouse
Ngaju Dayak
lepaw small hut raised on four to six posts that have round, smooth rat guards; rice is stored in the lepaw
Samihim
lampau house
Malay
lepau back-veranda or kitchen-veranda of a Malay house
Gayō
lepo veranda
Rejang
lepaw foodstall, coffee shop
CMP Sika
lepo house
Atoni
lopo the lopo is the village granary and meeting-place; it is a house without walls, with four pillars in addition to a maternal pillar (ni ainaf) in the center (Schulte Nordholt 1971:96)
WMP Bikol
mag-lapáw to look too far beyond for something that is being pointed out; to look too far beyond or go too far beyond
Tiruray
lefew to hurl something above and beyond something else; to surpass
WMP Maranao
lepes simultaneous
CMP Manggarai
lepes successive, one after the other
WMP Isneg
lappát stopper; anything which stops, fills up, closes, shuts
Old Javanese
lepet tight, tightly bound, compressed, compact
WMP Ibaloy
man-de-lpet to double, double up
pan-depet-an to bend double in doing something
Maranao
lepet to wrap
Kayan
lepet to fold over
Proto-Minahasan
*ləpət to fold
Muna
lopo to double, make an extra one, add one
CMP Bimanese
lipi to fold
Manggarai
lepet a fold; to fold
WMP Maranao
lepet to wrap
lepet-aʔ wrapper
Binukid
lepet cooked rice wrapped in leaves; to wrap up food in a leaf
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
lepet to wrap in a banana leaf or other wrapper
l<in>epet a bundle of food wrapped up
Kadazan Dusun
hopot to pack, wrap
Malay
ləpat rice in oblong or cylindrical leaf-packages, i.e. for use as food on a journey (much as European sandwiches)
Old Javanese
ləpət tight, tightly bound, compressed, compact
WMP Malay
lepék a dull squelching sound
CMP Manggarai
lepék break wood with the hand; pluck, snap with the fingers (shoots of tobacco or vegetables), snap off
WMP Cebuano
lúpiʔ turned down corner of a page
Maranao
lepiʔ fold; hem
Tausug
lupiʔ a folded part of something, a line or mark made by folding, crease (as of trousers)
Kadazan Dusun
hopi folds, plaits
Kayan
lepi hem of cloth; lap or folded edge
Malay
lepéh turned back or over (as the border of a mat, the hem of a handkerchief or the corner of a page)
Old Javanese
ləpih fold; double the sum, twice the amount
WMP Maranao
lepit thin, flat
CMP Manggarai
lepit layered
WMP Malagasy
a-léfitra to be folded, to be bent
voa-léfitra folded, bent, plaited
Karo Batak
lempit a fold
ŋe-lempit to fold over
Toba Batak
lompit folded, doubled over, as one surface onto another
Sundanese
ləpit fold, pleat, crease
Old Javanese
ləpit cleft, narrow valley
l<in>əpit to pleat, fold
Javanese
lempit-an way of folding; folded
ke-lempit to get folded accidentally
Balinese
lepit-an fold, pleat (in a garment); inner leaf of a book
CMP Manggarai
lepit slip in, insert; in layers
Kambera
làpitu to fold
OC Arosi
ropi to fold arms tightly
Fijian
lobi to fold lengthwise and crosswise, of a large piece of cloth
WMP Javanese
lelep sink below the surface; drown
CMP Manggarai
lelep immerse, as a blade in tempering it
WMP Ilokano
leplep absolute silence, e.g. when someone has shouted; hush, silence, be still
Malay
lelap lapse into deep slumber (of a person)
tidur lelap deep sleep
WMP Cebuano
lúpuʔ small blackish fish with lightly toxic dorsal spines, often found on the bottom in fresh or brackish waters: Gymnapistes niger
Iban
le-lepu fish with venomous fins, Angler and Goblin fish
Malay
ikan lepu generic for a number of fishes with venomous fins, angler fish and goblin fish (Antennaridae and Scorpaenidae)
Sasak
lepoʔ spiny sea fish
CMP Manggarai
lepu kind of short-bodied sea fish
OC Mota
low checkered swinefish
WMP Hanunóo
lupúk stamping of the feet, or of a single foot
Hiligaynon
lupúk to burst, blow out, erupt
Malay
lepok-lepak fall with a thud, of fruit dropping continuously
WMP Maranao
lepoʔ cripple, lame
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
lepuʔ break a bone or a limb of the body
Tiruray
lefoʔ a bone fracture; to fracture a bone
Malay
lepoh crooked (of a limb); twisted, bent
WMP Aklanon
eupóʔ poisonous freshwater fish
Cebuano
lúpuʔ small blackish fish with lightly toxic dorsal spines, often found on the bottom in fresh or brackish waters: Gymnapistes niger
CMP Manggarai
lepu kind of short-bodied sea fish
OC Mota
low checkered swinefish
WMP Hiligaynon
lupút have loose bowel movement, have diarrhea
Maranao
lepot force out, cough off
Kenyah
ŋa-leput use the blowpipe
tai leput go hunting with blowpipe
Kiput
ləpuːt spit out
OC Nggela
lovu-lovu to puff
WMP Bikol
laʔgok gulp down, wolf down
Sundanese
leguk a swallow (of liquid), draught
Sasak
leguk gulp, swallow
OC Roviana
leo-na throat
Eddystone/Mandegusu
leo-na thyroid cartilage, Adam’s apple; throat
Nggela
leo-leo dialect, foreign language; speak a foreign language
Lau
leo speech (only in names in genealogies)
Mota
leo word, report, law
Tongan
leʔo voice, sound
Samoan
leo voice, sound
Rennellese
geʔo voice, sound; noise; pronunciation; accent
Rarotongan
reo voice; tone; speech; utterance; language; dialect; form of words
Hawaiian
leo voice; tone; tune; sound; command; advice; syllable; plea, verbal message; speak, make a sound
WMP Cebuano
lusáʔ nit, egg of a louse
SHWNG Buli
loas <M nit, egg of a louse
CMP Tetun
lesi(k) an overabundance; he who has things in overabundance (i.e. a noble or lord)
Buruese
lesi excessively
lesi-h to exceed
lesi-n excessively
WMP Tiruray
lesit slip or force something out a hole in its container
Iban
lesit take out the kernel
Bahasa Indonesia
me-lesit squirt out
WMP Itbayaten
man-xesxes to roll (as in forming tobacco), to roll oneself a cigar when needed
xesxes-en to make a cigar
Ibatan
lesles roll up the sleeves, pant legs, bags, etc.
Ilokano
leslés plait in clothing
Agta (Dupaningan)
mag-lesles lift or roll up clothes when crossing a body of water so that they do not get wet
Agta (Eastern)
lésles hold up one’s skirt or pants legs (when crossing a river)
Bontok
ləsləs to roll up; to fold back (as a dress so it doesn’t get wet)
ləsləs-ən to roll up, to fold back (as clothes so that they don’t get wet in wading)
Kankanaey
leslés to turn up; to tuck up; to cock; to tie up
Ibaloy
man-desdes to roll up one’s sleeves, trouser legs; to push something out of the way (as pushing back the cuticle around a fingernail, cut grass at the edge of a field)
man-desdes to roll up one’s sleeves or trouser legs
Tagalog
lislís lifted up, raised up, or blown up (said of skirt or dress)
i-lislís to lift up the skirt or dress
lislis-án to be lifted or blown up (said of the skirt or dress)
ma-lislis-án to have one’s skirt or dress lifted up or blown up
Bikol
luslós curled up, upturned (as a lip); blown up (as a skirt)
mag-luslós to curl or turn up
Hanunóo
luslús sliding up and down or removal of ringlike objects from more stationary bodies, as when removing a breastband from the body, or in moving a band up and down a hollow cylinder or pole
Cebuano
luslus for something that wraps something and is attached to it to slip off, especially the foreskin
Tausug
luslus loose and about to fall down, as of pants
l<um>uslus to become loose and slide down
WMP Casiguran Dumagat
lesles when butchering an animal to pull the intestines through the hands to force out the fecal matter
Sasak
lələs to twist a rope
OC Lau
los-i to wring, squeeze, milk a cow
WMP Maranao
leso bore, hole bored through
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
lesu make a hole in something
Uma
lohu leaky, punctured
CMP Rotinese
lesu come out (of a hole); become visible
le-lesu door, entrance
Yamdena
lesi remove, as a door from the hinges, knife from a sheath, etc.
Kei
les pull out, fall out, of the teeth
WMP Ngaju Dayak
leso tired; to weary oneself
Malay
ləsu intense (of exhaustion)
pucat ləsu ‘washed out’, pale with extreme weariness
Old Javanese
ləsu weak, tired, limp; drained of energy
ka-ləsw-an becoming weak, exhausted
Javanese
lesu listless; hungry
ŋe-lesu to lie down to rest
ka-lesu-n starved; starving
Balinese
lesu tire, exhaust, wear out
Sasak
ləsu weak, feeble, faint
WMP Old Javanese
l<um>əsu to cause to grow weak, tire, abate
Mongondow
l<um>otu loss of vital energy or life-force (usually from sudden shock or fright)
WMP Ifugaw
luhóŋ <M the trough in which rice is pounded
Casiguran Dumagat
ləsóŋ mortar (for pounding rice)
Ibaloy
i-desoŋ to pound rice in a mortar
desoŋ-an rice mortar
Tagalog
lusóŋ wooden mortar for pounding rice or corn
Hanunóo
lusúŋ a large wooden mortar used mainly to hull grain such as rice
Maranao
lesoŋ mortar
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
lesuŋ a rice mortar
Kayan
lesuŋ a wooden mortar for pounding rice
Iban
lesoŋ wooden mortar in which rice is pounded with pestles
Malay
ləsoŋ mortar; pounding-board for rice, gambier, etc.
Nias
lõsu rice mortar
Sundanese
leusuŋ rice mortar
Old Javanese
ləsuŋ rice-pounder
Javanese
lesuŋ a broad shallow wooden bowl in which rice is pounded to separate the hull from the grain
Balinese
lesuŋ the hollowed-out wooden block in which rice is stamped by women to free it of husks, done with the luh (pestle)
Lolak
losuŋ mortar
Mongondow
lotuŋ rice mortar
Totoli
losuŋ mortar, rice-pounder
Boano
losuŋ mortar, rice-pounder
Lauje
lonsuŋ mortar, rice-pounder
CMP Tetun
lesun mortar
Manipa
sune mortar
Kayeli
lesune mortar
WMP Maranao
letak clapper used to frighten birds
CMP Manggarai
lentak call a dog (by clicking or clacking the tongue); urge a horse on by clicking the tongue
WMP Itbayaten
axtak crack, crevice, fissure, crack in the ground
Ilokano
letták crack, crevice
l<um>ták to crack, split
Pangasinan
letak split
Ayta Abellan
letak to crack (as earth, a glass jar, wood that thin)
Bikol
laták cracked, split
mag-laták to crack or split (as dry wood)
Cebuano
lutak crack, a break without complete separation of parts
Tiruray
letak the small cracks that occur in bamboo as it dries out in the sun; (of bamboo), cracking with heat
Malay
letak crack, split
WMP Maranao
letak fetter
Iban
letak decree, order, limit, restrict, regulate
WMP Pangasinan
letáw float (of an object being cooked)
Tagalog
litáw visible; easily seen or noticed; obvious; jutting out; embossed; emerging; coming into the open so as to be seen; to arise; come up
Palawano
letew to float
Cebuano
lutáw to float; to show, manifest itself
Maranao
lataw to float
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
letew float on top of the water
Proto-Sangiric
*lətaw to float; rise to surface
Mori
lonto to float
CMP Tetun
lette-n above
Bonfia
lete above
Paulohi
lete above
Hitu
lete haha above
CMP Kambera
líndi bridge
Rotinese
lete to bridge; to walk a narrow path; to cross over
Fordata
leta bridge
Kei
let plank bridge
en-leta-r walk over something narrow
WMP Agutaynen
letek the sound of something clanging, pinging, or hitting against a metal object; a popping sound, as when lice eggs are squashed; a clicking or snapping sound; the hollow sound of wood or a skull being tapped; crunchy sound of candy, etc. being eaten
Mapun
letek a clattering sound (as from dishes clattering together); a clicking sound (as the keys on a typewriter
Malay
lətak a sharp tap (onom.)
WMP Palawano
letik flick with the finger
Maranao
letik snap finger
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
letik flick something with the finger
Malay
mə-lətek to flip about, as small fish hauled out on sand; to tick
WMP Kapampangan
altíʔ thunder
Maranao
letiʔ thunder
Tiruray
letéʔ thunder and lightning
Tboli
letek thunder
Tausug
lutiʔ a flash of lightning and the accompanying thunder, thunderbolt
Berawan (Long Terawan)
letté thunder
Buginese (Soppeng)
letté lightning and thunder (simultaneously)
WMP Bontok
lətlət place a tie on something, as to tie a cloth around one's arm
Kankanaey
letlét turn round, wind, wind round, roll, roll up
Javanese
lelet turn, revolve, spin (of a top)
di-lelet twisted, rolled (of cord, rolled cigarettes, etc.)
WMP Cebuano
lútub form a blister from burning or rubbing; for blood to form a black spot under a finger or toe that has been injured
Tboli
letub to blister, puff up
Iban
letup blister, as on the hands from hard work
Malay
letup blister on the skin
Toba Batak
lotup eruption on the scalp, of children
Sangir
l<um>ətubəʔ form bubbles, as when boiling milk
WMP Tausug
lutup a blister from friction (as on the hands from rowing)
Malay
letup blister on the skin
Karo Batak
me-letup blistered, have a blister on the skin (from a burn, etc.)
Formosan Paiwan
ledep dive, plunge
WMP Casiguran Dumagat
ledep, l-om-dep swim under water
Kayan
lejep submerged by rising flood
Sundanese
lejep to close (of the eyes, due to drowsiness)
WMP Ilokano
liád bent or inclined backwards; with protruding abdomen and bent back
Isneg
ma-liyād to fall backward
Aklanon
liád to bend backwards, bend over backwards
Palawano
liyad-en curved
Binukid
liad to bend, throw one’s body backward, to be in a position with the stomach sticking out and the shoulders back; for something to bend, curl up out of shape
Tiruray
liyad (of animals and people) swaybacked
Tausug
mag-liad to slant (something), bend (the body); (for an object) to lean, be slanting
Kadazan Dusun
hiad to push back with hands, move back; tilted
Iban
ne-liat stretch oneself, stretch one’s arms and bend
WMP Malay
lain <M other, different
Sundanese
lian other than, different
Old Javanese
len other, different, otherwise, and also
Sasak
lain <M other than, different
OC Nggeri
lia to change in color or form; to throw back, of plants
Lau
lia to change appearance, in color or from wearing different clothes or beard or hat; to change in appearance like a chameleon and some fish; to change nature, a throwback in plants
liā unrecognizable
Toqabaqita
lia to change in appearance (as a woman who is pregnant, or the color of leaves on a tree)
Sa'a
lie to change shape, of ghostly appearances, to throw back, of trees, e.g. oranges
Arosi
ria-ria to change, as the sound of a trumpet, call of a bird; to change one’s tune, try another tack, give different advice
Fijian
lia to change into (as a person changing into a snake)
WMP Isneg
liyāŋ cave, cavern
Bontok
liyáŋ cave
Kankanaey
liáŋ cave, cavern, grotto
Ifugaw (Batad)
liyaŋ a natural cave, found where there is large sheet rock
Maranao
liaŋ cave
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
liyaŋ a hole in the ground with vertical sides which is large enough for a person to get into
Basap
liaŋ cave
Berawan (Long Teru)
lijeŋ single-use post or pillar tomb
Berawan (Batu Belah)
ləjaŋ wooden house-shaped coffin raised on pillars
Kenyah (Long Wat)
liaŋ cemetery, burial place
Kenyah (Long Anap)
liaŋ grave
Kayan
liaŋ burial post or grave; cemetery (modern)
Kayan (Busang)
liaŋ cave, cavern (in a mountain)
Ngaju Dayak
liaŋ hole or cavity in which crocodiles, snakes and other wild animals stay
ha-liaŋ live in a hole or cavity
Malay
liaŋ orifice, aperture
Gayō
liaŋ hole; wound
Karo Batak
liaŋ hole, cavity
ŋe-liaŋ lahat-ken place a corpse in a coffin (a hollowed-out log), where the lid is sealed shut
liaŋ-liaŋ a niche, a hollow in a cliff face
Toba Batak
liaŋ cavern, cavity, den, cave
maŋa-liaŋ to excavate out
Sundanese
liaŋ opening, hole; throat
ŋa-liaŋ to make a hole
Old Javanese
lyaŋ hole, burrow, opening
Javanese
lεŋ hole, opening
lεŋ-lεŋ-an nostril; ear opening; eye of a needle; having holes
ŋə-lεŋ to live in or enter, a hole, cave, etc.; to make a hole; in a hole or hollow
ŋə-lεŋ-i to make a hole in
Sangir
liaŋ cave, grotto, cavern, den, or small hole in the rock face of a cliff
Totoli
leaŋ cave (< Buginese or Makasarese?)
Dampelas
liaŋ cave
Banggai
leeŋ cave, grotto, cavern, den
Tae'
liaŋ rock grave, cut out an opening in the cliff face as a place for burying the dead
liaŋ kayu tree trunk hollowed out in the shape of a rice mortar in which the remains of the dead formerly were interred; this coffin was then placed in a rock hollow
pe-liaŋ to place the remains of the dead in a rock grave
Proto-South Sulawesi
*liaŋ cave
Mandar
leaŋ cave
Buginese
leaŋ ~ liaŋ cave, grotto, cavern, den
Makassarese
leaŋ cave, grotto, cavern, den
leaŋŋ-i excavate a cave
Wolio
lia hole, cave, tunnel, subterranean passage
Palauan
íi cave
iəŋ-el its cave, his/her cave
Chamorro
liyaŋ cave (natural), cavern
CMP Manggarai
liaŋ cave, cavity, hollow
Rembong
liaŋ cave; hole in the ground
Ngadha
lia hole, hollow, cave, cavern; opening; ruins
Sika
liaŋ hole in the ground; cave, grotto
liaŋ wetu mouse hole
Kambera
liaŋu hole; cave, grotto
liaŋu tana hole in the ground
huhu liaŋu stalactites
kúbu liaŋu mouth of a cave, tunnel near a cave
Hawu
lie cave, cavern
Erai
liaŋ hole, cave
Leti
liena cave, grotto
Wetan
liena cave, grotto; mortar to pound rice or maize in
Proto-Aru
*lia cave
Dobel
lisa cave
Asilulu
lian cave
Boano₂
niane cave
Buruese
lia-n cave, cavern
lia-t cave, cage, coup, pen
OC Emira
liaŋa cave
Zabana
liaŋa cave
Mota
lia hollow in or under a rock, cave, den
WMP Ilokano
liás deviate, stray, swerve, deflect
Agutaynen
mag-liat for something to become dislocated; to slip out of one’s grasp; to move out of position; to veer off, go off course
Malay
lias charm to secure invulnerability by diverting magically any weapon or projectile that may be aimed at you
WMP Ilokano
i-libák to hide; conceal; suppress
Casiguran Dumagat
libák for a shaman to be killed or made sick by a spirit which he has previously exorcised from some sick person (said to be the spirit’s revenge on what the shaman did)
Ayta Abellan
libak to ambush, catch by surprise
Tagalog
libák mockery; derision; ridicule; insult
Bikol
mag-libák to talk about people in their absence, usually in a derogatory manner; to backbite, to criticize
Aklanon
libák malicious gossip; slander; backbiting
Agutaynen
mag-libak to backbite, talk badly of others behind their back; to slander someone
Hiligaynon
maŋ-libák to backbite; to deride
Cebuano
libák to backbite, say bad things about a person when his back is turned or when he cannot understand them
WMP Itbayaten
livas kind of vine with green fruit that grows along creeks or near shore: Pongamia pinnata L.
Ilokano
libás kind of vine with white flowers and edible shoots: Momordica ovata
Cebuano
libás wild tree with sour leaves and fruits: Spondias pinnata; the leaves and fruits are used in stews, and the leaves have medicinal uses
Binukid
libas sour fruit of rattan
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
livas generic for citrus fruits and rattan fruits
Mansaka
libas sour food
Tiruray
libos a tree bearing edible fruit, known in the Philippines as the “Spanish plum,” Spondias purpurea Linn.
Mapun
libas (for fruit to be) characterized as having lost some of its flavor due to being overripe; for a woman’s beauty to become less or to fade (due to her makeup running, her hair getting messed up, clothes getting wrinkled, etc.)
Iban
libas guava (Scott 1956); fruit tree, unident. (Richards 1981)
WMP Ayta Abellan
libah to pass by
Lun Dayeh
liba passed by or overtaken by someone
WMP Hanunóo
líbat cross-eyed
Aklanon
libát cross-eyed
pa-líbat to cross one’s eyes; to look out of the corner of one’s eye (in observation)
Agutaynen
líbat cross-eyed; a lazy, wandering eye
Cebuano
libát cross-eyed; become cross-eyed
Binukid
ka-libat to be cross-eyed; to cross one’s eyes
Yakan
libat cross-eyed
Tausug
libat cross-eyed
WMP Ibaloy
dibeg murkiness, turbidity of water --- esp. of a condition that clears quickly (as when a truck crosses a stream)
Bikol
ma-líbog blurred, fuzzy, indistinct, obscure, vague
Aklanon
libóg to be confused, be in a quandary
Agutaynen
libeg be worried, upset, troubled; to be confused
ma-líbog na túbig cloudy or murky water
WMP Itbayaten
man-lived to coil around
livd-an to coil oneself (as reptiles) around another object, to wind around (as snake, vine), to tie around
Ibaloy
i-dibed to wind a rope or similar binding material around something (as post, tree trunk)
Kapampangan
líbad twists and turns
Tagalog
libíd coiling
Palawano
libed to bind, attach
Maranao
libed wind around
Yakan
mag-libed to wind something (onto a core, as thread onto a spool)
Tboli
libed to wind rope or anything around something
Bahasa Indonesia
me-libat to bandage, wrap up
Mongondow
libod to entwine, twist or wind around
WMP Aklanon
líbot turn, spin, revolution
Tausug
libut twist, as a jar lid
Berawan (Batu Belah)
se-libet turn
WMP Ilokano
libtóŋ pond, reservoir
Bikol
libtóŋ the deep part of a stream or river
Hanunóo
líbtuŋ water left in pools, as when a river dries up
Aklanon
líbtoŋ quiet, deep, silent (waters)
Mansaka
libtoŋ lagoon (as a body of water having a narrow outlet)
WMP Bikol
líbog cloudy water, murky water
CMP Buruese
libo (of water) murky, clouded
WMP Ilokano
líbut procession, parade; travelling around
Pangasinan
líbot procession
mi-líbot to take part in a procession
Tagalog
líbot surroundings, environment
Bikol
mag-líbot walk around, rove
Hanunóo
líbut around; surround
Agutaynen
mag-libot to walk around; go around from place to place; to circle around an area; to make a loop around a place
Palawano
libut go around, go in a circle, move around
Cebuano
líbut go, bring, put something around a place; surround
Maranao
libot dragnet; surround, catch
Yakan
mag-libut to go around, make a detour
Tboli
libut surround, around
Lun Dayeh
ŋe-libut surround game with people and dogs
Kelabit
libut circle
Tae'
libu oblong enclosure, oval
Mori
mo-limbu surround, encircle
Wolio
libu surround, encircle
WMP Tagalog
pa-líbot surroundings, environment
Bikol
pa-libot-an to enclose, surround, ring
Cebuano
pa-libut surroundings
Kelabit
pe-libut catch game by encirclement
WMP Malay
licaw shiny (of a smooth and polished surface)
OC Fijian
liso to glare, of the eyes; glisten, be phosphorescent, of water at night
WMP Gaddang
ma-lisin smooth
Malay
licin smooth, slippery; bare, unadorned
Old Javanese
licin free(dom) from any encumbrances, free(dom) from passions ... complete perfection
Formosan Proto-Rukai
*ɭidamə tongue
Puyuma
ɭidam tongue
WMP Ilokano
na-lidém dim, not bright, gloomy
Bontok
lídəm black, of the color of hair
Kankanaey
lídem black, applied to hogs, carabaos, etc.
Tagalog
lílim shade
Tausug
lindum darkness, deficiency of light
ma-lindum dark, having very little light
Murik
lintem dark
Kayan (Uma Juman)
lidem dark; darkness; heavy dark rain clouds
lidem utaʔ utter darkness
WMP Maranao
ririk cut down (small trees); mow (grass)
Kelabit
lidik cutting of undergrowth
l-em-idik to cut undergrowth
Kayan
lirik a clearing, land cleared
l-em-irik to clear land
WMP Kankanaey
lidis-én crush, squash
Minangkabau
pe-lindis roller (for smoothing soil)
Formosan Amis
lidoŋ shelter; shadow, shade
WMP Ilokano
lindóŋ shelter; shade (obsolete)
Keley-i
al-liduŋ shadow
Ibaloy
a-diroŋ shadow
a-diroŋ-an to cast a shadow on or over something; (to some) the human spirit
Bikol
ma-lindóŋ describing a place protected from the sun or wind; shady
mag-lindóŋ to grow more shady
Maranao
lindoŋ shelter
Kenyah
lindoŋ a sheltered place on a riverbank
ŋa-lindoŋ to shelter
Ngaju Dayak
ka-lindoŋ protection, shelter; be sheltered
Malagasy
ta-ndíndona a shadow
lindona a shadow (said to be ‘provincial’)
Iban
lindoŋ shaded, shady, screened, covered
hari lindoŋ the sun has gone in
Malay
lindoŋ shade; shelter; protective cover or concealment
pə-linduŋ-an privy
Karo Batak
me-linduŋ hidden, concealed; shaded; safe, secure; twilight, as in the forest depths
Javanese
pe-linḍuŋ-aké to shelter, protect, cover
pa-linḍuŋ-an shelter, protection; a fallout shelter
Sangir
linduŋ sheltered place, refuge
mə-linduŋ to shelter, protect
liruŋ a place on Salibabu, so called because of its sheltered location
mə-liruŋ to shelter, protect, hold the hand over one’s head, overlook or cover for someone’s faults; to hide, conceal, keep a secret
Proto-South Sulawesi
*linduŋ shade, shelter
Buginese
linruŋ shelter, protection
Makassarese
aʔ-linruŋ protected, sheltered; shaded; be in the lee of something; shelter from the rain; give protection or cover
Chamorro
liheŋ <A saved, safeguarded, rescued, sheltered (as from rain); shelter, refuge; make safe
WMP Bikol
ma-lindoŋ-án to be shaded, protected
Old Javanese
(m)a-linḍuŋ-an to hide behind, seek cover behind
WMP Bikol
lindoŋ-án to shade or protect from the wind
Old Javanese
linḍuŋ-an hiding place, cover
WMP Ilokano
ligpít to enclose, insert
Tagalog
naka-ligpít put away, kept in an orderly manner
Palawano
ligpit tightly adjusted top of female garment, waistcoat, bodice; hairclip
Cebuano
ligpít fasten something temporarily by pressing it down with something that holds it in place; clip to fasten something
WMP Ilokano
ag--ligsáy to sink (sun); decline
ma-ligsáy to slip, slide out of place
Hanunóo
ligsáy slipping (up); slipperiness
WMP Manobo (Dibabawon)
ligɨt turn
Kelabit
liget turning around
Berawan (Long Teru)
ligət turn
Malay
ligat spinning around, rotating very rapidly
WMP Bontok
ligə́t angry
Sasak
liŋget bite hard on something; gnash the teeth (in impatience or anger)
WMP Casiguran Dumagat
lígtas to free, to save, to rescue
Ayta Abellan
ligtah to save, rescue
māŋi-ligtah savior
Kapampangan
mag-ligtas safe
Tagalog
ligtás saved; freed; free; out of danger; redeemed; exempt; safe; free from harm or danger
ka-ligtas-án redemption; salvation
Bikol
i-ligtás to save or rescue; to recover, retrieve
maka-ligtás to survive, to pull through
ka-ligtas-án salvation
Hanunóo
ligtás free, freed, saved; set free
ʔi-pag-ligtás to be set free
Aklanon
lígtas to escape, get free
WMP Tagalog
lígid revolution; a moving around some point in a circle or a curve; surroundings
Bikol
mag-lígid to roll
Aklanon
lígid to roll in circles
Agutaynen
l<om>igid to roll, as of a stone, coconut, etc.
Yakan
mag-ligid to roll something back and forth, knead (like in making dough); to roll something over and move it forward
WMP Casiguran Dumagat
ligis get hit or run into by something rolling (as for a rolling log to hit you and smash your foot, or to get run over by a truck)
Pangasinan
ligís to crush seeds with a rolling pin or similar object; rolling pin; to run over
Tagalog
ligís ground, milled, made into grist
Aklanon
lígis harrow (farmer's tool)
ligís roll over, smooth out (by rolling); harrow, run over
Agutaynen
ma-ligit the action of rolling a round or cylindrical object over something, for example, expressing juice from leaves by rolling a glass jar over them like a rolling pin
Cebuano
ligis flatten or smash something into powder by pressing something heavy on it
Binukid
ligis to run, roll over (something or someone)
Tiruray
ligis heavy roller
Mapun
ligis to grind a creature or insect against another surface to kill it
Malay (Jakarta)
liŋgis spike or pointed crowbar for digging up the soil
Old Javanese
liŋgis sharp-bladed crowbar
Pendau
ligis to rub, press; run over with a vehicle
WMP Kankanaey
i-liém to hide; to conceal; to mask
Bikol
hílom <M in secret; clandestine, covert, furtive, surreptitious
mag-hílom to keep a secret
mag-hilóm-an to keep a secret from
Melanau (Mukah)
lim to hide
p-lim give refuge to
lim-lim secretly
WMP Tagalog
líhim secret
i-pag- líhim keep something a secret
Hanunóo
líhim secret; kept quiet
Melanau (Mukah)
lim to hide
WMP Ilokano
liŋgí lathe, lay, batten of a loom
Malay (Brunei)
lidi part of a loom
Iban
lidi laze-rod in weaving
Malay (Sarawak)
lidi part of a loom
WMP Lun Dayeh
likab taken off, turned over by someone
Berawan (Long Terawan)
ŋə-likam to open
Javanese
liŋkab to open, as mat, or clothes (Pigeaud)
Formosan Kavalan
qilat glitter
Amis
likat light from a source
ma-likat to be burning, glowing
Amis (Kiwit)
likat light, ray; lamp
likat nu tsiɬal ray of sunlight
Siraya
rikat lightning
Proto-Rukai
*ɭikacə lightning
WMP Itbayaten
cilat lightning, thunderbolt
Ibanag
kilaʔ lightning
Agta (Dupaningan)
kilát lightning
Isneg
kilāt a flash of lightning
Kankanaey
men-kilát white, hoar, clean; silvery, silver, snowy, argentine, gray; light-colored, light, lightsome
Casiguran Dumagat
kilát lightning; for lightning to strike
Sambal (Botolan)
kílat lightning
Bikol
kit-kilát lightning
ma-kilat-án to be struck by lightning
Hanunóo
kílat lightning
Masbatenyo
kilát lightning
Aklanon
kilát flash of lightning, lightning bolt
pa-ŋilát to be lightening, flashing, of lightning
Waray-Waray
ki-kilát lightning
Hiligaynon
kilát lightning
Cebuano
kílat lightning
kilat-an curse hoping lightning strikes someone, especially for doing something immoral (as committing incest); have a lucky break in a seemingly impossible situation
pa-ŋilát for lightning to be flashing intensely
Maranao
kilat fast; glimpse; lightning
Binukid
kilat lightning
pa-ŋilat for lightning to flash
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
kilat lightning; to lighten, flash, of lightning
Mansaka
kilat to lighten, flash, of lightning
Tiruray
kilot a lightning flash; (of lightning) to flash
Tausug
kilat a (slight) streak of lightning without thunder; heat lightning; any flash of light
Lun Dayeh
kilat flames of a fire
me-kilat in flames
Kelabit
kilat lightning
Kiput
kicət lightning
Bintulu
kilat lightning
bə-kilat to shine, glitter
Ngaju Dayak
kilat lightning
ma-ŋilat to gleam, flash, of lightning
Iban
kilat lightning; flash, gleam
Malay
kilat lightning, explained as the flash of the whip with which the Angel of the Thunders drives the clouds before him
me-ŋilat like lightning, lightning-fast
Karo Batak
kilat glittering, shining
Old Javanese
kilat lightning, flash of lighting
ka-kilat-an to illuminate with flashes of lightning, shine on
Sangir
kilaʔ lightning
Tontemboan
kilat lightning; flash, shine
kilat-a im pisow the sparks that fly from the blade of a machete that is being sharpened on a whetstone
Mongondow
kilat lightning
Petapa Taje
ilati lightning
Ampibabo-Lauje
ʔilat lightning
Tae'
kilaʔ lightning
Proto-Bungku-Tolaki
*kilaQ lightning
Makassarese
kilaʔ lightning
kilak-i lightning is flashing
Wolio
kila lightning
ko-kila flash (also of lightning), shine, gleam, glisten, glitter
Muna
ko-kila to sparkle, glitter
CMP Bimanese
kila lightning
Komodo
kila lightning
Manggarai
hilat lightning
Rembong
kilat lightning
Ngadha
kila fast, rapid
Tetun
kilat a gun, firearm of any type
kilat leten thunder
OC Arop
kila lightning
Gitua
kila-kila lightning
Niue
ki-kila to shine; brightness; smooth
Samoan
ʔi-ʔila (of reflected light on water, glass, or polished surface, etc.) shine, glisten, sparkle, twinkle; bright, shiny
WMP Bikol
mag-kit-kilát to have lightning; to strike (lightning)
Masbatenyo
mag-kilát to flash, of lightning
Tausug
mag-kilat for a flash of lightning to occur
Malay
ber-kilat-(kilat) to flash, of lightning
WMP Cebuano
mu-kílat for lightning to flash
Old Javanese
k<um>ilat to flash, of lightning
Tontemboan
k<um>ilat to flash, of lightning
Mongondow
k<im>ilat to flash, of lightning
WMP Itbayaten
om-cila-cilat twinkle brightly, glitter, sparkle (shiny surface)
Itawis
kili-kilát lightning
Yogad
kila-kilat lightning
Maranao
kila-kilat lightning; fast as lightning
Lun Dayeh
kilat-kilat full of flames
Karo Batak
er-kilat-kilat glittering, sending out sparks
Tontemboan
kila-kilat-an place where there are many lightning flashes
Tae'
maʔ-kilaʔ-kilaʔ like lightning, meaning very hot, of the sun, very fierce, fiery, of actions; be lucky, luck out
Muna
kila-kila shine, radiate
CMP Ngadha
kila-kila quick, fast (as in walking)
OC Gitua
kila-kila lightning
Anuta
kira-kira shiny
Formosan Kavalan
m-rikaw to bend, as a wire or stick, crooked, curved
m-rik-rikaw to curve (as a bay); to wind (as river or road); to coil up; bent
Puyuma
ɭikaw curve, bend, winding
WMP Ilokano
na-líkaw crooked, curved, meandering, roundabout
ag-líkaw to go around
ag-líkaw-líkaw to go in circles, zigzag
Bontok
likáw to make a loop or circle out of something, as a rope or a length of thread; to coil
Kankanaey
na-líkaw tortuous; winding; bending in and out; sinuous; meandering
Ibaloy
dikaw roundabout, circuitous route, the long way to a place, detour
Pangasinan
likáw to go around looking without definite purpose, meander
Tagalog
líkaw coil; roll; a ring or series of rings formed by winding; hank, a coil
Bikol
mag-líkaw to make a turn, detour, deviate; to meander; to avoid, to take the long way around
Masbatenyo
likáw the act of denying or telling a lie
ma-likáw prone to denying or telling a lie
Aklanon
likáw to avoid, veer away from
Hiligaynon
mag-likáw to shun, avoid, to detour
Kadazan Dusun
hikou coil
Lun Dayeh
liko passing by, not taking something into account; take an alternate way
Tamuan
ba-liŋkou to turn
Iban
likaw streaks, wavy or zigzag lines; streaky, striped
Rejang
likaw a bend, a curve (as in a road)
Tae'
liko twist, turn; cross one leg over another; be in a curving line, as a mountain range
CMP Li'o
liko around, round about, encircle
Formosan Kavalan
pa-rikaw to cause to bend
WMP Ilokano
pa- líkaw circumference
WMP Ilokano
likaw-en to surround
Bontok
likaw-ən to make a loop or circle out of something, as a rope or a length of thread; to coil
Tagalog
likaw-ín to coil, to wind into a coil, but not around any object
WMP Pangasinan
likáw-líkaw to go around looking without definite purpose, meander
Tagalog
likáw-likáw formed into coils
OC Tolai
liko-liko-i curved, crooked, bent
Bugotu
lio-liko be crooked, winding, up and down, of path
Arosi
riko cross the hands on the breast
Samoan
liʔo circle (as of people), ring (as around the moon)
WMP Yami
mi-like-likéd turn round
Ilongot
likɨd turn
Malay
liŋkar coil -- of a snake's coil
WMP Kankanaey
likéŋ curved; bent; crooked; tortuous; winding (used only in tales)
Malay
léŋkaŋ, liŋkaŋ circumference; ring-shaped; numeral coefficient for bracelets and other ring-like objects
WMP Bontok
líkəs to circumnavigate; to go around; circumference
Tagalog
liŋkís tightly bound by something wound around and around
l<um>iŋkís to twine or coil around (as a boa does to kill its prey); to bind around tightly (as with a rope); to embrace tightly
Bikol
likós circumference
mag-likós to measure the circumference of something
Hanunóo
líkus sides, around
pa-líkus circumference
Cebuano
líkus be coiled around something (as a snake around a branch)
Maranao
likes measure circumference, especially of person or livestock
Tausug
mag-likus to enclose something, confine something by or as by binding
Ida'an Begak
likkos to hug
Malay
likas winder for new-made thread
bə-likas roll of thread
OC Roviana
likoho encompass or encircle a thing (Formosan only)
Formosan Amis
likes mosquito, fly
Favorlang/Babuza
ries mosquito
Thao
rikish mosquito
Siraya
rikig mosquito
Paiwan
la-like gnat, midge
WMP Bontok
líkət sticky sap exuding from pitch-pine
Tboli
liket the stickiness of a thing; to make something sticky; to stick to
Iban
likat (of liquids) thick, sticky
likat (of liquids such as porridge) thick; sticky
Malay
likat glutinous; syrupy; thick and adhesive
Rejang
likeut thick, viscous
Sundanese
liket adhesive, sticky
Old Javanese
liket glutinous, syrupy, sticky, thick
CMP Manggarai
liket viscous, sticky
SHWNG Dusner
riket blood
WMP Yami
liktaw jump over (as in jumping over a ditch)
ma-liktaw able to jump over
mi-liktaw-i to stride over, stride across
Ilokano
liktáw jump; leap; stride; to leap over; skip; elude
OC Tigak
lak-lik small
Tongan
liki little, but only in certain compounds
WMP Ilokano
liklík a detour
i-liklík to keep someone from danger
maŋ-liklík a diversion road, detour
liklik-an to avoid, elude, slip away from; shun
Ayta Abellan
liklik to sneak by, go around something, avoid
Tagalog
pag-li-liklík beating around the bush; digressing
ka-liklik-án digression
Bikol
mag-liklík to avoid, bypass, go around, detour around
Cebuano
liklík to go along the edges of something or round about, not straight across or in the center
OC Gitua
lio suicide by hanging
Sa'a
liʔo commit suicide by hanging
WMP Miri
likauh river
Uma
liku deep basin in a river
Tae'
liku deep place in a river or lake
Makassarese
liku eddy, whirlpool in a river
CMP Buruese
liku-n pool; deep
WMP Agutaynen
liko to turn a certain direction; to turn away; to be crooked
Palawano
liku curve
Minangkabau
liku bend; angle of road; turning
Old Javanese
ka-liku twisted, crooked, perverted
liku-liku twists, bends; twisted, bending, winding
WMP Bontok
líkub to gather around; to surround, as people sitting around a plate of rice at meal time
Maranao
liŋkob surround with fence, encircle
Iban
likup to surround (as in surrounding a house in an attack)
Formosan Saisiyat
Likor back, behind
Thao
rikus back (anatomical)
ki-rikus-an get a pain in the back
masha-na-rikus turn the back toward someone or something
masha-riku-rikus be back to back
pat-rikus come from behind, come after someone
Bunun
hiku back
Siraya
rikos back
Siraya (Gravius)
Dikur back (anat.)
Puyuma
ɭikuɖ behind
pia-ɭikuɖ turn one’s back
a-ɭikuɖ-an a person behind
Paiwan
likuz behind, in back of
i-likuz behind (when stationary)
ki-likuz to slip away by back way
WMP Ilokano
likúd back
iti likúd behind
pag-likud-an turn one’s back on; renounce; retract
Isneg
likúd the whole hinder part or surface of the trunk
ka likúd behind
Itawis
likúd back, behind
mal-likúd to turn one’s back
Bontok
líkud turn the back on something
Ifugaw
likód yard behind a house; granary, or hut (even a narrow yard)
Tagalog
likód the back of the body of man or animal; back, meaning the reverse side, the part opposite the front
pá-likur-an toilet (especially a public one)
Bikol
likód the back, the rear
sa likód at the back, in the rear; behind
Hanunóo
likúd the thick, flattened side of the back of a knife blade
Masbatenyo
likód back, rear
Bantuqanon
likor back (of the body)
Aklanon
likód back (as of a building, one’s body)
Hiligaynon
likúd back
Cebuano
likúd behind, at the back of; coming after
Maranao
likod back, rear
Mansaka
likod back (as of an animal)
Kadazan Dusun
hikud the back
Tatana
likud back (of the body)
Tombonuwo
likud back
so likud behind
Berawan (Long Teru)
likoŋ back (anat.)
Kenyah (Long Anap)
likut back
Kenyah (Long Ikang)
likut back (anat.)
Kenyah (Long San)
likut back (anat.)
Penan (Long Lamai)
likut back
Bintulu
likud back
may likud behind
Lahanan
likut back
Ngaju Dayak
likut back (anat.); behind
Talaud
liʔudda back
Lolak
likud back
Ponosakan
likur back
CMP Erai
liu back, back part
la ni-liu behind him
Formosan Paiwan
pa-likuz to look back
Paiwan (Western)
pa-likuz to turn one’s back to
WMP Ilokano
pa-likúd substitute, proxy; the back door of a truck
Tagalog
pa-likód backwards, toward the back
WMP Ilokano
talikúd ~ tallikúd back to back; with the back turned
Tagalog
t<um>a-likód to turn one’s back
ta-likur-án to turn one’s back on
Aklanon
ta-likód to turn one’s back to; turn one’s back on, refuse help; give up
pa-ta-likód to make someone turn around; to do behind one’s back
Maranao
talikod turn the back; leave; behind; rear of
Binukid
talikud to turn one’s back towards (someone or something); to abandon, turn one’s back on (something)
talikud-an behind, at the back
Mansaka
tarikod to turn one’s back
Dumpas
to-likud back (anat.)
Kadazan Dusun
to-hikud to turn backwards; to turn one’s back to
to-hikud-an to turn one’s back on
Kayan
te-likun to sit back to back; to turn the back to someone
Ngaju Dayak
ha-ta-likut turn one’s back to someone
Acehnese
likōt behind; rear part; back (anat.)
Tontemboan
t<um>a-licur turn the back to someone
ta-licur-an west
t<um>a-licur-an go westward
Tonsawang
talihud turn the back on someone
Bare'e
ta-liku back (anat.), back side of something (as a person, sword)
man-ta-liku-si turn the back on someone
Tae'
ta-likur-an waist ‘yoke’ used to support the back of a weaver (who sits to weave on a back loom)
Bonerate
ta-liku back
CMP Yamdena
na-t-liur turn the back to someone
OC Tolai
taliur back, backwards, with the head facing backwards; upside-down
Eddystone/Mandegusu
taliʔuru to turn round, especially in order to throw out a fishing-line
Formosan Puyuma
ɭikuɖ-an back (anatomical)
WMP Isneg
likud-ān to turn one’s back upon one
Tagalog
likur-án back, meaning the space at the back
Bikol
likud-án the back; background
Masbatenyo
likud-án rear area, back yard
Cebuano
likur-án place in back of something
Old Javanese
likur-an side?
Formosan Thao
riku-rikus to follow after (someone)
Paiwan
liku-likuz the back of the skull
WMP Cebuano
likud-líkud eve before a wedding
Formosan Thao
riku-rikus-an to catch up with someone who has gone ahead
Paiwan (Western)
liku-likuz-an the backmost
WMP Cebuano
likúg for something long and thin to get crooked or curled
Iban
liŋkok curved, crooked
le-liŋkok curves, flourishes
Malay
léŋkok a bend, curve or twist
me-léŋkok to make a bend (of a river); to move around a bend (as a horse on a race-course)
WMP Bontok
likuŋ-ən to make a low mud walled enclosure in a rice terrace, for collecting the trapped fish; to build a fense around a field or pasture
Kankanaey
likúŋ-en to hedge in; to fence in; to encircle; to inclose
Cebuano
likúŋ ~ líkuŋ make into a circle, coil
Tausug
mag-liŋkuŋ to coil up, as a snake
l<um>iŋkuŋ to coil (something)
Malay
leŋkoŋ curve; curved; hollow
WMP Ibaloy
dikoŋ-an to hollow something out, create a recess in something (as rice-pounding mortar, rock to hold water for chickens to drink)
Javanese
likuŋ-an bend, curve; bight, bay
WMP Maranao
likop encircle, surround
Tiruray
liŋkuf to envelop, surround completely
Kadazan Dusun
hikup envelop, cover
Malay
liŋkup lying unevenly (of a veil or covering); of a tablecloth that hangs over too much at a corner; of a veil not worn straight, etc.
Toba Batak
mana-liŋkup-hon to cover, cover over
WMP Kankanaey
líkúp-an to cover; to screen; to shelter
Kadazan (Kimanis)
hikup-an to cover
WMP Ilokano
líkup a scooper
Bontok
líkup chisel (with a rounded point)
Pangasinan
likóp curved chisel
Ayta Abellan
likop chisel scoop
Tausug
likup an iron tool used for making holes in bamboo, wood, leather, and the like; gimlet, auger
WMP Casiguran Dumagat
likó bend in a path
Pangasinan
líko corner
on-líko to turn, veer
Tagalog
likóʔ a curve, a bend on a road; winding, bending, turning; detour, turning, deviation; change of direction
l<um>ikóʔ to detour, make a detour; to swerve, turn aside; to turn from a course; to curve
Bikol
líkoʔ curve, bend
mag-líkoʔ to turn around a bend; to veer; to swerve
Hanunóo
likúʔ crook, bend, as in a stick, river, etc.; watercourse
likúʔ-an river
Romblomanon
likúʔ someone or something turns, going in a different direction
Masbatenyo
mag-likóʔ to turn and go
likúʔ-an curve, bend, turn (as in a road)
Aklanon
likóʔ to turn (around a corner)
ma-líkoʔ roundabout, indirect; improper (way of doing)
pa-líkoʔ to turn (something); have someone turn
likóʔ-an crossing, turning point
Waray-Waray
likóʔ the act of turning either to the left or right, as of street corner or the like
Agutaynen
liko crooked, bent; curved
mag-liko for something to become bent or crooked
pa-liko to turn a certain direction
liko-on to intentionally bend something, like a wire
Hiligaynon
mag-likúʔ to turn the corner, to turn a street corner
Cebuano
líkuʔ to turn, change directions; to bend, be wound around (as a belt around a dog’s neck, a road encircling a hill); a bent pipe for channeling gas in a lantern
likúʔ-an bend of a road; place one turns off
Maranao
likoʔ curve, swerve; abandon husband; desertion
Binukid
likuʔ to return, go or come back (somewhere, or to something); to return, give or put back (something); to return to a former state
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
likuʔ to return
Mansaka
likoʔ to turn (as a vehicle)
Mapun
likoʔ a curve or bend (in a road or path)
pa-likoʔ to turn (as a vehicle)
Manobo (Sarangani)
likoʔ return somewhere again, go back again; a return trip
Tausug
mag-likuʔ to turn
l<um>ikuʔ to turn
Kadazan Dusun
hiku to bend (a branch)
hiku-on to be bent
CMP Buruese
liku bend
WMP Itbayaten
ma-liko-liko zigzag, not straight, winding
Casiguran Dumagat
liku-likó crooked path; to turn and walk in a different direction
Tagalog
likú-likóʔ crooked, twisted, curved; zigzag
mag-pa-likú-likóʔ to meander, to wind; to twist in and out; to curve; to bend; to zigzag, to move in a zigzag way
pa-likú-likóʔ serpentine, winding; tortuous, sinuous, full of twists, turns, or bends; erroneous, not right; not proper
Masbatenyo
liku-likóʔ winding, curving, twisting, zigzag
Cebuano
likuʔ-líkuʔ zigzagging; not direct to the point, beating around the bush; to be, become zigzagging (as a road one is driving on)
likuʔ-líkuʔ-an one who is inconsistent in what he says; unreliable
Mapun
mag-likoʔ-likoʔ to wind back and forth
WMP Bontok
líkut curled up, as a person sleeping or a snake'
Ibaloy
dikot to lie down in the manner of animals
CMP Yamdena
likut bend, of arms and legs; lie folded up
WMP Cebuano
líluʔ whirlpool; form a whirlpool; be agitated as if swirled in a whirlpool
OC Roviana
lilo whirlpool, eddy
OC Gedaged
lilim madness, insanity, running amuck
Tongan
lili be very angry, boil with rage, be furious; seethe with anger or discontent
Samoan
lili eager, burning with the angry desire to do something
Nukuoro
lili mad at, angry
lili mahaŋahaŋa mad as the devil
lillili easily angered, short-tempered
Rarotongan
riri anger; a strong emotion excited by a real or fancied injury or wrong and involving a desire for retaliation or revenge
Maori
riri be angry; quarrel, fight; urge with vehemence; chide, scold; anger; strife, quarrel, hostility; combat, fight, battle; hostility, angry feelings
whaka-riri provoke
Hawaiian
lili jealous; highly sensitive to criticism; jealousy; anger and mental anguish felt if one’s loved ones are criticized
hoʔo-lili provoke jealousy
WMP Isneg
lilín the wax from bees
Kankanaey
lilín kind of black wax used to coat basketwork to make it water-tight
Ifugaw
lilín beeswax. Used in weaving, i.e., when the weaver has some difficulty to raise the warp threads of her chain, etc. she rubs them a little with lilin
Casiguran Dumagat
lilén bee's wax; honeycomb with honey in it
Ibaloy
dilin beeswax (used in toughening thread)
Ayta Abellan
lilin honeycomb
Ngaju Dayak
lilin wax
Iban
lilin mañiʔ beeswax
Malay
lilin beeswax, wax; wax candle
Nias
lili w̃ani beeswax
CMP Manggarai
lilin wax
Ngadha
lili wax, candle; smear with wax, as twine
Tetun
lilin wax
Erai
lilin bee-wax
Wetan
lilli beeswax
Gah
lilin wax
Wahai
lilin wax
Soboyo
lili wax of wild bee
WMP Iban
liliŋ lop-sided, askew (as a head that leans to one side)
OC Arosi
riri go off in a slanting direction, go aside
WMP Tiruray
liliŋ go around something or a place, rather than straight over or through
Nias
mo-lili circumvent, bypass, go around something
Muna
lili go or travel around; go around selling something; go around looking for something
OC Gedaged
li-lili round and round; rolling; wandering
Arosi
riri go in a circle
WMP Cebuano
liliŋ-líliŋ to circle around looking for something (as an airplane circling around looking for targets before dropping bombs)
Kenyah (Long Anap)
liliŋ-líliŋ circling movement of dancers in the long dance
WMP Ilokano
lílip hem
ag-lílip to hem garments
Casiguran Dumagat
lílip small hem in cloth, small fold
Tagalog
lílip a hem on cloth, a dress, etc.
mag-lílip to put a hem on something
lilíp-an to put a hem on something
Bikol
lilíp a hem
mag-lilíp to hem
WMP Itbayaten
lilit vine, rattan (a tying material)
Maranao
lilit rattan (used as a whip)
OC Roviana
liliu turn around with the same movement, as clock hands
Eddystone/Mandegusu
liliu turn over
Tongan
liliu turn around; turn or change into something else
Formosan Basai
cima five
Kavalan
rima five
saqa-rima the fifth
Proto-Atayalic
*lima five
Seediq
lima five
Amis
lima five
saka-lima the fifth
Thao
rima five
Bunun
hima five
Bunun (Isbukun)
imaʔ five
Hoanya
lima five
Tsou
eimo five
Kanakanabu
rima five
Siraya
rima five
Proto-Rukai
*ɭima five
Puyuma
ɭima five (ɭima is only used to refer to the number five; in counting objects or any derivations the base for five is luaʈ)
Paiwan
lima five
WMP Yami
lima five (in serial counting)
Itbayaten
lima five
Ilokano
limá five
Agta (Dupaningan)
líma five
Isneg
limá five
Itawis
limá five
Bontok
limá five; to be five
li-lma a unit of five, five each
Kankanaey
limá five
Ifugaw
limá five
Ifugaw (Batad)
lema the number ‘five’
pa-lema the fifth time; to do something five times
Casiguran Dumagat
limá five
Ibaloy
dima five
Pangasinan
limá five
Ayta Abellan
lima five
Kapampangan
limá five
Tagalog
limá five
Bikol
limá five
Buhid
limá five
Hanunóo
líma five
Masbatenyo
limá five
Aklanon
limá five; make into five, raise or lower to five
Waray-Waray
limá five
Hiligaynon
limá five
Palawan Batak
líma five
Cebuano
limá five
Maranao
lima five
Mansaka
líma five
Tiruray
límo five
Kalagan
lima five
Mapun
líma five
Yakan
líme five
Tboli
límu five
Tausug
lima five
Kadazan Dusun
himo five
Labuk-Kinabatangan Kadazan
limo five
Tombonuwo
límo five
iŋ-gimo five
Murut (Paluan)
limo five
Ida'an Begak
límo five
Murut (Tagol)
limo five
Lun Dayeh
liməh five
Kelabit
límeh five
Sa'ban
eməh five
Berawan (Long Terawan)
dimməh five
Berawan (Long Teru)
dimeh five
Miri
limah five
Kenyah (Long Ikang)
ləməy five
Penan (Long Lamai)
ləməh five
Murik
limaʔ five
Kayan
limaʔ five
Wahau
məʔ five
Gaai
moʔ five
Kelai
mɛʔ five
Mei Lan Modang
mao̯ʔ five
Woq Helaq Modang
mao̯ʔ five
Long Gelat Modang
maoʔ five
Kayan (Uma Juman)
limaʔ five
Kiput
limah five
Bintulu
lima five
Melanau (Mukah)
lima five
Melanau Dalat (Kampung Teh)
liməh five
Bukat
limə five
Bekatan
lima five
Lahanan
limah five
Tunjung
limaʔ five
Ngaju Dayak
limæ five
Paku
limo five
Ma'anyan
dime five
Malagasy
dímy five
Dusun Witu
dime five
Jarai
rəma five
Malay
lima five
Gayō
lime five
mu-lime-n five times
Alas
lime five
Simalur
lima five
Karo Batak
lima five
Dairi-Pakpak Batak
lima five
Toba Batak
lima five
Nias
lima five
Mentawai
lima five
Rejang
lemo five
Lampung
lima five
Sundanese
lima five
Old Javanese
lima five
Javanese
lima five
Balinese
lima five
Sasak
lima five
Sangir
lima five
Tontemboan
lima five
Mongondow
lima five
Gorontalo
limo five
Buol
limo five
Totoli
lima five
Banggai
lima five
Uma
lima five
Bare'e
lima five, in combination forms
a-lima five (independent form)
Tae'
lima five
Proto-Bungku-Tolaki
*lima five (bound numeral)
*o-lima five (independent numeral)
Mori Atas
o-limo five
Mori Bawah
lima five
Padoe
o-limo five
Bungku
o-limo five
Mandar
lima five
Buginese
lima five
Makassarese
lima five
Wolio
lima five
Muna
lima five (form used in counting and prefixed to nouns)
Palauan
e-ím five (units of time)
o-ím five (used when counting in sequence)
Chamorro
lima five (Costenoble 1940)
CMP Bimanese
lima five
Komodo
lima five
Manggarai
lima five
Rembong
lima five
Keo
esa dima five
Riung
lima five
Kodi
limma five
Waiyewa
limma five
Lamboya
lima five; hand
Anakalangu
lima five
Kambera
lima five
Hawu
ləmi five
Dhao/Ndao
lemi <M five
Rotinese
lima five
Atoni
nim five
Tetun
lima five
Tetun (Dili)
lima five
Vaikenu
nima five
Idate
lima five
Erai
lima five
Talur
i-lima five
Tugun
lima five
East Damar
wo-lim five
Luang
wo-limə five
Wetan
wo-lima five
Selaru
sim five
Yamdena
lim five
li-lim every five
Fordata
i-lima five
fa-lima five times
Kei
lim five
Dobel
lima five
Teluti
lima five
Nuaulu
nima five
Kamarian
rima five
Gah
lim five
Alune
lima five
Wahai
nima five
Saparua
rima five
Asilulu
lima five
Batu Merah
lima five
Buruese
lima five
Soboyo
lima five
Sekar
nima five
SHWNG Taba
p-lim five
Buli
lim five
fai-lim five times; the fifth
Misool (Coast)
lim five
Mayá
ꞌli³m five
Arguni
rim five
Dusner
rim-bi five
Moor
rímó five
Ron
rim five
Numfor
rim five
rim five
Waropen
rimo five
rim five
Pom
rin five
Marau₁
riŋ five
Ambai
riŋ five
Papuma
bo-riŋ five
Munggui
bo-rim five
bo-rim five
Serui-Laut
riŋ five
Kurudu
bo-ve-rim five
OC Loniu
ma-lime-h five
Nali
ma-yima five
Andra
lima-h five
Leipon
ma-lme-h five
Ahus
lime-h five
Lele
ima-h five
Kele
limwe-h five
Sori
lime-p five
Bipi
lime-h five
Mussau
lima five
Mendak
lima five
Tolai
lima five
Vitu
lima five
Lusi
lima five
Lakalai
-lima five
Tarpia
rim five
Kairiru
lim five (as a bound element in the numerals 6-9)
Manam
lima five
Sio
lima five
Gitua
nima da sirip five
Bunama
nima five
Motu
ima five
Mekeo (East)
ima five
Dobuan
nima five
Haku
to-lima five
Piva
niima five
Takuu
rima five
Luangiua
lima five
Mono-Alu
lima five
Varisi
ka-lima five
Ririo
lima five
Hoava
lima five
Roviana
lima five
vina lima fifth
Bugotu
lima five
va-lima five times
lima-ña fifth
Nggela
lima five
Kwaio
nima five
Marau₂
nima five
Lau
lima five
lima-na the fifth
Toqabaqita
lima five
lima-na the fifth
'Āre'āre
nima five
nima-na the fifth
Sa'a
lime five
Arosi
rima five
rima-na the fifth
Sikaiana
lima five
Gilbertese
nima- five
Kosraean
lime-kohsr five
Marshallese
lima- five (in lima-bukwi ‘500’ and limādep ‘5,000’)
Pohnpeian
lima- five (with attached classifier)
Chuukese
nima- five
Puluwat
limo-ow five (general)
lima- five (in combination forms)
Woleaian
lima- five
Ulithian
lima five
Haununu
rima five
Mota
tave-lima five
Lakona
lima- hand
nivi-lem five
Nokuku
lima five
Malmariv
lima five
Lametin
lima five
Amblong
mo-lima five
Raga
lima five
Apma
ka-lim five
Rano
lima five
Lingarak
i-lim five
Leviamp
i-lim five
Avava
i-lim five
Axamb
a-röm five
Maxbaxo
ŋo-rem five
Southeast Ambrym
lim five
Toak
lim five
Pwele
lima five
Efate (South)
lim five
Sye
suk/rim five
Rotuman
lima five
Wayan
lima five
Fijian
lima five
Tongan
nima five
Niue
lima five
Futunan
lima five
Samoan
lima five
Tuvaluan
lima five
Kapingamarangi
lima five
Nukuoro
lima five
Rennellese
gima five
Anuta
nima five
Rarotongan
rima five
Maori
rima five
Hawaiian
lima five
WMP Pangasinan
limá-m-plo fifty
Sambal (Botolan)
lima-m-poʔ fifty
Tagalog
lima-m-poʔ fifty
Kelabit
limeh ŋeh puluʔ fifty
Malagasy
dima-n-polo fifty
Tondano
lima ŋa puluʔ fifty
CMP Bimanese
lima-m-puru fifty
Hawu
ləmi-ŋ-uru fifty
OC Loniu
ma-lime-ŋ-on fifty
Nali
ma-yimi-ŋ-uy fifty
Ere
lim-ŋ-ul fifty
Mussau
ga-lima-ŋa-ulu fifty
Tongan
nima-ŋo-fulu fifty
Niue
lima-ŋo-fulu fifty
Samoan
lima-ŋa-fulu fifty
OC Tolai
i-lima five
Sowa
i-lim five
Vinmavis
i-lim five
Vowa
i-lima five
WMP Ibaloy
in-ka-lima one fifth
Kadazan Dusun
iŋ-himo five times
Tombonuwo
iŋg-imo five times
Malagasy
in-dimy five times
Mongondow
i-lima the fifth
WMP Bontok
ka-lma to divide into five
Cebuano
ka-lima five times
Ngaju Dayak
ka-limæ five days
Javanese
ka-lima five times; times five
ka-piŋ-lima five times; times five
Mongondow
ko-lima five times
WMP Pangasinan
kuma-lima fifth in order
Kadazan Dusun
kumo-himo the fifth
Formosan Amis
la-lima-y five (people)
Thao
ra-rima five (people)
WMP Yami
la-lima five (people)
Itbayaten
la-lima five
Ivatan
da-dima five
Binukid
la-lima five; to be in fives; to do or make five (of something)
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
le-lima five
Simalur
da-lima five (people)
Balinese
la-lima five
Pendau
le-lima five
Dampelas
le-lima five
Chamorro
la-lima five (living things)
OC Motu
la-ima five (people)
Formosan Paiwan
maka-lima-lʸ five (days, times)
WMP Tagalog
maka-limá to happen to get or obtain five of a kind
maká-limá five times
Bikol
maka-limá to have five
Cebuano
maka-limá five times
Makassarese
maka-lima-na the fifth, at the fifth
WMP Ibaloy
man-dima split into five parts
Toba Batak
maŋa-lima-i produce a litter of five (piglets)
Nias
maŋ-lima divide into five parts
Old Javanese
maŋa-lima divide into five
Javanese
ŋ-lima to form a group of five; to hold a ceremony for a woman in the fifth month of pregnancy
WMP Casiguran Dumagat
məg-lima to do something or be somewhere for five hours, days, months, etc.
Tagalog
mag-limá-limá to gather in groups of five
Bikol
mag-limá to become five
Masbatenyo
mag-limá become five (as when a fifth person joins four already living in a house)
Malagasy
mi-dimy to divide into five
Bahasa Indonesia
ber-lima five together (as five people living in the same house)
Toba Batak
mar-lima divide into five parts
WMP Toba Batak
pa-lima-hon the fifth
CMP Kambera
pa-lima-ŋu five times
WMP Malagasy
faha-dimy the fifth; five fathoms
Dairi-Pakpak Batak
peke-lima the fifth month
Toba Batak
si-paha-lima the fifth month
Chamorro
faha-dma five times
OC Sa'a
haʔa-lime five times
Arosi
haʔa-rima five times
Wayan
vaka-lima five times
Samoan
faʔa-lima five times
Rennellese
haka-gima to do five times; the third and 17th nights of the moon
Formosan Kavalan
siqa-rima five times
Paiwan
sika-lima fifth (ordinal numeral)
WMP Itbayaten
icha-lima fifth (ordinal numeral)
Ilokano
ma-ika-lima fifth (ordinal numeral)
Ifugaw
ka-limá-n fifth (ordinal numeral)
Tagalog
(i)ka-limá fifth (ordinal numeral)
Masbatenyo
ika-limá fifth (ordinal numeral)
Hiligaynon
ika-limá fifth (ordinal numeral)
Cebuano
ika-limá fifth (ordinal numeral)
Mansaka
ika-lima fifth (ordinal numeral)
Kadazan Dusun
ko-himo fifth (ordinal numeral)
Tombonuwo
ko-limo fifth (ordinal numeral)
Malay
ke-lima fifth (ordinal numeral)
Sundanese
ka-lima fifth (ordinal numeral)
Old Javanese
ka-lima the fifth month
Mongondow
ko-lima fifth (ordinal numeral)
Banggai
ko-lima-no fifth (ordinal numeral)
CMP Rotinese
ka-lima-k fifth (ordinal numeral)
Soboyo
ka-lima fifth (ordinal numeral)
OC Gilbertese
ka-nima- fifth (ordinal numeral)
Apma
ka-lim five
Efate (South)
ka-lim fifth (ordinal numeral)
Fijian
i ka-lima fifth (ordinal numeral)
Formosan Proto-Rukai
*aɭima hand
WMP Aklanon
alíma(h) hand
alíma to use one’s hands on
Kalamian Tagbanwa
kalimaʔ hand
Agutaynen
kalima hand
Palawan Batak
ʔalíma arm; hand
Cebuano
alíma hand
Mamanwa
alima hand
Binukid
alima hand; forearm including the hand
Balantak
lima hand
Palauan
ʔim hand; arm; front paws (of animal)
ʔimá-l his/her hand or arm, its paws
WMP Cebuano
tag-limá five each, do something by fives
Makassarese
taʔ-lima five each, five together
Chamorro
tag-lima-n five (in linear measurement)
WMP Itbayaten
ka-lima-an the fifth month (February)
Bikol
ka-lima-an fifths
Cebuano
ka-lima-an fifty
Malagasy
ha-dimi-ana five days
Formosan Atayal
ma-ima-l fifty
Seediq (Truku)
m-lima-l fifty
Thao
ma-rima-z fifty
Bunun (Isbukun)
ma-ima-un fifty
Tsou (Tfuya)
m-eimo-hʉ fifty
Kanakanabu
ma-ima-en fifty
Saaroa
ma-lima-lhe fifty
Rukai (Mantauran)
ma-ma-ɭima-le fifty
WMP Ilokano
pag-ka-lima-en divide into five parts
Bikol
pag-lima-on divide into five; send five at a time, go five by five
WMP Tagalog
limáh-an quintet, quintuplet, a group of five
Masbatenyo
limáh-an suitable for five
Sundanese
lima-an a set of five
WMP Ilokano
lima-lima starfish
Ifugaw (Batad)
lema-lema always five; five by five
Tagalog
limá-limá in groups or bunches of five, five by five
Bikol
limá-líma only five
limá-limá divide into five, send five at a time
Maranao
lima-lima only five; in fives
Ngaju Dayak
limæ-limæ only five; all five
Toba Batak
si-lima-lima the five divisions of the day
Nias
lima-lima five each
Javanese
lima-lima by fives, in groups of five
Mongondow
lima-lima by fives, in groups of five
Makassarese
lima-lima all five
CMP Fordata
lam-lima-n every five; five by five
SHWNG Buli
lim-lim five by five; all five
OC Gitua
nima-nima starfish
Wayan
lima-lima be in a group of five, in fives, as a fivesome, all five together
Fijian
lima-lima all the five
WMP Ilokano
limás bail out
Casiguran Dumagat
limás to bail or scoop water out of a boat
Tagalog
limás act of bailing out water from a small boat, a pond or pool
l<um>imás to bail out water from a small boat, a pond or pool
Bikol
mag-limás to bail out water, to drain water
Masbatenyo
mag-limás bail water, remove water
Aklanon
limás to bail water out of a boat
Waray-Waray
límas the act of bailing out water, as from a boat into the sea
Agutaynen
mag-limat to bail out water, such as when cleaning out a well, or from the bottom of a boat
Cebuano
límas bail water out; empty a pool or big container by bailing the water out
limás something used for bailing
Maranao
limas squeeze; bail out water from sinking boat
Binukid
limas to drain, empty water out of (a pool or a large container)
Mansaka
limas to drain off (water)
Yakan
limas to bail out (water), to empty (something) of water
Tausug
li-limas a scoop for bailing (usually a coconut shell)
l<um>imas to bail, remove water from a boat with a bail
Kayan
limah bailer for boat, e.g. a plate or can
Malagasy
díma a small wooden vessel used in bailing water out of a canoe
vua-dima having had the water bailed out, as a canoe
Malay
limas cup or dipper of palm leaf or spathe; used for drinking, bathing, drawing water, bailing a boat, or as a toy boat bearing offerings to sea spirits; from its shape it gives its name to hip-roofs
Simalur
limas yalur that part of a boat’s bottom in which the water gathers
Sundanese
limas a mould for pastry, etc., made of banana leaf
Old Javanese
limas a container for food
Balinese
limas a leaf folded into the shape of a boat
Sasak
limas bail out water; catch fish by bailing water out of an enclosed area
Sangir
limasəʔ the water that enters a canoe through a leak in the hull
mə-limasəʔ bail out a canoe
Mongondow
mo-limat scoop out, bail water from a canoe
Gorontalo
mo-limato bail out a canoe
CMP Asilulu
lima to bail water
lima-t scoop for bailing
SHWNG Buli
limas scraping the burnt residue from a cooking pan; also a nautical term for bailing water from a boat
OC Kairiru
lim bailer, used for bailing out canoes
Nehan
limah wooden bailer used in bailing out canoes and boats
Halia
limasa wooden bailer used in bailing out canoes and boats
Pohnpeian
liim bailer
lima-k to bail (something)
lima-lim to be bailing
Mokilese
lim to bail; bucket for bailing
lime to bail (something)
WMP Sangir
da-limasəʔ bailer, scoop
Mongondow
lo-limat a bailer made of sugar palm leaves
CMP Asilulu
la-lima bailing well (in a boat)
WMP Kenyah
ŋə-lima bail out a canoe
Balinese
ŋa-limas look like a boat
Sasak
ŋə-limas bail out water; catch fish by bailing water out of an enclosed area
WMP Ilokano
limas-án to bail out of water completely
Bikol
limas-án to bail out (as a boat); to drain water from (as a bathtub); to remove the water from a dammed-off area for the purpose of catching fish
Agutaynen
limat-an to bail out water
Binukid
limas-an to empty the water out of a tank, etc.
Yakan
limas-an to bail out (water), to empty (something) of water
Tausug
limas-an to bail, remove water from a boat with a bail
Sundanese
li-limas-an a house with a so-called ‘wolf-roof’’)
Javanese
limas-an upper section of a four-section roof (cf. Malay limas ‘cup or dipper of palm leaf or spathe ... from its shape it gives its name to hip-roofs)
Gorontalo
limat-alo bailed out, of water from a canoe
WMP Tagalog
limas-in to bail out water from a small boat, a pond or pool
Bikol
limas-ón to bail out water, to drain water
Masbatenyo
limas-ón be bailed out
Agutaynen
limat-en to bail out water; water inside a boat
Cebuano
limás-un water in the bottom of a boat, bilge water
Malagasy
dima-ina to have the water bailed out
WMP Iban
limaw citrus spp. and hybrids; pomelo, mandarin orange, bitter orange, lime, grapefruit, lemon, etc.
Malay
limaw citrus fruit; lime or orange; Citrus maxima (or Citrus decumana), the pomelo or shaddock
Old Javanese
limo a citrus fruit, the lime
Balinese
limo lemon
Sasak
limo Citrus maximus
WMP Hanunóo
limbún dam
Kadazan Dusun
himbun pile up; heaped up
Kayan
libun, ke-libun a covering; to spread over a surface
Sangir
limbuŋ piled up (of soil, etc.)
Tae'
ta-limbuŋ gather around, swarm around something
CMP Manggarai
limbuŋ gather, collect
Tetun
lihun dam or pond; small body of still water
ha-lihun dam up
WMP Malay
limboŋ slipway; place where boats are drawn out of the water for reconditioning
Tae'
limboŋ water puddle, pool, large fish pond in the ricefields
WMP Ilokano
límed concealed knowledge, secret
ag-límed to do in secret, hide
i-límed to hide, conceal
pa-límed a secret, a mystery
Kankanaey
liméd to hide; to conceal
limd-an to hide; to conceal; to disguise; to dissemble; to deny
Ibaloy
i-dimed to keep something a secret
Bikol
mag-limód to eat on the sly, to eat so as not to seen
Palawano
limed secret
Cebuano
limúd deny, conceal something upon being confronted
Proto-East Gorontalic
*limoDu killed with closed eyes in an abandoned place
WMP Bontok
liməŋ si bulan the hidden moon, before it appears as a new moon
Cebuano
limuŋ-límuŋ to hide, withhold something from someone that he ought to know
Maranao
limeŋ to hide, camouflage (as rain that has hidden footprints by washing them away)
WMP Isneg
ma-limát be drowned
Casiguran Dumagat
liməs to drown
Ayta Abellan
a-limeh to drown
Hanunóo
limús drowning
ma-limús to drown
Tboli
limes to drown
WMP Cebuano
límun roll and wrap something up to conceal it, facilitate disposal, carrying and the like
Tboli
limun to cover something up with cloth, leaves; cover something by payment of a fine
Tausug
ma-limun to be entirely covered, out of sight, submerged
Kayan
limun unknown to, unaware of
Malay
ha-limun invisibility, with special reference to invisible elves
ilmu (ha)-limun-an the magic art of making oneself invisible
Karo Batak
limun not directly visible
ŋe-limun try to make oneself invisible
Toba Batak
ha-limun-an a ghost that leads one astray; a magical substance that can make one invisible; magic hood
Sundanese
halimun fog, mist
buta halimun-an mentally blind, unable to distinguish things
CMP Buruese
limu speak with a hidden meaning
limu-k to say in a manner that is not to readily understood
limu-t something that has been said with a hidden meaning
WMP Toba Batak
limut moss, seaweed; also pond scum
OC Rotuman
rimu greyish lichen growing on tree trunks, esp. of coconut; used for making medicine for high fever and convulsions
Wayan
lumi seaweed which grows on sandy bottom
Fijian
lumi <M moss, adhering to a rock or a boat; a kind of edible seaweed
lumi-lumi covered in moss; sleek, shiny
Tongan
limu tahi seaweed
limu ʔuta moss or lichen
Niue
limu moss, seaweed
limu-limu very old
Futunan
limu algae (in general); moss, lichen; edible red seaweed
Samoan
limu general name given to mosses, lichens, algae, and seaweeds
limu-limu Halophila sp., an aquatic plant growing on sand in the sea
limu-limu niu a mosslike fern on the trunks of coconut trees, Monogramma sp.
Tuvaluan
limu seaweed; moss; lichen
Rennellese
gimu kinds of seaweed, some being eaten
Anuta
rimu seaweed; algae growing on the reef
rimu ŋa uta moss (lit. ‘inland algae’)
Rarotongan
rimu moss, sponge, seaweed; orchid
rimu-ā to cover or be covered with moss; used figuratively to denote: for all time, eternity, forever
rimu pine species of fern which hangs from trees: Lycopodium phlegmaria
Maori
rimu seaweed; moss
rimu-rimu moss; mildew
Hawaiian
limu a general name for all kinds of plants living under water, both fresh and salt; also algae growing in any damp place in the air, as on the ground, on rocks, and on other plants; also mosses, liverworts, lichens
limu-a overgrown with moss, seaweed, or any limu
WMP Pangasinan
lináb brilliant, resplendant
Bikol
lináb-lináb sparkling, shining
WMP Yami
linak calm, quiet
Itbayaten
linak idea of calm sea
ma-linak to be calm (of sea/ocean)
Ivatan
dinak calm, tranquil
Ilokano
na-línak calm; tranquil; still
l<um>ínak become calm; become tranquil
Pangasinan
linák calm
WMP Malay
linaŋ calm, still, of water
CMP Buruese
lina calm (of water)
eg-lina-n clear, unclouded
WMP Tagalog
línaw clearness of liquids
Hanunóo
línaw complete stillness, tranquillity; pool, i.e. a quiet, still body of water; the deeper part of a river or stream
Palawano
linew still weather, windless weather, calms
Cebuano
línaw calm, free of agitation; be calm, undisturbed; pool, lake
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
linew a calm area or pool of water
Proto-Sangiric
*linaw clear (of water); pool
Proto-Minahasan
*leno clear, pure (of water)
Boano
nina calm (water)
Muna
lino quiet, calm
ka-lino calm, quiet
ka-lino-a loneliness; lonely
CMP Asilulu
lina calm
WMP Hanunóo
ma-línaw tranquil, still, quiet
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
me-linew peaceful
OC Pokau
maino peaceful
Cheke Holo
malino calm (sea)
WMP Ibaloy
dinawa human spirit --- that which characterizes a living person; it is believed the dinawa walks around when one is asleep and participates in dreams
Pangasinan
lináwa breath; to breathe
Agutaynen
linawa breath; air in the lungs
WMP Cebuano
lindag toss about restlessly in bed
Iban
lindak-lindak (of sun-hats, umbrellas), bobbing (Scott 1956)
WMP Casiguran Dumagat
lindul earthquake; to shake (of ground during an earthquake)
Tagalog
lindól earthquake; quake
Sasak
lindur earthquake
be-lindur-an to shake
WMP Old Javanese
linḍū to shake, quake; earthquake, tremor
Javanese
linḍu earthquake
Pendau
lindug earthquake
Tialo
lindugE earthquake
Muna
lindu have a shaking or spinning pain inside (as when the head is ‘spinning’)
CMP Dobel
rir earthquake
OC Mota
rir earthquake
Merlav
rir earthquake
Namakir
na-rir earthquake
WMP Hanunóo
línuŋ peace, quiet, tranquillity
Malay
linaŋ calm, still, of water
WMP Ilokano
línis smooth, even; clear; clean; pure
Atta (Pamplona)
ma-liːnis smooth
Kayan (Uma Juman)
lini fine, as fine sand
WMP Casiguran Dumagat
línis clean; to clean, to clean up clutter, to clear land
Ibaloy
dinis cleanliness
dinis cleanliness
Ayta Abellan
linih to clean
Tagalog
i-pag-línis to clean something for, or on behalf of someone
ma-línis clean; without dirt; pure; clear; sanitary; free from dirt and filth; hygienic; healthful; neat; tidy
mag-línis to clean; to free from dirt, soil, or impurities
ka-linís-an clearness, cleanliness; neatness, being neat; purity, chastity, freedom from moral evil; innocence
l<um>ínis to become clean or clear
WMP Itbayaten
linis-en to clean
Tagalog
linís-in to clean; to free from dirt, soil, or impurities
Formosan Proto-Rukai
*ɭinoʔo earthquake
WMP Bikol
mag-línog to quake, tremor (the earth)
línog earthquake
linúg-on to be shaken by an earthquake (as a building)
Hanunóo
linúg earthquake
Masbatenyo
línog earthquake, quake, tremor
mag-línog to quake, tremble, shake, shudder (this meaning is limited to earthquakes)
Aklanon
línog earthquake
Waray-Waray
línog earthquake, temblor
ma-línog earthquake-prone
Hiligaynon
línug earthquake
mag-línug to have an earthquake, to shake like an earthquake
Palawan Batak
linóg earthquake
Cebuano
línug earthquake; for there to be an earthquake
Maranao
linog earthquake
Binukid
linug earthquake; for there to be an earthquake, for an earthquake to hit (somewhere)
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
linug an earthquake; of the earth, to shake
Mansaka
linog earthquake
Mapun
linug earthquake; have an earthquake
ka-linug-an (for a place) to be hit by an earthquake
Yakan
linug earthquake
Tboli
linol earthquake
l<em>inol to tremble, shake, of the earth
Tausug
linug earthquake
mag-linug for an earthquake to occur
pag-linug-an for an earthquake to occur
Alas
linur earthquake
Karo Batak
linur earthquake
Sundanese
lini (< *linuy) earthquake
Balinese
linuh earthquake, shaking
Sangir
linuhəʔ earthquake
mə-linuhəʔ to shake, of the earth
Mongondow
linug earthquake
po-linug-an to shake, as in an earthquake
Gorontalo
liluhu earthquake
Tae'
linoʔ earthquake
Mandar
linor earthquake (Mills 1975)
Formosan Paiwan
lilʸuŋ be non-moving, collected (water)
WMP Hanunóo
línuŋ peace, quiet, tranquillity
WMP Ilokano
línab grease; grease smear
na-línab smeared, soiled
Tagalog
lináb greasy or fatty scum on the surface of liquids
Singhi Land Dayak
bi-riñab fat (greasy)
WMP Maranao
liŋ sound of metals
Simalur
liŋ word, speech, sound, noise
Javanese
liŋ one's words
CMP Manggarai
liŋ sound; to sound (of flute, clap of the hands, etc.)
WMP Nias
li word, speech, utterance, accent
Old Javanese
liŋ what one says: words, command, suggestion, etc.; what one says to oneself (in one's heart): thought, opinion; what something says (conveys): meaning, tenor
CMP Kambera
li sound, word, story; happen
Hawu
li sound, language; say, speak
Rotinese
li sound
OC Tigak
liŋ- voice
WMP Aklanon
líŋa-liŋá hard of hearing, slightly deaf; not listening
Cebuano
liŋá, líŋa inattentive due to preoccupation with something else
Iban
liŋaʔ frivolous, careless, heedless, idle
Malay
léŋa dawdling, wasting time, careless, sleepy
Bare'e
liŋa inattentive
WMP Aklanon
líŋa líŋa hard of hearing, slightly deaf; not listening
Bilaan (Sarangani)
liŋɨ hear
Berawan (Batu Belah)
ŋe-liŋa hear
Kenyah (Long Anap)
ŋe-liŋa listen
be-liŋa silent
WMP Ngaju Dayak
liŋak wagging of the head from side to side
CMP Kambera
ha-liŋa leaning to one side (of a boat, pregnant woman, etc.)
WMP Yami
liŋay look around
Ayta Abellan
liŋay to turn one’s head to the side
Bikol
mag-liŋág-liŋág to turn the head looking from one place to another; to look for something in this way
Malay
mə-liŋar to glance sideways (furtively, or in fear or warning)
WMP Hiligaynon
líŋas to distract, confuse, upset, make noise
Cebuano
liŋás unable to keep still, but moving about all the time instead
Iban
liŋas careless, idle
WMP Casiguran Dumagat
liŋát to look quickly back over one’s shoulder
Cebuano
liŋát for the eyes to rove, move the eyes; behave badly, wildly when one is in a place where formal behavior is expected
Tausug
mag-liŋat-liŋat to look quickly here and there (as of someone astounded or on guard)
WMP Kankanaey
mai-liŋáw to appear, to be heard, etc. peeping out, partly, slightly, a little, confusedly
Ifugaw
liŋó buzzing noise audible in one’s ears
Tagalog
líŋaw shouting, clamor
liŋáw bewildered, confused
Bikol
mag-liŋáw to forget, to dismiss
Aklanon
liŋáw be noisy, make a racket
ma-liŋáw noisy, boisterous, raucous
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
liŋew of an occupation or an activity, to absorb someone so completely that he forgets everything else
Mansaka
liŋaw to forget
Miri
liŋauh to lose one’s way, get lost
Formosan Proto-Rukai
*a-la-liŋo shadow
WMP Subanun (Sindangan)
dliŋaw image
Sasak
liŋo shadow
WMP Pangasinan
liŋáw turn the head to one side; look back
Palawano
liŋaw look back, look back by turning one’s head
WMP Cebuano
liŋáy, líŋay for the sun to move beyond the zenith and the shadows to lengthen in the afternoon
Kayan
liŋei shadow, outline, silhouette
Karo Batak
liŋe time of the day around 2 p.m.
WMP Yami
liŋay to look around
Isneg
l<um>iŋáy to turn the head
liŋay-án to look at, to heed, to notice, to mind
Sambal (Botolan)
liŋáy to look behind one
Ayta Abellan
liŋay to turn one’s head to the side
WMP Cebuano
liŋbás file
Maranao
limbas grindstone, whetstone; grind, polish
Tboli
limbas file, hack saw, fingernail file
Sichule
limbae adze
WMP Isneg
liŋád hide, conceal, screen
Kayan
liŋen hidden, obscured
WMP Ilokano
liŋʔét sweat, perspiration
Isneg
liŋát sweat, perspiration
Itawis
liŋát perspiration
Bontok
liŋət perspire, perspiration
Ibaloy
diŋet perspiration, sweat
Palawan Batak
líʔŋet to sweat
Malagasy
dínitra sweat, perspiration
WMP Casiguran Dumagat
liŋeg turn one's head to the side
Malay
léŋar, liŋar glance sideways (furtively, or in fear or warning)
WMP Ilokano
liŋsád base of mountain; ocean floor
Palawano
liŋsad lowlands, flatlands
WMP Agutaynen
l<om>iŋgaŋ for a boat to rock back-and-forth, from side to side; to intentionally rock something back-and-forth
Palawano
liŋgaŋ sway in the wind, constantly moving
Tausug
liŋgaŋ to rock or sway (something), roll (something) back and forth, as a boat rocking in the water
ma-liŋgaŋ to be or become tipsy
Iban
liŋgaŋ rocking, swaying, crank, unsteady (as a boat rocking in the water)
Malay
leŋgaŋ swaying from side to side, of a crank boat, an elephant trying to throw off its rider, tall plants in the wind; a prostitute’s swagger
CMP Hawu
liŋi to pour
OC Tolai
liŋi-re to pour, pour out, spill, as water
Mbula
-liŋ pour out (water, sand, gravel, etc.)
Kwaio
liŋi-a empty out, pour out
Sa'a
liŋi-si to pour (tr.)
Arosi
riŋi to pour, incline a vessel
Mota
liŋ to incline, lean, to pour gently
Avava
liŋ to pour
Efate (South)
lig to pour
Wayan
liŋi be poured, pour
liŋi- pour something
vaka-liŋi pour something (contents) out; empty something (a container); try to pour or empty something
Tongan
liŋi to pour or pour out, to shed (blood)
liŋi loto pouring out mind(s) or heart(s)
Niue
li-liŋi to pour, to gush
faka-ma-liŋi to pour out
Futunan
liŋi to pour out
Samoan
liŋi to pour
ma-liŋi (of rain or tears, etc.) run, pour
Tuvaluan
liŋi to pour
ma-liŋi spilt (in one place)
faka-ma-liŋi to spill
Kapingamarangi
l-liŋi to pour
Nukuoro
liŋi to pour
Rennellese
gi-giŋi to pour, as in or out; to flow, of tears (poetic)
he-gi-giŋi-ʔaki to pour back and forth
Rarotongan
riŋi to pour out or into, to cause to flow or fall in streams or drops, as water or other fluids; to flow, to issue forth, to rush out or down
ri-riŋi to pour out, to tip out, to empty out, to cause to flow or fall in a stream or in streams or drops
Maori
riŋi to pour out; to throw in great numbers, shower
OC Tolai
ta-liŋi-a spilt
Wayan
ta-liŋi spilt
OC Mbula
liŋ-liŋ pour out (water, sand, gravel, etc.)
Sa'a
liŋi-liŋi to pour (intr.)
Wayan
i-liŋi-liŋi manner of pouring, way something is poured
Tongan
liŋi-liŋi to pour at little at a time
Futunan
liŋi-liŋi to pour (frequentive)
Samoan
liŋi-liŋi to pour (frequentive)
Tuvaluan
liŋi-liŋi pour out here and there; pour into several containers
ma-liŋi-liŋi spilt (in many places); pour forth (of tears)
Kapingamarangi
liŋi-liŋi to pour
Nukuoro
liŋi-liŋi-a to pour little by little
Maori
riŋi-riŋi to pour out
WMP Ilokano
liŋʔí <M to turn away; turn the head to the side
Aklanon
liŋíʔ askew, awry, crooked, unbalanced, not level
Cebuano
líŋiʔ turn one’s head to the side to look back
Maranao
liŋiʔ lean the head back
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
liŋiʔ to turn the head
WMP Bontok
ʔi-likəp to shut up, as a house; to close off, as a flow of water
Mongondow
liŋkop close up, to shut a door
WMP Cebuano
líŋkit for two things to be joined along their lengths
bátaʔ ka-lúha ŋa líŋkit Siamese twins
Malay
mə-leŋket to adhere to, as mud on a wall
Tontemboan
leŋket stick to
WMP Aklanon
líŋliŋ peer at (while hiding), sneak a look at, peek or peep at
Hiligaynon
líŋliŋ peep through a small hole, observe secretly through an aperture
Javanese
liŋliŋ peer long and attentively at
WMP Ibaloy
diŋo-en to cause someone to make a mistake (as by interrupting someone who is counting, giving wrong information about a bet)
Pangasinan
liŋó to err; mistake
ma-liŋó often mistaken
Ayta Abellan
liŋo to mislead
Maranao
liŋo to cheat; be wrong
Binukid
ka-liŋu to be mistaken for someone else; to mistake the identity of someone or something
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
liŋu to do something by mistake
Tboli
liŋu mistake, error
liŋu wrong, disordered, disarranged
Kayan
liŋoʔ lost, of living beings; astray
Mongondow
liŋu slightly disarranged; to almost forget, not remember well; almost escape
Wolio
ma-liŋu forget
WMP Ilokano
liŋús make a wry face, grimace, at the same time slightly shaking the head, as when hearing something unpleasant
Tagalog
líŋos act of looking from side to side
Malay
léŋos look the other way; turn away the face, e.g. in disapproval
OC Nehan
lio triggerfish (generic)
Marovo
(makoto) lio-li kind of large triggerfish
Mokilese
lio-li yellow-spotted triggerfish
Rotuman
lio-lio large leatherjacket
WMP Ilokano
lipák pounding clothes
lipak-en to spank, slap
Ifugaw
lipák sudden fall of something which produces a plumping or clattering noise
Pangasinan
lipák sound produced by palm when hands are clapped
lipák sound produced by palm when hands are clapped
Palawano
lipak to beat, hit with a stick
Cebuano
lipák loud thunderclap
Lun Dayeh
lifak sloshing of water in a container
Formosan Puyuma
ɭipas to pass, overtake (as someone walking)
WMP Casiguran Dumagat
lípas gone, past, obsolete, out of fashion, out of season, lapsed
Tagalog
lipas lapsed (referring to a designated time); out-of-style or fashion (as clothes or some practice); old-fashioned, antiquated; no longer potent (as drugs); stale (of food, wine, etc. that has lost its good taste)
Hanunóo
lípas passing of time
l<um>ípas go by, go past, with reference to a certain time or date
Cebuano
lípas to not go directly over something, pass around; gone beyond a point in time
Iban
limpas to go over or past’
WMP Ilokano
lípat forgetfulness
maka-lípat to forget; able to forget
manag-li-lípat to be ungrateful; forgetful
tagi-lípat forgetfulness
ma-lipát-an to forget unintentionally
l<um>ípat to forget
lipát-an to forget someone
lipát-en to forget something intentionally; disregard, neglect
Bontok
lípat to forget something
Bikol
maka-lípat to forget
ma-lipat-on forgetful
Aklanon
lipát to forget, to leave behind (something)
Hiligaynon
ma-lipát to forget, to lose the memory
Palawano
lipat forget, lost memory of
Maranao
lipat forget
Binukid
lipat to forget (something); to lose awareness, consciousness
lipat-lipat absentminded, forgetful, senile
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
lipat to forget something
Tiruray
lifot forgetting something
Tboli
klifót to forget, not remember something, as in sleep
WMP Ilokano
lipat-en to forget something intentionally; disregard, neglect
Palawano
lipat-en forget
WMP Hanunóo
lípay joy, happiness
mag-ka-lípay to rejoice
Aklanon
lípay to be happy, glad
ka-lípay joy, happiness
ma-lípay happy, glad, joyous
Agutaynen
ka-lipay joy, happiness
ma-lipay to be joyful, to feel happy
mag-lipay to cheer someone up; to console or comfort someone
Cebuano
lípay glad; be happy, glad
ka-lípay happiness
paha-lípay to congratulate, felicitate
Binukid
lipay happiness, joy
ma-lipay glad, happy; to gladden, make someone happy
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
lipey to be happy or elated
me-lipey happy; elated
WMP Ilokano
lípay kind of vine whose seeds children use as marbles: Mucuna sp.
Isneg
lípay kind of vine
Ibaloy
dipay kind of vine with large pods (vines are used for tying and the beans for children’s toys)
Aklanon
lipáy vine like poison ivy --- causes swelling and itching
WMP Isneg
lipád to hide, to conceal
lip-lipd-án to hide, to conceal
Masbatenyo
lipód deception, evasion of truth
ma-lipúd-an be hidden, be shielded
Formosan Papora
lipin tooth
Hoanya
lipun tooth
WMP Lun Dayeh
lifen tooth
lifen furet a small cylindrical stone, said to be the tooth of thunder which strikes tall trees during a thunderstorm
Kelabit
lipen tooth
Moken
lepan tooth
SHWNG Biga
lifo- tooth
Dusner
repen tooth
OC Nauna
lih tooth
Andra
lehe- tooth
Ponam
life- tooth
Sori
lipo- tooth
Wuvulu
lifo- tooth
Tiang
lio- tooth
Lakalai
livo- tooth
Gedaged
liwo-n tooth, saw tooth, the serrated margin of a leaf; tooth of a cog-wheel; prong (of a fork, spear, broken branch); the two points on the end of a housepost
Gitua
livo- tooth
Nehan
liwo- tooth
Nggela
livo- tooth
livo-poli curved tusk of a boar (poli = coiled, curved)
Lau
lifo- tooth, tusk, porpoise tooth used as money
lifo-na kwaŋa meteorite (lit. ‘lightning/thunder tooth’)
Haununu
riwo- tooth
Mota
liwo-i tooth; pincer of crab, spider, etc.
Lakona
liwo tusk of a pig
Merig
liwo- tooth
Marino
liwo- tooth
Raga
liwo- tooth
Apma
liwo- tooth
Axamb
na-rvo- tooth
na-rivo- tusk
Maxbaxo
na-rvo- tooth
Southeast Ambrym
lih pig’s tusk bracelet
Sie
ne-lve- tooth
Anejom
ni-jho tooth
WMP Ayta Abellan
lipeŋ to be dizzy
Hanunóo
lípuŋ dizziness
mag-ka-lípuŋ to get dizzy
Agutaynen
lípeŋ to feel faint, breathless; to faint, lose consciousness
Cebuano
lípuŋ to become dizzy, woozy
Binukid
lípeŋ to faint, pass out, lose consciousness temporarily
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
lipeŋ of a supernatural, to blind someone mentally so that he doesn’t realize the proper course of action
Formosan Paiwan
lipetj a hem
WMP Maranao
lipet rice cooked and wrapped in banana leaf
Malagasy
difi turning aside; a mode of plaiting the hair by dividing it on the forehead and carrying it behind the ears; a border plaited in mats, baskets, hats, etc.
Malay
lipat folding up; doubling or redoubling (a cloth or sheet of paper) so that it may take up less space
ber-lipat folded up, as trousers
lipat-an a fold
Rejang
lipət fold; to fold
Sundanese
lipət to fold, double over; folded
ŋa-lipət to make a fold in something; to fold
Balinese
limpet twist, entwine, tangle, interweave irregularly
ŋ-lipet to return, turn back, turn round; reflect; echo
lipet-lipet walk to and fro, turn round and walk back
WMP Lun Dayeh
lifii thinness
Kelabit
lipi thin, of materials
Dusun Malang
lipis thin (materials)
Lawangan
lipis thin (materials)
Taboyan
lipis thin (materials)
Dusun Deyah
lipis thin (materials)
WMP Ilokano
lipít narrow passage; beams used in floor construction
ag-lipít to crowd
ma-lipít to be crushed, cornered
pag- lipít instrument used for squeezing
li-lipt-en armpit
lipit-en to squeeze, press, compel, force
Bontok
lipít to be narrow; to have a small area
Hanunóo
lípit either of the two common rafter-sized bamboo poles used in house (roof) construction, placed parallel with and above the top intermediate purlin strip, to hold down the ridge thatch
Cebuano
lipʔít put something in between two flat surfaces
Maranao
lipit clip on an object
Binukid
ka-lipit to be crowded, squeezed (in a small space)
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
lipit to pinch or squeeze something between two objects
me-lipit tight
lipit-lipit of a group of people, to crowd together
Malay
lipit a fold or twist (of thread, cotton, etc.)
Formosan Puyuma
ɭipuʈ carry in a piece of cloth or paper; wrap up
WMP Cebuano
liput go behind something (as a thief ducking in back of a house and disappearing)
Mansaka
lipot to pass behind; to go around so as not to be seen
Kadazan Dusun
h<um>iput to go around something
hiput-on to be all around, surrounded
Malay
liput flooding, covering, pervading, literally of a body being hidden by birds settling on it; a carpet large enough to cover seven hills; to cover, envelop, wrap as clouds covering a mountain peak
WMP Cebuano
lipud-lípud hide something by circumlocution or covering up
Malay
liput cover, envelop, wrap
WMP Kankanaey
ma-lipók to snap, to crack
Agutaynen
mag-lipok to break or snap something in half (as a pencil)
Maranao
lipok knock or give a blow to a person, to box
WMP Mongondow
lipuʔ village, place; nest; resting place for insects
Bare'e
lipu village (originally ‘fortified place’); formerly provided with a palisade and temple, and situated on a hilltop
Wolio
lipu country, state, region
CMP Soboyo
lipu village
WMP Tagalog
pag-lípot going over an obstacle; going from one town or country to another; transferring
Maranao
lipot encircle; press hard, as in war
Tiruray
lifut of many, to fight against a single individual
Kadazan Dusun
hiput to go around something; surround
hiput-on to be all around, surrounded
Malay
liput flooding; covering; pervading (literally, of a body being hidden by birds settling on it)
Sundanese
liput covered, covered over
Old Javanese
aŋ-liput to envelop, enwrap, engulf, enfold, cover, surround
Balinese
liput fulfill
Proto-Minahasan
*liput surround, encircle
CMP Rembong
liput to coil, encircle, of a snake
WMP Kadazan Dusun
h<um>iput to go around something
Old Javanese
l<um>iput to envelop, enwrap, engulf, enfold, cover, surround
WMP Ibatan
maŋ-lipot to betray
maŋ-li-lipot a traitor
Ilokano
líput treachery, betrayal
Pangasinan
lípot treachery
Ayta Abellan
lipot to betray in private
Cebuano
lipút go behind something; catch something by going the other way; doublecross; fight unfairly by doing something treacherous or taking unfair advantage
Binukid
liput to double-cross, betray (someone); to fight unfairly by doing something treacherously or taking unfair advantage
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
liput to throw someone off guard by an appearance of good will and friendship in order that you may kill him; of a person’s children or loved ones, to cause the parent to go without food in order to give it to the children until the parent dies of starvation
Tiruray
lifut to murder
CMP Rotinese
li make a sound; the sound of drum or gong; the report of a rifle; the sound of a human voice singing
Tetun
lia-n voice, the sound of the voice; the sound made by anything; language; noise
manu lian the voice of a bird
Proto-Ambon
*liə voice
Buruese
lie words
lie-n voice, words; hum
lie-t word, words, voice
SHWNG Buli
lio voice, sound
OC Lau
lio voice (only in compounds)
Rotuman
lio voice; (of a meeting) vote, decision
Wayan
lio voice, of any living thing
lio-lio voices, sounds made by a person or animal
WMP Ilokano
na-libég turbid, muddy; cloudy; dark
Ibaloy
dibeg murkiness, turbidity of water --- esp. of a condition that clears quickly (as when a truck crosses a stream)
Bikol
mag-líbog to become blurred, indistinct
pa-libóg-on to blur, to make fuzzy or indistinct
Agutaynen
liʔbel sediment, particles or dirt in water
WMP Bikol
ma-líbog blurred, fuzzy, indistinct, nebulous, obscure, vague
Agutaynen
ma- liʔbel turbid; cloudy water; water having sediment stirred up or suspended
WMP Hanunóo
liʔúd footprint
Agutaynen
liked footprints
mag-liked to step in or on something
man-liked-liked to walk carefully in tidal flats, in the sea greass, trying to detect or feel small clams with the feet, in order to gather them to eat
Central Tagbanwa
liyɨd step
liyɨr-an to step over something
Mongondow
liod tracks, imprint of the foot or paw; step, pace
Gorontalo
liyodu tracks, footprints
WMP Bontok
likə́p to shut up, as a house; to close off, as a flow of water
Ibaloy
i-dikep to close something (as window)
man-dikep to close, stop operations temporarily (as house, store or other business establishment)
Cebuano
líkʔup to close, cover a passage (as in blocking a road)
WMP Ilokano
lipít narrow passage; beams used in floor construction
ag-lipit to crowd
ma-lipít to be crushed; cornered
pag-lipít instrument for squeezing
li-lipt-én armpit
lipít-en to squeeze, press, compel, force
Bontok
lipít to be narrow; to have a small area
Ibaloy
me-dipit to be narrow, not spacious (as field, place to sleep, road, room)
Hanunóo
lípit either of the two common rafter-sized bamboo poles used in house (roof) construction, placed parallel with and above the top intermediate purlin strip, to hold down the roof thatch
Cebuano
lipʔít put something in between two flat surfaces
Maranao
lipit clip on an object
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
lipit to pinch or squeeze something between two objects
me-lipit tight
lipit-lipit of a group of people, to crowd together
Malay
lipit a fold or twist (of thred, cotton, etc.)
ber-limpit in layers
OC Rennellese
gipi to break, fold
gipi-gipi to fold, as a mat, tapa, net, clothes, paper; to break, as a wave
Formosan Sakizaya
liʔəl neck
Amis
liʔel neck
Paiwan
liqu neck, throat (in some dialects = ‘neck of animals only’)
Paiwan (Western)
liqe neck
WMP Agta (Dupaningan)
leg neck, throat
Arta
lig neck
Yogad
lig neck
Sambal (Bolinaw)
líʔɨy neck
Ayta Abellan
leey neck
Tagalog
liʔíg neck
liʔig-án having a large or long neck
Bikol
líʔog neck
mag-líʔog to take by the neck
Buhid
leóg neck
Hanunóo
líʔug neck
Masbatenyo
lióg neck
liug-ón be forced, be obliged (usually implies the use of physical force)
Aklanon
líʔog neck
taga-liʔóg “neck-deep” (in troubles), be on edge, edgy
Waray-Waray
líʔog neck
líʔog-ón long-necked
Agutaynen
likel neck
Hiligaynon
líʔug neck
Palawan Batak
liʔəg neck
Cebuano
líʔug neck
paŋ-líʔug get thick at the neck (from having rolls of fat)
taga-líʔug “up to the neck” (as in debt)
Maranao
lig neck
Binukid
lieg neck
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
liʔeg the neck
Mansaka
liyug neck
ba-lyug wear a necklace
Tiruray
réʔér the neck
Tboli
lihol throat, neck
Tausug
liʔug neck; neckline, collar
liʔug-an put a collar on something
li-liʔug-an having a collar (as a dress)
Dumpas
liow neck
Tombonuwo
liyow neck
Abai Sembuak
liog neck
Bisaya (Limbang)
liaw neck
Lun Dayeh
liaw neck
Kelabit
riʔer neck
Malay
léhér throat; neck
Acehnese
lihië neck
Sasak
lir neck
Proto-Sangiric
*leReʔ neck
Sangir
leheʔ neck, throat
Boano
leʔe neck
Bare'e
leʔe neck, external throat
CMP Helong
leo neck
Proto-Aru
*leR voice; neck, throat
OC Petats
lio neck
Ghari
lio neck
Bauro
rio neck
Haununu
rio- neck
WMP Ilokano
liés nit, egg of a louse
Kapampangan
liyas small lice
Agutaynen
liket louse egg; nit
Palawano
liʔes louse eggs, nits
Kayan
liʔah eggs of lice
WMP Kankanaey
lío forgotten, neglected
Wolio
ka-liʔu forget
WMP Itneg (Binongan)
ma-líʔu forget
Wolio
ma-liʔu forget
CMP Rotinese
li make a sound; the sound of a drum or gong; the report of a rifle
Yamdena
liri-n voice; language
ŋé-liri uproar, clamor
WMP Aklanon
ma-lisód to find something hard, difficult
ka-lisód difficulty, hardship
Agutaynen
ma-lised poor; needy; destitute
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
lised difficult; to be in difficulty
Formosan Kavalan
Risis nit, louse egg
Saisiyat (Taai)
Liʔʃiʃ nit
Rukai (Budai)
aɭisəəsə nit
Proto-Rukai
*aɭisəəsə nit
Paiwan
liseqes nit, louse-egg
WMP Itbayaten
lisaha nit, egg of a louse
Ilokano
lisʔá nit, egg of a louse
Agta (Dupaningan)
risa louse egg
Isneg
lisá nit, egg of the head louse
Itawis
lisá louse egg, nit
Casiguran Dumagat
lésa eggs (of lice)
Kapampangan
liyas <M small lice
Tagalog
lisáʔ nit, egg of a louse
ma-lisáʔ full of nits (as the hair)
Maranao
lisaʔ baby louse
lisaʔ-an lousy
Binukid
lísaʔ eggs of body lice (of humans or animals); nits
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
lisehaʔ eggs of the insect parasites of humans or animals
Mansaka
lisaʔ nit, louse egg
Tiruray
lisahaʔ a louse egg
Yakan
ku-lisaʔ louse’s egg, nit
Tboli
k-liha lice eggs
k<n>-liha infested with lice eggs
Tausug
lisaʔ a nit, the egg of the human louse
Bisaya (Limbang)
lios <M small louse, louse’s eggs
Tring
liʔa eggs of lice
Kenyah (Long Anap)
liʔa eggs of lice
Kayan
liʔah eggs of lice
Kayan (Uma Juman)
liah <M nit, egg of a louse
Ngaju Dayak
lias <M nit, egg of a louse
ha-lias full of nits (of the hair)
Gayō
lise the white eggs of head lice that adhere to the hair
Alas
lise nit, louse egg
Karo Batak
lisa nit, egg of a louse
Dairi-Pakpak Batak
lisa nit, egg of a louse
Toba Batak
lisa nit, egg of a louse
lisa-lisa-on full of nits
Nias
liza nit, baby louse
Sundanese
lisa nit
Old Javanese
liŋsa nit, egg of a louse
Javanese
liŋsa louse eggs
ŋgolèki liŋsa sumlempit to criticize, carp, find fault
Sasak
lisaʔ nit, egg of a louse
Proto-Sangiric
*ləsia nit, egg of a louse
Sangir
ləsia nit
mə-ləsia begin to crack (as gently as the snapping of nits between the fingernails), of a tree that is being felled
Proto-Minahasan
*ləseʔa nit, egg of a louse
Mongondow
litaʔ nit
Gorontalo
lita egg of a louse, esp. head louse
Bolango
lita egg of a louse, esp. head louse
Boano
lisaʔ nit, egg of a louse
Bare'e
lioso nit, egg of a louse
ke-lioso full of nits
Tae'
lisse nit, egg of a louse; kind of grass with white fruits that resemble the eggs of lice
Proto-Bungku-Tolaki
*liqoha nit
Mori Atas
liʔoho <M nit
Mandar
lisse nit, egg of a hair louse
CMP Komodo
ke-lisa nit, egg of a louse
Tetun
lisa-k nit, egg of a louse
Yamdena
lise nit, egg of a louse
Fordata
lisa-n nit, egg of a louse
Kei
lisa-n nit
OC Nauna
lis nit, egg of a louse
Lou
lisa-n kut nit, egg of a louse
Ere
lis nit, egg of a louse
Titan
lis nit, egg of a louse
Leipon
lis nit, egg of a louse
Likum
lih nit, egg of a louse
Sori
lih nit, egg of a louse
Bipi
lis nit, egg of a louse
Mussau
lisa head louse, hair louse
Mendak
sila <M nit, egg of a louse
Tolai
li nit of a louse
Duke of York
lia nit of a louse
Kilivila
lesa (< *lias) nit
Nehan
lih louse egg, nit
Selau
səla ~ ləsa nit, egg of a louse
Nggela
liha lice in hair
Kwaio
lita eggs of louse
Lau
lite <A pupae of lice in the hair
'Āre'āre
rite <A eggs of louse and flea
Haununu
rita louse egg
Pileni
lie louse egg
Mota
lisa nit, pupa of louse
Avava
a-lih nit
Sye
ne-lis nit
Fijian
lise <A nits
Tongan
liha nit, louse’s egg
Samoan
lia nit (esp. in human hair)
Tuvaluan
lia nit
Anuta
ria nit (egg of head louse)
Rarotongan
ria nit, the egg or eggs of a louse or lice or other small insects
ria-ria nitty, to be infested with nits
Maori
riha nit
whaka-riha-riha disgusting; disgusted, annoyed
Hawaiian
liha ~ lia nit, louse egg
li-liha ~ liha-liha many nits
WMP Ilokano
lislís the rolling up of the sleeves or pant legs
Tagalog
lislís lifted up, raised up, or blown up (said of skirts or dress)
i-lislís to lift up the skirt or dress
lislis-án to be lifted or blown up (said of the skirt or dress)
Bikol
lislís curled up, upturned (as a lip); blown up (as a skirt)
Binukid
lislís to pull, roll up (pant legs or shirt sleeves); to hike up (a dress), as when walking through mud
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
lislís to pull up or roll up the legs, sleeves, or end of a garment, as one does when crossing a stream
WMP Samal
lisuŋ-an mortar
Maloh
lisuŋ-an mortar
Singhi Land Dayak
risuŋ mortar
Sasak
lisuŋ wooden rice mortar (as opposed to mortars of skin)
Sangir
lisuŋ mortar
WMP Bontok
lisat to cut through a binding using a sawing motion
Kankanaey
lísat to crack (for instance, when tearing up cloth
Binukid
litas to make, cause a tear in something
WMP Itbayaten
ma-litek sticky (clay, mud, etc.)
Karo Batak
litek turbid, muddy, of water
me-litek turbid, muddy (of water)
Toba Batak
litok turbid, muddy, of water
Mandar
litaʔ earth
Palauan
iidek accumulated dirt (in clothes, on body, etc.)
CMP Manggarai
litek muddy; sticky (as rice porridge, mud, etc.)
WMP Ilokano
lítem livid, black and blue; contused, bruised, waled
Kankanaey
litem k.o. large black ant
Ibaloy
e-ditem bruised, of the dark discoloration of skin following trauma
Mapun
e-ditem bruised --- of the dark discoloration of skin tissue following trauma
Murik
lintem dark
Toba Batak
lintom deep black
hoda si-lintom black horse
WMP Maranao
litaʔ sap of a plant
Malagasy
díty gum, resin, anything viscid
Maloh
litaʔ latex, rubber
Sasak
litaʔ tree the wood of which is used for sirih boxes, the sap of which is used for bird lime and the bast fiber of which is used as medicine
CMP Manggarai
lita sticky (of fat, etc.)
SHWNG Buli
lit stick, adhere; glue, paste
Ron
rik blood
Numfor
rik sap of trees
WMP Itawis
lítid tendon
Casiguran Dumagat
lítid blood veins
Kapampangan
lítid tendon, cartilage
Tagalog
lítid ligament; tendon; sinew; a band of bodily tissue which connects muscle to bone, or holds parts of the body in place
Bikol
lítid veins in the neck; jugular vein
mag- lítid to pop out or become prominent (veins, as when under the strain of singing or lifting something heavy); usually expressed in the plural as mag-li-lítid
WMP Ilokano
litík clicking sound
ag-litík to click
Kankanaey
litík click, tick
litíik to crack, snap
Bikol
mag-litík to crack (as a glass when filled with boiling water); to hit someone with the tip of the finger snapped from the end of the thumb, to give someone a fillip
Hanunóo
lítik noise made by striking of flint and steel, in making fire
Karo Batak
lintik, lentik small chisel used to knock off bits of tooth in tooth-filing
Toba Batak
litik knock, tick
CMP Manggarai
litik pluck, pick, snap off (leaves of yam, etc.)
Rotinese
liti cause a creaking sound when walking over a floor of soft laths, etc.
OC Fijian
lidi burst, explode, strike; the report of an explosion, as of thunder or a stone in a heated oven
Formosan Paiwan
litjlitj a rope, cord
l<m>itjlitj to wind something round and round with cord
WMP Ifugaw
litlít string or thong that serves to wind something around another thing
Ifugaw (Batad)
litlit for someone to bind something with binding material in one or more winds, as a bundle of wood with a vine, a wounded hand with a bandage, the waist with a loincloth
Ngaju Dayak
lilit be wound around
Malay
lilit twining round
lilit-mə-lilit winding round and round
di-lilit akar in the coils of a climbing plant
Karo Batak
lilit winding around
ŋə-lilit wind something around something else
lilit-en a skin eruption: Herpes zoster
Toba Batak
lilit an embrace
maŋa-lilit to embrace; to wind or tie around
Old Javanese
lilit a pattern of wavy lines, rippling
Javanese
ŋə-lilit to twist, wind around
Balinese
lilit to coil, like a snake; wind round; to climb like a creeper
Formosan Paiwan
ma-litjlitj be(come) wound with cord
WMP Ngaju Dayak
ma-lilit to wind around, wrap by winding
Formosan Paiwan
pa-litjlitj to cause something to be wound round with cord
WMP Malagasy
fa-diditra entanglement (used only of cord or thread)
WMP Itbayaten
man-litok to bend
litok-en to bend (e.g. stalk of corn plant)
Maranao
litok to bend
Tiruray
lituk fence of bowed bamboo strips
WMP Ilokano
litók knocking sound
ag-litók to crack a joint; knock; click (heels)
Kankanaey
na-litók to crack; to snap (as the finger joints)
Cebuano
litúk flick with the fingers, hit something by flicking the fingers at it
WMP Balinese
liu be many; crowd; many, much
CMP Tetun
liu surpass, be better than, be larger than; when placed after a verb translates as: before in time, past, or ago
OC Bugotu
liu to go beyond, pass
va-liu to spread
Lau
liu to go beyond; excessive; to exceed; very
'Āre'āre
riu-a used to form the comparative and superlative; surpass, win, excel, go beyond, pass over, of time
Arosi
riu go on, go past; beyond; forms a superlative: goro riu ‘very good’
Fijian
liu precede, go before, surpass, excel, be the first to do a thing
WMP Cebuano
líu circle around
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
líu go round an object or obstacle to get to the other side
Kayan (Uma Juman)
líu river channel (i.e. place where the water has met an obstacle and flowed to the sides and around it)
Iban
líu prowl or hang about
Uma
líu to pass, pass by
OC Tolai
liu to pass; to twist, as a rope
Bali (Uneapa)
pe-liu to turn and go back
Cheke Holo
liu pass by, go by way of
Nggela
liu to turn aside, go in another direction, by another way
Niue
liu to turn, change; to return; again
Samoan
liu alter, change
liu-liu turn over and over (as a mat in rolling it up); debate
OC Roviana
li-liu turn around with the same movement, as clock hands
Eddystone/Mandegusu
li-liu turn over
Nggela
li-liu to become, change into
li-liu lio change one’s mind, repent; to turn aside from the path; turn, turn over in bed
Tongan
li-liu turn around; turn or change into something else
Niue
li-liu to change
Samoan
li-liu alter, change
WMP Cebuano
líyug for something long and slender to be bent or crooked; warped
Malay
liok a bending movement, of a tiger’s rolling gait; body movement in a dancer, in contrast to step-dancing or arm movement; a fencer bending his body to strike or parry
Formosan Rukai
ma-liu-liús turn round (Ferrell 1969)
Puyuma (Tamalakaw)
mu-liús turn round (person)
mu-liu-lius turn round (thing)
Paiwan
lius to make one complete tour (as one lap around a running-track)
q<m>a-lius to drop off something on way to somewhere
WMP Cebuano
líyu circle round
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
liyu go round an object or obstacle to get to the other side
Kayan (Uma Juman)
liu river channel (i.e. place where the river has met an obstacle and flowed to the sides and around it)
Iban
liu prowl round (Scott 1956), prowl or hang about (Richards 1981)
OC Bugotu
liu go beyond, pass
Nggela
liu turn aside, go in another direction, by another way
Arosi
riu go on, go past
WMP Maranao
liot around, encircle, surround
Ngaju Dayak
liut bend, curvature; detour; go out of one's way
WMP Malay
liat-liut supple, twisting readily
ter-be-liut twisted, strained, of a limb or joint
OC Tolai
li-liut to struggle, twist oneself about, fidget
WMP Ilokano
liwág-en postpone, put off, delay
Pangasinan
liwág delay, postponement; diversion, recreation
Tagalog
líwag slowness in acting
Bikol
líwag stingy, selfish, close-fisted; iniquitous, unjust
Agutaynen
ma-liwag difficult or hard to do or endure; scarce, hard to come by
Cebuano
líwag move something at one end to get it out of the way or make it change position; face a different direction
Maranao
liwag miss, fail, renege
WMP Casiguran Dumagat
líwan outside
Hanunóo
liwán far, distant
Aklanon
líwan outside; outside of, aside from
ta-líwan to bypass, go by, pass by
Palawan Batak
líwan outside (of object)
WMP Bontok
liwaŋ-an door
Malay
léwaŋ open space
Minangkabau
léwaŋ gate
WMP Kenyah (Long Jeeh)
liwet to and fro
Old Javanese
a-liwer move about, dart to and fro (of many, without order), rush about, fly around, swarm, flash back and forth
Javanese
liwer mill around, swarm about in crowds
Balinese
liwer-an a motley crowd; move, flee, run away in a confused mass
WMP Bontok
liwət to walk around
Tiruray
liwet to go around, but close by, something or someone; to speak in an indirect, metaphorical, or euphemistic way; (of routes) being the long way to some place
ge-liwet all around
Kenyah (Long Jeeh)
liwet to go to and fro
Malay
liwat via, through, by way of
OC Gedaged
loan endure, continue a long time; exist for a long period; protract; abide; last
Samoan
loa be a long time (since something happened); be old, ancient (without showing signs of age or growth)
Rennellese
goa old, long ago; common, often, again and again, already
goagoa a while ago
Anuta
roa long (in time)
Roaroa long (in either time or distance)
Rarotongan
roa long, as of time; delayed; length, as of time; delay; length, as of measurement; duration, extent, etc.
Maori
roa long (of time), delayed
OC Bugotu
thoki nt, curved, windng, crooked
Fijian
loki bend a joint; shut the hand
loki liŋa bend the arm
loki-loki lame
CMP Rotinese
lola cut meat into strips
palo-lola-k strips of meat
Yamdena
lolan cut off a piece
OC Sursurunga
lom-lom high tide, flood
Gedaged
lom the dirty, loamy water that flows off after a rain; all water that remains in puddles pools afer a rain
Takia
lom flood
Maori
roma current, stream, flood
OC Penchal
loy-loy red tree ant
Nali
yo-yow red tree ant
Ere
low-low red tree ant
Lele
yew-yew sugar ant
Kele
lu-low red tree ant
Mondropolon
lo-low sugar ant
Likum
low-low small stinging black ant
Lakalai
la-lolo large red ant
Bugotu
thotho red ant
Nggela
lolo sp. of small black ant; weevil, insect in rice, flour, etc.
Kwaio
lolo ant
Lau
lolo sp. of ant
Sa'a
lolo red ants, sugar ants
Fijian
lo-lo a small ant
Tongan
lō ant
Niue
lō ant
Tuvaluan
loo ant
Rennellese
gō ant
Anuta
lo ant (generic)
Rarotongan
lo ant
Maori
rō Argosarchus horridus and other stick-insects; praying mantis
Hawaiian
lō a black insect, the earwig (Dermaptera)
OC Wogeo
loso-loso bathe
Koro
los swim
Tasiriki
lo-loso swim
Araki
lo-los-i swim
North Malo
lo-loso swim
loso-bi wash
Sowa
los swim
Sa
lo-los swim
Vowa
loho swim
Namakir
lo-loh swim
lo-loh swim
Nakanamanga
lo-loso swim
OC Makatea
roto heart
Tongan
loto inside, interior; mind, heart (seat of affections, etc.); desire, will, purpose; anger, ire, temper
Niue
loto within, inside, between; the heart (moral, not physical); the seat of the emotions, the mind
Futunan
loto to desire, want, wish; prefer; desire sexually; interior, center; enclosure, yard
loto veli be ill-natured; jealous
Samoan
loto heart, feeling (as opposed to mind and soul); will
loto-a (be) hot-tempered
loto-malie agree
loto-mau be strict, firm, steadfast
Tuvaluan
loto in, inside, inwards; one’s inner self, hence the heart as seat of the emotions; wish, agree, decide on; compose one’s mind
Kapingamarangi
lodo inside, within; spouse
lodo bagege weak-minded, weak-willed, cowardly (bagege = ‘weak, powerless’)
lodo huaidu feel bad (inside oneself); sorrow, sadness; to feel sad (huaidu = ‘bad’)
Nukuoro
lodo inside of; want, desire
lodo aheahe unstable temperamentally, inconstant
lodo lanea indecisive, confused
lodo manege stubborn, be a poor loser
Rennellese
goto interior, thought, intelligence
Rarotongan
roto in, within, the inner part, inside; inwardness, internal state, inner meaning or significance, intimacy, familiarity, etc.; internally seated in the mind or soul; not perceptable to the sense of sight, as hidden or suppressed anger or any hidden or suppressed emotion
Maori
roto the inside (as of a house); the midst
Hawaiian
loko in, inside, within; interior, inside; internal organs, as tripe
hoʔo-loko insinuate, suggest, implant a thought, either good or bad; character, disposition, heart
OC Lou
lot boil, abscess
Penchal
lot boil, abscess
Loniu
lot boil, abscess
Nali
yot boil, abscess
Lele
yot boil, abscess
Likum
lok boil, abscess
Lindrou
lok boil, abscess
Wuvulu
loʔo boil, abscess
Tanga
lot abscess
Bali (Uneapa)
loto sore
Wogeo
looto boil, abscess
Nehan
lot sore
Cheke Holo
lotho infect with pus, develop an infection
Bugotu
thoto pus
Sa'a
lō abscess
Chuukese
nóót pus
WMP Ilokano
luá interjection used to halt the water buffalo
Hanunóo
luwá pause, wait; most frequently used in the expression kalwá or kalwá yí ‘wait a moment!’
Cebuano
luwá a word of command for a carabao to halt
pa-luwá to command a carabao to stop
Maranao
loa whoa! stop an animal
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
luwa whoa! --- the word used to halt a work animal, such as a carabao, cow, or horse
WMP Ilokano
luáb to top cooking rice; to remove the upper layer from the kettle
ag-luáb to be lifted away by the wind (thatch); to bubble, boil; rise
Mapun
luwap to overflow
luwap-an to overfill; make something overflow
Lun Dayeh
luab a rising tide; an overflow
mə-luab spilling
Malay
luap swell, expand, as rice when boiled
Karo Batak
luam boiling, of water, violently bubbling up; excited, of language; raving, delirious, as in sickness
Balinese
ma-luab boil; bubble up, boil over
Wolio
lua boil over, overflow
Muna
lua boiling surface (as of something someone is cooking)
lua-wi to boil over onto something
CMP Rotinese
lua boil over, run over, froth at the top
Buruese
lua high, full; high, of the tide
OC Nggela
lualua boil over, as food cooked in bamboo
Niue
ma-lua-lua to become rough (of the sea)
WMP Romblomanon
luwaŋ the bilge of a boat or ship, the inner space at its widest point
Banjarese
luaŋ hole
Sundanese
luaŋ hole, groove
CMP Rotinese
lua(k) cave, cavern, grotto, hole
OC Rotuman
lua hole
Tongan
luo hole in the ground, pit, trench, rut, or other depression; hole
Samoan
lua hole, pit
Kapingamarangi
lua hole, cave
Anuta
ruo hole
Rarotongan
rua hole, excavation, grave, abyss, cavity, pit, opening, chasm, etc.
Maori
rua pit, hole; store for provisions; grave
whaka-rua hollow, vale, valley
Hawaiian
lua hole, pit, grave, den, cave, mine, crater (lua is a hole that has a bottom, contrasting with puka, perforation)
WMP Ilokano
luáŋ empty jar; wasteland
na-luaŋ-an not full
Ibaloy
dowaŋ-an doorway
Ayta Abellan
lowaŋ opening; sky
Tagalog
luwáŋ width
ma-luwáŋ spacious, containing much space; roomy
l<um>uwáŋ to become wide or wider; to become loose or too big in size
Proto-Sangiric
*loaŋ wide
Proto-Minahasan
*loaŋ wide
WMP Itbayaten
ka-xwa ~ ka-hoa removing from the mouth
a-hwa spit out
Pangasinan
uá to eject from the mouth; poke out one’s tongue
Tagalog
luwáʔ that which is belched or disgorged from the mouth
mag-luwáʔ to belch out; to disgorge; to throw out from the mouth or throat
l<um>uwáʔ to belch out; to disgorge; to throw out from the mouth or throat
Bikol
luwáʔ to spit something out of the mouth (usually food); to spew
Masbatenyo
mag-lúwaʔ to spit, spew out, expectorate
Waray-Waray
luwáʔ the act of belching or forcing something out from the mouth
Cebuano
lúwaʔ to spit or eject from the mouth; spit to express contempt; action of spitting
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
luwaʔ to spit a non-liquid out of the mouth
Mansaka
lowaʔ to come out; to bring out
Tiruray
luwaʔ to throw out; to spit out all that is in one’s mouth; having tuberculosis
Mapun
luwaʔ to spit something out after putting it in one’s mouth
Tausug
mag-luwaʔ to eject something from the mouth
luwa-an be ejected from the mouth
Ida'an Begak
luaʔ let go out of the mouth
l<əm>uaʔ to let go out of the mouth
Kayan
lua a baby’s or child’s regurgitation, vomit
Ngaju Dayak
ma-lua spit out
ha-lu-lua spit out repeatedly
Malagasy
lúa vomit, the matter ejected
a-lúa to be vomited
man-dúa to vomit; to pay, to discharge a debt
Malay
luah ejecting from the mouth, spitting out (not merely spitting), as of something bitter
Sundanese
luah betel expectorate, (red) saliva spat out when chewing betel nut
ŋa-luah to spit out betel saliva
Balinese
luah vomit; emit water; bubble over (a boiling pot)
Sasak
luaʔ spit out food
Sangir
mə-lua to spit out, expel from the mouth
Uma
-luaʔ spit out, spew out
Tae'
lua to vomit; vomitus
lua-n to vomit out for (someone)
Makassarese
lua something that one has spat out
al-lua to spit out (as the pit of a fruit)
lua-sawa kind of gemstone (lit. ‘spat out by a python’)
Wolio
lua vomit, vomited matter; to vomit
Muna
lua to vomit, throw up, spit out
Chamorro
lugaʔ spit out (mouthful), to spew or spray out of mouth by blowing, such as a mouthful of chewed coconut meat after juice is gone
CMP Sika
lua spit out, spew out
Lamaholot
luã eject from the mouth (as food, or the pits of fruits)
Yamdena
n-lue spit out food, etc.
Watubela
luak vomit
Masiwang
lua to vomit
Proto-Ambon
*lua to vomit
Asilulu
lua to vomit
la-lua-t vomitus
Boano₂
lua to vomit
Buruese
lua to vomit, regurgitate
lua-k to vomit (something), regurgitate, spit out
Soboyo
luaʔ to vomit
SHWNG As
lu to vomit
OC Bali (Uneapa)
lo-luaka to vomit
Arop
i-lu-lu to vomit
Biliau
lu to vomit
Kove
lua-lua to vomit
Sio
a-lua to vomit
Mbula
lua-i spit out something from one’s mouth (as the pulp of betel nut)
Gitua
lua vomit
lua-ta bua to spit out betel
Numbami
luwa to vomit, throw up
Nehan
lua to vomit, be seasick
Uruava
rua-rua to vomit
Cheke Holo
luʔa to vomit
Ririo
lua to vomit
Hoava
lua to vomit
Roviana
lua to vomit; to emit semen
Eddystone/Mandegusu
lua vomiting; to vomit, spit
Bugotu
lua to vomit
Nggela
lua-lagi to spit out
Kwaio
lua-ŋaʔi burst out, come out, spew out from
lua-ʔao vomit
Mota
lua to put out of the mouth, spew, vomit
lu-lua to vomit, be sick
Nokuku
lu-lue to vomit
Araki
lua to vomit
Leviamp
-lu to vomit
Southeast Ambrym
lU-lu to vomit
Efate (South)
lu to vomit
Sie
e-luo to vomit
Sye
e/lwo to vomit
Rotuman
lua to spit or cast out of the mouth, often sed as a euphemism for mumufa (to vomit)
Fijian
lua to vomit
via-lua to feel sick
lua-ða to vomit on
lua-ra(ka) what is vomited
lua-lua to keep vomiting
Tongan
lua to vomit
Niue
lua to vomit, throw up food (as an infant does)
faka-lua to dribble, vomit
faka-lua-lua to expel from the mouth in driblets
ma-lua to flow out of the mouth accidentally; to overflow
Samoan
lua-i expectorate, disgorge
Tuvaluan
lua vomit
Kapingamarangi
lua-i to spit up food (only once, not repeatedly as in vomiting)
Nukuoro
lue-i to spit out (especially food)
haga-lue-ia to vomit; vomitus
Rennellese
gua to throw up, vomit, emit sexually, have an orgasm
Anuta
rua to vomit; to be seasick
OC Mussau
lue-ki to vomit
Mota
lua-g to vomit out, put out of the mouth
Sakao
lu to vomit
Amblong
lua to vomit
Tuvaluan
lua-ki to vomit (of a fish); to slip a hook; to blow out smoke
Rarotongan
rua-ki vomit, matter ejected from the stomach; to vomit, to throw up the contents of the stomach by the mouth; to spew
Maori
rua-ki to vomit; be vomited
whaka-rua-ki to vomit up, disgorge
Hawaiian
lua-ʔi vomit; volcanic eruptions; to vomit, erupt; to banish, expel, drive out, as people
WMP Ilokano
luás starting time, departure
ag-luás to set out; commence (a voyage)
i- luás to take on a trip; bring merchandise to the market
pag-luas-án place of departure
Pangasinan
luás to go to town
Tagalog
luwás a trip from the country to the city
i-luwás to export; to send out of the country for sale in another
pag-lu-luwás export; exporting; exportation
WMP Ilokano
l<um>uás to leave on a trip
Tagalog
l<um>uwás to go or travel to the city from the country
WMP Agta (Eastern)
luwás go out
Casiguran Dumagat
luwas outside (of a house or of the jungle)
l<um>uwás to go outside (singular subject)
məg-luwás to go outside (plural subject)
Pangasinan
luás to go to town
Ayta Abellan
lwah outside
Bikol
luwás outside
mag-luwás to exit, to go out or come out; to take out, to put out
pa-luwás outward
pa-luwas-ón to send out, to discharge
luwas-án the outside, exterior; outlet, vent
i-luwás to take out, to put out
Hanunóo
luwás outside, exterior, out of doors
Romblomanon
luwas a position outside an object, either the outside surface or a position nearby; certain objects are specified except for one or more which are not included
Masbatenyo
luwás outside
mag-luwás to exit, step out, get out
luwas-án to exit through
Aklanon
euwás outside; to save from [troubles, evil]; free, liberate; aside from, outside of
Hiligaynon
luwás aside from, except, outside of
mag-luwás to free, to redeem, to save
Cebuano
luwás to save, remove something from harm; free from debt, discomfort
ka-luwás-an safety, preservation from destruction
Maranao
loas shed off skin, molt; undress
Binukid
luwas to remove, take off (an article of clothing); to save, preserve, remove (someone) from harm, destruction, death, etc.; to free (someone) of difficulties, discomfort, problems, etc.
Mansaka
lowas to set free, to save
Yakan
mag-luwas to take off something (as clothes or shoes); to bring out something, express (of thoughts or speech); to go outside (of room, house, forest, etc.)
l<um>uwas to be out (outside) of something that is confining in some way
Iban
luas clear, wide, spacious
Malay
luas spacious, broad
luas-kan to expand; to dilate
Toba Batak
luas come out, appear
Javanese
los off, away, (on the) loose; home free (in children’s games)
Tae'
luaʔ spacious, wide
Proto-Bungku-Tolaki
*lua broad, wide; empty; expel
Makassarese
luasaʔ spacious, wide; neighborhood, vicinity
CMP Soboyo
bala-lua space, area
WMP Agutaynen
mag-loat to remove, take off clothing
Maranao
loas shed off skin, molt; undress
loas-en underwear, underclothing
Binukid
luwas to remove, take off (an article of clothing)
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
luwas to remove an article of clothing
Yakan
mag-luwas to take off something (as clothes)
Formosan Pazeh
r<in>ubaŋ a saw grave, tomb, graveyard
Puyuma (Tamalakaw)
ruvaŋ a hole
Paiwan (Western)
luvaŋ a grave, grave-pit; a covered pit trap
pu-luvaŋ-an cemetery
WMP Tausug
lubaŋ a depression, pit, hole or deep furrow in the ground; ditch, trench
Abai Sembuak
luaŋ hole
Kujau
luvaŋ hole
Lun Dayeh
lubaŋ a hole, pit; nostril
ŋe-lubaŋ to drill or make a hole
Kayan
luvaŋ a hole (body aperture, porcupine’s den, hole in ear for insertion of clouded leopard’s tooth)
Kayan (Uma Juman)
luvaŋ a hole
Kiput
lubiə hole
Bintulu
luvaŋ hole
Kejaman
luveəŋ hole in the ground
Iban
lubaŋ hole, pit
be-lubaŋ having a hole or hollow
Malay
lobaŋ hole; orifice, e.g. the touch-hole of a cannon, the nostril, the eye of a needle, side-cavity in Malay grave
Bahasa Indonesia
lubaŋ hole, depression in the ground
Gayō
luaŋ hole, as in end of bamboo; aperture of the ear
luaŋ lèt grave niche
Karo Batak
lubaŋ hole, pit; anus; hole in the floor of a house; grave
Dairi-Pakpak Batak
lubaŋ hole, having a hole; vagina; nostril
Toba Batak
lubaŋ hole, cavity, pit, fissure
tar-lubaŋ fall into a pit
Sundanese
lubaŋ kind of very large eel that stays in holes and grottoes in near-shore waters
Old Javanese
luwaŋ pit, hole, cavity
aŋ-luwaŋ hollow
Javanese
luwaŋ hole, pit
ŋe-luwaŋ to dig a hole in
WMP Tausug
mag-lubaŋ to make a depression, hole or pit in the ground
Malay
ber-lobaŋ-lobaŋ full of holes, as a wasp’s nest
Bahasa Indonesia
ber-lubaŋ having a hole or depression
Karo Batak
er-lubaŋ have a hole, full of holes
Formosan Pazeh
mu-rubaŋ to bury (in general, including a dead person or animal)
Paiwan
l<m>uvaŋ to place in a pit
WMP Yami
i-ovaŋ to plant dry taro
ovaŋ-an place one planted dry taro
Itbayaten
xovaŋ newly planted sugarcane cuttings
Ibaloy
dobaŋ camote slips for planting
man-dobaŋ to plant camote slips
Tagalog
mag-lubáŋ to plant root crops such as sweet potatos or yams
Bikol
mag-lubáŋ to sow root crops by planting the shoots
Cebuano
lubáŋ transplant seedlings
Mansaka
lobaŋ to plant taro
WMP Ilokano
lúbaŋ roller gin for cotton; to crush; grind; gin cotton
Bikol
lúbaŋ a large wooden mortar used for pounding rice; mortar in general used for grinding or pounding
WMP Ilokano
lúbag lower the sail of
Karo Batak
lumbar pay out a rope
Minangkabau
lombar pay out rope in working a vessel
WMP Yami
ovay gold, gold chest ornaments
mi-ovay to wear gold chest ornaments
Itbayaten
xovay ear-ring in general; beads, necklace
Ivatan
hovay ear-ring
Ilokano
lúbay ear-ring
WMP Bikol
lubót buttocks
Singhi Land Dayak
rubat bottom (anat.)
WMP Yami
ovid rope, string
ovid-en weave a strand
Itbayaten
xovid string, cord (in general)
xovid-en to make into twine
Ivatan
hovid string, cord (in general)
Ibatan
hobid rope or string
ma-hobid make fiber, etc. into rope
Ilokano
lúbid string, line
Isneg
lúbid the string of the siuwāt snare (made of pineapple fiber, etc.)
Bontok
lúbid thread, string
Kankanaey
lúbid cord; rope; twist; twine; string
Casiguran Dumagat
lubíd string, twine; to twist abaca fiber by rolling it over one’s thigh
Ibaloy
dobid rope
dobid rope
Pangasinan
lobír rope, string
Kapampangan
lúbid rope
Bikol
lúbid cord, line, rope, string, twine
Hanunóo
lúbid rope, cord, as a fishline, usually twisted, and made of bast or other fibrous material
Agutaynen
lobid-lobid a native pastry like donuts, twisted into the shape of a figure eight
Palawan Batak
lúbid string, tie, rope; necklace
Tausug
lubid a rope made of intertwisted strands of fiber (often hemp)
l<um>ubid to braid something
Mongondow
lubid cord; snare for birds
WMP Itbayaten
xovid-en to make into twine
Bontok
lubíd-ən to make string by twining threads together between the palm of one’s hand and one’s thigh
Kankanaey
lubíd-en to plait; to braid; to twist
Ibaloy
dobir-en to twist strands of something together to make rope, cable, string, thread
dobir-en to twist strands of something together to make rope, cable, string, thread; rope
Agutaynen
lobid-lobid-en to twist into a figure eight
Tausug
lubir-un to braid something
WMP Pangasinan
loblób to revive a fire or make it flare up by putting on more wood
Sambal (Botolan)
loblób to place on a fire
Ayta Abellan
loblob to burn, be aflame
Bikol
lublób to season over an open fire (banana leaves used for wrapping rice; sugarcane; wood to enable to be straightened)
Palawano
lublub tinder
WMP Lun Dayeh
lubuk deepest part of river
Ngaju Dayak
lowok the convexity at a riverbank where a river carves out the land in making a turn
Malagasy
lovoka a great swampy plain
Malay
lobok ~ lubok cavity in river, pool, or sea
Karo Batak
lubuk handmade hole for planting seeds
Toba Batak
lubuk deep place in the water, deep underwater cave or hole
Chamorro
lupok deep hole in the ground, crevasse
WMP Cebuano
lubúk to pound with a pestle
Mapun
lubuk a light repetitive thudding sound
ma-lubuk to make a light repetitive thudding sound (as when fruit falls to the ground, someone is pounding rice, etc.)
CMP Manggarai
lubuk strike with the stick or a hand so as to make a noise
lumbuk mix coarse and fine substances by pounding
Formosan Puyuma
ɭubuk cloth bag (smaller than the pawti jute sack)
WMP Ilokano
lúbok bag of a fishing net
WMP Pangasinan
lobós to buy land or goods for sale in their entirety, leaving nothing for others
Ayta Abellan
loboh complete, integrity; do something wholeheartedly
Tagalog
lubós consummate; complete; perfect; exhaustive; thorough; out-and-real; plenary; entire; absolute
Bikol
lubós completely, all (as all members of a set)
Romblomanon
lūbus something is entirely a particular color
Aklanon
eúbos deep; sincere; true
Agutaynen
ma-lobot-an for something to become consumed, be used up; to run out of something; for something to cease
Binukid
ka-lubus to be willing to do something; to do something willingly, without hesitation
lubus-an something willingly given up
Mansaka
lobos to finish; to get the remainder; to complete
WMP Ayta Abellan
lobot hole; to make a hole
Hanunóo
lubút hole, perforation, especially if it be completely through an object
WMP Ilokano
lúsak smash, crush
ma-lúsak fall to the ground and bruise (fruits); be smashed, crushed
Tagalog
lúsak mud, slush
Maranao
losak trample under foot (as a rice paddy prior to planting)
Iban
lucak muddy, soft ground
Karo Batak
pe-lucak have carabaos trample a paddy field to prepare it for planting
WMP Maranao
losog drive away or down
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
lusug descend head first, as a dog goes down a ladder or a child falls down the ladder head first
Iban
lunsur drain away
Malay
loncor, luncur slipping down
luncur-kan cause to slip down, launch
Javanese
luncur get launched, slide or drift into, against
WMP Ilokano
losót protrude, shoot out, spurt, break through, flow out
Tagalog
lusót passing through, or able to pass through a narrow place
Cebuano
lusút pass, go through
Binukid
lusut to go, pass, slip through (a hole or narrow space)
Singhi Land Dayak
rusut slip
Malay
lucut dropping out of a place; become undone and slip away
Formosan Basai
lotoŋ Formosan rock monkey
Kavalan
Rutuŋ Formosan rock monkey
Saisiyat (Taai)
Losoŋ Formosan rock monkey
Amis
lotoŋ Formosan rock monkey
Thao
rucun the Formosan rock monkey: Macaca cyclopis, a light gray, long-tailed monkey with triangular salmon-colored face
Bunun
hutuŋ monkey
Siraya
rutoŋ monkey
Puyuma
ɭutuŋ Formosan rock monkey
WMP Subanen/Subanun
gutuŋ long-tailed macaque: Macaca fascicularis
Manobo (Sarangani)
lotoŋ long-tailed macaque: Macaca fascicularis
Iban
lutoŋ silvered leaf monkey: Presbytis eristata ultima Elliott
Salako
lutukŋ black or grey long-tailed leaf monkey: Semnopithecus maurus
Malay
lotoŋ black or grey long-tailed monkey: Semnopithecus spp., esp. Semnopithecus maurus
Acehnese
lutōŋ long-tailed monkey with gray fur
Simalur
lotuŋ monkey with dark fur and long tail: Semnopithecus maurus
Karo Batak
lutuŋ kind of long-tailed monkey
Sundanese
lutuŋ black monkey with long fur
Old Javanese
lutuŋ black or grey long-tailed monkey: Semnopithecus maurus
Javanese
lutuŋ black monkey
Balinese
lutuŋ monkey; a young monkey
Sasak
lutuŋ black, of skin color; a black monkey: Semnopithecus maurus
Formosan Paiwan
ludjaq spittle (especially of betel nut)
WMP Sambal (Bolinaw)
ludaʔ spit
Tagalog
luráʔ sputum, spit, spittle
luraʔ-án to spit on something or someone
Mapun
luraʔ spittle, spit
ŋa-luraʔ to spit
luraʔ-an to spit
Yakan
luraʔ spittle; foamy saliva spit out
ŋa-luraʔ to spit
Tausug
luraʔ saliva
mag-luraʔ to spit or eject saliva from the mouth
maŋ-hi-luraʔ to spit so as to show contempt or scorn
Murik
lura spittle, sputum
Wahau
luə̯ʔ spit; what is spat out
Gaai
luʔ spit; what is spat out
Mei Lan Modang
luə̯ʔ spit; what is spat out
Woq Helaq Modang
luə̯ʔ spit; what is spat out
Long Gelat Modang
luʔ spit; what is spat out
Kayan (Uma Juman)
lura spittle, saliva
Ma'anyan
i-rura to spit
Iban
ludah saliva, spittle
ŋe-ludah to spit, spit at
Malay
ludah expectoration; to spit
sa-pe-ludah as far as one can spit, as a primitive measure of distance
Bahasa Indonesia
ludah saliva
ber-ludah to spit
me-ludah to spit
me-ludah-i to spit at or on
CMP Ngadha
rura <A spittle, saliva
Li'o
lura saliva
Formosan Paiwan
l<um>udjaq to spit (especially when chewing betel nut)
WMP Tagalog
l<um>uráʔ to spit, to expectorate
Tausug
l<um>uraʔ to spit or eject saliva from the mouth
Murik
n<əm>ura to spit
Kayan (Uma Juman)
l<əm>ura to spit
Tonsea
d<um>udaʔ to spit
WMP Palawano
ludeg wrestle
Tiruray
ludeg wrestle; to grab a woman by force and attempt to force her to engage in sexual intercourse. the daytime rape
WMP Ilokano
lodem lead color
Pangasinan
lorém cloud
Kapampangan
ma-lúlam cloudy, about to rain
Kadazan Dusun
huom become dim, become cloudy
WMP Ilokano
ag-ludlúd to remove grime off the skin, scrub off dirt
pa-ludlúd something used to scrub off dirt (towel, stone)
Agta (Eastern)
ludlud to scrape one’s body with a rock when bathing to remove dirt
Bontok
ludlud to rub one’s body with the palm of the hand when bathing, in order to remove ingrained dirt
Agutaynen
mag-lodlod to scrub the skin or an object hard with the hands to remove dirt
WMP Itbayaten
xodxod worst part, critical point
Bikol
mag-ludlód to grow worse; to become more grave (of an illness); to deteriorate (of a condition)
WMP Kenyah (Long Anap)
lunduʔ sleep
Kenyah (Long Nawang)
luntuʔ sleep
Kenyah (Long San)
luruʔ sleep
Uma
luruʔ deep (in sleep)
Formosan Paiwan
lum ripe
WMP Ibaloy
dowem condition of ripeness
me-dowem to ripen (as fruit)
Malay
masak lum overripe; beginning to rot
WMP Ilokano
lúgaw rice porridge, gruel
ag-lúgaw to make gruel
Bontok
lúgaw to cook rice with much water, in order to make rice gruel
Ifugaw
lúgo rice porridge, i.e. rice boiled with much water
Ifugaw (Batad)
lūgaw rice mush
Casiguran Dumagat
lúgaw rice porridge, rice broth
Tagalog
lúgaw rice porridge; rice cooked with much water; gruel, a thin, almost liquid food made by boiling oatmeal, etc. in water or milk
Bikol
lúgaw rice porridge, gruel, topped with fried garlic and served with a side dish of tókwa (pressed soybean curd), onion and vinegar
Aklanon
eúgaw to make rice broth, cook rice porridge
Agutaynen
ma-logaw to be watery, like porridge; to be soft and spongy
Cebuano
lúgaw porridge from rice or corn grits; to make porridge; turn to, becomed a mud puddle or mire
WMP Ilokano
l<in>úgaw rice porridge, gruel
Ifugaw (Batad)
l<in>ūgaw rice mush
Casiguran Dumagat
l<in>úgaw rice porridge, rice broth
Tagalog
l<in>úgaw rice porridge; rice cooked with much water
Bikol
l<in>úgaw rice porridge, gruel
Aklanon
l<in>úgaw porridge (rice soup)
Agutaynen
l<in>ogaw rice porridge
Cebuano
ni-lúgaw rice porridge
Mansaka
logaw porridge (as rice or sweet potato cooked with much water)
WMP Ilokano
lugáw-en to make into gruel, rice porridge
Bontok
lugáw-ən to make into gruel, rice porridge
Bikol
lugáw-on to make into gruel, rice porridge
Agutaynen
logaw-on to make rice porridge
WMP Casiguran Dumagat
lugmúk to fall suddenly to the ground (from a standing position on the ground)
Tagalog
ma-lugmók to collapse; to fall down through weakness; to be overcome by grief
naka-lugmók prostrate and helpless
Bikol
mag-lugmók to fall in a heap; to fall when the knees give way
WMP Ilokano
i-luges-lugés to press down, oppress; to squash the feet (over an insect, etc.)
na-i-lugés pressed down; trampled; oppressed; defeated
Bikol
mag-lúgos to rape
para-lúgos rapist
ma-lugús-an to be raped
Hanunóo
lúgus insistence, obligation, force
lugús-un be forced (to do something)
Cebuano
lúgus force, force oneself; rape
Mansaka
lugus rape
Tausug
mag-lugus to force, compel (someone)
WMP Cebuano
lúgit extract something buried or fastened hard to a surface with something pointed or sharp; extract coconut meat from the shell in making copra
Maranao
logit to pry out; to separate the meat from the shell in copra making
Binukid
lugit to extract, dig out
Ida'an Begak
l<əm>ugit to gouge out
WMP Pangasinan
luglúg to clean a bottle, vase, etc. inside by pouring in some water and shaking it for awhile
Tagalog
luglóg rinsing clothes by shaking them in clean water; shaking the contents of a bottle or other container
luglug-ín to rinse clothes; to shake the contents of a bottle or container
OC Mota
lul ripple, cause a ripple; a flaw of wind on the sea
Tongan
lulu to shake
Niue
lulu-lulu to shake
Kapingamarangi
lulu to shake; to jerk fish line
WMP Cebuano
lunháw for growing things, not fruit, to be green; recent, young
Aborlan Tagbanwa
ma-luʔnaw green
Maranao
lonaw sprout
Subanon
glunow green
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
lunew of a field in which the plants are beginning to sprout, to turn green; to have greenish tinge
Mansaka
ma-ronaw green (as leaves)
Tiruray
lunew green
Kalagan
ma-lunaw green
Tboli
lenaw the color green; the green part of something; green, immature, young (of rice)
Blaan (Koronadal)
m-lunu green
Proto-Sangiric
*lunaw green
Toratán
lunow green
WMP Cebuano
lúhit remove the meat of a sea shell with a pin or the like
Iban
luit lever up, force open
WMP Casiguran Dumagat
nag-luhúd to slip and trip and fall to the knees
Tagalog
luhód act of kneeling
i-luhód to genuflect, to bend the right knee in reverence
Bikol
mag-luhód to kneel
Hanunóo
luhúd kneeling
Aklanon
euhód to kneel
eudh-an kneeler, kneeling bench
Agutaynen
lod to kneel down, to kneel down in front of someone
Cebuano
luhúd to kneel; worship, surrender
luhur-án-an rail one kneels on
Mansaka
lood to kneel (usually on both knees)
WMP Casiguran Dumagat
l<um>uhud to kneel (as in prayer)
Agutaynen
l<om>od to kneel
WMP Itbayaten
xoran load, cargo (bulky, to be carried by a ship or truck, or a sled)
maŋ-xoran to load (onto a boat or sled)
xoran-en to load (an object, cargo)
Ilokano
lúgan vehicle; unborn child; fellow passenger; ride (on or in a vehicle); be contained, comprehended, comprised, included
Tagalog
lúlan load, cargo; capacity or accommodation (of a vehicle)
Maranao
roran cargo, transport
Proto-Sangiric
*ludan load; to load
Mandar
ruraŋ cargo
Makassarese
luraŋ load, cargo
OC Motu
uda-uda load pots into lagatoi [traditional sailing canoe used on trading voyages]
Cheke Holo
luja load cargo into a vehicle, as a canoe
Bugotu
lu-luja cargo
Nggela
lunda load a canoe or ship with cargo; to embark passengers; cargo
Lau
luda to carry in a canoe, carry as cargo; to load a canoe or ship
Toqabaqita
luda-a cargo, load; used primarily about a cargo, load of food carried by a canoe, although it can be used about other kinds of cargo, load, and other means of transportation as well
'Āre'āre
ruta to charge, load, carry a load
rutā a load, charge, cargo
Sa'a
lude to carry cargo, to load a canoe, to be heavily laden
luda-a cargo
lude-ŋi to carry as cargo
Ulawa
luda to carry cargo, to load a canoe, to be heavily laden
Arosi
ruta load a canoe, carry to canoe and stow
WMP Old Javanese
luŋka chasm, gap
Tae'
luka split, cleave
WMP Bikol
lúka a wound in which a small amount of flesh is pinched away
ma-lúka to be removed in this way (flesh)
Malay
luka flesh wound
mə-luka-i to wound
Karo Batak
luka a wound caused by a weapon or some other external agency
Toba Batak
ma-luha wounded
CMP Tetun
luka yaws
WMP Ilokano
lukáb to pry open (oyster, etc.); open from the bottom
Bontok
lukab to raise, as the edge of a pot lid in order to look into the pot
Kankanaey
lukáb lift up; heave up; raise up; pull up; turn up; take up. For instance, cloth, hair, etc.
Cebuano
luŋkáb break something open by prying so as to get into it
lúkab pry open; open a door or window shutter
Kadazan Dusun
huŋkab to open, peel off (by itself)
Iban
lukap the underside at the edge (of a mat)
be-lukap be turned up at the edge, as a mat
WMP Ilokano
lukág early in getting up
ag-lukág to awake in the middle of the night
ma-lukág to be awakened in one’s sleep
lukag-én to awaken; develop; exploit
Isneg
mag-lukāg to awake
Casiguran Dumagat
lukág to be awake
ma-lukág to wake up (intr.)
mag-lukág to wake up someone
Palawano
lukag awaking, regaining consciousness; get up
WMP Ilokano
lúkas uncovered, without cover, bare
Bontok
lúkas remove some of one's clothing, partially undress
Pangasinan
lukás to open, uncover
Kapampangan
lukás take off (clothes)
Tagalog
lukás uncovered, without roofing (Panganiban 1966)
Bikol
lúŋkas remove a yoke
Hanunóo
lukás slipping off (both transitive and intransitive); undressing, taking off clothing
Kayan
lukah loose, of a knot; loosely tied
Iban
luŋkas dismantle, uncovered; remove (awning from boat, shirt, etc.)
Toba Batak
luŋkas freed from obstruction, open, as a path or pipe
OC Lau
luka, lukas-ia loosen, untie
WMP Ilokano
lukát to open -- doors, books, boxes, letters, one's heart, mind, etc., revealing one's feelings; free from obstruction
lukʔat to free, set at liberty, release, liberate
Cebuano
lukát redeem something pawned or mortgaged
lukát sa signus in folk belief, an occurrence or happening which spares a person's life by taking someone who dies in his stead
Old Javanese
lukat wiped out, undone (of sin, a curse); released, purified (of the person); to get free (from a restriction)?
aŋ-lukat to free, release, deliver (from sin, etc.)
Javanese
di-lukat freed from a spell, exorcised (folk belief)
Balinese
ŋa-lukat conduct a purification ceremony for someone who is ritually unclean
WMP Ibaloy
dokat-an to open something, generic term for removing covers, obstructions, etc.
man-dokat to open a door
Cebuano
lúkat uproot something, prying the roots out of the ground
Mansaka
lokat to uproot; dig out (as a tree stump)
WMP Cebuano
lukúb close and lock; enclose something in an area, or by putting something over it
Sasak
luŋkep cover, cover up
WMP Ivatan
dukban citrus fruit: pomelo
Ilokano
lukbán the pomelo: Citrus decumana
Ifugaw
lukbán the pomelo: Citrus decumana
Bikol
lukbán the pomelo: Citrus grandis
Hanunóo
lukbán the pomelo: Citrus grandis Osbeck (Formosan only)
Formosan Kavalan
ruqnaw clouded leopard
Saisiyat (Taai)
Loklaw clouded leopard
Thao
rukcaw the Formosan clouded leopard: Neofelis nebulosa brachyurus (Swinhoe)
Tsou
eʔuho clouded leopard
WMP Sambal (Botolan)
i-loksa to wear mourning clothes
Aklanon
eúksa mourning
Agutaynen
loksa to be in mourning for a close relative for a specified time period, usually one year
WMP Itbayaten
xoksoh idea of jumping, leaping
Ilokano
ag-luksó to leap; sprint (horses); jump out of the water (fish); jump out of the net
Casiguran Dumagat
lúksu to jump, to bounce
Pangasinan
loksó to jump with feet together
Tagalog
pag-luksó a jump; leap; a spring off the ground; a jumping contest; a hurdle
Bikol
luksó to jump or leap over (generally with one foot before the other, as in fording a stream); to bound; to pounce on
Hanunóo
luksú jump, jumping, i.e. up and down, as opposed to running, broad jumping, etc.
Aklanon
eúkso(h) to jump over
Cebuano
luksú to jump; skip a grade in school
WMP Ilokano
luktón young wingless locust; young grasshopper
Bontok
luktún whitish in appearance, as newly hatched cockroaches
Kankanaey
loktón young locust
men-loktón to cast one’s skin, as snakes do
Tagalog
luktón young locust (still wingless)
Bikol
luktón grasshopper
Aklanon
eúkton small locust
WMP Ibaloy
dokdok to hide, stash something away (as money under rocks)
Bikol
luklók hidden away, out of the way, hard to find; secluded, obscure
Cebuano
lukluk to go or put into a tight or hidden place (as a snake lurking in the grass)
Tausug
mag-lukluk to hide or lay (something) away
WMP Ilokano
luktón young wingless locust, young grasshopper
Kankanaey
loktón young locust
men-loktón to cast one’s skin, as snakes do
Tagalog
luktón young locust (still wingless)
Bikol
luktón grasshopper
Aklanon
eúkton small locust
WMP Pangasinan
lokób to surround, encircle; cover oneself completely, e.g. when cold
Tagalog
pag-lúkob act of sheltering, as a bird does with its young
lukób sheltered; protected
Hanunóo
lukúb skin, bark, cover, outer layer; foreskin, prepuce
Cebuano
lukúb close and lock; enclose something in an area or by putting something over it; shutter; cover; space enclosed; kind of fish corral for impounding fish in a receding tide
Maranao
lokob lid, cover
Formosan Puyuma (Tamalakaw)
rukuT Bird’s nest fern: Asplenium nidus
Paiwan
lukuts parasitic long-leafed plant with edible fruit -- grows on trees: Asplenium nidus
WMP Malay (Brunei)
lukut large fern, Platycerium spp., found on trees
Berawan (Batu Belah)
lukot moss
Narum
ge-lukut moss
Iban
lukut moss, lichen, some algae
Malay (Sarawak)
lukut large fern, Platycerium spp., found on trees
Malay (Jakarta)
lukut long moss, in contrast to mere lichen (lumut)
Sundanese
lukut duckweed, moss
Mongondow
lukut parasite or creeper that grows on durian trees, etc., and which is used medicinally
Uma
lukuʔ epiphyte
Chamorro
lú-luhot a vine: Maytenus thompsonii
CMP Rembong
lukut Bird’s nest fern
Li'o
luku tree with edible fruit
OC Tolai
lukun to bend; to close, as a clasp-knife; to roll up, as a mat (rare)
Duke of York
lukun to bend; to close, as a clasp-knife; to roll up, as a mat
Kwaio
luku-a to fold, fold up (into a bundle)
Lau
luku to bend the arm
Mota
luk to bend at an angle, as arm or leg; to squat with bended knees
luk-luk bent, cramped, as legs
ma-luk-luk bent, bending
lukun to bend at an angle
WMP Tiruray
lukuʔ bent into shape of hook
Tae'
lokko bent, bent inward
Wolio
luku bow, submit
WMP Tiruray
lukuʔ bend into shape, of hook
Tae'
lukku bend, stoop
WMP Ilokano
i-lúkot to roll up
lukút-an pin used in rolling cotton
Isneg
lúkut roll up (a sleeping mat, etc.)
Bikol
lúkot fold up something
Hiligaynon
lúkut wind up, roll, crumple
Maranao
lokot roll, fold
CMP Wetan
lukti to fold
Fordata
lukut bend, fold, crumple
Kei
lukut crumpled
WMP Ibaloy
dokot small species of honey bee with no stinger; its honey is edible; builds small hives in clefts of rocks
Hanunóo
lukút-an a stingless honeybee (family Meliponidae, species Trigona)
WMP Tagalog
lúlog tinder; a flammable substance used for kindling
Toba Batak
luluk fine fungus or dry rot found on the trunk of the sugar palm and used as tinder
Formosan Bunun
lulu shin bone
Tsou
ruru shin bone
WMP Ilokano
lúlod shin, front part of the calf of the leg
Ifugaw
lúlug knee
Ifugaw (Batad)
lūlug the knee of an animal, person
Ayta Abellan
loloy shin
Kapampangan
lulúd ~ me-lulud barked (shins)
Tagalog
lulód shin, the front part of the leg from the knee to the ankle
Hanunóo
lulúd foot, leg, as of a chicken
Masbatenyo
lulód shank, shin, calf of leg
Aklanon
eúeod shin (part of leg)
Agutaynen
lolod shin; bones in the front of the lower leg
Tboli
lulul shin
Tombonuwo
lulud shin bone
Murut (Tagol)
lulur shin
Lun Dayeh
lulud the shin of the leg
ŋe-lulud hurt another person with your shin
Lun Dayeh (Long Semado)
lulud shin
Kelabit
lulud shin
Kenyah (Long Ikang)
lulut shin
Bintulu
lulud shin
Ngaju Dayak
lulur shin bone
Balinese
lulud knee
Sasak
lulut shin, shin bone
CMP Tetun
ain lulur shin (of leg), the front part between knee and ankle
Formosan Kavalan
m-RuRun to roll up, as a mat
Amis
lolod to roll up, as to roll up a mat or paper
Puyuma
ɭuɭun curl up (e.g. a mat)
mu-ɭuɭun to curl (roll) something up
ni-ɭuɭun-an a curly thing (as a pangolin rolled into a ball)
WMP Sa'ban
lluən to roll up, as a mat
WMP Itbayaten
xoxon-en to roll up, as a mat, paper, or cloth
Ilokano
lulón one small bundle of herbs
Kankanaey
lulún to roll, roll up
Kapampangan
lúlun roll up (mats)
Tagalog
lulón a roll of paper, carpet, matting, etc.
i-lulón to roll up
Bikol
mag-lulón to roll up (as paper, a mat)
Hanunóo
lulún roll, as of a sleeping mat, paper, or cloth
Agutaynen
lolon to roll up a mat
maN-lolon to pack up; get ready to leave
Maranao
lolon roll, as in paper
lolon-a roll it up (a mat)
Binukid
lulun to roll up something (as a mat)
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
lulun to roll up something, as a mat, sleeves of a shirt, a blanket, etc.
Mansaka
loron to roll up, as a mat
Tboli
lulun to roll something up in cylindrical form, as a mat or a body for burial
Tausug
lūn wrap something by turning it over and over, to roll up
Lun Dayeh
lulun a roll of something
ŋe-lulun to roll a sheet of something
Kelabit
lulun a roll of something
ŋe-lulun to roll up (mat, tobacco leaf, etc.)
Kayan
l<em>ulun to roll up; to roll (as big waves); to furl a sail
Acehnese
lulōn spin with a spinning wheel; a roll of cleansed cotton;
Toba Batak
maŋa-lulun roll something up; press things together
Sundanese
lulun rolled up
ŋa-lulun roll something between the hands
Tontemboan
lulun leaves of a developing plant that are still tightly furled before opening up
Banggai
mo-lulun roll something up
po-lulun instrument used to roll things up
Tae'
lulun roll up; a roll of coarse cloth that remains rolled up until it is used to wrap a corpse
Wolio
luluŋ-i roll up (mat, one’s sleeves), pull out (weed by rolling it)
Muna
lulu to roll up something big and wide
ka-lulu a mat
Chamorro
fa-lulon wrap, infold, enwrap, roll up
CMP Lamaholot
lulũ to roll up (as a sleeping mat)
Tetun
lulun to roll up, to wrap up
kohe lulun a tobacco pouch
Wetan
lulli to roll up, to tuck up, e.g. a mat or one’s sleeves or dress
Yamdena
n-lulun to roll up
Fordata
ŋ-lulun to roll up (a sail, mat, etc.)
Buruese
lulu to roll off
lulu-k to furl, to roll
Soboyo
lulun to roll up, of mats or sails
OC Nauna
lul to fold, roll up (mats, paper)
Mbula
-lul to roll up, curl up, roll a cylindrical object back and forth in one’s hands (used of paper, tobacco leaves)
Tubetube
lulun to roll up (as a mat)
lulun-i roll it
Sa'a
lulu to fold
lulu-ŋi fold it
WMP Itbayaten
xoxon-en to roll up (mat, paper, cloth, etc.)
Ilokano
lulún-en to bundle
Kankanaey
lulun-én to roll, roll up
Bikol
lulún-on to roll up, as paper, a mat
Agutaynen
lolon-on to roll up a mat
Lun Dayeh
lelun-en mat or sheet will be rolled
OC Gedaged
luma-n the forelegs of kangaroos and wallabies
Arosi
ruma-na hand, arm; forefoot of animal
Lamenu
luma-u hand
Mae-Morae
luma-ŋ hand
Samoan
luma in front of, forward
WMP Ilokano
lúma to be worn out; tarnished, spoiled; incapacitated
Tagalog
lúmaʔ second-hand; not new; used already by someone else; old; much worn by age; worn; stale; not fresh; former
maka-lúmaʔ antique; old-fashioned; keeping to old ways, ideas, etc.
Bikol
lúmaʔ old (things)
mag-lúmaʔ to age, become old
Agutaynen
loma things which are old, have been around a long time, or are worn out
WMP Tagalog
lumáy love potion, aphrodisiac, love charm
Bikol
lumáy love potion
maka-lumáy to be affected by a love potion
Hanunóo
lumáy love charm, potion
Agutaynen
lomay a magic love charm directed by a person at another in order to cause him or her to be attracted to them
Maranao
lomay aphrodisiac
WMP Bikol
lumay-on to give someone a love potion so that he or she will fall in love with you
Agutaynen
lomay-en to put a love charm on someone
WMP Old Javanese
lumbar free, unfettered, left open (field where crop has been reaped)
Balinese
lumbar be loose, free, untied, not tied up (as domestic animals)
OC Nggela
lumba to let go, slacken, loose; to set free, allow, permit
WMP Ilokano
lubag-en to lower the sail of
Karo Batak
ŋe-lumbar to pay out a rope
Minangkabau
mə-lombar pay out rope in working a vessel
WMP Ilokano
lumbá race (competition)
ag-lumbá to race
Pangasinan
lómba running race
Cebuano
lúmbaʔ race, have a race; outrace; outdo each other, as if to see who can do it the more
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
lumbeʔ to compete in a contest or competition; to race
Malagasy
man-dúmba to run to one for giving assistance
lumba-ína to be run to for the purpose of being helped or saved
WMP Malay
lumbu a climber: Morinda rigida, Willughbeia coriacea
Sundanese
lumbu kind of tuberous plant
Old Javanese
lumbu a water plant with limp leaves (an image of weakness)
CMP Manggarai
lumbu kind of plant the roots of which are eaten by porcupines
WMP Malay
lomboŋ cavity in ground; chasm; crater; open-cast mine
CMP Kambera
lúmbuŋu deep pit; whirlpool in water
WMP Maranao
loboŋ hut, barn, granary
Kayan (Uma Juman)
luvuŋ temporary longhouse
Malay
lomboŋ rice barn, granary
Minangkabau
lumboŋ rice barn, granary
Sundanese
lumbuŋ rice barn
Old Javanese
lumbuŋ rice barn
Javanese
lumbuŋ storage shed, esp. for rice, tobacco
Balinese
lumbuŋ large rice granary on posts
Sasak
lumbuŋ tall cylindrical rice barn built on a kind of house; the four-cornered roof rests on its own support posts
CMP Kambera
lumbuŋu sack for storing rice
WMP Cebuano
lumuk for the hair to be oily after oil has been applied to it
Malay
lumak oily, greasy
WMP Malay
be-lumaŋ besmeared all over, e.g. with mud as a buffalo after a wallow
ge-lomaŋ, ge-lumaŋ bedaubed with filth of any sort, e.g. with ordure or blood
CMP Manggarai
lumeŋ smeared, smudged, dirty with (as someone smirched with sugar)
WMP Malay
lumas coating; smearing, e.g. chalking or gilding
CMP Manggarai
lumes smeared with oil
WMP Cebuano
lúmiʔ crease, fold, wrinkles
OC Seimat
lumi roll something up (as a mat)
Dobuan
nu-numi fold a cloth, furl
Sa'a
lumi turn over the edges, hem
Arosi
rumi to fold
Proto-Micronesian
*lumi to fold
WMP Maranao
lompaŋ soften fiber by pounding
lompaŋ-aʔ mortar in which fiber is pounded to soften it
Malay
lumpaŋ wooden mortar for rice-pounding (= lesoŋ)
Javanese
lumpaŋ mortar in which things are pounded fine with a pestle
WMP Bikol
mag-lumpát to jump (fish in water)
mag-lumpat-án to jump from (something)
mag-lumpat-ón to jump for (something)
Hiligaynon
mag-lúmpat to jump, to leap, to dive down
Cebuano
lumpát to bounce up suddenly
lumpát-lumpát bounce up and down
Malay
lompat leaping; springing; e.g. of fish jumping out of the water, or tigers bounding away from a trap; also of jumping for joy
Old Javanese
lumpat jump, leap
a-lumpat leaping
aŋ-lumpat-i to leap on, leap over
l<um>umpat to leap, jump
WMP Tagalog
lumpók a sheaf, bundle, or pile of stalks ready for threshing
Maranao
lompok group
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
lumpuk a group of growing things, such a group of mushrooms, a banana grove, or an abaca grove
Malay
kə-lompok cluster; group, e.g. of aborigines sitting clustered together at the foot of a durian tree
CMP Asilulu
lupuk to gather (as people at a meeting); to gather together (fruit, stones, etc.) into a pile, cluster
WMP Mansaka
lompoŋ to grow in a cluster; to make into a cluster (as of flowers)
Malay
kə-lumpoŋ cluster or group of several (as trees)
WMP Casiguran Dumagat
lúmpu paralytic (of a person permanently unable to walk)
Cebuano
lúmpuʔ lame, cripple
Malay
layoh-lumpoh weak; limp; tender (of sores)
Toba Batak
lumpu lame, as a result of sickness
Sundanese
lumpuh pain or paralysis in the legs; weakness in the legs
Old Javanese
lumpuh lame (of the leg)
aŋ-lumpuh-i to paralyze, rob of strength
Balinese
lumpuh lame, paralyzed
OC Eddystone/Mandegusu
lumu oil, grease
Arosi
rumu oil
rumu-ʔa oily
Fijian
lumu anoint with oil
WMP Casiguran Dumagat
lúmu overripe, of fruit
Pangasinan
lómo tenderloin (cut of meat)
Agutaynen
lomo meat without tendons, the part called the ‘loin’ in English
Cebuano
lumu tender, gentle in personality
Kayan
lumoʔ become soft and supple; softened
Proto-Sangiric
*lumu soft, weak
CMP Hawu
lumu soft
Rotinese
lumu knead something soft
OC Lou
lum ripe
WMP Cebuano
ma-lumu tender, gentle in personality
OC Bugotu
ma-lumu level, even, easy, soft
Nggela
malumu easy; to be favorable to
Arosi
marumu-rumu soft, gentle
Mota
malum-lum soft, gentle
Fijian
ma-lumu weak, faint, sick, soft
WMP Cebuano
lumuk for the hair to be oily after oil has been applied to it
OC Cheke Holo
lumu be overly greasy, causing indigestion (food)
Roviana
lumu-a anoint
Eddystone/Mandegusu
lumu oil, grease
Arosi
rumu oil
Fijian
lumu anoint with oil
WMP Aklanon
eúmon to live with or dwell with as an outsider
Agutaynen
lomon to live with someone in their house for free, without payment
Cebuano
lúmun to live, keep together
Binukid
lumun to live together in the same house or room; to put something together with something else
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
lumun to live with a family of which you are not a member; of two or more families, to live together in the same house
Mansaka
lomon relative
WMP Yami
omot moss, seaweed
Itbayaten
xomot moss (in general): Bulbostylis barbata Kunth. It grows on the outer part of the bottom of a boat which is sea-borne
om-xomo-xomot dark green
Ilokano
lúmot moss; a slippery river seaweed; fine freshwater alga
ag-lúmot to grow moss
na-lúmot full of moss, mossy
Agta (Dupaningan)
lumót moss
Isneg
lúmut a kind of moss or lichen; the ashes of burnt lúmut may cure the lappāng eczema
Itawis
lúmut moss, algae
Kankanaey
lúmut moss
Casiguran Dumagat
lumót moss (in a river); mossy
Kapampangan
lúmut algae, moss, seaweed
Tagalog
lúmot general term for all kinds of algae, edible or inedible, although the more common term for edible algae is gulaman; moss; very small, soft, green plant that grows close together like a carpet on the ground, on rocks, on trees, etc.; lichen
ma-lúmot mossy, covered with moss
Bikol
lúmot moss, lichen, algae
ma-lúmot covered with moss, mossy
Hanunóo
lúmut moss, especially that found on trees
Masbatenyo
lúmot seaweed, moss
Aklanon
eúmot moss, algae – growing in sea
l-in-úmot covered with algae
Waray-Waray
lúmot moss, lichen
Agutaynen
lomot moss
ma-lomot mossy
Hiligaynon
lúmut moss
Cebuano
lúmut general term for lichens or algae of the sort that attach themselves; be covered with moss or seaweed; be left idle (until moss covers it)
Maranao
a-lomot algae, scum
a-lomot a ator moss (ator = ‘stone’)
Binukid
lumut general term for lichens or algae of the sort that attach themselves
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
lumut aquatic algae or nonaquatic lichens
Mansaka
lomot moss
Tiruray
lumut a kind of underwater moss
Mapun
lumut moss or algae (on things in the water)
Yakan
lumut algae (various kinds, esp. a hairlike variety); small plants growing in sea or fresh water
i-lumut to be infested with algae (of fresh water)
Tboli
lumut algae; moss on rocks in a river, on a clay water jar
Tausug
lumut moss
liyu-lumut mossy
ma-lumut mossy
Abai Sembuak
lumut moss
Ida'an Begak
lumut algae
Kelabit
lumut moss
Melanau (Mukah)
lumut moss, lichen
Malagasy
lomótra a generic term for water plants of the order Algae, more especially the species Vaucheria sessilis
Iban
lumut moss, seaweed (said to be from Malay)
Malay
lumut moss; lichen; generic for mosses and mossly-looking plants, esp. of waterweeds and mosslike vegetable matter on the surface of water
lumut laut a thin green seaweed used for feeding pigs: Ulva lactuca
ber-lumut mossy; lichen-covered
Gayō
lumut moss (as on river stones)
Karo Batak
lumut moss, seaweed
Dairi-Pakpak Batak
lumut moss, seaweed
Mentawai
lumut polak moss
Rejang
lumuet moss
Sundanese
lumut short, fine moss, green mossy mould on walls
lu-lumut-an different kinds of moss
Old Javanese
lumut moss, lichen, small vegetation growing on rocks, trees, etc; small ferns; a kind of powder (beḍak), esp. on the breasts
Javanese
lumut moss
ka-lumut-an powdered with moss
Balinese
lumut moss
Sasak
lumut moss
be-lumut mossy
Sangir
lumuʔ moss that grows on tree trunks or stones
Tontemboan
lumut moss; sponge
Mongondow
lumut seaweed, moss
Lauje
lumut moss
Tae'
lumuʔ moss, mould, mildew
Buginese
lumuʔ moss, algae
Makassarese
lumuʔ moss, green mould on walls during the rainy season
Wolio
lumu moss, algae
Muna
lumu moss
Palauan
yumd algae
Chamorro
lumot moss, lichen, type of seaweed, green vegetation covering still water
CMP Ngadha
lumu moss
Kambera
lumutu moss, duckweed, seaweed
Hawu
lumu soft
Tetun
lumut slime, and some varieties of moss; green, the color of slime
Erai
lumuk moss
Leti
lumtu moss
Wetan
lomti seaweed, moss
Kei
lumut marine algae, moss that adheres to the sides of boats and slows their progress in the water
Proto-Aru
*lum(u) moss
Manusela
lumu-a moss
Asilulu
lumut moss
la-lumu become mossy (stagnant water, rocks, etc.)
Manipa
lumuka moss
Buruese
lumut moss
SHWNG Kowiai/Koiwai
rumut moss
Buli
lu-lumit kind of water plant, duckweed
Numfor
rumək moss
man-dumək green
OC Aua
lumu moss
Mendak
lum moss
Bali (Uneapa)
lumutu moss, algae
Lakalai
la-lumu moss, including Psilotum nudum and Microsorium spp.
Wogeo
lum seaweed (generic)
Mbula
lum algae (green, slimy growth on trees and on stones under the water)
lum-lum-ŋa long and soft (used of European hair)
Selau
ləmtə moss
Eddystone/Mandegusu
lumutu species of plant or weed growing near water
Kwaio
lumu-ʔa mossy
Lau
lumu moss, growth on tree; lichen; weeds on keel
Toqabaqita
lumu moss, lichen
'Āre'āre
rumu seaweed; a moss on trees, used in ceremonial purification; it is wrung out over the head of a newborn baby when taken into somebody’s house
Sa'a
lumu ~ lumu-te moss
lumu-ʔe moss-covered
Kosraean
lum green algae; covered with green algae
Chuukese
nuumw seaweed, moss; sea algae, scum; coating (on teeth); lubricating fluid from sex organs; smear of food on face
Puluwat
luumw moss, seaweed
Woleaian
lumw moss, seaweed; be covered with moss, having moss (as a canoe)
Sonsorol-Tobi
rum moss, seaweed
Rotuman
lumu seaweed, moss
WMP Mapun
ŋa-lumut to begin to get moss or algae on something
Javanese
ŋe-lumut mossy
WMP Yami
omo-omot-an to grow moss
Itbayaten
xomo-xomot-an to have moss-like growths, to be covered with moss
Bikol
ma-lumut-an covered with moss (of a place)
Mapun
lumut-an having moss or algae on it
Yakan
lumut-an to be infested with algae (of fresh water)
OC Manam
lumt-a moss
Mota
lumut-a moss
lumt-aga covered with moss
WMP Ilokano
lumut-en be covered with moss; (fig.) become very aged
Tagalog
lúmút-in mossy, covered with moss
Bikol
lumót-on covered with moss (of a thing)
Waray-Waray
lumot-on mossy
Agutaynen
lomot-on for something to be covered with moss
Cebuano
lumút-un covered with moss or green seaweed
Tausug
lumut-un become covered with moss
Malagasy
lomór-ina overgrown with moss; blackish green
Karo Batak
lumut-en covered with moss, mossy
Dairi-Pakpak Batak
lumut-en covered with moss, mossy
Old Javanese
lumut-en covered with lichen, etc.
Javanese
lumut-en mossy
WMP Cebuano
lúmut-lúmut tiny lichens which grow on the trunks of palms and other trees, or on the sides of water containers not cleaned, greenish in color
Old Javanese
lumut-lumut moss, lichen, small vegetation growing on rocks, trees, etc; small ferns; a kind of powder (beḍak), esp. on the breasts
a-lumut-lumut mossy
Uma
lumut-lumut moss, seaweed
CMP Proto-South Aru
*lum-lum moss, algae
OC Nauna
lum-lum marine algae
Lou
lum-lum moss
Penchal
lullum moss
Lenkau
lum-lum moss
Pak
lum-lum moss
Wogeo
lum-lum moss
Roviana
lumu-lumutu a variety of moss; a marine alga
Kwaio
lumu-lumu moss
lumu-lumu-ʔa mossy
Lau
lumu-lumu moss
Toqabaqita
lumu-lumu moss, lichen
Arosi
rumu-rumu moss, lichen, seaweed
ma-rumu-rumu soft
Kosraean
lum-lum mossy
Araki
lum-lum moss, seaweed, lichen
Paamese
lum-lum moss; slime; seaweed; itchy fur on bamboo
WMP Ilokano
lumóy soft, tender, smooth; weak, frail, delicate; flabby
Bikol
lúmoy soft, tender, spongy
Hanunóo
lúmuy slowness; weakness, as of persons
ma-lúmuy slow; weak
Cebuano
lumúy soft and delicate, not rigid; become momentarily weak on experiencing a great emotion
WMP Yami
om-honag to melt, as lard (Tsuchida, Yamada and Moriguchi 1987)
Ilokano
ma-lúnag to be melted
lunág-en to melt, dissove, liquefy
Isneg
ma-lúnāg to melt; to be melted
mag-lúnāg to melt
lunāx-an to melt
Itawis
mal-lúnag to melt
Bontok
lunag-ən to melt, as sugar or fat placed in a heated pot
WMP Tagalog
lunas bottom of a vase, jar, etc.; basin; hold; the lowest part of a ship’s interior; keel of a boat
Mapun
lunas the hull of a canoe made from a hollowed-out log
Iban
lunas keel of a boat
Malay
lunas keel; keel-piece or basic portion of a Malay boat
Simalur
lunas keel of a boat
Old Javanese
lunas the keel of a ship
Javanese
lunas ship’s keel
WMP Tagalog
lúnaw soft mud, watery mud
Minangkabau
lunaw slimy mud at the bottom of a sea or river
WMP Tagalog
lundáy canoe; a small boat moved by paddles
Agutaynen
londay small boat without outriggers (at one time these were made from one long piece of hollowed-out wood, much like a canoe)
Aborlan Tagbanwa
lunday outrigger canoe
Maranao
londay to sail
WMP Kenyah (Long Anap)
lunduʔ to sleep
Kenyah (Long San)
luruʔ to sleep
Uma
luruʔ deep, of sleep
WMP Tausug
lunuk softness (as of a mattress); weakness (of the body)
ma-lunuk soft (as hair); (of the body) weak
l<um>unuk become soft, tender; for a person to become receptive, for a person’s heart to soften
Kadazan Dusun
hunok fat
o-hunok thick flesh (as of fruit, particularly durian)
to-hunok something that is fat, fleshy
Ngaju Dayak
lunek soft flesh around the seeds (of a jackfruit, rambutan, etc.)
ba-lunek fleshy, having plenty of flesh
Iban
lunak (of fruit) pulpy, fleshy
Malay
lunak soft; flesh, of stone fruits such as the durian; soft through bad boiling, of rice; lacking in firmness, as a horse’s lip that is too flabby to the touch
Proto-Minahasan
*lunək soft
WMP Ilokano
lunék to squeeze, compress (in order to extract oil); crush
Bikol
lúnok the solid residue left after boiling down coconut milk
WMP Ilokano
lunlón to sweep aside
Bikol
mag-lunlón to clean weeds and grasses from the edge of a cultivated field, throwing these weeds and grasses toward the center of the field
WMP Ilokano
lunlun-én to sweep aside
Bikol
lunlun-ón clean weeds and grasses from the edge of a cultivated field, throwing these weeds and grasses toward the center of the field
WMP Pangasinan
lonlón to stuff one’s mouth with food; gluttony, voracity
Agutaynen
mag-lonlon to eat food all by itself rather than eating it along with the foods that usually accompany it
Binukid
lunlun all of one kind, unmixed, pure
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
lunlun to select or decide to use or eat one type only unmixed with anything else; to be of one sort or type
Malay
mə-lulun to swallow uninterruptedly, of eating vermicelli
WMP Palawano
lunsan kill, put to death, finish off, go ahead with murder, carry out a murder, not stopping to kill
Tiruray
lunsan to administer the coup de grace
CMP Rotinese
lunu roll something up
Kei
lun packet, bundle
en-lun to pack up, wrap up
WMP Agutaynen
lono a person in a vegetative-type state
Maranao
lono induce to go to sleep
WMP Ilokano
lúnod to sink, disappear, vanish, be lost at sea; lose all one’s money; forget completely
Tagalog
pagka-lúnod drowning
lúnur-in to drown someone; to kill by keeping under water
Bikol
mag-lúnod to sink something; to scuttle, capsize, submerge, overturn
Hanunóo
lúnud turning over; covering up; drowning
WMP Ilokano
ma-lúnod to sink, disappear, vanish, be lost at sea; lose all one’s money; forget completely
Tagalog
ma-lúnod to drown; to be drowned
Tausug
ma-lunud to sink, submerge, capsize
WMP Ilokano
ma-i-lúnos to soften
Ibaloy
me-donos to be overripe so as to be unfit to eat
Cebuano
lúnus for fruits, vegetables, root crops to soften; cause them to do so
WMP Ilokano
ag-lúnoy to wallow in water
Tagalog
pag-lúnoy act of fording or wading through a river (not above one’s depth)
WMP Tagalog
lundág jump, leap; act of jumping or leaping
ma-lundág to clear; to jump over without touching
l<um>undág to jump or leap
lundag-án hurdle; a framework to be leaped over in racing; to leap over, to jump over
Malay
mə-lonjak to rise on one’s toes, e.g. to look over a barrier or to walk on tiptoe; to bob up then down
Formosan Proto-Atayalic
*ruluŋ cloud
Pazeh
ruluŋ cloud
WMP Tagalog
lúnaw soft mud
Iban
luñaw muddy (as a path), soft as mud
WMP Ilokano
luŋáloŋ shade, shelter
Bikol
luŋáloŋ a temporary hut or shelter in the forest or field
mag-luŋáloŋ to take shelter in such a structure
OC Gedaged
luŋ the pieces of wood put on the beach over whhich the canoe slips when pulled up
Mbula
luŋ roller (logs put on the ground, on which canoes and other heavy objects are rolled)
Gitua
luŋ canoe roller
Roviana
luŋana pieces of wood used to keep a canoe off the ground when drawn up on land, boat or canoe rollers
WMP Ilokano
l<um>uŋbóy to become black and blue
luŋbóy the Java plum: Eugenia jambolana; blackberry
Isneg
lumbóy the Java plum
loŋbóy the Java plum or jambool: Eugenia jambolana Lam.; drinking the water in which the bark of this tree has been boiled, cures dysentery
Tagalog
lumbóy a species of native blackberry
Bikol
luŋbóy tree producing a small, black, edible fruit
Hanunóo
lúŋbuy a species of wild cherry tree and its fruit: Eugenia cumini L.
Agutaynen
lomboy the Java plum, a type of dark purple berry that grows in clusters on a tree; they are round or oblong and are the size of a medium to large olive, with a single seed; when eaten, they leave a fleeting, numb feeling in the mouth
Cebuano
luŋbúy small tree with elliptical leathery leaves 6-12 cm., bearing clusters of juicy, oval fruit, dark purple, 1.5-2 cm. long: Syzygium cumini
WMP Ilokano
luŋón coffin
i-luŋón to put in a coffin
Bontok
luŋun board coffin
Ibaloy
doŋon coffin (coffins must traditionally be made of pine, and ideally with wooden pegs instead of nails, so the deceased will not be unhappy when metal rusts
i-doŋon to put the deceased into a coffin
loŋón coffin
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
luŋun a coffin; to make a coffin
Tiruray
luŋun coffin
Klata
luŋŋu coffin
Bisaya (Lotud)
luŋun coffin
Kadazan Dusun
huŋun coffin
Tombonuwo
luŋun coffin, casket
Minokok
Luŋun coffin
Murut (Tagol)
luŋun coffin
Lun Dayeh
luŋun a coffin
Kelabit
luŋun coffin (term used by older generation)
Kayan
luŋun coffin
Melanau (Mukah)
luŋun coffin (regarded as an ‘old’ word)
WMP Ngaju Dayak
lupa forget (< Banjarese)
Iban
lupa forget, neglect, omit
Malay
lupa to forget
pə-lupa forgetful
Karo Batak
lupa to forget
Toba Batak
lupa to forget; forgetful
Old Javanese
lupa loss of memory, loss of consciousness
api lupa pretending not to know
(m)a-lupa forgetting, not thinking of
Muna
lupa senile
CMP Tetun
luha to forget
Yamdena
na-m-lufe to forget
WMP Bontok
lúpak to smash; to break, esp. of hollow objects; to shatter, as glass, pottery, eggs or bamboo
Pangasinan
lópak break off, break up
Iban
lumpak easily split (Formosan only)
Formosan Kavalan
rupas peach
Puyuma
ɭupas peach, apricot
OC Sa'a
luhe to remove, to free, to loosen
luhe-si to loosen, to free, to let go
Ulawa
luha to remove, to free, to loosen
Arosi
ruha to lose, let go, untie
ruha-si to lose, let go, untie, set free from debt, forgive (modern)
ruha-sia set free, let go, untied
Fijian
luva to loosen, untie a thing; to undress, strip
WMP Ilokano
naka-lupasáy exhausted and lying on the ground
Tagalog
lupasáy sitting on one’s haunches
Formosan Paiwan
lupas something (solid) which is spat out
l-m-upas spit something out
ma-lupas be spat upon
WMP Gaddang
ma-luppa to spit
WMP Ilokano
lupaypáy languid; droopy; weary from lack of sleep; without energy
Agta (Eastern)
lupáypay broken arm that flops around
Casiguran Dumagat
lupáypay worn out, exhausted, tired, drooping limbs, disappointed
Ibaloy
me-dopay to droop (as ears of carabao, withered leaf)
Tagalog
lupaypáy prostrate; weak due to tiredness; lackadaisical; languid; with drooping wings due to weakness (said of birds)
man-lupaypáy to wilt; to droop; to lose strength and vigor
Bikol
lupaypáy tired; withered
ma-lupaypáy to become tired or withered
Maranao
lopay tire
Tausug
lupay to become weary, fatigued
WMP Itbayaten
xopes insubstantial grain
ma-xopes lacking grain or seed
Ilokano
lúpes barren, sterile woman
ag-lúpes to be infertile, unable to bear offspring
Casiguran Dumagat
lopés rice chaff; rice grains with no kernel inside
WMP Kenyah (Long Anap)
ŋe-lupi to dream
Jarai
repey dream
Acehnese
lumpòë dream
WMP Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
lumpi fold up something
Gorontalo
lupi-yolo folded (< *lupi-en)
Bare'e
lupi fold, pleat, crease
Wolio
lupi fold, fold back
WMP Casiguran Dumagat
lupéŋ nick, burr (on the cutting edge of a bolo or axe)
Hanunóo
lúpiŋ a side dent or impression in the edge of a knife blade, from cutting a hard object
WMP Ilokano
lupíŋ drooping ears; crestfallen cock
ag-lupíŋ to droop (said of the ears)
Tagalog
lupíŋ large and drooping (said of ears and also applied to large, drooping rim of a hat); dog-eared or turned down at the corner (said of the page of a book)
Bikol
lupíŋ floppy-eared (dogs)
Agutaynen
lopiŋpiŋ for the crown of a chicken to be flopping over; for an animal to have ears that are long and floppy; for the brim of a hat to be floppy, not stiff
WMP Ilokano
lupí a fold
i-lupí to fold, hem
Casiguran Dumagat
lupi hem, pleats (of a dress); to make a hem or pleats on a dress
Tagalog
lupíʔ fold, folding; cuff (of trousers); hem
Aklanon
eupíʔ to get bent, crushed
Palawano
lupiʔ fold, hem
Cebuano
lúpiʔ turned down corner of a page
Kadazan Dusun
hupiʔ seam
Gorontalo
lupi-yolo folded (< *lupi-en)
Pendau
lupiɁ to fold
Bare'e
lupi fold, pleat, crease
Wolio
lupi fold, fold back
Muna
lupi to fold (as dry laundry)
WMP Tboli
lufi thin, as paper, cloth, skin; to make something thin; to simplify, of questions and riddles so that they can be understood easily
Iban
lupis slender, thin, make slender
WMP Ayta Abellan
lopih skin of fruit or vegetable
Bikol
lupís narrow strips or fibers of the banana or abaca stalk pulled from wider strips and used for tying
Cebuano
lúpis dried strips of abaca trunk or certain varieties of bananas which have not been processed into fibers, used for tying and other similar purposes
Binukid
lupis strips of the trunk of abaca or the stalks of certain varieties of banana which have not been processed into fibers (for tying)
Tausug
lupis the outer layer of the abaca plant (usually used as string)
WMP Maranao
lopot miss, lose right to title
Malay
luput slipping away from, being lost; of things "lost and gone" (hilaŋ luput)
WMP Tagalog
luwáʔ protruding; bulging; sticking out
Iban
ke-luah go beyond or past; be put outside
ŋe-luah to be or put outside
WMP Tagalog
l<um>uwál to come out, issue forth; to be born; exterior; outside; exposed
Ngaju Dayak
ruar outside
Malay
luar outer; position outside
ke-luar to issue
Karo Batak
luar outside; apart from, except for, exceptional; to come out, of the enemy (in war)
Toba Batak
ruar come out
mar-ruar to come out
Sundanese
luwar outside, outer side; external
Old Javanese
luwar to separate, disperse, break up, part, go away; loose from, freed from, to escape from
Javanese
luar free, clear of; the outside, the outdoors
Balinese
luwar outside
ŋ-luwar-i to exile, drive out
Sasak
luar be finished with something
pe-luar-in keep something outside
Sangir
mə-luarəʔ buy out of slavery, to free
CMP Bimanese
(ari) lua outside
Tetun
luar free, without responsibility, unrestricted
WMP Casiguran Dumagat
luwag loose (as of rattan tied loosely)
Kapampangan
luwál outside
Tagalog
luwág spaciousness; convenience; ease; comfort; looseness; slackness; leniency; laxity; want of strictness
Bikol
luwág to become loose
pa-luwág-on to loosen
Hanunóo
luwág loose, fitting easily, not tight, as of clothes; easy
Romblomanon
ma-luwat an area is spacious
Cebuano
luʔág loose, not tightly attached or wound around; having ample space; for something not to occupy a whole area; being in a comfortable situation; for one’s emotions or sickness to be relieved; be, become wide in area
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
me-luʔag wide
Mansaka
lowag to loosen; to become loose (as a tie on a chicken)
Tiruray
ruar loose, spacious
Kadazan Dusun
huvaw loose
Ida'an Begak
luag loose
Iban
ruar outside; broad and empty
Sangir
luahəʔ free space
Makassarese
luaraʔ wide (as nostrils); stretched out, expansive; upper surface
CMP Laura
lua space outside a house
Tetun
ha-lua-k to enlarge, to become open, to widen
Fordata
ŋ-luar wide, spacious
OC Tolai
na-lua outside
Lau
lua space outside a house
Lenakel
i-lua outside
WMP Ibaloy
i-doʔkip to put something between two things (as slip of paper in a closed book, playing card into a deck of cards, money under a pillow, etc.)
Cebuano
lukíp enclose or insert something in a letter
WMP Cebuano
lumíʔt to crease, wrinkle
OC Seimat
lumi to fold, crease
Arosi
rumi to fold
Hawaiian
lumi to crowd uncomfortably; overturn, pound, crush, as the surf; to press
WMP Ilokano
ag-lúnit to close, heal (wounds)
Bikol
luʔnít a shiny, round, healed wound (such as that left after the skin has been scalded)
ma-luʔnít to have this type of wound
WMP Cebuano
lupʔít press something tight between two surfaces
pa-lupʔít put something in between two flat surfaces so as to press it
Maranao
lopit crush, snag, caught in pressing matters, press
Tboli
lufit pincers; hair clip, bobby pin
Javanese
lupit narrow, of a place (Pigeaud 1938)
Tontemboan
lompit clip; rat trap
OC Arosi
ruhi press down, as the contents of a bag
WMP Ilokano
loló soft, spoiled by handling, squeezing or beating, e.g. fruits
Iban
luluh molten, melted
Malay
luloh crushed to atoms
Sundanese
luluh trample under foot, trampled (as a field that has been much walked on)
WMP Ilokano
luób estuary; interior, inside
ag-luób to live together
Tagalog
loób interior; inside; inner surface or part
Bikol
luʔób alley, backstreet
WMP Casiguran Dumagat
luuk bay
Tagalog
lúok bay
Palawano
luuk bay, gulf, harbor
Cebuano
lúʔuk bay
Binukid
luuk flat area adjoining a river (at the foot of a hill, cliff, etc.)
Banjarese
luhuk bay
WMP Cebuano
lúʔum put something entirely into the mouth
Malay
lulum (< **luqum luqum) sucking at a sweet; dissolving something in the mouth
WMP Iban
lurus straight, direct; straightforward, honest
Malay
lurus smooth and straight; honest
CMP Kambera
luruhu straight, true
OC Dobuan
lusa shoot with a gun
Molima
lusa gun; slingshot
lusa-lusa to shoot
Saliba
lusa to shoot
Arosi
ru-ruta throw a volley of spears
Avava
lu shoot (something); fire at (bullet, arrow)
WMP Ilokano
na-lúsa soft (said of rice)
Agutaynen
ma-lota for vegetables to become overcooked; to overcook vegetables
WMP Isneg
lusáʔ earth; land, soil; ground
Tagalog
lúsak mire; slush; slime; a soft sticky mud or something like it
WMP Ilokano
lúsi exposed glans penis; opening of glans penis
ma-lúsi with exposed glans penis; to be drawn back (foreskin)
Bontok
lúsi penis
Kankanaey
lúsi prepuce, foreskin
Ifugaw (Batad)
lūhi the glans of a man or animal (a socially offensive word)
mun-lūhi for someone to expose the penis by pulling back the prepuce
Bikol
lusíʔ prepuce, foreskin
mag-lusíʔ to pull back the foreskin
Cebuano
lúsiʔ tweak or pinch with a twisting motion; work on an itchy foreskin by pinching, twisting and turning it inside out
Maranao
losiʔ penis; retract the prepuce of penis
losiʔ-an penis
Mansaka
lósiʔ to strip off sheaths of a plant to get its shoot or inner part
WMP Ilokano
lusí-en to push back the foreskin to expose the glans penis
Bikol
lusíʔ-on to pull back the foreskin
WMP Ilokano
luslós hernia
ag-luslós to slip, slide; pull back and forth (uncircumcised penis); (fig.) masturbate; to have a hernia; slip, slide backwards
i-luslós to slide down
Ibaloy
dosdos to take off one’s shirt (as when hot, or to fight)
Pangasinan
loslós to lower something or let slip off little by little; allow a boat to drift with the current; lower oneself with the aid of a pole
Tagalog
luslós hernia, rupture; fallen; hanging down
Hanunóo
luslús sliding up and down or removal of ringlike objects from more stationary bodies, as when removing a breastband from the body, or in moving a band up and down a hollow cylinder or pole
Agutaynen
ma-loslos for something like a pair of pants to slip down; fallen testicle, often resulting in a hernia
Cebuano
luslus for something that wraps something and is attached to it to slip off, esp. the foreskin
Malay
lolos slipping on, as a ring on the finger
lulus slipping through, of a thread getting through the eye of a needle, a finger slipping into or out of a ring, etc.
OC Nggela
lundi (< *lulus-i) slough the skin; an animal that has just sloughed its skin, as a crab
WMP Itbayaten
xosoŋ mortar (pounding tool)
Bontok
lusuŋ mortar, primarily used for pounding rice; to place in a mortar
Ifugaw (Batad)
luhuŋ a mortar, used with a pestle (a mortar is either carved from wood or chiseled from stone; it is used for pounding)
Palawan Batak
lusuŋ rice mortar
SHWNG Kowiai/Koiwai
lusin mortar
WMP Maranao
losog drive away or down
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
lusug descend head first, as a dog goes down a ladder or a child falls down the ladder head first
Iban
lunsur drain away
Malay
loŋsor, luŋsur slipping forward or downward
Old Javanese
luŋsur coming down, slipping down, sliding down
l<um>uŋsur to come down, slip down, slide down
ka-luŋsur to lay down, put down, take off, let slip down
ka-luŋsur-an to put down, take off; to dismiss, remove (from office)
Javanese
loŋsor ~ losor shift, slide, settle (as a road that has washed into the river)
luŋsur get demoted, lower something
WMP Ilokano
i-lusót to put through, thrust in
l<um>sót to go through; break through; pass through; to protrude, spurt, break through; flow out; to escape from danger
Tagalog
lusót passing through or able to pass through a narrow place
Bikol
mag-lusót sneak in by way of; make one’s way through without being caught or detected; to get away via
Cebuano
lusút to pass, go through; go through, come out successful; (in basketball) to drive through the defense
Mansaka
losot to escape (as through a hole in a net)
Formosan Kavalan
Rusi tears
sa-Rusi to shed tears
tRi-Rus-Rusi to shed tears without control
Saisiyat
Loʃiʔ tears
Pazeh
rese tears
Amis
losaʔ tears
ci-losaʔ to have tears
Thao
rushaq tears
pak-rushaq to shed tears
pak-rusha-rushaq for tears to keep flowing; for the eyes to water continuously
Tsou
rsəə tears (Tsuchida 1976)
Saaroa
ləəʔə tears
Proto-Rukai
*ɭəsə tears
Puyuma
ɭuʔ tears
mi-ɭuʔ to have tears
Puyuma (Tamalakaw)
uReH <M tears
puR-a-uReh to shed tears
Paiwan
luseq tears
pe-luseq to shed tears
s<m>u-luseq to wipe away tears
WMP Itbayaten
xoho tears
mi-xoho to shed tears (due to sadness, joy, strong light, pains, etc.)
Ilokano
luá tear
maki-pag-luá to sympathize with
Agta (Dupaningan)
luwá teardrop
Isneg
luwá a tear
sika-luwá to be shedding tears, to be weeping
Itawis
luá tear (from eye)
Bontok
luwa tears, as from crying
Ifugaw
lúwa tears
Casiguran Dumagat
ləwá tears; to shed tears
Pangasinan
luá tears
Ayta Abellan
lowa tear (from crying)
Kapampangan
luáʔ tears
lu-luáʔ to weep
Tagalog
lúhaʔ a tear
mag-pa-lúhaʔ to make someone cry or weep or burst into tears
ma-luhaʔ-ín easily moved to tears; crying easily
Bikol
lúhaʔ a tear
Masbatenyo
lúhaʔ tears
luháʔon dissipate something by tears
Aklanon
eúhaʔ teardrop
euháʔ to shed tears; to water (of the eyes)
Waray-Waray
lúhaʔ teardrop
luháʔ-i to shed tears
Agutaynen
lok tears
lok tears
lok tears
Hiligaynon
lúhaʔ tear
Palawan Batak
luwáʔ teardrop
Cebuano
lúhaʔ tears; get tears in the eyes
lúhaʔ sa bau crocodile tears (‘tortoise tears’)
Binukid
luhaʔ tears (in the eyes); to get tears in one’s eyes
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
luhaʔ tear (of the eye)
Mansaka
lowaʔ tears
Talaud
allo mata (< *əluq) tears
Sundanese
luh tears
Javanese
luh tears (from weeping)
Balinese
luh tears
Proto-Minahasan
*lueʔ tears; to weep
Tontemboan
lueʔ tears
Mongondow
luaʔ tears; anything that flows out; to flow out (of tears, blood, saliva); to spit out, vomit
Muna
luu tear (of eye)
Palauan
yuəʔ-ə́l his/her tears
Chamorro
lagoʔ <M tear --- a saline fluid secreted by the lachrymal gland
CMP Li'o
ae lu tears
Lamaholot
loũ <M tears
Rotinese
lu (mata) tear, tears
Tetun
luu-n tears
Leti
lui tears
Selaru
su tears
Yamdena
luwe tears
Formosan Pazeh
maxa-rese to shed tears
WMP Ilokano
ag-luá to shed tears, cry
ag-lu-luá to be tearful
Itawis
mal-luá to cry
Tagalog
mag-lu-lúhaʔ to weep or cry very much; to weep continuously
Bikol
mag-lúhaʔ to tear (of the eyes), to cry
Masbatenyo
mag-lúhaʔ to shed tears
Tontemboan
ma-lueʔ shed tears, tear up, of the eyes
WMP Bontok
l<um>uwa to have tears coming from one’s eyes
Ifugaw
l<um>úwa to shed tears
Tagalog
l<um>úhaʔ to cry; to shed tears; to weep
Tontemboan
l<um>ueʔ shed tears, tear up, of the eyes
WMP Itbayaten
xoho-an to shed tears over (something)
Tagalog
luhaʔ-án tearful
Masbatenyo
lúhaʔ-án teary
Agutaynen
lok-an to produce tears; to tear, water (of the eyes)
Cebuano
luháʔ-an with tears
WMP Itbayaten
xotab suds, foam
ma-xotab sudsy
pi-xotab-en to make into suds
Ilokano
lútab foam, spume, froth
ag-lútab to foam up; froth
Isneg
lútāb spittle, sputim
i-lútāb to spit on
lútāb-ān to put sputum in or on
Bikol
mag-lútab to spit something out; to spit on or at
WMP Ilokano
lútak mud
lutak-lútak muddy
Hiligaynon
luták clay
luták clay
Lun Dayeh
me-lutak dirty
Kelabit
lutak muddy, of ground
Kenyah
lutak mud, muddy
WMP Ilokano
kal-lútaŋ float, etc. at random, drift, as a rudderless ship, a sailing vessel when there is no wind
Tagalog
lútaŋ buoy
Cebuano
lutaŋ surface in the water
Miri
lutéŋ float
Malay
ke-luntaŋ float (of net or line); also a loose light float with a short baited line attached to it
WMP Itbayaten
xota ground, earth (as material), soil
Bontok
lúta earth, soil
Ifugaw
lúta earth, soil
Casiguran Dumagat
lúta ground, dirt, earth; caked with dirt
Ibaloy
dota dirt, earth, soil
Remontado
lútaʔ earth
WMP Abaknon
lutaw to float
Agutaynen
lotaw for something to float on the surface of water; the waterline of a boat; the part of the hull which is above the waterline
lo-lotaw-lotaw for something to float, bob around on the surface, without going forward
pa-lotaw small doughy balls cooked in coconut milk which float to the surface when fully cooked
Formosan Amis
lotay to be exhausted, either physically or emotionally
WMP Ilokano
ag-lu-lútay to be weak, exhausted
lutay-lútay with falling petals (flowers), or leaves
Kankanaey
ma-i-lutéy feeble; faint; weak; debilitated
WMP Itbayaten
xotek mud, mire
ma-xotek muddy
mi-xotek to form slime, mire
Hanunóo
lútuk mud (Formosan only)
Formosan Saisiyat
Lotok rabbit
Saisiyat (Taai)
Lotok rabbit
Papora
ludúh rabbit
Tsou
eutuka rabbit, hare
Siraya
rutok rabbit, hare
Rukai (Budai)
Lotoko rabbit, hare
Rukai (Tona)
otoko rabbit, hare
Proto-Rukai
*lotoko rabbit
Paiwan
lutjuk rabbit, hare
WMP Tagalog
lutok snapping or cracking sound such as made by breaking a stick or a branch of a tree
Toba Batak
mar-lutuk-lutuk loud beating
WMP Itbayaten
xoto idea of cooking
maŋ-xoto to cook
Ilokano
lúto culinary dish; manner of cooking; menu
ag-lúto to cook
Atta (Pamplona)
lutu-an cook
Agta (Dupaningan)
mag-lutu to cook, especially rice
Isneg
maŋ-lúto keep until mature; to cook
Itawis
lútu that which is cooked
mal-lútu to cook
Bontok
l<um>útu cook by boiling, especially rice
Kankanaey
lutó-an large >wd>báŋa (rice cooking pot)
Ifugaw
lútu general word base for “cooking”; to boil rice, sweet potatoes, meat, etc.
Pangasinan
man-lotó to cook
on-lotó to ripen
Kapampangan
mag-lútuʔ to cook
Tagalog
lútoʔ something cooked
mag-lútoʔ to cook
Bikol
lútoʔ dishes, food, cooking
mag-lútoʔ to cook
Hanunóo
lútuʔ ripe
lutʔ-án soft, pithy, easily crushed portion of rattan vines
Masbatenyo
lútoʔ cooked rice
mag-lútoʔ to cook rice, cook food
Aklanon
eútoʔ ripe, ready to eat (fruit); ripen, get ripe
Agutaynen
mag-lotok to cook something
Hiligaynon
lútuʔ cooked food, prepared food; cooked, ripe
Cebuano
lútuʔ to cook; make something tender; manner of cooking; done, cooked
Maranao
lotoʔ provision of food on trip; to cook
Binukid
mig-lútuʔ to cook, bake something
lutúʔ to bring lunch
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
lutuʔ food taken on a journey; to cook; to ripen some fruit
Mansaka
lotoʔ to cook
Ngaju Dayak
luntoh what is cooked
ha-luntoh to cook (in water)
la-luntoh very ripe, overripe
WMP Isneg
ma-lúto be ripening, be cooked
Kapampangan
ma-lútuʔ cooked
Bikol
ma-lútoʔ cooked rice
Agutaynen
ma-lotok cooked; ripe, as of fruit, vegetables
Ngaju Dayak
ma-luntoh cooked, ripe
WMP Ifugaw
lútuy weakness of the body which eventually causes the weak person to swoon
Mansaka
lutuy tired, weak, slow
WMP Bontok
luyá sickening; tiresome
Malay
loya squeamish feeling; inclination to vomit
WMP Ifugaw
luyá whatever is too old, worn out (e.g. clothes), having holes here and there (e.g. baskets)
Ibaloy
doya something that has lost its resilience, spring (as metal spring, bamboo); also a piece of steel that bends easily
Aklanon
eúya(h) weak, feeble, not strong
Cebuano
lúya weak or lacking in strength of body or muscle; not active, aggressive enough
Iban
luyaʔ faded, secondhand, shop-soiled; (of a woman) be divorced after having borne children who have not lived
Old Javanese
lūya exhausted, powerless
WMP Itbayaten
ipa-xoo-xoya to accuse (someone) in court
mapa-xoo-xoya to accuse in court
Ilokano
lúya to scold, berate, chide, rebuke
WMP Ilokano
lúyak gluey, sticky, glutinous
Malay
loyak, luyak soft (of wet ground or overboiled rice); soft through moisture
WMP Maranao
loyaŋ bronze
Central Dusun
luzaŋ copper
Ngaju Dayak
luyaŋ armband
Malay
loyaŋ brass; an alloy of copper and zinc; (sometimes) copper
WMP Bontok
lúyək sediment, as after a flood recedes or in a pot after cooking of some foods
Ifugaw
lúyak soft mud
Malay
loyak, luyak soft (of wet ground or overboiled rice), soft through moisture
WMP Ilokano
luylóy slide down; become flabby (flesh)
Ayta Abellan
loyloy to sag or droop because under pressure; to lower with a rope
Tagalog
luylóy loose and hanging, as skin or flesh; flabby, physically flabby
Bikol
luylóy flabby, flaccid
Hiligaynon
lúyluy to hang down, droop
Cebuano
luylúy drooping, hanging limply
Tausug
luyluy withered, wilted (as of flowers or leaves)
l<um>uyluy to wither, wilt
WMP Tboli
be-loyo sag, droop
Malay
luyu drooping
Javanese
luyu slack, limp, impotent
WMP Bikol
luyóŋ-lúyoŋ sway or swing from side to side
Malay
loyoŋ totter along with a weak, uncertain gait
WMP Cebuano
lúyut for something not firm to sag out of shape under a weight
Maranao
loiot stretch
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
luyut bulge, greatly, as a heavy load in a sack, or a swelling on the skin
Malay
loyot, luyut bend under (as tree branches under the weight of fruit)
WMP Yakan
luraʔ spittle; foamy saliva spit out
mag-luraʔ to spit
Samal
lujjaʔ to spit
Kanowit
pə-lujaʔ to spit
Ba'amang
ma-lujaʔ to spit
Kapuas
ma-lujaʔ to spit
Robert Blust and Stephen Trussel
www.trussel2.com/ACD
2010: revision 6/21/2020
email: Blust (content) –
Trussel (production)
CognateSets-Index-l