r   

race

Borrowing, ultimately from Sanskrit.

radish

From Spanish rábano ‘radish’, with the usual borrowing of Spanish nouns in their plural form.

raffle

Borrowing of Spanish rifa ‘raffle’.

raincoat

From Spanish capote ‘coat’.

raise:   lift, raise

From Spanish alzar ‘to raise, lift, build’.

ram into:   hit, ram into

Dempwolff (1938) reconstructed Uraustronesisch *lantak ‘to hit, ram into’. However, the Tagalog and Sa'a forms cannot convincingly be related to the others cited here, and the others could easily be a product of borrowing from Malay.

ramie

Apparently a Tagalog loan distribution, from a form that must originally have had an intervocalic voiced alveolar stop.

rank:   title of rank

Borrowing ultimately from Sanskrit.

rank, position

Also Sasak paŋkət ‘sort into layers (of objects)’. Most of this comparison almost certainly is due to borrowing from Malay. However, the semantic divergence of the Tagalog, Mapun, Mansaka, Tausug, Ngaju Dayak, and Sasak forms, along with the phonological divergence of the latter, raise the possibility that this is an older word that underwent semantic changes in Malay, and then spread by contact. Dempwolff (1938) posited Uraustronesisch *paŋkat ‘elevation, rank’.

rat:   mouse, rat

Borrowing in Tiruray from a GCPh source.

rat

As noted in Blust (2010:71) this form was most likely an innovation in Proto-Greater North Borneo. Dempwolff (1938) reconstructed ‘Uraustronesisch’ *tikus ‘rat’.

rattan sp.

Borrowing. The Ilokano and Casiguran Dumagat forms appear to be loans from Tagalog.

razor

From Spanish navaja ‘razor, jack-knife’.

ready:   quick, ready, alert

Presumably a Spanish loan, although the source is yet to be determined.

rear end, posterior

Borrowing from Malay or Javanese. Dempwolff (1938) also included Fijian buku ‘the raised end of a thing, as of shell, and hence in some dialects the tail’, and posited Uraustronesisch *puŋku(rR) ‘rear end, posterior’ (Hinterteil). I take the Fijian form to be a chance resemblance.

receive:   accept, receive

Borrowing from Malay, perhaps ultimately from Old Javanese. Dempwolff (1938) reconstructed ‘Uraustronesisch’ *tarima ‘receive, accept’.

receive

Borrowing from Malay.

red

Probably borrowed into Taokas from Atayal (Mayrinax), as these languages were once geographically contiguous or nearly so, and the word is unknown anywhere else.

red:   trade cloth (bright red)

Presumably borrowing from Tagalog.

redden

The Toba Batak word is borrowed from Malay; the similarity of the Javanese form is due to chance.

refreshments taken with drink

refuse:   dregs, refuse

Borrowing from Malay.

regard:   consider, regard

Also Iban tilik ‘gaze at, peer, take a sight, e.g. in surveying’. Borrowing from Malay. Dempwolff (1938) reconstructed ‘Uraustronesisch’ *tilik ‘consider, regard’ (betrachten).

religion

Also Malay igama 'religion', ugama 'religion', Bimanese ugama 'religion'. Borrowing, ultimately from Sanskrit.

religious official

Borrowing, ultimately from Arabic (βilal = the personal name of the first muezzin).

remarry:   period in which a widow may not remarry

Borrowing, ultimately from Arabic.

remember

Dempwolff cites Fijian diva ‘think about those who are absent’, but this form does not appear in Capell (1968), and even if it were accepted this comparison is too weakly supported to take seriously.

remote

Dempwolff (1938) proposed *siŋku(r) ‘remote, distant’, but the known forms assigned to it are extremely limited, and better explained as a product of borrowing from Malay.

repay

Borrowing from Tagalog within the Philippines, and possibly ultimately from Malay ganti ‘replacement by succession or substitution’.

request, petition

Borrowing from Malay into non-Malayic languages. Based on the Tagalog, Malay, and Toba Batak forms given here Dempwolff (1938) proposed Uraustronesisch *pin(tT)a ‘to request’, although he acknowledged that the Tagalog form is a loan.

residence:   village, place of residence

Although this appears initially to be a straightforward comparison Saisiyat /s/ can only reflect PAn *C and Bunun /s/ can only reflect *s or *S. The similarity of Atayal qalaŋ, Truku Seediq alaŋ ‘village’ to these and to one another also cannot be accounted for by recurrent sound correspondences.

residue:   coconut residue

Borrowing into Gilbertese from a Polynesian source.

residue, dregs

Borrowing from Malay into Tagalog.

restless, fidgety

Borrowing from Malay.

results:   title, yield, results

Borrowing, ultimately from Arabic.

revenge, retaliation

Karo Batak, Kambera and Tetun are likely to be Malay loans. Kambera (m)balahu, on the other hand, appears to be native. It is possible that a PMP *balas existed alongside *bales.

rhinoceros

Also Old Javanese wadak ‘wild buffalo’. Austronesian speakers would not have encountered any type of rhinoceros until they reached Borneo. Probably the most widespread term in Borneo is a cognate set traceable to Proto-North Sarawak *təmədhuR (Kelabit təmədhur, Kenyah (Long Anap) təməto, Bintulu təməɗu, Kayan tamdoh, etc. ‘rhinoceros’. Dempwolff’s *ba(dD)ak is clearly an even later innovation, one that presumably originated in Malay and spread from there through borrowing. Balinese warak is clearly a borrowing from Old Javanese, and the belief in the medicinal value of rhinoceros horn as an aphrodisiac probably reflects Chinese contact.

ribbon, band

Borrowing of Spanish listón ‘ribbon’.

ribbon

Borrowing of Spanish lazo ‘bow (of ribbons), lace; lasso’.

rice:   packet of cooked rice

Probably borrowing from Malay. Chamorro atupat, Kamarian atuat suggest an etymon *qatubat, but the Chamorro variant in k- and the unexplained loss of *b (expected //h//) in Kamarian leave borrowing as the best alternative.

rice cake

Borrowing from Tamil. The forms in Maranao and Tiruray suggest borrowing through an intermediate language in which final -m became a velar nasal. The most plausible candidates for a loan source thus appear to be Buginese or Makassarese.

rice cake

Borrowing, most likely from Malay. Under this hypothesis the consistent partial reduplication in Philippine forms is unexplained, but no borrowing hypothesis in the other direction appears plausible.

rice delicacy

Borrowing from Malay.

rice:   spicy condiment side dish with rice

Apparently an innovation in Old Javanese that was borrowed by Malay and subsequently disseminated among languages in western Indonesia that were in frequent contact with Malay traders.

rice cake

Wilkinson (1959) identifies this as a Tamil loan in Malay. If this identification is correct then the word presumably spread through Malay contact to various other coastally accessible languages of Indonesia and the Philippines.

rice cake

Apparently a Cebuano loan distribution.

rice confection

Probably a Cebuano loan distribution.

ridicule, derision

Based on data from Toba Batak, Javanese, Malay and Ngaju Dayak, Dempwolff (1938) proposed *sindiR ‘mockery, ridicule’. However, the original meaning of this term appears to have been closer to that of teasing in a flirtatious manner than to mockery or ridicule. The Kadazan Dusun form is irregular, and it is very difficult to exclude the possibility of a borrowing distribution for the remaining forms.

rifle:   butt of a rifle

Borrowed from Spanish culata ‘butt, stock (of rifle, etc.)’.

rifle:   gun, rifle

From Spanish fusil ‘rifle’.

right correct

The western Indonesian forms are likely loans from Malay, and the Tagalog form a chance resemblance. Dempwolff (1938) reconstructed ‘Uraustronesisch’ *teŋen ‘be right’ (rechtsein).

rim:   edge, rim

Also Maranao tepik ‘shore, riverbank’. Borrowing from Malay. Dempwolff (1938) reconstructed PAn *tepi ‘edge, border’.

ring

The irregularities in the final consonant suggest that this word is a loan, an inference that is supported by claims in (Rubino 2000), and (English 1986) that it is a Chinese borrowing in Ilokano and Tagalog. However, a source is yet to be identified.

ripen fruit

Probably a Malay loanword in Toba Batak, as cognates are yet to be found in other languages outside the Malayic group. On the basis of the Malay and Toba Batak forms Dempwolff (1938) posited Uraustronesisch *pe(rR)em ‘artificially ripen fruit’.

ritually:   defiled, ritually polluted, ceremonially unclean

Dempwolff reconstructed *cemeD ‘impure’, but there is little evidence for such a proto-form outside of Malay, Javanese and languages that have borrowed from either or both of these. The cognation of the Toba Batak form with the others appears doubtful, and the proposed connection of the Oceanic forms to these is completely unconvincing, making this comparison partly attributable to borrowing and partly to chance. The evidence for *-D was based entirely on the second Javanese form, which contains an unexplained stem-internal /r/.

river mouth:   estuary, river mouth

Borrowing from Malay. The PMP word for ‘estuary’ was *minaŋa. Even Malay’s close relative Iban has naŋa. Based on this comparison Dempwolff (1934-1938) posited “Uraustronesisch’ *muara ‘estuary’.

roast pig

Borrowing of Spanish lechón ‘suckling pig’.

robber:   bandit, robber, thief

Probably a Tagalog loan distribution.

rooster

Also Kadazan Dusun tandaaʔ rooster, cock. Probably a Tagalog loan distribution.

root:   aerial root

round

Borrowing into Casiguran Dumagat from a GCPh source, probably Tagalog.

row, line

A late innovation in western Indonesia, borrowed from Malay into Makasarese, Rembong, Kei and many other languages.

row

Based on the Malay, Toba Batak, Javanese and Fijian forms Dempwolff (1934-38) posited *banza(r) ‘row’, but the resemblance of Fijian basa to the other forms cited here seems best attributed to chance, and the remainder of the comparison is geographically very restricted and best attributed to borrowing from Malay. Arosi hata ‘to be in line, continuous’ offers a semantically better fit with the western Indonesian forms than Fijian basa, but without collateral lines of support this, too, is best treated as a product of convergence.

row:   file, line, row

From Spanish fila ‘row, line’.

rudder

From Spanish timón ‘rudder’.

rudder

This limited distribution probably is due to borrowing from Malay.

run across:   meet, run across, welcome

Based on just these two languages Dempwolff (1938) reconstructed Uraustronesisch *papag ‘to meet, run across’. However, Wilkinson gives papag as Malay variant, a form that could only be borrowed from Javanese, and there appears to be little basis for a reconstruction at even a very shallow time-depth.

ruse:   trick, ruse, scheme, wits

A Malay loanword, ultimately from Arabic. Note how the positive features of the meaning in Malay assume a more negative cast in most other languages.