f   

face, looks, appearance

Borrowing from Malay.

face

Borrowing from Malay, ultimately from Sanskrit.

face powder:   powder, face powder

Borrowing from Malay.

faithful:   loyal, faithful, devoted

The Botolan Sambal form is assumed to be a Tagalog loan.

fall:   attack suddenly, fall upon

Borrowing from Malay. Dempwolff (1938) reconstructed *tempuq ‘fall upon, attack’.

fan

Borrowing from Malay

fan-knife

Probably a GCPh innovation borrowed into Pangasinan.

far

On the basis of this comparison Dempwolff (1938) proposed ‘Uraustronesisch’ *daeq as a doublet of the far better supported *zauq ‘far, distant’. The principal reason for doing so is the agreement in both languages of showing /d/ for expected /j/ (and hence not indicating a proto-form with *z). However, even if this argument is accepted, the limited geographical distribution of this comparison raises questions about the antiquity of the form

fast, fasting

Borrowing from Malay, ultimately from Sanskrit.

fast, withdrawal from food

Borrowing of Spanish ayuno ‘fast’ (from ayunar ‘to fast’).

fasten or tie to

Dempwolff (1938) posited *si(r)at ‘fasten or tie to’, but support for this reconstruction is limited, and until stronger evidence is found, the comparison is best attributed to a borrowing from Malay.

fastener, thing used for fastening or making secure

Borrowing from Malay.

fast, fasting

Borrowing from Malay, ultimately from Sanskrit.

fat

Borrowing from Malay.

fate:   luck, fortune, fate

Borrowing, ultimately from Sanskrit.

fate

Borrowing of Spanish signo ‘a sign’.

feast

Borrowing from Portuguese.

Felis domesticus:   cat, Felis domesticus

It is unclear when domestic cats first reached insular Southeast Asia, and it is possible that this word originally referred to a native animal. If so, however, the word has been transferred almost everywhere to the domestic cat, and it is clearly a loanword in at least Tagalog and Tetun.

female:   maid, female servant

Probably a fairly late innovation in Western Indonesia, spread by borrowing from Malay or Javanese.

fence

Apparently a borrowing of Spanish corral ‘enclosure, corral’.

fertilizer

From Spanish abono ‘manure; fertilizer; guarantee; assurance; credit’,

festive maiden

From Spanish zagala ‘shepherdess; maiden’.

fiancé, engagement

Palawano tunaŋ appears to be a borrowing from Malay, which indicates a fairly intense borrowing relationship.

fidgety:   restless, fidgety

Borrowing from Malay.

fields:   bird clapper (to frighten them from fields)

Dempwolff reconstructed *kenTuŋ ‘bird clapper’, but the highly restricted distribution of this form is best explained as a product of borrowing from Malay. I have, moreover, been unable to find the Javanese form he gives in either Pigeaud (1938) or Horne (1974). With root *-tuŋ ‘deep resounding sound’.

fight with fists:   box, fight with fists

Borrowed from Spanish puñeta ‘a blow with the fist’.

file, line, row

From Spanish fila ‘row, line’.

find:   divine, find by divination, tell fortunes

Borrowing from Malay.

fine

Borrowing of Spanish multa ‘a fine’.

finger

This is a puzzling comparison for several reasons. First, Tagalog appears to be the only Philippine language to have this form. Second, the final glottal stop corresponding to zero in Old Javanese and Balinese suggests that it is a loan, but neither of these languages is a likely source. Third, although Malay loanwords are common in many Philippine languages, this word is not reported in Standard Malay (Wilkinson 1959). Finally, body-part terms are among the least likely types of words to be borrowed in contact situations, yet this one (from Brunei Malay?) appears to violate that general principle.

firm, solid

Borrowing from Malay. Dempwolff (1938) reconstructed *kukuq ‘firm, solid’.

firm:   steadfast, firm

Borrowing from Malay. Dempwolff (1938) reconstructed ‘Uraustronesisch’ *teguq ‘steadfast, firm’ (standhaftsein).

fish net

Borrowing from Makassarese.

fish sp.: tuna

The Oxford English Dictionary gives wahoo (origin unknown) 'a large marine fish, Acanthocybium solandri, belonging to the family Scombridae and found in tropical seas'. The citations which follow this definition suggest that the word was widely used in the western Pacific in the nineteenth century. Borrowing from some local language into Spanish or English,with subsequent borrowing from Spanish or English into other local languages seems to be the most likely source of transmission.

fish stew

Borrowing from some Malay dialect. The similarity of Kankanaey paŋaft, pinaŋát 'roasted locusts' to the forms cited above is attributed to chance.

fish:   pickled fish

Borrowing from Malay. Unlike many Malay loanwords in Philippine languages which diffused from Brunei, probably in connection with the trading arc that linked Borneo with the Moluccas through Mindanao and the Sulu Archipelago, this word is not attested anywhere in the southern Philippines. Its distribution suggests instead that it was introduced by peninsular Malay traders whose base of operations was the entrepot at Manila Bay first established by the Fukienese, and jointly maintained by the Spanish during the three and one half centuries of the Manila Galleon (1565-1815).

fish:   sun-dried fish

Borrowing from Malay.

fish or meat cooked in vinegar

Borrowing from Tagalog.

fish or shrimp sauce

Borrowing from Malay.

fish: mackerel sp.

The Ilokano word is said to be borrowed from Pilipino/Tagalog, as this evidently is a commercial fish widely known in the Philippines.

fishhook

Borrowing into Pangasinan from Tagalog.

fishnet (type)

The Ilokano term probably is a loan from Tagalog.

fitting:   becoming, fitting, appropriate

Borrowing from Javanese into Malay, and then diffusion through Malay to a wider set of languages. Dempwolff (1938) positied Uraustronesisch *pantas ‘be successful, effective’ (Erfolgreichsein).

fitting:   proper, fitting, appropriate

Borrowing from Javanese into Malay, with subsequent wide dispersal via Malay. Dempwolff (1938) compared the Ngaju Dayak, Malay, Javanese and Toba Batak forms with Tagalog patot ‘proper, fitting’ and posited Uraustronesisch *patut ‘proper, fitting’, but I have been unable to find the last of these forms in any modern dictionary. Note the close semantics and probable origin in Javanese with subsequent spread by Malay for both this form and Malay pantas, etc.

fixed secure

Probably a Malay loan distribution (apart from Iban). Dempwolff (1938) reconstructed ‘Uraustronesisch’ *tetep ‘firm, fixed’ (festsein).

flag

Borrowing, ultimately from Portuguese and-or Spanish.

flag

Borrowing from Portuguese.

flare up, burst into flame

flank:   side, flank

Probably borrowing from Malay.

flare up, burst into flame

flat

Borrowing from Malay. Dempwolff (1938) proposed Uraustronesisch *papak ‘flat’ (Flachsein).

flax:   linen, flax

From Spanish lino ‘flax, linen’.

flesh:   meat, flesh

float

The Iban and Sundanese forms appear to be cognate; Kadazan Dusun abu shows irregularities which suggest borrowing, perhaps from Iban or a Malay dialect in Borneo.

float for fishing line

Although a cognate is not known in Moluccan Malay, it is very likely that the Buli word (expected **fayan) has been borrowed from some dialect of Malay into which it has come into contact..

flour:   meal, flour

Borrowing from Malay. Dempwolff (1938) reconstructed PAn *tepuŋ ‘flour, meal’.

fluids:   thick (of fluids), viscous

Also Balinese hentel ‘thick, close, dense, solid’. Given its distribution only on Java, Bali and Lombok and in Malay, but not in the Batak languages or other languages of northern Sumatra, or in Borneo, this is most likely to be a loan from Javanese. Dempwolff (1938) reconstructed *kenTel ‘viscous’.

flute

Borrowing from Makassarese.

flute

Borrowing from Malay.

foil:   gilding, gold-foil

Borrowing. Wilkinson (1959) gives Malay perada as a Portuguese loan, and Richards (1981) appears to have followed Wilkinson in assuming a similar source for Iban perada. In view of the Sanskrit provenance of Old Javanese parada, however, a Sanskrit source for all forms appears more likely.

follower:   disciple, follower

Probably a Tagalog loan distribution.

foodstuffs:   catty (unit of weight for foodstuffs)

Borrowing from Malay.

fool:   idiot, fool

Probably a Tagalog loan distribution.

foolish

Borrowing from Brunei Malay.

footrace

Borrowing from Malay.

forbidden taboo

Apparently a Malay loan outside Malayic.

forbidden, prohibited, taboo

Borrowing from Tagalog into Casiguran Dumagat and Agutaynen.

force:   power force

Borrowing from Malay, and ultimately from Arabic. Conklin (1953:154) gives Hanunóo kuwát ‘power, force(?)’ with a questionable gloss, cross-referencing it somewhat obscurely to baliŋkuwát ‘lever, i.e. a prying instrument for raising heavy objects’. The resemblance between it and forms in western Indonesia may thus be a product of chance.

foreign merchant

This is best treated as a loan distribution originating either in Old Javanese or Malay. Dempwolff (1938) posited ‘Uraustronesisch’ *dagaŋ ‘foreign merchant’.

fortification

Borrowing from Malay.

fortress, fortification

Borrowing from Malay, ultimately from Sanskrit. Following his practice of proposing reconstructions even for forms that he knew had a non-Austronesian origin, provided that they illustrated regular sound correspondences, Dempwolff (1938) posited *kuTa ‘fortress’, but marked it as a Sanskrit loan.

fortune:   luck, fortune

Almost certainly a loan distribution originating from some non-standard dialect or dialects of Malay. Neither Wilkinson (1959) nor Poerwadarminta (1976) gives ukur in this meaning, but Iban ukur suggests that a similar word may be found in Brunei Malay with the meaning in question.”

fortune:   luck, fortune, fate

Borrowing, ultimately from Sanskrit.

fortune:   profit, gain, fortune, luck

Widespread borrowing from Malay.

fortunes:   divine, find by divination, tell fortunes

Borrowing from Malay.

foundation, basis

Probably a Malay loan distribution. Dempwolff (1938) proposed Uraustronesisch *lapik ‘foundation, basis' (Unterlage).

four-cornered bottle

fourth, quarter

Borrowing from Malay

frame for holding a coffin:   bier, frame for holding a coffin

Borrowing of Spanish andás ‘hand-barrow, stretcher; bier’.

fraud:   deceit, trickery, fraud

Borrowing from Malay into Tagalog, and then from Tagalog into Hanunóo, and perhaps other languages.

freshwater fish sp.

Probably a Malay loan distribution. Dempwolff (1938) reconstructed Uraustronesisch *limbat ‘name of a river fish’.

frighten:   bird clapper (to frighten them from fields)

Dempwolff reconstructed *kenTuŋ ‘bird clapper’, but the highly restricted distribution of this form is best explained as a product of borrowing from Malay. I have, moreover, been unable to find the Javanese form he gives in either Pigeaud (1938) or Horne (1974). With root *-tuŋ ‘deep resounding sound’.

frog

Yamada (1966) notes that frogs are not found in Itbayat, thus raising the possibility that this item might be a Tagalog loan. However, Tsuchida et al. (1987) give palaka in the Ivasay and Isamorong dialects of Ivatan, where frogs apparently are found. Reid (1971) gives both Itbayaten and Ivatan palakaʔ, with a final glottal stop not recorded by Yamada (1966) or Tsuchida et al. All-in-all this form is best regarded as a loanword. I am indebted to Alexander Smith for bringing this to my attention.

front; to face

Borrowing of Malay hadap ‘position facing, in two senses: 1. being in front of, and 2. presenting oneself before or waiting on’.

fruit:   sour fruit

Borrowing into Tiruray and Chamorro from some GCPh language or languages.

fruit:   tree with edible hairy brown fruit: Diospyros discolor

Evidently a commercial name in the Philippines reflecting *ma- ‘stative’ + *bulu ‘hairy’. For what is presumably the original name cf, *kamaguŋ.

fruit:   tree with edible fruit Sandoricum indicum or Sandoricum koetjape

Dempwolff (1938) reconstructed *se(n)tul ‘name of a tree’, but all Philippine forms appear to be loans from Malay, and this may be true of some forms in western Indonesia as well.

fruit tree, tamarind, Tamarindus indica

The tamarind tree is native to Africa, and is believed to have reached western India via human transport several millennia before the Christian era. It presumably was introduced to insular Southeast Asia during the Indianization that began some 1,800-2,000 years ago. Madulid (2001) reports that forms related to Tagalog sampálok are found in “many languages” of the Philippines, but I have found only a few examples in the available dictionaries. The Itbayaten term is almost certainly a loan from Tagalog.

fry in fat:   sauté, fry in fat

Borrowing of Spanish guisar ‘to cook, stew, prepare’.

frying pan

Borrowing, probably from Malay before the sound changes that reduced prepenultimate vowels to schwa and deleted schwa before vowels and glides.