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Updated: 6/21/2020

Austronesian Comparative Dictionary

Roots

b c C d g h k l m n N ñ ŋ p r R s t w z

*-l

-laC -lak -laŋ₁ -laŋ₂ -lap -laq -lat₁ -lat₂ -law -leb -lej -lem -lem₁ -len -leŋ -lep -let (or *-leget?) -liŋ₁ -liŋ₂ -liŋ₃ -liq -liR -lit₁ -lit₂ -luk (or *-luquk?) -luŋ₁ -luŋ₂ -luR -lus -lut

29955

*-laC shine, flickering or flashing light

PAN	*kilaC	lightning
PMP	*kilat	lightning
Amis	flat	to flicker; light appearing and then disappearing, as of a lighted match
Arosi	hira	lightning
Manggarai	ilat	shine, flash, sparkle
Puyuma	meLaTiLaT	to sparkle, glitter
Rembong	silat	shine, flash, sparkle

29956

*-lak shine

PMP	*bilak	flash of light
PMP	*cilak	to shine, of heavenly bodies
PMP	*silak	ray, beam of light
Aklanon	bárlak	shine, radiate
Sundanese	burilak	throw off sparks; glitter (of the eyes)
Cebuano	busílak	radiate light, especially the sun
Hanunóo	butlák	rising, with reference to the sun
Hanunóo	butlák-an	east
Karo Batak	cerlak	shine, gleam
Aklanon	gilák	glitter, shine
Javanese	ilak	clear, light, bright
Kambera	jilaku	glitter, sparkle, flicker
Kambera	lalaku	oily, shiny
Kambera	lilaku	flash, shine
Kambera	lulaku	shine, glitter
Ngaju Dayak	pila-pilak	shiny (used only of gold and silver)
Sundanese	tiŋ-burilak	shine, sparkle (as the teeth)

29957

*-laŋ₁ glitter, flash

Kankanaey	bilaŋláŋ	glitter; glisten; glister; flash (as fire)
Malay	gilaŋ	lustre; glow; having a shining surface
Kadazan Dusun	puhaŋ	polish, make shiny
Buginese	welaŋ	ray of light

29958

*-laŋ₂ striped

PWMP	*balaŋ	striped, banded, multicolored
PMP	*belaŋ	spotted
PWMP	*palaŋ	striped, spotted
Yami (Iranomilek)	be-teŋelaŋ	(of animals) striped, patchy in color
Gorontalo	hulaŋo	sickness which leaves striped marks on the calves of the legs
Malay	pelaŋ	striped; banded
Kelabit	pilaŋ	striped
Pazeh	raŋaraŋ	clouded leopard (Tsuchida gives this as 'tiger, lynx')

29959

*-lap flash, sparkle

PMP	*dilap	to shine, flash
PMP	*gilap	lustre, shine
PMP	*kilap	lustre, shine
PMP	*silap	sparkle, dazzle
Old Javanese	burilap	flickering (as a torch)
Manggarai	celap	dazzled by blinding light
Tagalog	dikláp	sparkle
Karo Batak	erlap	glitter, as gold, precious stones, etc.
Javanese	gelap	lightning that strikes something
Old Javanese	gurilap	flickering (as a torch)
Label	hil	lightning; to flash, of lightning
Old Javanese	hulap	dazzlement, being unable to look at a bright light
Aklanon	ídlap	shine, glow
Casiguran Dumagat	islap	blinding reflection (from something shiny)
Malagasy	jelaka	clearness, brightness, sudden glitter, as a torch at night
Javanese	kelap	glisten, sparkle; glitter
Malay	kerlap	flash, glisten, as the wings of flying butterflies
Kapampangan	kíldap	(<M) lightning
Pangasinan	kírlap	glitter
Tagalog	kisláp	sparkle
Palawan Batak	kudláp	lightning
Ifugaw	kuhílap	what is brilliant, glittering, gleaming
Manggarai	nilap	lightning
Tolai	pala	flash
Malay	relap	glint, flash
Old Javanese	sulap	blinding (by a bright light)
Lau	tala	to shine, of sun or moon
Lau	talaf-i	shine on, enlighten, lighten up
Wolio	tila	light, radiation, glare, mirror; shine upon, irradiate, illuminate
Cebuano	uyláp	flare up, burst into flames

Also Casiguran Dumagat ilép 'reflect (of something shiny)', Ilokano sírap 'dazzle'.

29960

*-laq split

PAN	*belaq	split
PWMP	*bilaq	chip, splinter
PMP	*kelaq	crack, split
PMP	*silaq	split
Lau	ala	split across
Lau	ala-ala	cracked, as a plate
Bare'e	bala	split, in pieces
Buruese	gela-h	cracked
Fijian	katela	split or divide into two parts
Ngadha	nela	split, crack; cracked (as bamboo)
Amis	plaʔ	split in two
Kelabit	tekilaʔ	chips
Bunun	timpuslaʔ	split
Paiwan	tselaq	crack or split

Also Old Javanese telā 'cleft, crevice, crack, narrow opening'.

29961

*-lat₁ open the eyes wide

PWMP	*buk(e)lat	open the eyes wide
PMP	*kilat	open the eyes wide
Toba Batak	alat	look around, observe
Banggai	bilat	with the eyes open
Cebuano	budlát	bulging eyes; for the eyes to bulge
Tagalog	dílat	act of opening of the eyelids
Tagalog	hílat	stretching of opening (as by pulling down the eyelid)
Kelabit	kulat	wake up
Tagalog	mulát	open (said of eyes)
Pazeh	mu-xurat	to open one's eyes

29962

*-lat₂ scar

PMP	*piRlat	scar
Lau	bala	white from scars, of the face or body
Ifugaw	biklát	scar, cicatrix
Bontok	bílat	scar
Rembong	gilat	scar
Kankanaey	kalálat	scarred
Bikol	piklát	deep scar
Kalamian Tagbanwa	ulat	scar

Also Isneg inírat 'the scar left on a tree when a nest of bees has been removed from it'.

29963

*-law dazzling light

PMP	*ilaw	reflected light
PWMP	*kilaw	reflected light
PMP	*nilaw	bright light
PWMP	*silaw	glare, blinding light
Malay	kelip-kelau	shimmer
Fijian	mimilo	shiny, glossy
Bare'e	pilo	to flicker, of a fire
Kelabit	silo	shiny (Also Malagasy tsílo 'lighted by a candle, torch, etc.')
Bare'e	wilo	shining of a light or fire
Buginese	wilo	dazzled by glare

29964

*-leb sink, disappear

PWMP	*eleb	disappear under water
PMP	*lebleb	sink, disappear under water
PMP	*teleb	sink, vanish from sight
Manggarai	belep	sink
Balinese	celeb	dip in water, baptize
Manggarai	delep	sink (< *-lep?)
Old Javanese	keleb	be submerged, sink
Manggarai	lelep	immerse, as a blade in tempering it (< *-lep?)
Manggarai	melep	sink (< *-lep?)
Lau	ōlo	sink down, as a stone sinks in water (< *-lep?)
Manggarai	selep	sink, submerge (< *-lep?)
Cebuano	tunlúb	stick, dunk something completely or partially into a liquid or solid

29965

*-lej sink

PWMP	*elej	sink
Bare'e	dolo	submerge, go under water
Maranao	galed	sink, as in liquid; immerse
Isneg	pálád	sink, go to the bottom
Cebuano	unlúd	sink, submerge (possibly from earlier ulnúd, with root -n-ed)

29967

*-lem sink

PMP	*telem	sink, disappear under water
Manggarai	delem	sink
Malay	kapal silam	submarine
Malay	selam	immersing oneself in water, diving
Malay	teŋgelam	sinking, being submerged

29966

*-lem₁ dark; obscure

PWMP	*gelem	gloomy, dark
PAN	*kelem	dark
PWMP	*m-alem	night
PAN	*qiS(e)lem	dark color
PWMP	*selem	dark
PWMP	*silem	fade from sight; gloom, obscurity
PWMP	*tilem	dark, black
Malay	balam	dimly seen
Malay	belam-belam	dusk; twilight; indistinctness
Ngaju Dayak	bilem	black
Maranao	delem	moonless, night which is dark; black
Puyuma	d-em-a-durem	pitch-dark
Thao	di<sh>lum	green, blue
Casiguran Dumagat	dikləm	raincloud; dark, blurry, cloudy
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)	dukilem	become night
Gaddang	dulem	cloud
Balinese	gulem	cloud
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)	halem	be silhouetted, be only an indistinct shadow
Agta (Central Cagayan)	hiklem	night
Bikol	ílom	describing someone with dark brown skin
Sentah Land Dayak	karum	dark
Cebuano	kilum-kiflum	dusk (< *-dem?)
Balinese	kulem	night, dark
Manggarai	lem	new moon
Toba Batak	lomlom	dark, black
Ilokano	lúlem	overcast, clouded over, gloomy, darkish
Pazeh	ma-rarem	have poor sight (because of age, etc.)
Kelabit	milem	purple, color of a bruise
Singhi Land Dayak	ŋarom	night
Maranao	salem	darkening, as of the sun
Paiwan	selem	the dark, the World of the Dead
Paiwan	sulem	darkness, twilight
Bikol	sulóm	dark, obscure, as a house without lights
Balinese	tilem	last day of the moon; new moon
Old Javanese	ulem	shining (only) palely, dim, wan, languishing, faded
Paiwan	velʸelem	cloud shadows; overcast

29968

*-len to swallow

PCEMP	*belen	to swallow
PMP	*telen	to swallow
PMP	*tilen	to swallow
Bikol	hálon	to swallow
Rotinese	sila, sile	to swallow

29969

*-leŋ reverberating sound

Malay	biŋoŋ alaŋ	knocked sily; bewildered
Malay	gelaŋ	clang, ringing sound
Maranao	olaleŋ	echo
Ilokano	pelléŋ	be stunned, stupefied, rendered senseless (by a blow on the head, the report of a gun, the crash of thunder, etc.)
Ilokano	síleŋ	what annoys the ear through its strong sound (drums, bells, etc.)

29970

*-lep sink, submerge

Maranao	alep-alep	sink deeply, penetrate through and through
Mongondow	doḷop	dive, submerge
Javanese	ilep	put under water, soak
Maranao	olep	sink deeper
Javanese	silep	submerged in water

29971

*-let (or *-leget?) intervene; interspace

PMP	*belet	interval
PMP	*cielet	intervening space
PMP	*selet	insert between
Pangasinan	leé t	aisle, space between
Tagalog	salít	interspersion
Maranao	soŋgalet	intervene, interrupt
Javanese	wilet	(of gamelan music) interval between notes

29972

*-liŋ₁ clear ringing sound

PWMP	*keliŋ	have a ringing sound
PWMP	*tiliŋ	ringing sound
Bare'e	dili	onom. for a tap or stroke on a drum, or against metal
Toba Batak	huliŋ	sound out
Javanese	jléŋ	metal clanking
Hanunóo	káliŋ	jingle
Old Javanese	keléŋ	to ring a prayer-bell
Aklanon	kilíŋ-kilíŋ	to ring (a bell)
Cebuano	kuliliŋ	ringing, tinkling sound as that of a phone or small bell
Manggarai	liŋ	sound, to sound, as a flute, clap of the hands
Ngadha	ruli	resound, ring
Malay	suliŋ	fife, flageolet, or pipe

29973

*-liŋ₂ cross-eyed

PWMP	*zuliŋ	cross-eyed
Bimanese	giri	cross-eyed, squinting
Karo Batak	jéliŋ	cross-eyed
Bontok	kusliŋ	to squint, as in bright sunlight
Isneg	palʔíŋ	(<M) strabismus
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)	siliŋ	cross-eyed

29974

*-liŋ₃ turn, revolve, turn around

PWMP	*baliŋ	to wind
PMP	*biliŋ	turn, revolve
PWMP	*galiŋ	roll, grind
PMP	*giliŋ	roll, grind
PWMP	*guliŋ	to roll
PWMP	*iliŋ	shake the head in negation
Bare'e	bolili	turn around
Mongondow	boliŋ	to turn
Manobo (Kalamansig Cotabato)	kiliŋ	turn
Pangasinan	palíŋ	turn
Manggarai	tiliŋ	turn, revolve

29975

*-liq return, restore

PMP	*uliq	return, restore
Itbayaten	vili	idea of returning or restoring

29976

*-liR flow

PMP	*aliR	flow
PWMP	*qiliR	flow down, downstream
PMP	*saliR	flow
Bare'e	gili	to stream, flow down
Malay	jalir	to flow (Also Dairi-Pakpak Batak jarir 'to flow, as water')
Sangir	selliheʔ	current
Tetun	suli	to flow

29977

*-lit₁ caulk; adhesive material

PMP	*bulit	glue, paste; stick, caulk
PMP	*dalit	glue, paste, plaster; caulk
PMP	*pilit	sticky, adhesive
PMP	*pulit	glue, paste; stick, caulk
Tetun	belit	viscous, gluey, sticky
Malay	chalit	smear; besmirching
Ilokano	dúlit	stick, adhere (when touching glue, paste, etc.)
Kankanaey	dumlít	to lime, cement, putty with; to stick, cause to cleave, adhere
Kayan	halit	stuck or pasted on
Kayan	jepalit	sticky, soft, plastic
Kayan	kalit	clay
Javanese	kelét	firmly attached
Sasak	malit	kind of clay used to make blowpipe pellets
Tetun	nuklit	sticky
Malay	palit	smudging

29978

*-lit₂ wind, twist

PMP	*belit	to wind
PMP	*bilit	to wind
PAN	*litlit	to wind
PMP	*pulit	twine around
Toba Batak	alit	wound, turned, twisted
Javanese	benḍalit	to twist, (inter)twine
Bare'e	gill	to wind, twist around
Kayan	kelilit	a bandage; to bandage
Kankanaey	litílit	twist, wring ( < *litlit?)
Amis	palit	tied, ensnared
Fijian	qali	twist together, roll together on the knee under the palm of the hand, as in making string

29979

*-luk (or *-luquk?) bend, curve

PMP	*beluk	bend, twist
PWMP	*biluk	to tack (in sailing)
PWMP	*celuk	corner
PWMP	*keluk	bend, curve
PCEMP	*kiluk	wavy or zigzag line
PWMP	*luquk	bay
PMP	*peluk	curve; embrace
PWMP	*seluk	corner
PWMP	*siluk	corner; curve
PWMP	*teluk	bay
Balinese	(e)luk	curve, bend; wave in a kris-blade
Malay	beflok	curve, bend
Fijian	belu	bend, curve, of hard things, e.g. tin
Javanese	beŋkeluk	bent at the end (as a pen with a bent point)
Sangir	biruluʔ	twist up, wind into coils (as a snake)
Mongondow	bolotuk	curved bamboo lath inserted in the ground
Sundanese	deluk	somewhat bent in form (as very tall persons)
Rotinese	dilu	bend over, turn down, bend down
Ngaju Dayak	hulok	bay, gulf
Rejang	iloʔ	tortuous, winding
Malay	jelok	pronounced concavity
Niue	pelu	to fold, bend; an ancient type of curved club
Iban	pilok	crooked, twisted, lame
Bare'e	tiŋkolu	ti9koyu/ curl up, as a snake; curved part of something (hoop, strand, loop)
Bare'e	walu	wind around

29980

*-luŋ₁ bend, curve

PWMP	*beluŋ	bend, curve
PWMP	*kaluŋ	curved
PWMP	*keluŋ	coil, curl, undulation
PAN	*kiluŋ	curved, bay
PMP	*zuluŋ	prow
Mongondow	beluŋ	dented, bent, curved
Mongondow	boluŋ	bow, bend, curve
Iban	galoŋ	curling, rolling, billowing
Iban	geloŋ	coil
Kayan	kuluŋ	cylindrically curved surface; steeply sloping, of roof
Nggela	malu	droop, as a branch in the heat; bow the head
Javanese	meluŋ	to bend, bow
Ilokano	palóŋ	wave (not breaking, or before breaking)
Javanese	penteluŋ	bending, bowed (of a branch)

Also cp. Maranao galoŋ 'nose ring'.

29981

*-luŋ₂ to shelter, shade

PMP	*aluŋ	shade, shadow
PWMP	*heluŋ	shelter, shade
PWMP	*keluŋ	shield
Maranao	daloŋ	hide behind, shelter
Maranao	diloŋ	hide behind a cover or protection
Tiruray	galuŋ	shade o.s.; in the shade
Casiguran Dumagat	ilóŋ	covered, sheltered (of cultivated crops)
Mongondow	luluŋ	what serves to give shade
Bikol	luŋáloŋ	hut, temporary shelter in the forest
Samoan	malu	shelter, take shelter (Also Tongan malu 'shaded or sheltered; safe, secure')
Sangir	paluŋ	umbrella, parasol
Kayan	sekaluŋ	to carry protectively
Rotinese	sulu	cover, shade, protect
Bunun	taluluŋ	conical field hat
Tiruray	ʔanluŋ	a shadow

29982

*-luR flow

PWMP	*aluR	pond, stream
PWMP	*iluR	flow; saliva
PWMP	*saluR	pond, stream
PWMP	*suluR	flowing water; flood
Melanau (Matu)	beloh	mild flood
Palauan	beríus	current (in ocean, river, etc.)
Berawan (Long Terawan)	jullu	to flow
Sasak	oloh	olor/ brook, stream, waterway
Wolio	sii wilu	have one's mouth water, slaver
Wolio	wilu	saliva, spittle

29983

*-lus slip off

PMP	*luslus	slip off, slip away
Malay	belus	loose, slipping freely off and on (of a ring)
Tagalog	bululós	diarrhoea
Casiguran Dumagat	búlus	diarrhoea
Malay	celus	loose-fitting; fitting comfortably or easily, of a ring that slips on or off
Hiligaynon	dáplus	slide off
Tiruray	dilus	(of a surface) water-repellant
Kadazan Dusun	gahus	loosen and slide off
Hawu	hilu	snake skin
Cebuano	hilús	for something tied securely in place to slip off, move out of place by sliding
Samoan	mamulu	slip out, as a knife from one's hand
Tboli	melus	loosen, come off
Manggarai	ŋgolus	loose, slipping freely off and on
Hiligaynon	palús	slip off, free from grip
Maranao	pelos	slip off
Maranao	tamlos	fishhook that loses fish easily
Malay	telus	slipping through without difficulty; fitting loosely, of a ring fitting comfortably on a finger, etc.
Bare'e	wulu	slipped off, pushed off
Bontok	ʔúlus	slide down a slope

29984

*-lut twist around

Tagalog	bálot	covering, wrapping
Tagalog	bílot	small roll or pack
Dairi-Pakpak Batak	bulut	tangled, twisted
Sasak	gelut	wrestle
Balinese	ilut	twist, turn

b c C d g h k l m n N ñ ŋ p r R s t w z

Austronesian Comparative Dictionary, web edition
Robert Blust and Stephen Trussel
www.trussel2.com/ACD
2010: revision 6/21/2020
email: Blust (content) – Trussel (production)
Roots-Index-l