Updated: 6/21/2020
| Updated: 6/21/2020 |
Austronesian Comparative Dictionary
Cognate Sets
da
30939 *da₁ locative case marker (probably for plural personal names; cf. *di, *du) 8797 PAN *da locative case marker (probably for plural personal names; cf. *di, *du)
8798 PMP *daₐ locative case marker for plural personal names
25953 2179 PMP *dabuk₁ pound, beat [disjunct: *rabuk 'knock, pound, beat']
Note: With root *-buk₂ ‘pound, thud, heavy splash’.
30194 *dabuk₂ dust 7021 PPh *dabuk₂ dust
12061 PPh *ma-dabuk crumbly, friable
Note: Also Ibaloy tapok ‘dust as it swirls in the air or has settled on something (as when stirred by a vehicle)’. This word may contain the monosyllabic root *-buk₂ ‘pound, thud, heavy splash’, with the connection being from pounding to the result of pounding substances (into fine particles).
30197 7024 Note: Mapun dabuŋ ‘bamboo shoots (used as a vegetable)’, Yakan dabuŋ ‘edible shoot of bamboo (in some areas of Basilan these are called umbut)’ are assumed to be loans from one or more Philippine sources.
30221 7075 7076 Note: With root *-buq ‘fall’. The rather dramatic semantic changes in Modern Javanese ḍawuh are prefigured in the Old Javanese form, which still retains the basic physical sense of falling, but evidently employed the term in a social sense as well (orders, curses or gifts ‘falling’ from the higher position/authority of the king onto his subjects). The resemblance of this form to Arosi rahu-taʔi ‘fall down, be prostrate; cast down, prostrate oneself’ probably is due to chance.
30499 7728 PCMP *dada₁ to pull, haul, drag
33536 *dada₂ term of reference for older female relative 12269 PPh *dada₂ term of reference for older female relative
30192 *dadaN old, of things; ancient times 7018 PAN *dadaN old, of things; ancient times
7019 PMP *dadan old, of things; ancient times
Note: The relationship of this form to PPh *daqan ‘old, ancient’ remains unclear, since a reduplicated form *da-daqan would not normally lose the *q in either Atayal or Kelabit.
34039 12893 33556 12292 PPh *dagdag to drop, to fall down
Note: Tiruray dagdag cannot be native, but it implies borrowing from a unidentified neighboring language. Since this would be either Danaw or Manobo, the comparison would still be represented in two primary divisions of PPh as defined in Blust (1991).
27336 3858 Note: With root *-pak₁ ‘slap, clap’.
33543 *dag(e)qún year 12276 PPh *dag(e)qún year
Note: A variant of this comparison was first noted schematically by Zorc (1986:163).
33537 *dág(e)saq to wash ashore, as driftwood 12270 PPh *dág(e)saq to wash ashore, as driftwood
30766 *dágus₁ continue on with doing something, do immediately, without hesitation 10657 PPh *dágus₁ continue on with doing something, do immediately, without hesitation
Note: Also Pangasinan dáges ‘immediately, hastily’, on-dáges ‘to hasten’.
33366 *dagus₂ to lodge, stay in someone else’s house 11972 PPh *dagus₂ to lodge, stay in someone else’s house
30181 *dahak phlegm; cough up phlegm 6981 PWMP *dahak phlegm; cough up phlegm
Note: Also Kelabit bə-dhək ‘nasal mucus’, Javanese kerak ‘hoarse’.
25954 *dahemuR dew 2180 PWMP *dahemuR dew [doublet: *ñamuR] [disjunct: *lamuR]
30162 *dahun leaf; blade of paddle or oar; ‘table’ for eating 6923 PMP *dahun leaf; blade of paddle or oar; ‘table’ for eating
6924 PCEMP *daun leaf; head hair; classifier used in counting certain types of objects
6925 PEMP *raun leaf; head hair; classifier used in counting certain types of objects
Note: Also Toba Batak daon ‘leaf, medicine’, Arosi rawa Also Toba Batak daon ‘leaf, medicine’, Arosi rawa ‘leaf’. The secondary meaning ‘head hair’ is widespread in the languages of eastern Indonesia and the Pacific, and looks very much like a Papuan contact feature. Since this apparent innovation is found as far east as Polynesia it probably was acquired by or before Proto-Oceanic times, and then transmitted like any other feature of the language as Austronesian speakers spread eastward beyond the reach of Papuan contact. The fact that it also appears in Sama-Bajaw languages, but nowhere else in western Indonesia or the Philippines, lends strength to the hypothesis that it is due to Papuan contact, since the Sama-Bajaw almost certainly were involved in the spice trade that linked the Moluccas of eastern Indonesia with various ports in western Indonesia and the southern Philippines, and so would have had many opportunities for contact with Papuan-speaking groups.
In addition, polymorphemic reflexes in Bikol, Iban, Malay, and Gitua suggest that *dahun figured in the name for the whip snake, a small, green poisonous species that presumably is well camouflaged in foliage, and hence extremely dangerous. Although a specific term cannot be reconstructed on the basis of known evidence, this may have been PMP *hulaR dahun. The names of various birds (Iban, Malay, Sundanese, Bolaang Mongondow) fish (Malay, Sangir, Chamorro, Manggarai, Fijian, Kapingamarangi), and insects (Tombonuwo, Malay) that incorporate a reflex of PMP *dahun may be products of convergence, or retentions of terms for which the surviving evidence is too fragmentary for reconstruction, and the common element in expression such as Malagasy daun pintu ‘body of door’, Manggarai sau? para, Asilulu matanulu lau ‘door’ probably is the result of historically secondary changes. 6926 PWMP *ma-dahun leafy, dense, of foliage
6927 PWMP *maŋ-dahun to have or sprout leaves
6928 PWMP *maR-dahun to leaf out, sprout leaves
Note: Possibly also Buginese mad-dauŋ ‘to flutter in the breeze, as a flag or pennant’. 6929 PMP *dahun-dahun foliage, leaves
6930 POC *raun-raun foliage, leaves
Note: The agreement between Malay makan sa-daun ‘eat from the same plate’ and Fijian drau-drau ‘the leaves on which food is served up’ are a reminder that in the Austronesian world traditional ‘tables’ (at least for feasts) probably were banana leaves laid out on the ground on which the food was placed. 6931 PMP *dahun nu taliŋa the auricle or shell of the ear
6932 POC *raun ni taliŋa the auricle or shell of the ear
Note: Also Balinese don kupiŋ ‘the tip of the ear’, Manggarai sauŋ tilu ‘shell of the ear’. 25955 *dajam accustomed to, tame 2181 PAN *dajam accustomed to, tame
2182 PAN *ma-dajam accustomed to, tame [doublet: *ma-najam]
Note: Also Fijian lasa ‘easy, contented, tame, accustomed’.
25956 2183 PAN *dajem chills, as of malaria
2184 PAN *ma-dajem chills, as of malaria
Note: Also Paiwan djadjełem ‘shivering (with cold or malaria)’, ragem ‘chills and fever’, Ilokano daggáŋ ‘fever’, Miri dasem ‘cold’, Nggela malaho ‘cold, chill; be ill with malaria’, Mota malaso ‘cold’.
30182 6982 PWMP *dakdak slam down with force
30198 *dakél big, large (in size or quantity) 7025 PPh *dakél big, large (in size or quantity)
7026 PPh *ma-dakél many
7027 PPh *ka-dakel-án majority, largest part
Note: Also Ilokano dakkél ‘big, large; great’, d<um>akkél ‘to grow, grow up, become large’, Isneg dakkál ‘great, large, big’, manakkál ‘to increase, said of water’, Casiguran Dumagat dikkél ‘big, large; much’, Kankanaey dak-daké ‘great, large, big; high, lofty, tall; wide, capacious, immense’, Bikol dakúlaʔ ‘big, large, great, gross’, Hanunóo daká ‘large, big, great; broad, wide, expansive; tall’, d<um>aká ‘grow, increase in size, expand, grow up’, Palawan Batak dakúlaʔ ‘big, large’, Waray-Waray , Cebuano dakúʔ ‘big, great’, Mansaka dakoraʔ ‘large, big’, Manobo (Western Bukidnon) dekelaʔ ‘big’, Tiruray dakel ‘big’, ke-dakel-on ‘a large supply of something’, Maranao dakolaʔ ‘large, big, main, great’, Tausug dakulaʔ ‘great, large, big, huge (referring to objects, people, projects, etc., but not emotions or feelings)’.
This is one of the most distinctive innovations defining the Philippine subgroup, as it is an item of basic vocabulary that appears to have replaced *Raya ‘big, large, great’. Despite its general regularity there are a surprising number of irregular reflexes of this form, including unexplained gemination of *k in several northern Philippine languages, loss of *-l in Kankanaey and replacement of *l by glottal stop in Cebuano Reflexes of *dakelaq are confined to members of the Greater Central Philippine group and appear to be derivatives of *dakel, although the actual morphological relationship is obscure in most languages. Chamorro dankolo ‘big, large, great, huge’ shows a general similarity to this word, but multiple irregularities show that if it is not a chance resemblance it must be borrowed from a Philippine source.
30222 7077 PAN *dakep catch, seize; embrace
7078 POC *rakop embrace
7079 PAN *d<um>akep to catch, capture; embrace
7080 PAN *dakep-en be caught, captured
Note: Also Manggarai daké ‘embrace’. This verb is well-supported by reflexes in the Philippines and western Indonesia which are clearly cognate with Thao sakup, but reflexes in CEMP languages are virtually unknown (Capell 1968 lists Fijian rako-va ‘embrace’ only in the English index, and this may be a chance resemblance).
The fundamental meaning of PAn *dakep appears to have been ‘to seize, catch something that is trying to escape’. With smaller animals this would involve use of the hands, but with larger animals (as pigs) or people it would involve both arms, thus leading to the extended meaning ‘to embrace’ in several languages (where the object is not trying to escape). However, semantic agreements between Thao and Cebuano forms of this base suggest that an affixed (perhaps reduplicated) may also have referred to the childrens’ game of ‘tag’, and agreements between the Batak languages of northern Sumatra and Makassarese of southern Sulawesi indicate that at a later period it may have functioned further as a term of measurement for the girth of trees or other objects that are measured by an ‘embrace’.
29991 *dakeS a tree: the camphor laurel: Cinnamomum spp. 6682 PAN *dakeS a tree: the camphor laurel: Cinnamomum spp.
Note: This comparison was first pointed out by Li (1994).
25983 2213 PMP *da(ŋ)ket stick, adhere to
12057 Note: Also Dairi-Pakpak Batak darket ‘be parasitic on’. With root PAn *-keC, PMP *-ket ‘adhesive, sticky’.
29932 6611 PAN *daki dirt on skin; dandruff
6920 PMP *daki dirt on skin; dandruff; tartar on teeth
Note: Also Isneg daí, daxí ‘tartar of the teeth’, Maranao dakiʔ ‘dirt, filth, residue left in pipe, dandruff’. This term evidently referred to dirt on the skin, including dandruff, and perhaps at a later point in time it also referred to tartar on the teeth, as attested by semantic agreements between Isneg of northern Luzon and Karo Batak of northern Sumatra.
29933 6612 6613 Note: Also Tajio pan-daʔe ‘climb (a mountain)’, Bare'e mo-dake ‘climb up, ascend’. This comparison is very thinly distributed, being attested so far only in Formosan languages, Malay and Ngaju Dayak (where it may be a Malay loanword), and in some of the languages of central and northwest Sulawesi, where it shows an irregular lowering of the final vowel.
25957 *dakit join along the length; raft 2185 PMP *dakit join along the length; raft
12058 POC *rakit join along the length, raft
Note: Also Ivatan daakit (length unexpl.) ‘raft’, Maloh daʔit, dahit ‘raft’. With root *-kit₂ ‘join along the length’.
30183 *dákit ford a river, cross to the other side (of a river, street, etc.) 6983 PPh *dákit ford a river, cross to the other side (of a river, street, etc.)
25958 2186 Note: Cf. Zorc (n.d.) PPh *Dakut ‘handful, scoop up’. Normally *d, *D, and *k became h in Chamorro.The retention of *k as a stop in this form is unexplained.
30184 6984 Note: Also Itbayaten dalag ‘mudfish’, Hanunóo darág ‘mudfish sp. (Opiocephalus striatus Bloch)’, Mapun dalag ‘mudfish’. The Itbayaten and Mapun words almost certainly are loans from Tagalog or some other Central Philippine language.
30185 *dalágan rushing of water; rapids, cascade 6985 PPh *dalágan rushing of water; rapids, cascade
25959 *dalak thunder 2187 PWMP *dalak thunder [disjunct: *delek]
30199 *dálaw pay a visit, drop by to see someone 7028 PPh *dálaw pay a visit, drop by to see someone
Note: Given its fairly tight geographical clustering this comparison may be a product of borrowing from Tagalog
30123 *dalayap kind of citrus tree and fruit 6856 PAN *dalayap kind of citrus tree and fruit
Note: Also Hanunóo dáyap ‘a lemon tree (probably Citrus aurantifolia) and its edible fruit; the leaves are boiled and the resultant decoction is drunk for sore throat’. While Tagalog dáyap is a possible reflex of *dalayap, Hanunóo dáyap is not, and it remains unclear whether this is a loanword from Tagalog, or whether disyllabic reflexes of this form point point to a PPh doublet *dáyap.
33367 *daldál talkative, loquacious 11973 PPh *daldál talkative, loquacious
30425 *dalej housefly 7563 PWMP *dalej housefly [doublet: *lalej]
30230 7088 7108 PMP *dalem insides, area within, inner part of something; between; below, under; deep; mind, feelings, liver (fig.)
7089 POC *ralom insides, area within, inner part of something; between; below, under; deep; mind, feelings
7090 PMP *i dalem below, beneath; inside
7091 POC *i rarom below, beneath; inside
7092 PAN *ma-dalem deep
7093 POC *ma-ralom deep
7094 PWMP *pa-dalem make something deep, deepen
7095 PWMP *dalem-en put something into a container
7096 PMP *dalem qatay hold within (of emotions, thoughts)?
7097 POC *ralom qate (gloss uncertain)
Note: Also Taokas yarum ‘inside’, Pazeh karum ‘inside of the house’, Tausug karajum ‘deep (of the ocean)’, Kayan alem ‘deep’, Kayan (Uma Juman) haləm, Murik tələm, Miri aləm ‘in, inside’, Mota roro ‘sink down, be low, be deep’. Tagalog dalamhátiʔ ‘affliction; grief; extreme sorrow; wrench, pain’, ipag-dalamhátiʔ ‘to mourn; to feel or show sorrow over’ is a transparent borrowing of an idiomatic expression from Malagasy attesting to the considerable influence that Malay was beginning to have in the region of Manila Bay in the period immediately preceding the arrival of the Spanish.
This is an extremely rich comparison in terms of the many directions that the primary sense has taken in various daughter languages. The basic meaning of PMP *dalem appears to have been ‘insides, area within, inner part of something’. From this sense it originally had or developed a secondary sense of ‘inner self, feelings, disposition’, an association that is strikingly exhibited by Ilokano dálem or Mongondow si-daḷom ‘liver’ (the seat of the emotions in traditional Austronesian-speaking societies), and that becomes increasingly more prominent in the glosses of compounds in southern Sulawesi, eastern Indonesia, Melanesia and Micronesia (but not in Polynesia).
A second meaning of this term that is found throughout the language family is ‘deep’, both in a physical sense (deep water, deep pit), and in the abstract sense of ‘profound, as an idea’. Through the latter nuance it has developed into the verb ‘to think, to remember’ in languages such as Motu. Finally, preceded by the generic locative marker *i the expression *i dalem meant ‘in, inside, within’. For a possible explanation of the connection between the notions ‘inside’ and ‘below’ cf. Blust (1997).
25960 2188 PPh *dalig buttress root [doublet: *dalij, *daliŋ]
Note: Simalur dalig ‘buttress root’ could also be assigned to *dalig, thus raising the level of this reconstruction from PPh to PWMP. However, since Simalur –g can reflect either *g or *j this form has been assigned to the more robustly attested variant.
33817 *dalih to assume, act on a supposition, be the reason for an action, escuse for something 12613 PWMP *dalih to assume, act on a supposition, be the reason for an action, escuse for something
12614 PWMP *dalih-an reason, pretext, excuse for doing something
Note: Dempwolff (1938) proposed a variant of this comparison, to which he added Tagalog uráliɁ ‘incitement or instigation through artifice, intrigue or deception’.
25961 2189 PMP *dalij buttress root [doublet: *dalig, *daliŋ]
7420 Note: Also Tolai lalit ‘the space between the buttresses of a tree’. This form is intriguing, as it suggests that some instances of PMP *d in word-final position devoiced in POc before the change *d > r in all positions.
25962 *dalikan trivet, arrangement of three stones on which the cooking pot is placed 2190 PMP *dalikan trivet, arrangement of three stones on which the cooking pot is placed
Note: Also Ifugaw dalik ‘trivet for cooking pot’, Chamorro alihan, haliʔan, NESAS (Teeuw 1958:127, 170) jalik, Bimanese riha, Manggarai likaŋ ‘trivet’. Verheijen (1967-70), Verheijen (1977a:36) points out the essential evidence on which this reconstruction rests, though he does not reconstruct a protoform himself. His suggestion that the word originally contained a suffix *-an may have been inspired by Costenoble (1940:61), who proposed a reconstruction *dalik, but without the benefit of supporting data. Mills (1981:69), on the other hand, suggests an etymon "Proto-Indonesian" *likAn ‘hearth’. Until further evidence of morphological complexity is forthcoming, it appears best to reconstruct a trisyllable.
29929 6608 PWMP *daliŋ buttress root [doublet: *dalig, *dalij]
Note: Since Karo Batak daliŋ could reflect either *dalij or *daliŋ, and the former variant is far more robustly attested, the first choice would be to assign the Karo Batak form to *dalij. However, this leads to the rather improbable conclusion that Toba Batak and Dairi-Pakpak Batak daliŋ are loanwords from Karo Batak. Since Tausug and Taje (Tanampedagi) daliŋ require the reconstruction of a doublet with final velar nasal in any case the simplest hypothesis appears to be that all of the Batak forms reflect this third variant.
33368 *dalíq quick, do quickly; do in a short time 11974 PPh *dalíq quick, do quickly; do in a short time
Note: Thanks to David Zorc for suggestions which led to an improvement in this comparison.
25963 2192 PAN *ma-dalis smooth, slippery [doublet: *dulas 'slip, slide'] [disjunct: *dalit₂]
12059 POC *maralis slippery
Note: Also Palu'e sali ‘smooth’.
34030 12882 PPh *dalísay pure, high quality
Note: Also Ilokano darísay ‘beauty, excellence’, na-darísay ‘excellent, superior’, darisáy-en ‘a black and white cock’. Possibly a Tagalog loan distribution.
25964 *dalit₁ glue, paste, plaster, caulk 2193 PMP *dalit₁ glue, paste, plaster, caulk
Note: Also Manggarai salit ‘to smear on, as medicine’. With root *-lit₁ ‘caulk; glue’. For the semantic connection of Sundanese dalit to the other forms, see *buket.
25965 2194 PMP *dalit₂ smooth, slippery [disjunct: *dalis]
2195 PMP *ma-dalit smooth, slippery
33557 12293 Note: Possibly a loan distribution.
30234 *dalu₁ a flying white ant or termite 7102 PMP *dalu₁ a flying white ant or termite
Note: Also Manggarai salo ‘lamp fly, firefly’, Ngadha salu ~ halu ‘termite, flying ant’. Since the general word for ‘termite’ in PMP was *anay, this base apparently referred only to flying termites/white ants, and perhaps only to the queen. A lexical distinction between termite as a general term and flying termite is maintained in some modern languages, as Malay, and Tae' of central Sulawesi, and so evidently continues a similar distinction in PMP. The available lexical resources for Bimanese leave much to be desired, but since the word (afi) ndaru ‘firefly’ optionally incorporates the word for ‘fire’ (afi) it appears possible or even likely that ndaru itself refers to some other type of flying insect. First recognized by Verheijen (1967).
30894 *dalu₂ jealousy; anger; a quarrel 8725 PWMP *dalu₂ jealousy; anger; a quarrel
34040 *dalukap palm of the hand, sole of the foot 12894 PPh *dalukap palm of the hand, sole of the foot
Note: PMP *palaj ‘palm of the hand’ was retained in PPh, raising questions about how these two terms differed in meaning.
33369 *dalupániq kind of freshwater fish 11975 PPh *dalupániq kind of freshwater fish
33370 11976 Note: Possibly a Tagalog loan distribution.
34041 12895 30618 *damaR₁ tree resin used in torches (?) 8079 PAN *damaR₁ tree resin used in torches (?)
8080 POC *ramaR light, luminosity
8081 POC *ma-ramaR to shine; shining, bright
Note: Also Kavalan Ramaz ‘fire; to cook rice’, Binukid lamʔag ‘full (moon)’, Ida'an Begak damar ‘resinous wood’ (< Malay), Ngaju Dayak damar ‘trees that yield a resin used in torches’ (< Banjarese Malay, the native term being ñatiŋ), Fijian rāma ‘to enlighten, cast light on, chiefly of the blaze of a fire’. This etymology has always been somewhat problematic. Very few reflexes are found in island Southeast Asia, and some of these are likely Malay loanwords. Oceanic reflexes are somewhat better supported, but it is not entirely clear that they are related to those further west.
33538 *damaR₂ to stay up all night, continue until daybreak 12271 PPh *damaR₂ to stay up all night, continue until daybreak
Note: Also Ilokano ag-dámay ‘to stay up all night to watch over the newly dead’.
33383 *damay peace, empathy, harmony between parties 12009 PWMP *damay peace, empathy, harmony between parties
30616 8077 Note: Also Mapun dandam ‘a longing for someone’ (< Malay), Tausug damdam ‘longing, yearning’ (< Malay), Bintulu mə-rarəm ‘to shiver’, Malay dendam ‘yearning; longing; feeling of love or spite’.
34050 12904 30027 6723 Note: Also Puyuma damuk ‘blood’, Paiwan djaq ‘menstrual blood’, ma-djaq ‘menstruate’. This comparison presents an apparent contradiction, since it is in competition with *daRaq ‘blood’, a form that is widely attested in both Formosan and Malayo-Polynesian languages. The simplest explanation would appear to be that *daRaq was found in PAn in the meaning ‘blood’, and that *damuq is a later innovation spread by borrowing among Formosan languages. However, with the possible exception of Puyuma damuk, which may be an irregularly transmitted loanword from Paiwan, reflexes of *damuq show a geographical distribution within Taiwan that cannot easily be explained by borrowing. To reconcile these problems I propose that both words occurred in PAn, but with different meanings: *daRaq ‘blood’, *damuq ‘menstrual blood’. If this solution is correct Paiwan shows a reversal of meaning, reflecting *damuq in the meaning ‘blood’, and *daRaq in the meaning ‘menstrual blood’.
33939 *damuq₂ dew 12776 PAN *damuq₂ dew
Note: Although this word has so far been found nowhere else, and Thao is known to have borrowed heavily from Bunun (Blust 1996), this Thao word shows a distinctively native reflex of the initial consonant, and is therefore assumed to be part of the native vocabulary.
34051 12905 32685 *damwa forehead 11091 POC *damwa forehead
30617 8078 Note: Cf. PAn *ma-tuqaS ‘old, of persons’. This comparsion may be a product of chance.
33467 *danáq₁ beaten track, footprints making a trail 12185 PPh *danáq₁ beaten track, footprints making a trail
33468 12186 30239 *danaw lake 7109 PAN *danaw lake [doublet: *banaw]
7110 POC *rano lake
Note: Also Ilokano danʔáw ‘lake, pond’, Tagalog lánaw ‘pool, small lake; lagoon’, Aklanon baeanáw ‘puddle (of water)’, Kadazan Dusun anaw ‘paddyfield, wet ricefield’, Balinese danu, Manggarai rana ‘lake’.
Although PAn *danaw apparently meant ‘lake’, the exact meaning of this term would have depended upon the region of Taiwan that was occupied while Proto-Austronesian remained a single language, since lakes are found in some parts of the island but not in others. The wide but rather scattered distribution of reflexes elsewhere can probably be attributed to the absence of lakes or significant large bodies of fresh water in many of the environments in which Austronesian speakers settled after leaving Taiwan. In some areas a reflex of *danaw came to apply to lagoons (salt water), ponds (permanent but small collections of fresh water), or just puddles (temporary collections of fresh water after rain).
In parts of interior Borneo, where rivers are of major importance but lakes are virtually nonexistent, reflexes of this term were retained but shifted in meaning to refer to muddy areas where rainwater tended to collect but not cover the ground for long; this tendency was carried furthest in Murik where from ‘muddy area, mudpatch’ the meaning developed to ‘muddy’ (still attested in the closely-related Kayan), and then to ‘dirty’. In other areas where lakes occur, but are rare a reflex of *danaw came to refer to a particular lake, and so was preserved only in proper names, as in Mongondow and Manggarai.
The most puzzling distribution is seen in the Oceanic group, where no reflex has been identified so far except in the Central Pacific languages (Rotuman, Fijian, Polynesian), which implies that prior to reaching western Polynesia Austronesian speakers were either in continuous contact with bodies of fresh water that were designated by a reflex of POc *rano, or that they moved through areas that lacked lakes so rapidly that the term was retained in the absence of a referent until arriving in a new environment in which lakes were again encountered.
With root *-naw ‘enclosed body of water’.
33089 *danug to punch, hit with the fist 11580 PPh *danug to punch, hit with the fist
33469 *daNi soon, presently; almost 12187 PAN *daNi soon, presently; almost
30381 7456 7457 7458 7459 7460 7461 7462 PAN *pu-daNum to water, irrigate
7463 PAN *danum-an (gloss uncertain)
Note: Also Tunjung anum ‘water’. This is one of the rare widely-distributed forms in AN languages that is absent from Dempwolff (1934-1938), since it does not appear in any of the three languages used for his ‘inductive reconstruction of Proto-Indonesian’ (1934), namely, Tagalog, Toba Batak and Javanese, and is found in only one of the eight languages used to test his reconstruction deductively, namely Ngaju Dayak. Nonetheless, throughout the AN language family outside of Taiwan *danum and *wahiR are in competition for the meaning ‘fresh water’. PMP *wahiR appears to have meant ‘stream, river’ (and the fresh water in it), while *danum referred only to the water itself.
Reflexes of PMP *danum have a peculiar distribution: they are common in Taiwan and the northern Philippines, but were replaced by other terms throughout the central and southern Philippines, and throughout all of Indonesia apart from the Barito Basin in southeast Borneo. In the Pacific they have a rather scattered distribution, being absent from Vanuatu except for two very small areas in west Santo and the Shepherd Islands. Finally, although most languages reflect only one or the other of these two terms both are found in the Admiralty Islands, where one is the common word for ‘fresh water’ in one language, and the other the semantic equivalent in a closely related language. In Fiji and Polynesia both occur in the same languages, but with different meanings (PPn *wai ‘fresh water’ : (*faka-)ranu ‘rinse with fresh water after bathing in the sea’), and in Wayan of western Fiji they co-occur in a single expression (wai dranu ‘fresh water’, as opp. wai tasi ‘salt water’).
25975 *daŋanan handle of a knife or sword 2205 PWMP *daŋanan handle of a knife or sword
Note: The Philippine forms may be loans from western Indonesia. However, Malay (the usual source of western Indonesian loans in Philippine languages) is not a likely source language.
25976 2206 Note: With root *-ŋaq ‘gape, open the mouth wide’.
30958 *daŋaw handspan 8838 PPh *daŋaw handspan [doublet: *zaŋan]
Note: The semantic distinction between PMP *zaŋan₁ ‘handspan’ (which has reflexes in several Philippine languages) and the present comparison is unclear.
30173 *daŋdaŋ broil; warm oneself or something near a fire 6963 PAN *daŋdaŋ₁ broil; warm oneself or something near a fire
6964 PMP *daŋdaŋ₁ warm oneself or something near a fire; heat or dry near a fire [doublet: *gaŋgaŋ]
6965 PPh *i-da(ŋ)dáŋ expose to the heat of a fire or the sun
6966 PWMP *maŋ-daŋdaŋ expose to the heat of a fire or the sun
6967 PPh *maR-daŋdaŋ expose to fire
6968 PWMP *d<in>aŋdaŋ (what) was warmed by a fire
6969 PAN *daŋdaŋ-an place something near a fire
6970 PWMP *daŋdaŋ-en to be dried near a fire or by the sun
Note: Also Kambera dàdaluŋu ‘stay by a fire; bring into contact with a fire, set on fire’. 30084 *daŋi near 6799 PCEMP *daŋi near [doublet: *qadani]
6800 POC *raŋi near
Note: The POc form may have been *garaŋi.
25977 *daŋkaq branch 2207 PMP *daŋkaq branch [disjunct: *daŋkeq]
25978 2208 PMP *daŋkeq branch, twig [disjunct: *daŋkaq]
25982 2212 PWMP *daŋuy to swim [doublet: *laŋuy, *naŋuy]
25980 2210 Note: Thanks to Laurent Sagart for noting the Atayal member of this comparison.
25979 2209 PMP *da(m)paD flat, level [disjunct: *da(m)aR, *da(m)pat]
Note: Also Bikol lápat ‘flat (having a flat surface)’.
33539 *dapak marine fish, probably snapper sp. 12272 PPh *dapak marine fish, probably snapper sp.
30613 8074 PWMP *dapal width of the palm (?)
Note: Possibly a chance resemblance.
30010 *dapaN sole of the foot; footprint 6704 PAN *dapaN sole of the foot; footprint [doublet: *da(m)pa]
6919 Note: Also Seediq dapil ‘impression, imprint (especially a footprint on the ground, or mark of the hand on some object), Pazeh (Kahabu) sa-sapiɬ ‘footprint; shoes’.
30609 8069 8070 Note: Also Ifugaw daŋpál ‘flat; applied to certain noses’, Javanese ḍampar ‘low table (usually round) where people sit cross-legged to eat, play cards, etc.’ (< Malay). Dempwolff (1938) included Tagalog lapág ‘the space below; the floor level; the ground level’, but this is doubtful.
30615 *dápat₁ to place in contact with one another, come in contact, space closely 8076 PPh *dápat₁ to place in contact with one another, come in contact, space closely [doublet: *dapet]
33540 *dápat₂ to treat with medicine 12273 PPh *dápat₂ to treat with medicine
33541 *dapat₃ to lie flat; flat area 12274 PPh *dapat₃ to lie flat; flat area
33542 12275 Note: Also Malay dapat ‘able to’.
30232 *dapdáp cut chips or bits from something, scrape off 7100 PPh *dapdáp cut chips or bits from something, scrape off
30231 *dapdap₁ a tree with dense clusters of red flowers, the Indian coral tree, Erythrina indica 7098 PMP *dapdap₁ a tree with dense clusters of red flowers, the Indian coral tree, Erythrina indica [doublet: *depdep]
7099 POC *rarap a tree with dense clusters of red flowers, the Indian coral tree, Erythrina indica
Note: Also Ilokano bagbág ‘kind of tree with red flowers and leaves used to cure headaches, Erythrina indica’, Ifugaw gabgáb ‘a kind of tree bearing thorns; its fruits are reddish; it merely serves as fuel’ (Erythrina subumbrans (Hassk.) in Madulid 2001:253), Tagalog karapdáp ‘Indian coral tree’, Balinese ḍabḍab ‘a species of shade tree’, Tae' raʔdeʔ ‘low-growing Indian coral tree with thorny stem and branches, and red blossoms; it grows near river banks and is used as a hedge in planting a field; perhaps Erythrina microcarpa’.
30611 8072 PWMP *dapdap₂ to grope [doublet: *gapgap, *kapkap]
Note: This form is irregular in both Ilokano and Toba Batak, where recurrent change would lead us to expect **dapdap in both languages. However, the agreement appears too close and specific to be due to chance, and clearly patterns with the better-supported *gapgap and *kapkap ‘to grope’.
33951 *dap(e)lis to graze, brush against, strike at an angle 12789 PPh *dap(e)lis to graze, brush against, strike at an angle
Note: Also Agutaynen daplis ‘to glance off something, to “miss the mark.” Phonological irregularities show that Agutaynen daplis is a loan, and this comparison as a whole may be a product of borrowing from Tagalog.
30614 *dapet to place in contact with one another, come in contact, space closely 8075 PMP *dapet to place in contact with one another, come in contact, space closely [doublet: *dápat₁]
Note: Also Hiligaynon dapít ‘near’, Ngaju Dayak rantep ‘close together’, rapet ‘be up against one another, stick together’, Iban rapat ‘close set, without space between’, Malay rapat ‘contact; contiguity’, Minangkabau me-rapat ‘to come together; to meet, of the village-elders meeting at the balai’, Balinese rapet ‘be close, be very near, stick together; close (a wound)’, Tae' dappiʔ ‘close by’.
25981 *da(m)pil nudge, bump against another person 2211 PWMP *da(m)pil nudge, bump against another person
Note: Perhaps also Old Javanese aṇḍampil, though the available texts leave the meaning unclear.
33952 *dapílus skidding, stumbling, losing balance 12790 PPh *dapílus skidding, stumbling, losing balance
12791 PPh *ma-dapílus skidding, stumbling, losing balance
Note: Possibly a Tagalog loan in Ilokano, although the semantics are sufficiently different to bring this interpretation into question.
30612 *dapit transport someone across a river (?) 8073 PWMP *dapit transport someone across a river (?)
Note: Based on agreements between languages reaching from the central Philippines to central Borneo and northern Sulawesi, the original meaning of this term appears to have been ‘to cross to the other side of a river’ (not by fording, but by raft or boat). The notion of accompaniment also seems to be central to this process, hence the semantic inference that *dapit meant something like ‘to ferry across’. In several Philippine languages this earlier sense has been reinterpreted in the Christian context as describing the role of a priest in ‘ferrying’ the deceased from the place of death to the place of worship (from this world to the next). Dempwolff (1938) included Fijian bāravi ‘the seashore or coast’ in a more limited form of this comparison, but it now seems best to abondon this connection and restrict the cognate set to languages in the Philippines and western Indonesia.
33371 *dapít place, location, direction 11977 PWMP *dapít place, location, direction
33372 *dapu be attracted to, swarm around, as ants do on finding food 11978 PPh *dapu be attracted to, swarm around, as ants do on finding food
Note: Also Tagalog dápoɁ ‘act of alighting, as birds do’, Aklanon dápoɁ ‘to gather together, assemble with’.
33953 12792 30604 *dapuR₁ hearth 8042 PMP *dapuR₁ hearth
8043 POC *rapuR hearth
8044 PWMP *dapuR-an hearth, cooking place
8045 PPh *d<um>apuR (gloss uncertain)
8046 PWMP *dapuR dapuR external part of something
Note: Also Agta (Dupaningan) dapor-an ‘hearth, cooking area’, Kankanaey dapʔó ‘ashes’, Ifugaw dapʔúl ‘ashes’; is incorrectly pronounced dapúl in current speech’, Kapampangan dápug ‘bonfire; trash pile (e.g. leaves and other yard sweepings)’, Romblomanon dapu-dapu ‘dust’, Yakan dapul-an ‘clay stove (it consists of a clay vessel with openings on the sides for feeding the fire and for air; wood is used as fuel)’, Tausug dapul-an ‘a stove (both a fire table and a gas range, any cooking stove)’, Kelabit dapur ‘kitchen’ (< Malay), Ngaju Dayak dapur ‘an earth apparatus on which one cooks’ (< Malay), Javanese ḍapur, Sundanese dapur ‘kitchen’ (< Malay), Tontemboan ampor-an ‘fire hearth’, Asilulu dapur ‘kitchen’ (< Malay), Makatea refu ‘ashes’ (Polynesian loan?), Tongan efu dust; (of a person) dust, mortal remains’, efu-a ‘covered in dust, dusty’, Niue, Futunan efu ‘dust’, Samoan lefu-lefu, Tuvaluan lefu ‘ash’, Hawaiian lehu ‘ashes; ash-colored, as a chicken’.
PMP *dapuR apparently referred to the hearth, although reflexes of *dapuR-an in a number of the languages of the Philippines and western Indonesia suggest that *dapuR had a verbal meaning, and that the form with the locative suffix specified the place where this activity was performed. The close association of the cooking place in the house with accumulations of ash is reflected in a number of glosses, particularly where the sole semanic reflex is ‘ashes’, as in nearly all Oceanic languages. A similar cross-association between these meanings is seen in reflexes of PAn *qabu ‘ashes’ in some languages, as with Paiwan qavu-qavu-an ‘hearth’. A number of the languages of western Indonesia and the southern Philippines appear to have borrowed Malay dapur while at the same time retaining a native form of this word, as in Yakan, Tausug, or Ngaju Dayak. In such cases the distinction in references is not always clear.
33401 12082 PAN *dapuR₂ pile up, as stones
Note: Also Kapampangan dápug ‘trash pile (e.g. leaves and other yard sweepings)’, Tiruray rafug ‘the piles of insufficiently burned debris ready for the secondary burning of the swidden’.
33666 12413 PPh *daput however, provided that
30286 7201 7202 7203 PMP *daqan kahiw branch of a tree
7204 POC *raqan kayu branch of a tree
Note: Also Ngaju Dayak dan, edan ‘branch’, Tongan vaʔa ‘bough, branch’, vaʔa-kau ‘stick, rod, twig or branch (esp. if broken off); cutting (for planting)’. This term has a wide, but oddly sparse distribution, being fairly well-attested in western Indonesia and Polynesia, but rarely elsewhere. The Polynesian reflexes of POc *raqan kayu ‘branch of a tree’ must have still been morphologically complex after the breakup of Proto-Polynesian, since Tuvaluan was able to transpose the historically separate elements in kau-laa ‘branch of a tree’.
30193 7020 PAN *daqaN old, ancient [doublet: *dadan]
12063 PMP *daqan₂ old, ancient; formerly
Note: There is no direct evidence that the final consonant of this form was *N rather than *n, but on the assumption that it is a variant of *dadaN I reconstruct *-N.
25967 *daqaNi day 2197 PAN *daqaNi day
12064 PMP *daqani day
10519 POC *raqani day
Note: Also Paiwan (Western) r-m-aqałi-ałi-an ‘mid-morning (when bees come out)’, Sub-Ambon *daniʔ, Roviana, Hoava rane, Arosi daŋi ‘day’. The semantic distinction between PAn *daqaNi and PAn *waRi remains unclear.
33544 *daq(e)taR floor 12277 PPh *daq(e)taR floor
Note: Also Bontok detɁál ‘the floorboards of a granary’, Kankanaey detɁá ‘the whole floor except the hearth and the soba (place behind the hearth where occupants sleep)’, Ifugaw dotál ‘floor of houses, granaries, inhabited huts’, Ifugaw (Batad) dotal ‘the floor of a building, cave, tomb’. This comparison was first noted schematically by Zorc (1986:163). Apparently distinct from PAn *dataR ‘flat, flat or level land’, as the two words are clearly distinguished in both Itbayaten and Ifugaw, although both words in the latter language show an irregular change of *a > o in the penult.
29842 6464 6465 7060 6466 POC *raqe forehead
Note: Also Tongan laʔe ‘forehead, brow’, Rennellese maga-ŋaʔe ‘forehead’. Known Oceanic reflexes of *daqiS are confined to Central Pacific languages, and all of these show an irregular lowering of the last vowel. In addition, Tongan has an irregular reflex of the initial consonant (POc *r normally > Tongan zero). The original sense of this body-part term appears to have covered both ‘forehead’ and ‘face’, but the ‘face’ sense seems to be more dominant in Formosan languages, and the ‘forehead’ sense outside Taiwan, culminating in Oceanic reflexes which to date have been recorded only in the latter meaning.
25968 *daqu₁ a tree: Dracontomelum edule 2198 PMP *daqu₁ a tree: Dracontomelum edule
Note: Although no other homophones are known for botanical referents, PMP *daqu₁ and PAn *daqu₂ consistently refer to different trees, and are therefore assumed to be distinct. The following reconstructions, which are restricted to WMP languages, have previously been proposed:
"Proto-Malayo-Javanic" *Dahuq ‘kind of tree’ (Nothofer 1975:148), "PInd" *daqu( ) ‘tree sp., usually Dracontomelum mangiferum Bl.’ (Mills 1981:66), "PHes" *Daqu ‘timber tree: Dracontomelum mangifera’ (Zorc 1982). Part of this comparison was first noted in print by Verheijen (1967-70).
29901 *daqu₂ soapberry: Sapindus mukrossi, S. saponaria 6568 PAN *daqu₂ soapberry: Sapindus mukrossi, S. saponaria
Note: Also Thao daqu (< Bunun), Kanakanabu, Saaroa caaʔu ‘soapberry; soap’. This comparison was first identified by Li (1994).
34031 *darás quick, fast, of speech or actions; often, frequently 12883 PPh *darás quick, fast, of speech or actions; often, frequently
34032 12884 Note: Also Tagalog dausdós ‘a slide; sliding down an inclined surface (intentionally)’, Cebuano dalusɁús ‘to slide down’, dalusɁus-án ‘slide, children’s playground equipment’.
29902 *daRa₁ Formosan maple: Liquidambar formosana 6569 PAN *daRa₁ Formosan maple: Liquidambar formosana
Note: This comparison was first pointed out by Li (1994).
30620 *daRa₂ maiden, virgin, unmarried girl 8083 PMP *daRa₂ maiden, virgin, unmarried girl
8084 PWMP *da-daRa maiden, virgin, unmarried girl
8085 PWMP *ka-daRa-an (gloss uncertain)
8086 PWMP *d<um>aRa in one’s maidenhood
Note: Also Dairi-Pakpak Batak jarah-jarah ‘female animals in general; a heifer, a hen who has laid her first egg ’. This form is erroneously said to be of Sanskrit origin in several dictionaries, as Coolsma (1930), Richards (1981), and Wilkinson (1959). The regular reflexes of PAn *R in all languages cited here, and the fact that Chamorro has a cognate form shows that this statement is false. The primary meaning of this term appears to be ‘girl between the onset of menstruation and time of marriage’, although scattered references (Tagalog, Masbatenyo, Malay, Sundanese, Tausug, Mongondow) suggest that it also applied to animals, particularly hens that have just begun to produce eggs. It may be that the term *anak daRa was used for humans to distinguish these two senses.
30287 *daRaq blood; to bleed; menstruate 7205 PAN *daRaq blood; to bleed; menstruate
7206 POC *draRaq blood
7207 PAN *ma-daRaq bloody, bleeding; to menstruate
7208 7209 PMP *daRa-daRaq bloody
Note: Also Karo Batak dareh ‘blood’, dareh-en ‘to bleed, of a wound’, Toba Batak daro ‘blood, especially menstrual blood’, daro mata ‘coagulated blood’, Alune lalakwe ‘blood; red’, Mota nara ‘blood; bleed’. Oddly, two of the clearest reflexes of this form in the Solomon Islands are Ndovele, Mbilua ndara ‘blood’, a form found in these two non-Austronesian languages, but not in any of their Austronesian neighbors.
29855 *daRat littoral sea, sea near the shore 6503 PMP *daRat littoral sea, sea near the shore
6921 6631 PPh *ka-daRát-an (gloss uncertain)
Note: Also Pangasinan dáyat ‘sea, ocean’, Javanese ḍarat ‘land (as contrasted with water, air)’, Sundanese darat ‘dry land in contrast with water, terra firma; darat-an ‘land (in a broader sense than darat); figurative for ‘rest’ or ‘intervening space’, Balinese dahet ‘dry land; shore’, Bare'e daga ‘substitute term for sea or lake’.
Dempwolff (1934-38) reconstructed this term with the meaning ‘surface; level, plain’ (German: Fläche), but this seems clearly to be in error, as reflexes in Melanau (Mukah) of coastal Sarawak, Mongondow of northern Sulawesi, Tetun of central Timor and Roviana of the western Solomons agree in pointing to the meaning ‘littoral sea’, or perhaps ‘line where the land meets the sea’. In most Philippine languages reflexes of *daRat refer to the sea without qualification, and in Malay and some other languages of western Indonesia (as Toba Batak), which may have borrowed their term from Malay, the meaning is ‘land, as opposed to sea’. While these terms are semantically antithetical, the meaning ‘littoral sea’ serves to bridge them and suggests how the unqualified senses ‘sea’ and ‘land’ may have developed from a meaning that bridged the two. Thanks to Arlo Griffiths for pointing out Cham darak.
25969 2199 32741 11177 PWMP *daRehuŋ deep booming sound
25970 2200 PAN *daReq soil, probably clay
Note: Milke (1965) proposed this as an innovation of the Austronesian languages of New Guinea, while Pawley (1978:43) suggested POc *dado ‘clay pot, clay used by potters’. Tsuchida (1976:169) gives "PHes" *[zZ]aReq₂ ‘earth’, and Zorc (1981) gives "Proto-Hesperonesian-Formosan" *daReq ‘earth, clay’. Neither of the latter cognate sets contain Oceanic witnesses -- which show clearly that the initial consonant could not have been a palatal -- and Pawley's cognate set does not include non-Oceanic witnesses -- which show clearly that the medial consonant was *R.
25971 *daRi a fish: Scomberoides sp. 2201 PMP *daRi a fish: Scomberoides sp.
25972 2202 PAN *daRiŋ groan, moan [doublet: *deReŋ]
Note: All Formosan forms are from Tsuchida (1976:275), who assigns them to Proto-South Formosan *D₂aRiŋ ‘moan, shout’.
30996 8900 PAN *daRiq soil, probably clay [doublet: *daReq]
34008 *daRit bird of prey; to swoop down and seize prey (of raptorial birds) 12856 PPh *daRit bird of prey; to swoop down and seize prey (of raptorial birds)
25984 *da(ŋ)sek crowd, push together 2214 PWMP *da(ŋ)sek crowd, push together
Note: With root *-sek₁ ‘cram, crowd’.
33470 *das(e)qaR food laid out for a feast 12188 PPh *das(e)qaR food laid out for a feast
25973 *daSdaS chest (anat.) 2203 PAN *daSdaS chest (anat.)
6980 PWMP *dahdah chest (anat.)
Note: Based on Javanese ḍaḍa, Malay dada, Malagasy tratra ‘chest’, Fijian vaka-rara-kobi ‘cross the arms over the chest’, Dempwolff (1934-38) posited *ḍaḍa ‘chest’. However, both the Fijian and Malagasy forms are of doubtful cognation, and the Javanese form may be a loan from Malay.
30426 *dataR flat, flat or level land 7564 PAN *dataR flat, flat or level land
8136 7565 PWMP *maŋ-dataR to make level or flat, as in levelling land
7566 PAN *ka-dataR-an plain, region of level land
Note: Also Bontok detal-en ‘to level’, Binukid datal ‘to level something’, Yakan datag ‘flat (as a roof)’ (< Bisayan or Danaw language), Ngaju Dayak datar ‘level, even’ (< Banjarese Malay), Sundanese datar ‘flat, even’, tanah datar ‘flat land, plain’ (< Malay), Bare'e rato ‘a plain; flat’, Muna rata ‘flat, level’ (< Malay, and ultimately Javanese). Since Cebuano has datág ‘level land’ the similar forms látad ~ látag ‘spread something out under the sun’, probably are best regarded as not reflecting *dataR, and the same would then follow for Tagalog látag ‘something spread on the floor or ground, as a carpet, mat, rug, etc.’, ma-látag ‘to be spread out’, mag-látag ‘to spread, to lay’, which Dempwolff (1938) assigned to his *DataR ‘level, flat’.
30590 *dateŋ to arrive, reach a place 7986 PMP *dateŋ to arrive, reach a place
7987 PWMP *maka-dateŋ able to arrive
7988 7989 PWMP *ka-dateŋ-an (gloss uncertain)
7990 PWMP *dateŋ-an (gloss uncertain)
7991 PWMP *dateŋ-en (gloss uncertain)
Note: Also Bontok gatéŋ ‘to arrive, especially of an epidemic’, Toba Batak man-dataŋ ‘to come; happen, occur’, d<um>ataŋ ‘to appear as the sign of an oracle’, Balinese ḍateŋ ‘come, arrive’ (< Javanese), Erai ratan ‘arrive’ (< Malay?). The semantic distinction between this term and PMP *teka ‘to come, arrive; reach as far as; reach a destination; to complete’ is unclear, as both words evidently referred to physical arrival, with extended senses that applied to emotions or physical states caused by the ‘arrival’ of epidemic disease or some adverse peersonal condition (epilepsy, fever, menstruation).
30124 6857 Note: Also Balinese ratu ‘king’, Wayan rātū ‘head of a clan, the title given to one who has been installed as chief’, Samoan lātū ‘person in charge of an undertaking, e.g. a party of builders, or, in the case of women, a weaving bee’. Most reflexes of *datu in the Philippines and western Indonesia contain a vocative marker *-q (Blust 1979). PMP *datu is clearly a key cultural marker, but one that is fraught with problems. Despite the temptation to include Standard Fijian ratu in this comparison, the related words in both Wayan and Samoan suggest that Capell (1968) failed to transcribe length on the vowels of this form, and this makes a derivation from PMP *datu much more difficult. For a fuller discussion of the likely meaning of this term cf. Blust (2010).
33471 12189 33472 *daup₂ to bring the hands together 12190 PPh *daup₂ to bring the hands together
34009 12857 25974 *dawak curing ritual conducted by a medium in trance 2204 PWMP *dawak curing ritual conducted by a medium in trance
Note: Maranao raoak ‘hope for the downfall of an individual by prayer and devilish interference’, Manobo (Western Bukidnon) rawak ‘a curse; to invoke a curse on someone’ appear to be distinct.
33384 12010 PPh *dáwat to receive; to ask for
12011 12012 PPh *dawat-en to receive, accept
Note: Dempwolff (1934-1938) included Fijian rawa ‘to be able; to get, to overcome’, Tongan lava ‘to arrive, to succeed in arriving at a place or time’, Samoan lava ‘be enough, sufficient’ in the same comparison, but they are best treated as unrelated until more convincing evidence of their connection becomes available
27051 3521 PPh *dawdaw kind of marine snail
29952 *dawiN far 6634 PAN *dawiN far
Note: This word was replaced by PMP *zauq.
30288 *daya upriver, toward the interior 7210 PAN *daya upriver, toward the interior
7211 POC *raya upriver, toward the interior
7212 PWMP *di-daya above, in the interior
Note: Forms of this base with a fossilized or near-fosslized locative marker *i or *di appear in a number of Philippine languages and in South Sulawesi languages, suggesting that in many languages the notion of ‘upriver, toward the interior’ was conceived more as a location than a direction (cf. Mills 1975:678, where he notes fossilized *di in several languages not cited here). Along with PAn *lahud ‘downriver, toward the sea’ this is one of the fundamental directional terms of PAn, marking a distinction that was preserved in many languages even after the original form which represented this meaning was lost, as with Hawaiian mauka ‘toward the interior’ (cp. makai ‘toward the sea’). For reasons that are unclear, reflexes of *daya appear to be preserved much more faithfully in Taiwan, the Philippines and western Indonesia than in areas further to the east.
33853 *dayaŋdáŋ tree sp. with poisonous sap 12667 PPh *dayaŋdáŋ tree sp. with poisonous sap
33854 *dayap a small tree with leaves used as medicine: Citrus aurantifolia 12668 PPh *dayap a small tree with leaves used as medicine: Citrus aurantifolia
33373 11979 Note: The Bontok and Hanunóo forms appear to reverse the meaning from praising another person to praising oneself.
33385 *dayket sticky, glutinous, adhesive 12013 PPh *dayket sticky, glutinous, adhesive
Note: With root *-keC ‘adhesive, sticky’.
33374 *dáyu stranger, foreigner; guest 11980 PPh *dáyu stranger, foreigner; guest
Note: Also Ayta Abellan dayo, dayoh-an ‘stranger, outsider, foreigner’ (< Tagalog).
de
25985 2215 PWMP *debak pound, thud [doublet: *depak 'clip-clop, as of horse's hooves']
Note: With root *-bak₂ ‘sound of a heavy smack’.
25986 *debdeb chest 2216 PAN *debdeb chest
Note: Based on Tagalog dibdíb ‘chest’, Malagasy tritri ‘suck milk’, Dempwolff (1934-38) reconstructed *dibdib ‘suck at the breast’, but he was forced to recognize an irregular change in Malagasy. Moreover, Richardson (1885) gives mi-tritry ‘to suck, suck through a tube, suck milk from the udder’. On both formal and semantic grounds, then, the Tagalog and Malagasy forms are best regarded as unrelated. Zorc (1982) posits Psph *debdeb ‘breast, chest, abdomen’.
25987 2217 PMP *debek smack against [disjunct: *sebek]
Note: With root *-bek ‘sound of breaking, etc.’.
25988 2218 PMP *dedap a tree: Erythrina spp. [doublet: *dapdap₁]
Note: Also Rembong zezat ‘a tree, Erythrina spp.
25989 *degaq clatter of a stick poking around in something 2219 PWMP *degaq clatter of a stick poking around in something
33957 *degdeg crowded together, packed in tightly 12797 PWMP *degdeg crowded together, packed in tightly
26014 2244 PMP *de(ŋ)guk deep throaty sound [disjunct: *re(ŋ)guk]
Note: With root *-guk ‘deep throaty sound’.
25990 *deguʔ sound of swishing water 2220 PWMP *deguʔ sound of swishing water
25991 2221 PWMP *dekak shriek, as of laughter [doublet: *tekak 'cackle']
Note: With root *-kak₁ ‘cackle, laugh loudly’.
29856 *dekdek₁ pulverize, crush by pounding 6504 PMP *dekdek pulverize, crush by pounding
12065 PCEMP *dədək pound
Note: Also Hanunóo dadák ‘rice bran’. Toba Batak dodak ‘rice bran’, Javanese ḍeḍak ‘rice chaff’ are assumed to be borrowings of Malay dedak.
33958 *dekdek₂ to tamp down, compact something 12798 PAN *dekdek₂ to tamp down, compact something
30621 *dekeC paste, adhesive (probably made of overcooked rice) 8087 PAN *dekeC paste, adhesive (probably made of overcooked rice)
8088 PMP *deket₁ paste, adhesive (probably made of overcooked rice)
12889 POC *rokot to stick, adhere firmly
8089 8090 PPh *ma-deket (gloss uncertain)
8091 PAN *pa-dekeC to stick or paste on
8092 PMP *pa-deket to stick or paste on
8093 PWMP *d<um>eket to stick to something, adhere
8094 PWMP *deket-en be stuck to by something
8095 PWMP *deket deket (gloss uncertain)
Note: Also Sasak deket ‘near, close by’, bə-deket ‘be next to one another (standing or sitting)’. With root *-keC ‘adhesive, sticky’.
25992 *dekep embrace 2222 PAN *dekep embrace [doublet: *dakep]
Note: Dempwolff (1934-38) derives Malay dekap from *dakep by metathesis; the variant proposed here renders this unnecessary. With root *-kep₂ ‘seize, grasp, embrace’.
30622 8096 PWMP *deket₂ ignite, set aflame
Note: Also Miri an-jukat ‘to burn, as rubbish, or fields before planting’.
33413 *deket₂ blackened, as the teeth with betel stains 12105 PPh *deket₃ blackened, as the teeth with betel stains
25993 2223 Note: With root *-kiŋ ‘ringing sound’.
26015 *de(ŋ)kit touching or joined along the length 2245 PMP *de(ŋ)kit touching or joined along the length [doublet: *diŋkit, *ziŋkit]
Note: Also Aklanon bíŋkit ‘join, unite, tie together’, Cebuano iŋkit ‘fingers which are joined congenitally together’, siŋkit ‘tie two coconuts together by their husks partly stripped off’, Maranao bikit ‘tie up, bind’, biŋkit ‘tie up’. Together with Dempwolff's (1934-38) *Ra(ŋ)kit ‘raft, bind logs into a raft’, these forms appear to contain a monosyllabic root *-kit₂.
33658 12402 PMP *deku bent, curved [doublet: *deŋkul]
12403 Note: Also Old Javanese dəkuh ‘to bow respectfully’.
25994 2224 12066 Note: With root *-kuk₁ ‘bent, crooked’.
33386 12014 12015 Note: With root *-kuŋ ‘bend, curve’.
33959 *deldel to force something to move 12799 PPh *deldel to force something to move
30619 *delek thunder 8082 PWMP *delek thunder [disjunct: *dalak]
Note: Possibly a chance resemblance, as many words for ‘thunder’ are onomatopoetic, and have similar shapes without being cognate.
33375 *delem dark of the moon, moonless night 11981 PMP *delem dark of the moon, moonless night
12067 POC *drolom dark
Note: Also Wolio doloma ‘pitch-dark, black as soot (of a very dirty child)’, Muna doloma ‘very dark’ (< *delem-an?). With root *-lem₁ ‘dark’
25995 2225 25996 *deles bowstring 2226 PAN *deles bowstring
12068 POC *rolos bowstring
Note: Tsuchida (1976:128-129) gives "PHes" *D₂eles ‘bowstring’, but cites cognates only from 25997 *demdem₁ brood, hold a grudge, remember, keep still 2227 PAN *demdem₁ brood, hold a grudge, remember, keep still
8068 POC *rodrom₂ to brood, keep still
Note: Also Yakan tentem ‘to remember something (and do it), to take something to heart’. This word apparently referred to a variety of emotions connected with remembering, and to some extent thinking, although this always appears to involve some emotional quality. On the positive side these emotions included sentiments connected with the memory of persons who have passed away, and grief (for the same); on the negative side they included holding grudges and the like. PMP *demdem ‘to brood, of hens’ may also be connected through the same cognitive linkage that makes English ‘to brood’ serve both purposes, but the meanings of forms that can most plausibly be assigned to this set sometimes diverge so widely from those connected with human emotions that I have chosen to keep it separate. With root *-dem₂ ‘think, ponder, brood; remember’.
30427 *demdem₂ gloom, darkness; dark, overcast, gloomy 7567 PAN *demdem₂ gloom, darkness; dark, overcast, gloomy
7568 7569 PAN *ma-demdem dark, overcast, gloomy
Note: Also Nggela londo ‘dark (in phrases only)’. With root *-dem₁ ‘dark, overcast’. Given the meaning of Manobo (Western Bukidnon) demdem it is possible that Aklanon dúmdum ‘very small bead’ is also connected on account of its dark color, although Zorc (1969) gives no information related to this.
33402 *denden to move aside; make room for, as by moving a little 12083 PPh *denden to move aside; make room for, as by moving a little
32720 *denet to touch, come in contact with 11150 PPh *denet to touch, come in contact with
30151 *deŋan with, in conjunction with; companion 6895 PMP *deŋan with, in conjunction with; companion [doublet: *deŋen, *diŋan]
6896 POC *droŋan with, in conjunction with; companion
6897 PWMP *man-deŋan go with, accompany someone
6898 PWMP *maR-deŋan do something simultaneously
32686 *deŋdeŋ₁ to cook vegetables 11092 PPh *deŋdeŋ₁ to cook vegetables
33403 *deŋdeŋ₂ thunder; roaring or thunderous sound 12084 PAN *deŋdeŋ₂ thunder; roaring or thunderous sound
30152 *deŋen with, in conjunction with; companion 6899 PWMP *deŋen with, in conjunction with; companion [doublet: *deŋan, *diŋan]
30692 8248 8249 PMP *deŋeR to hear, listen; obey; hear about; news; fame, famous; to feel, perceive through any sense other than sight
8250 POC *roŋoR to hear; what is heard, news; to perceive by any sense other than sight
8251 PWMP *ma-deŋeR audible
8252 PPh *maka-deŋeR to be able to hear
8253 PPh *maki-deŋeR (gloss uncertain)
8254 8255 PWMP *maR-deŋeR listen to, heed
8256 PWMP *pa-deŋeR (gloss uncertain)
8257 POC *pa-roŋoR (gloss uncertain)
8258 PWMP *paka-deŋeR (gloss uncertain)
8259 POC *paka-roŋoR (gloss uncertain)
8260 PWMP *ka-deŋeR-an (gloss uncertain)
8261 8262 Note: Also Kankanaey deŋén ‘to hear’, ma-dŋé ‘to be heard’, d The basic sense of this word in both PAn and PMP was clearly ‘to hear’ both in the sense of receiving an auditory impression and in the sense of receiving information, or news (hence: ‘to hear about’). As in many traditional cultures where knowledge was transmitted orally, the sense of ‘to hear’ or ‘to listen’ also incorporates connotations of ‘to understand’. Other meanings that derive from the primary notion of hearing are ‘to obey, heed’, and ‘fame, reputation; famous’ (= ‘heard about, bruited about’). The most puzzling semantic feature of this base is its extension in a number of Oceanic languages to any sense other than that of sight. Although this is rarely mentioned in glosses of reflexes outside the Oceanic subgroup, there are indications of a similar notion in Malagasy reni ‘heard; perceived, as a scent’, and Sika rena ‘to feel, have a feeling, as in feeling feverish; feeling, sentiment’. I am indebted to Nick Thieberger, Malcolm Ross, Ross Clark and Hans-Werner Hatting who responded in December, 2011 to an inquiry in arcling@anu.edu.au regarding this matter and provided useful discussion and data.
33659 12404 26013 *deŋut restless, impatient, annoyed 2243 PWMP *deŋut restless, impatient, annoyed [disjunct: *reŋeC, ReŋeC 'angry, annoyed']
Note: With root *-ŋut ‘mumble, murmur, mutter’.
26011 2241 PWMP *de(m)paD flat and wide [disjunct: *da(m)paD]
Note: With root *-paD ‘flat, level’.
30517 *depah fathom 7748 PAN *depah fathom
7749 POC *ropa fathom
7750 PPh *i-depa extend the arms sideways
7751 PPh *man-depa to measure in fathoms
7752 PPh *maR-depa extend both arms sideways
7753 PWMP *d<um>epa to span with outstretched arms, measure in fathoms
7754 PWMP *depa-en to measure by fathoms
7755 PWMP *depa-i to measure by fathoms
Note: Also Itawis appá ‘fathom, span of two outstretched arms’, Manobo (Western Bukidnon) depa ‘a fathom’, Tiruray rifo ‘the span of one’s arms’, Tboli difu ‘a fathom, a measure of length; armspan, the space to which a person extends his arms’, Mongondow ropo ‘fathom’, Kapingamarangi loho ‘unit of measure: fathom (span of the outstretched arms); to measure by fathoms’. This term clearly referred to a common unit of measurement corresponding to the English notion of ‘fathom’, although the latter is normally confined to the measurement of water depth, while this does not appear to have been the case with *depa. Agreements between Lun Dayeh and Makassarese suggest that the exact measure was determined by the tips of the middle fingers of the outstretched arms.
30981 *depdep tree with dense clusters of red flowers, the Indian coral tree, Erythrina indica 8882 PMP *depdep tree with dense clusters of red flowers, the Indian coral tree, Erythrina indica [doublet: *dapdap]
33663 12408 25998 *depen mat 2228 PMP *depen mat
25999 2229 Note: With root *-puk₁ ‘throb, thud, clap, break’.
26012 2242 PMP *de(m)pul dull, blunt [doublet: *dumpul, *tumpel, *tumpul]
26000 2230 Note: Also Kadazan Dusun hopuŋ ‘big fat snake, python’.
26007 2237 PAN *deruŋ deep booming sound [doublet: *deReŋ 'sound of groaning, moaning, roaring, etc.']
Note: Also Tagalog lagoŋ ‘bass or low-pitched sound of voice’, Maranao dagoʔoŋ, Miri geruŋ ‘thunder’, Malay degam, degum ‘boom, sound of a shot’.
26001 *deRaŋ red 2231 PWMP *deRaŋ red
Note: Vanoverbergh (1972) gives Isneg daggāŋ, but McFarland (1977) writes the first vowel as e. If cognate, Malay jeraŋ ‘slow heating or toasting at an open fire’ points to *zeRaŋ.
33387 *deRas hasten 12016 PMP *deRas hasten [doublet: *deRes]
12017 POC *roRas hasten
Note: Also Tagalog dagás ‘an emergency call for someone needed’.
26002 *deRdeR thunder 2232 PAN *deRdeR thunder
Note: Cf. Zorc (n.d.) PPh *duRduR ‘thunder’.
26005 *deReŋ sound of groaning, moaning, roaring, etc. 2235 PMP *deReŋ sound of groaning, moaning, roaring, etc. [doublet: *deruŋ 'deep booming sound']
12069 Note: Also Proto-South Formosan (Tsuchida 1976:275) *D₂aRiŋ ‘moan, shout’, Iban deram-deram ‘groaning’, Sangir dehiŋ ‘buzzing, droning in the ear’, Manggarai jereŋ ‘interjection of disappointment’.
26003 2233 Note: The Sundanese, Javanese and Balinese reflexes of *R are unexpected, but not unparalleled. Part of this comparison was first brought to my attention by D.J. Prentice (p.c.).
33388 *deR(e)qas second pounding of rice 12018 PPh *deR(e)qas second pounding of rice
26004 *deRes swiftly flowing, of water; heavy, of rain 2234 PMP *deRes swiftly flowing, of water; heavy, of rain
12070 Note: Dempwolff (1934-38) reconstructed *deRas ‘hasten’, and marked Ngaju Dayak dehes as an irregular reflex. His reconstruction, however, depends crucially on forms that exhibit considerable semantic divergence (Tagalog dagás ‘hurried emergency call’, Samoan loa ‘at once; immediately; as soon as’) or that may be loans from Malay (Toba Batak doras ‘swift, hurry’). Mills (1975:679) posits Proto-South Sulawesi *dɨrr(ɨi)s ‘fast-flowing (water)’.
26006 2236 PWMP *deRiŋ to ring, buzz, etc. [doublet: *deRuŋ 'distant rolling thunder']
Note: Also Toba Batak diriŋ ‘ring clearly’. Tsuchida (1976:275) reconstructs Proto-South Formosan *D₂aRiŋ ‘moan’.
30518 7756 PWMP *deRu roll of thunder [doublet: *delu, *deRuŋ₁]
Note: Also Tiruray degu ‘the rumbling of distant thunder, of trucks on a mountain road; to make the sound of degu’ (borrowed from a Danaw language), Sangir dəlluʔ ‘thunder’, dəlluhəʔ ‘speak with a loud voice’, Chamorro hulu ‘thunder’.
26008 *deRuŋ₁ distant rolling thunder 2238 PAN *deRuŋ₁ distant rolling thunder [doublet: *deRiŋ, *deRu]
Note: Also Maranao dagoʔoŋ, Miri geruŋ ‘thunder’. This comparison replaces no. 101 in Blust (1980), where Puyuma (Tamalakaw) deruŋ was inadvertently attributed to Paiwan.
26009 *deRuŋ₂ a tree: Trema orientalis 2239 PMP *deRuŋ₂ a tree: Trema orientalis
Note: First proposed in Verheijen (1984). Verheijen cites a number of proposed cognates in Indonesia and the Philippines, but the correspondences do not always work, and some forms (e.g. "Bisayan" hanadguŋ) appear to be cited in error. For the regular metathesis in derived Cebuano coronal-noncoronal stop clusters cf. Blust (1979a).
30343 *desdés push down, trample down, as vegetation 7327 PPh *desdés push down, trample down, as vegetation
30344 7328 PPh *desdes to rub, rub together
33513 *desek₁ to press down, press together 12242 PWMP *desek₁ to press down, press together [doublet: *da(ŋ)sek]
Note: With root *-sek₁ ‘cram, crowd’.
33960 *desek₂ thrust into, pierce with 12800 PMP *desek₂ thrust into, pierce with
Note: With root *-sek₂ ‘insert, stickinto a soft surface’.
26010 2240 PWMP *desuR onom. for dull sound
Note: Also Malay desir ‘the hiss of water turning into steam’.
30345 *detdet packed tightly together 7329 PAN *detdet packed tightly together
Note: With root *-det ‘packed in, compressed’.
di
30938 *di locative case marker (probably for singular personal names; cf. * 8796 PAN *di locative case marker (probably for singular personal names; cf. * Note: ¹Li (1978) vacillates between using the terms ‘case marker’ and ‘construction marker’. 26027 *-di 3p deixis and spatial reference: that, there (distant?) 2259 PMP *-di 3p deixis and spatial reference: that, there (distant?)
2260 12071 POC *ari demonstrative: this (?)
2261 2262 Note: Also Isneg iddé ‘this, here’, Maloh indiʔ ‘this, these’, Acehnese hideh ‘yonder, over there’, Old Javanese iri ‘particle with prepositional function = í, Tae' inde ‘this, here’. This item, ultimately analyzable into *i ‘generic marker of location’ + *di, apparently was a third person demonstrative, in contrast to *itu. Under this interpretation, however, reflexes meaning ‘this; here’ in Isneg, Tagalog, and Moken remain puzzling.
26016 2246 Note: Mills (1975:681) proposes Proto-South Sulawesi *dian ‘there is; to be’. Reflexes such as Mandar dian, diaŋ ‘there is not’ suggest a possible identity of the two reconstructions.
26017 2247 26018 2248 12072 Note: With root *-keC ‘adhesive, sticky’.
32944 *dik(e)lém dark, obscure, cloudy 11413 PPh *dik(e)lém dark, obscure, cloudy
11641 PPh *ma-diklém dark, obscure, cloudy
Note: With root *-lem₁ ‘dark’.
27024 *dikén pad placed under cooking pots, loads to carry on the head, etc. 3494 PPh *dikén pad placed under cooking pots, loads to carry on the head, etc. [doublet: *riken]
Note: Also Isneg xikán ‘a pad, mostly a circlet made of grass or some other material, and placed on the head under the load that a woman is carrying’, Bontok gíken ‘a ring used to support a head basket’, Bikol gukón ‘hot pad; wooden or bamboo shield placed beneath a pot to keep it from burning or dirtying the table’.
33746 *dikiq small 12504 PMP *dikiq small [doublet: *dikit]
12505 POC *rikiq small
26019 *dikit little, few, small in amount 2249 PAN *dikit little, few, small in amount [doublet: *dikiq]
10066 2250 PWMP *dikit dikit little by little
33545 *dilam to stick out the tongue 12278 PPh *dilam to stick out the tongue
Note: Also Kavalan rilam ‘tongue’, kata-rilam ‘to stick out one’s tongue; to lick’.
26020 2251 Note: Also Tagalog dikláp ‘spark’, pa-dikláp-dikláp ‘sparkling intermittently’. With root *-lap ‘flash, sparkle’.
30623 8097 PWMP *dilap₂ to lick [doublet: *dilaq₁, *dilat]
Note: Also Ngaju Dayak jelap ‘stick out the tongue, flicker the tongue (snakes, small children)’, Malagasy voa-lélaka ‘licked, lapped’, leláf-ina ‘to be licked, to be lapped’. Dempwolff (1938) posited *dilap, but cited only the Ngaju Dayak and Malagasy forms as evidence. However, both of these languages are members of the Barito subgroup of southeast Borneo (Hudson 1967), and neither supports *dilap.
30254 7129 PAN *dilaq₁ to lick [doublet: *dilap₂, *dilat]
7130 PMP *dilaq₁ tongue; tongue of tongue-and-groove joint in carpentry
7131 7132 7134 PWMP *anak nu dilaq uvula
Note: Also Itawis híla, Gayō dèlah, Nias lela, Sasak dila ‘lamp, including the lamp of the shadow-puppeteer’, Sangir lila, Chamorro hulaʔ ‘tongue; sticking tongue out’, Bimanese lera ‘tongue’.
This cognate set shows a rather clear semantic innovation in PMP, since only the verb ‘to lick’ can be posited for PAn; note that Favorlang/Babuza and Siraya reflexes of this base meaning ‘tongue’ are formed by Ca- reduplication, a process that is known to occur with some other body-parts (Blust 1998:38). Just as Ca-reduplications of *dilaq can mean ‘tongue’ in Formosan languages, affixed forms of *dilaq can mean ‘to lick’ in Malayo-Polynesian languages, but this appears never to be the case for the bare stem.
Two other semantic developments are noteworthy. First, once this base had come to mean ‘tongue’ it was then incorporated into expressions meaning ‘to gossip’, ‘to be talkative’, and the like. Second, in several of the languages of western Indonesia reflexes of *dilaq came to refer to tongues of flame, perhaps beginning in Malay and then spreading through literary use. This notion then evolved further into much more opaque semantic relationships, as with Sasak dilaʔ ‘to light up, illuminate’. Finally, reflexes of PMP *dilaq evidently also figured in the names of certain plants, although the details of these collocations are not recoverable from currently available data. Part of the Formosan evidence for this cognate set was first proposed by Tsuchida (1976:154).
26021 *dilaq₂ plant sp. (lit. "crocodile tongue") 2253 PWMP *dilaq ni buqaya plant sp. (lit. "crocodile tongue")
12073 PWMP *dilaq-dilaq plant sp. (?)
33840 *dilas internal organ, pancreas (?) 12651 PPh *dilas internal organ, pancreas (?)
30624 8098 PWMP *dilat to lick [doublet: *dilap₂, *dilaq₁]
Note: Also Aklanon dílot ‘to lick up, lap up’, Tboli dilut ‘to lick with the tongue’. Malay jilat and Rejang jileut are assumed to show sporadic palatalization stimulated in part by the common association of palatal consonants with actions involving movement of the body of the tongue (as in PAn *ñamñam ‘tasty, delicious; to savor food’), although the possibility cannot be ruled out that they derive from a doublet that has not yet been reconstructed.
33429 12134 PPh *diláw turmeric; yellow [doublet: *dulaw]
Note: Also Ifugaw (Batad) tīlaw ‘for something to become dark yellow, as of hair that becomes a dark orange or rust color, or leaves such as rice plant or arrow grass leaves’.
26022 2254 PMP *dilep flash, sparkle, shine
12074 POC *rilop flash
Note: Also Casiguran Dumagat ilep ‘to reflect (of something shiny which is reflecting in the sunlight)’.
33430 *dilis long-jawed anchovy 12135 PPh *dilis long-jawed anchovy
30244 7117 Note: This is a startling comparison. Rust is iron oxide, and the existence of a word that can confidently be reconstructed with the meaning ‘rust’ implies a knowledge of iron in PAn, a claim that was first made without the benefit of the present comparison in Blust (1976). As noted in Blust (2013:262), the referent of this comparison may have been hematite, a substance that the archaeologist Hsiao-chun Hung and the geochemist Yoshiuka Iizuka have identified as the coloring agent in the red-slipped pottery of Taiwan dating to at least 5,000 years ago.
26029 2264 PMP *diŋa to hear, listen [doublet: *deŋeR, *liŋa]
Note: Also Tolai riŋa ‘to sound, of the feet when walking, or any similar noise’, Toqabaqita liŋa ‘voice; sound’ Arosi riŋe ‘voice’. Singhi Land Dayak shows –h for expected –ch.
26028 2263 PWMP *diŋan friend, companion [doublet: *deŋan]
29843 *diŋdiŋ₁ wall of a house; partition off 6467 PMP *diŋdiŋ₁ wall of a house; partition off
6468 PCMP *dindiŋ₁ wall; wall in, screen off
9508 Note: Also Ilokano didíŋ ‘wall; side of a cart’, Ifugaw (Batad) dedeŋ ‘the wall of a building, constructed of planks, arrow-grass canes, woven bamboo, bark of a tree; for someone to wall a building with these materials’, Manobo (Western Bukidnon) rendiŋ ‘make a temporary wall, as to hang up a blanket or mat to cut off wind and sun’, Maranao diŋendiŋ ‘wall’, Tiruray didiŋ ‘wall; erect a wall’, Yakan dindiŋ ‘wall’, mag-dindiŋ ‘close something (as by putting up a wall)’, pa-dindiŋ ‘cover, conceal, block off something Buli diriŋ ‘to wall in’, diririŋ ‘wall’.
Whereas the English word ‘wall’ is conceptually more like ‘support for the roof’, the notion of *diŋdiŋ appears to be closer to ‘partition off by some dividing structure; the structure so used’. In some languages (as Malay) it is used only for the interior walls of a house as opposed to the exterior walls (témbok), and it often applies to curtains or other partitioning devices that lack the supporting strength of house walls as these are usually conceived.
33251 *diŋdiŋ₂ cold 11769 PMP *diŋdiŋ₂ cold [doublet: *diŋin]
11959 PCEMP *ma-dindiŋ cold
11770 POC *maridriŋ cold
26030 *diŋeR hear 2265 PMP *diŋeR hear [doublet: *diŋa, liŋa]
Note: Also Manobo (Western Bukidnon) dineg ‘to hear’. Zorc (1982) reconstructs PSPH *dineG ‘hear’, but evidence for this variant appears to be confined to Central Philippine languages.
33087 *diŋin cold 11577 PMP *diŋin cold
11578 PMP *ma-diŋin cold
26031 *diŋkit touching or joined along the length 2266 PWMP *diŋkit touching or joined along the length [doublet: *de(ŋ)kit]
Note: With root *-kit₂ ‘join along the length’.
27330 3852 Note: Tagalog diɁ is said to be short for hindíɁ ‘not, no’, but its agreement with the monosyllabic word in other languages suggests that the shorter form is older’.
26023 *diqaq good 2255 PMP *diqaq good [doublet: *pia]
30914 *diqdiq to bubble, as liquid that is starting to boil; to boil, of water 8757 PMP *diqdiq to bubble, as liquid that is starting to boil; to boil, of water
8758 POC *ririq to boil, effervesce
Note: Also Bintulu rəɗaʔ ‘to bubble, boil’, mə-rəɗaʔ ‘bubbling, boiling’. Although PMP *diqdiq clearly referred to the boiling of water or other liquids, widespread figurative uses suggest that it also referred to ‘boiling’ anger or other strong emotions. Part of this comparison was first proposed by Mills (1975:682-683).
26032 *diq(e)pit join, fasten together, probably lengthwise 2267 PWMP *diq(e)pit join, fasten together, probably lengthwise
Note: With root *-pit 'press, squeeze together; narrow'.
30364 7383 12075 PMP *ma-diRi to stand, be standing
12076 PEMP *ma-riRi to stand, be standing
Note: Also Kavalan qiRi ‘to stand (up)’, miRi ‘to stand (up)’, pa-qiRi ‘to erect, to raise’. Dempwolff (1938) posited a richly polysemous form *DiRi ‘stand; person, self’, to which he also assigned forms reflecting *SadiRi ‘housepost’. Similar connections were made by earlier writers, as Jonker (1932), who noted that Leti riri ‘stand’ was “originally the same word” as riri ‘housepost. Although there may have been contamination among these meanings during the history of the AN languages, however, the phonological evidence strongly suggests that *SadiRi ‘housepost’ and *diRi ‘to stand’ were distinct morphemes. Apparent reflexes of *diRi ‘self’ may be largely, if not entirely, products of borrowing from Malay, in which the senses of ‘self’ and ‘erect posture’ evidently have become intertwined.
30346 *diRus bathe 7330 PAN *diRus bathe
8109 Note: Also Ayta Abellan lio ‘to bathe’, Tagalog lígoʔ ‘bath, bathing, a washing of the body’, Agutaynen man-digo ‘to bathe’, Cebuano díguʔ ‘bathe someone’, Maranao igoʔ ‘bathe’, Manobo (Western Bukidnon) diǥuʔ ‘to bathe someone’, Tombonuwo modiyu ‘to bathe’, Kelabit diuʔ ‘bathe oneself’, Malay irus ‘watering’, jirus ‘besprinkling’, jurus ‘splashing water over oneself with a bucket or by standing under a spout’.
26024 2256 12077 33473 *disúl kind of herb with medicinal value 12191 PPh *disúl kind of herb with medicinal value
26025 *ditaq a tree: Alstonia scholaris 2257 PMP *ditaq a tree: Alstonia scholaris
Note: Also Bikol díta ‘tree sp. possessing a sap said to aid in the healing of wounds: Alstonia scholaris. Evidently distinct from PWMP *ziteq ‘vine from which poison is obtained’. This comparison was first noted in print by Verheijen (1990).
30719 *dítaq snake venom; plant poison used on tips of arrows 8306 PPh *dítaq snake venom; plant poison used on tips of arrows
26026 2258 Note: With root *-teq ‘sap; gummy secretion’.
30500 7729 Note: Also Manggarai todok ‘to pierce’.
33825 12628 Note: A longer version of this comparison was first proposed by Clark (2011:357-358), who pointed out that there are two types of frigate bird in the western Pacific, and that a terminological distinction between them is made in a number of modern languages, and evidently was made in POc as well (*katapa vs. *(dr,d)aula).
30761 *drali slitgong 8463 POC *drali slitgong
Note: Also Tongan lali ‘wooden drum, Fijian style’ (< Fijian).
33762 12538 Note: As noted by Osmond and Ross (1998:77) “The final -i of Mussau ra-ramuti suggests that this reflects a transitive verb *d(r)amut-i, perhaps ‘add lime to a chew of betel nut’
33763 *draŋi day 12539 POC *draŋi day [doublet: *daqaNi]
30163 *druru owl 6933 POC *druru owl
Note: Clark (2011:331) reconstructs POc *drudru(r,R) ‘owl’, basing the final consonant on Nduke duduru ‘owl (generic)’, Roviana duduru ‘a species of owl’. However, both of these forms could be partial reduplications of *druru, and the final consonant in this form therefore remains in doubt.
du
30940 *du locative case marker for common nouns (cf. *da, *di) 8799 PWMP *du locative case marker for common nouns (cf. *da, *di)
30339 7323 Note: This important demonstrative morpheme, which figures in many derived expressions in both Pazeh and Paiwan, is unknown in any other language. While chance convergence and borrowing remain as alternative explanations that cannot be completely excluded, neither of these options is well-supported, and it therefore appears most plausible to attribute *dua to Proto-Austronesian.
26050 *dúdun grasshopper, locust 2285 PPh *dúdun grasshopper, locust
26033 *duduq breast 2268 PWMP *duduq breast [doublet: *nunu, *susu]
33558 *duduy term of endearment for a little boy 12294 PPh *duduy term of endearment for a little boy
33453 *dug(e)mún lair of a wild pig for giving birth 12161 PPh *dug(e)mún lair of a wild pig for giving birth
Note: Also Subanon digbun ‘nest of a wild pig where the sow goes to give birth to her piglets’.
26034 *duhduh thunder 2269 PAN *duhduh thunder [doublet: *duRduR]
33474 *dúhul to hand something to someone 12192 PPh *dúhul to hand something to someone
30014 *dukduk₁ ginger 6708 PAN *dukduk₁ ginger
Note: This comparison was first noted by Li (1994). Li and Tsuchida (2001) note that the pioneering Japanese Formosanist Naoyoshi Ogawa recorded Pazeh dukuduk as dukduk in the 1930s. Since Ogawa’s transcriptions are generally reliable, this suggests that Pazeh has only recently broken up medial consonant clusters in reduplicated monosyllables by vowel copying. PAn *dukduk was replaced by PMP *laqia ‘ginger’.
33376 *dukduk₂ to pound repeatedly, crush 11982 PPh *dukduk₂ to pound repeatedly, crush [doublet: *dekdek]
33747 12506 PWMP *dukduk₃ to sit, be seated
33954 *dukduk₄ to thrust into a hole, as a stick to catch a crab 12793 PAN *dukduk₄ to thrust into a hole, as a stick to catch a crab
26048 2284 Note: With root *-kuŋ ‘bend, curve’.
31292 9350 9351 Note: Also Iban gugut ‘pull (out) violently’. Manobo (Western Bukidnon) bazut ‘uproot, pull out’, Malay jonjot shows secondary prenasalization. With root *-ku(q) ‘bend, curve’.
31784 *dúkut to draw out; to pickpocket someone 9961 PPh *dúkut to draw out; to pickpocket someone [disjunct: *kebuR]
Note: Possibly a loan distribution from Tagalog, and secondarily from Ilokano.
26035 *dukut₁ lonely 2270 PWMP *dukut₁ lonely
30625 *dukut₂ grass 8099 PMP *dukut₂ grass
8100 PWMP *dukut-en be overgrown with grass or weeds
Note: Also Hawu ɗyuʔu ‘grass’.
33667 12414 Note: Possibly a Tagalog loan distribution.
30591 7992 PMP *dulaq saliva; to spit [doublet: *ludaq, *zulaq, *luzaq]
33764 12540 12541 Note: The resemblance of the Tolai word to the others cited here is possibly due to chance.
33431 *dulaw yellow, yellowish-brown, as dry leaves 12136 PPh *dulaw yellow, yellowish-brown, as dry leaves [doublet: *dilaw]
Note: Also Ibaloy shoyaw ‘yellow (as a banana)’. Yakan dulew is assumed to be a Tausug loan.
30793 *duldúl₁ to force, achieve by force 8526 PPh *duldúl₁ to force, achieve by force
Note: Also Kankanaey deldél ‘to dun; to beset for payment’. Dempwolff compared the Tagalog form given here with Malay jojol ‘sticking out pointedly --- a descriptive name for bundles of cross-pointed stakes used in making barriers across rivers’, Toba Batak juljul ‘jutting out’, Javanese jujul ‘overfull’ under a reconstruction *zulzul ‘to overfill’. However, Javanese jujul with this meaning does not appear in either Pigeaud (1938) or Horne (1974), nor is a similar form reported in Old Javanese or Balinese. The Malay and Toba Batak forms given here appear unrelated to those in the Philippines, and it therefore seems best to drop Dempwolff’s *zulzul and assign Tagalog duldól to the present reconstruction.
34010 *duldúl₂ thunder 12858 PPh *duldúl₂ thunder
33559 *dulem darkening, obscuring of light 12295 PPh *dulem darkening, obscuring of light
Note: With root *-lem₁ ‘dark’
33841 *dulí-dulí cicada 12652 PPh *dulí-dulí cicada
Note: Also Bikol durí-durí ‘cicada’.
33432 12137 PPh *dúlis shooting star, meteor [disjunct: *dúlit]
33433 12138 PPh *dúlit shooting star, meteor [disjunct: *dúlis]
26037 2272 Note: With root *-lit₁ ‘caulk; adhesive material’.
33577 12315 PPh *dulit₂ smudge, dirty spot
33560 *duluk to clean up a swidden after burning 12296 PPh *duluk to clean up a swidden after burning
33129 11623 26038 *duluR accompany, go together with 2273 PWMP *duluR accompany, go together with
33653 *dúlut to serve food, dish up food 12396 PPh *dúlut to serve food, dish up food
30482 *duma someone; other people; be different 7685 PAN *duma someone; other people; be different
26039 2274 PMP *dumpul dull, blunt [doublet: *de(m)pul, *tumpel, *tumpul]
30041 *dumul touch with the lips (?) 6740 PWMP *dumul touch with the lips (?)
32991 *duniq rainbow 11475 PWMP *duniq rainbow
Note: This comparison was earlier noted by Sneddon (1978:142). I am indebted to Brad McDonnell for providing additional forms from minority languages of southern Sumatra.
33389 *dunuŋ knowledge, skill, intelligence 12019 PPh *dunuŋ knowledge, skill, intelligence
26046 *duŋduŋ sheltered, as from wind, rain, or sun 2282 PMP *duŋduŋ sheltered, as from wind, rain, or sun
12078 POC *ruruŋ sheltered, as from the weather
Note: With root *-duŋ ‘shelter, protect’.
26047 2283 Note: With root *-kuk₁ ‘bent, crooked’.
32693 *duŋun a shore tree: Heritiera littoralis 11103 PWMP *duŋun a shore tree: Heritiera littoralis
33569 12306 PPh *duŋus snout, nose [doublet: *uŋus 'snout, beak']
26040 2275 PWMP *dura to shy away, of animals
Note: Iban durah durah shows unexplained -h but almost certainly is connected, as shown by Scott's (1956) example: babi ḍ nan ka anak ‘the pig is making a lot of noise, fearing for her young’.
26042 2277 Note: With root *-rus₂ ‘slip or slide off’.
26041 *duRduR thunder 2276 PWMP *duRduR thunder [doublet: *dudu, *deRdeR, *enduR]
Note: Also Isneg addúg ‘thunder’, Kambera nduru ‘sound of thunder or of the hooves of galloping horses’. Zorc (n.d.:45) gives PPh *duRduR ‘thunder’.
30100 *duRi thorn 6825 PAN *duRi thorn
6826 PMP *duRi thorn, splinter, fish bone
6827 POC *ruRi thorn; splinter; fish bone [doublet: *suRi]
6828 PWMP *ma-duRi thorny
12079 PWMP *duRi-an a tree and its fruit, the durian: Durio zibethinus
Note: Also Tagalog duryan, Mapun duyan, Binukid, Manobo (Western Bukidnon), Mansaka dolyan ‘the durian tree and fruit, Durio zibethinus Murr.’, Maranao dorian ‘durian tree: Durio zibethinus Murr.’, dorian a amoʔ ‘soursop: Annona muricata muricata L.’, Tiruray duriyan, Tausug dūyan, Yakan duwiʔan, Javanese durèn, Balinese duryan ~ durén, Sasak durian ~ durén, Balaesang, Totoli durian, Dampelas duhian, Taje ruriaŋ, Uma duri, Bare'e oria, Wolio duria, Tae' durian, Mandar, Buginese, Makassarese duriaŋ ‘durian tree and fruit’.
From *duRi ‘thorn’ + -an. Malay durian does not show the expected neutralization of prepenultimate vowels as schwa, possibly because this form was still perceived as bimorphemic. A number of reflexes in the Philippines and Sulawesi are best explained as Malay loans, but this is impossible for Tau’t Batu (Palawan) dugyan, and for such obviously native forms as Berawan (Long Terawan) kəjin, and Kiput ləcin, which show highly distinctive phonological developments. The distributional evidence for this form suggests that the durian was first encountered by AN speakers in Palawan or Borneo and at a later date was carried south and east by Malay traders. Note: Also Sambal (Botolan) duwi ‘thorn’, Kapampangan dwíʔ ‘ fish spines, bones’, ma-dwíʔ ‘stuck with a spine’, Maranao dori ‘thorn, as thorn of durian’, Jarai grəy ‘thorn’.
26043 2278 PMP *dusuk enter, penetrate [disjunct: *rusuk]
Note: With root *-suk ‘insert, penetrate, enter’.
30558 *duSa two 7874 PAN *duSa two
7875 PMP *duha two
7876 POC *rua two
7877 7878 10878 7879 PAN *du-duSa (gloss uncertain)
7880 PMP *du-duha (gloss uncertain)
7881 PWMP *in-duha twice
7882 7883 PWMP *ka-duha (gloss uncertain)
7884 PPh *ka-du-duhá soul, spirit of a living person
7885 PWMP *ka-duha-an (gloss uncertain)
7886 PMP *maka-duha do something twice (?)
7887 PCEMP *maka-dua do something twice (?)
7888 PWMP *man-duha divide into two parts
7889 PWMP *maŋa-duha (gloss uncertain)
7890 POC *maŋa-ua (gloss uncertain)
7891 PWMP *maR-duha divide into two
7892 PAN *mi-da-duSa do something with someone else, perform an action together
7893 PAN *paka-duSa twice, do something twice
7894 PMP *paka-duha twice, do something twice
7895 PCEMP *paka-dua twice
7896 POC *paka-rua twice, do something twice
7897 PAN *pin-duSa (gloss uncertain)
7898 PMP *pin-duha (gloss uncertain)
7899 PAN *Sika-duSa second
7900 PMP *ika-duha second
7901 PCEMP *ka-dua second
7902 POC *ka-rua second
7903 7904 PPh *d<um>uhá (gloss uncertain)
7905 PWMP *duha-an (gloss uncertain)
7906 PAN *duSa-en be divided into two
7907 PMP *duha-en be divided into two
7908 PWMP *duha-i share the possession of something with someone else; co-wife (?)
7909 PAN *duSa duSa two by two, two at a time; two each
7910 PMP *duha duha₁ two by two, two at a time; two each; both
7911 PCEMP *dua-dua two by two, two at a time; two each
7912 POC *rua rua₁ two by two, two at a time
7913 PMP *duha duha₂ doubt, hesitation, uncertainty; to doubt, hesitate, be of two minds
7914 POC *rua rua₂ doubt, hesitation, uncertainty; to doubt, hesitate, be of two minds
Note: Also Madurese dhuwaʔ ‘two’, ka-dhuwa ‘second’, Mongondow duaʔ ‘two (with final glottal stop only in serial counting)’, Tongan lua ‘two’ (presumably an early loan from Samoan), Nukuoro luu ‘the two’.
Reflexes of PAn *duSa ‘two’ are most focally used as a numeral, but also figure in other types of expressions, such as ‘hesitant, doubtful’ (of ‘two minds’), ‘soul of a living person’ (‘second self’), and ‘second wife’. PMP *duha duha can be reconstructed in the sense of ‘two by two’, where is it iconic (since two referents are included each time a transfer takes place), and also in the sense of ‘doubtful, hesitant’, where the iconicity is blurred, since the notion of ambivalence is already present in the word for ‘two’, and yet is repeated (perhaps to indicate duration or persistence).
Although PPh *ka-du-duhá ‘soul, spirit of a living person’ can be posited based on reflexes in Isneg, Tagalog and Mansaka, other languages reaching from Taiwan to Lombok (Kavalan, Ilokano, Agta (Dupaningan), Casiguran Dumagat, Ibaloy, Pangasinan, Ngaju Dayak, Sasak) have morphologically distinct forms meaning ‘soul’ that also incorporate a reflex of *duSa, and so imply that the notion of the soul of a living person as a ‘second self’ has had a longer history in the Austronesian world. Ilokano ka-ra-ruá ‘soul; spirit’ suggests that this word may originally have been formed with Ca- reduplication (*ka-da-duhá; used only with human referents), and was altered through assimilation in both Isneg and Tagalog independently.
In addition, reflexes of *duSa figure in words meaning ‘day before yesterday’ and ‘day after tomorrow’ in many languages, but a lack of agreement in details makes reconstruction impossible. Finally, some of the subentries posited here, particularly those marked (gloss uncertain), may be products of convergent innovation.
26044 2280 PMP *dutdut pluck, pull out [doublet: *zutzut]
9352 Note: With root *-dut ‘uproot, pluck, pull out’.
31143 *dúyan swinging cradle for an infant 9132 PPh *dúyan swinging cradle for an infant
Note: Also Ilokano indáyon ‘hammock; cradle; swing’, ag-indáyon ‘to swing’. Yakan duyan a (wide) swing, hammock made of rattan is assumed to be a Greater Central Philippines loan. Hammocks were invented in the tropical rainforests of South America, and so far as is known, nowhere else. Bennett (1963:24) notes that they “have a wide distribution in Amazonia, the Guianas, Venezuela, and the West Indies, and are also found among the Goajiro of Venezuela, the Cuna and Chocó of tropical Colombia, and the Cueva of Colombia.... Hammocks ae not found in east Brazil, with the exception of the Cre’pumkateye, who are known to have borrowed them. They are likewise rare in the Chaco, although used as baby cradles by some groups.” Since hammocks are absent elsewhere in the Austronesian world it seems most reasonable to infer that this word originally referred to a swinging cradle for an infant, and was then extended to include the hammock, which presumably was introduced during the Spanish colonization of the Philippines. With *-y-, found in a number of unrelated words relating to swaying or swinging motion.
26045 *duyuŋ₁ sloping, bent downward 2281 PWMP *duyuŋ₁ sloping, bent downward
30483 *duyuŋ₂ dugong 7686 PMP *duyuŋ₂ dugong
7687 PCEMP *ruyuŋ₂ dugong
7688 POC *ruyuŋ₂ dugong
Note: Also Cebuano dúguŋ ‘dugong, kind of sea cow’, Tubetube lun ‘dugong’. Although European folk traditions tend to see the dugong as a type of aquatic cow (probably because it grazes the sea grass on the ocean floor), Austronesian speakers tend to see it instead as a type of marine pig, probably based on its facial features. In addition to the Malay variant babi duyoŋ (‘pig dugong’) a comparison of dugongs and pigs is seen in Kavalan babuy na raziŋ (‘pig of the sea’) ‘dugong’ (glossed erroneously as ‘dolphin’ in Li and Tsuchida 2006), and in Wogeo ika boro (‘pig fish’) ‘dugong’. The POc shape of this form remains unclear. Osmond and Pawley (2011:247) posit POc *ruyuŋ, and suggest that Marovo (central Solomons) rumu preserves the final nasal with an unexplained change from velar to labial place of articulation. However, this is clearly questionable, and there is no other known support for preservation of the last –VC. The great majority of reflexes in Oceanic languages point instead to *rui, but this would be an irregular development from PMP *duyuŋ, leaving the entire matter in limbo.
33570 *duyuR coconut shell receptacle for food or water 12307 PPh *duyuR coconut shell receptacle for food or water
a b c C d e g h i j k l m n N ñ ŋ o p q r R s S t u w y z
Austronesian Comparative Dictionary, web edition
*d
Formosan Puyuma
da construction marker for common nouns, oblique
WMP Ivatan
da locative case marker for plural personal names (living people)
Talantang Dusun
do oblique case marker for common nouns
Bisaya (Lotud)
do oblique case marker for common nouns
Murut (Papar)
da oblique case marker for common nouns
Kadazan (Kimanis)
do oblique case marker for plural personal names
Kadazan (Membakut)
do oblique case marker for common nouns and plural personal names
Murut (Paluan)
da oblique case marker for common nouns
Murut (Timugon)
ra oblique case marker for common nouns
Bisaya (Sabah)
da ~ do oblique case marker for common nouns
WMP Malagasy
daboka beat, thump
OC 'Āre'āre
rapu hit, strike, whip, beat
WMP Pangasinan
dabók dust
Cebuano
dábuk crush by pounding; crushed to fine bits, crumbled
Mansaka
dabok to decay
WMP Itbayaten
ma-ravok dusty, full of dust
Pangasinan
ma-rabók dusty, full of dust
WMP Kapampangan
dábuŋ shoots, young leaves
ma-lábuŋ leafy
Aklanon
dáboŋ bamboo shoot (Masbatenyos, like most Filipinos, boil young bamboo shoots for food); immature, young (refers to children, unripe fruits or untempered metal)
Cebuano
dábuŋ young, immature; unripe fruits and vegetables; metal tempered in such a way that it is too soft; bamboo shoots
Maranao
daboŋ (plant) shoot
Subanon
dabuŋ bamboo shoot
Binukid
dabuŋ bamboo shoots
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
davuŋ the edible shoots of the kewayan, (Bambusa spinosa), or the bentung bamboo
Mansaka
daboŋ bamboo shoot
Tiruray
dobuŋ bamboo shoot
Tboli
dobuŋ edible bamboo shoots
WMP Sambal (Botolan)
dáboʔ to fall
Molbog
dabuʔ to fall
Dairi-Pakpak Batak
en-dabuh to fall; to set, of the sun
Toba Batak
man-dabu-hon let something fall
dabu-dabu-an deduction
Old Javanese
ḍawuh falling, coming down (order, curse, anger, love); to fall, come down
a-ḍa-ḍawuh to give food, bestow gifts (on the part of the king)
ḍ<um>awuh to fall, come down
ḍawuh-an dam
Javanese
ḍawuh an order, command; to say, speak; advice; to say, tell
Wolio
ndawu to fall (down), drop
WMP Sambal (Botolan)
ma-dáboʔ to fall
Toba Batak
ma-dabu to fall; be fallen
CMP Tetun
dada pull, haul, drag
dada iis (the last breath) to cause agony
Buruese
dada-k to drag
WMP Casiguran Dumagat
dáda aunt
Agutaynen
dada grandmother or great-grandmother (this is an old term of reference)
Formosan Atayal
raral old times, the old days, formerly, a long time ago, of yore, ancient
Favorlang/Babuza
raras old, contracted
Thao
sasaz old, of things (as a house, clothes)
min-sasaz become old, of material objects
shi-sasaz for a long time, from the remote past; always
WMP Ifugaw
dadán old, not new, no longer new; applied to clothes, bags, blankets, anything that has been used for a long time
Ifugaw (Batad)
dadán old; long-time, as an old jar, a long-time position of an agricultural leader
Kelabit
dadan old, of things; long, of time
dadan dadan for a long time
WMP Sambal (Botolan)
dagáw to play
Ayta Abellan
dagaw game, play; to play; a toy
Maranao
dagaw frolic
WMP Agutaynen
ma-dagdag for an object to fall off from where it is attached; for fruit to fall off a tree; to fall out of a bag or container
Tiruray
dagdag to drop something
WMP Cebuano
dágpak slap hard enough to make a noise
Malay
dəpak a smack
WMP Atta (Pamplona)
dagún year
Hanunóo
dagʔún year, season
Maranao
ragon year, harvest time
Manobo (Ilianen)
rahun year
WMP Casiguran Dumagat
dágsa to be washed ashore (e.g. driftwood)
Bikol
mag-dagsáʔ to be carried away by the current and washed up on the shore or bank
Aklanon
dágsaʔ get washed ashore
Agutaynen
i-dagta to be carried away, drift away with the current; to wash up on shore
Cebuano
dágsaʔ wash to the shore
Maranao
dagsaʔ wash up, cast on beach
WMP Ilokano
dágus immediately, right away
dagús-en to do immediately
Isneg
na-dágus immediately, at once, directly
Bontok
dagus to continue on to do another task; go to another place
Ibaloy
shagos quickly, soon, immediately
Tagalog
dágos hurried and sudden departure in dissatisfaction or anger; sudden hurried movement toward something
Bikol
dágos then, and then; afterwards
i-dágos to continue doing something, to keep on, carry on with
Hanunóo
d<um>águs to continue, keep on one’s way, keep on going
dágus continuance, persistence
WMP Ilokano
dagús temporary lodging place; dormitory
ag-dagús to stay, lodge temporarily
Bikol
mag-dágos to come or go in, enter
maki-dágos to stay or live with, to board, lodge
WMP Tagalog
dáhak effort to gather phlegm in the throat in order to expectorate
d<um>áhak to clear the throat and spit; to hawk; to cough forcibly; to expectorate
Iban
dak phlegm, mucus, sputum
Malay
dahak coughing up phlegm; mucus from the chest; cold that has settled on the chest
Javanese
rak dry, of the throat; creaky, hoarse, of the voice
WMP Tagalog
hamóg (< earlier *lamog) dew
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
dehemug dew, drops of water on plants and grass after a rain
Balinese
damuh dew
Proto-South Sulawesi
*damu(ɣ?) dew
WMP Itbayaten
rahon wide leaf, big leaf, broad leaf
Ibanag
don leaf
Agta (Dupaningan)
don leaf
Isneg
adón leaf (of a plant)
Itawis
don leaf
Malaweg
don leaf
Yogad
don leaf
Casiguran Dumagat
dɔn leaf
Tagalog
dáhon leaf of a plant or book; sheet of paper
Bikol
dáhon leaf, foliage; page
dáhon nin tubó whip snake (small, green and poisonous)
Hanunóo
dáwun leaf; large leaves which have been cut and removed from banana plants or banana-like (Musae) plants; leaves which are still on the stalk are known as lábuŋ
Masbatenyo
dáhon leaf, foliage
Bantuqanon
rahon leaf
Aklanon
dáhon leaf, leaves; to produce leaves
Waray-Waray
dáhon leaf, foliage
Agutaynen
daon leaf of a plant or tree
Hiligaynon
dáhun leaf
Palawan Batak
daʔon leaf
Cebuano
dáhun leaf; grow leaves
Maranao
raʔon leaf
Binukid
dahun leaf, blade (of a tree or plant)
Manobo (Agusan)
dɨun leaf
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
dahun leaf of a tree or plant
Tiruray
daʔun a leaf; to produce leaves
Klata
daʔu leaf
Kalagan
daun leaf
Mapun
dawun ~ dun leaf; hair (on one’s head); blade of grass
Yakan
dawen a leaf (of plants and trees)
Bonggi
doudn leaf
Tboli
doun (of trees, plants) leaf; to leaf out
Tausug
dahun a leaf (of plants and trees)
Tombonuwo
roun leaf
roun nu posuwon kind of insect
Ida'an Begak
daun leaf
Murut (Tagol)
raun leaf
Bisaya (Limbang)
daun leaf
Kelabit
daʔun leaf
Berawan (Long Terawan)
dion leaf
Narum
dəʔon leaf
Kenyah (Long San)
laʔun leaf
Murik
laʔun leaf (singular; cf. itun ‘leaves, foliage’)
Kayan
daʔun leaf of a tree or any plant
Kayan (Uma Juman)
daʔun leaf
Kiput
dun leaf
Bintulu
raʔun leaf
Melanau (Mukah)
daʔun leaf
Melanau Dalat (Kampung Teh)
dəʔun leaf
Bukat
daʔun leaf
Bekatan
daun leaf
Lahanan
daʔun leaf
Seru
daon leaf
Tunjung
roun leaf
Dohoi
daun leaf
Ngaju Dayak
dawen leaf (of plants, tree, table, rudder)
man-dawen to leaf out, sprout leaves
Paku
raun leaf
Ma'anyan
rawen leaf
Malagasy
rávina a leaf; fig., thin, slender
Iban
daun leaf; page (of book); blade (of knife); sheet (of paper), card
ular daun whip snakes, Dryophis spp.
pantak daun lesser green leafbird
pantok daun green broadbill
Maloh
daun leaf; cooked rice
Moken
daʔon leaf
Malay
daun leaf; playing-card; leaf-like object; table top; blade of oar
daun pintu body of door
daun dayoŋ blade of oar
makan sa-daun to eat off the same plate
ular kapak daun green viper: Lachesis gramineus
buroŋ daun Malayan black-throated blue flycatcher: Stoparola thalassinoides
buroŋ sapu daun wagtail: Motacilla melanope
ikan daun batfish: Platax sp.
ikan daun baru spotted moonfish: Drepane punctata
belalaŋ daun leaf insect: Phyllium spp.
Talaud
roŋŋa leaf
Sundanese
daun leaf (of a tree, plant, or table)
manuk daun kind of bird
Old Javanese
ron ~ rwan leaf
Javanese
ron leaf
Madurese
dhaun leaf
Balinese
don leaf
dondon foliage
don-an ~ dahun-an leaves used as plates
don-donn-an leaves of many kinds, gathered to be eaten as vegetables
Sasak
daun leaf
be-daun have leaves
Sangir
dauŋ leaf of plants
me-dauŋ to get leaves
dauŋ u waŋo kind of small green fish
Mongondow
daun leaf, leaves
daun kayu substitute name for the bonikulu bird
Ponosakan
daʔun leaf
Gorontalo
duuŋo leaf
Kaidipang
du:ŋo leaf
Boano
aʔun leaf
Tialo
looŋ leaf
Balantak
roon leaf
Banggai
loon leaf
Uma
rau leaf
Tae'
daun leaf
Mandar
dauŋ leaf
Buginese
dauŋ leaf
Makassarese
rauŋ leaf
Muna
roo leaf
Popalia
roʔo leaf
Chamorro
hagon leaf, foliage, frond
hagon faha filefish: Oxymonacanthus longirostris
CMP Bimanese
roʔo leaf
Manggarai
sauŋ leaf
sauŋ gilo a fish, the murrel: Ophiocephalus striatus
sauŋ para a door
Sika
rouŋ leaves of a tree; paper, page of a book; head hair
Kodi
rojo leaf
Lamboya
ro leaf
Anakalangu
rau leaf
Kambera
rau leaf; hair
Dhao/Ndao
rau leaf; feather
Rotinese
do-k leaf, leaf of a tree; classifier used in counting hairs, strings of beads
Atoni
noʔo leaf
Galoli
ai ron leaf
Erai
ron leaf
Talur
ai-ron leaf
Tugun
ai ron leaf
Ujir
rawin leaf
Dobel
rakwun leaf
Teluti
daun leaf
Paulohi
lau leaf
Alune
loi-ni its leaf; leaf of
Saparua
laun leaf
Laha
louŋ leaf
Hitu
lau- leaf
Asilulu
lau leaf; shutter, page; numerical connector for sheets of paper, etc.
matanulu lau door
SHWNG As
a-laun leaf
Moor
ranu leaf
Wandamen
rau leaf
rau leaf
Pom
rau leaf
Ansus
we-rauŋ leaf
Woi
raun leaf
Serui-Laut
re-rau leaf
OC Nali
yow key leaf of a tree
Titan
laun key leaf of a tree
Leipon
low key leaf of a tree
Likum
leʔu kay leaf of a tree
Sori
lauŋ leaf
Lindrou
laʔu key leaf of a tree
Wuvulu
xau- leaf
Bali (Uneapa)
rauŋu leaf
Arop
rau- leaf
Sobei
rau leaf
Tarpia
dau leaf
Kis
rou leaf
Ali
rouŋ leaf
Manam
dau leaf
Sio
lau leaf
Gitua
rau leaf; head hair
rau bitai kind of green snake
Yabem
lauŋ leaf
Numbami
lau leaf; page, sheet of paper
Keapara
lau leaf
Hula
rau leaf
Sinaugoro
lau leaf
Motu
rau leaf
Nehan
rau-rau a plant species; two types: a yellow leaf and green leaf variety, fam. Leguminoseae, coral bean species; coral trees (leaves can be eaten as a spinach substitute: Erythrina variegata, Erythrina indica
Nggela
rau leaf; prefix to names of trees
rau-rau leaves, leavage, foliage
Toqabaqita
rau leaf, leaflet
Sa'a
räu leaf; leaf used as a wrapper in cooking
Arosi
rau leaf; prefix to names of trees; plank
Sikaiana
lau leaf
Pohnpeian
teh leaf, sheet, page
Chuukese
chéé leaf; sheet; width, breadth (of flat objects only)
Puluwat
réé leaf
Piamatsina
rau leaf
Nokuku
rai leaf
Malmariv
rau- leaf
Aore
rau- leaf
Araki
dau leaf, palm leaf
Raga
rau leaf
Lingarak
no-ron leaf
Leviamp
raun leaf
Axamb
raun leaf
Maxbaxo
n-raun leaf
Rotuman
rau leaf, (of grass) blade; tobacco; sheet or leaf of paper
Wayan
rau leaf; ; hair of the head; page, leaf of paper
Fijian
drau leaf; hair of the head
drau ni kau leaf of a tree
drau ni kuro kind of fish
Tongan
lau ~ lou leaf; sheet, layer, of paper, board, etc.; blade; flat, of bat, saw, etc.; hair of the head
lau-papa board, plank
Niue
lau leaf of a tree; page of a book
lau-ulu hair
lau-lau table; plaited coconut leaves on which a feast is spread; to spread
lau-papa floor; board, platform
Samoan
lau leaf; blade of a knife; thatch; classifier for flat, thin objects
Kapingamarangi
lau leaf; eave of a house; long hair on the temples (former masculine hair style)
lau-iga-daga largest kind of tuna
Rennellese
gau leaf; bark, as of hibiscus or Gnetum latifolium; count with classifier
Anuta
rau leaf; frond; head hair; sheet of paper
te rau poe the flat surface of canoe paddle blade
Rarotongan
rau leaf (in composition)
Maori
rau leaf; blade of a weapon; plume, spray, feather
rau-rau foliage; thatch
Hawaiian
lau leaf; frond; to leaf out
hoʔo-lau to grow leaves, to leaf out
lau-lau wrapping, wrapped package; packages of ti leaves or banana leaves containing pork, beef, salted fish, or taro tops, baked in the ground oven, steamed or broiled
lau-papa a broad flat, as of coral, lava, reef; board, lumber
WMP Isneg
m-adón to produce one leaf
Tagalog
ma-dáhon leafy, having many leaves
Bikol
ma-dáhon leafy
Waray-Waray
ma-dáhon abundant, of leaves
Old Javanese
ma-ron ~ ma-rwan with leaves, sprouting leaves
Uma
mo-rau to have leaves
Mandar
ma-dauŋ leafy, dense, of foliage
WMP Cebuano
manáhun prosper, do well financially
Mapun
nawun begin to develop leaves
Malagasy
man-drávina to bud, as leaves, to bear leaves
Tae'
men-daun rich in leaves, having leaves
Mandar
men-dauŋ to have or sprout leaves
WMP Isneg
mag-dón to produce one leaf
Tagalog
mag-dáhon to grow or sprout leaves
Bikol
mag-dáhon to sprout leaves
Masbatenyo
mag-dáhon to grow leaves
Tausug
mag-dahun to develop leaves
Iban
be-daun have leaves; to flame, of fire
Malay
ber-daun leafy, to have leaves
WMP Aklanon
dahón-dahón grass snake
Cebuano
dáhun-dáhun any insect that looks like a leaf
Old Javanese
ron-ḍon leaves
Balinese
don-don foliage
OC Nggela
rau-rau leaves, foliage
Wayan
rau-rau leaves
Fijian
drau-drau the leaves on which food is served up; the cover or wrapper of anything
drau-drau tabono hidden by leaves, as fruit on a tree
Niue
lau-lau table, plaited coconut leaves on which a feast is spread
Maori
rau-rau foliage; thatch; a divination rite in which leaves were used
Hawaiian
lau-lau wrapping, wrapped package; packages of ti leaves or banana leaves containing pork, beef, salted fish, or taro tops, baked in the ground oven, steamed or broiled
WMP Isneg
adón talíŋa the auricle or pinna of the ear
Yakan
dawen teyiŋe the external ear
Malay
daun teliŋa outer edge of earlobe
Tae'
daun taliŋa ~ don taliŋa shell of the ear
OC Anuta
rau tariŋa earlobe
Formosan Pazeh
daxam accustomed to
Formosan Favorlang/Babuza
ma-darram accustomed to
OC Tolai
ma-răm docile, tame, domesticated
Formosan Saaroa
ma-sareme cold
WMP Kelabit
dadem cold, fever
Kayan
larem to feel cold due to fever; general name for malaria or other sickness; feeling of coldness in cold surroundings
Ngaju Dayak
darem fever
Iban
dadam puerperal fever
Palauan
kər-rásəm cold, chills
WMP Bintulu
mə-rarəm shiver
Maloh
ma-rasem cold (Hudson 1967)
ba-rasam cold (King 1976)
WMP Cebuano
dakdák fall down with a bang; throw something down with force that is heavy, fall down with a bang on the rump; knock someone on the head; heap blame, abuse on someone
dakdák ulán for a rainstorm to break
Binukid
dakdak to slam, throw something down with heavy force
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
dakdak to slam something down on something
Mapun
dakdak strike something or someone repeatedly (as laundry with a wooden paddle)
Kelabit
dedʰak way of slapping or tamping something to make it more compact
nedʰak when constructing a levee in the paddy field, to slap the wet clay with a large paddle or club to make it more compact; prior to wrapping cooking rice in leaf packages, to pat, squeeze and press the rice into a compact massusing a small wooden padded called bugo
Toba Batak
man-dakdak reduce, knock off; to hammer, pound, chip off
man-dakdak batu to hew stone
ma-dakdak to fall, of fruits
Muna
dhadha the sound of something falling in great numbers (as mangoes falling in quantity all at once from a tree)
WMP Yami
ráko very big, large
rak-rako older (as an elder brother)
Itbayaten
rakox large, big, huge, vast
ka-rako-rakox size, magnitude
pa-rakox-an to enlarge
Agta (Dupaningan)
dakál big, large
dad-dákal parents
Itawis
dakál big
mad-dakál to grow
Bontok
dakə́l big, large, bulky
cakə́l si búlan full moon
Ifugaw
dakól much, many
Ibaloy
shakel many, much, lot of, plenty of
Pangasinan
dakél much, many; often
dake-rakél abundant
Kapampangan
dakál many, much
Bikol
dakól many, much, plenty, a lot; abundant, bountiful
mag-dakól to abound, accumulate, increase in number
Palawan Batak
dakə́l many
Maranao
dakel many, plenty
Binukid
mig-dakel to increase in number, make plentiful
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
dakel big
Proto-Sangiric
*dakel big; many
WMP Pangasinan
ma-rakél many
Subanon
mo-dakol many
Binukid
ma-dakel many, much, lots of, plenty
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
me-zakel many
WMP Yami
ka-rako-an the rest; majority
Itbayaten
ka-rakox-an body (person, car, etc.)
Bikol
ka-dakl-án a majority, a large part
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
ke-zekel-an majority
Formosan Thao
sakup ~ sapuk to catch, as a runaway pig
mapa-sakup play tag, play a game of catching one another
WMP Itbayaten
rakep wrestling
mi-rakep to wrestle (of two persons)
Ilokano
dakép copulation between animals
ag-dakép to embrace; catch; copulate (animals)
pa-dakep-an to copulate; breed
Isneg
mag-dakáp to handle a scoop net
Bontok
dakə́p to copulate, of animals in general
Kankanaey
men-dakép copulate
Casiguran Dumagat
dikəp to catch, grab, snatch
Kapampangan
mag-dakáp to catch, apprehend
Tagalog
dakíp catching, holding onto
ma-dakíp able to catch or arrest
Remontado
dakáp to hold
Bikol
mag-dakóp to apprehend, catch, capture; to collar, arrest, take into custody
Hanunóo
dakúp seizure, arrest, capture
Aklanon
dakóp to capture, catch (as dog, person, fish)
Waray-Waray
dakóp the act of catching or capturing
Hiligaynon
mag-dakúp to catch, to trap, to snare, to capture; to arrest
Cebuano
dakúp to catch; apprehend, arrest; catch fire
d<in>akp-an a suspect (one apprehended on suspicion of guilt)
dakup-dákup game of tag; play tag
Maranao
dakep catch, capture, arrest
Binukid
dakep to catch, seize, capture, arrest (someone)
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
dakep to seize, arrest
Mansaka
dákup to catch, seize (as a dog or chicken)
dakúp to wrestle
Ida'an Begak
rakop catch
Kenyah
dakep caught, used in story-telling
Malay
dakap folding the arms or hands over one another; clasping, embracing
Karo Batak
sin-dakep a measurement, as much as a man can enclose with both arms encircling
n-dakep-i embrace someone, hold in the arms
Toba Batak
man-dahop to embrace
san-dahop as much as a man can enclose with encircling arms
Sundanese
si-dakep cross the hands over one another
di-si-dakep-keun crossed over one another, of hands or arms
Balinese
nakep grab something with the flat hand (e.g. a fly); seize, arrest
dakep-a be arrested
dakep-dakep try several times to catch a fly
Sasak
be-se-dakep with arms crossed over the chest
Proto-Bungku-Tolaki
*rakoQ to catch (as fish)
Kulisusu
mo-rako to catch (as fish)
Makassarese
rakaʔ unit of measure: as much as a man can encircle with both arms (as a tree)
an-rakaʔ to embrace
Wolio
rako catch, arrest, take prisoner
rako-a prisoner of war
Muna
rako to catch, capture
rakof-i catch many times (as fish)
OC Fijian
rakov-a to embrace
Formosan Thao
s-m-akup catch, seize, grasp in the hands or arms
WMP Tagalog
d<um>akíp to catch, capture, arrest
Formosan Thao
sakp-in be caught (as fish, animals, people)
WMP Itbayaten
rakp-en to wrestle with
Ilokano
dakp-en to catch, seize, capture
Bontok
dakp-ən to copulate, of animals in general
Kapampangan
dakp-an be caught, be apprehended
Tagalog
dakp-ín to catch, capture, arrest (Formosan only)
Formosan Kavalan
zaqes camphor
msa-zaqes make camphor oil
Atayal (Mayrinax)
rakus camphor laurel: Cinnamomum camphora
Pazeh
dakes camphor laurel: Cinnamomum camphora
Amis
rakes camphor tree
Thao
shakish a tree with light wood traditionally used for canoe hulls: camphor laurel
Bunun (Takituduh)
dakus camphor laurel: Cinnamomum camphora
Tsou
cʔosə camphor laurel: Cinnamomum Camphora
Kanakanabu
cakese camphor laurel: Cinnamomum camphora
Rukai (Budai)
Dakese camphor laurel: Cinnamomum camphora
Paiwan
ḍakes camphor laurel: CinnamomumJaponicum, Cinnamomum camphora
WMP Tiruray
daŋket adhere to something
Sundanese
daŋkɨt near, very near
CMP Manggarai
daket sticky, viscous
OC Nggela
raŋgo stick, adhere
Formosan Basai
tsaki dirt
Kavalan
zaqi dirt on skin
sa-zaqi have dirt on one’s skin
Pazeh
daki dirt, garbage, waste; dandruff
daki-an get dirty
Tsou
caʔi dirty
WMP Itbayaten
rachi rust
Isneg
dakí tartar of the teeth
Kankanaey
dáki soiled, dirty (applied to cups, etc.)
Aklanon
dakí dandruff
daki-hón having dandruff
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
daki to soil something
Mansaka
daki dirt in hair
Iban
dakiʔ dirt or stain on the skin
Malay
daki dirty secretion on the body; dirt on the person
Simalur
dai ~ daxi dirt on the skin
dai-m balaŋ soot on the bottom of a cooking pot
Karo Batak
ndaki dirt on the teeth, tartar
ndakin-n dirty, of the teeth
Toba Batak
dahi dirt
dahi mate old, scrub-resistant dirt
Nias
daʔi dirt (especially on body and clothing)
mo-daʔi dirty
Sundanese
daki dirt on the skin, dirty crust on the skin
Balinese
daki dust, dregs, dirt, mud; dirty, muddy
daki-n lima exhaustion
Sasak
daki dirty
Proto-Bungku-Tolaki
*raki fine dirt
CMP Manggarai
saki dirty (of the body)
Ngadha
zaki dirt, filth; dirty, soiled
Riung
zaki dirty
Li'o
raki dirty (of the body)
Dhao/Ndao
raʔi dirty
Mambai
rai dirty
Galoli
rai dirty
Selaru
rai dirty
Kamarian
lai-a dirty, filthy
Paulohi
lai body dirt
Alune
lai dirt
Boano₂
lai-a dirt
Formosan Kavalan
zaqis to climb (tree, ladder), to ascend
Saisiyat
manaki ʃ ascend
Pazeh
mu-dakis to ascend, to climb up (mountains, trees, slopes, etc.)
WMP Ngaju Dayak
daki what is climbed (mountain, other things)
man-daki to climb
Malay
daki uphill work, climbing (of the sun rising towards its zenith; also of people scaling a hill together)
men-daki climb (mountain, hill); ascend (sun)
Formosan Trobiawan
ɮ<um>akis to climb
Kavalan
m-zaqis ~ z<m>aqis to climb, ascend
(sa)-zaqis-an ladder
Pazeh
mu-dakis ascend, climb up (mountains, trees, slopes, etc.)
WMP Binukid
dakit adjacent, next to (land); for a plot of land to adjoin, be located next to, or be adjacent to another plot of land
Kadazan Dusun
dakit to dock, berth, come alongside
Balinese
dakit put very close
Mongondow
dakit raft
CMP Sika
dakit-wiiŋ cleave, stick together (earth, flour, resin)
OC Motu
rai-a prepare a canoe for the sea; tie the outrigger on; tie two canoes to make an irai (double-hulled canoe)
WMP Itawis
mad-dákit to cross (river, street, etc.)
ma-dákit to be able to cross (river, street, etc.)
Ifugaw
dákit to cross a river
dakít-an place where a large river can be crossed
Bikol
mag-dákit to ford or cross a stream
dakít-an to move to a different house
Formosan Paiwan
djakuts grab, take in hand (noncylindrical objects)
WMP Pangasinan
dakót handful; to take a handful
Tagalog
dakót a handful, a graspful
Chamorro
hakot snatch, grab
CMP Tetun
rakut pull, grab, snatch away
WMP Ilokano
dalág kind of freshwater mudfish, called borikikkik when very small, or borikaw when small, Ophiocephalus striatus
dal-dalág lizard fish of the Synodontidae family
Isneg
dalág kind of freshwater mudfish
Bontok
dalág kind of freshwater fish
Pangasinan
dalág mudfish
Tagalog
dalág mudfish
dalág dágat sergeant fish
Hanunóo
dalág a species of mudfish (Opiocephalus striatus Bloch)
Cebuano
dalág snakehead, edible freshwater fish: Ophiocephalus spp. (also called haluan)
dalág tásik fish similar to the snakehead but found in the sea
WMP Ilokano
dalágan rapids, cascade
Bikol
dalágan to run, dash, scamper, scurry; gallop, jog, lope, trot
pa-dalagán-on to propel forward; to run a business; to manage, operate, supervise
Hiligaynon
dalágan run, dash, dart, scamper
Cebuano
dalágan for a person to run; for a machine to run, function; speed, velocity; circulation
WMP Subanun (Sindangan)
dɨ-dalak thunder
Maloh
dalak thunder
WMP Casiguran Dumagat
dálaw to visit
Pangasinan
dálaw to pay a visit
Kapampangan
dálo visitor, especially an unexpected visitor
d<um>álo to pay a visit
Tagalog
dálaw visitor, guest; a visit
pag-dálaw a visit, a call
dalaw-in to visit someone
d<um>álaw to visit, to call; drop in, pay a visit
Bikol
mag-dálaw to visit
Formosan Paiwan
djalayap Citrus depressa (tree and fruit)
WMP Ilokano
daláyap shrub with lemonlike fruits, Citrus lima, used in native medicine to cure fever
Isneg
daláyap a variety of lemon, Citrus lima
Ifugaw
daláyap lemon
Pangasinan
dalayáp lime (fruit or tree)
Ayta Abellan
dalayap sour citrus fruit
Tagalog
dáyap lime tree, also known as bilulo, the fruit of which makes pleasant ale: Citrus aurantifolia
WMP Ilokano
daldál talking idly; gossipmonger; speaking with the mouth full
daldal-én subject of useless talk
Casiguran Dumagat
dáldal talkative, bragging, gossiper (in an obnoxious way)
ma-dáldal be a loudmouth
Pangasinan
dáldal talkative (also, derogatory term for Chinese)
Tagalog
daldál gossip; gossiping; jabber; chattering; loquacious, talkative
ka-daldál-an companion in gossiping
ka-daldal-án habit of gossiping
daldál-an exchange of gossip
daldal-án to gossip to someone (emphasis on person to whom gossip is relayed)
Bikol
ma-daldál talkative; vocal
mag-daldál to gossip; to talk a lot
maki-daldál to gossip with, talk a lot to
Agutaynen
i-daldal to talk nonstop about something; to gab about something
ma-daldal talkative
Hiligaynon
d<um>áldal to backbite, to spread false malicious talk, to talk against
Cebuano
daldál reveal a secret in idle gossip
WMP Berawan (Long Terawan)
dilən housefly
Simalur
dalog housefly
Formosan Favorlang/Babuza
lallum inside
WMP Yami
rahem deep
ma-rahem very deep
ka-rahem-an deep place
Ilokano
dálem liver
Itawis
a-dálam deep
Bontok
dáləm inside, of a container; underneath, when something is resting on top, as a knife beneath a basket
Kankanaey
a-dáem deep, profound
Ifugaw
dalóm under, beneath; deep, low
a-dálom deep (depth of a river, pond, or lake)
ad-dalóm beneath, at the bottom (of a container); at the underworld
mun-dalóm the unwoven ‘lowest’ part of the warp (in loom weaving)
Ifugaw (Batad)
dālom the lower belly of an animal, person; the lower flank cut, of a butchered animal
Ibaloy
nay-daem the area inside, esp. inside a house
Pangasinan
dalém inside (a pile, etc.); depth
a-ralém deep; become deep
kaa-ralém depth
Tagalog
lálim depth; drop; a distance down
ka-lálim-an profundity, depth
l<um>álim to deepen, become deeper
Bikol
ha-rárom deep, profound
mag-rárom to grow deeper
Masbatenyo
ha-dalóm as a cough that is deep inside; deaf
ka-ha-dalóm depth
hi-dalóm deep (this has both a literal and a figurative meaning); deep part
Abaknon
lalom deep
Aklanon
dáeom to get deep(er)
ka-dáeom depth
Hiligaynon
mag-dálum to deepen, become deep
Cebuano
dálum beneath, below (a house, etc.)
Binukid
dalem to deepen, as of water
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
dalem to deepen, as of water
Mansaka
darum space below and around a house; yard; down; below
Tiruray
dalem the insides, the middle; any plant seed that develops inside some covering of plant tissue; (taboo) the clitoris
Mapun
lawom depth (as of the tide); deep (of thinking, common sense, wisdom, speech, understanding, etc.); late into the night; serious, of a sickness
Yakan
lalem deep (of a hold or body of water, also figuratively of thinking, speaking or wisdom)
Dumpas
a-lalom deep
Tombonuwo
o-lalom deep
Ida'an Begak
dallom deep
Bisaya (Lotud)
a-ralom deep
Bisaya (Limbang)
lalom deep
si-alom in, inside
Bisaya
sa laləm in, inside
Lun Dayeh
dalem depth; within
ŋe-dalem to deepen (as knowledge)
Kelabit
dalem deep
ŋe-dalem to deepen
Sa'ban
beləm deep
Kenyah (Long Anap)
daləm deep
kaʔ daləm in, inside
Kayan
dalem deep; thoughtful, peaceful; understanding; intelligent, wise, sensible
Bintulu
daləm deep
Melanau (Mukah)
daləm depth, as of water
Ngaju Dayak
han-dalem deep (water, river); hole in wood, wound; jealous
kan-dalem the depths, profundity
man-dalem to deepen, make deeper, as by letting water into a flooded area
Malagasy
lálina deep, profound
man-dalina to deepen, make deep, aggravate guilt
lalin-tsaina deep, profound, sagacious, shrewd, sensible (saina = ‘the mind’)
Iban
dalam deep (as water); sensible, judicious, thoughtful; in, into, inside, referring to house, heart (usually alam); however (much)
ŋe-nalam to deepen, make deeper
pe-nalam depth
Tsat
la:n⁴² inside, in
Roglai (Northern)
dalap in, inside
Malay
dalam palace, prince’s home; inside, inner, used as a locative (di dalam ‘in’, dari dalam ‘from within’); inner, as the inner part or central room of a house; depth; deep, profound
Talaud
raḷumma deep
Toba Batak
di dalom laut pregnant (an allusion, lit. ‘in the sea’)
dalom-an (of cattle) have a stillbirth
Sundanese
dalem title and dwelling of a regent
di dalem in; within a certain time period
pa-dalem-an dwelling of a prince, palace
Old Javanese
dalem inner part, interior; inner part of the kraton (palace)
a-dalem deep
Javanese
dalem inside of, within; the inner rooms of a house; house, home; walled-in residence compound of an aristocratic family
(a)dalem ka me; my (also a response when called)
pa-dalem-an a building lot
Balinese
dalem deep, as the sea; the deep (sea); respect, regard; king
dalem-aŋ be made deep
Sasak
dalem depth, innermost part; deep, within
be-dalem go inside
pe-dalem to deepen, make something deeper
Tonsea
lalem below
Lolak
si-dalom liver
Mongondow
ko-daḷom depths
poko-daḷom-on make it deep!
si-daḷom liver
Totoli
dei lalom inside
Uma
rala inside, inside part
hi rala in, inside, within
Bare'e
raya internal part, interior
ri raya in, within
raya banua the interior of a house
tasi raya inner sea, small, partly enclosed gulf or bay
raya ntau a person’s inner self; mind, heart, thinking, opinion, emotions
kodi raya offended, aggrieved
majaʔa raya angry
masusa raya beset with thoughts, worried, concerened
mawoŋko raya happy
Tae'
man-dalan deep
Mandar
lalaŋ inside; at
Makassarese
lalaŋ in, inside, inmost
Muna
lalo heart; seat of emotions (many idioms relating to feelings are formed with this word); wish, desire
so lalo (according to) one’s inner conviction
lalo mpooli healthy
po-lalo win someone’s heart, try to become favorite
si-lalo of one heart, in harmony, united
Popalia
laro <M in, inside
Chamorro
halom in, into, inside; enter
san-halom inside, interior; internal; in, into
CMP Hawu
ɗara in, within (both spatial and temporal)
Rotinese
dale(k) inside, within; insides of something (particularly a person); heart, the inner person
Atoni
t-nanan inside; between
Tetun (Dili)
laran in, inside
Erai
ralan in, within, inside; heart; contents, usually postposed
Tugun
oi-ralan inside
East Damar
ralma- liver
Leti
rarma the interior, what is inside; fig. heart, feelings; in, inside
ai rarme heartwood
raram-riarma will, desire
Wetan
ralma inside (a house, etc.) interior; heart, feelings
ralam- (with various qualifying words) to like, love, be in love, long for, pity; worry, be worried, depressed; angry, embittered; sick
Selaru
rala inside; inner feelings; heart
Yamdena
dalam inside; contents; in
dalam loloi sad, sorrowful
dalam mabuwe humble, lowly
dalam mefanas hot-tempered
dalam ŋamone open-handed, generous
dalam yatak miserly, stingy
Nuaulu
ano inside
Alune
lale heart, inner part; contents
Asilulu
lale- interior; one’s emotions
Boano₂
lale inside
SHWNG Minyaifuin
i-lalo in, inside
OC Numbami
lalo inside; mind, intelligence, understanding
Motu
lalo the inside; the mind
lalo-a to think; to remember
lalo-ani persuasion (lit. ‘eating of the mind’)
Takuu
lalo below, underneath, down
Luangiua
lalo below, under
Nggela
lalo deep, as the sea; profound, as a remark
Lau
lalo center, middle, as of a garden; inner room, yard, enclosed space; between two things, not one or the other (as between black and white)
lalo-i to pity
lalo-na central, inner
Sa'a
lalo inside, within; middle
Arosi
raro the inside, inner part; the feelings, heart, mind, disposition; in, within
Proto-Micronesian
*lalo inside
Gilbertese
nano the interior, the inside; contents; soul, conscience, heart, will, desire, sentiment, opinion, conviction, disposition, inclination, etc. (many derivatives relating to character, feelings, etc.)
nano-nano deep, abstract, sublime, unfathomable, hard to understand
nano-a to think about, keep in mind, be preoccupied with, be busy about
nano-aŋa compassion, pity, sympathy; to sympathize
nano-rau peace, tranquillity of soul, peace of mind
Pohnpeian
loal deep
loal-e inside (him, her, it)
loal-mwahu good-hearted
loal-eid miss a person or place, be homesick
loal-ekeŋ intelligent, smart
loal-lap daring, reckless, bold, adventurous
Chuukese
nónu- deep; under or below the surface; interior (in compounds only)
Woleaian
lal deep; deep place; inside, mind, heart
lalo i laŋi worried, frightened, insecure
Tongan
lalo place or space below or lower down; lower
lalo-ʔakau-a be subject to, habitually give way to, defer to or be under the influence or control of (lit. ‘under the tree’?)
Niue
lalo below, under; the bottom; the west
lalo laŋi the earth, world (lit. ‘beneath the sky’)
lalo taŋata the common people
Futunan
lalo the bottom, area beneath
Samoan
lalo down; under, below, beneath
faʔa-lalo to cook, roast (in a stone oven)
lalo laŋi earth, world; region, area; human race, mankind
Tuvaluan
lalo under; below; the bottom
ki lalo downwards, to the bottom
mau-lalo deep (of water or holes); high (of cliffs, trees, etc., when speaker is at the top); low
faka-mau-lalo humble; humility
lalo laŋi the earth
Nukuoro
lalo down; under
lalo de laŋi beyond the horizon, far away from the atoll
Rennellese
gago below, under, underneath, alongside; bottom; west, western; to go down or westward; below in rank
Anuta
raro down (direction); below (place); west
Rarotongan
raro beneath, under, below; down; the under or lower part or portion; west, westward, towards sunset, to leeward
Maori
raro the bottom, the under side; down, downwards, down below; beneath, under, the underworld; the north, north wind
Hawaiian
lalo down, downward, low, lower, under, beneath; depths, lowness; leeward, southern
ko lalo of or belonging to below; the people from below
WMP Ibaloy
i-daem to put something inside, into the interior (as inside a house or car)
Tagalog
i-lálim bottom; space just below a surface (not necessarily the bottom space)
ka-i-lálim-an the very bottom; uttermost depth; the lowest point
maŋ-i-lálim to be present underneath; to be underlying; to be deep-seated
Bikol
i-rárom underneath, under, below, beneath; on the bottom, underlying
mag-i-rárom to place beneath
Masbatenyo
i-dalóm interior; beneath (the skin, etc.); deep inside
Aklanon
i-dáeom below, bottom, underneath
Makassarese
i-lalaŋ in, inside; at, upon, by
tu-ma-i-lalaŋ title of the highest official in the pre-Islamic Kingdom of Goa
OC Lau
i lalo within
Sa'a
i lalo in the middle of
Chuukese
i-nón underwater
Hawaiian
i lalo below, underneath
Formosan Favorlang/Babuza
mo-lallum in; deep
WMP Tagalog
ma-lálim deep, as a river; deep, meaning hard to understand; profound
Bikol
ha-rárom deep, profound
mag-rárom to grow deeper
Aklanon
ma-dáeom deep
Hiligaynon
ma-dálum deep
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
me-zalem deep
Lun Dayeh
me-dalem deep
Mongondow
mo-dalom deep
Totoli
ma-lalom deep
OC Hawaiian
ma-lalo below, underneath
WMP Bikol
pa-rarom-on to deepen
Mapun
pa-lawom make something deep
WMP Bontok
dalm-ən to put underneath, as a basket; to bury, of weeds
Mapun
lawom-un put something into one’s mouth
WMP Malay
dalam hati to oneself, secretly or silently (lit. ‘in one’s heart/liver’)
OC Nukuoro
lalo ade solar plexus (considered the seat of feeling); ade = ‘liver’
WMP Kapampangan
dalíg wall, partition
Maranao
dalig large root, buttress
Manobo (Tigwa)
dalig root
dalig root
Sangir
daligə buttress root and the groove between buttress roots that project above ground
WMP Casiguran Dumagat
dahíl <M because of, in view of
Tagalog
dáhil <M cause of action, reason or motive for action; justification, excuse; point, reason; the why
Aklanon
dáhil <M because
Malay
daleh subterfuge; equivocation
Old Javanese
d<um>alih <M to believe (think) something to be, take for, guess; to presume (without foundation), suspect, accuse
WMP Casiguran Dumagat
dahil-an reason, because, cause
dahi-dahil-an to make excuses
Tagalog
dahil-án cause of action, reason or motive for action; justification, excuse; point, reason; the why
Aklanon
ka-dahil-án-an reason, cause
Toba Batak
si-dali-an pretext, pretense, excuse
Old Javanese
dalih-an pretext, idea, secret (unavowed) motive (purpose, intention)
Balinese
da-dalih-an opinion (expressed or thought), accusation
WMP Hanunóo
dalíd tree buttress
Cebuano
dalíd large root which is flat and projects above the ground
Binukid
dalid large root which projects above the ground
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
dalid root of a tree or plant; figuratively, the supporter of a datu’ or a person’s source of livelihood, such as his field, his garden, his pigs, etc.
Mansaka
darid main root
Tiruray
darir a root or rootlet; to produce roots
Klata
dolid root
Kalagan
dalid root
Yakan
dalil buttress root
Tboli
dolil root of a tree, problem; to take root, of plants
Blaan (Koronadal)
dalil root
Kadazan Dusun
dahid buttress root
Bukat
la:lit root
Simalur
dalig buttress root
Nias
lali buttress root
Dampelas
rari root
Uma
raliʔ root
Bare'e
lari <M plank-shaped roots of large trees
Palauan
ráys root
ris-el it’s root
Chamorro
haleʔ root (of a plant); source, origin
CMP Tetun
lalir a wart-like protuberance growing on the trunks of some trees
SHWNG Kowiai/Koiwai
rarin root
Numfor
rarəs tree root
OC Nggela
lali buttress root
Kwaio
lali big tree root
lali-na root; base, origin
Lau
lali root, small roots
Toqabaqita
lali root
Arosi
rari root; shin
Bauro
rari buttress root
Rotuman
rɔri projecting portion of tree trunk, as of the ‘ifi (Tahitian Chestnut) tree
WMP Itbayaten
dalikan part of clay stove
Ilokano
dalikán hearth. Any kind, but more especially a portable earthen contrivance, more or less in the shape of a cradle, with a flat bottom and three hornlike projections ... at one end, upon which are placed the jars used in cooking
Bontok
dalikán a fire-place having three equidistant stones for supporting a pot
Kankanaey
dalikán hearth. Pots and jars are placed on three stones; there is no chimney
Ifugaw
dalikán trivet for cooking pot
Pangasinan
dalikan stove (trivet)
Karo Batak
dalikan the (five) stones in the hearth which form the two trivets
Toba Batak
dalihan the three hearth-stones on which the pot is placed when cooking
Proto-Sangiric
*dalikan fire-place, hearth
Wolio
dalika hearth-stone, trivet
Chamorro
halihan stone -- used for forming a fireplace for cooking; fireplace
halihan stone used for forming a fireplace for cooking; fireplace
CMP Tetun
laliʔan fireplace
fatuk laliʔan the stones of the fireplace
WMP Tausug
daliŋ flange; buttress of a tree; comb (of a cock)
Karo Batak
daliŋ buttress root
Dairi-Pakpak Batak
daliŋ buttress root
Toba Batak
daliŋ buttress root
WMP Pangasinan
dalí hurriedly
Ayta Abellan
dali for someone to wait a moment; hurry, to do in a short time limit
Tagalog
dalíʔ quickness; promptness; ease; facility
dali-án to make or do something faster; to speed up something
Bikol
ma-dalíʔ hurriedly, quickly, rapidly, in a rush; terse
mag-dalíʔ to hasten, quicken (as the pace of something)
pa-dalíʔ abruptly, at once, suddenly, unexpectedly, without warning
Hanunóo
dalíʔ haste, speed; hasten (toward something)
Agutaynen
dalik sudden; unplanned
dalik-en to startle someone by not giving prior notice about something
Cebuano
dáliʔ easy; quick, immediate; be in a hurry; do something quickly or hastily
Subanon
daliʔ fast, quick
Mongondow
mao-daliʔ-daliʔ quick, hasty; unexpected, sudden
Formosan Saaroa
ma-salisi smooth
OC Manam
ma-lazi <M slippery
Bugotu
ma-dali slippery
Nggela
ma-ndali slippery
Sa'a
ma-dali greasy, slippery
Arosi
ma-dari wet and slippery, as rocks
WMP Pangasinan
dalísay pure, unadulterated
Tagalog
dalísay pure; unadulterated; not mixed with other things
Bikol
dalísay high quality gold
Aklanon
dalísay pure, genuine; saturated through and through; strong (flavor)
Cebuano
dalísay pure and unmixed, esp. coconut juice; for emotions to be pure
WMP Ayta Abellan
dalit to stick to
Sundanese
dalit united, closely connected; confidential, intimate
Javanese
dalit a patched place, esp. in earthenware; to patch
Balinese
dalit glue, paste, plaster, caulking
CMP Manggarai
dalit to plaster or stick on, lay one on another; thin outer casting
Sika
dakit-dalit stick together
WMP Dairi-Pakpak Batak
dalit smooth, slippery
OC Kayupulau
me-daric slippery
Yotefa
me-daric slippery
WMP Hanunóo
dálit venom; arrow poison
Aklanon
dálit venom, poison
dalit-an venomous, poisonous
Agutaynen
dalit venom
ma-dalit venomous, poisonous
Palawan Batak
dalít poison used for blowpipe dart
Central Tagbanwa
dalit venom
WMP Hanunóo
dal-dálu a queen termite, a fat “flying ant,” particularly numerous in July; the Hanunóo use queen termites for bait and also eat them with relish after they are fried; they have a fatty taste
Malay
de-dalu flying white ant
Balinese
da-dalu a flying white ant
CMP Bimanese
(afi) ndaru firefly
WMP Tiruray
dalew jealousy
me-dalew jealousy
Kelabit
daluh a fight, quarrel
kə-daluh a fight, quarrel
pə-daluh to fight, quarrel with one another
Kiput
dalaw anger, angry; jealous, jealousy
kə-daluh to be the object of someone’s anger or jealousy
ŋə-dalaw to be angry at or jealous of someone
Bintulu
daləw a quarrel
bə-daləw to quarrel
Melanau (Mukah)
daləw a quarrel, altercation
pə-daləw to quarrel
d<ən>aləw to be on bad terms
WMP Ibaloy
shalokap sole of the foot
Ayta Abellan
daokap palm of hand, sole of foot
Hanunóo
dalúkap palm of the hand
WMP Casiguran Dumagat
dalupáne a species of freshwater fish
Tagalog
dalupániʔ fish sp.: wily slipmouth
Bikol
dalupániʔ fish sp.: Leiognathus insigniator
WMP Ilokano
dalúpaŋ kind of shrub with yellow flowers: Thespesia lampas
Tagalog
dalúpaŋ a shrub, the fibers of which are used in the manufacture of coffee sacks, cordage or strong paper
Bikol
dalúpaŋ shrub with pink flowers and sweet smelling fruit, producing fibers useful in making sacking or paper: Urena lobata
Cebuano
dalúpaŋ a shrub, the leaves of which are used topically for rashes and stomach ailments: Urena lobata
Mansaka
daropaŋ kind of medicinal plant
WMP Ilokano
dalús clean space; clearing (of a forest); completed work
i-dalús to finish; complete; finalize
na-dalús clean
dalus-an to clean, cleanse, make way
Palawan Batak
dalús clearing
Formosan Kavalan
zamaR fire
Siraya (Gravius)
rämäx light
Proto-Siraya
*damaγ light
WMP Maranao
ramag shine, lustre
Tiruray
damar to work after dark, either in the dark or by some light
Malagasy
rami a tree from which oozes gamboge [a gum resin], also called rami; it is burned sometimes by the Betsileo during the ceremony of Salamanga, and it is also used by them to anoint their idols
Iban
damar resin, trade name for a natural exudation from trees (mostly of Dipterocarp spp., esp. Shorea spp.)
Malay
damar resin or gum exuded by certain trees, notably of the genera Shorea and Hopea; resinous torch; resinous tree
Karo Batak
damar tree resin; resinous torch
Toba Batak
damar tree resin; resinous torch
OC Proto-Micronesian
*rama light, luminous
Chuukese
sa-ram ~ sa-ramaram light; bright, full of light, lit up, illuminated
Puluwat
ha-ŕam light, daylight; to be light
Woleaian
te-ram(a) light; to be lighted, brightened
Fijian
rā-rama light, as opposed to darkness
Tongan
ama to fish at night by the light of a torch
Niue
ama to fish for crabs, etc. with a torch
Samoan
lama tree (Aleurites sp.), the candle-nut tree; the oil has many uses and the nuts are purgative; dried candle-nut kernel (a number of them may be threaded together on a stick to make a primitive torch); torch; method of fishing by torchlight
Tuvaluan
lama torch of two or three coconut leaves bound together, used in reef-fishing
la-lama go torch fishing for flying fish beyond the reef in canoe
Kapingamarangi
lama torch; dry coconut leaves
Nukuoro
lama a dry coconut leaf
Rennellese
gama long torch made of dried coconut leaves
gama mea kind of tree (Aglaia sapindina) with inedible berries; its light-weight pink wood, split and dried, is used for torches, mallets, and formerly for handles of tattooing needles
Rarotongan
rama a torch of any kind; to catch fish by torchlight
Maori
rama torch or other artificial light; catch eels, etc. by torchlight
rama-rama gleam
Hawaiian
lama torch, light, lamp
lama-lama torch fishing; torch; to go torch fishing
OC Nggela
ma-rama to shine, shining; bright
Proto-Micronesian
*ma-rama moon; bright, luminous
Marshallese
me-ram bright; light; flash; glow; illuminate; luminous
Chuukese
ma-ram moon, month
Puluwat
ma-ŕam month, moon
Woleaian
me-ram(a) moon, month
Tongan
ma-lama to shine, to give light, or send out light
Futunan
ma-lama torch
mā-lama clear, transparent
Samoan
ma-lama (of the dawn, day) break
mā-lama dawn; twilight
faʔa-mālamalama light up; explain, clarify
Tuvaluan
ma-lama light (not dark); becoma light
faka-malama make clear (of glass or mirror); window
faka-maalamalama explain; translate
Kapingamarangi
ma-lama moon, month; lantern
Nukuoro
ma-lama month, moon
Rennellese
ma-gamagama to be fairly light, as at twilight
Anuta
maa-rama the light part of the day; daylight; light, bright; intelligent
Rarotongan
ma-rama moon, month
mā-rama light, daylight; that which shines or is brilliant; light, bright, clear, as to sight, sound or hearing; transparent, as of water; easy to understand; to understand, comprehend; to have intellectual faculties
Maori
ma-rama light, not dark; clear, of sight or sound; transparent; easy to understand, plain
whaka-ma-rama make light, illuminate; explain
mā-rama-rama somewhat light
Hawaiian
ma-lama light, month, moon
mā-lama-lama light of knowledge, clarity of thinking or explanation, enlightenment, shining...
WMP Casiguran Dumagat
damag to be up and awake all night (as at a drinking party)
Agutaynen
damal day; morning
mag-damal for an event or activity to continue all night long, until daybreak
Tiruray
damar to work after dark, either in the dark, or by some light
WMP Pangasinan
dámay empathize, share in trouble, etc.
Ayta Abellan
damay sympathy, help (as an ally)
d<om>amay to sympathize with, to help (as an ally)
Kapampangan
dáme involve oneself, sympathize
Tagalog
dámay sympathetic aid; helping sympathetically
d<um>ámay to sympathize; to show compassion for
Bikol
mag-dámay to share in one another’s feelings; to understand one another
mag-damáy-an to offer support to, lend a hand to
Hanunóo
dámay sympathy
damáy-an be sympathized with
Malay
damay peace-making, settlement of a dispute
Gayō
dame peace, peaceful
Toba Batak
dame peace, peaceful
Proto-Sangiric
*damay peace
Sangir
dame peace
Mongondow
moyo-dame to re-establish ties of friendship, make peace with one another
WMP Tagalog
ka-ramdam-an disorder, illness, ailment
Maranao
dandam fear
Iban
dadam very cold, be cold and shivery
demam dadam puerperal fever
CMP Tugun
pa-puti white
WMP Casiguran Dumagat
dámit cloth, clothing; to wear clothing
Tagalog
damít garment; dress; clothes; to wear clothing
Hanunóo
ramít skirt, usually of indigo-dyed homespun cotton; the typical lower garment worn by all Hanunóo women
Mansaka
damit clothes (Formosan only)
Formosan Kavalan
zamu menstruation
m-zamu to menstruate
Saisiyat
ramo blood
Atayal (Squliq)
ramoʔ blood
Pazeh
damu blood
mu-damu bleed
Paiwan
djamuq blood
pe-djamuq bleed
Formosan Thao
samuq dew
Bunun
damuq dew
WMP Sambal (Botolan)
mag-dámot to be selfish
Tagalog
ma-rámot mean; stingy
ka-ramút-an stinginess; meanness
Bikol
dámot referring to the accumulation of many things
mag-dámot-dámot to save, accumulate, amass
Hanunóo
dámut selfishness; unkindness
ma-dámut mean, unkind; selfish
OC Seimat
kawã- forehead
Wuvulu
xawa forehead
Kove
ramo- forehead
Wogeo
damwa forehead
Manam
damwa forehead
Gedaged
damo-n forehead
Mbula
ndomo forehead
Gitua
damo forehead
Sudest
amwa forehead
Proto-Micronesian
*camwa forehad, brow
Pohnpeian
tahmw forehead
Mokilese
soamw forehead
WMP Agta (Central Cagayan)
danʌ old (persons)
Melanau (Mukah)
dana old, of things
WMP Ilokano
daná trail, path (beaten by the feet); track
Bikol
danáʔ a trail or pathway formed by people or animals continually passing over the same place
maka-danáʔ to form a trail in this way
Binukid
danaʔ footprints, tracks; to make footprints or tracks onsomething
Tboli
danaʔ a pressure mark, imprint; to imprint, make a mark on
WMP Bontok
dana these (combined form of da na)
Kankanaey
daná these
Aklanon
danáʔ that
Formosan Puyuma
danaw hole filled with water (which will evaporate)
Paiwan (Western)
djanaw lake without outlets; estuary
WMP Itbayaten
ranaw sea lagoon
Ilokano
dánaw lake, pond
Tagalog
dánaw lagoon; pond
Bikol
dánaw lake; lagoon
Hanunóo
dánaw lake, pond
Aklanon
danáw lake, pond
Waray-Waray
danáw lake; lagoon
Cebuano
dánaw pool of water
mag-dánaw form a pool in, flood
Maranao
ranaw lake
Binukid
danaw lake
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
ranew lake; of a supernatural, to flood an area turning it into a lake as a punishment for misbehavior
Mansaka
danaw lake
Tiruray
ranaw lake
Kalagan
danaw lake
Mapun
danaw lake
Tboli
lanaw lake
Kadazan Dusun
danaw paddyfield, wet ricefield
Ida'an Begak
danow lake
Narum
daniəw lake
Dali'
danaw lake
Murik
lano dirty
Kayan
danaw mud, muddy
Kayan (Uma Juman)
dano muddy water or soft muddy area in the jungle
Kiput
danaaw lake
Melanau (Mukah)
danaw lake
Melanau Dalat (Kampung Teh)
danaw lake
Ngaju Dayak
danaw lake (must be at least 500 feet long; smaller ones are talaga)
dana-danaw like a lake, entirely covered with water (as a field, etc.)
Lawangan
dano lake
Ma'anyan
danaw lake
Malagasy
ranu water
Iban
danaw lake, natural pond, shallow pool, land flooded permanently or for long periods at regular intervals
Malay
danaw lake; sheet of enclosed water
Toba Batak
dano larger lake; pond (larger than ambar)
Rejang
daneuw lake
Lampung
danaw lake
Sundanese
dano natural lake, pool, puddle
Sangir
dano lake; puddle, pool
Tonsea
dano lake
Mongondow
danow lake; the large lake between Bolaang Mongondow and Minahasa
Balaesang
rano lake
Ampibabo-Lauje
lano lake
Uma
rano lake
Bare'e
rano lake, for example the large lake from which the Poso (river) arises
mo-rano form a puddle (as rainwater)
wiwi ndano lake shore, edge of a lake
Proto-Bungku-Tolaki
*rano lake
Mori Atas
rano lake
Bungku
rano lake
Koroni
rano lake
Wolio
rano lake, large swamp
CMP Bimanese
ndano lake
Manggarai
sano lake Rana-Mésé (proper name)
Rembong
rana lake
Rotinese
dano lake, pool
OC Rotuman
rano swamp, marsh, low-lying ground that is often swampy
Wayan
drano a large body of fresh water lying inland, a lake or pond
Fijian
drano a lake or piece of fresh water inland
Tongan
ano marsh, swamp, large pool, lake
ta-ano to be more or less flooded, to have pools of water in or on it; sheet of water, large pool
Samoan
lano lake
Rennellese
gano lake; fetal water
Te gano eastern district of Re and village (lit. ‘The Lake’)
WMP Ilokano
dánog fist; a blow with the fist
ma-dánog to be hit with a fist; suffer a blow
danúg-en to cuff; box with the fist
Mansaka
danog to strike with the hand
Formosan Paiwan
djalʸi will soon (do something)
WMP Ilokano
dan-daní almost, nearly; a little short of
um-a-dani to approach in time; come soon
Binukid
ma-dani soon; almost
Formosan Basai
nanom water
ranum water
Trobiawan
zanum water
Kavalan
zanum water
Saisiyat
ralom water
Papora
dom water
Pazeh
dalum water
dalum-an pond; well water
Amis
nanom water
Favorlang/Babuza
dalom water
Thao
sazum water
min-sazum dissolve, melt
mu-sazum enter the water, immerse oneself
Bunun
danum water
Hoanya
zazum ~ salum water
Tsou
chumu water
Kanakanabu
canúmu water
Saaroa
salhumu water
Siraya
salom water
Puyuma
nanum water (ritual term). Only used by male practitioners, as bru is used by female shamans (cf.ənay ‘water’)
Paiwan
zalʸum water
WMP Yami
ranom water
Itbayaten
ranom water
ma-ranom watery
Ilokano
danúm water; pus
Ibanag
danum water
Agta (Dupaningan)
dinóm water
Isneg
danúm water; sap, liquid
Itawis
danúm water
ma-danúm to flood
Bontok
danúm water; juice; sap; suppuration; fluid
Kankanaey
danúm water; liquid; sap, juice
Ifugaw
danúm water; also applied to whatever is watery, juicy, succulent
Ifugaw (Batad)
danúm a liquid, such as broth, juice of fruits and plant stalks, milk, rice beer, tree sap, water, wine
d<um>anum to urinate (used euphemistically)
Casiguran Dumagat
dinom water, river, stream
Ibaloy
shanom water; river or other body of water (as dam reservoir); juice (as of fruit); pus, or serious drainage from a wound or sore
ma-renom having abundant water, liquid; (of fruit, etc.) juicy; (of mother’s milk) abundant
Pangasinan
danúm water; become wet, watery
Sambal (Botolan)
lánum water
Ayta Abellan
lanom water; to water
Kapampangan
danúm water
danúm-an ocean, body of water
Hanunóo
danúm water; juice, as of fruits
Molbog
danum water
Bulungan
danum water
Bukat
danum water
Bekatan
danum water
danum danum
Lahanan
danum water
Seru
danom water
Kanowit
danom water
Dohoi
danum water
Ngaju Dayak
danum water; juice (of fruits, sugarcane, etc.)
ha-danum full of water (as a field or boat); juicy (of fruits)
Lawangan
danum water
Taboyan
danum water
Maloh
danum water
Palauan
ralm fresh water
bə-rálm watery; flat-tasting (e.g. not sweet or salty enough)
om-rálm rinse clothes
Chamorro
hanom water, liquid
OC Nauna
cɨn fresh water
canu-n mat tears (water-of eye)
Penchal
tɨn fresh water
Loniu
ʔan fresh water
Nali
dran fresh water
Leipon
dran fresh water
Lele
d̃an fresh water; river
Bipi
xan fresh water
Seimat
kan fresh water
Wuvulu
xanu fresh water
Aua
ranu fresh water
Yapese
raen water, juice
Nalik
danim fresh water; river
Mendak
ndan fresh water
Tanga
daan water
Arop
nan water
Biliau
ran water
Lakalai
la-lalu fresh water; stream; river; coconut shell water jug
Sobei
rani water
Tarpia
dan water
Kairiru
rryan water, drink
niu rryan coconut milk (= water)
Kis
dan water
Wogeo
dan fresh water
Manam
daŋ fresh water
Keapara
nanu water
Hula
nanu water
Motu
ranu water; juice; liquid
ranu seia to bail out water, to pour water
Gilbertese
ran fresh water, liquid, juice, sap, milk
ae ranran watery, liquid, juicy
Marshallese
dān water; liquid; beverage; fluid; juice; sap of coconut tree
dān-dān watery, slimy
Chuukese
chaan liquid, juice; fresh water
chénún maas tears
Puluwat
raan , liquid of any kind, pond
Woleaian
shal(iu) liquid, fresh water, water-well, lake
Ulithian
calu water source
Wusi-Mana
čanu fresh water
Wusi-Valui
tranu fresh water
Namakir
na-ran fresh water
Wayan
dranu fresh, pure (not salty)
wai dranu fresh water (contrast wai taci)
vaka-dranu wash oneself in fresh water after being in the sea
dranu-dranu be fresh, pure (as water that is not salty); (of food) tasteless, unsalted, unseasoned
Fijian
dranu fresh, of water, not salt; to wash in fresh water after having bathed in salt
vei dranu-mi the place where the tide meets the fresh water of a river
Tongan
na-ran fresh water
lanu to wash or rinse in fresh water (of something that has been in salt water); to wash oneself with fresh water after a sea bath
Futunan
lanu rinse off with fresh water; give a bath in a basin (of a baby)
faka-lanu rinse off with fresh water
Samoan
lanu wash salt off in fresh water; liquor amnii, amniotic fluid
Tuvaluan
faka-lanu bathe in fresh water after a swim
Rennellese
ganu to be full of liquid, as the stomach; to be rich and oily, as with coconut oil; to be saturated; to rise, as tide
haka-ganu to fill with liquid
ganum-ia to be full of liquid; to be quenched, as thirst, or satisfied with food
Rarotongan
lanu the liquor amnii, amniotic fluid
Maori
ranu gravy, juice of anything cooked
WMP Ifugaw (Batad)
ma-nanum for someone to water something, such as cooking food, plants, a pond field
Ngaju Dayak
ma-nanum fill with water, pour water
Formosan Paiwan
pa-zalʸum to irrigate
WMP Ilokano
pa-danúm irrrigation
Pangasinan
pa-ranúm irrigation system
Kapampangan
pa-ranum ditch or inlet that directs water to the seed-bed
Formosan Kavalan
pu-zanum to water, as vegetables, to put in water
Thao
pu-sazum to water, irrigate
Paiwan
pu-zalʸum to put water in or on
Formosan Pazeh
dalum-an pond, well water
WMP Itbayaten
ranom-an to apply, add water
Ilokano
danum-an to add water to
Casiguran Dumagat
dinum-an to pour water into; wet, watery
Ibaloy
shenom-an to add water to something (as cooking pot, rice field)
WMP Maranao
daŋanan ceremonial sword hilt
Tiruray
daŋanan handle of a kris
Malay
deŋanan hilt of a weapon (said to be from Balinese)
Old Javanese
daŋanan hilt of a kris
Javanese
daŋanan handle (of knife, broom, etc.)
Balinese
daŋanan hilt of a kris
WMP Malagasy
dana-dana wide open (door, box, etc.)
Dairi-Pakpak Batak
da-l-ŋah wide open (as the mouth)
WMP Hanunóo
dáŋaw a unit of linear measurement, equal to the span between the extended thumb and middle finger
Aklanon
dáŋaw handsbreadth (unit of measurement about 8 inches long)
Agutaynen
daŋaw a measurement, the breadth of one hand span
Palawan Batak
dáŋaw span, eight inches
Cebuano
dáŋaw the distance from the tip of the thumb to the tip of the middle finger extended
dáŋaw-dáŋaw inchworm, caterpillar that moves by lifting the center of its body about 2 inches
Maranao
raŋaw measure by using stretched thumb and finger as measuring tool; measuring worm, caterpillar
Subanon
daŋow handspan
Proto-Sangiric
*daŋaw span (of hand)
Proto-East Gorontalic
*yaŋo handspan
Formosan Kavalan
zazaŋ to broil; to dry clothing by a fire
Pazeh
dadaŋ warm (body); broil
Thao
sansan to warm, to heat
pa-sansan to roast; to heat by direct exposure to a fire
Puyuma
ɖaŋɖaŋ hot; warm (from sun, fire); dry in the sun or by the fire
WMP Yami
daŋdaŋ get warm
manaŋdaŋ get warm near the fire
Ilokano
dadáŋ warmth of a fire; warming by a fire
Agta (Dupaningan)
daŋdáŋ-an put a pot next to the fire to keep food warm
Isneg
daŋdáŋ to warm at a fire, to place near the fire
Itawis
mad-dadáŋ to warm
Bontok
ʔi-daŋdáŋ to place close to a fire (as clothes to dry)
d<um>aŋdáŋ to radiate heat
Kankanaey
i-daŋdáŋ to heat; to warm, putting it close to the fire
Ifugaw
dadáŋ what is burnt, i.e., food that has been fried or boiled over the fire until it is black
daŋdáŋ act of removing the cooking pot with boiled rice from the dalikán (trivet), and depositing it on the ashes of the hearth more or less near the fire, so that the boiled rice will be somewhat dry before it is served
Ibaloy
shaŋshaŋ act of warming oneself by a fire
menaŋshaŋ to warm oneself by a fire
Pangasinan
dáŋdaŋ heat; to heat
Tagalog
daŋdáŋ ~ dandáŋ warming, heating or toasting by exposing to fire or glowing coals
daráŋ exposing something to the heat of flames or glowing coals
Bikol
daŋdáŋ go near a fire to warm up, dry off
Hanunóo
daŋdáŋ roasting directly on coals, as of bananas
Aklanon
dáŋdaŋ warm up, put near the fire, heat up
Waray-Waray
daŋdáŋ the act of drying up or heating something before the fire; a direct exposure to fire; singe
Cebuano
daŋdáŋ heat something slightly near fire or under the sun
Binukid
dadaŋ ~ daraŋ to heat, dry out something slightly near a fire; put something over the coals to dry or heat
Mansaka
daŋdaŋ to warm over the fire (as cold hands); to dry over fire
Tausug
daŋdaŋ to broil or roast something (as fish) on the embers, as meat or fish
Kadazan Dusun
dadaŋ put something near a fire for drying; heat from a fire or rays
Eastern Kadazan
dadaŋ-on to broil
Ida'an Begak
daraŋ to warm the body
Lun Dayeh
dadaŋ warmth, heat from a fire
Kelabit
dadaŋ heat from a fire; be exposed to heat (as a person sitting near a fire)
Malay
dandaŋ large copper vessel for steaming rice
Toba Batak
dadaŋ to shine (of sun); expose to heat; put in the sun or fire to dry
Balinese
daŋdaŋ copper pot, kettle
Sasak
daŋdaŋ pot for steaming rice
Tontemboan
raraŋ to dry; to roast fish
mə-raraŋ warm oneself by a fire
Tae'
raraŋ bake, roast over a fire, esp. meat; do something quickly, in the blink of an eye (as in retrieving something that is roasting over a fire so that it doesn’t burn)
Makassarese
raraŋ radiation (of sunlight)
aʔ-raraŋ to shine, of the sun; warm oneself by a fire or in the sun
Muna
dada no longer fresh, wither (of leaves, skin); cook vegetables in water
CMP Yamdena
n-dadan stay by a fire; warm oneself by a fire
Fordata
n-raran stay by a fire
OC Bali (Uneapa)
raraŋa burned skin
Lakalai
lala to hold over a fire, to wilt
Manam
raráŋ to warm many things
ráraŋ-i to warm something (food)
Molima
lala to wilt leaves over a fire
Bugotu
raraŋ-e to warm oneself at a fire
Kwaio
lala light, illuminate, warm
alu lala put by the fire to warm
Lau
rara to shine; to be hot, warm
'Āre'āre
rara to be warm, hot, of sun; fade, wither, dry up
Sa'a
rara ~ raa-rara be in the sunlight, be hot, pungent; be zealous over, be jealous over
rara mea administer a public rebuke (lit. ‘burn the tongue’)
Arosi
rara to shrivel up, as leaves; to be hot
Marshallese
rar to bleach pandanus leaves over a fire, to dry leaves by fire
Chuukese
rar be warm
Mota
rara to dry before a fire
Avava
rar hot
Rotuman
rara to warm by the fire (oneself, a child); to fumigate; to toast or roast before an open fire; of leaves, etc., to place on the fire for a few seconds
Wayan
rara be heated, warmed; be baked hot, glowing hot (of pots being fired); be smoke, as fish
rara-ni ~ rara-vi to warm or heat something; what is warmed; wither something, dry something up, as vegetation
Fijian
rara to warm oneself at a fire; of a pain, to smart slightly
(vaka)-raraŋ-a to warm food again by placing it near a fire; to sear up banana leaves around food
vei-rara-yaki of two persons, each lying on one side of a fire
i rara a fire at which one warms oneself; fireplace, hearth
Tongan
ā to heat (sticks or leaves) over a fire in order to make them limp or soft
Futunan
lala to smoke fish
Samoan
lala-ŋi place leaves (esp. banana or breadfruit leaves) on hot stones to make them more supple, and therefore easier to use as wrapping material; to boil
Tuvaluan
lala apply heat to a stick to straighten it
lala-lala warm leaves at a fire so they can be used as wrappings
faka-lala boiled pulaka (swamp taro) mashed with lolo (coconut cream)
Kapingamarangi
lala to heat up
Nukuoro
lala to roast
Rennellese
gaga to smoke, as fish on a fire; to warm, as hands on a fire
Anuta
rara roast something on a spit over an open fire (only birds are prepared this way on Anuta)
Hawaiian
hoʔo-lala to warm, as over a fire; warm oneself by a fire; bask in the sun; cook over a fire
WMP Ilokano
i-dadáŋ to heat, warm at a fire
Tagalog
i-daráŋ expose something to live coals or open fire in order to heat or dry
Cebuano
i-daŋdáŋ leave something in the sun to heat it
WMP Itbayaten
ma-naŋdaŋ put something near the fire so that it will get heated; to post oneself near the fire
Pangasinan
man-dáŋdaŋ to heat
Lun Dayeh
nadaŋ warm something near a fire
Kelabit
nadaŋ to heat
Toba Batak
man-dadaŋ to shine, radiate, expose to the heat of the sun or a fire
WMP Ilokano
ag-dadáŋ go near a fire, go near the heat
Tagalog
mag-daráŋ expose something (as banana leaves) to an open fire in order to heat or dry it; to roast, make hot, singe, parch
Bikol
mag-daŋdáŋ to reheat; place something near the fire to warm, not putting it into the flames
Hanunóo
mag-daŋdáŋ roast something directly on coals
Tausug
mag-daŋdaŋ broil or roast something on the embers (as meat or fish)
WMP Ilokano
in-dadáŋ re-warmed (food)
Lun Dayeh
d<in>adaŋ put near a fire to warm
Kelabit
s<in>adaŋ was heated by someone
Tontemboan
ni-raraŋ ~ r<in>araŋ what is roasted (already taken from the fire)
Formosan Puyuma
ɖaŋɖaŋ-an Warm it! Dry it by the fire!
WMP Isneg
daŋdáŋ-an to warm at a fire, to place near the fire
Tagalog
daraŋ-án ~ daráŋ-an live coals or open fire used for heating or drying something
WMP Itbayaten
raŋdaŋ-en expose to fire or live embers to dry, to expose to heat
Tagalog
daraŋ-ín be exposed to live coals or open fire in order to heat or dry
Bikol
daŋdaŋ-ón be reheated, be placed near a fire to warm up
Tausug
daŋdaŋ-un be broiled or roasted on the embers
Kadazan Dusun
dadaŋ-on to be dried near a fire or by the sun
Lun Dayeh
dədaŋ-ən something will be put by a fire to warm it
Tontemboan
raraŋ-ən dry something by a fire (imper.); grill for roasting flesh
CMP Buruese
raŋi-n near
OC Mussau
kala-ka-laŋi-na near
Lau
ga-raŋi near
Arosi
ga-raŋi near
WMP Dairi-Pakpak Batak
daŋkah branch of a tree
Toba Batak
daŋka branch of a tree
CMP Ngadha
daka branch of a tree
WMP Toba Batak
daŋka branch of a tree
OC Motu
rako twig
WMP Manobo (Sarangani)
daŋoy to swim
Piching Land Dayak
bi-doŋoi to swim
Formosan Atayal
rapaʔ palm of the hand
WMP Ifugaw
dapá to touch with the palm of one’s hand, to grope in order to find something when it is dark, or to find one’s way when traveling at night without a torch
Cebuano
lapalapa sole, bottom surface of the foot
Sasak
dampa palm, sole
WMP Ilokano
dápat plain, level land
Cebuano
lapad flat, level surface
Malay (Jakarta)
dampar level, flat, even
CMP Buruese
rapa-t flat
em-rapa-t flat
WMP Casiguran Dumagat
dapák species of ocean fish
Agutaynen
dapak a type of yellowish-brown, wide-bodied fish, caught with hook and line
Cebuano
dápak fish similar to a spotted snapper in shape, but much smaller
Mapun
dapak a red snappeer fish
WMP Hanunóo
dápal a unit of linear measurement, equal to the width of the four fingers of one hand when placed together and parallel to each other
Cebuano
dápal measurement equal to the width of the palm with the fingers outstretched and together reckoned from the middle of the thumb to the base of the little finger
Sundanese
dampal palm of the hand; flat part of the sole of the foot
Formosan Kavalan
zapan leg and foot
qi-zapan trail; follow the footprints of an animal
qna-zpan-an footprints, tracks
Saisiyat (Tungho)
rapal foot
Atayal (Squliq)
rapal sole of the foot; footprint
Pazeh
da-dapal sole of the foot
Thao
sapaz sole of the foot; footprint
Puyuma
dapal foot
d<in>apal-an footprints
Paiwan
djapalʸ thigh (person); hind leg (animal)
WMP Yami
rapan bottom of the foot; keel of a boat
Itbayaten
rapan no lima palm of the hand
Ilokano
dapán sole of the foot
dapan-dapan barefoot
Agta (Eastern)
dapán sole of the foot
Isneg
dapān sole of the foot
Bontok
dapán sole of the foot
Kankanaey
dapán sole of the foot
d<um>apán young girl, little girl; young man, little boy
d<um>a-dapán shallow, not deep
Ifugaw
dapán sole, the under surface of a foot
dapan-ón put one’s foot on something
d<in>apán footprint
Yogad
dapan sole of the foot
Pangasinan
dapán sole of the foot
Bikol
dapán sole of the foot
WMP Ilokano
dapág a plain; flat
pag-dapag-en to flatten
Ngaju Dayak
dampah flat, level (of roofs)
ka-dampah flatness
Malay
dampar level, flat, even
OC Tongan
lafa-lafa flat (not curved or bulging)
Niue
lafa-lafa level, flat-topped
WMP Bontok
dápat to be beside someone; to sleep with someone; to sit beside someone; the person beside whom one sleeps, sits, etc.
Kankanaey
men-dápat to copulate
Ifugaw
dápat to lay things side by side; to lie side by side
Ifugaw (Batad)
dāpat for three or more animals, people to be lying side by side, as in sleeping; of pigs, trussed and waiting to be sacrificed
Hanunóo
dápat the quality of being well joined, closeness of fit
Cebuano
dápat bring something into contact with something else; administer medicine; lay hands on one, hit; use in building something; money spent on
WMP Casiguran Dumagat
dapat to treat with medicine
Cebuano
dápat to administer medicine
WMP Ilokano
dápat plain, flat land
Agutaynen
d<om>apat for something to lie flat, smooth, without sticking up all over; for something to settle down flat
WMP Casiguran Dumagat
dápat ought, should
Tagalog
dápat should; ought to; had better; must
Bikol
dápat must, ought to, should; to be obliged to, required to; it is necessary or essential that
Agutaynen
dapat should do something; should be a certain way; supposed to do
WMP Bontok
dapdáp to chip, as wood or clay; to shape wood with short sharp blows of a bladed instrument; to remove hard caked soil with a sharp digging movement, each blow leaving a ‘cockle’ pattern
Kankanaey
dapdáp-an to cut away chips of, to cut off small parts of, to lop, to clean, to smooth (wood)
Ibaloy
shapshap work of cleaning, chopping irregularities off wood or sod; also the wood chips resulting from such work
Sambal (Botolan)
dapdáp wood chips
Binukid
dapdap to cut, slice off the kernels from (an ear of mature corn)
WMP Itbayaten
rapdap ~ raprap a tree: Erythrina indica
Casiguran Dumagat
dipdip a tree: Erythrina variegata L. (Madulid 2001)
Kapampangan
dapdap balete (banyan) tree, home of diwataʔ (spirits)
Tagalog
dapdáp Indian coral tree
Bikol
dapdáp tree with red, pea-shaped flowers growing in dense clusters, possessing long pods, smooth, gray bark, and young branches with prickles; wood used in fencing and for boundary posts: the Indian coral tree, Erythrina indica
Hanunóo
dapdáp a species of tree: Erythrina variegata Linn.
Masbatenyo
dápdap beautiful red-flowering deciduous tree that loses all its leaves, then bursts forth in deep red flowers: the Indian coral tree, Erythrina indica
Aklanon
dápdap kind of tree
Cebuano
dapdáp small tree of the seashore, widely planted as an ornamental for its numerous bright red flowers, Erythrina variegata
Ngaju Dayak
dadap tree of middling size with beautiful red blossoms; cuttings placed in the earth grow easily and quickly; commonly planted around springs, etc. to prevent erosion of the banks
Karo Batak
n-dapdap a tree with red blossoms, Erythrina variegata L. (Fam. Leguminosae)
Dairi-Pakpak Batak
en-dapdap kind of shade tree known for its connection with the cultivation of coffee: Erythrina indica
Toba Batak
dapdap a fast-growing tree with spongy wood and gorgeous red blossoms
Old Javanese
ḍaḍap a tree, Erythrina indica
Javanese
ḍaḍap a certain shade tree planted by coffee bushes
Balinese
ḍapḍap a species of shade tree
Sasak
dadap a species of shade tree
Tontemboan
raʔdap a tree, Erythrina indica
Tae'
raʔdaʔ low-growing Indian coral tree, perhaps Erythrina microcarpa
Makassarese
pokoʔ raʔraʔ a tree, Erythrina indica
buŋa raʔraʔ red flower of the Indian coral tree
Palauan
róro Indian coral tree: Erythrina variegata L.
OC Nggela
rara species of tree, Erythrina, red flowers
Lau
rara species of tree with scarlet leaves, Erythrina fasca
Sa'a
rara the coral tree, Erythrina indica
i Melutei rara ‘In the shade of the coral tree’, name of a village on Uki
Arosi
rara a species of tree with red flowers, Erythrina indica
Wayan
rara the coral tree, Erythrina spp. (Leguminosae); deciduous tree found mostly near coast; twigs and branchlets are prickly, flowers red; the juice of the bark is used to dilute bitter-tasting wiriwiri bark juice in medicine to treat infection (thrush) of the tongue
Fijian
rara a flowering tree, Erythrina variegata, var. orientalis, Leguminosae
WMP Ilokano
dapádap to feel (touching)
apag-dapádap slight touch with the hand
Toba Batak
man-dadap to touch, feel, grope
dadap-dadap to grope with the hands, of the blind
WMP Ilokano
daplís slight touch
daplis-án to slightly touch someone
Pangasinan
daplís miss, failure to hit target, etc.
Tagalog
daplís hitting on a tangent; just missing; grazing; glancing off
Aklanon
dáplis grazed, scratched, having an abrasion, slightly cut
Tausug
mag-daplis for something to scrape, scratch, or graze something else in passing
WMP Ilokano
dapét to grapple, seize one another; marry (regional)
Bontok
dapət to place objects side by side, so that they are touching; to have the edges of two objects together; to meet
ʔi-dapə́t to place objects side by side, so that they are touching; to have the edges of two objects together
Tagalog
lapít nearness, contiguity; proximity; closeness
ka-lapít person or place nearby, neighbor; nearby, neighboring
l<um>apít to approach; to draw near; to come close
Tiruray
dafet to share a single blanket
dafet to share a single blanket
Kadazan Dusun
dampot to reach
Malay (Jakarta)
dapet to be up against, to touch
Old Javanese
ḍapət being close together, closely joined
a-ḍapət closely joined, compact, thick (darkness)
rapət (pressed) close together, tight, closed tight
aŋ-rapət to take up positions (closely) side by side
Javanese
rapet tightly closed up (as a corked bottle); placed closely together (bricks, boards, woven strips, etc.); closed tightly; keep a secret well
Tontemboan
rapet attached together, like the toes of birds with paddle-feet
Mongondow
dapot come to or toward; arrive, reach; be fulfilled; bring in contact with, or bump against something; go toward a goal, to lay or set something on something else
Tae'
dapeʔ to reach, be able to touch
Buginese
rapeʔ tightly bound
Makassarese
rapaʔ tightly spaced (as plaiting); joined closely or tightly; bound closely to something; close to the ground
Palauan
ráud closing
mə-ráud to close (a fishnet)
CMP Bimanese
rapu closely spaced; nearby; jammed fast between two objects
Manggarai
rapet close together, closely spaced
Rembong
rapet pinched between two objects
Ngadha
rapé cover a roof
Lamaholot
dapeʔ almost in contact; bump up against
WMP Casiguran Dumagat
dapil run into someone, bump into someone while walking
Malay
dampil touching one another -- of contact in contrast to mere proximity
ber-dampil-dampil crowding up against one another
WMP Ilokano
dapílos crumbling; limping; sagging; disabled
dapilús-en to cause to collapse
Tagalog
dapílos skidding, stumbling
Aklanon
dápeos to slide down (as down the railing of a stairway); to slip down (unable to take hold)
Cebuano
dapílus slide straight downward
WMP Ilokano
ma-dapílus to collapse (due to weakness or flimsiness)
Tagalog
má-dapilos to skid or stumble accidentally
WMP Pangasinan
dapít in the direction of, towards (the east, etc.)
Tagalog
dapít a solemn religious ceremony in which a dead body is conducted from the house to the church by a priest and acolytes
Bikol
mag-dápit to escort the dead (priests)
dapít-on to escort the dead (priests)
Aklanon
dápit to ferry across
d<ae>apit-án ferry landing
dapít situated, located
Waray-Waray
dapít in the direction of; towards; near; at the side of; place
Agutaynen
dapit to accompany a procession to, from church for a funeral, wedding, baptism, etc.
Hiligaynon
dapít near
Cebuano
dápit attract someone or something to go somewhere (as in using a light at night to attract fish); attract notice, attention; divert water somewhere; place; position, relative standing; direction, vicinity of
pa-dápit put something at some place
d<in>ápit guests
Maranao
rapit fetch a person; transport
Binukid
dapit side; direction; vicinity
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
dapit side; direction
Mansaka
dapít to go get
Tausug
dapit (pertaining to direction) at the side of
mag-dapit to side with or favor someone
hukuman dapit one-sided judgment
Kadazan Dusun
dapit to cross
ka-dapit can land, cross
d<um>apit to land
dopit-on place where one crosses, docks
Murut (Timugon)
maki-rapit ask someone to accompany one to his destination
rapit-in someone who accompanies one to his destination
Kenyah
dapit reach, extend
Kayan
dapit to reach the other side; to go to; to draw alongside of; to come to understand; to have enough rice
Mongondow
dapit ferry across a river (with boat or raft, also by crocodile)
WMP Pangasinan
dapít in the direction of, towards (the east, etc.)
Ayta Abellan
dapít part, place, side, direction
Aklanon
dápit situated, located
Hiligaynon
dapít near
Cebuano
dápit place; relative position; direction, vicinity of
Binukid
dapit side: direction, vicinity
Tausug
dapit (pertaining to direction) at the side of
Kayan
dapit to reach the other side; to go to, draw alongside of
WMP Pangasinan
on-dápo landing place; to alight, drop onto
Ayta Abellan
dapo to surround and attack, like flies or gnats surrounding and attacking
Agutaynen
dapo a person or animal that is hanging around a place that is not theirs
d<om>apo to alight on or swarm on, gather around something; be attracted or drawn to something like a magnet
Cebuano
dapu for animals to be attracted somewhere (as ants to sugar)
Mongondow
dapo to perch
WMP Pangasinan
dápo landing place; to alight, drop onto
Bikol
mag-dápoʔ to perch or land on
dapóʔ-an a perch, roost
Hanunóo
dapúʔ perching of birds
dapúʔ-an perch, alighting place of birds
Maranao
dapoʔ perch, foothold, step
WMP Yami
rapoy to start a fire
Ilokano
dapúg firebrand
Agta (Dupaningan)
dipog ashes, dust
Isneg
dappūg the hearth
Bontok
dapul dust, ashes
Kankanaey
na-dápug dusty; ashy
Ifugaw (Batad)
dapul ashes; for something to become ashes, of any combustible material
mun-dapul sprinkle ashes on something, as on plants to make them grow
pa-napūl-an a fireplace
Pangasinan
dápol ash; reduce to ashes
Tagalog
dapóg an open fire
dápug thick, black smoke from damp firewood
Bikol
dapóg hearth, a place for cooking; kitchen
Hanunóo
dapúg hearth, fireplace; ashes; probably by extension from hearth, fireplace
Aklanon
dapóg stove, hearth
Agutaynen
dapog leaves burned in slash and burn farming
mag-dapog to burn dried leaves
Hiligaynon
dapúg stove, fireplace, fire pit
Cebuano
dapúg place in the kitchen where the cooking fire is built
Maranao
rapog bonfire; build a fire
Binukid
dapug to heap, pile up wood, yard trash, etc. (sample sentence indicates that this is preparatory to burning)
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
rapug to pile logs and branches to that they may be burned
Tausug
mag-dapug to set fire to, ignite (something)
daʔpug to set fire to (speech of the interior)
Malay
dapur cooking-place; kitchen; it is a corner of the house covered with a thick layer of ashes on which are placed three or five stones to support one or two cooking pots
Acehnese
dapu kitchen, fireplace
dapu pandé smith’s furnace
ureuəŋ dapu descendants of slaves
Gayō
dapur hearthstones used to support a cooking pot; hearth
mu-dapur to use hearth stones to support a cooking pot
Karo Batak
dapur hearth
Toba Batak
dapur kitchen
anak dapur cook
Sundanese
dapur kitchen
Bare'e
rapu hearth, cooking place
to wono rapu woman (‘person under the hearth’); spouse
Tae'
dapoʔ cooking place, hearth; figuratively: household, wedlock, marriage of man and woman
Proto-Bungku-Tolaki
*rapuR spouse
Buginese
dapoʔ brazier
Wolio
rapu ashes; kitchen; oven; wife, housewife; become ashes
CMP Tugun
kalau rafu-n ashes
OC Motu
rahu-rahu ashes; fireplace
Ghove
nak-rɔfu ashes
Poro
nap-rafu ashes
Nggela
ravu ashes; burnt out, of a fire; side of a house where the fire is made
Nginia
ravu ashes
Longgu
ravu ashes
'Āre'āre
rahu-ʔa to be old, worn-out and dirty, of things
Sa'a
laʔe rahu an albino (laʔe = leprosy)
Arosi
rahu-(na) ashes
rahu-aa white with dust and dirty; pale with skin disease
rahu-rahu-ʔa grey
Kahua
rahu ashes
Santa Ana
rafu ashes
Wayan
dravu-dravu-a be poor, deficient, impoverished; lack richness or quality (as someone’s command of a foreign language)
Fijian
dravu ashes; slaked lime
dravu-dravu-a covered with ashes; grey in color; poor; poverty
matā-dravu hearth, fireplace
matā-dravu ni sautū the Magellanic Clouds (‘hearth of peace and plenty’)
Tongan
ta-lafu fireplace on a canoe or other small vessel
Samoan
maŋā-lafu hearth
WMP Yami
ra-rapoy-an stove
Itbayaten
rapoy-an stove (in general)
Ibatan
rapoy-an a stove, a tripod of three stones used for cooking
Ilokano
dapug-án receptacle for ashes, makeshift stove; open fire
Arta
dupuran hearth
Bontok
dapul-an to smear with ashes, to cover with ashes; hearth; general area in a house where the fireplace is located
Ifugaw
pun-dapúl-an hearth (‘place where the ashes are’)
Ibaloy
shaʔpol-an ~ shepʔol-an the kitchen firebox, fireplace, hearth
Tagalog
dapug-án fireplace, hearth; a stove in the open, using firewood
dapúg-an to build a fire in the open
Hanunóo
dapug-án stove, cooking place
Agutaynen
dapog-an to burn dried leaves
Cebuano
dapúg-an place in the kitchen where the cooking fire is built
Mapun
lapoh-an stove (generic)
Yakan
lepoh-an stove (in old times it consisted of a fire table that had a surface of dirt on which the fire was built and supports for the pots placed; a charcoal burner is also a lepohan, and so are gas or electric stoves)
Ngaju Dayak
dapoh-an hearth, cooking place
Iban
dapur hearth, fireplace for cooking
Proto-Sangiric
*dapuR-an hearth, kitchen
Sangir
dapuh-aŋ kitchen, hearth
Tonsea
ra-rampor-an hearth
Toratán
rapuh-an spouse
Mandar
lapur-aŋ kitchen (cooking place)
Buginese
dapur-ɨŋ kitchen
WMP Ifugaw (Batad)
d<um>apul for dust to cover a surface
Tausug
d<um>apug to set fire to, ignite (something)
WMP Bahasa Indonesia
dapur-dapur external part (of things, or parts of the body)
Karo Batak
dapur-dapur the thick side planks around a house above the floor; upper part of the chest, where the nipples are
Formosan Puyuma
dapur pile up stones to build a wall
WMP Cebuano
dápug pile things of the same kind in an orderly fashion
Maranao
rapog bonfire; build a bonfire
Binukid
dapug to heap, pile up (wood, yard trash, etc.)
Mansaka
dápog to stack (as coconuts)
Old Javanese
ḍapur cluster (of trees, bamboo); pile (?)
a-ḍapur piled up (?)
WMP Ilokano
daput (no) provided that
Pangasinan
dápot provided that, as long as
Kapampangan
dápot ~ dáput but
WMP Dumpas
raan branch
Tatana
daan branch
Tombonuwo
raan branch
Murut (Paluan)
daan branch
Abai Sembuak
daan branch
Murut (Tagol)
raan branch
Tingalan (West)
daan branch
Sesayap
adan branch
Bisaya (Lotud)
raʔan branch
Kelabit
daʔan branch, bough of a tree
Sa'ban
laʔin branch
Murik
laʔan branch
Kayan
daʔan branch of a tree
Gaai
alʔan branch
Kelai
lʔæn branch
Mei Lan Modang
ləʔeə̯n branch
Woq Helaq Modang
ləʔeə̯n branch
Kayan (Long Atip)
daʔan branch
Kayan (Uma Juman)
daʔan branch
Iban
dan branch, bough
Cham
dhan branch
Moken
dakan bough, branch
Malay
dahan minor bough or branch of a tree (cp. cabaŋ ‘main boughs’)
Mentawai
ran branch, bough
Sundanese
dahan branch of a tree or plant
Muna
ragha branch, bough
poka-ragha to fork, bifurcate, branch
Palauan
ráʔəl branch, bough; branch of government
CMP Ngadha
daa branch, bifurcation, forking
Kola
ran branch
Ujir
ran branch
SHWNG Kowiai/Koiwai
raʔan branch
OC Lou
ran ke branch of a tree
Loniu
ʔa-ʔan branch of a tree
Nali
dran-dran branch of a tree
Leipon
dran-dran branch of a tree
Sori
haŋ branch of a tree
Bipi
xa-xan branch of a tree
Wuvulu
xa-xa-na branch of a tree
Mussau
laa branch
Nehan
ran branch of tree
Mono-Alu
la-la-na branch
Ghari
rara-na branch
Ulithian
raa branch
Pileni
na-lā branch
Rotuman
rā bough, branch
Samoan
lā-lā-(ʔau) branch
Kapingamarangi
laa-hia dead branch
Nukuoro
laa a branch (of a tree)
Rennellese
gaʔa-ina to have many branches
Hawaiian
lālā branch, limb, bough, coconut frond; timber, as of outrigger boom or float; wing of an army; to branch out, form branches, diverge
WMP Kenyah
daʔan kayu branch of a tree
OC Mussau
laa-ŋ-ai branch of a tree
Samoan
lā-ʔau plant, tree; wood; apparatus, set, machine; instrument
Tuvaluan
kau-laa branch of a tree
Kapingamarangi
laa-gau tree, stick, pole, log; bush
Nukuoro
laa-gau wood, stick (of wood)
Rennellese
gaʔa-kau general name for any kind of log, stick, or plant (tree, bush, shrub); canoe log; shark tail; fighting club
Anuta
raa-kau tree, plant, wood, stick, club, plank, timber, log
Maori
rā-kau tree; wood, timber; stick, spar, mast; weapon; wooden
Hawaiian
lā-ʔau tree, plant, wood, timber, forest, stick, thicket, club; blow of a club; strength, rigidness, hardness, male erection; to have formed mature wood, as of a seedling; wooden, woody, stiff, as wood; medicine, medicinal; lump or knot in the flesh; general name for canoe endpiece
Formosan Kavalan
əzan old (of things)
WMP Yami
adan old (as a story, or clothing)
Itbayaten
aʔdan old, not new, antiquated; formerly
Ivatan
adan old (things)
Ilokano
dáan old, ancient; obsolete; stale
d<um>áan to get old, be old (things)
ka-daan-an old-fashioned, outdated, antique
Ibaloy
shaan old (of things); worn, showing signs of age
Pangasinan
dáan old (i.e., not new)
ka-daan-án old, ancient
Sambal (Botolan)
daʔan old (objects)
Bikol
dáʔan old, referring only to things; stale (as bread)
mag-dáʔan to age
Hanunóo
dáʔan old, ancient, referring to objects and abstract things, but not to people; by extension dáʔan often means ‘previously’, ‘formerly’, ‘anciently’.
Aklanon
dáan older, ancient; the former
kina-daán very old, ancient
Hiligaynon
dáʔan old, used, worn out; beforehand, first of all, right away
Cebuano
dáan old, not new; the one before, previous
ka-ráan olden times; very old, leftover from an olden time
k<in>a-ráan old-fashioned
paŋa-ráan be engaged in something over a long period of time
Mamanwa
daʔan old (objects)
Maranao
daʔan already; old (as a house)
Binukid
dáan old, not new; very old, from an olden time, antique; beforehand, ahead of time
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
daʔan old; before
Mapun
daan old (with respect to objects, in the sense of being worn, used often, out of date, out of fashion, etc.)’
ma-daan to cause something to be old or worn out (esp. by constant wearing or using)
pa-daan to become worn out, old
Tausug
daan old (in the sense of worn, out-of-date, out of fashion, as of cloth, clothes, shoes, books, or houses)
daan-un to cause something to be old or worn out (esp. by constant wearing, as clothes or shoes)
Formosan Pazeh
dali, dali-an day
WMP Lampung
xani day
Chamorro
haʔani day
OC Nauna
lɨn day
Haku
a-lan day
Uruava
rani day
Hoava
rane day
Bugotu
dani morning, daylight
Talise
ndani day
Lau
dani day, daylight; weather
Sa'a
däni day
Proto-Micronesian
*raani day
Pohnpeian
rahn day
Ulithian
rale day
Vatrata
ma-ran day
Lametin
rani day
Aore
rani day
Peterara
rani day
Apma
ren day
ren day
Avava
ran dawn
Sie
ndan day
WMP Itbayaten
raʔtay flooring, floor, storey
Ilokano
datár floor, bamboo flooring
ag-datár to make a bamboo floor
Isneg
datāg floor, flooring
mag-da-datāg to weave flooring
Itawis
datág floor
mad-datág to floor a house
Pangasinan
datál wooden or bamboo floor
Agutaynen
daʔtal floor
mag-daʔtal to make a floor
Palawan Batak
daʔtag floor
Central Tagbanwa
datag floor of a house
Formosan Kavalan
zais face
Saisiyat
ræʔiʃ forehead
Papora
ddes forehead
Pazeh
dais face
Thao
shaqish face
Bunun
daqis face
Bunun (Isbukun)
daXis face
Paiwan
djaqis forehead
WMP Miri
daʔih forehead
Paku
rai forehead
Dusun Deyah
rai forehead
Ma'anyan
raʔi forehead
Dusun Witu
raʔi forehead, face
Iban
dai forehead
Tsat
thai³³ forehead
Malay
dahi brow, eyebrow
Old Javanese
rahi forehead; face
Javanese
rai face; front, façade, surface
Proto-Bungku-Tolaki
*raqi forehead, face
Muna
kon-daghi forehead
Chamorro
haʔi forehead
CMP Komodo
rai forehead
Manggarai
saʔi forehead, face
OC Nggela
rae forehead
Wayan
rā forehead
Fijian
yadre forehead
Niue
lē forehead
Futunan
laʔe forehead
Tuvaluan
lae forehead
Kapingamarangi
lae forehead
Nukuoro
lae forehead
Anuta
rae forehead
Rarotongan
rae forehead
Maori
rae forehead, temple; promontory, headland
Hawaiian
lae forehead, brow; cape, point, promontory
WMP Ilokano
daó a tree: Dracontomelum sp.
Bikol
dáʔo a tree: Dracontomelum dao
Hanunóo
dáʔu a tree: Dracontomelum dao [Blco.] Merr. & Rolfe
Cebuano
daú large hardwood tree
Simalur
daʔu kind of tree
Sundanese
dahu tall tree with edible sour fruits
Old Javanese
rahu kind of breadfruit tree
Bare'e
raʔu a tall tree with little durable wood and edible fruits: Dracontomelon mangiferum
Wolio
rau a tree: Dracontomelum mangiferum.
CMP Manggarai
saʔu tall tree with sour fruit: Dracontomelum edule
Ngadha
zau kind of tree (Formosan only)
Formosan Sakizaya
raqu soapberry
Bunun
daqu soapberry
Rukai (Maga)
a-Doo soapberry
Rukai (Tona)
Daw soapberry
Puyuma (Pinan)
Daʔu soapberry
Puyuma (Tamalakaw)
daHu soapberry tree: Sapindus mukrossi
Paiwan (Butanglu)
zaqu soapberry
WMP Ilokano
darás quick; rapidly
na-darás quick, fast, rapid
daras-én to hasten, hurry up
Tagalog
dalás frequency; rapidity
ma-dalás frequently; rapidly, quickly
manag-dar-darás restless; lively; hyperactive
ka-dalas-án fact or state of rapidity or frequency; frequent occurrence
dalas-án to make more frequent
dalás-dalás very hurriedly or quickly
Aklanon
daeás often, frequently
Maranao
daras speak rapidly, read fast
WMP Ilokano
ag-darusdús to slide down a slope or tree
Bontok
dalusdus to fall by having the base slip out from underneath
Bikol
mapa-darusdós to slide; to get slid
pa-darusdus-ón to slide s.t.
darusdus-án sliding board, chute; playground slide
Agutaynen
ma-dalosdos to accidentally slide down from somewhere
magpa-dalosdos for a person to intentionally slide, cause themselves to slide down from somewhere (Formosan only)
Formosan Saisiyat (Taai)
raLaɁ Formosan maple: Liquidambar formosana
Atayal
raga the Formosan maple, fam. Aceraceae
Seediq (Tkdaya)
dara Formosan maple: Liquidambar formosana
Pazeh
daxa Formosan maple: Liquidambar formosana
Thao
lhalha the Formosan maple, fam. Aceraceae
Bunun
dala Formosan maple: Liquidambar formosana
WMP Agutaynen
dala-ŋ puberty, male and female
Maranao
raga lady, maid, girl who is unmarried; female slave
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
raǥa a single woman; virgin
Moken
dala girl, maiden
Malay
dara maiden, virgin
anak dara unmarried girl, maiden
ayam dara pullet
ñiur dara coconut palm not yet in bearing
Acehnese
anɨʔ dara marriageable girl
Karo Batak
anak dara the ring finger
Sundanese
dara a young woman who has had her first child; also a female animal that has had its first young
Old Javanese
rara ~ rarā girl, maiden
a-rara having an unmarried daughter or sister
Javanese
lɔrɔ virgin girl, young girl of noble birth
pa-lɔrɔ young girls of the court
Balinese
daha maid, virgin; virginal, not having borne fruit
daha twa old maid
Sasak
dara young girl, unmarried woman
Chamorro
haga daughter
CMP Kisar
rare female, of animals
Leti
rara female, of animals that haven’t yet borne young
Wetan
rara woman
Proto-Aru
*raR young unmarried woman (Richard Nivens, p.c.)
WMP Tagalog
da-lága young, unmarried woman from adolescence up; maiden (not common)
mag-dalagá to grow into a teenage girl
dálaga-hín said of a girl who is at the beginning of puberty
dalaga-ŋ iná an unwed mother
Bikol
da-rága young, unmarried woman; maiden, damsel, lass
pagka-daraga feminity; maidenhood, virginity
Hanunóo
da-rága maid, maiden, young girl; virgin; any unmarried girl past the age of puberty
Romblomanon
dalāga ~ darāga an unmarried woman, beginning at puberty until marriage; usually a young unmarried woman; a spinster
dalag-īta young unmarried girl, an adolescent female from about 12 to 17 years
Masbatenyo
darága a young female, unmarried girl, young lady, maiden; refers to a young girl of marriageable age
mag-darága become a marriageable female; refers to females who become of marriageable age
daragá-hon ladylike
Aklanon
daeága girl, young lady, young unmarried woman; maiden
Waray-Waray
darága maiden; an unmarried woman; single, as of civil status
darag-ita teenage girl
Agutaynen
da-dala-ŋ-dala-ŋ teenager: more often used about girls
Hiligaynon
dalága unmarried girl between the age of about fifteen to thirty
Cebuano
dalága unmarried woman; young girl who has reached maturity; reach womanhood by virtue of menstruating
dalag-íta a girl close to maturity but not yet mature (ten to thirteen years old)
Maranao
da-raga maiden, young woman
Tausug
dāga maiden girl, adolescent girl in puberty stage (may also be spoken of some animals)
Iban
dara young woman, unmarried woman, maiden; (of women) smart
Sundanese
da-dara females who have borne their first young (collective)
Sasak
də-dara young girl, unmarried woman
Mongondow
deaga young, of land animals and birds
moŋo-deaga young, of a daughter
Totoli
tau dolago virgin, young girl
Pendau
ren-daa virgin, young girl
Boano
tau doago virgin, young girl
Dampelas
han-daa virgin, young girl
Ampibabo-Lauje
(u)ŋa-laga virgin, young girl
Tae'
anak dara sister of a man
Makassarese
anaʔ rara young girl from about nine to thirteen years of age
anaʔ rara suntiŋ young girl who has had her menarche (11-12 years of age)
WMP Tagalog
ka-dalagá-han group of unmarried women
Cebuano
ka-dalagá-han maidens
Old Javanese
ka-rara-n maidenhood
WMP Tagalog
d<um>alága young female animal that has not yet borne any young
Masbatenyo
d<um>arága pullet, young hen
Old Javanese
r<um>ara in her maidenhood, young (of a woman)
Balinese
d<um>aha be still a virgin
Formosan Taokas
taxa blood
Basai
tsala blood
Seediq
dala blood
Amis
lalaʔ to menstruate, have monthly period
Favorlang/Babuza
taga blood
Kanakanabu
caraʔə blood
Saaroa
caraʔə blood
Paiwan
djaq menstrual blood
WMP Yami
rala blood
Itbayaten
raya blood
ka-raya consanguine, blood kin
Ilokano
dára blood
d<um>ára to bleed
pa-dara-en to bleed a person or animal
Agta (Dupaningan)
digi blood
d<um>igi to bleed
Isneg
dáxa blood; plants
d<um>áxa to bleed
Itawis
dahá blood
Malaweg
dága blood
Bontok
dála blood
ka-dala-an compatible, suitable for
d<in>ála meat which is recooked in blood, after the broth of the first cooking has been removed
d<um>ála to bleed
Keley-i
dala to menstruate
Ifugaw
dála blood of an animal, fish, person (the blood of animals and chickens is boiled with salt and vegetables and eaten as a side dish)
in-dála menstruation
d<um>ála to bleed
Ifugaw (Batad)
dāla blood
in-dāla to menstruate
d<um>āla to bleed (nose, teeth, a wound, etc.)
Casiguran Dumagat
dige blood
Ibaloy
shala blood
on-shala to bleed, to menstruate
shala-an smear something with blood
Pangasinan
dalá blood
d<in>ala-án pork, etc. cooked in pig’s blood
Ayta Abellan
daya blood
Kapampangan
dáyaʔ blood
ka-ráyaʔ one with same blood type
matua dáyaʔ a nephew older than his uncle (lit. ‘king blood’)
Abaknon
lahaʔ blood
Tiruray
daraʔ blood; to bleed
mere-daraʔ to bleed profusely, as from a cut artery
Mapun
lahaʔ blood
lahaʔ-an having a menstrual cycle, having blood on something
Yakan
lahaʔ blood
i-lahaʔ to menstruate
ŋa-lahaʔ to bleed
Bisaya (Lotud)
rahaʔ blood
Dumpas
raaʔ blood
Tatana
daaʔ blood
Labuk-Kinabatangan Kadazan
raa blood
Murut (Paluan)
daaʔ blood
Abai Sembuak
daaʔ blood
Kujau
rahaʔ blood
Ida'an Begak
ddaʔ blood
Tingalan (West)
raraʔ blood
Bisaya (Lotud)
rahaʔ blood
Bisaya (Limbang)
raʔ blood
Basap
daraʔ blood
Bulungan
dara blood
Lun Dayeh
daraʔ blood
Tabun
dara blood
Kelabit
daraʔ blood
deraʔ-en bleeding, as the gums
Dali'
dare blood
Kenyah (Long Anap)
daaʔ blood
Kenyah (Long Ikang)
laaʔ blood
Kenyah (Long San)
laaʔ blood
Penan (Long Lamai)
daha blood
Wahau
mnæs blood
Gaai
alhae̯ʔ blood
Kelai
lhæʔ blood
Mei Lan Modang
ləhəa̯ʔ blood
Woq Helaq Modang
ləhəa̯ʔ blood
Long Gelat Modang
ləheʔ blood
Kayan (Long Atip)
daha blood
Bintulu
raʔ blood
Melanau (Mukah)
daaʔ blood
Melanau Dalat (Kampung Teh)
daaʔ blood
Bukat
daʔ blood
Lahanan
laʔa blood
laʔa blood
Seru
da blood
Tunjung
dahaaʔ blood
Ngaju Dayak
daha blood
ba-daha to bleed
utaŋ daha blood payment
Lawangan
daya blood
Paku
iraʔ <M blood
Malagasy
ra blood
misondro dra to be very angry, to faint (lit. ‘the blood rushes up’)
Iban
darah blood; bleed; stock, race; the red sap of some trees
Maloh
daraʔ blood
Singhi Land Dayak
doyu blood
Tsat
sia⁵⁵ blood
Cham
darah blood
Jarai
drah blood
Moken
dalak blood
Malay
darah blood, in both literal and metaphorical senses; also found in many plant names
darah putih royal blood (lit. ‘white blood’)
Acehnese
darah blood
danoh darah dysentery
Gayō
rayoh blood
mu-rayoh to bleed
mure-rayoh-en soaked with blood, as clothing
Simalur
dala blood
Rejang
daleaʔ blood
daleaʔ dagiŋ kinsmen, blood relatives; flesh and blood
Old Javanese
rāh, rah blood
aŋ-rah-i to inflict a bleeding wound
rah-en blood-stained, covered with blood
Javanese
rah blood (Krama)
Madurese
dhara blood
a-dhara to bleed
Sangir
daha blood; milky sap of plants
meʔ-daha to bleed
Tonsea
daaʔ blood
Totoli
laa blood
maka-laa to bleed
Boano
laʔa blood
Bare'e
daa blood
Tae'
rara blood; smear with the blood of a sacrificial animal
ke-rara to bleed, to menstruate
Proto-Bungku-Tolaki
*raRaQ blood
Mori Atas
rea blood
Padoe
rea blood
Bungku
rea blood
Koroni
rea blood
Wawonii
rea blood
Moronene
rea blood
Buginese
dara blood
Makassarese
rara blood
Wolio
raa blood
ko-raa to bleed, bloody
sa-raa-raa of the same blood
Bonerate
raha blood
Muna
rea blood
Popalia
raha blood
Palauan
rásəʔ blood
Chamorro
hagaʔ blood
CMP Bimanese
raʔa blood
n-daʔa to bleed
Komodo
ra blood; menstruation; bloody nose
Manggarai
dara blood
Rembong
daraʔ blood
Ngadha
raa blood; menstrual blood, menstruation; blood relationship; to bleed; blood-red colors; bloody, as dysentery
Keo
la blood
Riung
dara blood
Li'o
ra blood
Lamaholot
raʔa blood
Waiyewa
raʔa blood
Lamboya
ra blood
Anakalangu
ra blood
Kambera
wai ria blood
Hawu
ra blood
Dhao/Ndao
dara blood
Rotinese
da(k) blood; plant sap
Helong
dala blood
Tetun
ra-n ~ ra blood
Galoli
ra-r blood
Waima'a
raa blood
Erai
rara-n blood
Tugun
rara-n blood
East Damar
rar blood
West Damar
rowo blood
Leti
rara blood; menses
Luang
rara blood
Wetan
rara blood
Selaru
la-r blood
Yamdena
dare blood
na-dare to bleed
Watubela
lalak blood
Bonfia
lasa blood
Bobot
lasa blood
Kamarian
lala blood
Paulohi
lala blood
Gah
lala-i blood
Alune
lala blood; red
Saparua
lalah blood
Hitu
lala blood
Asilulu
lala blood; to bleed
Boano₂
lala blood
Wakasihu
lala-i blood
Batu Merah
lala-i blood
Morella
lala blood
Buruese
raha-n blood; bloody
Kayeli
lala blood; bleed
Sekar
rara blood
SHWNG Kowiai/Koiwai
rara blood
Buli
la coagulated blood; blood clot
Minyaifuin
la blood
Moor
rara blood
Waropen
rara blood
Woi
ria blood
OC Nauna
cay blood
Pak
hay blood
Loniu
ʔay blood
Nali
dray blood
Titan
lay blood
Leipon
dray blood
Papitalai
draya- blood
Drehet
kha blood
Sori
hay blood
Bipi
xay blood
Seimat
ka-ka blood
Wuvulu
xa-xa blood
Mussau
rae blood
rae-rae-na red
Mendak
ndaa blood
Lihir
dal blood
Arop
dara blood
Kis
dara blood
Wogeo
dara blood
Manam
dara blood
dara-dara bloody
Takia
dala- blood
Keapara
rala blood
Hula
rara blood
Sinaugoro
lala blood
Motu
rara blood; descendants
Pokau
rara blood
Gabadi
rara blood
Tawala
tala- blood
Dobuan
rara blood
Cheke Holo
da-dara blood; bleed
Kokota
da-dara-na blood
Gilbertese
rara blood; stick sap
ka-rara-ea to make bleed; rust; to make rusty
Kosraean
srah blood
Marshallese
da blood
Pohnpeian
nta blood
Mokilese
insa blood
insah-n pahraŋ rust
Chuukese
chcha blood; bloody; bleed; menstruate
Puluwat
cca blood; red; be bloody
Woleaian
cha blood; red; bloody
Vatrata
ndara- blood
Merig
ndara- blood
Merlav
ndara blood
Raga
ndaxa- blood
Atchin
ra- blood
Rano
ra- blood
Lingarak
ne-ndre- blood
Maxbaxo
n-re blood
Pwele
na-da blood
Efate (South)
na-ra blood
Lenakel
nɨ-ta(a) blood
Iaai
dra blood; red
Fijian
drā blood, sap
Formosan Paiwan
ma-djaq to menstruate
WMP Itbayaten
ma-raya in the menstruation period, to menstruate
Itawis
ma-dahá bloody
Lun Dayeh
me-daraʔ bloody or bleeding
Acehnese
meu-darah bleeding, bloody
Old Javanese
ma-rah bleeding
Bare'e
ma-daa to bleed, to menstruate
WMP Ilokano
ag-dára to bleed
Agta (Dupaningan)
mag-digi to menstruate
Isneg
mag-dáxa to bleed
Itawis
mad-dahá to bleed
Casiguran Dumagat
mag-dige to bleed, to menstruate
Yakan
mag-lahaʔ to bleed; to menstruate
Malay
ber-darah to bleed
Buginese
mad-dara to bleed
WMP Ilokano
dara-dara bloody
dar-dara fortitude
Ifugaw (Batad)
dala-dāla bloody
Ngaju Dayak
daha-daha to bleed a little
ka-daha-daha to bleed continuously
CMP Buruese
rah-raha bloody
WMP Ilokano
dárat sand, silt
Agta (Dupaningan)
diget sea, ocean
ma-diget rough, of the sea
Malaweg
dagat sand
Casiguran Dumagat
diget ocean, sea, sea water; go to the beach
Kapampangan
dáyat rice fields
dáyat malat ocean, sea
Tagalog
dágat sea, ocean; bay, gulf; lake
Bikol
dágat ocean, sea
Hanunóo
dágat sea, ocean (as opposed to land)
Aklanon
dágat salt water; sea
dagát get motion sickness, get seasick
Hiligaynon
dágat sea, ocean
dagát seasickness, nausea
Cebuano
dágat sea; sea water; seasick
Maranao
ragat sea, ocean
Binukid
daǥat sea; ocean
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
daǥat the sea
Mansaka
daǥat sea; ocean; large body of water
Tiruray
dogot a body of saltwater, an ocean; to resemble an ocean, as a huge lake
Tausug
dagat sea, ocean, ocean water
pa-nagat to hunt for shellfish, edible plants or other edible animals along the shore at low tide
Bintulu
rat sea, ocean
Melanau (Mukah)
daat littoral sea, sea near the shore
Melanau Dalat (Kampung Teh)
daat sea
Iban
darat land, as opposed to river or sea
Cham
darak sea
Malay
darat dry land, in contrast to coastal swamp; upland; inner or high land, in contrast to lowland
Acehnese
darat land, shore
Karo Batak
darat-en land (as opposed to sea or water)
Toba Batak
darat land, as opposed to sea
Old Javanese
rāt the world; the visible, inhabited world; mankind, created beings
Javanese
rat world
Balinese
dahat dry land, shore
Sasak
be-darat to land, come ashore
darat land, solid land, terra firma
Mongondow
dagat sea, saltwater; according to some speakers dagat refers specifically to shallow sea near the coast
Ponosakan
yahat sea
Pendau
dagat sea
CMP Tetun
raat seashore, beach at the edge of the sea
tasi raat seashore (Mathijsen 1906)
OC Roviana
rarata-na sea coast
vose rarata closely follow the coast line in a canoe, etc.
WMP Ilokano
ka-darat-an sandy place
Bikol
ka-ragát-an high seas, open sea
Aklanon
ka-ragát-an open sea; ocean
WMP Hiligaynon
dagayaʔ many, plentiful, teeming, swarming
Kayan (Uma Juman)
dayaʔ swarming of fish during spawning
WMP Cebuano
dághuŋ groan
Malay
dəroŋ deep booming sound, such as the clanging of a bell
Formosan Pazeh (Kahabu)
daxəʔ earth, land
Bunun
dalaq ground (earth, land, place, soil)
Saaroa
sareː earth, soil
Rukai (Tona)
daʔé earth, soil
Puyuma (Tamalakaw)
daReH earth, soil
WMP Ilokano
dagá earth, land, soil
Bikol
dagáʔ earth, land, soil
CMP Dhao/Ndao
rai earth
Tetun
rai earth, soil, ground
rai earth, soil, ground
Galoli
rea <M earth, soil
Talur
rea <M earth
Buruese
rahe ground
rah(e) isin soil
OC Motu
raro clay (used in making cooking pots)
Roviana
raro cooking pot
WMP Chamorro
hagi a fish: Scomberoides santi-petri (family Carangidae), pompano or jack crevally
OC Samoan
lai a fish: Scomberoides sp.
Hawaiian
lai a fish: Scomberoides sp.
Formosan Bunun
da-daliŋ to moan (of a man, as when sick)
Tsou
troe-creŋi to moan (of a man, as when sick)
Saaroa
tara-a-sariŋi to moan (of a man, as when sick)
Paiwan
z-m-aiŋ make noise, shout
WMP Agutaynen
mag-daliŋ to moan in pain
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
daɣiŋ noise, sound
me-zaɣiŋ loud, noisy
Sangir
dahiŋ breathe loudly, as one suffering from asthma (Formosan only)
Formosan Saisiyat (Taai)
raLiʔ earth, soil
Amis
laliʔ clay
WMP Tagalog
pag-dágit swooping and seizing while in flight, as when a hawk or an eagle snatches its prey
Bikol
mag-dágit to swoop down on a catch (birds)
maŋ-dágit to prey on small animals (birds)
Aklanon
dágit to pounce upon, swoop down and seize (said of birds seizing prey)
Cebuano
dágit swoop down and seize a prey; kidnap, abduct
Maranao
ragit to capture, as bird of prey captures
Mansaka
dagit to swoop down and seize (of birds)
Tiruray
darit a hawk: Spilornis cheela holospilsus (Latham)
Tausug
d<um>agit for a bird of prey to seize or snatch something
Mongondow
dagit seize something in a swift motion, as a bird of prey or a crocodile does
WMP Casiguran Dumagat
dasek tamp down (as dirt in a hole), shake down (as a container to settle the contents)
Hiligaynon
dasúk to fill (as a bag with clothes), to crowd
Palawano
dasek to cram, compact s.t.
Maranao
dasek press (as in pressing down the contents of a sack), full (as the mouth)
Balinese
daŋsek near, be in a crowd
WMP Ilokano
dasár food set on the table
i-dasár to set out for use, set the table
Binukid
dasʔag to lay out a large amount of meat somewhere on leaves
Formosan Kavalan
zaszas chest
WMP Itbayaten
rahdah chest, breast
Malagasy
tratra the breast
tratra-ina consumptive; asthmatic
Delang
dado chest
Iban
dada chest, breast
luak dada chest cavity
Tsat
tha¹¹ chest (anat.)
Jarai
təda chest
Malay
dada breast, chest, usually in a physical or literal sense; of the whole front of the body and not a single breast (susu); used figuratively of angles and shapes, and especially in technical descriptions of a horse’s forequarters
dada bidaŋ broad-chested
Acehnese
dada chest, breast
Karo Batak
tulan dada the cartilege between ribs and breast bone
Toba Batak
dada chest, breast
Rejang
dado chest
tian dado breast-bone
Sundanese
dada chest, bosom
nepak-an dada pound oneself on the chest
Old Javanese
ḍaḍa breast, chest
Balinese (High)
dada chest, breast
Sasak
dada chest, breast
Bare'e
dada chest, breast
Tae'
dada chest, breast
Mandar
dada chest; lungs; pit of the stomach; breath
Buginese
dada chest, breast
Makassarese
dada breast of birds, chickens and ducks
Formosan Puyuma
datar village (ritual term)
ka-datar-an spirits of the true village in Puyuma
Paiwan
na ma-zatja to be level
ka-zatja-zatja to be level
WMP Yami
ratay flatlands, prairie
Itbayaten
ratay lowlands; plain region of Mayan (a place name)
Agta (Dupaningan)
ditag plain, small clearing
Bontok
datal name of a large, relatively level, pondfield area in the Bágiw area near Guinaang
Aklanon
datág open field, plain, prairie
Cebuano
datág level land
Tiruray
datar flat land, a plain; (of land) level or flat
Tboli
datal a plain; a flat area; level place; flat, level; ironed out, as a problem
Tausug
datag flat, level (as a piece of land)
Basap
datar flat (of surfaces)
Kayan
datah level, flat (as farmland)
Paku
rata smooth
Malagasy
rátana a plain, level country
Malay
datar smooth; level; flat (as land)
Old Javanese
ratā ~ ra-ratā a level place, plain
Javanese
rata evenly distributed or spread (as soil), smooth (as pavement); roughly, approximately
Balinese
data flat, level; all
datah-aŋ be made completely level; be treated all alike
Proto-Minahasan
*datah even, level; plain, level land
Makassarese
dataraʔ flat, level
CMP Kamarian
latar flat land
Paulohi
latale level land, plain
Alune
latale level land, plain
Asilulu
ma-lata flat, level (as land)
Buruese
rata plain
OC Mota
rata level ground, plain
WMP Kayan
ŋe-datah to make level or flat
Javanese
ŋ-rata to smooth, to make even (as in dividing portions)
Formosan Paiwan
ka-zatja-n level land, plain
k<m>a-zatja-n to level ground
WMP Yami
ka-ratay-an flatlands, prairie
Itbayaten
ka-ratay-an plain region of area, plain expanse
Cebuano
ka-datág-an plains
WMP Yami
rateŋ arrive back home from the fields or another village
ka-rateŋ just got home
Itbayaten
rateŋ idea of arrival
ka-rateŋ arrival, act of arriving
Ilokano
datéŋ arrival
mag-teŋ-an to able to reach; (fig.) afford a certain price
Agta (Dupaningan)
i-ditáŋ bring something
Isneg
datáŋ to reach
daʔŋ-an-ān to find, to overtake
Bontok
datə́ŋ to arrive, especially of an epidemic
Kankanaey
datéŋ to come home; to return home; to go arrive
Ifugaw
datóŋ arrival; to arrive at one’s destination, to bring something to the place where it has to be, etc.
Ifugaw (Batad)
datoŋ for someone to arrive at a given place or time
ipa-datoŋ-na focus is on an unnamed agent which causes an epidemic sickness to arrive, such as influenza
Isinay
datáŋ to arrive
mad-datáŋ to arrive
Ayta Abellan
lateŋ arrive, come
Kapampangan
dátaŋ arrive, come
Tagalog
datíŋ arrival; act of arriving
Remontado
datáŋ arrive
Bikol
datóŋ to arrive; epilepsy
mag-datóŋ to arrive
da-datŋ-ón an epileptic
Cebuano
tuŋ-bálay to go to someone’s house (from datuŋ balay)
Maranao
dateŋ sustain, endure; patient; persist in being present
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
dateŋ fever; to have a fever
Mansaka
datuŋ to arrive
Tausug
datuŋ to arrive
Iban
datay come, arrive, reach; send; bring; until, as far as
Malay
dataŋ to come; to chance upon
men-dataŋ-i to come up against, assail
ke-dataŋ-an maut the coming of death
dataŋ-dataŋ adventitious
Bahasa Indonesia
dataŋ-dataŋ just arrived, newly arrived
Sundanese
ratəŋ the swarming of insects, the clustering of many flying kites or lamps
Old Javanese
ḍatəŋ to come, arrive; arrival
Javanese
ḍateŋ (to go) to, toward; concerning; to come, arrive
Sasak
dateŋ come, arrive; up to, until
Sangir
mi-ratiŋ arrive, reach
Uma
rata come, reach, arrive at
Tae'
ratu come, arrive
to ratu guest
(ka)-ratu-i arrive at
Wolio
rato-rato kind of bird whose call announces people coming
Muna
rato arrive, come; reach, arrive at something
ka-rato suddenly arrive
rato-ha arrival time
rato-mi bring food and drink to someone; take care of someone’s life
rato-rato long-horned grasshopper whose call signals the arrival of a guest
CMP Erai
ratan to arrive; as far as, until; enough
WMP Itbayaten
maka-rateŋ able to arrive
Tagalog
maka-ratíŋ to be able to arrive at
Murut (Timugon)
maka-ratoŋ able to arrive
Sangir
maka-ratiŋ to reach
WMP Ilokano
d<um>teŋ to arrive, come, reach one’s destination
Agta (Dupaningan)
d<um>itáŋ to arrive
Kankanaey
d<um>atéŋ to come home; to return home; to go arrive
Ifugaw
d<um>atóŋ to arrive
Tagalog
d<um>atíŋ to arrive
Mansaka
d<om>a-datuŋ stranger; foreigner; new arrival
Tausug
d<um>atuŋ to arrive; to appeal a court case
Murut (Timugon)
r<um>atoŋ to arrive
Abai Sembuak
matoŋ arrive
Javanese
ḍ<um>ateŋ to, toward; to go to(ward)
Sangir
mə-d<um>atiŋ strive to reach
Muna
r<um>ato-no visitor, guest
WMP Tagalog
ká-ratn-án possible result
Malay
ke-dataŋ-an advent, approach, coming
Bahasa Indonesia
ke-dataŋ-an the arrival of something
Old Javanese
ka-ḍatəŋ-an being reached
Sangir
ka-ratiŋ-aŋ arrived at through, arrived at via
WMP Itbayaten
ratŋ-an to arrive
Tagalog
datn-án to visit; to come upon; to catch someone in the act; to find someone or something upon arrival; to have menstruation
Bikol
datoŋ-án the main entrance to a town
Tausug
datuŋ-an to be a recipient, be attacked or beset (by something, as a disease, fear, laziness); place where someone stays upon arrival (as a house, hotel, or apartment); a person or body to which a (court) case is brought or referred
Murut (Timugon)
rataŋ-an time, place, or reason for arrival
Old Javanese
ḍatəŋ-an (recently arrived) guest
Balinese
dateŋ-an guest
WMP Kankanaey
datŋ-en to arrive at; to attain; to reach; to meet; to find; to light on; to come across
Tagalog
datn-ín to reach, attain, or experience
Murut (Timugon)
rotoŋ-on the place where one arrives for some purpose
WMP Ilokano
dato Muslim ruler
Pangasinan
dátu leader of a tribal group, chief
Kapampangan
dátu-ʔ leader, rarely used except with reference to southern Philippines or to olden days
Tagalog
dáto-ʔ high priest (Laktaw 1914); tribal chief in pre-Christian days (Panganiban 1966)
Bikol
dáto-ʔ (archaic) headman, chief; also referring to the rich and influential members of pre-Hispanic Bikol society
Masbatenyo
dáto-ʔ chief, ruler (from Cebuano)
Aklanon
dátu-ʔ ruler, king; rich, wealthy, powerful (through money)
Cebuano
dátu-ʔ rich, wealthy; title of a chief, now said only to Muslim leaders
Maranao
dato-ʔ chieftain, leader, boss, lord, master, king, gentleman
Binukid
datu-ʔ chieftain, mediator
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
datu-ʔ chief, leader
Mansaka
dato-ʔ leader, chief; a dato-ʔ is usually someone who has wealth
Tiruray
datu-ʔ a Moslem nobleman; a male leader among superhuman beings
Mapun
datu-ʔ chief; headman; any male member or descendant of a chief’s family
anak datu-ʔ prince, the child of a chief
Yakan
datu-ʔ chief, headman
Tboli
datu-ʔ a traditional leader over a group of people living in a particular geographical area … it was expected that the position would be passed on from father to son
Tausug
datu-ʔ prince, any male member of a royal family; a rank bestowed on certain people
Ba'amang
datu-ʔ great grandparent (PaPaPa)
Lawangan
datu-ʔ great grandparent (PaPaPa)
Ma'anyan
datu-ʔ great grandparent (PaPaPa)
Samihim
datu great grandparent (PaPaPa)
Salako
datuʔ term of address for one’s parent-in-law
Malay
dato-k head of family, elder; used as a term of relationship to or of a grandfather; as a term of distinction to or of any great non-royal chief; as a term of respect to any man of age and standing
dato-k nenek ancestors generally
dato-ŋ grandfather (very literary, and used only of or to one’s own grandfather)
datu ruler, chief … this is the old Malay sovereign title borne by the Srivijaya king of the Kota Kapur inscription (AD 686)
ke-datu-an kindgom (of Srivijaya)
Acehnese
datu ~ datoʔ ~ toʔ grandfather, ancestor; term of address for elders; title for the guardians of traditional law on the west coast; title of animals or things that are regarded as holy or especially feared
Gayō
datu ancestor in the female line
Simalur
datu-ʔ head of a kin group and guardian of traditional law
Karo Batak
datu-k title of the head of the urungs (federations of different villages related through a “mother” village); he is subordinate to the sultan; title of powerful magicians, spirits and deities
Dairi-Pakpak Batak
datu function among animists (‘orang kafir’) worshipping idols; shaman
Toba Batak
datu shaman, magician, soothsayer, doctor who makes offerings to the spirits, reads the signs in chicken entrails, selects auspicious days, and whose advice is sought in all matters of daily concern
ha-datu-on skill in the science of the datu which could sometimes be found in a radja’ (political leader; Vergouwen 1964:132)
Minangkabau
datu title for a native medical practitioner; clever, learned
datu-aʔ title for administrators of customary law; term of address to an elder; grandfather (van der Toorn 1891)
Sundanese
ratu prince, king, princess; in south Bantam the highest title for noblewomen
Old Javanese
ratu king (rarely, queen)
ka-ratu-n kingship, royal dignity
Javanese
ratu king, queen, monarch
kraton (< *ka-ratu-an) palace, court
Madurese
rato king
ka-rato-n palace
Balinese
ḍatu king, chief (an archaic form of ratu)
Sasak
datu prince
Sangir
datu prince, king
ka-ra-ratu-aŋ time or place of ascent to kingship
Mongondow
datu lord, prince, king; in earlier times people hardly dared to use the word datu, and generally called the prince ki tuang ‘the lord’
ko-datu-an be designated a prince
Bare'e
datu the title of the princes of Luwu’, who until 1906 were the overseers of the Toraja people (from Buginese)
Proto-South Sulawesi
*datu prince, chieftain
Makassarese
datu Buginese princely title
ratu old word for karaeng, prince
ka-ratu-aŋ (old and poetic) princely quality
CMP Ngadha
ratu lord, king; noble, aristocrat
Sika
ratu king
Kambera
ratu leader in religious ritual; priest
marapu ratu oldest, now deified ancestors from whom superior lineages trace their ancestry
Hawu
ratu prince
Wetan
rai chieftain, king; to rule
Yamdena
ratu great man, king; guardian of the truth; God
Fordata
ratu king
Kei
rāt king, ruler
Manusela
latu king
Paulohi
latu king
Alune
latu village head
Proto-Ambon
*datu king
Laha
latu village head, chief
Asilulu
latu king, village chief
latu kairupaŋ the ancient ruler of Asilulu before the descent to the coast, and the spirit which guards over the site of the old village
Boano₂
latu chief
Nusa Laut
laʔu-l king
OC Fijian
ratu honorific particle and title of rank before names of males who are chiefs
WMP Bontok
daúp to cover, as with a blanket
Mansaka
daóp kind of covering (this is the kind of covering in which the two sides support each other as they come together at the apex)
WMP Pangasinan
man-daóp to put the palms of the hands together
Tagalog
daóp joined or closely touching together (as hands or end surfaces)
mag-daóp to clasp or join (esp. the hands)
Cebuano
dáup to fold the hands together and place them over the breast (as in sleeping)
WMP Bikol
dawa even if, even though
Palawano
dawa justification, excuse
Tboli
dawa alibi, excuse
WMP Kalinga
dawak general term for curing rite in which the medium's spirit helpers are named and invoked, and in which possession takes place
Murut (Timugon)
rawak major ritual for exorcising of persons or houses (involves communion with a spirit familiar during a self-induced trance)
WMP Itbayaten
rawat server, waiter, waitress
pa-rawat-en to hand over
Ilokano
dáwat request; petition
ag-da-dáwat moocher; one who always asks for something
d<um>áwat to ask for, request, beg
Isneg
daw-dáwat to beg, to ask, to demand
Bontok
dáwat to receive; to take; to beg
Kankanaey
i-dawát to give; to bestow; to present with
Ifugaw
dáwat act of accepting, receiving something; act of giving, presenting, offering, tendering something to somebody
Ibaloy
i-shawat to offer something
man-shewat to beg, plead, ask, wish for something; to pray
Pangasinan
dáwat favor sought
pi-dáwat to seek a favor
Aklanon
dáwat to take, receive, get from above
Agutaynen
mag-dáwat to reach, hand something to someone; to reach out and take something that is being handed
Cebuano
dáwat receive, accept
Maranao
dawat draw payment, receive salary
Binukid
dawat to receive (something), to accept something from someone
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
dawat to receive or accept either an object or someone’s reasoning or argument
Mansaka
dawat to reach for (to get or receive); to accept
WMP Itbayaten
ma-rawat to receive
Ilokano
ma-dáwat to get, obtain; something that is obtained (for free)
WMP Itbayaten
rawat-en to receive
Kankanaey
dawát-en to receive; to accept; to take
Ibaloy
shewat-en to take something from someone’s hand
WMP Ilokano
dawdáw kind of marine mollusk with a brown elongated shell
Mansaka
dawdaw kind of saltwater snail found in mangrove swamps; it is somewhat conical, and it has a black shell and black flesh (Formosan only)
Formosan Taokas
tavid//tavit far
Tsou
covhi far
Rukai (Tona)
maʔa-davili far
Puyuma
a-dawil far
Formosan Kavalan
zaya west; toward the mountains
qa-zaya-n western side
Saisiyat
rayaʔ inland
Seediq
daya above, upland, upriver
Pazeh
daya east
mia-daya towards the east; go east
Thao
saya uphill, upstream, in an uphill direction
i-tana-saya located uphill from the speaker
mana-saya go upstream, go uphill; climb a hill or mountain
Bunun (Takituduh)
daða above
mun daða go upward
Rukai (Mantauran)
ðaɭa above
Paiwan
zaya upland; upriver
i-zaya to be higher up (as on a mountain)
lʸia-zaya (go) high upland
WMP Yami
rala next to the mountain, on the inside, in the north
i-rala Orchid Island, the name the Tao have given their own island
Itbayaten
ha-raya idea of dragging a boat toward shore (e.g. from fishing)
i-raya land (in contrast with the sea)
maka-raya to approach the land by sea
Ilokano
dáya east
ipa-dáya to point to the east
makin-dáya on the east side
Isneg
man-dáya upstream
i-man-dáya people who live upstream
Bontok
dáya sky; heaven
Kankanaey
dáya heavens; firmament; sky
Ifugaw
dáya cosmic Upstream Region, extending beyond the Sky Cupola; it is conceived as surrounding half of the earth; the cosmic Upstream Region is inhabited by the gods and spirits of the Dáya, who dwell in a number of villages situated above the lower part of the Sky Cupola; the stem dáya is also applied to any site of the Earth proper that lies nearer the cosmic Dáya (i.e. more upstream) than the habitat of the person who speaks
Ifugaw (Batad)
Dāya The Heavens (includes the earth’s atmosphere, touched by mountain peaks, where birds fly; it is the location of clouds, and the source of meteorological events, as rain, hail, thunder and lightning, storms and the like. The territory also includes outer space and involves spirits relating to, and named after various celestial bodies, such as the sun, moon, numerous named stars, sunlight and so forth)
Tagalog
i-láya interior part of a territory; upper part of a town; the northern part of a place
Bikol
i-ráya upstream, inland
mag-i-ráya to go upstream; to carry upstream
Masbatenyo
i-rayá upstream, hinerland, inlands, back country
Aklanon
eayá dry land
i-layá inland (section of town)
pa-i-layá to go inland
Waray-Waray
i-rayá farm; a tract of land devoted to agriculture; the upper or interior part of a town
Hiligaynon
i-layá hinterland, remote area
Cebuano
i-láya area away from the coast or town
pa-i-láya to go inland
i-laya-nhun hillbilly, one from the remote interior regions
Maranao
raya upriver
Lun Dayeh
dayeh upriver, the source of a river on a mountain
Lun Dayeh interior people, people from upriver
Kelabit
dayeh upriver, toward the interior
me-dayeh go upriver, go toward the interior
Kenyah (Long Anap)
kaʔ daya upriver
Bintulu
raza toward the interior, away from the sea
Singhi Land Dayak
doyux interior, inland
Moken
daya upstream
Malay
barat daya southwest
Sangir
dala there behind, on the back side
dala e inland, toward the interior
in-dala people from the interior
Chamorro
haya south (in Guam and Rota); east (in Saipan)
CMP Selaru
ra land, as against sea; land side
Yamdena
daye inland, west
Fordata
daa inland
n-daa go inland
Asilulu
la landward side, landward direction
Manipa
la inland, toward the interior
Boano₂
la landward
Larike
lae landward
Tifu
dai inland, toward the interior
OC Mussau
lae hinterland, interior
WMP Agta (Dupaningan)
di-diya upstream (cp. di-lod ‘downstream’)
Casiguran Dumagat
dí-dya upriver
Binukid
di-raya upriver, upstream direction
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
di-zaya in an upstream direction
Mandar
di-aya above, from the interior
WMP Ilokano
dayaŋdáŋ Lunasia amara plant.
Tagalog
dayaŋdáŋ large tree from which is derived a poison (abuwab) for arrow tips
Bikol
dayaŋdáŋ a tree with greenish-white flowers, a smooth leathery fruit and a poisonous sap: Lophopetalum toxicum
WMP Casiguran Dumagat
dayáp citrus tree, a type of lime with leaves used as a seasoning in viand, and sometimes as a medicine for earache, being rubbed on the outer back of the ear: Citrus aurantifolia
Tagalog
dáyap a small lime tree, the fruit of which is used as a substitute for lemon
Hanunóo
dáyap a lemon tree and its edible fruit; the leaves are boiled and the resultan decoction is drunk for sore throat, probably Citrus aurantifolia
Cebuano
dáyap k.o. small citrus tree producing small spherical, yellow fruits, juicy and sharply acid: Citrus aurantifolia
WMP Isneg
pama-dáyaw to celebrate
dayáw-an to praise, to laud, to exalt
Bontok
dáyaw to honor; to praise; to worship
dayaw ~ dayəw to show off; to boast
Ibaloy
shayaw honor, esteem, respect
sheyaw-en to honor, respect, worship someone
Pangasinan
dáyew honor, respect, praise
Ayta Abellan
dayaw to praise someone, to compliment
Hanunóo
dáyaw ostentatious dress, ostentation; by extension, admiration, esteem, astonishment
Aklanon
dáyaw to praise, honor, laud
Agutaynen
mag-dayaw to praise or think highly of a person; to praise or glorify God
d<al>ayaw-en praiseworthy
Cebuano
dáyaw to praise, comment favorably on
Tiruray
dayew praise; to praise
Proto-Sangiric
*dayaw to praise
Sangir
dalo to praise
Proto-Minahasan
*dayo to praise
Mongondow
mon-dayow to praise
WMP Bontok
daykət general name for the various varieties of glutinous rice or cassava
Hanunóo
dáykut honey
WMP Ilokano
dáyo guest from another town
d<um>áyo to go to another place (for livelihood)
Itawis
dáyu foreigner
Casiguran Dumagat
dáyu to visit, to come calling (having come from a long way); to go on a long hunting trip
dayú-an stranger, foreigner
Tagalog
dáyo foreigner, alien
dayuh-an foreigner, alien
Agutaynen
dayo people who are living at a place but are not from there, or are not permanent residents
mag-dayo to go and stay in a place temporarily for a purpose, usually to trade or to fish
WMP Cebuano
lubák to pound, beat heavily with something (as
Maranao
debak beat a drum, knock
Malay
debak whack, smack
Formosan Papora
ddap chest
Pazeh
zebezep chest
Pazeh (Kahabu)
zəbəzəb chest
WMP Tagalog
dibdíb chest, breast
Hanunóo
dubdúb chest, breast
Kalamian Tagbanwa
dɨbdɨb chest
Palawan Batak
dəbdə́́́́́b chest
Mamanwa
dɨbdɨb chest
Lolak
dodob chest
Totoli
dodob chest
WMP Malay
debak whack, smack
CMP Manggarai
sebek dull sound, as of fruit falling to the ground
WMP Malay
dedap tree name, generic for Erythrina spp.
Sangir
dedaʔ kaheŋaŋ (true dadap, with leaves that are used as vegetables)
dedaʔ u wawi dadap ('dedaʔ of the pigs')
dedaʔ a tree, Erythrina indica
dedaʔ u tiaŋ (‘dedaʔ of the belly’) have heavy, painful diarrhoea; cholera
CMP Rotinese
dela the dedap, Erythrina spp.
SHWNG Buli
o-lolaf a tree: Erythrina indica
WMP Cebuano
lugaʔ-lúgaʔ move something in a hole back and forth (as a stick to unplug a stopped-up tube)
Malay
degah-degu (onom.) clatter such as that made by polers quanting among rocks
WMP Bontok
dəgdəg-ən to close up a line; to stand or sit close together; to pack tightly, as the threads in weaving
Malay
bər-dədak to be massed or crowded together, as ships at a good anchorage
WMP Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
reŋguk to snore
Malay
degok sound of liquid being gulped down; gulping down
CMP Manggarai
deguk sound of the feet or the breathing of an animal
WMP Cebuano
lúguʔ shake a vessel with liquid in it to slosh the liquid around
Malay
degah-degu (onom.) clatter such as that made by polers quanting among rocks
WMP Kankanaey
dekák squeak, scream, shriek, screech
Malay
dekak loud guffaw, loud chuckling laughter
WMP Casiguran Dumagat
dəkdək pestle (tool used to pound up the pulp of the caryota palm); to mash the pulp of the caryota palm (a process in the making of caryota starch)
Ayta Abellan
dekdek to smash
Tagalog
dikdík pulverized (from pounding)
Bikol
dukdók pound or crush, usually with a pestle
Hiligaynon
dúkduk pound, grind
Cebuano
dúkduk pound something repeatedly
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
dekdek pound with an object such as a hammer, stone, fist, etc.; the instrument with which one hammers
Melanau (Matu)
dedek pounded rice (fine, like flour)
Iban
dedak dust, powder
dedak berau rice bran
Malay
dedak powdered rice husk; chaff; bran (used as chicken food)
Sundanese
dedek rice bran
Old Javanese
ḍeḍek rice chaff
Balinese
ḍekḍek (of rice), grind very fine
Mongondow
mo-dodok to pound rice
Bare'e
mon-dodo beat, as bark in making barkcloth; rice stalk
Tae'
dedek beat, pound on rhythmically, as a drum
CMP Tetun
dedek give successive or repeated knocks (as on a door)
Formosan Puyuma
ɖəkɖək to tamp down, pack tightly (as rice in a sack, or clothes that are packed tightly together)
WMP Ifugaw
dokdok to press something which is not strongly compact; to push something with force into another thing, as the handle of a knife into the socket of its blade
d<in>okdok sugarcane sap that is dry and has been pressed strongly, so that it became a sort of cake
Formosan Paiwan
djekets overcooked rice, used as paste
se-djekets to adhere to, stick
ma-pa-dja-djekets to press two things together (as one’s hands)
WMP Itbayaten
adket idea of sticking
Ilokano
dekkét paste; adhesive; glue
ag-dekkét to stick; stick to each other
Isneg
dakkát to adhere, to cleave, to stick
Bontok
dəkət to be scorched or burned where water has boiled away, of food cooked in water
Kankanaey
dekét crust of rice which forms at the bottom of the pot
ipa-dkét to attach; to fix; to stick; to paste
Ifugaw
dokót what clings, adheres, sticks to something; paste, glue
Ibaloy
sheket to cause something to adhere (as adhesive tape); to stick --- especially of food that sticks to cooking pots; hard, thin mass of rice that sticks to the pot after cooking; (fig.) very sharp blade (as bolo) that bites into wood or bamboo, instead of bouncing off
may-sheket to stick to something
Tagalog
dikít paste; glue
mag-dikít to gum or stick things together with gum
manikít to adhere
mapa-dikít to contact or touch accidentally
pan-dikít paste; glue
dikít-an hand-to-hand, close together
Bikol
dukót to glue, paste, or stick something
maka-dukót to get stuck to, glued to, pasted to; to adhere to, cohere to
Hanunóo
dúkut a dark, adherent substance, especially on the teeth, as fine blackening or betel stains
Masbatenyo
dukót burned rice on the bottom of a pot
mag- dukót to stick, adhere; this meaning is derived from the fact that cooked rice is sticky and is sometimes used to seal envelopes or informal letters
Aklanon
dúkot to stick together
pa-dúkot to dance close together
dukót hard cooked rice at the bottom of the pot; to stick to, cling to; to get pregnant
Waray-Waray
dukót the act of pasting with paste
Hiligaynon
mag-dukút to stick to, to paste on
Cebuano (SE Bohol)
dukút get stuck in or so something; not move from a place, stick to a job; for starchy foods to form a crust at the pot; adhere to each other; be close to one another; for fire to catch to something
Maranao
deket stick, cling
reket paste; attach; bear fruit
Binukid
mig-deket to adhere, stick to something
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
deket to stick to; to adhere
Mansaka
dukut crusted rice; to stick to (as a paper sticking to a table)
Tiruray
deket a paste or glue; to paste or glue
Yakan
deket scorched rice (that sticks to the bottom of the pot)
Tboli
dket a sticky substance; glue; tape; to stick or tack something together; to pin down
Tausug
dukut burnt rice (at the bottom of the rice pot)
mag-dukut to stick to and get burnt
Kadazan Dusun
dokot attach, stick to, bind together
to-dokot (what can be) stuck on
Lun Dayeh
dəkət stick on; a suckerfish which feeds on moss at waterfalls
nəkət to stick or paste something on (like a wall)
Kelabit
deket sticky; fish that moves from boulder to boulder in the river (probably from its habit of ‘sticking’ to the rocks)
nəkət to stick something onto something else
Kayan (Uma Juman)
dəkət small tadpole-like fish that clings by oral suction to stones in the river
Malay
dekat proximity; near
men-dekat-kan to bring up closer
Dairi-Pakpak Batak
deket together; and; with
Toba Batak
dohot with; and
Sundanese
dɨkɨt near, in the neighborhood
Javanese
ḍeket close, nearby
Balinese
deket unite, stick to, be close to; close (a wound)
deket-aŋ be brought together, be united
Sangir
mən-dəkaʔ to paste or glue something to a surface
d<ar>əkaʔ plaster
CMP Kambera
rokutu to stick, adhere to something; to paste or glue to something
OC Tolai
rokot to stick, adhere firmly
WMP Ilokano
i-dkét ~ i-dekkét to paste; glue
Tagalog
i-dikít to attach, stick or affix something specific; to seal, to close by sticking; to mount, to fix in proper setting, backing, or support
Bikol
i-dukót to glue, paste or stick something; to put up (as posters)
WMP Ibaloy
ma-dket sharp, as a blade that bites into wood or bamboo, instead of bouncing off
Tagalog
ma-dikít to contact or touch accidentally
Agutaynen
ma-deket to be crowded or squeezed together
Tausug
ma-rukut having or producing a heavy mark, dark shade (as of pencil, ballpen, color)
Formosan Paiwan
pa-djekets to paste
WMP Kadazan Dusun
po-dokot-on cause or allow to attach, stick to
Lun Dayeh
fə-dəkət stick together; stick or paste on
Kelabit
pə-dəkət hem, stitch, line of sewing on clothes
WMP Ilokano
d<um>ket to stick to, adhere; fit nicely
Isneg
d<um>kát to adhere, to cleave, to stick
Ifugaw
d<um>kót to stick to something
Tagalog
d<um>ikít to adhere; to stick to (intransitive)
Tboli
d<em>ket to pin down
Tausug
d<um>ukut to stick to and get burnt; (for ink, pencil lead) to adhere to a surface
Kadazan Dusun
d<um><in>okot stuck
Sangir
d<um>əkaʔ to stick, adhere to something
WMP Lun Dayeh
deket-en will be pasted or stuck on
Sundanese
ŋɨ-dɨkɨt-ɨn bring something near
Balinese
deket-in be stuck to by something
WMP Tagalog
dikít-dikít adhered or joined to each other in series or layers
Waray-Waray
dukót-dukót sticky, contagious
Maranao
deke-deket stick or cling strongly together
Sundanese
dɨkɨt-dɨkɨt very near
Formosan Paiwan
djekep to catch (animal); to come to grips (in personal fight)
dj<em>ekep to catch, come to grips with
WMP Kankanaey
dekép Latin: habere copulam
Malay
dekap folding the arms or hands over one another; clasping, embracing
Javanese
dekep, ḍekep grasp firmly; trap, as an insect -- esp. with the downturned palm
WMP Bontok
dəkət to be scorched or burned where water has boiled away, of food cooked in water
Tagalog
dikít act of kindling; a setting on fire
mag-pa-rikít to set alight; to start a fire; to kindle
Masbatenyo
mag-dukót smoulder
Palawan Batak
dɨkɨt to burn (Reid 1971)
Binukid
deket for fire to catch to (something); to catch on fire
Tausug
dukut (for a flammable substance) to ignite or be ignited
Sama (Central)
dokot to burn
Kenyah (Òma Lóngh)
deket lit, aflame
Malagasy
a-réhitra to be made to burn, as a match, etc.
mi-réhitra to set on fire, to burn
tafa-réhitra set on fire, kindled
voa-réhitra set on fire, made to blaze
rehét-ana to be lighted, as a fire by something already burning, i.e. a match, etc.
WMP Ifugaw (Keley-i)
deket ~ dekket black or any other dark color
Pangasinan
dekét blackness
an-dekét black
on-dekét become black
Hanunóo
dúkut a dark, adherent substance, esp. on the teeth, as vine blackening or betel stains
Formosan Puyuma (Tamalakaw)
d-em-a-dekiŋ (of deer) to cry "eking, eking"
WMP Malay
deŋkiŋ sharp, high-pitched bark (of dog or barking-deer); yelp
WMP Maranao
deŋkit close together, overcrowded contact
Tiruray
dekit side-by-side
Javanese
ḍeŋkét adhere to, be right next to
CMP Manggarai
dekit close together (of growing plants, etc.); frequent
WMP Ngaju Dayak
deko bent, curved (tree, path, etc.)
Old Javanese
dəku to bow respectfully
Javanese
ḍəku to sit cross-legged before an exalted person in a humble and deferential attitude
OC Arosi
roʔu to bend, fold; curl up the legs
WMP Malay
dekok hollow; dip; concavity
Balinese
dekuk lower a horse's head
CMP Manggarai
rekuk bowing, bending over (as rice stalks)
Buruese
dekuk bent over
OC Maori
roku bend, be weighed down
WMP Toba Batak
dohuŋ very old, bent by age
Javanese
dəkuŋ with a bend or curve
n-dəkuŋ bowing in respect
Sasak
n-dəkuŋ to kneel
Banggai
deŋkuŋ curly, of hair; bend
OC Futunan
lo-loku to bend (of a branch, bough)
Samoan
loʔu be bent, curved
ma-loʔu to bend (of a tree, etc. in the wind)
WMP Ilokano
deldel-én to move something to one’s advantage; put nearer to
d<um>eldél to insist, refuse to compromise
Bontok
dəldə́l to move something by applying sustained pressure against it, as by leaning against it; to push
Kankanaey
deldel-án to dun, to beset for payment
Ifugaw
doldól to shove, push something forward (over the floor, ground, bench., etc.)
Ifugaw (Batad)
doldol someone’s provoking or tempting of someone else
Ibaloy
shelshel to push something with a steady, even pressure (as in forcing open a door); to push one another thus (as two carabaos head-to-head)
Pangasinan
on-déldel to insist
Tiruray
dedel to drive an animal into or away from something
WMP Agta (Central Cagayan)
dələk thunder
Maloh
dalak thunder
Chamorro
hulu thunder
WMP Ayta Abellan
deem the last quarter of the moon, the dark of the moon
Tagalog
dilím dark; darkness; gloom; deep shadow; dim light
Maranao
delem moonless, night which is dark, black
Binukid
delem to walk around at night; (for animals, etc.) to come out at night (to hunt for food); to stalk or attack something or someone at night
Tiruray
delem-on the waning of the moon, the dark of the moon; the dark of night
Tausug
dūm night (as opposed to day)
dūm-an to be overtaken by the night
Mongondow
dolom evening, night
OC Bola
mo-dolom dark, become dark
WMP Ayta Abellan
delep to submerge, to swim underwater; to dive, to duck under water
Agutaynen
man-delep to bathe, play, swim in the ocean, lake, or river
Old Javanese
delep immerse
Mongondow
dolop immerse
Bare'e
dolo submerge, sink
CMP Manggarai
delep sink
Formosan Saaroa
e-selee bowstring, fishing line
Rukai (Maga)
Drése bowstring
Paiwan
zelet bowstring
WMP Isneg
dallát bowstring
Ayta Abellan
deeh bowstring
Tagalog
dilís cord for guitar or bow
Bikol
dulós guitar string
Old Javanese
deles bowstring
OC 'Āre'āre
i-roro bowstring
Sa'a
i-lolo bowstring
Arosi
roro-ʔi to string a bow
Formosan Amis
demdem endure, referring to illness or personal feelings
Rukai (Budai)
ki-ɖəməɖəmə think/mind
WMP Ilokano
demdém rancor, grudge, ill will
demdem-en ‘to repess anger, harbor a grudge
Isneg
damdám thought, idea, mind, purpose, opinion
damdamm-án to think about, to remember
ipa-damdám to remind
ma-damdám to remember
pa-namdamm-ān remembrance, keepsake, souvenir
Itawis
dandám sentiment
mad-dándam to grieve
ma-dandám to remember
dandámm-an memory
Ibaloy
i-shemshem to keep something a secret --- especially of wrong-doing
Kapampangan
damdam-an hear, listen
ma-damdam sensitive
pa-namdam feelings
Tagalog
limlím body warmth; heat or temperature of a brooding hen; incubation
pá-limlim-an brooder
Bikol
sa gi-rumdóm in memoriam, in memory of
gi-rumdum-ón to reminisce about, to call to mind
Hanunóo
dumdúm remembrance, as of people
mag-dumdúm to remember someone
Masbatenyo
dumdum-ón be remembered, be reminded
mag-dumdóm remember well, think deeply
pa-dumdóm reminder
Aklanon
dúmdum to remember, keep in mind
pa-dúmdum to remind (of)
pa-númdum to ponder, think, concentrate
Waray-Waray
dumdóm the act of remembering the past; reminiscence; memory
pa-numdóm the act of remembering the past; reminiscence; memory
Hiligaynon
mag-dúmdum to think, to recollect, to remember, to bear in mind, to recall
Cebuano
dumdúm remember to do something; think something would happen
pan-dumdúm-an mind
lumlum sit on eggs; sit on papers which need processing or attention; stay inside something; for feelings to be in the breast (as envy, loneliness)
Subanen/Subanun
d-al-omdom memory
Mansaka
dumdum think about, desire
Tombonuwo
ko-ondom to remember
Ngaju Dayak
ba-rendem to long, yearn for
Iban
dendam grudge, feud; be spiteful
Malay
dendam yearning; longing; feeling of love or spite
Gayō
demdem hold a grudge
Javanese
ḍemḍem(an) babble about schemes against oneself (Pigeaud 1938)
Uma
rodo to keep still
OC Tolai
roro to cover, as a hen her chicks
Arosi
dodo to think; to be silent
Formosan Bunun
dumdum dark, overcast, gloomy (as the sky on a cloudy day)
Paiwan
zemzem pitch dark(ness)
WMP Itbayaten
remdem cloud
mir-remden to become cloudy
ka-remdem-an region of clouds, atmosphere, sky
Ifugaw (Batad)
domdom a large flying fox, black with grey flecks
Ibaloy
demdem kind of bird: a black dove
nan-demdem cloudy, overcast
Tagalog
limlím impending darkness (in late afternoon)
l<um>imlím to get dark; to darken (said of late afternoon)
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
demdem black beads
Tombonuwo
romdom moonless night; pitch dark
Lun Dayeh
decem dark; night
Tabun
dicəm darkness
Kelabit
dedhem dark; darkness
ŋe-dedhem to wait for nightfall
Balinese
demdem jet black, shining (black hair)
Tonsawang
dəndəm dark
Proto-Bungku-Tolaki
*romdom-aN darkness
Muna
rondo dark, be night
ro-rondo very dark
ro-rondo mata poor (of eyesight), nearsighted
ka-rondo-a overtaken by nightfall
Palauan
kə-rəmerəm period when moon is waning
mi-rəmerəm dark (at night)
Chamorro
homhom dark, dim, obscure, dusky, gloomy, not light-colored; bleak
CMP Kambera
runduŋu dark; night
SHWNG Buli
doram night; dark; evening
OC Nauna
coc dark
Pak
hoh dark
Loniu
o pitch black, of a cloudy or moonless night
Wuvulu
xoxo dark
Mussau
sau-rorom dark
Vitu
rodo dark
Lakalai
la logo night; after dark; day, as a time unit
Eddystone/Mandegusu
rodomo darkness; to be dark
Bugotu
rodo pono pitch dark
rodo puni darkness
Nggela
rondo blind
ro-rondo blind; blind man’s buff; to darken
Kwaio
logo darkness, night; a night, as contrasted to a day
Lau
rodo night
rodo-a dark; blind
fā-rodo to darken
fā-rodo mā to blindfold
Toqabaqita
rodo night, night-time, evening (when it is dark)
'Āre'āre
roto cloudy; black cloud, squall; to be dark, night; blind
Sa'a
rodo night
rodo-si be benighted
Arosi
rodo dark, black; night
rodo-buru pitch black
Proto-Micronesian
*roco be dark
Pohnpeian
rot dark
roht darkness
Mokilese
ros darkness
Woleaian
rosh night, darkness; be dark, black, obscure
Formosan Amis (Utrecht ms.)
ma-simdim dark
Bunun
ma-dumdum dark, overcast, gloomy
WMP Itbayaten
ma-remdem cloudy, overcast
Lun Dayeh
me-decem dark, gloomy; night
WMP Itbayaten
om-renden to move continually (fire, cloud, smoke, a bird, boat, airplane, etc.); to move
Ilokano
i-dendén to put close to, slide to
d<um>endén to approach, go nearer to
Isneg
i-dandán to bring near; to distribute
d<um>an-dandán to approach
Bontok
d<um>əndən to move aside
Ifugaw
i-dondón to put or lay something aside
Ibaloy
on-shenshen to move oneself a short distance (as to make room for someone else to sit down)
WMP Yami
adnet to touch
Itbayaten
adnet idea of touching against something, idea of contact
m-adnet touching closely, clinging closely
pa-dnet-an to make (it) touch
Ibatan
adnet touch lightly onto the surface of something
Ilokano
i-dennét to steep; dip; dunk; put in contact with
ma-i-dennét to come in contact with
Casiguran Dumagat
dənət to press, to make an impression on, to push against (with the finger or hand); to sign a paper by making a thumb print; to brand a carabao
WMP Bikol
duŋán concurrent, coinciding, simultaneous, together
mag-duŋán to do something simultaneously
maki-duŋán to do something at the same time as someone else
Hanunóo
duŋán concerted action, togetherness
Agutaynen
mag-deŋan to go together somewhere; to do something together at the very same time; familiar spirit (a familiar spirit is one which acts as a companion or a servant to a person)
Cebuano
dúŋan done or happening at the same time; do something together or at the same time
Lun Dayeh
deŋan with; company; friend
Malay
deŋan an auxiliary word that gives an adjectival or adverbial meaning to what follows. Usually translated by some preposition, especially by ‘with’
Toba Batak
doŋan companion, partner, comrade, friend
doŋan sabaŋso member of the same tribe or ethnic group
doŋan saripe spouse
mar-doŋan iŋkau rice with vegetables
Proto-Bungku-Tolaki
*roŋaN together, with; companion; spouse
Mori Bawah
me-roŋa do together
Moronene
roŋa do together
Proto-South Sulawesi
*dɨŋŋan accompany
OC Kwaio
doŋa to follow
doŋa-a join with in an enterprise; mingle with, join strands together
Lau
doŋa a pair; to follow; together
doŋa-a to join
Sa'a
doŋa a pair, a couple
Arosi
doŋa a pair (as of coconuts)
WMP Ngaju Dayak
man-deŋan keep company with, accompany
Toba Batak
man-doŋan-i accompany someone
Mandar
man-daŋŋaŋ to add to something
WMP Bikol
mag-duŋán do something simultaneously
Toba Batak
mar-doŋan have a companion or partner
WMP Yami
deŋdeŋ to cook (as fish)
Ibatan
deŋdeŋ to overcook food, esp. vegetables
Ilokano
ag-deŋdéŋ to boil vegetables
d<in>eŋdéŋ a boiled vegetable dish
Bontok
dəŋdəŋ to cook a side dish for rice, such as vegetables or fish
Kankanaey
deŋdeŋ-én to cook vegetables
Ifugaw
doŋdóŋ cooking of vegetables
Formosan Kavalan
zeŋzeŋ thunder
m-zeŋzeŋ to thunder
Paiwan
z<al>eŋzeŋ to make the sound of wind
WMP Itbayaten
reŋreŋ to sound like the roar of an airplane, the buzzing of bees, etc.
WMP Ngaju Dayak
deŋen and, with, next to; for; sign of the dative
Sundanese
dɨŋɨn what is eaten with the rice
Buginese
reŋŋeŋ friend, associate
Formosan Puyuma
ɖəŋər name; sound (ritual term)
pu-ɖəŋər give a name
tu-ɖəŋər song, as of a bird
Paiwan
la-deŋa ~ la-ŋeda to hear
WMP Yami
reŋey hear
Itbayaten
a-dŋey idea of hearing
Ilokano
deŋŋég to hear, to listen, respond to; react to
Isneg
d<in>aŋ-daŋág heeded, listened to
Bontok
dəŋəl to listen; to hear
pa-dŋəl to tell; to make known; to relate
Ifugaw
doŋól to hear, listen
Ifugaw (Batad)
ma-noŋol for a person, a living thing with ears, to hear or listen to someone or something, as the call of a bird, a cry, music, noise, talking; to hear about someone or something; for someone to obey someone
Casiguran Dumagat
diŋeh to put something up to your ear to listen (as a watch to see if it is ticking)
Pangasinan
deŋél to hear
na-ŋel-án was heard
Ayta Abellan
leŋe to hear; to listen
Tagalog
diŋíg audible; can be heard
Bikol
daŋóg reputation
daŋóg-dáŋog clearly audible
daŋóg-daŋóg hearsay, innuendo
Hanunóo
duŋúg hearing, listening; perceiving; the more commonly used form is dunúg
Inati
ka-rŋed to hear
Aklanon
dúŋog listen to, hear, give ear to
duŋóg fame, honor, reputation
Kalamian Tagbanwa
dɨŋɨl to hear
Hiligaynon
duŋúg honor, fame, reputation
Cebuano
duŋúg to hear; to listen; heed one’s requests; reputation, honor; be bruited about, widely known; hear one another
magka-dúŋug hear one another
mu-duŋúg to heed
pa-duŋug-dúŋug say something in someone’s earshot to embarrass him or give him a hint
Binukid
deŋeg reputation, honor
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
deŋeg a person’s reputation or good name
Mansaka
duŋug to hear
Tausug
duŋug to listen, hear, pay attention to or take heed (by listening)
Rungus Dusun
o-roŋow to hear
Bisaya (Limbang)
nu-ruŋaw to hear
Bisaya
ŋa-rəŋəw to hear
Kayan
deŋah news, report
Kayan (Uma Juman)
dəŋah news
Melanau (Mukah)
dəŋah news
Paku
ka-reŋey to hear
Malagasy
reni heard; perceived, as a scent
Malay
deŋar listening to; to hear
Nias
roŋo to hear
Enggano
dohõ-i to hear
Old Javanese
rəŋə-rəŋə remaining in the ear, continuously audible
Mongondow
do-doŋog ear, what one hears with (priestly language)
Ponosakan
doŋoh to hear
Kaidipang
duŋogu to hear
Tialo
loŋo hear, listen to
Lauje
loŋo hear, listen to
Balantak
roŋor to hear
Banggai
mo-loŋol-i-kon listen to something
mon-doŋol-i listen to
Proto-Bungku-Tolaki
*roŋoR to hear
Wolio
raŋo to hear
po-raŋo able to hear (opposite of being deaf); hearing
raŋo-ni obey
Palauan
or-reŋəs hear; listen to; obey
Chamorro
huŋok hear; heed; be informed; perceive by the ear; gain knowledge
CMP Bimanese
riŋa to hear
ka-riŋa to inform, give news of
Sika
rena to hear something (as a rumor); to feel, have a feeling, as in feeling feverish; feeling, sentiment
Lamaholot
dəŋəʔ to hear
Kédang
dəŋər to hear
Kodi
roŋŋo to hear
Anakalangu
raŋu hear
Hawu
rəŋi ~ rəŋe to hear, understand
Rotinese
nene-nene to listen
ma-nene to hear
Tetun
rona to hear, to listen, to pay attention to
Vaikenu
nɛna to hear
Waima'a
dene to hear
Kisar
derne to hear
Yamdena
n-deŋar to hear, be obedient
na-deŋar to have good hearing, able to hear well
Fordata
n-renar to hear
Kola
rena to hear
Masiwang
b-loka to hear
Alune
lene to hear
SHWNG Gimán
loŋa to hear
Sawai
m-loŋɛ to hear
Buli
loŋa to hear
Mayá
ꞌdo¹²n to hear
Minyaifuin
loŋo to hear
Irarutu
noŋgər to hear
OC Tigak
loŋok obey, listen
Nalik
ləŋər to hear
Tanga
oŋ to hear
Label
loŋor to hear
Tolai
loŋor-oi to hear, obey, listen, heed
Bali (Uneapa)
loŋor-i to hear, listen
Vitu
loŋor-ia to hear
loŋor-ia polea obey, agree, follow the advice
Arop
a-loŋo to hear; to know
Biliau
loŋ to hear
Amara
-loŋo to hear
Kove
loŋoni to hear
Bebeli
loŋo to hear
Mengen
loŋo to hear
Manam
loŋo to hear
loŋor-i to obey, to listen
loŋo-loŋo to hear
Gedaged
loŋ to know, to have knowledge of, to be acquainted with, be aware of, be sensible of, to hear, learn, learn by heart, be able, be careful of, to make possible, to perceive, comprehend, understand, apprehend, be cognizant of, to fathom, make out, discern; have a premonition, to notice, feel, sense, observe, be conscious of
Sio
a-loŋo to hear
Mbula
-leŋ hear, listen
Mekeo (East)
roŋo to hear
Sudest
loŋw-e to hear
Nehan
loŋor hear, listen, obey
loŋoro namanate hear with understanding, find out by listening
Piva
noŋono to hear
Luangiua
loŋo to hear, listen
Bugotu
roo-roŋo to hear, receive a report; news, tidings
roŋo-raga fame, glory; to be famous
roŋo-vi to hear
Nggela
roŋo to hear or be heard
roŋo-hi to hear or be heard
roŋo-vi to hear or be heard; to listen; to feel; to obey; to enquire about
roŋo-roŋo news; fame; custom; rank or position
roŋo-roŋo lavi-lavi idle rumor, gossip
Kwaio
loŋo listen
abu-loŋo unable to hear; fail to realize
fufu-loŋo-sia pay attention to a person who is talking
loŋo-a to hear
Lau
fufu-roŋo to listen; to hear; disciple
roŋo-a to hear, listen to; to perceive, to smell
roŋo-la hearing, perceiving
Toqabaqita
roŋo hear, listen
roŋo-a to hear, listen to
roŋo-laa the way in which something or someone sounds to someone
'Āre'āre
noro-a <M hear, hear tidings of, understand
noro-a keni to inquire about a girl as a prospective bride for a man
Sa'a
roŋo-roŋo to hear, to listen, to hear tidings of; to understand; to ask in marriage
roŋo-ŋa hearing
roŋo saai to understand
Arosi
roŋo to hear, listen, obey; to feel, endure; correct, as the use of a word; disciple
roŋo-taʔa a discord, ugly sound; incorrectly used, of a word
Sikaiana
lono to hear
Gilbertese
oŋo hear, obey
ka-oŋo-a inform
Kosraean
lɔŋ hear, listen to (someone)
Marshallese
reŋʷ hear, listen
Pohnpeian
roŋ hear
rooŋ news
Mokilese
roŋ hear, listen
Chuukese
roŋ hear, obey, listen
Mortlockese
roŋoroŋ hear, listen
Puluwat
roŋ hear, listen, obey
Woleaian
roŋoroŋ hear, listen
Satawal
roŋ hear, listen
Carolinian
roŋ hear, listen
Mota
roŋo to feel, hear, smell, taste, apprehend by senses; be patient of, be in a passive state
roŋo maul to endure with patience, suffer long
roŋo rua to have two tastes (as half fresh, half salt)
roŋo-tag hear, taste, smell, feel something
roŋo-vag to feel, suffer
roŋo-roŋo listen to, hear
Nokuku
rono-a to hear
Araki
doŋo to hear someone or something; feel physically; feel one way or another, feel well or ill; feel that, realize that something is going on; feel like, fancy (doing)
Apma
roŋo to smell
Lingarak
-roŋ to hear
Leviamp
-ru to hear
Avava
roŋ to feel; to hear
Lonwolwol
lɔŋ-nε to hear, to feel (not only hearing, but general personal feeling, and sense of smell, are expressed by lɔŋ-nε)
Southeast Ambrym
loŋE to hear, feel
Paamese
loŋe hear; listen to; feel; pay attention to
loŋ selūsien obey
loŋ-loŋ aware; wise
loŋ-loŋ-ien news
loŋ-loŋo-ni get to hear about, become aware of
Rotuman
roŋo to be reported, heard of, generally known; to be notorious or famous; report, news, repute, reputation, fame
Wayan
roŋo be heard, perceived with the ears; be understood; (of news, rumors, etc.) be heard abroad, i.e. reported, talked about; (of a person) be known, famous, have a reputation; (of an engine, machine, etc.) resound, be audible, make a noise, work
i-roŋo noise, sound; news
i-roŋo-roŋo news, report; hearing, sense of hearing; stethoscope, hearing aid
roŋo-ci hear something, hear the sound of something
roŋo-rua ignore or shun advice, take no heed of what one is told
roŋo-roŋo listen, hear; sound, make a sound
roŋo-roŋo-i pay attention to something, listen attentively to something
Fijian
roŋo to hear; to make a noise (of an engine), to spread, to be heard (of a report), to be famous (of a person or place)
Tongan
oŋo to sound, be heard or to be heard about; to appeal, carry weight, impress; to be felt or perceived or realized or appreciated; to hear, to have the sense of hearing; to be sentient, able to feel; sound; report, story; fame, reputation; hearing, sense of hearing; feeling, emotion; report or story that is ‘floating about’ but is unauthenticated, rumor
oŋo-ʔi to hear; to perceive, feel --- pain, pleasure, taste, smell, etc.; to be aware or conscious of, to realize, to appreciate; to feel for, sympathize with
oŋo-oŋo news, report or reputation
oŋo-oŋo-a famous, renowned
Niue
oŋo a report, message
ta-oŋo to echo
tu-oŋo fame; to be widely known
tuku-oŋo to publish, pass on (as news)
Futunan
loŋo to hear, be heard (from a distance)
loŋo-ā to be noisy
loŋo-fia to understand, know
loŋo-na be known, celebrated, famous; to be announced, proclaimed
loŋo-ʔi to feel
loŋo-loŋo to hear faintly; rumor, hearsay; to inform; to summon
Samoan
loŋo perceive by hearing or some other sense, other than sight; large wooden gong (used for calling people to church); sound
lau-loŋo resound, echo
loŋo-loŋo to tell, inform
Tuvaluan
loŋo hear; sense; feel pain or emotion; tell news; a bell; news; a canoe bringing news
faka-loŋo to obey; act of hearing
laŋo-na hear; feel; think
Kapingamarangi
loŋo news; to hear
loŋo-aa to be annoyed or disturbed by noise
loŋo-no to perceive, to feel, to hear
Nukuoro
loŋo hear, feel; news
loŋo-duli deaf
loŋo iho be aware of, experience, perceive, feel (in one’s mind or body)
loŋo-loŋo acuity of hearing
loŋo-loŋo i leaala rumor
Rennellese
goŋo news, report, message, account, story, fame, reputation, invitation, messenger; to hear, listen, feel, taste, to go in order to hear, as news
haka-goŋo to hear, listen, obey, feel, taste
goŋo-aʔa to be irritated by noise; to be nervous, nerve-racking (of noise)
Anuta
roŋo to hear
(ŋa)-roŋo news
roŋo-roŋo to hear about
Rarotongan
roŋo to apprehend by the senses, except sight; to hear, to feel, to smell, to taste; news, tidings, a report or a rumor, fame, a flying report, a current story, notoriety
roŋo-nui greatness, great fame, celebrated; renown, a great name or reputation; famed, renowned, illustrious
roŋo-roŋo hearing
roŋo-roŋo-ā notorious, of ill report, infamous
Maori
roŋo apprehended by the senses, except sight; hear; obey; tidings, report, fame; peace after war
roŋo-rua conflicting news; having two reputations
Hawaiian
lono news, report, remembrance, rumor
WMP Ifugaw
ma-dŋól audible
Bikol
ma-daŋóg audible
Banggai
mo-loŋol to hear
WMP Ilokano
maka-ŋég to be able to hear
Bikol
maka-daŋóg to hear, overhear
Mongondow
moko-doŋog to hear, be able to hear
Gorontalo
moʔo-duŋohu able to hear
WMP Itbayaten
machi-dŋey to consult
Mongondow
moki-doŋog to listen, try to hear
WMP Itbayaten
man-ʔa-dŋey to hear, to listen
Malagasy
man-dreni to hear; to perceive a scent
Bahasa Indonesia
men-deŋar to hear
Gorontalo
mo-duŋohu to hear
WMP Bikol
mag-daŋóg to listen to
Bahasa Indonesia
ber-deŋar listened to, followed, obeyed
WMP Bontok
pa-dŋəl to tell; to make known; to relate
Aklanon
pa-duŋóg to honor, celebrate, give honor to
Nias
fa-roŋo to hear from all sides
SHWNG As
fɔlɔnɔ to hear
OC Bugotu
va-roŋo to hear, listen to, obey
WMP Cebuano
paka-duŋúg hear many things; cause someone to hear
OC Arosi
haʔa-roŋo to tell, give news, inform
Wayan
vaka-roŋo listen; obey, take heed of what one is told
Fijian
vaka-ro-roŋo to hear, listen, obey
Samoan
faʔa-loŋo to hear; listen; pay attention; obey; feel
faʔa-loŋo-ŋa feeling
Rarotongan
aka-roŋo to hear, to listen, to obey, to yield to, to pay attention to, to heed; obedience; obedient
Maori
whaka-roŋo cause to hear, inform; listen; attend to, obey
Hawaiian
hoʔo-lono to listen, hear, obey; obedient
WMP Itbayaten
ka-dŋey-an how heard, where heard
Aklanon
ka-duŋg-án-an honor, fame, repute
Cebuano
ka-duŋg-án-an honor
Bahasa Indonesia
ke-deŋar-an able to be heard; to be heard
WMP Ilokano
d<um>ŋég to hear
Bontok
du-d<um>ŋəl one gifted in hearing the omens of birds
Ifugaw
d<um>ŋól can hear, able to hear
Ifugaw (Batad)
d<um>oŋol for the ear to hear, and thus to function properly
Tausug
d<um>uŋug to listen, hear, pay attention to or take heed (by listening)
Old Javanese
r<um>əŋö to hear
r<um>əŋö-rəŋö to listen in an effort to hear everything that is said
WMP Itbayaten
a-dŋey-en to listen, to heed, to hear advice
Ilokano
deŋg-en to hear, listen to
Bontok
dəŋl-ən to listen; to hear
Bikol
daŋog-ón to listen to
Tausug
duŋug-un to listen
Gorontalo
duŋoh-elo be heard, listened to
WMP Malay
dəŋkul knee
mən-dəŋkul to bend the knee
Javanese
ḍeŋkul knee
Balinese
deŋkul knee
Banggai
deŋkul to bend; bent
WMP Cebuano
luŋút-luŋút restless, moving about and talking in anger, exasperation, impatience to do something
Iban
deŋut murmur, grunt, whine, squeal (as young pigs), any protesting sound
Malay
deŋut give out a long low murmuring note, esp. of a quail
WMP Tagalog
lapád flat and wide
Iban
dempar flat (of forehead or back of hand)
Formosan Kavalan
zpi fathom
mu-zpi to measure by fathom
sa-zpi to stretch two arms
Puyuma
dəpa measure of two arms stretched wide
WMP Itbayaten
hadpa (<adpah) <M idea of stretched-arms length, or of fathom
Ilokano
deppá armspan
saŋa-dpa measurement of the arms extended, about six feet
Isneg
dappá fathom, a measure of length containing six feet; the space to which a man can extend his arms
Bontok
dəpa the measurement between the fingers of one’s outstretched arms
Kankanaey
sin-depá one fathom, about six feet
Ifugaw
dopá fathom, measure of length recognized among the Ifugaw
hin-dopá one fathom length
Ifugaw (Batad)
dopa a unit measure of an arm span, i.e., a distance measured between the fingertips of two outstretched arms
Casiguran Dumagat
dəppa fathom (a length measurement, about five feet; the length from one fingertip to the fingertip of the other outstretched arm)
sa-dpa one fathom, one span; to take a measurement by fathoms
Ayta Abellan
depah armsbreadth
Tagalog
dipá the length of both arms stretched out; a fathom
Bikol
dupá an arm’s length
Hanunóo
dupá fathom; a unit of linear measurement, equal to the distance between the tips of one’s extended arms; arm span
Masbatenyo
dupá fathom, two arms length
Abaknon
dappa to measure with armspan; fathom
Aklanon
dupá armsbreadth, armspan [unit of measure]; to stretch out one’s arms, hold one’s arms out sideways
Waray-Waray
dupá a unit of measure of full arms length; to stretch out someone’s arms widely
Agutaynen
depa a unit of measure the distance of outstretched arms
Cebuano
dupá to extend the arms out sideways (as in Christ on the cross); bar the way with outstretched arms; measure something by fathoms
Maranao
repa fathom --- a measure
sa-repa one fathom
Binukid
depa measurement, the length from the fingertips of one hand to the fingertips of the other measured with the arms outstretched; to measure (something) in this way
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
repa one fathom; the length of one’s outstretched arms; to measure by fathom or by outstretched arms
Mansaka
dupa armspan, fathom
Mapun
dappa an armspan (a measure of length or depth)
nappa to measure something by armspans
pa-dappa to measure something by armspans; to extend one’s arms out on both sides
Yakan
deppe arm span (measurement of length; both arms are stretched out, and one measures from fingertip to fingertip)
Tausug
dupa an armspan (a measure of length or depth)
Tombonuwo
ropo armspan
duwo no ropo two armspans
r<in>opa-an measured with armspans
Basap
dəpa fathom
Lun Dayeh
defeh a measurement indicated by the span of both arms outstretched between the tips of the middle fingers; a fathom, six feet
Kelabit
depeh fathom, distance between two outstretched arms
Kenyah
depa measurement (two yards)
ŋa-depa to measure in fathoms
Wahau
paʔ fathom, distance between outstretched arms
Gaai
paʔ fathom, distance between outstretched arms
Kelai
paʔ fathom, distance between outstretched arms
Mei Lan Modang
paʔ fathom, distance between outstretched arms
Woq Helaq Modang
paʔ fathom, distance between outstretched arms
Long Gelat Modang
paʔ fathom, distance between outstretched arms
Kayan (Uma Juman)
dəpaʔ fathom
Kiput
dəpih fathom
Bintulu
rəpa fathom
Melanau Dalat (Kampung Teh)
dəpa fathom
Ngaju Dayak
depæ fathom
Malagasy
refi a fathom, two yards, the measure from tip to tip of the fingers across the chest when the arms are spread out
Iban
depaʔ span of the arms outstretched (between tips of middle fingers), fathom; lengths of cane, rope, etc., and generally where English measure is in yards
Tsat
pa¹¹ fathom, armspan
Rhade
əpa fathom, span of outstretched arms
Moken
depa ~ adepa fathom
Malay
depa measure of length represented by the span of the outstretched arms; to measure in this way
Acehnese
deupa fathom
Gayō
depa fathom
se-depa one fathom
Simalur
rəpa fathom
Karo Batak
depa fathom
si-depa one fathom
Toba Batak
dopa unit of measurement: both arms outstretched across the chest; fathom
Nias
dõfa fathom
Sundanese
deupa fathom
ŋa-deupa to measure in fathoms
sa-deupa one fathom
Old Javanese
ḍəpa fathom (the outstretched arms as a measure of length)
Javanese
ḍəpa fathom (measure of length, i.e. the distance between the fingertips of the outstretched arms)
nəpa to measure in fathoms
Balinese
depa fathom (measure = distance from fingertip to fingertip of both outstretched arms)
ha-depa one fathom
Sasak
depa fathom
Sangir
dəpa fathom
Tontemboan
rəpa fathom
Tonsawang
dəpa fathom
Mongondow
yopa fathom, unit of measurement between the outstretched arms
Uma
dopo fathom
ha-nopo one fathom
Tae'
daʔpa fathom
Proto-Bungku-Tolaki
*ropa fathom
Buginese
rəppa fathom
Makassarese
rappa fathom, distance between the tips of the middle fingers of the outstretched arms
Wolio
ndapa fathom
Muna
rofa fathom, double arms length; measure in arms’s lengths (with outstretched arms)
CMP Manggarai
depa fathom
Rembong
depa fathom
Ngadha
depa measure with outstretched arms, as in divination
Lamaholot
dəpã to measure in fathoms
Kambera
ràpa fathom
man-dàpa a fathom long, said of the horns of buffalos
Tetun
roha fathom, the length of the extended arms
Leti
rea fathom
Wetan
rewa a unit of measure (fathom, about six feet)
Selaru
re fathom
Yamdena
defe fathom
n-def to fathom, measure by fathoms
Fordata
refa fathom
n-refa to fathom, measure by fathoms
Kei
ref a fathom
en-refa-k to measure in fathoms
Dobel
re span, fathom
Kamarian
rea fathom
Asilulu
lea fathom
Boano₂
lea fathom
Buruese
repa fathom
SHWNG Kowiai/Koiwai
ref armspan, fathom
Taba
lof armspan, fathom
Buli
lof fathom
lof-sa one fathom
Numfor
rof fathom
OC Lakalai
la-lova-la a fathom
la-lova-la i-saa one fathom
Motu
roha fathom; length
roha-ia to measure; to fathom
Dobuan
roa fathom
Mota
rova to stretch out the arm, stretch out at arms’s length; to measure with the stretch of the arms; a fathom
Tongan
ofa fathom, six feet; (in gardening) the distance between two consecutive rows of yams, etc.
Niue
ofa a fathom; to measure in fathoms (i.e. with outstretched arms)
Futunan
lofa fathom, distance from tip to tip between outstretched arms
Nukuoro
loha fathom (the span of one’s outstretched arms)
loha-loha to measure off in fathoms
Rennellese
goha fathoms of line or distances; to be such
WMP Ilokano
i-deppá to extend the arms; hang on a cross
Tagalog
i-dipá to open the arms wide; to stretch out the arms
Masbatenyo
i-dupá extend the arms
WMP Pangasinan
man-depá to spread with outstretched arms
Bikol
man-dupá to measure with the arm
Sangir
mən-dəpa to fathom, measure in fathoms
WMP Ilokano
ag-deppá to extend the arms
Isneg
mag-dappá to extend both arms
Agutaynen
mag-depa to measure with outstretched arms
Tausug
mag-dupa to extend one’s arms to the side
WMP Tagalog
d<um>ipá to open the arms wide; to stretch out the arms
Old Javanese
ḍ<um>əpa to span, enclose
Tontemboan
r<um>əpa to measure in fathoms
WMP Itbayaten
ha-dpa-dpa-en to measure by fathoms
Ilokano
deppa-en to measure with the arms extended
Bontok
dəpa-ʔən to measure by arm lengths
Tagalog
dipah-ín to measure something by stretching out the arms
Bikol
dupa-on to measure with the arm
Masbatenyo
dupa-hón be measured by outstretched arms
Agutaynen
depa-en to measure with outstretched arms
Balinese
depa-hin to be measured with the outstretched arms
WMP Karo Batak
n-depa-i measure something in fathoms
Nias
dõfa-i to measure in fathoms
Tae'
daʔpa-i to measure by fathoms
WMP Malay
dədap tree name, generic for Erythrina spp., used as shade trees for coffee and to make props for sirih vines
CMP Rotinese
dela-s shade tree, Erythrina spp.
WMP Ilokano
deppél thumbprint; imprint; to touch, press
Palawano
depel for bodies to touch
WMP Atta (Pamplona)
dapan mat
CMP Bimanese
dipi mat
WMP Karo Batak
depuk snapping, cracking (of the explosion of roasting corn, rice, etc.)
CMP Manggarai
ndepuk sound of wood breaking, cracking
WMP Maranao
depol dull, as in tool
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
dumpel <M to dull the cutting edge of a cutting tool
CMP Manggarai
dempul dull, blunt
Formosan Paiwan
zepuŋ cobra: Naja naja
WMP Hanunóo
dupúŋ snake sp. (probable genus Trimeresurus, species Wagleri Boie [?])
Cebuano
dupúŋ kind of short-bodied and very venomous snake
Lun Dayeh
defuŋ a short python
defuŋ refuk a very poisonous snake with a color that resembles a rotten log
Kayan
depuŋ a stubby greenish snake about two feet long, with short tail; very poisonous and aggressive
Formosan Paiwan
deruŋ thunder
WMP Malay
deroŋ deep booming sound such as the clanging of a bell
WMP Isneg
deggaŋ red
Itawis
raggáŋ red
Bisaya (Limbang)
ragaŋ red
Bulungan
deraŋ red
Bekatan
raraŋ (reduplication of **raŋ < *deRaŋ) red
WMP Malay
dəras rapidity of movement
Toba Batak
doras fast, quick
pa-doras hasten, quicken the pace of something
OC 'Āre'āre
ro-rora hastily, quickly, hurriedly
Arosi
rora to hasten, be early, make haste
Formosan Proto-Rukai
*DərəDər thunder
WMP Cebuano
d-al-ugdug thunder
Maranao
d-al-endeg (secondary prenasalization) thunder
WMP Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
deɣeŋ groan in pain
Tboli
doloŋ a groan, moan; to groan, moan from sickness
Kayan
deheŋ gruff voice
Malay
deraŋ clanging sound, of the sound of a gong, etc.
OC Tolai
roro to roar, of the sea on the reef or the surf; to boom
Mota
roro-i the sound, report of something
o roro lama the sound of the sea
WMP Murut (Timugon)
dogop communal help (in harvesting, planting, house-building, etc.)
Sundanese
derep offer one's services at the rice-harvest
Javanese
derep offer one's services at the rice-harvest
Balinese
derep help with the rice-harvest in return for a share of the crop
WMP Ilokano
degʔás the second pounding of rice
degʔás-en to re-pound rice
Isneg
mag-daggāt to repound rice; to pound it thoroughly until it is completely unhusked --- this operation follows the toltól (first pounding of rice)
Bontok
dəgʔás to pound rice which is still unhusked after a first pounding
Kankanaey
na-degʔás pounded white; pounded thoroughly
Maranao
regas to pound, as rice
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
reǥas to finish pounding rice or corn in a mortar
Tausug
mag-duʔgas to repound rice in order to clean it more thoroughly
Proto-Minahasan
*dahas secondary pounding of rice
WMP Ilokano
deggés gush out, issue copiously, flow spoutingly
Isneg
daggát rain heavily
Maranao
reges water current
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
reɣes of rain, heavy
Tiruray
reges (of water) flowing swiftly with a strong current
Ngaju Dayak
dehes strong flow
Tsat
sia¹¹ fast (coming back)
Malay
deras rapidity of movement (as of tidal flow)
Javanese
deres hard, forceful (of an outpouring)
udan deres hard rain
OC Fijian
drō-drō a current, chiefly of the sea; to flow
WMP Maranao
regiŋ to parrot, make a noise or to parrot
Malay
deriŋ (onom.) ring out; jingle, as a sword, anklets or the metal hangings on a standard of the jogan type
Sangir
dehiŋ buzzing, droning in the ear
WMP Maranao
dego grunt
rego groan
Iban
deruʔ guntur roll of thunder (Scott 1956)
Malay
men-deru to roar, as a crowd, or the rush of a cataract; of roaring wind, of a storm’s roar; of poultry cackling their greetings to a new arrival
Formosan Puyuma (Chihpen)
deruŋ thunder (Ferrell 1969)
Puyuma (Tamalakaw)
zeRuŋ thunder (Tsuchida 1982)
Paiwan
zuŋ distant rolling thunder
WMP Malay
deroŋ deep booming sound such as the clanging of a bell
WMP Cebuano
hana-gdúŋ, hina-gdúŋ small tree of thickets. A fluid which is blown out of the wood is used as a poultice for swellings. The leaves are mixed with water for bathing babies
Tboli
dloŋ a large, soft-wood tree with beautiful grain, good for house building
CMP Manggarai
redoŋ <M a tree: Trema orientalis
Rembong
deroŋ a tree: Trema orientalis
WMP Ilokano
desdés trail, path
desdes-an to cut a path into the forest, make a path
Kankanaey
i-desdés to trample on; to tread upon; to trample underfoot, as rice straw when harvesting, or the body of a fallen enemy
Ifugaw
dohdó(h) to push down with one’s hands, or stamp down, e.g. long grass, rice plants, straw of rice plants that still remain standing in a rice field
Ibaloy
man-desdes to roll up one’s sleeves, trouser legs; to push something out of the way (as pushing back the cuticle around a fingernail, cut grass at the edge of a field
Aklanon
dúsdus to push, shove
Hiligaynon
mag-dúsdus to push, to shove; to mix
Cebuano
dusdús shove, push something close towards or against something (as pushing two beds together, or shoving a torch against a beehive); push one’s way (as through a crowd)
WMP Itbayaten
resdes idea of rubbing
resdes-en roll a bundle together (as when making a cigar)
Ibatan
desdes to roll or rub together something between the palms of the hands
Hanunóo
dusdús rubbing of the stomach with herb medicines, always with a downward motion
WMP Binukid
desek to push, press something down (as pushing clothes down within a sack)
Malay
dəsak heaped up; pushed together roughly
mən-dəsak to push aside; to push together
Balinese
desek near, forward; pressed together, crowded
Sasak
dəsək pressed together, rub against one another
WMP Bontok
dəsək to thrust a stake into the ground; to stick a knife or other pointed object into something, such as wood
Ifugaw
dohók to prick, sting with or without purpose; to hurt by using a sting or sting-like thing
CMP Manggarai
decek to pierce, stab
WMP Casiguran Dumagat
désog thud (of something hitting the ground when it fell)
Malay
desur dull sizzling sound
Formosan Paiwan
zetzet to tighten weave (by using wooden tamper)
WMP Kankanaey
na-detdét thick; close-woven; compact; tight
Aklanon
dútdut to tighten, squeeze together (usually by pushing)
Agutaynen
d<om>eʔdet to press up against another person’s back or side in a crowded place; to squeeze one’s way through a crowd
Cebuano
mu-dutdút move close in through obstacles; crown close to someone; put, be crowded together; stuff something into an opening; crowded close together
lutlút squeeze something extra into an area which has little room; be squeezed in.’
Iban
dedat packed, crammed in (as things in a box)
Sundanese
dedet full, brim-full; crowded tightly
pa-dedet-dedet crowd against one another’
Old Javanese
ḍeḍet compact, dense, thick, packed (both: filling completely, and: filled
Javanese
n-ḍeḍet thick, full and dark (clouds); to tighten when jerked (as a fishline); to
Sasak
dedet close together
Formosan Pazeh
di locative or directional case marker (Li 1978:573)¹
WMP Itbayaten
di proximal locative (do = distal locative; (Tsuchida, Yamada and Moriguchi 1987:22)
Ivatan
di locative case marker for singular personal names (living people’)
Bisaya (Lotud)
di oblique case marker for singular personal names
Tatana
di oblique case marker for singular personal names
Kadazan (Papar)
di oblique case marker for singular personal names
Murut (Nabaay)
di oblique case marker for singular personal names
Murut (Timugon)
di oblique case marker for singular personal names
Minokok
di oblique case marker for singular personal names
Murut (Kolod)
di oblique case marker for singular personal names
Tidung Bengawong
di oblique case marker for singular personal names
Bulusu
di oblique case marker for singular personal names
Iban
di (of relative position) at, in, on
Malay
di in, at; an inseparable locative prefix, e.g. di-antara (between, among), di-atas (atop, above), di-bawah (at the bottom of, below)
Acehnese
di preposition of location: in, to, by, on, at, out, from
Simalur
di locative preposition indicating the place of rest (only in borrowed expressions)
Toba Batak
di preposition: in, for, at, by, from, along, inside; can be used with pronouns, as in: di ho (di + 2sg) ‘to you, for you’, or mar-anak ho di ibana (have-child 2sg di 3sg) ‘do you have children from him?’
Lampung
di at
Sundanese
di in, at, on, to, under (dina = same meaning, but not used before names)
Old Javanese
ri particle with prepositional function (also expressed as i, iŋ); occurs before nouns, and as a preposition with the meaning ‘in, on, by, through, with’ (Zoetmulder 1982) which function as grammatical subject (esp. before place-names), as grammatical object
Balinese
di preposition: in, on, at
Bare'e
ri locative preposition: at, in, on, to; can be used with pronouns, as in ku-keni ri siko (1sg-bring ri 2sg) ‘I bring it to you’
Tae'
di in, to, from, toward
Proto-Bungku-Tolaki
*ri locative preposition of very broad scope (Mead 1998)
Proto-South Sulawesi
*di locative marker (Mills 1975)
Mandar
di at, on; to; from
Buginese
ri in, at, on; toward; from
Makassarese
ri in, at, on; toward; from
WMP Bontok
di that (3p)
Berawan (Long Jegan)
ray there
CMP Ngadha
di this, that
WMP Kalinga
si-adi that (3p)
Balangaw
y-adi that (3p)
Tagalog
y-arí this
Mansaka
y-adi this (very near)
Berawan (Long Jegan)
aray there
Malagasy
arý there, yonder, signifying a distant place not seen
Samihim
ari that
CMP Buruese
h-adi that
OC Bauro
i-ari this
WMP Isneg
iddí this, here
iddí-n now, today
Kalinga
s-idi there (3p)
Ifugaw
h-idí there yonder, that yonder (3p)
Sambal (Botolan)
ba-yrí here
Tagalog
irí this
Kelabit
(i)dih this; it; thing just mentioned
Kayan (Uma Bawang)
irih that (2p)
Bintulu
irəy that (2p)
d-irəy there (location)
t-rəy there (direction)
Malagasy
irý that, there, yonder, at some distance but seen
Dairi-Pakpak Batak
idi that one, there, over there
Toba Batak
indi that, there
Chamorro
guihi there (3p)
OC Nggela
iri demonstrative: those
Larevat
iri that
Lonwolwol
ir yonder, over there
WMP Casiguran Dumagat
diyan don't
Kayan (Busang)
jian no, not
Kayan (Uma Juman)
jan no, not
CMP Kambera
ndia not
WMP Cebuano
díris strong offensive odor of a siŋgawuŋ (kind of civet)
Malay (Brunei)
dédés ~ didis civet-cat, Viverra spp.
Malay (Pattani)
dédés ~ didis civet-cat, Viverra spp.
Sundanese
dédés *i > é unexplained civet cat
Formosan Puyuma
ɖikəT stick; adhere
pa-da-ɖikəT sticky paper
pa-ɖikəT stick something on a surface
pa-ka-ɖikəT anchor
ɖ<əm>ikəT to stick; adhere
ɖikəT-an sticky rice (generic for types of sticky rice)
WMP Ilokano
díket a generic name for several varieties of rice ... ; the díket is very soft and oily, and is used chiefly to make native sweets
CMP Buruese
dike-k glue, stick
WMP Casiguran Dumagat
diklém raincloud; dark, blurry, cloudy
Bikol
mag- diklóm to grow dark
ma-diklom-án to be caught by darkness (as at the end of the day)
WMP Casiguran Dumagat
me-diklém blurry, of eyesight
Bikol
ma-diklóm dark, lacking in light
WMP Ilokano
dikén pad placed on the head to put loads upon
Ibaloy
diken head pad for carrying loads on the head
Pangasinan
dikén cloth ring placed on head under pot, basket being carried
Tagalog
dikín a circular mat made of braided strips of rattan, bamboo, or other material, and placed under cooking pots and drinking glasses
Manobo (Agusan)
diken to set a pot or kettle on the fire
WMP Javanese
ḍikih small and weak (Pigeaud 1938)
OC Sa'a
riʔi small (paired with raha ‘big’; not in common use)
Arosi
riʔi small
Mota
rig small; in rare use
Tangoa
rixi-rixi small
Marino
riki small
Tongan
liki little (plural, but only in certain compounds)
Samoan
liʔi be scattered in small fragments
li-liʔi made of small units
Rennellese
giki to be small
Hawaiian
liʔi small, tiny
li-liʔi tiny, dainty, fine
liʔi-liʔi here and there, piecemeal, a little at a time, in bits; diminutive
Formosan Paiwan
đikitj short
WMP Bikol
dikít little, few, a drop, some, scant, meager, etc.
Malay
dikit small quantity, little
OC Tanga
lik small, little
Marino
riki small
Peterara
riŋgi small
Baetora
rik-rik small
Tongan
i-iki dual or plural of siɁi (small, little; young, younger) when it means small, and sometimes when it means younger, etc.
Niue
iki-iki small
Samoan
liʔi be scattered in small fragments
li-liʔi made of small units
Kapingamarangi
ligi small (used only in compounds and idioms)
Nukuoro
ligi small
Rennellese
giki to be small
gi-giki to be small (of plural objects)
Anuta
riki small
Rarotongan
riki little, small; little or small in quantity, degree or size, not great; unimportant, petty, of little worth; a little, partially
Maori
riki small; few; be broken in pieces
Hawaiian
liʔi small, tiny
WMP Bikol
dikít dikít little-by-little, bit-by-bit, gradual(ly)
Malay
ber-dikit-dikit in small quantities, a little at a time
WMP Casiguran Dumagat
dilam to lick (as to lick honey off a spoon, or to lick sugar out of your hand; subject must be human)
Bikol
mag-dílam to lap up or catch with the tip of the tongue
Agutaynen
mag-dilam-dilam to stick one’s tongue out at someone and wiggle it
Binukid
dilam to lick one’s lips; to lick something from one’s lips
WMP Ida'an Begak
bəkə-dilap to twinkle
Karo Batak
dilap shining, sparkling (of black lacquer, etc.)
Makassarese
dillaʔ glitter, sparkle (metal), glisten (skin), flicker (fire)
CMP Manggarai
ndilap lightning, thunderbolt; to lighten, flash
WMP Ilokano
dílap to stick out the tongue
Aklanon
dílap to lick
Hiligaynon
mag-dílap to lick, to lap, to drawl the tongue like a dog
Tboli
dilof flame
Balinese
dilap to spread, of flames; to lick (of the tongue or of flames)
Formosan Saisiyat
riLæ to lick
Favorlang/Babuza
tsa-tsira tongue
Thao
siraq to kiss, lick
mapa-siraq kiss one another
Siraya
da-dila tongue
Rukai (Mantauran)
u-dila to lick
Paiwan
djilaq to lick
ma-djilaq be licked
ki-djilaq to lick oneself (as a cat)
WMP Itbayaten
rila tongue
Ilokano
díla tongue; native language; arrowhead
Agta (Dupaningan)
dilá tongue
Isneg
díla tongue
díla aníto a low sturdy plant with leaves cleft at the top; when placed next to the entrance of a house it denies access to any kind of evil (lit. ‘spirit’s tongue’)
Itawis
zíla tongue
Malaweg
dila tongue
Bontok
díla tongue
Kankanaey
díla tongue
dila-én to mock, to deride, to ridicule
Ifugaw
díla tongue
mun-díl-díla to continue putting out one’s tongue
dilá-an to lick
dīla the tongue of an animal, bird, chicken, person
Casiguran Dumagat
dilá tongue; to keep talking, gossip, talk in a bad way
Ibaloy
shila tongue
Pangasinan
dilá tongue
Kapampangan
dílaʔ tongue; fangs (?) of snake
Tagalog
dílaʔ tongue; the power of speech
man-dílaʔ to stick out or poke out one’s tongue at someone
diláʔ-an to stick out or poke out one’s tongue at someone
díla-ŋ ma-tigás a tongue not easily adaptable to pronouncing certain sounds in speech (lit. ‘hard tongue, rigid tongue’)
Bikol
dílaʔ tongue
mag-dílaʔ to lick
Buhid
dila tongue
Hanunóo
dílaʔ tongue
Masbatenyo
dílaʔ tongue
diláʔ-on be licked up
dila-dilaʔ-án to tongue something, as a harmonica in order to blow single notes; teach by use of the tongue
Bantuqanon
rilaʔ tongue
Aklanon
dílaʔ tongue
diláʔ-an sharp-tongued (referring to a gossiper)
paŋ-diláʔ-diláʔ stick out one’s tongue (in a taunting manner)
Waray-Waray
dílaʔ tongue
Agutaynen
dilak tongue
ma-boat taŋ dilak talkative (derogatory; lit. ‘long tongue’)
Hiligaynon
dílaʔ tongue
Palawan Batak
dilaʔ tongue
Cebuano
dílaʔ tongue
Maranao
dilaʔ tongue
dila-dilaʔ tongue, as on lumber
Binukid
dílaʔ tongue
pan-dílaʔ to lick up something
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
dilaʔ tongue; to lick; to lap
Mansaka
dílaʔ tongue
Tiruray
dilaʔ tongue; lick with the tongue
Tboli
dilak tongue
dilak kukuʔ an edible mushroom that grows on dry wood and looks like a cat’s tongue
Tausug
dilaʔ tongue
habaʔ dilaʔ talkative (lit. ‘long tongue’)
Kadazan Dusun
dihaʔ tongue
monon-dihaʔ to stick out the tongue
Tombonuwo
dilaʔ tongue
Murut (Paluan)
dilaʔ tongue
Ida'an Begak
dílaʔ tongue
Bisaya (Limbang)
diləʔ tongue
Kelabit
dilaʔ tongue
Narum
jiliʔ tongue
Seru
jila tongue
Iban
dilah tongue
butoh dilah uvula (lit. ‘penis of the tongue’)
dilah papan tongue of tongue-and-groove board
Tsat
la⁵⁵ tongue
Cham
dalah tongue
Malay
lidah <M tongue; the power of speech
lidah anjiŋ (lit. ‘dog’s tongue’) a plant: Veronia cinerea
lidah api darting tongue of flame
lidah badak (lit. ‘rhinoceros tongue’) a climbing aroid: Pothus latifolius or Opuntia monacantha
lidah keras stiff-tongued for strange sounds
Acehnese
lidah ~ dilah tongue
Simalur
dila tongue
Karo Batak
dilah tongue
Toba Batak
dila tongue
man-dila-dila to gossip
pa-dila-dilah-on treat with contempt
dila ni api flame (lit. ‘tongue of fire’)
Mentawai
lila tongue
Rejang
dileaʔ tongue
Balinese
dilah flame, blaze
Sasak
dilaʔ to light up, illuminate
Sangir
dila tongue (also in carpentry)
Tonsea
didaʔ tongue
Tontemboan
lilaʔ tongue
Mongondow
dilaʔ tongue
mo-dilaʔ to lick, taste (also used metaphorically)
Buol
dila tongue
Uma
jilaʔ tongue
Bare'e
jila tongue and anything resembling it
jila leti clitoris (lit. ‘tongue of the vagina’)
me-jila to lick
Tae'
lila tongue
lila kilaʔ bolt of lightning
Makassarese
lila tongue; tongue-shaped object (e.g. the needle of a scale for weighing)
lila-lila kind of fish
lila macaŋ kind of cactus (lit. ‘tiger tongue’)
lila-pepeʔ tongue of flame that darts upward
Formosan Thao
s<m>iraq to kiss, to lick (as a child licking candy)
Saaroa
s<um>a-silaə to lick
Paiwan
dj<m>ilaq to lick
WMP Kankanaey
d<um>íla to tell a story, a fib, a hoax; to speak ill, to backbite
Balinese
d<um>ilah to flame, flare up
Tontemboan
l<um>ilaʔ stick out the tongue
WMP Malay
anak lidah uvula (lit. ‘child of tongue’)
Makassarese
anaʔ-lila uvula (lit. ‘child of the tongue’)
WMP Malay
lidah buaya (lit. "crocodile tongue") aloe; also the plant Saseviera zeylanica, from which bowstring-hemp is obtained
WMP Cebuano
dílaʔ-dílaʔ reed of a wind musical instrument
dílaʔ-dílaʔ sa íruʔ two hairy herbs with medicinal uses: Elephantopus mollis and E. spicatus
Mansaka
dila-dilaʔ small plant with somewhat tongue-shaped leaves
Karo Batak
dilah-dilah kind of cactus with broad stem joints
WMP Itbayaten
rilas pancreas (part of the body)
Tiruray
dilos the spleen
Tboli
dilós spleen
WMP Ilokano
ag-dílat stick out the tongue
dilat-an stick out the tongue at someone
Pangasinan
dilát stick out the tongue
Kapampangan
man-dilat stick the tongue out
pan-dilat-an stick the tongue out at someone
dilat-an to lick something
Malay
jilat to lick or lick up; of touching with the tongue; of a dog licking up food; of a dancing girl picking up coins with her lips; and of tongues of flame “licking up” anything inflammable
Malay (Jakarta)
dilat to lick or lick up
Karo Batak
n-dilat to lick, give a lick to
n-dilat-i lick something off
Toba Batak
man-dilat to lick
Rejang
jileut to lick
Javanese
dilat to lick (as an animal licking its wounds, a flame licking upward)
WMP Ilokano
diláw turmeric
Casiguran Dumagat
dilaw yellow, any yellowing or light orange color
Tagalog
diláw yellow (noun and adjective); root crop used in dyeing food and clothing (= turmeric)
ma-diláw yellow; having a yellowish color
d<um>iláw to yellow; to become yellow
Hanunóo
diláw turmeric; the color yellow
ma-diláw yellow
WMP Banggai
dilep glitter, sparkle, shine
CMP Manggarai
silep flash, shine, sparkle
OC Arosi
riro to flash; to lighten, of lightning
WMP Tagalog
dílis long-jawed anchovy
Bikol
dílis long-jawed anchovy: Stelophorus commersoni
Agutaynen
dilis a type of small, long-jawed anchovy fish used to make fish paste when soused in brine
Subanon
dilis sun-dried herring (Formosan only)
Formosan Saisiyat
rilaŋ rust
Bunun (Isbukun)
dinaŋ rust (Shigeru Tsuchida, p.c., 2/29/12)
Paiwan
djilʸaŋ rust, corrosion
ma-djilʸaŋ become rusty
dj<m>ilʸaŋ to cause to rust
WMP Iban
diŋa hear, listen
Singhi Land Dayak
ki-diŋah (-h for expected -ch) hear
CMP Bimanese
riŋa hear
WMP Lun Dayeh
diŋan with
Singhi Land Dayak
diŋan friend
Sangir
diŋaŋ companion
WMP Itbayaten
riñdiñ wall (esp. of cogon grass); partition
Isneg
diŋdíŋ wall, walling (of a building)
Itawis
zínziŋ wall
Bontok
diŋdíŋ wooden wall of a house or granary; build a house with wooden walls
Kankanaey
diŋdíŋ wall of a house
d<in>iŋdíŋ house whose walls are made of boards arranged side by side
Ifugaw
diŋdíŋ walls of huts (very seldom of houses or granaries), made of twilled bamboo flakes; walls of huts may also be made of biláu (arrow-grass) canes
Casiguran Dumagat
diŋdíŋ wall of a house; to make a wall
Pangasinan
díŋdiŋ wall; to wall a house
Ayta Abellan
liŋliŋ wall of a house
Kapampangan
dindíŋ walls
Tagalog
diŋdíŋ wall (of room or house), partition between rooms
Aklanon
díŋdiŋ wall
Hiligaynon
díŋdiŋ wall of a building
Cebuano
díŋdiŋ wall; side covers of any box-like thing
Binukid
diŋdiŋ wall; partition; side covers of any box-like thing
Mansaka
diŋdiŋ to use to divide space, to curtain
Tombonuwo
rindiŋ wall
Murut (Paluan)
rindiŋ wall
Ida'an Begak
rindiŋ wall
Supan
rindiŋ wall of a house
Berawan (Long Terawan)
diciŋ partition between rooms in a longhouse
Kayan
lidiŋ wall of a house
Kiput
diriə house wall
Melanau Dalat (Kampung Teh)
didiəŋ wall of a house
Ngaju Dayak
dindiŋ wall, screen, curtain, cover
ba-dindiŋ covered; seek protection
Malagasy
rindrina wall of a house, side of a house
mi-rindrina to shut, close
Iban
dindiŋ wall, partition; protect, defend
Salako
dinikŋ wall
Malay
dindiŋ screen; partition; inner wall in house (the root meaning is ‘screening off’)
Simalur
dindiŋ wall
Karo Batak
diŋdiŋ wall, walling; shelter, protection
n-diŋdiŋ-i protect something or someone (fig.)
Toba Batak
diŋdiŋ side wall of a Batak house
man-diŋdiŋ-i construct the side wall of a house
Balinese
diŋdiŋ partition-wall, screen of woven bamboo
diŋdíŋ-an be partitioned
Sasak
dindiŋ wall of woven bamboo
dindiŋ ando planks covered with mats placed in a grave so that the earth will not fall on the corpse
Mongondow
dindiŋ wall; to wall in; to board off
Dampelas
dindiŋ wall of a house
Bare'e
rindi wall
mo-rindi have a wall, be walled
Tae'
rindiŋ wall in, surround with walls; wall, partition; side of the ribcage
rindiŋ-i to wall in
Proto-Bungku-Tolaki
*rindiN wall
Mandar
rindiŋ wall
Makassarese
rinriŋ wall (of planks, thatch, woven bamboo
paʔ-rinriŋ partition off (with curtain, etc.)
rinriŋ-i wall in, surround with walls
Wolio
rindi wall; be like a wall: protect the country against infiltration by foreigners
rindiŋ-i to wall in
CMP Bimanese
ɗindi inner and outer walls of house; dividing curtain
Komodo
ridiŋ wall
Manggarai
rindiŋ curtain, partition, wall; mosquito net; partition off
Kambera
dindiŋu wall, walling; screening off
Tetun
didin wall of a house, both internal and external
Asilulu
liri to wall up, to fence in, as in enclosing a garden
OC Kove
didiŋ-a wall
Mbula
didi build a wall, wall in, enclose
didi-kaala block, make a barrier by standing up sticks
didi-ut divide up the interior of a building by making walls
Arosi
didi wall of a house; make a wall or partition
WMP Muna
rindi cold (as air or water)
rindi wulu sick, ill (palace language)
ka-rindi coldness, cold
Chamorro
ma-neŋheŋ (< *maniŋdiŋ) cold, frigid, chilled
CMP Wetan
rinni to be cool, cold; to have a cold
Seit
pa-riki cold
SHWNG Irarutu
rindən cold
CMP Wahai
ma-riri cold
OC Mota
ma-ma-rir cold
Merlav
ma-rir cold
Central Santo
ma-riri cold
Fortsenal
ma-kiki cold
Vowa
ma-riri cold
Makatea
maka-riri cold
WMP Kelabit
diŋer hear
Balinese
diŋeh hear
CMP Hawu
rəŋi hear; understand (trans.)
WMP Malay
diŋin cold; chilliness, in contrast to pleasant coolness
diŋin-kan to chill
Balinese
diŋin cold, very cold
nasi diŋin cold cooked rice
diŋin-diŋin a climbing plant which flowers during the cool season
Tae'
diŋin cold, cool
Proto-South Sulawesi
*diŋin cold
Makassarese
diŋiŋ cold
diŋiŋ-diŋiŋ in a sad mood
Wolio
diŋi kind of plant the leaves of which are laid on the head as a cooling remedy against fever or headache
CMP Kei
rinin cold
WMP Tae'
ma-diŋin cold, shivering; very cool, of the wind
Moronene
mo-rini cold
CMP Kodi
ma-riŋi cold
Dhao/Ndao
ma-riŋi cold
Helong
b-liŋin cold
Wetan
rinni cold
Selaru
ma-rin cold
WMP Cebuano
díkit be close so as to touch, put something close to touch it
liŋkit for two things to be joined along their lengths
Maranao
riŋkit stick together
Sundanese
déŋkét touching one another, intertwined (as plants)
Javanese
ḍéŋkét adhere to, be right next to
Uma
diŋkiʔ layer
WMP Yami
ji not
Itbayaten
di- prefix: not, no
Ilokano
di adverb of negation (di-ka maŋan ‘Don’t eat!’, di pay ‘not yet’, etc.)
Isneg
di not; not to like, to refuse (no di ‘if not’, etc.)
Tagalog
diʔ not (diɁ ma-ganda ‘not beautiful’, etc.)
Maranao
diʔ no, not
Subanon
diʔ not (negation of non-nouns)
Mansaka
di negates action (Di kaw ma-panaw adto ‘Will you not go there?’, etc.)
Tausug
diʔ no, not; negates predicates which have not begun aspect verbs as heads (DiɁ aku ma-bayaɁ kay-mu ‘I don’t like you’, etc.)
WMP Bintulu
dəzaʔ good
Melanau (Mukah)
diaʔ good
CMP Manggarai
diʔa good
OC Lau
dia-na good, beautiful
Sa'a
dia-na good, proper; accurate; beloved
WMP Maranao
didiʔ bubble froth, foam; boil
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
diʔdiʔ of water, to boil; figuratively of the brain, to think hard, to be full of thoughts; a bubble in a boiling substance
Abai Sembuak
l<əm>idiʔ to boil water
Murut (Tagol)
l<um>iriʔ to boil water
Malay
mən-dideh to boil up; to effervesce
Balinese
didih to froth, foam, bubble; scum, froth, rice water, skin floating on oil
Proto-Minahasan
*diʔdiʔ to boil
Tonsawang
didi to boil (of water)
Mongondow
mo-didiʔ to boil, boiling
mo-didiʔ iŋ ginaku ‘my heart is boiling’ (from passion)
Proto-South Sulawesi
*(d)ehde to boil
Makassarese
rere-uriŋ foam that rises to the surface when cooking rice
aʔ-rere to bubble; to boil (intr.); (fig.) boiling, as someone’s mind, feelings
OC Wayan
riri be cooked (of food)
Fijian
riri to be cooked by boiling; a shed, cooking place, kitchen, temporary house
vaka-riri-ŋa to boil a thing
Tongan
lili to boil (of the sea). to be turbulent, violently rough; to be very angry, to boil with rage, to be furious
WMP Ilokano
dippît-en press, compress
ag-di-dippît crowd, press together, throng, be crushed
d-um-ippît lean, cast one's weight on somebody
Cebuano
dipʔit put something with some height close to something else so that it is touching or nearly touching
lipʔit put something in between two flat surfaces
Sundanese
démpét pressed together; grown together, of body parts (as of two fingers)
Old Javanese
a-ḍimpit closely joined, fastened together
Formosan Saisiyat
mi-riLiʔ to stand
Thao
mi-lhilhi to stand (active), stand up, get up, rise, as from sleeping
mi-lha-lhilhi stand, be standing (stative)
pi-lhilhi help someone up when they have fallen
pu-lhilhi make something stand, erect something
Proto-Rukai
*ʔi-diʔi to stand
WMP Tombonuwo
mun-dii to stand up
Iban
diri stand, uphold, erect, cause to stand
Malay
diri an erect attitude
ber-diri to stand
men-diri-kan to erect, cause to stand
Gayō
diri to stand; upright (as a post)
CMP Kisar
maa-riri to erect, build
lau-riri house poles, pilings
Leti
na-riri he is standing
Selaru
i-n-dir to stand
sya-diri stand something up, place on end
Yamdena
na-f-diri to stand something up
di-diri standing up; post
Fordata
n-diri to stand
Kei
en-dir to stand, stand up
WMP Bintulu
mə-riəy to stand
CMP Kisar
ma-riri to stand
Yamdena
na-m-dir to stand
SHWNG Irarutu
m-rir to stand
Formosan Puyuma
dirus wash
da-dirus-an washing water, water to wash with; bathroom
d<əm>irus to wash oneself
WMP Yami
ma-rios take a bath
Itbayaten
rios idea of bathing, baptism-making
ka-pa-rios bath; act of bathing; act of conversion in baptism
ma-rios to bathe, take a bath
pa-rios-an bathing place
rios-en take a bath
Ilokano
ag-dígos take a bath, bathe
digus-en to bathe, apply water to
pa-digus-en to bathe animals; lead animals to a water hole
Agta (Dupaningan)
mag-degus take a bath, bathe; play in water, swim around
Isneg
mag-díxut to bathe
Casiguran Dumagat
digus bathe, take a bath
Isinay
zíhut bath
maz-zíhut to bathe, wash one’s body
map-pa-zíhut to bathe (someone, or a pet)
Bikol
ma-rígos to bathe, take a bath
mag-pa-rígos to bathe someone
Manobo (Ata)
digus bathe
Manobo (Tigwa)
digus bathe
Tiruray
fe-diyoh to bathe
fe-diyoh-on bathing place, bathroom
Tboli
dyo to take a bath, including washing one’s hair
d<em>yo to bathe
Manobo (Sarangani)
digos bathe
Kayan (Long Atip)
duh to bathe
Malay
dirus wetting, watering, irrigating
men-dirus ayer to pour water (on plants)
men-dirus-kan to spray, to water
Mongondow
digut to bathe
CMP Yamdena
na-diris to bathe oneself, wash children; baptize
WMP Old Javanese
dyus bath water, water for ritual purification
a-dyus to bathe, take a bath
Javanese
a-dus to take a bath; to go swimming
ŋe-dus to bathe someone
OC Kove
li-liu bath
Formosan Puyuma (Tamalakaw)
disdis cut many times, giving slight wounds
WMP Cebuano
disdis cut a slit in something
Malagasy
dídy a cut
Malay
didis cut into thin slices
SHWNG Buli
lilis cut meat in strips
WMP Ilokano
disól kind of herb with aromatic rootstocks used in medicine
Isneg
disól a stemless herb with two orbicular leaves; the rootstocks are used for perfume by old women, and rubbed on the leg they also cure the póal pain (pain in the leg caused by excessive marching: the galangale: Kaempferia galanga L.
Kapampangan
disúl kind of leaf used as a poultice to draw out slivers
WMP Tagalog
ditáʔ milky pine, the bark of which yields an alkaloid used as substitute for quinine: Alstonia scholaris L.
Hanunóo
ditáʔ a tall tree (Alstonia scholaris [Linn.]) with many medicinal uses; the sap is placed on cotton and applied directly to a decayed, aching tooth to allay the pain
Cebuano
ditáʔ big tree with light wood used for making wooden slippers, the bark of which is used against malaria: Alstonia scholaris
Maranao
ditaʔ tree with white funnel-shaped flower: Alstonia scholaris
CMP Bimanese
rida kind of large shade tree: Alstonia scholaris
Manggarai
sita a tree: Alstonia scholaris
Rembong
ritaʔ a tree: Alstonia scholaris
WMP Ilokano
díta snake venom; artificial poison
Isneg
díta venom, poison, whether natural (as in snakes), or artificial (for arrowheads, etc.); poison is obtained by boiling the bark of the lánug vine or the díta tree
Casiguran Dumagat
díta a tree (Tophopetalum toxicum, Antiaris toxicaria, or both), with sap made into a deadly poison used on arrows for raiding or defense, but never for hunting; to put dita sap on arrows
Ibaloy
shita poison, venom --- of that injected by a snake, rabid dog, spider
Pangasinan
ditá venom, poison secreted by snakes and other animals; to smear poison on an arrowhead, etc.
Ayta Abellan
dita venom of a snake; saliva of a rabid dog
Ayta Maganchi
dita poison, venom
Tagalog
dítaʔ poison applied to arrows
Bikol
dítaʔ plant sp. possessing a milky sap commonly used as a poison placed on tips of arrows
Formosan Amis
ditaʔ a lump of clay for making pottery; clay; a type of soil
CMP Rotinese
dite sticky; sap; bird lime
CMP Rembong
dodok pierce
Rotinese
dodo cut the throat of an animal, slaughter, kill
Buruese
dodo-h to stab at
OC Mussau
raura frigate bird
Tigak
raula bird sp.
Tolai
daulə Lesser Frigate Bird: Fregata ariel
Gitua
daula seabird sp.
Nehan
daul Lesser Frigate Bird: Fregata ariel
Nggela
daula the frigate bird; a spirit guardian of the sea
Arosi
gaura ~ kaura the frigate hawk, a sacred bird tattooed on chiefs
OC Ere
dral slitgong
Ahus
nhal slitgong
Kuruti
dral slitgong
Kele
dral slitgong
Mondropolon
cal slitgong
Levei
coŋ slitgong
Drehet
khaŋ slitgong
Likum
can slitgong
Sori
daŋ slitgong
Lindrou
dran slitgong
Wayan
lali slit-gong, a percussion instrument made by hollowing out a large log leaving a narrow slit; each village has a slit-gong for communal purposes; a signal or pattern beat out on a slit-gong
Fijian
lali the native wooden drum, and in modern use, a bell. It is beaten with two sticks called i uaua.
lali ni waŋga beat played on a high chief’s canoe when approaching a village
lali ni mate funeral beat
lali ni leŋga beat calling people together in sudden emergencies
lali vutu beat played at the birth of a chief
lali-ta to accompany a meke [native dance] with a drum
Samoan
lali middle-sized wooden gong, drum
Tuvaluan
lali wooden drum
Maori
rari some instrument used as an alarum or gong
OC Lou
rem lime spatula
Lenkau
hem lime spatula
Leipon
kin-dram lime spatula
Sori
ham lime spatula
Bipi
xam lime spatula
Seimat
xam-e-wap lime spatula
Mussau
ai ra-ramut-i lime spatula
Lakalai
la damu lime spatula
Gedaged
dam a spatula, made of bone or wood, used to transport lime into the mouth when chewing betel nut
Arosi
damu to chew betel nut
OC Pak
haŋ day
Loniu
ʔaŋ day
Nali
laŋ day
Bipi
xak day
Longgu
ndaŋi-ndaŋi day
Sa'a
caŋi day
Arosi
daŋi day
OC Roviana
ru-ruru a species of owl
Bugotu
duru (onom.) a bird, owl
Nggela
nduru owl
Rotuman
ruru owl
Tongan
lulu owl
Niue
lulu owl; (fig.) spouse; a European woman (from the pale face of the native owl)
Samoan
lulu white barn owl (Tylo sp.)
Rennellese
gugu barn owl, Tylo alba
Anuta
ruru hawk; owl
Maori
ruru ~ ruru-ruru owl: Ninox novaseelandiae
WMP Yami
do locative marker
Ivatan
do locative for common nouns
Casiguran Dumagat
du topic, attributive and oblique of common nouns that are absent
Murut (Nabaay)
du oblique case marker for common nouns (Formosan only)
Formosan Pazeh
dua to go; that yonder
diadi-dua to move there
mia-dua to go over there (far away); that yonder, opposite side of the river or the mountain
si-dua to go there
Paiwan
a-zua that, those
i zua there, over there
i-zua there is, there exists
pi-zu a to put there
s<m>a-zua go there
Paiwan (Western)
sa-zua-in destination
zua-zua-in furthest
WMP Yami
zozon locust, grasshopper
Itbayaten
lolon grasshopper, locust
Ivatan
lolon grasshopper
Ilokano
dódon locust
Isneg
dódon locust
man-ódon to catch locusts
Bontok
dúdun kind of migratory locust
Kankanaey
dúun locust
Ifugaw
dúdun locust
man-údun to catch locusts
Casiguran Dumagat
dudún grasshopper
Pangasinan
durón winged stage of locust or grasshopper
Kapampangan
durún locust
Bikol
dúron locust
duron-on be eaten or destroyed by locusts
Cebuano
dúlon locust; be attacked by locusts; swarm somewhat like locusts
WMP Palawan Batak
dudúʔ breast, teat
Subanen/Subanun
duduʔ breast
Tausug
duruʔ breast
Samal
duduʔ breast
Wolio
dudu female breast, udder
WMP Casiguran Dumagat
dúduy term of endearment used in the vocative towards one’s child (some Dumagats only use this term for a male child)
Agutaynen
dodoy term of reference or address for a little boy
WMP Ilokano
dugmón nest of the wild boar (or any other animal that is not a bird); dirty
ag-dugmón to make a nest (said of pigs); to wallow; to not make one’s bed
Casiguran Dumagat
dugmón lair, nest (of a wild pig, esp. of the nest where a sow gives birth to and keeps her piglets)
Bikol
dugmón nest of rats or rat-like animals
mag-dumón to make a nest in
Aklanon
dúgmon nest or mat for a pig
Cebuano
dugmún rags; things gathered by an animal to prepare its bed for giving birth
Binukid
dugmun for an animal to gather stuff to prepare a birthing place
Mansaka
dogmon to make a lair for young (as a wild pig)
Tiruray
domon a shelter made of grasses by wild pigs for protection from rain; to make a domon
Proto-Minahasan
*dumun nest, lair
Formosan Amis
rohroh the sound of far-away thunder
WMP Bekatan
duru thunder
Singhi Land Dayak
dudu thunder
CMP Kei
dud thunder
WMP Ilokano
dúol handout; food given to young birds by their mother
duól-an to give out, give for free
Hiligaynon
mag-dúhul to give personally, to hand
Cebuano
dúhul to convey something to someone by hand
Mansaka
dool to hand to (Formosan only)
Formosan Pazeh
dukuduk ginger: Zingiber officinale
Thao
suksuk ginger: Zingiber officinale
Tsou
cucʔu ginger: Zingiber officinale
Saaroa
suusuku ginger: Zingiber officinale
WMP Itbayaten
rokdok idea of bumping
rokdok-an to strike against
Tagalog
dukdók crushed flat
Bikol
dukdók to pound or crush, usually with a pestle
Cebuano
dukduk pound something repeatedly; for males to masturbate (slang); something to pound with
WMP Tagalog
mag-luklók to set on a throne
l<um>uklók to sit on a throne
luklúk-an seat of honor
Iban
dudok to sit, sit down
Malay
dudok situation; position; to sit; to dwell
Old Javanese
ḍuḍuk to sit (possibly connected with ceremonial functions)
Formosan Kavalan
m-zuqzuq to thrust with a stick, as into a hole (to catch a crab, etc.)
WMP Ilokano
dukdók to push into a hole
Formosan Paiwan
dukuŋ a bend, crook
WMP Cebuano
lukuŋ make a coil, form a circle from something stiff
Javanese
ruŋkuŋ walk with a bent back
WMP Bikol
dukóʔ bend over, stoop
Makassarese
dukku bend over, duck down
OC Nggela
rugu to stoop
Proto-Micronesian
*ruku enter with the head bowed
WMP Ilokano
dukut-en to pick someone’s pocket
dúkot to pick someone’s pocket
mag-dúkot to draw or pull out something (as from a pocket, a drawer, etc.); to pickpocket someone
Bontok
dukút-ən to pickpocket (<Ilokano)
Tagalog
dúkot a pull; drawing out from a pocket, bag or the like
d<um>úkot to draw or pull out something from a pocket or the like; to kidnap someone
dukút-an to be pickpocketed
Aklanon
dúkot to pick someone’s pocket
man-d<ur>úkot thief, pickpocket
WMP Ilokano
dukót uneasiness, inconvenience
ma-dukut-an to grieve; be sad; anxious
Agutaynen
mag-dokot to be resentful, or hold a grudge against someone; to refuse to speak to someone
Maranao
dokot loneliness
rokot loneliness
Banggai
lukut brood, sit on the nest
WMP Ida'an Begak
dukut weeds; to weed
Malay
dukut grass (used in Java)
Toba Batak
duhut grass, vegetation
man-duhut-i pull up weeds
duhut-duhut weeds
Rejang
dukuet a weed, a grass, an herb
Old Javanese
dukut ~ ḍukut grass
Sangir
dukuʔ grass, vegetation
Tontemboan
rukut grass, weeds
ka-rukut-en be overgrown with grass and weeds
CMP Anakalangu
rutu grass
Tetun
dut grass
WMP Toba Batak
duhut-on be overgrown with grass and weeds
Tontemboan
ruku-rukut-en be overgrown with grass and weeds
WMP Ilokano
dúlaŋ low table
Ibaloy
dólaŋ low table designed for use by those sitting on shetmog seats (low stools)
Pangasinan
dúlaŋ low table for use of people squatting on floor
Tagalog
dúlaŋ low dining table
Hanunóo
dúlaŋ shallow wooden tub or basin
Tausug
dulaŋ a tray laden with food
WMP Sambal (Botolan)
man-dolaʔ to spit
Subanun (Sindangan)
dulaʔ-en to spit
Subanon
d<um>ulaʔ to spit
Tboli
d<m>ulak to spit
Rungus Dusun
moŋo-dula to spit
Kadazan Dusun
duhaʔ saliva
momo-duhaʔ to spit
duha-an to spit
Mongondow
duyaʔ saliva
mon-duyaʔ to spit
Totoli
mo-dula to spit
CMP Keo
ae dula spittle, saliva
WMP Aklanon
dueás to slip
ma-dueás slippery
Maranao
dolas to slide, slip
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
dulas to slip or slide while walking
OC Tolai
dula-dula to slip or slide away; slippery
WMP Isneg
dul-dúlaw the yellow feathers of the oriole
Balangaw
dud-dulaw yellow
Ifugaw
dúlo what is brownish because of being dry, applied to leaves, betel nuts, bark of trees
Ifugaw (Batad)
dūlaw for a fruit to be fully yellow-ripe
Kalamian Tagbanwa
ma-dulaw yellow
Central Tagbanwa
dulaw yellow
Mamanwa
ma-dolaw yellow
Yakan
dulew turmeric; yellow ginger
Tausug
dulaw turmeric, an East Indian herb of the ginger family: Curcuma longa
WMP Ilokano
duldól to refuse to give up; force feed; insist upon; urge
Bontok
duldúl be carried away by a stream of water
Kankanaey
duldúl-an to dun; to beset for payment
Ifugaw
duldúl act of driving animals (e.g. pigs) ahead of oneself
Tagalog
duldól shoving or thrusting something with some force into something else, e.g. food into the mouth, a pen into an ink bottle, etc.
Masbatenyo
duldul-ón touch with the hand, reach with a pole, touch with an instrument
Waray-Waray
duldól act of poking or pushing something against another
Mansaka
dudul to press down on
Tiruray
dudul to drive someone away
WMP Kapampangan
duldúl thunder
Bikol
d<ag>uldól thunder
mag-d<ag>uldól to thunder
Agutaynen
doldol thunder
WMP Casiguran Dumagat
duləm-duləm for the sun to be hidden behind clouds (with resulting cool air)
Bikol
dulóm the dark of the moon; the period with no moonlight
Hanunóo
dulúm darkness
Aklanon
dueóm to get darker
Cebuano
dulúm for a night to be dark and moonless
WMP Ifugaw
dulí-dulí a kind of small cricket which hides in growing beans, eventually in their pods; it is difficult to discover them, but now and then it cries dulí-dulí
Ifugaw (Batad)
duli-dūli a cicada (produces a long, shrill sound)
Bikol
dulí-dulí cicada
WMP Isneg
dúlit shooting star
Aklanon
dúlis shooting star
WMP Isneg
dúlit shooting star
Hanunóo
dúlit a very small meteorite, or falling star
WMP Ilokano
dúlit stick, adhere (when touching glue, paste, etc.)
Isneg
d-in-úlit the place of the honey in a beehive
Old Javanese
dulit to make lime (for chewing betel)
WMP Yami (Imorod)
lolit dirt, grime on person
Itbayaten
rolit rubbish, dirt, stain, skin dirt
Ivatan
rojit dirt, grime on person
Ilokano
dúlit remains of a crushed bug
WMP Ayta Abellan
dolok to clean the hillside field after burning
Tagalog
pag-du-dulók digging out and burning sticks and rubbish in a kaingin (swidden)
Aklanon
dúeok to clear away the stumps of trees and other vegetation in order to plant
Agutaynen
mag-dolok to clean up a field after it has been burned (any remaining brush which wasn’t burned is now burned, and the large rocks are put to the side to form the boundary of the field
Cebuano
dúluk to make a clearing and burn it off for agricultural purposes
WMP Ilokano
dúloŋ bow, stem; prow
Casiguran Dumagat
dúloŋ bow (of a boat)
Agutaynen
doloŋ bow, front of a boat
mag-doloŋ to be positioned on the bow of a boat
Maranao
loloŋ prow
Tboli
duluŋ the front end, bow of a ship, boat; tip end of the roof on a house
Kayan
duluŋ prow of a boat
WMP Cebuano
dulug sleep together with someone
Maranao
dolog accompany
Old Javanese
dulur companion, that which goes together with something
WMP Ilokano
i-dúlot to offer
ag-i-dúlot to wait on a table, serve
Ayta Abellan
dolot to serve food (dish it up)
Tagalog
dúlot to offer; offering
mag-dúlot to offer
Bikol
dúlut gift, donation
mag-dúlut to donate, offer, impart
Cebuano
dúlut to serve food to visitors; make an offering of food in the diwáta ceremony, or on All Soul’s Day
Formosan Kavalan
zuma other (thing); other people
mai tu zuma nothing else
pat-zuma to have a change, to make it different
tat-zuma different
Saisiyat
a-ruma other
Atayal
rumaʔ some; sometime; some time ago; sometimes, from time to time
Seediq
doma somebody, someone; sometimes; several
dən-doma sometimes; one or the other; a certain one
Amis
roma other, another; different; some, some other, sometimes
roma-sato moreover
Thao
suma other; other people; someone; someone’s; sometimes; elsewhere
pan-na-sa-suma various others
Bunun
duma other, other people
Tsou
mo-cmo the others, the rest (Szakos 1993)
mo-cmo cou someone else, another person
Kanakanabu
cu-cumá-ini other people
Saaroa
u-suma-anə other
Puyuma
ɖuma other
ɖuma-ɖuma every
pa-ɖuma-ɖuma change for something else
si-ɖuma-(y)an other people, outsiders
WMP Ilokano
ag-dúma to differ
ag-du-dúma various, several, different
mai-dúma to be different
i-dum-duma to prefer, to excel
paka-i-duma-an preference; difference; uniqueness
Isneg
mag-du-dúma to make a selection
i-pad-pa-dúma to prefer
dum-dúma seldom, rarely
d<um>úma alone (with)
dumá-n to take for, to suppose to be
Pangasinan
dumá different, be different
man-dumá become different
ni-dumá abnormal
ni-rumá-rumá unique
Agutaynen
doma other, other people
Binukid
duma companion; something that belongs together with something else; to go, be together, to accompany; to be relatives
ka-duma-an kin, relatives outside of the immediate family; two people belonging to the same large group
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
duma companion, another; to accompany
Tiruray
dumo-n a partner, a companion; a kinsman of one’s own generation, a cousin
Tboli
dumu companion, other part of something; relatives; to be a relative or a companion to someone
Ida'an Begak
rumo 3sg, he/she
WMP Hanunóo
dúmpul blunt, as of arrow points, etc.
Maranao
dompol dull (tool)
CMP Manggarai
dumpul blunt, dull
Rembong
dumpul dull, blunt
WMP Cebuano
dúmul put something near the face (lips, mouth)
Maranao
domol touch with the lips, as a horse smelling something
Malay (Kedah)
domol snout of an animal
WMP Mentawai
luni rainbow
luni rainbow
Lampung
xunih rainbow
Proto-Minahasan
*duniʔ rainbow
Tonsea
duniʔ rainbow
Tombulu
duniʔ rainbow
Tonsawang
duniʔ rainbow
WMP Ibaloy
shonoŋ good, proper behavior
Pangasinan
dónoŋ skill, good qualities
ma-rónoŋ skilled
Ayta Abellan
donoŋ an ability or knowledge that others do not have; to be wise
ma-donoŋ talented, skilled; wise because of studies
Tagalog
dúnoŋ knowledge, wisdom
ka-runúŋ-an knowledge, wisdom; erudition; learning; knowledge gained by study; education
Bikol
ma-dúnoŋ astute, bright, clever, gifted, intelligent
Hanunóo
dúnuŋ intelligence, knowledge, know-how
Aklanon
dúnoŋ wisdom, knowledge
WMP Tiruray
duŋduŋ a temporary shade for a day or an overnight stay out in the open; to build a duŋduŋ
OC Tongan
ū be sheltered, esp. from wind or rain; sheltered (as a sheltered harbor)
Rennellese
gugu calm, sheltered, to leeward
haka-gugu protect; seek shelter; blocked, closed, shut off
Maori
ruru take shelter; sheltered
whaka-ruru affording shelter, sheltering; shelter, screen
Hawaiian
lulu calm, peace, shelter, lee, protection, shield, cloak; to lie at anchor
WMP Old Javanese
ruŋkuk hunched, huddled, crouching
CMP Manggarai
duŋkuk hunched over (in sitting)
WMP Ilokano
dúŋun tree whose bark is used to dye nets: Heritiera littoralis
Bikol
dúŋon tree producing timber for pilings, foundations, etc., and bearing a boat-shaped acidic fruit: Heritiera littoralis
Hanunóo
dúŋun a tree: Heritierra littoralis Dryand.
Malay
duŋun a seashore tree: Heritiera littoralis
WMP Casiguran Dumagat
duŋós nose
Hanunóo
dúŋus snout, as of a pig
WMP Cebuano
dula for animals to be shy and not allow anyone to approach them
Malay
dura anxiety, disquiet
WMP Maranao
doros slide down
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
rurus slide downward, slide something downward
Kelabit (Long Napir)
duru slide back, as when climbing a tree
WMP Kalamian Tagbanwa
duldul thunder
Cebuano
dugdúg, d-al-ugdúg thunder
Melanau Dalat
duduh thunder
Formosan Bunun
duli thorn
Bunun (Isbukun)
duɬiʔ thorn
Paiwan
djui thorn
WMP Bikol
dúgi fish bone, spine of a fish
maka-dúgi get a fishbone caught in the throat
Hanunóo
dúgi thorn, spike
Kalamian Tagbanwa
duli bone
Agutaynen
doli bone
Palawan Batak
dugí thorn
Subanen/Subanun
dugi thorn; fish bone
Binukid
dugi thorn, sliver (which has pricked the skin); to prick, cut, pierce the skin with a thorn or any sharp instrument; to get a sliver in the skin
dugi-en full of thorns
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
duɣi thorn; of a thorn, to pierce something
Klata
dulya thorn
Yakan
luhi thorn (growing on a plant)
luhi-an thorny
Sangil
duri bone
Tombonuwo
ruwi thorn
Minokok
rugiʔ thorn
Berawan (Long Terawan)
dukkih thorn
Kiput
durəy thorn
Bintulu
ruəy thorn
Melanau (Mukah)
duəy thorn
Ngaju Dayak
duhi thorn (of tree or plant)
Malagasy
rui a generic name for prickly shrubs
Iban
duriʔ thorn, spike; small spined shrimp
Jarai
drəy thorn
Malay
duri thorn (standing out at right angles); erect sting of fish; quill of porcupine (cf. onak ‘recurving thorn’, sonak ‘recurving sting of sting-ray’)
Acehnese
duroe thorn, spike
Karo Batak
duri thorn, spike, splinter; fish bone
Toba Batak
duri thorn, spike, sharp edge
bulu duri kind of bamboo with sharp spikes, used to protect the villages
Mentawai
rui thorn
Enggano
e-du-dui thorn, spike
e-du-dui thorn
Old Javanese
rwi ~ ri thorn, thorny plant
Javanese
ri ~ eri thorn; backbone of a fish; counting unit for fish
ŋe-ri resembling a fish bone
pa-ŋe-ri-n thorny place
Sasak
duri thorn
be-duri thorny
Sangir
duhi fish bone
talen-duhi remove bones from a fish
Tonsea
dui bone
Tonsawang
duhi bone
Mongondow
dugi thorn
Totoli
lui thorn
Balaesang
rui thorn
Petapa Taje
rui thorn
Bare'e
rui thorn, spike; kind of rattan (nanga) with sharp thorns, the leaves of which are used as roof thatch
Tae'
duri thorn, spike
pa-duri-duri thorny, spiky
Proto-Bungku-Tolaki
*rui thorn
Mori Atas
rui thorn
Buginese
duri thorn
CMP Kédang
luri-n bone
Waiyewa
rui bone
Lamboya
ri bone
Hawu
rui bone, bony
Dhao/Ndao
rui bone
Rotinese
dui(k) bone, fish bone
Atoni
nui bone
Tetun
rui-n bone, bones of the skeleton
kotuk rui-n backbone, spine
ikan rui-n fish bones
Tetun (Dili)
rui-n bone
Waima'a
rui bone
Erai
ruri(n) bone
Talur
ai-rui-n thorn
Tugun
ruri-n thorn; bone
Roma
rur-ni bone
West Damar
rur-rur-sa thorn
East Damar
ruri- thorn
Luang
ruri bone
Wetan
ruri thorn, bone, leaf-rib
Kei
luri-n bone; fish bone
Masiwang
lui-n bone
Manusela
huni thorn
Nuaulu
uni thorn
Saparua
ruri bone
Hitu
luli bone
Asilulu
luli- bone; thorn, fish bones; sew by hand, string together
luli-elak backbone
Wakasihu
lule thorn
Batu Merah
luli-va bone
Morella
luli bone
OC Penchal
tui- bone
Loniu
epi uy thorny sago (epi = sago)
Nali
drui- bone
Papitalai
drui- bone
Likum
cui- bone
Ponam
hui- bone
Sori
hui- bone
Lindrou
drui- bone
Bipi
xuy bone
Seimat
kui- bone
Wuvulu
xui- bone
Numbami
luli thorn; needle
WMP Bikol
ma-dúgi bony (referring only to fish)
Agutaynen
ma-doli choke on a bone or have one stuck in one’s throat
Old Javanese
ma-rwi ~ ma-ri thorny
Bare'e
ma-rui thorny, spiky
WMP Tau’t Batu
dugyan durian, Durio graveolens Becc.
Palawano
dugian durian: Durio zibethinus
Punan Kelai
lehjin durian
Berawan (Long Terawan)
kəjin durian
Kenyah (Long Anap)
dian durian
Murik
lian durian
Kayan
dian durian
Kiput
ləcin durian
Bukat
dujan durian
Lahanan
lian durian
Kapuas
duhian durian
Taboyan
duyan durian
Ma'anyan
ruyan durian
Iban
durian trees, Durio spp (Malvaceae), with large spiky (be-duriʔ) fruit
Malay
durian thorny fruit (see duri); specifically, the durian (Durio zibethinus) … but extended to the soursop, Anona muricata, the wild Durio malaccensis that yields a spiky edible fruit, etc.
Gayō
durin durian, Duria zinetinus
Karo Batak
buah durin durian
WMP Bare'e
runcu push or crowd into
CMP Manggarai
ducuk stab, pierce, penetrate
Formosan Basai
lusa two
Luilang
tsusa two
Taokas
rua two
Kavalan
zusa two (serial counting)
mrim-zusa fork, bifurcated
nan-zusa two for each person
qa-zusa two
qa-zu-zusa two at a time
q-zusa two days
rim-zusa divide into two
saqa-zusa second
ta-zusa soul of a living person
u-zusa two (things)
Saisiyat
roʃa two
Atayal (Squliq)
rusa two
Pazeh
dusa two
maa-dusa to be forked (bifurcation of a path)
mata-dusa second time; twice
mia-dusa second
mu-dusa divide into two
Amis
tosa two (non-humans)
kali-tosa-en be divided into two
sakina-tosa second time
Favorlang/Babuza
roa two
Thao
tusha two, in serial counting
kun-tusha divide into two
la-tusha two, in counting objects
min-tusha become two; do together, do as a pair or couple
pa-i-tusha divide into two
pak-tushá-n be divided into two by someone
ta-ta-tusha two at a time
Bunun
dusa two (non humans)
dusa-ŋ already two; still two
Tsou
euso two
Kanakanabu
cuúsa two (serial counting)
Siraya
duha two
Rukai (Budai)
ɖósa two
Puyuma
ɖua two
mi-a-ɖua two people
par-ka-ɖua in two, half
puka-ɖa-ɖua second
Puyuma (Tamalakaw)
Tuwa two (serial counting)
Paiwan
ḍusa two
ƚ<m>e-ḍusa to do two things (Western dialect)
mapa-tja-ḍusa divided into two groups (Western dialect)
p<n>e-ḍusa to split into two
tjara-ḍusa each one (gets) two
WMP Yami
doa two
ika-ra-roa the other (person)
tey-de-doa every two
Itbayaten
doha two (non-humans)
doha-ʔa two only, only two
mach-ma-roha to have second thoughts about the propriety of an act or thing
mapi-roha to be repeated
micha-doha dual
picha-doha-en to make two, to duplicate
pi-roha-an to repeat
pi-roha-en to restore, to return to the former place or position
Ilokano
duá two
kad-ka-duá afterbirth
kapi-duá second cousin
kapamin-duá second time around
ka-ra-ruá soul; spirit
maika-duá second
pamin-dua-en to multiply by two
pi-dua-en to do twice
Ibanag
duwa two
Agta (Dupaningan)
dúwa two
kali-dúwa soul
Isneg
duwā two
kapi-duwā second cousin
Kalinga (Guinaang)
duá two
Bontok
duwa two
du-d<ʔ>uwa <M to be two only
gə-dwa divide into halves
Kankanaey
duá two; both
in-pi-duá child begotten after a second marriage, fruit of a second marriage
pi-dua-en to do a second time, to do again
Ifugaw
duwá two
ga-dwá one half
halin-duwá doubt, be doubting
hin-du-dwá two for each
mika-dwá it is the second
mum-pi-dwá twice
Ifugaw (Batad)
duwa the number two
ma-duwa-y to be two unit measures of length, quantity, size, time, value, weight, etc.
Gaddang
adwa two
Casiguran Dumagat
(ə)-duwa two
kali-dúwa soul, spirit (of a living person); after death this becomes bəlet
Ibaloy
showa two – the cardinal number
ka-pin-showa second time, second one
kara-showa spirit of a living person; turns into kedariŋ/kaleshiŋ at death
pan-showa to divide something into two (as inheritance, large camote, piece of land)
Isinay
dwo two
gad-dwá half
kapíd-dwa second cousin
kád-dwa other half, mate in a pair
ka-kád-dwa afterbirth
Pangasinan
duá two
duá-ra two individuals
du-duá-ra two only
kamaré-rua soul
koma-duá second in order
mamin-duá twice, two times
pí-dua second time
sandé-rua two by two; two each
Sambal (Botolan)
lua two
Ayta Abellan
lowa two
Kapampangan
a-dwa-ʔ two
ka-ka-dwa-ʔ second
paŋal-adwa-n do something a second time
Bikol
duwá two; both
du-duwá only two
mag-pa-duwá to divide into two, to halve; to send two at a time
pag-duwá-on to double; to divide into two parts
tig-duwá two each
Buhid
duá two
Hanunóo
duwá two, a cardinal number
Masbatenyo
duhá two
Bantuqanon
ruha two
Aklanon
tigú-dwa two by two, two at a time
Waray-Waray
duhá two; double
duháʔ-a to make two or twice
Hiligaynon
duhá two
Palawan Batak
duwá two
Cebuano
duhá two
Maranao
doa two
Binukid
duwa two
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
duwa two
de-zuwa two, the free form used in counting
tiɣ-duwa by twos
Mansaka
dowa two
Tiruray
ruwo two
Mapun
duwa two
Yakan
duwe two (in counting objects)
Tboli
lewu the cardinal number two; second in a series
lewi nawa undecided (lit. ‘to have two breaths’)
Tausug
duwa two
Kadazan Dusun
duvo two
mi-duvo ginavo to hesitate; undecided (‘be of two minds’)
toŋo-duvo only two
Tombonuwo
duwo two
Murut (Paluan)
duo two
Kujau
duvə two
Minokok
duəʔ two
Ida'an Begak
duo two
Murut (Tagol)
ruo two
Tingalan (West)
duo two
Bisaya (Limbang)
duo two
Belait
dubeh two
Lun Dayeh
dueh two
Kelabit
dueh two
Berawan (Long Terawan)
ləbbeh two
Berawan (Long Teru)
duveh two
Miri
dəbeh two
Kenyah
dua numeral, two
Kenyah (Long Ikang)
luəy two
Kenyah (Long San)
luə two
Penan (Long Lamai)
duəh two
Kayan
duaʔ two
Wahau
ləgəʔ two
Gaai
agoʔ two
Kelai
agoʔ two
Mei Lan Modang
əŋgao̯ʔ two
Woq Helaq Modang
əŋgao̯ʔ two
Long Gelat Modang
əŋgao̯ʔ two
Kayan (Uma Juman)
duaʔ two
Kiput
dufih two
Bintulu
ba two
Melanau (Mukah)
dua two
Melanau Dalat (Kampung Teh)
duəh two
Bukat
duə two
Bekatan
dugwo two
Kejaman
dəgwah two
dəgwah two
Lahanan
lugwa two
Tunjung
rəgaʔ two
Ngaju Dayak
duæ two
hamba-rua-n soul, life-force, the body-animating spirit of humans and animals that after death lives on as liau (ghost)
Kapuas
dueʔ two
Taboyan
duɨʔ two
pɨ-duɨʔ second cousin
Ma'anyan
rueh two
Malagasy
roa two
ambi-roa the ghost of the dead; the spirit of the living
roa-hana hesitation, doubt
Dusun Witu
rueh two
Delang
duo two
Iban
dua two
pe-duaʔ divide, share out, division
Singhi Land Dayak
Singhi two
Tsat
thua¹¹ two
thua¹¹ two
Cham
doa two
Jarai
dua two
Malay
dua two
pen-dua supporter; second; reserve, e.g. as a reserve kris
Bahasa Indonesia
dua two
dua hati hesitant, unsure
memper-dua divide into two parts
Acehnese
dua two
ban-dua both
meu-dua divide in two, to halve
Gayō
due two
Simalur
duo two
Karo Batak
dua two
duā-n duā-n walk with arms around one another’s necks
ke-dua ~ ki-dua second wife, co-wife
meke-dua hateful, envious
pe-dua-ken the second
per-dua divide into two
dua-na both
Dairi-Pakpak Batak
dua two
dua-dua-na both
per-dua divide into two
Toba Batak
dua two
dua-nsa both
pa-dua-hon the second
pahi-dua the second
par-dua-an a part/division of the inheritance
Nias
dua two
dua dədə to doubt, to suspect
dua-na uncertain
Minangkabau
duo two
Mentawai
rua two
si rua twin
Rejang
dua-i two
Enggano
ʔa-dua two
Lampung
xua two
Sundanese
dua two
ŋa-dua ride a horse with a partner
Old Javanese
rwa two
ami-rwa second cousin
aŋ-rwa-rwa to be double, divided, ambiguous
piŋ-rwa twice; the second
saka-rwa two by two
(ro)-ro two
aka-ro-ro-n two together
ami-ro do something twice
aŋ-ro to share (among two?)
a-ro-rwa-n together with
saka-ro-ro two together, two by two
Javanese
lo-ro two
ka-lo-ro-n man and wife, married couple
Balinese
dua two
Sasak
dua two
be-dua waver, hesitate
be-ke-duaʔ do something together with someone else (usually refers to eating)
pe-duaʔ split something into two; take a second wife
Sangir
dua two
hin-dua soul (Sasahara speech); twin
məki-dua be uncertain
Tontemboan
rua two
kuma-rua second
mapa-rua send two (pieces)
ma-rua become two, make into two, bring two
məki-rua request a second one of something
Tonsawang
dua two
Mongondow
dua two
mo-dua-dua iŋ gina to doubt, waver, hesitate (lit. ‘to have two breaths, minds, hearts’
Gorontalo
du-luo two
Balantak
rua two
Banggai
lua two
Uma
dua two
Bare'e
rua two
Tae'
dua two
daʔ-dua two (as a modifier)
paʔ-dua divide into two, to halve
paka-dua-dua do something in a hasty fashion
Proto-Bungku-Tolaki
*rua two (bound numeral)
*o-rua two (independent numeral)
Mori Atas
o-ruo two
Padoe
o-ruo two
Bungku
o-ruo two
Koroni
o-rua two
Mandar
dua two
Buginese
dua two
ma-dua second
pad-dua-dua become two
dua-ŋ accompany someone
Makassarese
rua two
Wolio
ndua two
rua two (dependent form)
rua-rua-mbali both sides
Bonerate
dua two
Muna
dua two (form used in counting)
fen-dua repeat
po-dua drink together (from one bottle, glass)
ru-dua two, both (of people)
Palauan
e-rú-ŋ two (units of time); a few (esp. when referring to small catch of fish
Chamorro
hugwa two (old numeral)
CMP Bimanese
ɗua two
Komodo
rua two
Manggarai
sua two
ata laki sua man with two wives
ata saʔi sua one who is insane (lit. ‘person with two heads’)
ca sua the day after tomorrow
one sua the day before yesterday
Ngadha
zua two; doubled
Palu'e
rua two
Li'o
rua two
Sika
rua two
rua-ŋ we two (excl.)
rua-t we two (incl.)
Lamaholot
rua two
Adonara
rua two
Solorese
rua two
Kédang
sue two
Kodi
dujo two
Kambera
rua two; companion; half
ri rua second wife, co-wife
Hawu
ɗue two
Dhao/Ndao
dua two
Rotinese
dua two; both
beke-dua-k two each
Helong
dua two
Atoni
nua two
Tetun
rua two
rua-s two (of something); both
Tetun (Dili)
rua two
Vaikenu
nua two
Galoli
i-rua two
Idate
rua two
Erai
rua two, usually with the numeral prefix ha-: harua; sometimes with metathesis: rahua
Talur
i-rua two
Tugun
rua two
Kisar
wo-roo two
East Damar
wo-ru two
Leti
rua two
Luang
wo-ru two
Wetan
roa two (in compounds)
Selaru
ru two
Yamdena
du two
beŋ-du the day after tomorrow
due the second
Fordata
i-rua two
iki-rua only two
ra-rua-n two by two, two at a time; two each
rav-rua the day after tomorrow
f-rua-n middle
na-f-rua- be half full
Kei
ru two
Kola
rua two
Ujir
rua two
Dobel
ro two
W.Tarangan (Ngaibor)
rua two
Teluti
lua two
Manusela
hua two
Nuaulu
ua two
Alune
lua two; both
Wahai
lua two
Saparua
rua two
Laha
rua two
Asilulu
lua two
Boano₂
lua two
Larike
dua two
Batu Merah
lua two
Amblau
lua two
Buruese
rua two
peq-rua-h cut in two, dissect
Soboyo
howo two
Onin
nua two
Sekar
núa two
SHWNG Taba
p-lu two
Gimán
p-lu two
Buli
lu two
Misool (Coast)
lu two
Mayá
ꞌlu³ two
Biga
lo two
As
lu two
Minyaifuin
pi-lu two
Irarutu
rue two
Arguni
ru two
Moor
ru-ro two
Waropen
wo-ru two
Ansus
ko-du two
Ambai
bo-ru two
Munggui
bo-ru two
Woi
ko-ru two
Serui-Laut
bo-ru two
Kurudu
bo-ru two
OC Lou
rue-p two
Lenkau
hue-p two
Nali
ma-luo-h two
Ere
ruo-h two
Andra
liwo-h two
Leipon
ma-rwe-h two
Ahus
luo-h two
Kuruti
rue-h two
Lele
luo-h two
Kele
rue-h two
Papitalai
mo-ruah two
Ponam
luo-f two
Sori
huo-p two
Bipi
xuo-h two
Seimat
hũõ-hu two
Aua
e-rua-i two
Kaniet
ruo two
Yapese
ruw two
Mussau
lua two
Nalik
u-ru two
Vitu
rua two; friend, companion
rua-na next
rua-nia do something to two items
Arop
ru two
Biliau
rua-gom two
Amara
ruo two
Kove
hua two; dual marker in pronouns
Bebeli
lu two
Lakalai
-lua two
Ali
rou two
Wogeo
rua two
Manam
rua two
Sio
rua two
Mbula
ru two
Gitua
rua two
Yabem
luà-gêc two
Numbami
luwa two
Ubir
rua-m two
Gapapaiwa
rua two
Hula
rua-rua two
Sinaugoro
lua-lua two
Motu
rua two
Pokau
rua two
Mekeo (East)
ŋua two
Dobuan
rua two
Molima
lua two
Papapana
nua two
Piva
to-nua two
Uruava
rua two
Torau
e-rua two
Takuu
rua two
Luangiua
lua two
Mono-Alu
e-lua two
Roviana
vina-rua second
Eddystone/Mandegusu
rua two
rua-ta two (occasionally used for rua)
va-rua the second man in a six man canoe
Bugotu
rua numeral two
va-rua-i twice, second time
rua-ña second
Nggela
rua two; a partner
rua-ga twofold
rua-na second
Kwaio
lua two
i lua-na the day before yesterday
lua-na the second
Marau₂
rua two
Lau
rua two
rua-na second; alternative; again; a friend, closer in relationship than English friend; lover; to be friends with, be in love; wife’s sister’s husband
Toqabaqita
rua two (in serial counting); not used to modify nouns
rua-na second; traditionally: trading partner (with whom one was on friendly terms)
'Āre'āre
rua two
ruā-na second
Sa'a
rue two, used by itself or with ro, of phases of the moon
ro numeral, two; used only in composition
Arosi
rua two; a company of related persons
rua-na second
rua-(na) companion, fellow, mate
Sikaiana
ua two
Proto-Micronesian
*rua two
Gilbertese
ua two, in compound words; two when counting in pairs, by two’s
uo two
uo-ua two (things)
Kosraean
luo two
Marshallese
ruo two
Pohnpeian
ria- two
Mokilese
ria- two
Chuukese
rúwa two
Puluwat
ŕuwoow numeral, two (general)
Woleaian
riuwa two
Ulithian
ruwė two
Carolinian
ruwa- the number two as a combining form
Haununu
ʔi-rua two
Pileni
lua two
Mota
rua numeral, two
Vatrata
vo-ruo two
Lakona
ni-ru two
Merig
i-ro two
Nokuku
rua two
Malmariv
rua two
Lametin
rua two
Amblong
mo-rua two
Aore
a rua two
Tutuba
e-rua two
Central Maewo
rua two
Northeast Ambae
rue two
Raga
rua two
Apma
ka-ru two
Uripiv
e-ru two
Rano
o-ru two
Naman
i-ru two
Lingarak
i-ru two
Leviamp
i-ru two
Avava
i-ru two
Axamb
a-ru two
Maxbaxo
ŋo-ru two
Southeast Ambrym
lu two
Paamese
e-lu two
Toak
lu two
Bonkovia
čua two
Pwele
tua two
Efate (South)
na-ru two
Sie
ndu-ru two
Canala
du ~ ru two
Rotuman
rua two
Fijian
rua two
yā-rua two each
Tongan
ua two
Niue
ua two, second, double
laŋa-ua twice, double
toko-ua two (of persons); wife, husband
Futunan
lua two; second; companion
Samoan
lua two
lua-lua-ŋia be coupled, mingled (with)
Tuvaluan
lua two
Kapingamarangi
lua two
Nukuoro
lua two
Rennellese
gua two; second; twice
gua-ŋa to be second; two
Anuta
rua two
Rarotongan
rua two
ta-rua to make double, to duplicate, to pair
tau-rua duplex, twofold, double, duplicate
Maori
rua two; both
te rua second
rua rua few
Hawaiian
lua two, second, secondary, twice; second of a pair; doubly, much, a great deal; equal, likeness, duplicate, copy, match; companion, mate
Formosan Amis
ta-tosa two, of people
Thao
ta-tusha two, of people
Bunun
da-dusa two, of people
Puyuma
za-zuwa two, of people
WMP Yami
ra-roa two people
Itbayaten
da-doha two, of people
Tagalog
da-lawá ~ da-lwá two; couple; dual; double
ka-maka-lawá the day before yesterday
pag-dalawah-ín to form or make into two
paŋa-lawá second; assistant; substitute; a person second in rank
dalawah-án two-by-two, in pairs
dalawah-ín to double or make two of something
Inati
de-rwe two
Aklanon
da-ywa(h) two
da-ywa to make into two, raise or lower to two
Agutaynen
do-roa two
Manobo (Dibabawon)
da-dua two
Binukid
da-ruwa two; to be in twos; to do, make two of (something)
Nias
da-rua two, of people
Sangir
da-rua two, of round and long objects
Mongondow
do-yowa two
Pendau
do-ruo two
Balaesang
do-rua two
Petapa Taje
ro-rua two
OC Motu
ra-rua two, of persons only
Formosan Pazeh
du-dusa second
WMP Ilokano
du-duá only two
Bontok
du-dwa a unit of two
Ifugaw
duw-duwá only two
Kadazan Dusun
duu-duvo the two of them
WMP Kadazan Dusun
in-duvo twice, two times
Tombonuwo
in-duwo two times, twice
Malagasy
in-droa twice
Mongondow
in-dua second
WMP Yami
ipi-doa two times, second time
Itbayaten
m-ipi-roha to do twice, to double, to do for the second time
Ilokano
pi-duá second crop
Bontok
pi-dwa to do twice
WMP Yami
ka-doa two in total
Bontok
ka-dwa divide into two; one half
Masbatenyo
ka-duhá twice
Cebuano
ka-lúha twin, twins
Old Javanese
ka-ro two, both; with
Sangir
i ka-dua we two (inclusive)
WMP Isneg
ka-du-duwā soul, the spirit who leaves the body at death; also the supposed spirit of rice
Tagalog
ká-lu-luwá soul, spirit; vital principle
Mansaka
kallowa soul (i.e. part of a person that leaves at death)
WMP Itbayaten
ka-doha-an second month, November in the traditional calendar
Ifugaw
ka-dwá-n second
Bikol
ka-duwa-án halves
Toba Batak
ha-dua-n day after tomorrow (< ha-dua-an)
WMP Tagalog
maka-dalawá able to get or obtain something twice; do a thing twice
maka-lawá the day after tomorrow
maká-lawá twice; two times
Bikol
maka-duwá to have two
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
meke-zuwa day after tomorrow
Sangir
məka-rua to have two wives
Tontemboan
maka-rua twice
Makassarese
maka-rua second
CMP Rotinese
maka-du-dua-k do something twice
WMP Ifugaw (Batad)
man-duwa to divide a count object, such as a board ... into two more-or-less equal parts
Ibaloy
man-showa to become two, divide, split into two
Ngaju Dayak
man-duæ two by two
Malay
men-dua-kan to make two of; to repeat; to duplicate
Bahasa Indonesia
men-dua become two times, etc.
Toba Batak
man-dua-i to have two
Nias
men-drua twice
WMP Isneg
maŋa-duwā live in bigamy
Tontemboan
maŋa-ma-rua perform something with both hands
OC Niue
maŋa-ua cloven
WMP Itbayaten
mi-roha again, repeat, restore, do again
Bikol
mag-duwá to double; to divide into two parts
Masbatenyo
mag-duhá be two; become two
Tausug
mag-duwa to ride on the same conveyance with another person; in two, into two (parts)
Malagasy
mi-roa to divide into two
Malay
ber-dua making two
Toba Batak
mar-dua divide into two, to halve
Sundanese
mi-dua divide into two
Tontemboan
mə-rua divide into two
Formosan Thao
mi-ta-tusha do something with someone else, perform an action with another person
Puyuma
mi-ɖa-ɖua two people together
Formosan Paiwan (Western)
paka-ḍusa second wife
WMP Malagasy
faha-roa the second; two fathoms
Dairi-Pakpak Batak
paka-dua the second month
Tontemboan
paka-rua-an two times, twice
Tae'
paka-dua grasp something with two hands
Chamorro
faha-gwa twice (Costenoble 1940:263; < faha-hugwa)
CMP Fordata
fa-rua twice, do something twice
OC Arosi
haʔa-rua twice
Fijian
vaka-rua twice
Samoan
faʔa-lua twice
Rennellese
haka-gua to do twice; to cook over, or for a second time; to cut into two; dissection
Hawaiian
hoʔo-lua do twice, repeat, do over and over; to bake twice, as food in the oven
Formosan Thao
pin-tusha make into two parts
WMP Bontok
pin-du<w>wa two, play counting
Ibaloy
pin-showa twice, two times
Bare'e
pin-dua do again, repeat
Formosan Kavalan
siqa-zusa second time
Paiwan
sika-ḍusa second
WMP Yami
ika-doa second
Itbayaten
icha-doha second
Tagalog
ika-lawá second
Bikol
ika-duwá second
Masbatenyo
ika-duhá second
Cebuano
ika-duhá second
Binukid
ika-duwa second
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
ike-zuwa second
Kadazan Dusun
ko-duvo the second
Kayan
ke-luaʔ a second time; repetition
Iban
ke-dua second
Malay
ke-dua the two, both
Bahasa Indonesia
ke-dua second
Sundanese
ka-dua second
Sasak
ke-dua second
Sangir
ka-rua-ne second
Tontemboan
ka-rua second
Mongondow
ko-dua twice
ko-duaʔ second
Bare'e
ka-rua second
CMP Rotinese
ka-dua-k both; twins
Soboyo
ka-howo second
OC Varisi
ka-rua two
Roviana
ka-rua two
Eddystone/Mandegusu
ka-rua two
Gilbertese
ka-uo-ua the second
Pohnpeian
ka-ria-u second
Tonga
ka-ru two
Nakanamanga
ke-rua two
Fijian
i ka-rua second
WMP Waray-Waray
tag-duhá twofold; double
Cebuano
tag-urha two at a time
Karo Batak
ter-dua sa-kalak two each
Dairi-Pakpak Batak
ter-dua two each
WMP Ifugaw (Batad)
d<um>uwa-y to become two
Tausug
d<um>uwa to ride on the same conveyance with another person
WMP Masbatenyo
duháʔ-an a pair; suitable for two
Mapun
duwah-an for a coach or owner of a rooster to have a player or rooster that has just won take on another opponent right after winning; to make it two
Sundanese
dua-an twice; both
Formosan Thao
lhin-tusha-in be divided into two, as portions of food
WMP Ilokano
dua-en to take two
pag-dua-en do two at the same time; divide into two
Ibaloy
showa-en to make something two, i.e. by adding one to one or by dividing a larger amount
Masbatenyo
duha-on be two; become two
Tausug
duwa-un to be in twos, (do something) in twos, use two (of something)
WMP Maranao
doa-doa-i co-wives
doa-i plurality of wives
doa-i-aʔ companion or wife, co-wife
Binukid
duwa-y second wife
Ngaju Dayak
duæ-i reciprocal term used by men who have married two sisters, or by women who have married two brothers
Iban
dua-i both; the two of them; spouse of brother- or sister-in-law (not otherwise related)
Bahasa Indonesia
men-dua-i add one until it becomes two (as of wives)
Karo Batak
n-dua-i work two together, as two women pounding rice in tandem in the same mortar
Toba Batak
pan-dua-i second part
jolma pan-dua-i co-wife (lit. ‘person who is a second part’)
Tae'
dua-i share the possession of something with someone else
Formosan Thao
la-tusha-tusha have two each
Bunun
dusa-dusa two together
Puyuma
kar-mi-ɖua-ɖua-yan two by two
WMP Itbayaten
roha-roha next act(s), next time(s)
Ilokano
sag-du-duá two each
Bontok
duwa-dúwa to be in units of two
Bikol
duwá dúwa only two
Masbatenyo
tig-duhá-duhá two by two, by twos
Maranao
doa-doa only two
Mansaka
dowa-dowa to do by twos
Kadazan Dusun
duvo-duvo both
Lun Dayeh
dueh-dueh both
Ngaju Dayak
duæ-duæ both
Malagasy
tsi-roa-roa two and two, by two and two
Bahasa Indonesia
dua-dua two by two, two at a time
Toba Batak
dua-dua in pairs, two by two
Nias
dua dua two each, two by two
Old Javanese
rwa-rwa by twos (?)
Tontemboan
rua-rua two by two, two at a time
CMP Lamaholot
rua rua two each
Rotinese
dua-dua two by two, two each
Selaru
ra-ru ra-ru two by two; two each
Yamdena
du-du two by two, two at a time
Asilulu
lua-lua both
OC Manam
rua-rua two at a time
Numbami
luwa-luwa two at a time
Bugotu
(e)-rua-rua two at a time, two apiece
Arosi
rua-rua two at a time, two by two
Mota
rua-rua two and two, by twos; double
Paamese
e-lu-a-lu in pairs, two by two
Fijian
rua-rua both
Tuvaluan
lua-lua raft of more than two floats (used for transport of loads or for fishing)
Rennellese
gua-gua double canoe, with hulls connected by booms; no longer made after 1938
WMP Ilokano
dua-duá doubt, hesitation, uncertainty
ag-dua-duá be in doubt, be undecided
Bontok
du-d<ʔ>uwa <M be in two minds, to doubt
Kankanaey
dua-duá to doubt, to hesitate
Ibaloy
showa-showa doubt, indecision, uncertainty
man-showa-showa to doubt, be undecided, not sure
Pangasinan
dua-rúa fickle mind; doubts
Bikol
mag-duwá dúwa to hesitate over, be dubious about; to doubt, question, waver, vacillate
Masbatenyo
mag-duha-dúha to doubt, hesitate
Aklanon
dúha-dúha(h) to doubt, be hesitant; delay, hesitate
dúha-dúha hesitation, doubt, fear
Hiligaynon
mag-dúha-dúha to doubt, to hesitate, to waver
Cebuano
duhá-dúha doubtful, unlikely; suspicion; hesitation; to doubt, suspect, hesitate
ma-duha-duhá-un full of doubts, suspicions
Maranao
doa-doa doubt, undecided
Binukid
duwa-duwa to doubt (something); to vacillate in one’s opinion, be uncertain, undecided about (something); to hesitate (doing something)
Mansaka
dowa-dowa to doubt; to hesitate; to be reluctant
Tiruray
ruwo-ruwo unable to decide between two alternatives
Mapun
duwa-duwa two in each group; double-minded, uncertain
Yakan
mag-duwe-duwe to waver, to be uncertain about something
duwe-duweh-an to doubt, have doubts
Tausug
duwa-ruwa undecided, vacillating
Lun Dayeh
dueh-dueh undecided, ambivalent between two choices; fifty-fifty
OC Lau
ru-rua ~ rua-rua undecided
Toqabaqita
rua-rua be undecided, be of two minds
'Āre'āre
rua-rua-ʔa to doubt
Arosi
rua-rua-ʔa doubting, doubtful
Samoan
lua-lua ambiguous, equivocal
Maori
rua-rua of two minds, in doubt
WMP Isneg
dùdút-an pluck (a fowl)
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
dutdut pluck, as feathers from a chicken or weeds from the ground
Melanau (Mukah)
dudut pull out, as a post or a tree; pluck feathers
Old Javanese
aŋ-dudut pull
aŋ-ḍuḍut tear out
OC Fijian
drut-i tear or cut off leaves; pull up grass
WMP Ilokano
dúyan a rattan stretcher; hammock
Ibanag
do:yan hammock
Kalinga
do:yan hammock
Bontok
dáyun <M a swing
Ifugaw
dáyun <M cradle, i.e. an oblong basket that can be suspended in some way on both its ends, so that the baby can be rocked; the word is also applied to a long cradle-like basket used to carry a sick person to a certain place
Ifugaw (Batad)
dāyun <M a blanket or mat hammock (as for a child to sleep in); a hammock is suspended from a horizontal pole and carried on the shoulders of two men to transport someone unable to walk; it is sometimes suspended from two vertical poles and used for sleeping
Yogad
do:yan hammock
Gaddang
do:yan hammock
Pangasinan
andóyan hammock, cradle; be in a hammock, etc.
man-andóyan to swing in a hammock, cradle, etc.
Kapampangan
du:yan hammock (McFarland 1977)
Tagalog
dúyan cradle; hammock; synonym kúna, hamáka, álúyan (dúyan can be used even by an adult, while kúna and álúyan are for babies only; dúyan or hamáka may also mean “hammock”; swing; a seat hung from ropes on which one may sit and swing
i-pag-dúyan to swing somebody in a cradle, hammock or swing
Bikol
dúyan cradle, hammock
i-dúyan to rock a cradle or hammock
mag-dúyan to rock a cradle or hammock
mag-duyán dúyan to rock or swing in a hammock
Hanunóo
dúyan hammock; hammock-like cradle
mag-dúyan to sleep, rest, or rock back and forth in a hammock
Masbatenyo
dúyan cradle, hammock
i-dúyan to swing in a hammock
mag-dúyan to swing in a hammock
Aklanon
dúyan hammock; cradle; to rock [a baby] to sleep
dúyan-dúyan to rock back and forth
Waray-Waray
dúyan hammock; couch or bed
ig-dúyan to swing couch or bed
pag-dúyan the act of swinging to and fro the hammock
Agutaynen
doyan hammock; swinging cradle for a baby (can be made from a basket, blanket, net, etc.)
Hiligaynon
dúyan swing, cradle, crib, hammock
mag-dúyan to rock a cradle, to swing
Palawan Batak
duyán-an hammock
Cebuano
dúyan hammock; cradle; rock oneself in a hammock; swing back and forth; for an emotion to sway one; make a hammock
Maranao
doyan hammock
Binukid
duyan hammock; to swing in a hammock; to rock (someone) in a hammock
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
duyan to swing in a hammock
duyan-aʔ hammock
Mansaka
doyan a child’s swing; to swing (as in a hammock)
WMP Bikol
rúyoŋ bent (referring to branches of trees)
Malay
doyoŋ sloping (of the shoulders of horses)
Sundanese
doyoŋ incline, lean over
Javanese
ḍoyoŋ leaning, slanting
WMP Itbayaten
royoŋ whale
Ilokano
dúyoŋ manatee, dugong; (myth.) mermaid
Casiguran Dumagat
dúyoŋ a species of ocean fish
Tagalog
dúyoŋ a species of sea cow
Hanunóo
dúyuŋ dugong, an aquatic, herbivorous mammal: Dugong dugong
Agutaynen
doyoŋ whale
Cebuano
dúyuŋ dugong, kind of sea cow
Mapun
duyuŋ sea cow; mermaid; a kind of unusual fish (some describe it as a mermaid; others say it’s part human and cries when butchered)
Yakan
duyuŋ mermaid (a mythical being), manatee, sea cow, dugong
Tausug
duyuŋ a large, somewhat whale-like tropical mammal; mermaid
Kadazan Dusun
duzuŋ mermaid
Malagasy
trózona a name given to the two species of whale occasionally seen off the coasts of Madagascar: the Cape whale, Balaena australis, and the sperm whale, Physeta macrocephalus
mivádika ny trózona a phrase used in speaking of an earthquake (lit. ‘the whales are turning over’)
Iban
duyoŋ sea-cow or dugong: Dugong dugon Mueller
Malay
duyoŋ dugong, sea-cow: Halicore dugong
babi duyoŋ dugong, sea-cow
miñak taŋis duyoŋ dugong tears --- believed to be a most potent love-philtre
Sundanese
duyuŋ sea cow, found on the south coast of Java; when stranded at high tide people sometimes strike them on the head, at which time they say, the creature begins to weep, and the tears are collected and dried in the sun to form a white powder that is mixed with fragrant oil and used to make a mark by the outer edge of the eyebrow in order to produce or enhance fertility.
Old Javanese
ḍuyuŋ sea cow, dugong
Javanese
ḍuyuŋ sea cow, dugong (Pigeaud 1938); mermaid (Horne 1974)
Balinese
ḍuyuŋ a species of sea fish
Sasak
duyuŋ dugong (or dolphin)
Sangir
duluŋ dugong: Halicore dugong
Tontemboan
ruyuŋ dugong: Halicore dugong; according to folktales the dugong was originally a Bantik, so that the Bantiks do not eat it
Balantak
duyuŋ dugong
Makassarese
duyuŋ dugong; its tears are used as an aphrodisiac
Muna
wan-dui-dui a dugong (in folktales)
CMP Manggarai
rujuŋ dugong?: Halicore dugong
Rembong
ruzuŋ dugong: Halicore dugong
Kambera
riŋu dugong: Halicore dugong
Rotinese
lui-k sea cow, dugong
Wetan
ruini sea cow, dugong
Selaru
rui sea cow, dugong
Asilulu
luin sea-cow (Dugong dugong Muller)
Boano₂
luine dugong
SHWNG Kowiai/Koiwai
ruin sea cow, dugong
Numfor
rowin sea cow, dugong
Waropen
rui sea cow, dugong
OC Nauna
tuy dugong
Lou
ri dugong
Lenkau
huy dugong
Loniu
u dugong
Likum
cu dugong
Lindrou
dru dugong
Bipi
xu dugong
Seimat
xu dugong
Bali (Uneapa)
lui dugong
Kove
lui dugong
Gitua
rui dugong
rui waŋga sonson whale (‘canoe swallower’)
Motu
rui dugong
WMP Yami
royoy coconut pitcher
Itbayaten
royoy coconut shell (as vessel)
Ivatan
duyuy a coconut shell cup
Ibatan
royoy a coconut shell cup
Ilokano
dúyog a coconut shell, a receptacle for many things; a drinking cup
Robert Blust and Stephen Trussel
www.trussel2.com/ACD
2010: revision 6/21/2020
email: Blust (content) –
Trussel (production)
CognateSets-Index-d