Updated: 6/21/2020
| Updated: 6/21/2020 |
Austronesian Comparative Dictionary
Cognate Sets
pa
30948 *pa₁ still, yet, til now, first (before doing something else) 8812 PAN *pa₁ still, yet, til now, first (before doing something else)
Note: The PAn status of this reconstruction was first established by Wolff (2010, 2:919). I am indebted to Daniel Kaufman for drawing my attention to this fact.
27358 *pa-₁ numeral prefix, divide into x (x = numeral) 3888 PMP *pa-₁ numeral prefix, divide into x (x = numeral)
31374 9461 9462 PWMP *p<in>a- caused (something to happen)
9463 PAN *pa-ka- causative of stative verbs
9464 Note: Also Yakan peke-, peki- ‘causative affix in transitive or antipassive clauses’.
32874 11332 11333 Note: A somewhat longer version of this comparison was first proposed by Ross (2016:427), who reconstructed *pa, *pa-i ‘get, take, bring’ with no indication of the function of *-i.
27232 *pacek wooden nail,
dowel; drive in, as a wooden nail or dowel 3733 PAN *pacek wooden nail, dowel; drive in, as a wooden nail or dowel [doublet: *pasek]
Note: With root *-cek ‘insert, stick into a soft surface’. [cf root *-sek₂ insert, stick into a soft surface] Blust (1970:134) reconstructs *pacek ‘place upright in the earth’, but cites only WMP cognates. Makassarese pasoʔ ‘nail, pin, peg’ is assumed to reflect *pasuk.
27231 *paCak spotted, speckled, as the skin of an animal 3732 PAN *paCak spotted, speckled, as the skin of an animal
32515 10855 10856 10857 PWMP *pada pada equally, without distinction
32516 *padaŋ uncultivated field, open grassland; field covered with sword grass (Imperata cylindrica) 10858 PWMP *padaŋ uncultivated field, open grassland; field covered with sword grass (Imperata cylindrica)
Note: Dempwolff (1938) reconstructed *pa(n)daŋ ‘Grasfläche, Steppe, Ebene’ (grassy plain, steppe, level ground’. However this characterization misrepresents the nature of tropical grasslands, which in most cases are secondary products of human deforestation for swidden agriculture. PWMP *padaŋ appears to contrast with PAn *CaluN ‘fallow land, secondary forest’. While *CaluN referred to land that has been cultivated and is being held for further use, *padaŋ evidently referred to open areas of deforested land that had lost its value for cultivation as a result of the irreversible incursion of Imperata cylindrica. In a number of languages the name for a previously cultivated area that had gone over to sword grass was transferred to the invasive grass itself (cp. PAn *eRiq, *Riaq, *Remeja, all of which mean ‘sword grass: Imperata cylindrica’, and never refer to fields or represent any other meaning.
27233 3734 PWMP *padaw kind of sailboat [doublet: *parahu]
Note: Bintulu a before an implosive stop indicates a loanword. Wilkinson (1959) sub perahu ‘undecked native ship’ adds "Etym. the padao or parao of the Malabar coast, in contr. to the decked kapal." I have been unable to determine a 27234 3735 Note: Also Kadazan Dusun paok ‘chaff, husks’.
27372 3905 PWMP *pa(n)dek specklike object
32517 *padem to extinguish, douse a fire 10859 PWMP *padem to extinguish, douse a fire [doublet: *padeŋ, *pideŋ]
Note: Based on Tagalog páram ‘to disappear, vanish’, Toba Batak pidom ‘destroyed’, Javanese parem ‘a mixture of dried ground herbs and water, used as a liniment’ (pain destroyer), and Malay padam, Dempwolff (1938) posited *padem ‘to extinguish’, a form which is far better supported by the data given here .
32518 *padeŋ to extinguish, douse a fire 10860 PAN *padeŋ to extinguish, douse a fire [doublet: *padem, *pideŋ]
Note: Also Binukid pedeŋ ‘to extinguish, put out (a fire); to turn off (a light), Tausug pūŋ ‘put off, extinguished, shut off (as fire, radio, flow of electricity, a water tap, an engine)’, mag-pūŋ ‘to put off, shut off, extinguish (something)’, Melanau (Mukah) pajəm ‘closed, of the eyes; extinguished, of a fire’, Manggarai (Tjibal) pegem ‘to extinguish, as a fire’.
32800 *pa(n)det compact, compressed, packed in tightly 11243 PWMP *pa(n)det compact, compressed, packed in tightly
Note: Tagalog pandát is assumed to show assimilation of the last-syllable vowel to the vowel of the penult. Although the Kayan form is almost certainly native, the extension of this comparsion behind western Indoneisa may be due to borrowing from Malay.
32522 *padpád be cast adrift, cast ashore after going adrift 10868 PPh *padpád be cast adrift, cast ashore after going adrift
27373 3906 PWMP *pa(n)duŋ raised flooring
30815 *paen bait 8565 PAN *paen bait
8566 8567 PPh *paen-an to bait a trap, set the bait for
Note: It is very likely that this form is related to *kaen ‘eat’, but no clear morphological relationship can be established
27235 *pagal neck shackle to prevent an animal from passing through fences 3736 PMP *pagal neck shackle to prevent an animal from passing through fences
Note: Possibly a chance resemblance (since it is so weakly attested). The perfect phonological correspondences and highly distinctive semantics, however, suggest a historical connection.
32774 *pagas hoarse, husky (of the voice) 11215 PPh *pagas hoarse, husky (of the voice)
27236 3737 Note: Also Casiguran Dumagat pagél ‘tired, exhausted’, Makassarese paʔgalaʔ ‘slow, languid; stiff from exhaustion’.
27237 3738 PWMP *pageq firm, steady, strong
Note: Karo Batak paguh shows u for expected e. I assume that it has been reshaped under the influence of the semantically similar teguh ‘firm, strong; tough, of someone's constitution’.
27240 3741 27238 *pager enclosure; palisade around a village; fence around a planted tree or cultivated field 3739 PMP *pager enclosure; palisade around a village; fence around a planted tree or cultivated field
Note: Also Maloh pakar ‘fence’, Dairi-Pakpak Batak pagar ‘village stockade; fence of wood or bamboo’, Erai papa ‘enclosure’, Buruese pagar ‘fence’. Reflexes of *pager in Sarawak generally appear to be borrowed from Malay.This word evidently referred to a constructed enclosure that was intended to keep something out as opposed to one that was intended to keep something in (cp. *bala₂, *bara, or *baRa ‘pen, enclosure for domesticated animals’). The recurrent references to palisades suggests that PMP villages were stockaded.
27239 *pagi later, tomorrow, in the future 3740 PWMP *pagi later, tomorrow, in the future
Note: This item is not simply a widely distributed Malay loan, since the Chamic languages and the Batak languages agree in indicating an original meaning that is not attested in the Malay reflex. Its antiquity depends crucially on the subgrouping relationship of the Batak languages to the Malayo-Chamic languages, a subject that required further investigation.
32529 *pagpág brush or shake off dust or dirt 10879 PPh *pagpág brush or shake off dust or dirt
10880 PPh *i-pagpág to brush or shake off dust or dirt
Note: Also Pangasinan i-wagwág ‘shake out a sack, empty a container’. Possibly a Bikol loanword in Casiguran Dumagat.
32530 *pagpag to slap something hard 10881 PWMP *pagpag to slap something hard
Note: Possibly identical with *pagpág
27242 3743 Note: It is unclear precisely how PWMP *pagu and *paRa ‘storage shelf; attic (?)’ differed in meaning. The former may have referred to a loft or attic near the roof and the latter exclusively to a shelf or system of shelves over the hearth, but reflexes of *paRa so often include the meaning ‘loft, attic, ceiling’ that the semantic distinction between the two has been considerably blurred.
27241 3742 PWMP *pagut snap at with the mouth
Note: Sundanese pagut ‘knock against’, Javanese pagut ‘strike together’ may also be connected. The semantics of this comparison leave something to be desired. Nonetheless Hiligaynon págut, Aklanon págot appear to contain a reflex of the root *-gut ‘gnaw’ (q.v.), and the range of meanings found in other reflexes of this root includes biting, snapping, and nibbling at. Alternatively, *pagut may contain the root *-gut₂ ‘pull with a jerk’.
30012 *paheku bracken, edible fern that grows by rivers: Athyrium esculentum 6706 PAN *paheku bracken, edible fern that grows by rivers: Athyrium esculentum
7163 PWMP *paku fern
Note: Also Tagalog pakóʔ ‘fern; river fern’, Bikol pakóʔ, Manobo (Western Bukidnon) pakuʔ, Tboli hokuʔ ‘edible fern found growing along streams: Athyrium esculentum’, Iban pakuʔ ‘fern’, daun pakuʔ ‘fern frond, edible fern tips’.
32782 11223 PWMP *pahid wipe off [doublet: *paRhid]
33962 *pahpah flower (?) 12802 PAN *pahpah flower (?)
Note: This comparison was first proposed by Li (1994:252)
29918 *pahuq₁ mango tree and its fruit, probably Mangifera altissima 11007 PMP *pahuq₁ mango tree and its fruit, probably Mangifera altissima
Note: Also Maranao pahoɁ ‘mango --- giant’. Most forms in Sulawesi appear to be Malay loans, but this cannot easily be argued for reflexes in Philippine languages.
32617 11008 PWMP *pahuq₂ kind of marine fish
27243 *pai₁ where? 3744 PMP *pai₁ where?
Note: Pawley (1972) reconstructs PEOc *pai ‘where?, locative interrogative’. This item probably was preceded by a generic marker of location *i.
32841 *pai₂ to weave, plait (as a basket, door, fence) 11296 POC *pai₂ to weave, plait (as a basket, door, fence)
Note: A slightly longer version of this comparison was first proposed by Osmond and Ross (1998:82).
30258 *paid fan 7140 PAN *paid fan
32875 *pajale walk about, take a walk 11334 POC *pajale walk about, take a walk
Note: A longer version of this comparison was first proposed by Ross (2016a:395).
30474 *pajay rice in the field; rice plant 7675 PAN *pajay rice in the field; rice plant
7676 PAN *ka-pajay-an (gloss uncertain)
Note: Also Ifugaw (Batad) pāguy ‘rice plant, Oryza sativa before or after harvesting, i.e. a rice panicle and stalk’, Bikol pároy ‘rice still growing in the fields; rice before milling’, pag-paroy-an ‘to pay a portion of one’s debts with rice’, Toba Batak palge ‘large, select rice grains’, Buginese ase (expected **pase) ‘rice in the field’.
29945 *pajiS enemy 6625 PAN *pajiS enemy
Note: Also Favorlang/Babuza azjies ‘enemy.’
30073 *paju eyebrow 6779 POC *paju eyebrow
Note: Possibly connected with PAn *pasu ‘cheekbone’, although this seems semantically strained.
32523 10869 PMP *pak sound of a clap or smack
Note: A free-standing instance of the monosyllabic root *-pak₁ 'slap, clap'.
32604 10992 PWMP *pakal to caulk, fill a hole
32655 *pakan the weft thread in weaving 11055 PMP *pakan the weft thread in weaving
Note: PWMP *pakan clearly referred to the cross threads at right angles to the sitting weaver’s body that are woven into the already established warp threads on a loom. Since this can be seen metaphorically as ‘feeding’ the warp, it is possible that this word reflects *pa-kaen ‘to feed’ in a specialized sense that ultimately acquired a lexical existence independent of that from which it sprang.
32640 11038 PWMP *pakaw handle of an implement
32641 *pakáw bow-legged 11039 PPh *pakáw bow-legged
30396 *pakpak₁ to clap, flap the wings; sound of clapping or flapping 7507 PAN *pakpak₁ to clap, flap the wings; sound of clapping or flapping
12637 7508 PWMP *ma-makpak to slap, flap the wings
7527 PPh *p<al>akpak clap
Note: Also Maranao parapak ‘flap wings’. With root *-pak₁ ‘slap, clap’.
32539 *pakpak₂ bark of a tree; peel off bark 10898 PWMP *pakpak₂ bark of a tree; peel off bark [doublet: *bakbak₁]
33815 *pakul a fish: triggerfish sp.(?) 12608 PMP *pakul a fish: triggerfish sp.(?)
12609 POC *bakul₂ a fish: triggerfish sp.(?)
Note: Possibly a chance resemblance.
32816 11268 Note: This comparison was first identified by Peekel (1984), and considerably expanded by Ross (2008:331). The Lou form is cited from my own fieldnotes (Ross has pɔk ‘pandanus’, but this does not correspond to any of the pandanus terms I collected).
33759 12521 Note: Possibly a product of chance.
27261 *pala platform 3764 POC *pala₁ platform [disjunct: *paRa 'firewood shelf above the hearth']
27247 *pala pala₁ scaffolding, support 3749 PWMP *pala pala₁ scaffolding, support [doublet: *paraq paraq]
Note: Also Bontok bala-bála ‘arch’. Dempwolff (1934-38) conflated several distinct cognate sets under an apparently nonexistent form *para ‘rack, stand, frame’. Tagalog pala-pala was compared (1) with Toba Batak, Malay para-para, Ngaju Dayak pahe, and Malagasy fara-fara, all of which evidently reflect PMP *paRa ‘storage shelf’; (2) with Sa'a para, which reflects PMP *bara ‘pen, enclosure for domesticated animals’; and (3) with Fijian vara ‘scaffolding, platform, stage’, which does not appear to be related to either of the foregoing. Rotuman hara ‘frame, framework, stand’ may be cognate with the WMP forms cited here, but if so has lost its original reduplicative character.
27248 3750 PPh *pala pala₂ temporary shed
Note: Also Cebuano palaʔ-palaʔ ‘temporary shed without walls, with a flat roof’.
27249 *palaj₁ palm of hand, sole of foot 3751 PMP *palaj₁ palm of hand, sole of foot
Note: Also Bikol párad ‘palm of the hand, sole of the foot’, Sangir palédeʔ ‘palm of hand, sole of foot’. In PPh, *palaj evidently referred not only to the palm of the hand and sole of the foot, but also to one's fate or destiny as inferred from the reading of the lines in one's palm.
27250 3752 Note: Probably identical to *palaj ‘palm of the hand, lines in the palm’. Malay palar ‘counting on, expecting’ is assumed to be a loan from Javanese.
32842 *palaja rabbitfish: Siganus sp. 11297 POC *palaja rabbitfish: Siganus sp.
Note: Also Wayan volaca ‘spinefoot: Siganus vermiculatus lineatus. A longer version of this comparison was first proposed by Osmond (2011:109-110).
27252 3754 27253 3755 POC *palala bald; a bald person
Note: Puluwat pal is assumed to show syllable reduction by haplology. A somewhat longer version of this comparison was first proposed by Osmond and Ross (2016a:95), who proposed POc *pwalala ‘bald’, with the initial labiovelar presumably based on Mussau vāla ‘bald’. However, the latter form contains several problems, and is perhaps best treated with caution.
27254 *palantik curved 3756 PWMP *palantik curved
Note: With root *-tik ‘curved’.
27262 *palaŋ₁ thwart, crosspiece 3765 PMP *palaŋ₁ thwart, crosspiece
Note: Also Rembong paleŋ ‘lie athwart’, Ngadha pale ‘crossbeam, crossbar, girder’, Molima bala-bala ‘put crosswise’ (see *bara₂), Eddystone/Mandegusu pala-pala ‘horizontal supports of a roof’.
27263 *palaŋ₂ spotted 3766 PWMP *palaŋ₂ spotted
Note: With root *laŋ₂ ‘striped’.
27255 *palapaq spices, condiments 3757 PWMP *palapaq spices, condiments
Note: Tiruray falaʔfa may show metathesis of the final glottal stop. However, this word clearly is a loan, and could preserve a preconsonantal glottal stop that was regularly lost in the other languages. If so, this reconstruction should be *palaqpaq.
27257 3760 Note: Also Kambera para ‘female genitalia’. Maloh (and the other Malayic languages) may share an immediate common ancestor with Malagasy (and the other Barito languages). If so the form reconstructed here is properly assigned to that lower-level proto-language rather than to PWMP. On the other hand, if the similarity of Kambera para (which does not show recurrent phonological correspondences with the Maloh and Malagasy forms) is ultimately due to genetic relationship this form must have existed in PMP.
27256 *palaqpaq midrib of coconut leaf 3758 PMP *palaqpaq midrib of coconut leaf [doublet: *paqpaq₂]
3759 POC *balapaq mid-rib of coconut leaf
Note: Also Iban pelepah ‘stalk or rib of palm leaf’, Malay pelepah ‘frond, palm leaf’, Tongan palalafa ‘stalk (or stalk and midrib) of a coconut leaf’. This item may have been morphologically complex (*p-al-aqpaq), and in PWMP may have referred both to the midrib of palm and banana leaves and to the leaves themselves.
27259 *palata fish sp. 3762 PMP *palata fish sp.
27260 3763 Note: Also Hanunóo paláwun (< *palaw + suffix?) ‘freshwater fish with reddish sides’.
33895 *palawan a tree: Tristania spp. 12721 PWMP *palawan a tree: Tristania spp.
Note: The Bikol form in this comparison is from Madulid (2001).
27264 *paleCuk shoot, sound of shooting 3767 PAN *paleCuk shoot, sound of shooting
Note: Also Itbayaten paltug ‘gun, revolver, pistol’, Pangasinan paltóg ‘sound of or like gunfire; to shoot’, Malay pelatok ‘trigger of a firearm’, Javanese platuk platuk ‘trigger, hammer for cocking a gun’. Possibly with root *-Cuk ‘knock, pound, beat’.
27265 *paletik spring-spear, spring-gun 3768 PWMP *paletik spring-spear, spring-gun
Note: With root *-tik₁ ‘spring up, flicking motion’. The Casiguran Dumagat and Bikol terms for outrigger connecting beams may be related through reference to a common curving shape, or may be convergent developments which contain the root *-tik ‘curved’.
27266 *pale(n)tik spring-set spear trap 3769 PWMP *pale(n)tik spring-set spear trap [doublet: *pilantik]
27276 3780 PCEMP *pali₁ side, half [disjunct: *baliw]
Note: In Blust (1981b) the Oceanic members of this comparison, along with certain other forms, were assigned to *baliw.
32817 *paliaRua a vine: Merremia peltata 11269 POC *paliaRua a vine: Merremia peltata
Note: A somewhat longer version of this comparison was first presented by Ross (2008:234). Although all the forms cited here appear to be related, they do not permit a straightforward reconstruction, and better evidence for this form is desirable.
27267 3770 PWMP *palij blown away by the wind [doublet: *palis₁]
Note: Also Agutaynen palied ‘for something to be blown away, carried away by the wind’. This word may indicate that the proto-form was *palied, although I reserve judgement on this issue until independent evidence is found for reconstructing a trisyllable.
27277 *paliŋ turn (as the prow of a boat) 3781 PMP *paliŋ turn (as the prow of a boat)
27269 *paliq₁ an internal organ, probably spleen or pancreas 3772 PAN *paliq₁ an internal organ, probably spleen or pancreas
Note: Also Malay peléh, pelih ‘liver’.
27270 *paliq₂ wound 3773 PWMP *paliq₂ wound
Note: Also Aklanon pálʔit ‘scar, bald spot (on head)’.
27272 *palis₁ blown away by the wind 3776 PWMP *palis₁ blown away by the wind [doublet: *palij]
27273 3777 Note: Also Mentawai (southern dialect) palit ‘bad luck’.
27274 3778 27271 *paliSi taboo, ritual restriction; purifying rite 3774 PAN *paliSi taboo, ritual restriction; purifying rite
7308 POC *pali₂ taboo
3775 12715 PAN *paliSi-an taboo
Note: Manobo (Western Bukidnon) lihiy-an , Kelabit alih both suggest that *paliSi is morphologically complex, but they point to different stems *liSi and *aliSi respectively). Both forms probably represent secondary developments through analogical backformation. Among PCMP languages Kambera palili ‘forbidden, taboo’ (with partial rightward reduplication?) may be cognate, but Bimanese pamali ‘taboo’ probably is a loan from Malay.
27275 *palit exchange 3779 PPh *palit exchange
Note: Dempwolff (1934-38) included the Tagalog form, together with Toba Batak palit (ma-malit boru) ‘accept a virgin as payment for a debt because the creditor wishes to make her a daughter-in-law’ and Malagasy faditra ‘any offering to avert evil, a piaculum’ under an etymon *palit ‘return gift’. However, the description of Toba Batak palit in Warneck (1977 [1906]), the similar description of Dairi-Pakpak Batak alit in Manik (1977), and the gloss of Malagasy faditra suggest that neither of these items is related to Philippine reflexes of *palit. Moreover, within the Philippines both the Casiguran Dumagat and the Pangasinan forms could be loans from Tagalog.
27278 3782 27279 3783 32605 10993 PWMP *palpal₂ flat, even, level [disjunct: *parpar]
32531 *palpál₁ hit, beat with hand or club in order to kill 10882 PPh *palpál₁ hit, beat with hand or club in order to kill
32532 *palpál₂ tethering stake; drive a stake into the ground 10883 PPh *palpál₂ tethering stake; drive a stake into the ground
32540 *palpal₁ short, cropped, trimmed 10899 PWMP *palpal₁ trimmed short, as grass; bare (of a field)
Note: Also Old Javanese papal ‘breaking in two, snapping’, Javanese di-papal ‘be
cut or hacked off ‘. Based on the Toba Batak and Javanese forms given here Dempwolff (1938) posited Uraustronesisch *palpal ‘remove the hair; be bald’.
32818 11270 27281 3785 27282 *palu₂ adze 3786 PWMP *palu₂ adze
Note: Possibly connected with *palu₁ if the principal use of this adze was the working of sago trunks.
30376 7422 PAN *palu₃ to hammer, pound, hit
7423 PMP *palu to hammer, to hit with a hard implement
7424 PAN *palu-palu hammer, mallet, instrument for pounding or hammering
Note: Also Ifugaw pallú ‘heavy stick to beat somebody with, as a recalcitrant slave or servant, or an animal (e.g. a water buffalo, a pig, a cow for causing damage in one’s plantation or field)’, Tagalog páloʔ ‘beating or striking with a stick or the hand, usually by way of punishment; swipe, a hard blow; batting, hitting a ball with a bat’, Cebuano páluʔ ‘hit, slap in punishment’, Tausug páluʔ ‘to hit, strike (something) with a stick’, Sasak palu ‘hammer’ (< Malay), Kédang paluq ‘beat, hit, strike’.
Some writers, as English (1986) treat this as a borrowing of Spanish palo ‘stick, cudgel’, but cognates outside the Philippines, and the occasional use of this word as a verb meaning ‘hit with the fists’ suggest that the similarity between Spanish palo and forms in Philippine languages is due to chance. Dempwolff (1938) also included Fijian valu ‘to make war on, be at war with’, but the connection of this form to the others cited here is more doubtful. The other question that arises in connection with this comparison is why Iban and several Central Philippine languages reflect a final glottal stop. Initially this appears to support the proposal of Zorc (1996) that PAn and various of its descendant proto-languages had a glottal stop distinct from *q. However, it is clear that word-final glottal stop is often historically secondary in Iban, and it therefore seems best to treat Iban paluʔ as equivalent to palu.
32801 *palu₄ to make war on, fight with 11244 POC *palu₄ to make war on, fight with
Note: Possibly identical to PAn *palu₃ ‘to hammer, pound, hit’.
32627 *páluŋ cockscomb; cut off a cock’s comb 11022 PPh *páluŋ cockscomb; cut off a cock’s comb
27284 3790 9415 9416 32628 *paluŋ₂ wave at sea, sea swell 11023 PPh *paluŋ₂ wave at sea, sea swell
Note: Isneg palóŋ is a likely Ilokano loanword, but this seems highly unlikely for Itbayaten.
27280 3784 32541 *pampám prostitute 10900 PPh *pampám prostitute
Note: Possibly a loan distribution, but if so the source is unclear.
27292 3805 Note: In many languages reflexes of this form are indistinguishable from reflexes of the far more common PAn *paNaw, POc *pano ‘go away, depart, leave on a journey’. Label han is assumed to reflect POc *pana rather than *pano since its closest relatives which have preserved the final vowel point to *-a.
27285 *panahik climb 3791 PMP *panahik climb
3792 POC *panek climb
Note: Also Samoan fānaʔe ‘(of moon and tide) rise’. Dempwolff (1934-38) reconstructed *nahik ‘climb, ascend’, but the evidence for his reconstruction is far less persuasive than the evidence for *panahik. Apart from the Javanese form cited here, Dempwolff compared Ngaju Dayak naik ‘rise, climb (as the price of something), increase’, Malay naik ‘motion up. Of mounting or rising, either literally or figuratively’, and Toba Batak naek, naik ‘ascend, climb, rise in esteem’. The Malay form could be a back-formation from **memenaik-i (reduced to attested menaik-i by haplology, then interpreted as deriving from a prefixed base naik).
Both the Ngaju Dayak and Toba Batak words, as well as Bimanese neʔe ‘climb’ appear to be Malay loans, and so do not constitute independent evidence for the disyllable. More serious as evidence for *nahik are Isneg uneʔ ‘enter a house, mount the ladder, climb a tree’, Casiguran Dumagat unek ‘climb up a tree’. However, these and similar forms in other languages of northern Luzon contain an unexplained initial syllable that would have to reflect *u-. Mongondow onik ‘go upward!’, mo-onik ‘high’, monik ‘upwards; sometimes: northwards’ points to *anahik rather than *unahik, while Bare'e nae ‘rise slightly (as a trail)’, ma-nai ‘rise, esp. of water in larger rivers (Poso, Puna) and the sea’ probably is a chance resemblance (cf. Bare'e pone for the true cognate). Finally, if Dempwolff's *nahik is accepted it is difficult on both formal and semantic grounds to establish a regular morphological relationship between it and *panahik.
27286 *panapa needlefish sp. 3793 POC *panapa needlefish sp.
Note: Also Palauan uláɁ ‘needlefish’.
29847 *panaq throw something at a target; shoot with bow and arrow 6474 PAN *panaq throw something at a target; shoot with bow and arrow
6476 PAN *p<in>anaq shoot with a bow
6477 PAN *p<um>anaq shoot with a bow
6475 Note: Also Palauan báləɁ ‘slingshot; any material used as a slingshot; arrow; action of shooting with a slingshot’. Despite widespread reflexes in this meaning, PAn *panaq almost certainly did not mean ‘bow’, since this can be reconstructed confidently as *busuR. Instead, *panaq was a verb meaning something like ‘shoot at a target, try to hit with a projectile.’ In many daughter languages it became a noun, enough so that languages such as Malay and Kambera use the terms ‘mother of shooting’ for ‘bow’ and ‘child of shooting’ for ‘arrow’. Whether these complex expressions already existed in PMP, or are products of convergence remains unclear. The actor voice of this verb was formed with *-um- in PAn, but apparently this construction was replaced in PMP by prefixation with *maŋ-.
27287 3794 PMP *panas₁ warm, hot [doublet: *panes]
11259 PMP *panas-i to heat up, warm up
3795 3796 PCEMP *panas-panas somewhat warm very warm (?)
3797 3798 Note: Despite its wide distribution reflexes of this item are unknown in Taiwan, the Philippines, northern Borneo, and much of Melanesia. PMP *panas clearly was a stative verb (marked by *ma-. It evidently referred to the heat of the sun, the heat of fever, and to the heating of food, drink, and other material objects. Judging from the wide distribution of figurative senses, it apparently also referred to the emotions, particularly anger, and possibly to ‘pungent, hot-tasting’. Karo Batak panas-en ‘to sweat’, Balinese panes-in (cf. *panes) be ‘worried, made hot’ support a suffixed form *panas-en in PWMP or a descendant language. (4) *panas-panas may be a product of convergence.
27288 3799 Note: Also Malay panas-en ‘a tree: Homalium longifolium W.’. Probably the same morpheme as *panas₁ ‘hot’. Not to be confused with the 27289 *panaw fungus infection which produces light patches on the skin: Tinea flava or Pityriasis 3800 PMP *panaw₁ fungus infection which produces light patches on the skin: Tinea flava or Pityriasis
3801 PWMP *panaw-en be affected by tinea
Note: Also Palauan báləɁ ‘slingshot; any material used as a slingshot; arrow; action of shooting with a slingshot’, Old Javanese panu ‘a white spot (of powder?) on the skin (made deliberately as a mark?)’, Javanese panu ‘skin disease causing light-colored blemishes’. I assume that Rejang panau ‘tinea’ is a loan from Malay.
27291 *panay dish, bowl (of clay or wood) 3804 PMP *panay dish, bowl (of clay or wood)
Note: Also Makassarese panne ‘porcelain plate’, Buruese pane ‘saucepan’. Gonda (1973 [1952]:80) attributes the Old Javanese and Sasak forms to borrowing from South Dravidian languages (cf. 31256 *pandak short in height, squat and compact in build, of a person 9306 PMP *pandak short in height, squat and compact in build, of a person
Note: Also Ilokano pandáka ‘dwarf; dwarfish’, Malay andak ‘short, but limited to a few expressions, like andak-kan layar ‘to shorten sail, to reef’; also a familiar name for a fourth or fifth child in a family if a girl; andak-andak ‘at times’; péndék ‘short’, Tae' pandaɁ ‘very short, very small’, Komodo panda ‘low, short’.
32819 11271 Note: Possibly a Tagalog loan distribution. With root *-duŋ ‘shelter, protect’
27293 3806 PWMP *panes warm, hot [doublet: *panas₁]
27297 *pani₁ give 3811 POC *pani₁ give
Note: In transitive constructions this verb stem required the object suffix *-a.
32820 *pani₂ apply oil or paint to the body 11272 POC *pani₂ apply oil or paint to the body
Note: This comparison was first noted by Chowning (1991:47), and expanded by Osmond and Ross (1998:101).
27295 *paniki fruit bat, flying fox: Pteropus spp. 3809 PMP *paniki fruit bat, flying fox: Pteropus spp.
Note: Also Kapampangan paníkiʔ ‘a bat, the largest variety’, Tagalog pánikiʔ ‘large herbivorous bat’, Bare'e paneki, Manggarai néki ‘flying fox’, Sika nii ‘bat’. Mills (1975:796) considers the nasal ambiguous, but Kapampangan, Bare'e, and Chamorro all point to *n, Makassarese pañiki evidently showing a sporadic palatalization. The consonant gemination in several of the Cordilleran languages of northern Luzon remains unexplained.
This widely distributed term was replaced by *mpekʷa in POc, and by a variety of terms in Borneo, Sumatra, Java, Bali, and Lombok. In some languages of the Lesser Sundas, reflexes of *paniki refer both to the large tree-roosting fruit bat (Pteropus sp.) and to the smaller insectivorous cave bats. These two are lexically distinguished in so many languages that an original distinction seems likely, but no good reconstruction is yet available for the latter. It is possible that the greater diachronic stability of *paniki is due to its economic importance, since the flying fox is regarded as a delicacy among many Austronesian-speaking peoples.
27298 *paniŋ bait 3814 PCEMP *paniŋ bait; fodder; to feed animals
3815 POC *baniŋ bait
Note: Also Yamdena fane ‘feed, give food to’; fa-fane ‘bait’, Cheke Holo bai-na ‘bait, primarily for fishing’.
27296 3810 PWMP *panit to skin, flay [doublet: *baNiC]
27299 *pantad sandbank, sandbar; shore, beach 3816 PWMP *pantad sandbank, sandbar; shore, beach
33550 12283 PPh *pantaR coarse sand, gravel
Note: This comparison was first proposed schematically by Zorc (1986:164).
27300 *pantay flat, level (of ground) 3817 PWMP *pantay flat, level (of ground) [doublet: *pa(n)tar₁]
27301 3818 PWMP *pantek spotted, dappled [disjunct: *paCak]
Note: With root PAn *-Cek, PMP *-tek ‘mottled pattern’.
32823 11275 Note: With root *-tuk₄ ‘top, summit, crown’.
27303 3820 PPh *panuqus stench, sour smell
Note: Also Tagalog panís ‘stale and spoiled (said of cooked left-over or neglected foods). Casiguran Dumagat panís ‘spoiled (of cooked food, rice, fish, meat, etc.) is assumed to be a loan from Tagalog.
27290 3802 PAN *paNaw go, walk away, depart
7929 PMP *panaw₂ go, walk away, depart
3803 POC *pano go
Note: Dempwolff (1934-38) reconstructed *pa(n)aw ‘go, walk’. However, a number of Philippine languages, Nias of Western Indonesia, Buli of Eastern Indonesia and such Oceanic languages as Arosi of the Southeast Solomons justify the reconstruction of a meaning more like ‘depart (on foot), leave on a journey’. This interpretation appears to be supported by the probably independent development of the metaphorical sense ‘die; death’ in Ilokano, Tagalog, and Samoan. The generalization of this meaning to ‘go, walk’ (or its similar misconstrual by the compilers of some dictionaries) is readily comprehensible.
PWMP *panaw may have taken the infix *-um-, but the available evidence is indeterminate: Isneg p-um-ánaw ‘go away, depart, withdraw’, Ilokano p-um-ánaw ‘go away, leave, quit, depart’, Bisaya (Limbang) manaw ‘go, walk’ (from *p-um-anaw with loss of the first syllable, or from *panaw with homorganic nasal substitution?). Similarly, POc may have had both *pano ‘depart’ and *pano-ŋa ‘journey’: Mota vano-ŋa ‘journey; coming, going’, Niue fano-ŋa ‘journey; company of travellers’, possibly Bugotu vano-ña ‘a journey, a going’ (if Ivens’ vano-gna is a typographical error for vano-ŋa). The agreement of reduplication in Rejang paneuw-paneuw ‘go for a walk’ and such OC forms as Tuvaluan fano-fano ‘until’, Rennellese hano-hano ‘genealogy’, on the other hand, is almost certainly due to chance. For a thorough discussion of the extended meanings of *panaw in Oceanic languages cf. Lichtenberk (1991).
30995 *paNid wing 8898 PAN *paNid wing
8899 PMP *panid wing [doublet: *panij]
Note: Also Thao pali ‘wing’. This form either underwent an irregular change of PAn *-d to PMP *-j, or a doublet *panij ‘wing’ arose in PMP next to inherited *panid.
27294 *paNij wing 3807 PAN *paNij wing [doublet: *paNid]
3808 POC *banic wing
Note: Also Buginese panniʔ ‘wing’.
30538 *paNiŋ door 7822 PAN *paNiŋ door
27360 3892 27381 3918 PMP *paŋ bang! loud popping sound
32899 *paŋ- nominal prefix marking instruments, or products of an action 11360 PWMP *paŋ- nominal prefix marking instruments, or products of an action
27362 *paŋa₁ fork of a branch; any forked structure; bifurcation 3894 PAN *paŋa₁ fork of a branch; any forked structure; bifurcation
Note: Also Iban paŋaʔ ‘angle; forked, branching’, Bahasa Indonesia paŋah ‘gaping, wide open (mouth, beak)’. With root *-ŋa(q) ‘gape, open the mouth wide’. Dempwolff (1934-38) compared the Tagalog form with Ngaju Dayak paŋa ‘wooden restraining block in which the feet of criminals are placed’, Fijian vaŋa ‘the leech of a canoe sail’ and various reflexes of PPn *faŋa ‘bay’, all of which are excluded here. The semantic unity of the forms included in the present comparison is confirmed by the recurrent association of such variable meanings with the root *-ŋa(q) in other morphemes (cf. Roots).
32843 11298 Note: Possibly identical to PAn *paŋa₁ ‘fork of a branch’. A longer version of this comparison was first proposed by Osmond, Pawley and Ross (2003:46).
32656 11056 27359 11176 3890 PMP *p<in>aŋan food; to feed, nourish
3891 PWMP *paŋan-an (gloss uncertain)
11208 11740 POC *paŋan-i pet animal, animal that is tamed by humans feeding it
32900 *paŋánay first-born child, eldest child 11361 PPh *paŋánay first-born child, eldest child
Note: Possibly a Tagalog loan distribution.
32876 *paŋaŋap gape, open the mouth wide 11335 POC *paŋaŋap gape, open the mouth wide
Note: A somewhat longer version of this comparison was proposed by Ross and Osmond (2016c:300), who reconstructed PMP *paŋaŋap ‘gape, open the mouth wide’ without citing any non-Oceanic evidence other than the claim that *paŋ- ‘actor voice’ could combine with *qaŋa(p,b) ‘gape’. However, *paŋ- was a formative for instrumental nouns (Blust 2013, Table 6.5), not a marker of actor voice, and without actual data this higher-level proposal remains speculative.
27363 3895 PAN *paŋaq forked, pronged [disjunct: *paŋa₁ 'bifurcation']
Note: With root *-ŋa(q) ‘gape, open the mouth wide’.
27361 3893 Note: Judging from the ethnographic record *paŋasih probably was prepared and stored in a large earthenware jar. On social or ceremonial occasions it was communally consumed by sipping through long flexible tubes.
32533 *paŋat to cook fish in a rich, spicy sauce 10884 PWMP *paŋat to cook fish in a rich, spicy sauce
Note: Possibly a Malay loan distribution.
33866 *paŋel stupid, unthinking 12685 PPh *paŋel stupid, unthinking [disjunct: *paŋeR]
33867 *paŋeR stupid, unthinking 12686 PPh *paŋeR stupid, unthinking [disjunct: *paŋel]
Note: Also Cebuano paŋu ‘stupid, tending to do the wrong thing unthinkingly’.
27364 *paŋgaga a creeping plant: Hydrocotyle asiatica 3896 PWMP *paŋgaga a creeping plant: Hydrocotyle asiatica
Note: Also Makassarese paʔgagaʔ ‘kind of stemless vegetable that grows in damp places (cooked as a vegetable): Centella asiatica’.
27365 *paŋgaŋ roast over a fire, toast 3897 PWMP *paŋgaŋ roast over a fire, toast
32802 11245 PWMP *paŋgaw sleeping platform
27366 *paŋguŋ heap, pile; elevated platform used as a look-out 3898 PWMP *paŋguŋ heap, pile; elevated platform used as a look-out
3899 PWMP *paŋguŋ-an elevated place
Note: Also Iban paŋgoŋ ‘theatre, theatrical stage’, Makassarese paŋgoŋ ‘raised theatre stage’, forms which are clearly borrowed from Malay.
27368 3901 PWMP *paŋi a tree: Pangium edule
27367 *paŋil ankle 3900 PWMP *paŋil ankle
Note: Also Atta (Pamplona) biŋil, Ilokano piŋíl ‘ankle’, Hanunóo bíŋul ‘heel’, Aborlan Tagbanwa bɨŋɨlbɨŋɨl, Lun Dayeh, Kelabit beŋil ‘ankle’. Warren (1959) gives Palawan Batak paŋi-páŋil ‘foot’.
32657 *paŋkal visible tree roots above the ground 11057 PWMP *paŋkal visible tree roots above the ground
Note: The semantics of this form are very similar to those of PMP *puqun ‘base of a tree; cause, source, origin; beginning.’ It is unclear how they differed in meaning.
27369 3902 32754 *paŋku carry in front of one; hold in the lap 11190 PWMP *paŋku carry in front of one; hold in the lap
Note: Possibly a Malay loan distribution, since a cognate is yet to be found in any Philippine language other than Tagalog.
32844 *paŋoda hunt for shellfish on the reef 11299 POC *paŋoda hunt for shellfish on the reef
Note: Also Bugotu vagoda ‘to hunt for shellfish on the reef’. A longer version of this comparison was first pointed out by Osmond, Pawley, and Ross (2003:106).
27379 *paŋpaŋ steep slope (as of riverbank or mountain) 3912 PWMP *paŋpaŋ steep slope (as of riverbank or mountain)
3913 PWMP *paŋpaŋ-an embankment, cliff
3914 PPh *ka-paŋpaŋ-an riverbank
Note: Also Muna pimpi ‘cliff, steep slope (as seen from below)’. Dempwolff (1934-38) included the Tagalog and Malagasy forms together with Ngaju Dayak pampaŋ ‘the ends of the antlers of deer; the tips of anything similar’, Malay pampaŋ (not in Wilkinson 1959) ‘broad surface’ under a reconstruction *paŋpaŋ ‘stand apart’.
27380 *paŋudaN pandanus 3915 PAN *paŋudaN pandanus
3916 PMP *paŋedan pandanus
3917 POC *padran pandanus
Note: Also Saisiyat (Tungho) maːpaŋraŋ ‘pandanus’, Sangir pondaŋ ‘Pandanus latifolius’, Tontemboan, Mongondow pondaŋ ‘pandanus’, Bare'e pondani ‘Pandanus fasicularis (a littoral pandanus the leaves of which serve as plaiting material)’, Tae' pondan ‘pineapple (the fibers of the leaves are used as thread in weaving clothes and these fibers are also called pondan)’, Mandar pandeŋ ‘pineapple’, Rembong pandaŋ ‘sisal: Agave sisalana’, Sika pedaŋ ‘cactus’, pedaŋ eaŋ ‘pineapple’, Kambera pàndaŋu ‘pandanus tree (the leaves are used in the plaiting of baskets and mats)’, Rotinese henak ‘pandanus; pineapple’, Tetun hedan ‘a plant )of the pineapple or Bromeliaceous family) used for making baskets and other artifacts’, Leti edna ‘pineapple’, Moa edna ‘pandanus’, edna melaj-e ‘pineapple’. Dempwolff (1934-38) reconstructed *panDan, but Formosan witnesses attest directly and Philippine witnesses indirectly (through the cluster -ŋd-) to an original tri-syllable.
The sporadic loss of the medial vowel everywhere outside Taiwan can be taken as one small piece of evidence for the MP subgroup. Irregular reflexes are so common throughout Sulawesi that they can be taken to support a variant *pondan (with borrowing into some languages). Similarly, reflexes with first-syllable shwa are pervasive in the Lesser Sundas, and suggest a PCMP variant *pendan. Although the P. odoratissimus and P. tectorius are the species most commonly noted in dictionary glosses, the term *paŋudaN evidently referred to all Pandanaceae. Varieties of this economically important plant were widely used in the plaiting of mats and baskets. As noted by Mills (1975:793), the frequent lexical equation between the native pandanus and the introduced (South American) pineapple may be due to similarities in the thorny leaves (cf. also Sika pedaŋ ‘cactus’). As a basis for this equation one could, however, point equally to the clustered (and edible) pandanus fruits, which collectively resemble the shape and external texture of the pineapple.
32877 11336 Note: A longer version of this comparison was proposed by Ross and Osmond (2016c:304), who reconstruct POc *paŋus, *paŋus-i. Howver, their derivation of Lou aŋus from *paŋus is impossible, since Lou lost POc *-V(C). It is conceivable that the Lou word reflects *paŋus-i, but the evidence for suffixation in this form is weak to begin with, and I prefer to treat it as an original trisyllable.
27370 *pa(m)pa a tree: Vitex pubescens 3903 PMP *pa(m)pa a tree: Vitex pubescens
Note: Also Numfor baf (anticipated **faf) ‘good timber tree: Vitex cofassus’. This comparison was first noted in print by Verheijen (1984), who has identified its referent as the Vitex pubescens in several WMP languages for which my sources provide insufficient botanical information.
32542 *papa father 10901 PMP *papa₂ father
Note: Presumably an affectionate term in child language for *ama.
32845 *papaba slipper lobster; crayfish 11300 POC *papaba slipper lobster; crayfish
Note: A much longer version of this comparison was first proposed by Pawley (2011:167).
32901 11362 PPh *papag bamboo platform, shelf
Note: Part of this comparison may be due to borrowing from Tagalog.
32803 11246 11247 Note: Possibly a chance resemblance.
30642 *papan plank, board; floor boards of house 8152 PMP *papan plank, board; floor boards of house
8153 POC *baban board, plank, side of canoe
Note: Also Ida'an Begak pepan ‘planks’, Sasak banban ‘thick plank; plank above the corpse in a grave’, Rembong papan ‘writing board’ (< Malay), Rotinese papa ‘plank, board’ (probably < Malay), Eddystone/Mandegusu papene ‘board, plank of a canoe’, Toqabaqita aba ‘board, plank, strip, lath of something’. Although this term referred specifically to hewn planks used in the construction of houses or canoes, it also appears to have had the more general sense of ‘flat, hard surface’ or just ‘flat, of a surface’, as shown by the reflexes in Waray-Waray, Cebuano, Ngaju Dayak, Malagasy, Iban, Sundanese, Manam, Lau, Arosi, Samoan, Anuta, Maori, and Hawaiian. The shape of the POc reconstruction is unclear. Bugotu and Fijian agree in reflecting POc *bapan, and Sa'a, 'Āre'āre, Arosi hapa appear to be metathesized products of the same form. On the other hand, Palauan wlawl and hapa ‘plank’ in the Southeast Solomons could be used to support a PMP variant *panpan, in which case the expected POc continuation would be *paban. However, most Oceanic languages show identical reflexes of both consonants, and suggest POc *baba. Tentatively I adopt the reconstruction given here, and assume that the pan-Austronesian avoidance of dissimilar labials as the onsets of successive syllables caused most Oceanic languages to level the distinction between the first two consonants in this base.
27304 3821 Note: Also Amis papah ‘leaf’. Dempwolff (1934-38) posited *papaq, but cross-referenced it to *p-al-apaq and cited supporting evidence only for the latter reconstruction.
27305 *papaR cheek 3822 PCEMP *papaR cheek
3823 POC *babaR side of the face, cheek; side planks of a canoe
Note: Also Soboyo popa ‘cheek’. Stresemann (1927:52) gives SUBM *papa- ‘cheek’, but supports his reconstruction with a single reflex (Wolu fafa-). It is possible that the Molima, Lau, and Fijian words that refer to the sideboards of a canoe actually reflect PMP *papan ‘plank, board’.
27371 3904 Note: With root *pet ‘plugged, stopped, closed off’.
27307 3825 POC *papi cook in an earth oven
27308 3826 30397 *paqa₁ thigh 7509 PAN *paqa₁ thigh
Note: Also Tiruray foʔoʔ, Iban pah, Balinese pehe ‘thigh’. Dempwolff (1938) also included Fijian yava- ‘the leg below the knee, including the foot’, but it is not at all clear that this form reflects PAn *paqa.
30398 *paqa₂ stalk or stem of a plant 7510 PMP *paqa₂ stalk or stem of a plant
Note: Possibly the same morpheme as PMP *paqa ‘thigh’. Dempwolff (1938) united both meanings under a single form, but presented very little evidence for *paqa in the meaning ‘stalk, stem’.
32878 11337 POC *paqaRok snatch, seize, rob
Note: A longer version of this comparison was proposed by Ross (2016a:467).
32879 11338 PAN *paqeju gall, gall bladder
Note: This variant is confined to Formosan languages, but these belong to several geographically separated primary branches of the family, so its antiquity is guaranteed. It appears likely that PAn had both *paqeju and *qapeju, and that only the latter survived in PMP. This comparison was first noted in print by Tsuchida (1976:224).
27310 *paq(e)liŋ visible defect of the eyes 3828 PPh *paq(e)liŋ visible defect of the eyes
Note: With root *-liŋ₂ ‘cross-eyed’.
30131 *paqet wood-working tool: chisel 6870 PMP *paqet wood-working tool: chisel
8600 POC *paqot wood-working tool: chisel
Note: Also Casiguran Dumagat pait ‘chisel (carpenter’s tool); to chisel’ (< Tagalog), Ifugaw (Batad) paʔut ‘wood chisel’, Tombulu paat ‘chisel’ (< Malay), Lun Dayeh faat ‘a knife for tapping rubber’ (< Malay), Dairi-Pakpak Batak pahat ‘chisel’, me-mahat ‘to chisel’ (< Malay), Old Javanese a-mahat ‘tap palm sap by notching’, pahat-an ‘areca palm’, pahat ‘sculpture’, p<in>ahat ‘shape by cutting or sculpturing (gold, stone)’ (probably < Malay), Manggarai paʔak ‘chisel; to chisel’, Rotinese paʔa-bela ‘flat or level chisel’ (< Malay).
30132 *paqiC hotness of taste, spiciness; bitterness 6871 PAN *paqiC hotness of taste, spiciness; bitterness
6872 PMP *paqit₂ bitter(ness)
6874 PAN *ma-paqiC bitter
6875 PMP *ma-paqit bitter
6876 PPh *paqit-an a plant: Lunasia amara
Note: Also Pazeh pazit ‘bitter’, Bunun (Takituduh) ma-paʔic ‘bitter’, Tsou paʔici ‘bitter cucumber’, Saaroa paʔis ‘spicy’, Balantak páket, Kayan (Uma Juman) paʔi, Toba Batak paet, Cham ma-laʔ et ‘bitter, caustic’. Despite Dyen’s (Dyen 1965) attempt to present a unified comparison, the Formosan evidence is unhelpful, as it points to several distinct forms, with only Kanakanabu agreeing in shape (but not in meaning) with Malayo-Polynesian comparata. Pazeh pazit can reflect *pasis or *pasit, Bunun forms reflect an etymon with medial glottal stop rather than *q, and as noted by Tsuchida (1976:259), the vocalism of the Tsou form is unexpected, suggesting possible borrowing from Bunun.
Although reflexes of PMP *paqit are most commonly glossed ‘bitter’, various glosses suggest that the meaning of this term did not correspond precisely to any English word, as seen in the recurrent references to the taste of fermented drinks (Kanakanabu, Ifugaw (Batad), Ibaloy, Tae'), to the acrid sensation of smoke entering the nostrils (Ifugaw (Batad)), and various references to the taste of salt or saltwater (Ifugaw (Batad), Ibaloy, Tboli, Yakan, Malagasy, Old Javanese, Kambera). Taken as a whole this range of meanings suggests that PMP *paqit referred to a strong, somewhat objectionable taste in food. Given the semantic agreement of Saisiyat pæʔis ‘hot (taste)’ with Itawis pet ‘hotness, pungency, spiciness’ a similar meaning appears to be supported for PAn, but the various phonologically irregular forms in Formosan languages suggest that ‘bitterness’ should not be excluded from the gloss.
30899 8731 8732 PWMP *ma-maʔid to wipe, wipe off
30370 *paqis cook fish or meat wrapped in banana leaves 7412 PWMP *paqis cook fish or meat wrapped in banana leaves
7413 PWMP *p<in>aqis fish wrapped in banana leaf and cooked over hot coals
27309 *paqit kind of freshwater fish 3827 PWMP *paqit₁ kind of freshwater fish
Note: Undoubtedly = *paqit ‘bitter’, but the semantic extension to various fish apparently is old.
32824 11276 POC *paqo a plant: Heliconia spp.
Note: A longer version of this comparison was first noted by Ross (2008:421).
27311 *paqpaq₁ chew 3829 PAN *paqpaq₁ chew
10892 PMP *paqpaq₁ premasticate food for infant
Note: Also Lun Dayeh fafaaɁ ‘chewing; ask someone to chew’.
29986 *paqpaq₂ midrib of coconut frond 6675 PMP *paqpaq₂ midrib of coconut frond [doublet: *palaqpaq]
Note: Also Marshallese pāp ‘coconut frond; midrib of coconut frond’.
32804 *paqud pull inward or towards oneself 11248 PWMP *paqud pull inward or towards oneself
32825 11277 Note: A longer version of this comparison was proposed by Ross (2008:292).
27323 3843 27322 *para-₁ prefix of repeated action 3842 PWMP *para- prefix of repeated action
Note: Also Aklanon pagá- future verb prefix referring to a continuing or repeated action in the future or to an action which will be in process at a given time in the future, in the object or oblique focuses, occurring in the forms paga---on (OF#1) and paga---an (OF#3).
27315 *paraq paraq trellis for plants to grow up 3835 PWMP *paraq paraq trellis for plants to grow up [doublet: *pala pala₁]
Note: Also Acehnese para ‘trellis’.
27316 *paraqu boat 3836 PMP *paraqu boat
Note: Wilkinson (1959) apparently regards Malay perahu as a 27318 *parara thunder 3838 POC *parara thunder
Note: The final l in Nauna and the medial l in Mokilese are assumed to be products of lexically specific dissimilation. This item may have meant ‘thunderclap’ in contrast to other types of thundering sound.
27319 *paras₁ shaved off, made smooth 3839 PWMP *paras₁ shaved off, made smooth
Note: Tagalog palás may be a Malay loan. Dempwolff (1934-38) compared Malagasy farana ‘made even, as the edges of anything’ rather than the form cited here. Sa'a hara ‘to rub; rubbed, used of ceremonial purification’, which he also included in the present comparison, is best treated as a chance resemblance.
32755 *paras₂ face, looks, appearance 11191 PWMP *paras₂ face, looks, appearance
Note: Possibly a Malay loan in Maranao that was then spread locally into other languages of Mindanao.
32756 *parásan rattan sp. 11192 PPh *parásan rattan sp.
32805 11249 32706 *parek murky, as water or other liquid 11125 PPh *parek murky, as water or other liquid
11126 PPh *ma-parek murky, full of sediment
27328 3850 Note: Mills (1981) compares the SSul forms with Old Malay, Old Balinese parlak, Angkola-Mandailing Batak porlak under a reconstruction "PInd" ‘garden’. This item evidently referred to an enclosed or clearly demarcated area of cultivation, perhaps primarily of fruit groves. Cense (1979) suggests that Makassarese parallakken derives from a stem allaʔ, but this almost certainly is an error.
30105 6834 Note: Also Toqabaqita fai ‘scrape the ground with hands, feet, paws (as a crab burrowing in)’.
30420 *pari₂ to divide, share out (as an inheritance?) 7554 POC *pari₂ to divide, share out (as an inheritance?)
27333 *paria bitter melon: Momordica charantia L. 3855 PWMP *paria bitter melon: Momordica charantia L. [doublet: *pariaq]
Note: Also Itbayaten pariak ‘balsam apple (Momordica balsamina L.)’. Cf. Zorc (n.d.) PPh *-pareya ‘(bitter melon) Momordica charantia L.’.
27331 *pariama a constellation: the Seven Sisters, Pleiades 3853 PWMP *pariama a constellation: the Seven Sisters, Pleiades
Note: Also Soboyo pariama ‘the Seven Sisters, Pleiades’. Fortgens (1921) marks this as a Ternate loan, but the Ternate form in turn must have been borrowed from a language of Sulawesi or the southern Philippines. Although it is no longer analyzable, I assume that this term (a quadrisyllable) was originally polymorphemic.
27332 *pariaq the bitter melon: Momordica charantia 3854 PWMP *pariaq the bitter melon: Momordica charantia [doublet: *pariaʔ]
Note: Also Itbayaten pariak ‘an edible plant: Momordica charantia’. Zorc (1971) reconstructs PPh *-pareya ‘(bitter melon) Momordica charantia L.’.
27335 3857 PWMP *parij ditch, canal [disjunct: *parik]
Note: Tolai baret ‘gutter’, paret ‘trench’ appears to be a Malay loanword. Although Malay loans are almost unheard of in Oceanic languages, this item may have been introduced during the colonial period.
32769 11209 PWMP *parik ditch, canal [disjunct: *parij]
Note: The Maloh and Toba Batak forms could regularly reflect *parij, but Karo Batak parik could not -- hence the disjunct.
27338 *pariuk earthenware cooking pot 3864 PAN *pariuk earthenware cooking pot
Note: The reference to "metal" cooking pots in Paiwan and the languages of northern Luzon suggests borrowing. However, a source is unknown, and the glosses for Tagalog and Malay suggest an earthenware pot which may have given its name to metal cooking utensils that were subsequently introduced. Lambrecht (1978:405) states that Ifugaw palyúk ‘broad iron pot’ is an imitation of 27341 3867 Note: Dempwolff (1934-38) assigned Fijian varo to *parut ‘rasp’, but was forced by this decision to accept an irregular change. Cebuano palut ‘peel skin off (as from an apple); for the skin to get chafed; shave the head bald’ may be related through a PMP etymon *palet.
32606 10994 PWMP *parpar flat, even, level [disjunct: *palpal]
32757 11193 Note: Also Kayan (Uma Juman) ) parut ‘grater’ (< Malay). Dempwolff (1938) compared the Ngaju Dayak and Malay terms cited here with Javanese parut ‘rasp, grater’, and Fijian i varo ‘a saw’, varo-ta ‘to file, saw, or rasp’, and posited Uraustronesisch *parut ‘rasp, grater’. However, both Pigeaud (1938) and Horne (1974) give Javanese parud rather than parut, and the Fijian form is better assigned to POc *paro ‘to scrape’.
27345 *paR-₁ derivational prefix, used to form deverbal nouns 3871 PWMP *paR- derivational prefix, used to form deverbal nouns
3872 PWMP *paR- ... -an derivational circumfix, probably used to form deverbal nouns of location
Note: Wolff (1981) considers the form and meaning of *paR- within the context of a larger comparison of the morphology of Tagalog and Bahasa Indonesia. He concludes (p. 87, fn. 14): "The meanings of pag- and per- are elusive and range widely. We doubt that they can be profitably compared." It is quite possible that *paR- had multiple functions in PWMP, and that the meaning reconstructed here is only one of several glosses that may eventually be associated with this etymon.
27346 *paR-₂ numeral prefix: do x times 3874 PAN *paR-₂ divide into x (x = numeral)
Note: Probably identical to *paR-₁.
27326 *paRa₂ collective particle 3848 PMP *paRa₂ collective particle
Note: This item almost certainly was a particle rather than a prefix, since prefixal vowels, like other vowels in prepenultimate syllables, would merge as e in Malay.
27325 *paRa₁ storage shelf; attic, loft 3845 PAN *paRa₁ storage shelf; attic, loft
3846 POC *paRa, baRa storage shelf above the hearth
3847 PMP *paRa paRa storage shelf; attic, loft
Note: Also Rejang palai ‘a ceiling’. Lister-Turner and Clark (1930) list Motu hara as a 27324 *paRa-₂ reciprocal prefix 3844 PCEMP *paRa- reciprocal prefix
Note: Also Kayan pala- ‘prefix of mutual or reciprocal action’. The relationship of this item to the much better-attested Proto-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian *paRi- ‘reciprocal prefix’ is unclear, though Lanyon-Orgill's (1962) gloss for Tolai suggests that the two may have been allomorphs of a single morpheme.
27313 *paRada handle of an axe or adze 3831 PMP *paRada handle of an axe or adze
3832 POC *paRara handle of an axe or adze
Note: The second and third consonants of this form are disambiguated by Bontok and Kankanaey of northern Luzon, and by Puluwat and Woleaian of western Micronesia. The latter forms reflect POc *b, together with loss of *R and haplology Puluwat paar < *bara, Woleaian pash < *bada)."
Nggela valala (expected **valara) and Sa'a halala (expected **halara) show assimilation of POc *r to *R. Since all other witnesses have merged PMP *R and *r, it is possible that the POc form itself contained this assimilation (hence POc *paRaRa). This is, indeed what Milke (1968) reconstructed, though on the basis of no diagnostic evidence for distinguishing POc *R from *r. Palauan ordóm-el ‘handle’, merédem ‘put a handle on (knife, spear, etc.)’ may point to a variant *paRedem.
27314 *paRaek hoarse 3833 PMP *paRaek hoarse
3834 POC *paRak hoarse
Note: Also Pangasinan pagás ‘hoarse; speak hoarsely’.
27317 3837 POC *paRaq₁ to swell, boil [doublet: *mpaRoq]
Note: Dempwolff (1934-38) assigned Samoan mata-fā to PAn *baReq, but could not easily reconcile either the oral grade reflex of POc *p or the irregular development of the last vowel with the development in Fijian (bo). The final consonant in this form is posited only to satisfy the Regularity Hypothesis, on the assumption that *paRaq is a doublet of POc *mpaRoq which differs in no feature other than the consonant grade of *p and the quality of the last vowel.
32880 *paRas to step, tread on something 11339 POC *paRas to step, tread on something
Note: A longer version of this comparison was first proposed by Ross (2016b:473-474).
27320 *paRatpat a tree found in mangrove swamps: Sonneratia sp. 3840 PWMP *paRatpat a tree found in mangrove swamps: Sonneratia sp. [doublet: *paRepat]
Note: Dempwolff (1934-38) compared Tagalog pagátpat with Toba Batak parapat ‘kind of bamboo’, Malay perepat ‘rhizophore’ under an etymon *p-aR-atpat ‘name of a plant’. However, the Batak word appears to be unrelated and the Malay word appears to reflect a doublet *paRepat (q.v.).
27321 *paRaw hoarse 3841 PAN *paRaw hoarse
Note: Also Pazeh puhaw ‘hoarse’, Nias faru, Makassarese parro ‘hoarse’. + Malay (Ambon) paru léhér
27327 *paR(e)bu one of the four principal rafters 3849 PPh *paR(e)bu one of the four principal rafters
27329 *paRepat a tree found in mangrove swamps: Sonneratia sp. 3851 PWMP *paRepat a tree found in mangrove swamps: Sonneratia sp. [doublet: *paRatpat]
27340 3866 POC *paRi₃ cut or lop off branches
Note: Also Lakalai vale ‘to cut, as wood or a leaf, from a tree’.
27339 *paRi- prefix of reciprocal or collective action 3865 PEMP *paRi- prefix of reciprocal or collective action
Note: Also Kelabit pere- ‘reflexive prefix’. Although this affix is commonly glossed ‘reciprocal prefix’, such a description clearly oversimplifies the facts. Dempwolff (1920) posited PAn *baRi- ‘Sozialprafix’. His supporting evidence from non-Oceanic languages consisted of the Malay prefix ber- and putative fossilized affixes in Toba Batak (bor-), Sundanese(bar-), Ngaju Dayak(/bar-/), and Makassarese(/ba-/). Malay ber-, however, evidently derives from *maR- (Teeuw 1965), and the reality of the "fossilized affixes" in the other languages is open to question. Despite these problems a number of Oceanic languages clearly reflect *paRi-, and Buli fa-, fai- evidently is cognate with these forms, thus indicating Proto-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian *paRi-.
The following additional observations are noteworthy:
(1) the data in Pawley (1972:45) show that *R has irregularly disappeared in a number of reflexes in the Solomons. Some languages have doublets with and without the regular reflex of *R, which may differ in meaning: Bugotu vari- ‘prefix denoting reciprocity’, vei- ‘prefix denoting reciprocity; the suffix gi is generally added to the compound word (which may be used as a noun)’; Arosi hai- ‘reciprocal, showing mutual action; hai- differs from hari- in that the former usually shows mutual assisting or conflicting action and hari- merely combined action, but there are exceptions in both cases’. Together with Motu he- ‘prefix, with verbs indicating the reflexive, reciprocal, and state or condition’ these forms raise the possibility that POc distinguished *pai- and *paRi-. As argued in Blust (1977), however, grammatical morphemes tend to undergo sporadic compressions. The probability that this is the correct explanation in the present case is strengthened by the fact that attention to sound correspondences alone would require the reconstruction of three POc variants: *paRi-, *pai-, and *pe-. Sporadic contraction offers a more economical explanation of the correspondences, since both the loss of *R and the contraction of derived *-ai can be seen as realizations of a single tendency.
(2) It appears from the agreement of Bugotu with Fijian and various Polynesian languages that *paRi- co-occurred with *-qaki under circumstances still to be determined. (3) Ujir (Kayan) pe- ‘reciprocal prefix’ is superficially comparable to reflexes of *paRi-, since this is the shape that a reflex of *paRi- would have before consonant-initial stems. However, before vowel-initial stems we would expect Ujir peh-, not the attested pe-; for the present this resemblance is treated as a product of convergence.
(4) Finally, it is clear that reciprocal action was only a part of the meaning of *paRi-, which more generally appears to have marked actions performed by multiple experiencers. If the somewhat tenuous reconstruction POc *paRa- ‘reciprocal prefix’ is valid, it suggests that *paRa- and *paRi- divided up the semantic space involving multiple experiencers in ways yet to be precisely determined.
27334 *paRigi artificially enclosed catchment for water: well, ditch 3856 PWMP *paRigi artificially enclosed catchment for water: well, ditch
Note: Also Tiruray faligiʔ ‘a well for water’, Mongondow parigiʔ ‘well for water’, Buruese parigi ‘well’, all of which appear to be Malay loans, and Balinese parigi ‘stone steps, stairway’, which may be a loan from Old Javanese. The essence of this comparison was first noted in print by Sneddon (1984). Zoetmulder (1982) suggests that Old Javanese parigi may be a 27337 *paRiS stingray 3859 PAN *paRiS stingray
3860 PMP *paRih skate, stingray (generic); a constellation
3861 PCEMP *paRi stingray
3862 POC *paRi stingray
3863 PMP *paRih manuk large rayfish, probably manta or eagle ray
Note: Also Bare'e pagi ‘file, consisting of a block of wood wrapped in stingray skin’, Wolio pagi ‘ray (fish); file, grater, rasp’, Manggarai, Kambera pai ‘stingray’, all of which may be loans, though source languages are difficult to find for at least the first three words. This fish was valued for its rough skin, which was used like sandpaper. PMP *paRih evidently described all skates and rays, and also referred to a constellation which was conceived as resembling a skate or ray. Three CMP languages which are either closely related or geographically contiguous agree in indicating Scorpio as the constellation in question, while Malay bintaŋ pari, Maori te whai a titipa both refer to the Southern Cross or to some feature that is visually near it. The reference to a string figure used in Cat's-cradle in Fiji and parts of Polynesia may derive historically from the constellation.
Finally, reflexes of PMP *paRih manuk vividly illustrate the value of loanwords in reconstruction. In a number of languages the larger manta or eagle rays are lexically identified with eagles or bats: Loniu menuay, Ahus menwa, Pak, Leipon menwey ‘sea eagle; spotted eagle ray’, Wuvulu, Aua manua ‘sea eagle’, Gapapaiwa manu-manua ‘small (=large?) sting ray’, Chamorro fanihen tasi (lit. ‘bat of the sea’) ‘manta ray, sting ray, leopard ray’. Reflexes such as Kwaio fali-manu, Tongan fai-manu thus apparently derive from POc *paRi manuk ‘manta ray, spotted eagle ray’ (lit. ‘bird ray’). This inference is confirmed by a single known non-Oceanic reflex, which is clearly a loan: Tagalog pali-manók. Given the larger pattern of known borrowing in Tagalog, one would naturally suspect Malay as the source of this term, but pari manok apparently does not occur in Malay. Despite the difficulty of identifying a source, however, Tagalog palimanók must derive from a WMP language and the inference to PMP *paRih manuk is inescapable.
27342 *paRo₁ drill through, pierce, perforate 3868 POC *paRo₁ drill through, pierce, perforate
Note: Maori whao, given as a single dictionary entry with the meanings ‘perforate, chisel out’, probably reflects two etyma, POc *paRo₁ and POc *paqot ‘chisel’ (q.v.).
27343 3869 27344 3870 Note: The resemblance of the isolated Kwaio form to the corresponding term in WMP languages may be a product of chance. If so, this etymology is reduced to a PPh innovation.
32846 *pasa swamp 11301 POC *pasa swamp
Note: This comparison was first proposed by Osmond, Pawley and Ross (2003:55). However, they compare the Oceanic forms with Dempwolff’s *paja (= *paya) ‘swamp’ on the mistaken assumption that Dempwolff’s *j was ancestral to POc *c rather than to POc *y.
30934 8791 PMP *pasaŋ₁ pair, matching set
Note: Dempwolff (1938) also included Sa'a hata ‘to go together, to accompany one another; to set well, to be easy, comfortable’, Tongan māhaŋa ‘born together, to be twins, triplets; (in marks, score, winning a race, etc.) equal, tie; (of two bananas, etc.) growing together, joined’ Futunan, Samoan māsaŋa ‘twins’ under *pasaŋ. However, Sa'a hata is best treated as a chance resemblance without a known etymology, and the Polynesian forms appear to reflect *ma-saŋa ‘bifurcated, forked, as a branch’.
30935 *pasaŋ₂ insert, wedge in; prepare something for use 8792 PWMP *pasaŋ₂ insert, wedge in; prepare something for use
Note: Also Gayō pasuŋ ‘insert (as peg in hole)’.
32771 *pasaŋ₃ stake a bet in gambling 11211 PWMP *pasaŋ₃ stake a bet in gambling
32772 11212 Note: Possibly a Malay loan, since languages such as Toba Batak and Tae’ are spoken in inland areas far from the sea.
27347 *pasaqaN shoulder pole; carry with a shoulder pole 3875 PAN *pasaqaN shoulder pole; carry with a shoulder pole [disjunct: *pesan]
3876 PMP *pasaqan carry on the shoulders
Note: Also Toba Batak ma-morsan, Sangir ma-masaəŋ ‘carry on the shoulder’
32827 *pasa(rR) a woody plant or tree: Vitex cofassus 11279 POC *pasa(rR) a woody plant or tree: Vitex cofassus
Note: This comparison was first proposed by Milke (1961), but considerably expanded by Ross (2008:206). The current version is an abbreviation of the latter.
30666 *pasek wooden nail, dowel; drive in, as a wooden nail, dowel, or fencepost 8184 PAN *pasek wooden nail, dowel; drive in, as a wooden nail, dowel, or fencepost [doublet: *pacek]
8185 PCEMP *pasekₐ drive in, as a stake; to plant (crops)
8186 Note: Also Mbula paaza ‘to plant, put into ground’. Ross (1988:88) reconstructed POc *pasoq ‘plant (tuber+)’, but this form appears to contain the monosyllabic root
*-sek ‘insert, stick into a soft surface’ (Blust 1988), thus forcing an interpretation that the final consonant, which is ambiguous in nearly all languages he considered, is *k, not *q.
32828 11280 Note: A variant of this comparison was first proposed by Osmond (1998:132), who assigned it to ‘Proto-Eastern Oceanic’, although no such proto-language has been clearly established as distinct from Proto-Oceanic.
30936 *pasiR sandbank, shoal in river or sea 8793 PWMP *pasiR sandbank, shoal in river or sea
8794 PWMP *pasiR-an sandbar, shoal in river or sea
Note: Also Old Javanese pasir ‘sea; beach, shore, river-bank’, a-masir ‘to go to the beach (the sea); like the sea’, pasir wukir ‘sea and mountains, also: rocky (mountainous) coast?’, pasir-pasir ‘lake; beach of lake; artificial lake or pond’, pasir-an ‘strand animal’ (< Malay?), Sundanese pasir ‘sand’ (< Malay).
27348 3877 32524 *paspas₂ to brush away dust or dirt 10870 PWMP *paspas₂ to brush away dust or dirt
10871 PPh *paspas-an₁ (gloss uncertain)
32525 *paspas₃ ditch, rain channel caused by water dripping from a house roof 10872 PWMP *paspas₃ ditch, rain channel caused by water dripping from a house roof
10873 PWMP *papas-an (gloss uncertain)
32526 *paspás₄ do something quickly, in a hurry 10874 PPh *paspás₄ do something quickly, in a hurry
10875 PPh *paspas-an₂ to speed up, increase the pace of something
Note: Also Tiruray fasfas ‘to hurry something; quick; speedy’, Mapun paspas ‘speedily (in contrast to the usual pace)’, and Yakan paspas ‘to do something fast (without stopping)’, maspas ‘to exert effort or be fast in doing something’, pa-paspas to ‘exert effort or be fast in doing something’, are assumed to be loans from a Greater Central Philippines source that is yet to be identified.
27349 3878 PAN *pasu₁ cheek bone [doublet: *pasuŋ]
Note: Also Thao patuk ‘cheek’.
32881 11340 Note: Osmond and Ross (2016a:119-120) connect this with PMP *pasu/pasuŋ ‘cheekbone’, but given the consistent semantic differences between Oceanic and non-Oceanic witnesses I favor two distinct comparisons for now.
32882 *pasu₃ give birth to, have a child 11341 POC *pasu₃ give birth to, have a child
Note: A longer version of this comparison which suggests contamination with *pa-susu ‘to nurse, suckle a child’ was proposed by Ross and Osmond (2016c:221).
32773 *pasuk enter 11213 PAN *pasuk enter
11214 Note: With root *-suk ‘insert, penetrate, enter’. PPh *suquk ‘enter’ suggests that this root may have been *-suquk rather than *-suk.
27350 3879 PMP *pasuŋ cheek bone [doublet: *pasu]
32707 *pásuq to roast, broil; scald, sear, burn 11127 PPh *pásuq to roast, broil; scald, sear, burn
11128 PPh *ma-pásuq be scorched, scalded
11129 PPh *ka-pasuq-an affected by heat (?)
11130 PPh *pasúq-en to roast; singe, cauterize
Note: Also Casiguran Dumagat pasi ‘heat’, ma-pasi ‘to burn oneself’, me-pasi ‘hot’, Hanunóo pásu ‘ritual scarification by burning, done most frequently by unmarried men’.
32534 *patániq lima bean: Phaseolus lunatus 10885 PPh *patániq lima bean: Phaseolus lunatus
27351 *pataq break, broken, cut through 3880 PMP *pataq break, broken, cut through
27374 3907 PMP *pa(n)tar₁ level, flat [disjunct: *paCaR, *pataR]
27375 *pa(n)tar₂ shelf; bed frame of wooden or bamboo laths 3908 PMP *pa(n)tar₂ shelf; bed frame of wooden or bamboo laths [disjunct: *pataR]
Note: Dempwolff (1934-38) assigned Toba Batak pantar to *pa(n)tar ‘elevation’, and Fijian vata, Samoan fata to *bataŋ ‘stalk, trunk’.
29868 *pataR₁ shelf 6517 PMP *pataR₁ shelf [doublet: *pa(n)tar₂]
32527 10876 PWMP *pataR₂ level ground; plain [doublet: *pa(n)tar₁]
12807 PWMP *pataR-an plain, flat ground
Note: Also Ilokano pátag ‘plain, level ground’, patág-en ‘to level’.
29917 *pataS tattoo 6590 PAN *pataS tattoo
11005 PAN *p<um>ataS to tattoo, make designs
11006 PAN *pataS-an an instrument for tattooing
32535 *patáw buoy 10886 PPh *patáw buoy
Note: With root *-taw ‘float’.
32902 11363 11364 PWMP *pated-en be cut or snapped
27352 3881 Note: With root *-tek₁ ‘clicking or light knocking sound’.
32607 *patelaŋ striped, in bands of different color 10995 PWMP *patelaŋ striped, in bands of different color
Note: With root *-laŋ₂ ‘striped’. Possibly a chance resemblance.
32903 11365 Note: Possibly a Tagalog loan distribution outside the Central Philippine subgroup. This is explicitly indicated for Agutaynen, and may well be the case for Casiguran Dumagat, Pangasinan, Kapampangan and Hanunóo as well.
32829 11281 Note: This comparison was first noted by Ross, Clark and Osmond (1998:279).
27353 3882 PWMP *patik mottled pattern [doublet: *beCik 'tattoo']
27376 *pa(n)tik sound of ticking, flipping, light tapping 3909 PWMP *pa(n)tik sound of ticking, flipping, light tapping [doublet: *pa(n)tuk₂ 'sound of knocking']
Note: Dempwolff (1934-38) assigned Malay panték to *pa(n)tik ‘pointed’. I assume that this form contains the root *-tik₂ ‘sound of light tapping’.
32904 11366 PWMP *patiukan kind of honey bee
Note: Also Mongondow pasukan ‘bee, wasp’.
30730 *patoto sticks that connect the float to the booms of an outrigger canoe 8336 PEMP *patoto sticks that connect the float to the booms of an outrigger canoe
Note: Also Mbula petete ‘outrigger pegs (connect the outrigger of a canoe to the outrigger boom that joins with the hull of a canoe)’, Gilbertese toto ‘a forked piece of wood joining floater to rest of outrigger’, Fijian vātoto ‘the sticks driven into the outrigger of the camakau (single-hulled outrigger canoe), lashed at the top to the extremities of the kaso (crossbeam fastening together the outrigger and the hull of a canoe)’. This comparison was first proposed by Milke (1968), who cited words from a number of still poorly-attested languages (Mukawa, Arifama, Kilenge, Siassi, Tobadi, Ingrau, Entsau, Yenbi, etc.), and included forms from the two Polynesian Outliers in Micronesia which do not appear in more recent publications, and are phonologically impossible in these languages (viz. Kapingamarangi fatoto, Nukuoro atoto, where neither of these languages has an /f/ or a short /t/). The Proto-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian form is ambiguous for *patotaw or *patotək (Blust 1981: 215).
32543 *patpat cutting, slashing, as in clearing land 10902 PWMP *patpat cutting, slashing, as in clearing land
10903 PPh *patpát-en to cut, slash, as in clearing land
29987 6676 Note: An apparent synonym of POc *puku; the semantic distinction between these terms remains to be worked out.
32883 11342 Note: A slightly longer version of this comparison was presented by Ross and Osmond (2016a:572), who proposed POc *[p(w)atu]p(w)atu ‘hard, strong, firm’.
27377 3910 Note: With root *-tuk ‘top, summit, crown’. In Blust (1988) the initial consonant of this root was ambiguous, and was written *t.
27378 *pa(n)tuk₂ to knock, strike against 3911 PAN *pa(n)tuk₂ to knock, strike against
Note: Moken matok is assumed to reflect verb-forming nasal substitution. With root *-tuk₂ ‘knock, pound, beat’.
27354 *patuŋ large, thick, bamboo sp. 3883 PWMP *patuŋ large, thick, bamboo sp. [doublet: *betuŋ₁]
Note: Also Malay (Jakarta) awi biguŋ ‘large bamboo: Dendrocalamus spp.’, pering pituŋ ‘id’, Balinese petuŋ ‘very thick bamboo, sections of which are used for storing water’.
32830 *patuRu a cycad: Cycas rumphii 11282 PMP *patuRu a cycad: Cycas rumphii
Note: This comparison was first identified by Ross (2008:290). It is barely reconstructible, as 10 of the 13 forms that he cites as support show basic phonological irregularities. The WMP forms cited here can be derived non-problematically from *patuRu, but Mussau otou (expected **atuu) is assumed to show assimilation of the first vowel to the roundness of the second, and full assimilation of the second vowel to the first.
32831 *pau a plant: Kleinhovia hospita 11283 POC *pau a plant: Kleinhovia hospita
Note: Ross (2008:214) has reconstructed POc *paqu for this form, citing Roviana paɣo, and Lakon vUɣ-vUɣ Kleinhovia hospita’ as evidence for the medial consonant. However, all data on Roviana available to me shows *q > zero, and the same is true for Lakon (aka Lakona) in Tryon (1976). Given this uncertainty I withhold reconstruction of a medial *q until firmer evidence is available.
27355 *pauq a tree: Ochrosia oppositifolia 3884 PMP *pauq a tree: Ochrosia oppositifolia
3885 POC *paoq (ʔ) a tree: Ochrosia oppositifolia
Note: The sporadic lowering of high vowels is a recurrent phenomenon in Oceanic languages. Where the Oceanic witnesses are confined to a single close-knit subgroup, as in the present case, it cannot be determined whether such a change took place in POc itself, or in some lower-order proto-language.
30223 7081 Note: Also Palawan Batak payukan ‘turtle’, Tiruray fuwikon ‘a large marine turtle’, Tausug payukan ‘sea turtle’ (with reversal of syllabicity in the glide-vowel sequence, and reordering to preserve a CV- syllable shape). This word is a clear replacement innovation for PMP *peñu ‘green turtle’, which is widespread elsewhere, and is thus part of the lexical evidence for a Philippine group of Austronesian languages.
27356 *paya kind of small fish, probably sardine or anchovy 3886 PMP *paya kind of small fish, probably sardine or anchovy
Note: This etymon may have ended in *d, *D, or *k.
30083 *payan bait 6797 PCEMP *payan bait [disjunct: *bayan₁]
6798 POC *bayan₃ bait
30260 7142 PPh *payapay to wave, flap [doublet: *paypáy]
Note: Also Casiguran Dumagat pəyapəy ‘soldier crab, Ditilla mictyroides (not edible); waves his front claw in a beckoning motion. This dried claw is used as a good luck charm; kept in a box with money it is said to cause the money to increase with its beckoning motion’, Casiguran Dumagat pəypəy ‘to signal to someone with your hands to be quiet’.
32737 *payaq difficult, taxing (of work); serious (of illness) 11172 PWMP *payaq difficult, taxing (of work); serious (of illness)
Note: Also Mapun paya ‘really hurting; in hardship or a difficult situation; sometimes it means deathly sick when describing a sickness’ Tausug paya ‘lacking physical strength, weak (as from hunger, sickness or exhaustion)’, Bolaang Mongondow mo-paya ‘serious, of an illness’, all of which are evidently loans from Malay. This leaves the PWMP status of this form dependent entirely on Tiruray fayaɁ, a form that is completely regular as a native term, but which may also be borrowed.
30259 *paypáy to wave the hand, as in beckoning someone or in fanning oneself 7141 PPh *paypáy to wave the hand, as in beckoning someone or in fanning oneself [doublet: *payapay]
Note: Mapun mappay ‘to remove something by means of hitting it with a cloth (as foreign matter on a bed); to shoo something away (by means of hitting it with a cloth, or hitting it with one’s waving hand)’ is assumed to be a Greater Central Philippines loan.
32738 *payu agreement, consensus; harmony (especially in material exchanges) 11173 PWMP *payu agreement, consensus; harmony (especially in material exchanges)
Note: Also Aklanon páyoɁ ‘to advise, give advice to’, Maranao payoɁ ‘agree, consent, OK’, Old Javanese māyu, pāyu ‘to be in harmony, to be agreed upon, to be matched’, aŋ-ayu, in-ayu to do something together, be partners in’. This may be a Javanese loanword spread through the medium of Malay.
32758 11194 11196 PWMP *ma-mayuŋ to use an umbrella or parasol
11197 PWMP *payuŋ-an to hold an umbrella or parasol over someone
Note: Also Yami payoŋ ‘umbrella’, mi-payoŋ ‘bring an umbrella’, Palauan báioŋ ‘umbrella’, Lamaholot majõ ‘umbrella (modern)’, Wetan pajona ‘oil-paper umbrella’ (< Malay). It is clear that the use of of parasols came to be associated with high social rank after the Indianization of insular Southeast Asia, and that the distribution of this term is partly due to borrowing from Malay. At the same time, however, the word appears to be native in many languages, and therefore presumably referred originally to parasols or umbrellas made of leaves.
27357 *payupas sweep 3887 PWMP *payupas sweep
pe
30412 *pea where? 7545 POC *pea where? [doublet: *pia]
30451 7620 PWMP *pecel squeeze with the hand
30449 *peceq break into several large pieces 7615 PAN *peceq₁ break into several large pieces
7616 PMP *peceq₂ break into several large pieces; to hatch, of an egg
7617 POC *posaq break into several large pieces; to hatch, of an egg
7618 POC *ma-posaq broken
Note: Also Kapingamarangi baa to burst; to hatch. Since most languages show merger of *e and *a before a final *q, the reconstruction of the last-syllable vowel of this form depends critically on Paiwan and Puyuma in Taiwan, and on Bare'e in central Sulawesi.
31375 *pecut a whip 9465 PWMP *pecut a whip
27382 *peCik snap, as the fingers or a slingshot 3919 PAN *peCik snap, as the fingers or a slingshot [doublet: *pitik]
Note: With root *-Cik ‘spring up, flicking motion’. Based on the comparison Malay petik ‘plucking at; picking (flowers)’, Javanese petik ‘that which is picked; act of picking’, Fijian veti ‘to pluck fruit’ Dempwolff (1934-38) reconstructed *peTik ‘pluck off’. However, the Fijian form is irregular, and Dempwolff's comparison is otherwise restricted to two languages with a long history of mutual borrowing.
27383 3920 Note: Also Kayan pejep ‘flickering, blinking, of a light’. Zorc (1971) posits PPh *peDek ‘wink’.
30309 *pedel to wring out, as water from wet clothes 7257 PAN *pedel to wring out, as water from wet clothes
27384 3921 Note: Also Malay padat ‘crushed into the least possible space; well packed; compact’. With root *-det ‘packed in, compressed’.
27385 *pedped₁ press together, pack solid 3922 PAN *pedped₁ press together, pack solid
32544 10904 27386 3923 PWMP *pegeŋ hold firmly, concentrate [doublet: *pegaŋ, *pigeŋ]
30798 *peget triggerfish 8542 PWMP *peget triggerfish
Note: Despite its limited distribution this form is not likely to be a loanword in either language, and Mapun, like other Samalan languages, appears to subgroup with the Barito languages of southeast Kalimantan rather than with their neighbors in the Philippines.
27387 3924 PWMP *pegpeg₁ to box, give a blow [disjunct: *peRpeR]
Note: Also Javanese peg ‘sound of a hard blow on the side of the head, as when one's ears are boxed’.
33911 *pegpeg₂ to tremble, as with chills 12740 PPh *pegpeg₂ to tremble, as with chills
27391 *peka separate, disconnect 3928 PMP *peka separate, disconnect
Note: Mills (1975:807) proposes "Proto-Indonesian" ?*p(uɨ)ka(qo) ‘split, break apart’, but, of the material he presents, only Madurese pekka ‘split in two’ appears to belong to the present cognate set.
27388 *pekak to cackle, as a hen that has laid an egg 3925 PWMP *pekak to cackle [doublet: *tekak]
Note: With root *-kak₁ ‘cackle, laugh loudly’.
27415 3953 PMP *pekaŋ stretch open or apart [disjunct: *peka 'separate, disconnect']
Note: Mills (1975:803) posits Proto-South Sulawesi *pe(ŋ)ka ‘branching off; hooklike’. Presumably with root *-kaŋ₁ ‘spread apart, as the legs’.
27389 *pekaq split 3926 PWMP *pekaq split
Note: With root *-kaq₂ ‘split’.
27390 3927 32572 *pekel squeeze, press together 10937 PPh *pekel squeeze, press together
32573 10938 Note: Also Kapampangan pékat ‘paste, sticky substance’. With root *-keC ‘adhesive, sticky’.
27392 3929 10893 PWMP *ma-mekpek to beat or pound
10894 PAN *p<um>ekpek (gloss uncertain)
10895 PWMP *p<um>ekpek thing used to knock or pound
Note: Also Rotuman pōpō ‘to slap gently, pat, esp. a baby in order to put it off to sleep’, Niue pōpō ‘to pat, slap’, Rennellese poopoo ‘to pat, as a dog or to comfort; to soothe, placate’. With root *-pek ‘beat, hit’.
27393 3930 27394 3931 PMP *pekuq₁ bend, curve [doublet: *teku]
Note: Also Makassarese pekkoʔ ‘bent, curved’.
27395 3932 Note: Possibly identical to *pekuq₁ ‘bend, curve’.
27396 3933 32783 *pelaqam suffer in silence, conceal an illness 11224 PWMP *pelaqam suffer in silence, conceal an illness
31485 *peled astringent taste, as of unripe bananas 9599 PWMP *peled astringent taste, as of unripe bananas [doublet: *sapela, *sapeled]
32806 11250 PWMP *pelet acrid or bitter taste [disjunct: *peled]
32545 *pelpel crammed, forced into an opening, stuff full 10905 PWMP *pelpel crammed, forced into an opening, stuff full
32776 11217 Note: Also Ngaju Dayak palok ‘an embrace; to embrace’ (< Banjarese Malay). With root *-luk ‘bend, curve’.
27397 3934 Note: With root *-lus ‘slip off’.
32777 11218 PMP *pened₁ stopped up, plugged
11797 POC *bonor₂ stopped up, plugged
Note: Dempwolff (1938) posited Uraustronesisch *pened ‘to stuff, stop up’ based on a wide range of semantically divergent and phonologically irregular forms, including Malagasy féni ‘fence, hedge, enclosure’, Malay pənat ‘weariness; tiredness; exhaustion’, Toba Batak ponot ‘tube, pipe (as of bamboo)’, Javanese penet ‘pressed down, oppressed, overcome, silent (with amazement, awe, dismay, sorrow)’, Fijian bono-ta ‘to block or dam up’ (pointing to *-t, not *-d), and Tongan mono ‘to mend a hole, put a patch on’ (pointing to *m-, not *p-). Although a reconstruction with this shape and meaning appears to be justified on the basis of a cognate set known so far only from the Philippines and western Indonesia, it cannot be justified on the basis of the evidence he presented.
32807 *pened₂ formal gathering, as of chiefs 11251 PMP *pened₂ formal gathering, as of chiefs
11252 POC *ponor formal gathering, as of chiefs, with possible connections to announcing temporary taboos
Note: While this comparison is well-supported for Proto-Polynesian, the resemblance of Polynesian forms to Maranao pened may be due to chance. The semantics of Rotuman fono (apparently a Polynesian loan), together with the meanings of the Niue, Samoan, Rennellese, and Hawaiian words, suggests that such formal gatherings may have been held for the express purpose of announcing temporary taboos to the community at large.
27398 *penpen₁ to provision, fill up 3935 PWMP *penpen₁ to provision, fill up
32546 *penpen₂ cover nose and mouth with hand 10906 PWMP *penpen₂ cover nose and mouth with hand
Note: Also Bikol mag-pupón ‘to cover the nose and mouth with the hand’.
30186 6986 PAN *peNuq full, of a container
6987 POC *ponuq full, of a container
6988 PMP *ma-penuq full
6989 6990 PPh *na-penuq filled
6991 PMP *pa-penuq to fill, cause to become full
6992 POC *pa-ponuq to fill, cause to become full
6993 PWMP *ka-penuq-an act of filling?
6994 PWMP *p<in>enuq filled
6995 PWMP *p<um>enuq to fill, make complete
6996 6997 PWMP *penuq-en to fill; fill it!
6998 PMP *penuq sakay overwhem in numbers?
6999 POC *ponuq sake full to the top
Note: Also Yamdena féni ‘full (as with water)’. This is one of the most basic stative verbs/adjectives in Austronesian languages. It is thus surprising that reflexes of *ma-penuq are completely unknown in the Oceanic group, despite the fact that this prefix was so tightly bound in other stems (as *ma-sakit ‘painful, sick’, or *ma-takut ‘afraid’) that it became fossilized in many of the modern languages, and possibly in Proto-Oceanic itself. PMP *penuq evidently referred to fullness and filling of containers with liquid or solid material; however, in many of the reflexes is also used in a somewhat more abstract sense, as with people filling a room or graves filling a village. Finally, the glosses for Iban Moken Asilulu Sa'a Rennellese and Nukuoro show clearly that this word also figured in expressions relating to periods of high tide, the point at which the sea’s expanse reaches its ‘fullest’.
30187 7000 7001 PMP *peñu the green turtle, Chelonia mydas
7002 POC *poñu the green turtle, Chelonia mydas
Note: Also Melanau (Mukah) pañu ‘turtle’ (< Brunei Malay ), Malagasy fanu ‘a kind of beetle; the sea turtle; kind of fish’, Balinese pañu ‘turtle, tortoise’, Rotuman hoi ‘turtle’. Since Kavalan pənu is the sole known Formosan reflex of this word, and since in Kavalan pənu refers to all marine turtles without distinction, it is unclear whether there was a more specific referent of *peñu in PAn. By PMP times, however, it is clear that *peñu referred distinctively to the green turtle, Chelonia mydas, valued for both its meat and its eggs, as contrasted with the hawksbill turtle, Chelonia imbricata (PCEMP *keRa(nŋ)), which was valued for its colorful shell (in part because of international trade demand from a very early date). Although the evidence is tenuous, the extended glosses in Malagasy Nggela and Tongan suggest that a reflex of PMP *peñu may also have designated a turtle-shaped water beetle or a similar insect (also cf. Malay peñu-peñu-an ‘ant-lion).
27414 3952 27410 3947 Note: With root *-ŋa(q) ‘gaping’.
32778 11219 PWMP *pera dry, grainy, brittle
Note: Although this comparison is restricted to languages of western Indonesia it is not found in Malay, and has a very low likelihood of being a loan. Tentatively, then, it is accepted as a directly inherited form in languages that probably have been separated since the initial Austronesian settlement of Sumatra and Java.
27400 *periŋ bamboo sp. 3937 PMP *periŋ bamboo sp.
Note: Also Iban perin ‘kind of bamboo’. Soboyo peliŋ ‘kind of bamboo: Bambusa vulgaris Schrad.’ may be a loan from Banggai. Mills (1975:799) proposes "PInd" ?*pɨriŋ, but bases his comparison entirely on WMP languages.
32547 *perper₁ complete an activity, see through to completion 10907 PPh *perper₁ complete an activity, see through to completion
32548 *perper₂ to urge, press on insistently 10908 PWMP *perper₂ to urge, press on insistently
27401 3938 Note: With root *-rus₂ ‘slip or slide off’.
32779 *peRaw hoarse, husky, of the voice 11220 PWMP *peRaw hoarse, husky, of the voice [doublet: *paRaw]
27399 3936 Note: With root *-cik ‘splash, spatter, fly out’. For the same semantic range, cp. Malay recék ‘fine speckles, very small spots. Of being sprinkled with rosewater; cloth speckled with gold; garments slightly bespattered by water thrown up by a car passing, etc.’.
27412 3949 PMP *pe(R)cit squeeze, squirt out
3950 POC *posit₂ squeeze, squirt out
30399 *peReq squeeze out juice, wring out water 7511 PAN *peReq squeeze out juice, wring out water
7512 PWMP *ma-meReq to squeeze out juice, wring out water
Note: Also Agutaynen mag-pega ‘to squeeze the liquid out of something; to wring something out’, Mapun paggaʔ ‘to press or squeeze a liquid (out of something, as juice from fruit)’, Yakan mag-peggaʔ ‘to squeeze (liquid from something with the hand, especially from grated coconut’), Sasak peren ‘to press, squeeze’, Manggarai peraŋ ‘to squeeze, wring out’.
30400 *peRes squeeze out juice, extract liquid by squeezing 7513 PAN *peRes squeeze out juice, extract liquid by squeezing
7514 POC *poRos squeeze out juice, extract liquid by squeezing
7515 PWMP *ma-meRes to squeeze out juice, wring out water
Note: Also Mapun paggos ‘to force someone to do something’ (< Bisayan), Tiruray keres ‘to squeeze out juice by pressing or twisting something’, Yakan pegges ‘to press (sugarcane)’, pegges-an ‘a sugarcane press, Javanese peres ‘squeezed, wrung’ (< Malay). Gitua poro could reflect either PMP *peReq or PMP *peRes; its assignment to the latter is arbitrary, but is based on the richer attestation of *peRes.
31337 9417 PWMP *peRpeR to box, give a blow [disjunct: *pegpeg]
33626 12367 PPh *peRsa boil, abscess [doublet: *pi(R)sa)]
Note: Also Ifugaw (Batad) pogha ‘a boil, a localized suppuration of the skin’, Maranao pese ‘boil, carbuncle’.
27413 3951 PWMP *pe(R)tak knock; pop, burst
Note: With root *-tak₂ ‘sound of cracking, splitting, knocking’.
27405 *pes sound of escaping air, etc. 3942 PMP *pes sound of escaping air, etc.
Note: Also Puyuma (Tamalakaw) ves ‘whizzing sound, as of flying bird or of wind’. Presumably the simple root found in *ke(m)pes ‘deflate’.
27402 *pesak break into several large pieces; hatch 3939 PMP *pesak break into several large pieces; hatch [doublet: *peceq₁]
Note: Possibly *pecak. Also Malay pécak ‘crushed or driven in at one point, of a rotting fruit, a dented ball, etc.’, Balinese encak ‘crush, break by pressure’. Part of this comparison was first noted in print by Verheijen (1967-70).
32832 *pesi coastal tree, perhaps Pongamia pinnata 11284 POC *pesi coastal tree, perhaps Pongamia pinnata
Note: A closely similar version of this comparison was first proposed by Ross (2008:170).
27403 *pesit blind 3940 PWMP *pesit blind
27404 3941 7234 PMP *pespes squeeze out; massage
11291 7235 10889 10890 PAN *p<in>espes was massaged by someone
10891 PAN *pespes-i massage (imperative)
Note: Although Pazeh usually reflects CVCCVC reduplications as CV1CV1CV1C, parallels to the reduction found in this form are also attested in *daŋdaŋ > dadaŋ ‘to warm (body); broil’, and *sepsep > zezep ‘to suck’.
32728 11161 11241 POC *posu have a hole; be perforated
32884 11343 Note: Also Seimat pes ‘to break wind, fart’.
32808 *pesuk have a hole; be perforated 11253 PMP *pesuk have a hole; be perforated [doublet: *pesu]
11254 POC *posuk have a hole; be perforated
29946 *peSiq squeeze out juice; squirt out 6626 PAN *peSiq squeeze out juice; squirt out
27407 3944 PMP *peta shatter, break [disjunct: *betak₁ 'cleave, split']
27406 *petak squawk 3943 PWMP *petak squawk [doublet: *pekak 'cackle']
32780 *peteŋ dusky, twilight, as near the end of day 11221 PWMP *peteŋ dusky, twilight, as near the end of day
Note: Also Toba Batak potaŋ ‘evening, from mid-afternoon on’ (< Malay). Based on Malay, Toba Batak and Javanese Dempwolff (1938) posited Uraustronesisch *petaŋ ‘darkness’, regarding the Toba Batak form as regular, and the Javanese form as showing an irregular last-syllable vowel. However, all other languages, including Karo Batakk, support the reconstruction of *peteŋ, making it far more likely that the Toba Batak form is a Malay loan.
27411 3948 PWMP *pe(n)tik spot, dot [doublet: *beCik 'tattoo']
Note: Also Casiguran Dumagat putek putek ‘polka dots (on fish or cloth)’, Cebuano batuk ‘small area different in color or texture from the background’, pátik ‘tattoo, mark with a brand’, Iban pantak ‘spot of a different color, as on an animal's head’, Roviana koti ‘spot or dot’.
29869 *petpet₁ flatten; press down in order to squeeze in 6518 PWMP *petpet₁ flatten; press down in order to squeeze in
Note: Also Ifugaw (Batad) bitbit ‘flatten something, as in patting out dough, hammering out metal’. The term evidently referred both to flattening maleable objects on a planar surface, and to pressing the contents of a container down to make them fit the available space.
32784 *petpet₂ stuffed, crowded; blocked, clogged 11225 PWMP *petpet₂ stuffed, crowded; blocked, clogged
33735 *petpet₃ piece of something that has been cut 12491 PPh *petpet₃ piece of something that has been cut
27408 3945 PWMP *petuk beat, throb, pulse
Note: With root *-tuk₂ ‘knock, pound, beat’.
30512 *peu to bind together in a sheaf 7741 PCMP *peu to bind together in a sheaf
Note: Also Yamdena mbéu ‘to bind in a bundle, of maize’.
32618 11009 PWMP *pezem close the eyes [doublet: *pezeŋ]
27409 3946 PMP *pezeŋ close the eyes [doublet: *pezem]
pi
32263 10554 PAN *pi- causative of location
27417 *pia₁ where? 3955 POC *pia where? [doublet: *pea]
30833 *pia₂ goodness 8639 PMP *pia₂ goodness
8640 PMP *ma-pia good
Note: Also Manobo (Western Bukidnon) upiya ‘to do good’, me-ʔupiya ‘good’, Siang piyo ‘good’, Mongondow pira ‘good’, the latter with analogical back-formation (Blust 1983).
32785 11226 PMP *pia₃ to want, desire [doublet: *pian]
30265 7147 Note: Possibly a loan distribution.
32488 *piak baby chick; peeping of chick 10827 PAN *piak baby chick; peeping of chick [doublet: *piuk-piuk]
27416 *pian want, desire, wish or long for 3954 PMP *pian want, desire, wish or long for [disjunct: *pia]
32629 *piaŋa a tree: Ganua obovatifolia.(Merr.), Sapotaceae 11024 PPh *piaŋa a tree: Ganua obovatifolia.(Merr.), Sapotaceae
Note: This comparison is taken from Madulid (2001), and could not be confirmed by independent lexicographic sources.
33823 *piay kind of fern: Acrostichum aureum 12622 PWMP *piay kind of fern: Acrostichum aureum
Note: The Manobo form is taken from Madulid (2001:2:6), who does not further specify its provenance.
27418 3956 30450 7619 32619 *picek₂ dented, having an indentation 11010 PWMP *picek₂ dented, having an indentation
Note: Also Malay pichak ‘crushed or driven in at one point’.
27419 *picik splash, spray, sprinkle 3957 PMP *picik splash, spray, sprinkle
Note: Also Cebuano lagsík ‘for small things to fly off, splatter’, Malay lecék ‘blow the nose, e.g. with the fingers’, Malay (Jakarta) bécék ‘puddle, slush on road’ and PMP *recik ‘speckled, stained’, hence the assumption of a root *cik ‘fly out, splatter’.
This comparison is of particular interest, as it provides the only known PMP etymology for an instance of pʷ in OC languages. It is noteworthy that *p normally became Rotinese h.
27420 3958 Note: With root *-cit ‘squirt out’.
27421 3959 Note: Also Malay pécak ‘crushed or driven in at one point’.
27422 3960 Note: Also Maranao pideŋ ‘close the eye’, Tiruray fireŋ ‘have a drooping eyelid’, Dampelas mpidaɁ ’wink of an eye’, Bare'e pida ‘wink, blink’, Tae' ka-pidi-pidi ‘regularly blink the eyes’, Muna pidu ‘blink the eyes’.
32929 *pidek₂ eyelash 11397 PPh *pidek₂ eyelash
Note: Possibly identical to PWMP *pidek₁ ‘blink, wink’.
32786 11227 Note: With root *-dem₁ ‘dark; overcast’.
32519 *pideŋ to extinguish, douse a fire 10861 PWMP *pideŋ to extinguish, douse a fire [doublet: *padem, *padeŋ]
27423 3961 3962 PWMP *p<al>idpid border, side, edge
32630 *pidut to pinch, hold between the fingers 11025 PPh *pidut to pinch, hold between the fingers
Note: Also Mansaka pindit ‘a pinch, as of powder’.
33331 11869 PMP *piek peep, cheep [doublet: *piak]
11870 32787 11228 Note: Also Cebuano pigɁut ‘narrow, not affording enough space’.
32608 10996 PWMP *pigeŋ to grip, grasp tightly
Note: Also Malay pəgaŋ ‘grasp; hand-hold; control’, p<əm>əgaŋ ‘handrail; balustrade’.
30822 8588 PWMP *pihak one side, one half [doublet: *biqak] [disjunct: *piqak]
8589 PWMP *pihak-an (gloss uncertain)
Note: Dempwolff (1938) posited *piak, based on a comparison of Tagalog piak ‘divided, distributed’, Javanese piyak ‘severed, separated’, Ngaju Dayak pahariʔ sapak piak ‘half sister from the same mother’, and Malagasy piaka ‘broken, snapped’, and Dyen (1953:10) converted this to *piqak, based only on the Tagalog, Malay, and Javanese forms. However, modern dictionaries do not give Tagalog piak, the Hiligaynon and Aklanon forms cited here conflict with *piqak, and the Malagasy form is irregular in showing p- rather than f-. Richards (1981) cites Iban piak, and Wilkinson (1959:901) cites Malay pihak as a borrowing of Arabic fihak ‘side’, but this is surely wrong, given its presence both in Old Javanese, which preceded sustained Arabic influence, and in languages of the central Philippine which are unlikely to have borrowed it. Nonetheless Malay pihak and Old Javanese pihak-an are regular only under a derivation from *piqak, leaving several unanswered questions about this comparison.
30605 *pijax interrogative of quantity: how much?, how many?; adjective of indefinite quantity: some, several, a few 8047 PAN *pijax interrogative of quantity: how much?, how many?; adjective of indefinite quantity: some, several, a few
8048 POC *pica how much?, how many?
8049 PPh *ika-pija which number is it?
8050 PWMP *ka-pija (gloss uncertain)
8051 POC *ga-pica how much?, how many?
8052 PAN *maka-pija (for) how many days?
8053 PAN *pa-pija how many? (of people)
Note: This prefixed form clearly parallels the use of Ca- reduplication in the formation of numerals with human referents, although it is unclear whether all forms that appear to be traceable to *pa-pija have the same history (e.g. Fordata fa-fira ‘how often?’, or even the Proto-Bungku-Tolaki form cited above). 8054 PMP *paka-pija (gloss uncertain)
8055 POC *paka-pica how many times?
8056 8057 POC *pica pica a few, several (?)
Note: Also Bunun piaq ‘how many?’, Itbayaten pirah how many?, pa-pirah ‘how many (in units or number, not in time)’, Ilongot pigi ‘how many?’, Tagalog ilán ‘how many?; a few; more than two or three, but not many; several; some’, Agutaynen pirapa ‘amount; how much?, how many?’, Tiruray firoy ‘how much?, how many?, Enggano ʔa-píaha ‘how much?, how many?’, Kilivila vila ‘how many?’, Sa’a (e)-nite, Ulawa (e)-nita ‘how many?, so many; a few’, Rotuman hisi ‘how many?
Used indefinitely (several, I don’t know how many), as well as interrogatively’. The endings in several of these irregular forms are puzzling. While Bunun –q is at odds with all other languages that retain final consonants, Itbayaten –h, which could reflect PAn *S or *h, presents more subtle problems. If it reflected *S we would expect a final sibilant in all six of the Formosan witnesses cited here, and this alternative is therefore strongly disfavored. However, if Itbayaten pirah reflects *pijah the only witness that can be cited as a check is Amis. Nonetheless, since Amis pina contradicts the reconstruction of *-h, it seems best to posit PAn *pija, and assume that both Bunun piaq and Itbayaten pirah have added a final consonant through some unknown historically secondary process. Tagalog ilán for expected **pilá, on the other hand, is doubly irregular in showing loss of *p- and addition of –n, but the highly specific semantics make it very likely that this form is also a reflex of *pija.
This form is well-know as an interrogative of quantity, in which sense it has been reconstructed by Dempwolff (1938), and Wolff (2010:933). However, cognates distributed from Atayal to Maori show clearly that it also functioned as an adjective of indefinite quantity, translatable into English as ‘some, several, a few’.
27436 *pijiko flesh, lean part of meat; grain of wood 3977 POC *pijiko flesh, lean part of meat; grain of wood
32847 *pijir, pijir-i braid, twist together 11302 POC *pijir, pijir-i braid, twist together
Note: This comparison was first proposed by Ross, Clark and Osmond (1998:288-289).
32833 *pijo kind of reed or cane, including Saccharum spontaneum 11285 POC *pijo kind of reed or cane, including Saccharum spontaneum
Note: This comparison was first assembled by Milke (9168), but considerably expaned by Ross (2008:254).
30371 7414 7415 PAN *ma-pizpiz closely spaced, set close together
27430 *pik click 3971 PWMP *pik click
27426 3966 POC *pika sand, sandbank [doublet: *mpike]
Note: Also Label piu ‘earth, ground, soil’, Tuvaluan pike ‘sand castle’ (Gilbertese loan).
27424 *pikak make a harsh throaty sound 3963 PMP *pikak make a harsh throaty sound
Note: With root *-kak₁ ‘cackle, laugh loudly’.
31408 *pikaŋ spread wide apart, as the legs or any two things joined at a point 9512 PMP *pikaŋ spread wide apart, as the legs or any two things joined at a point
Note: With root *-kaŋ₁ ‘spread apart, as the legs’. Possibly a convergent innovation produced by sharing a common monosyllabic root.
27425 3964 PWMP *pikat sap used as birdlime [doublet: *piket₂]
3965 PWMP *mamikat snare birds with bird lime
Note: Dempwolff (1934-38) proposed *pikat ‘decoy’, but based his comparison solely on Malay and on languages that have borrowed heavily from it (Javanese, Ngaju Dayak), suggested a different meaning, and overlooked the nonconforming reflex in Toba Batak.
27427 3967 12249 Note: With root *-kel ‘bend, curl’.
27465 4008 PMP *pi(ŋ)keR bend, turn [doublet: *pikul]
30433 *piket₁ horsefly, large biting fly 7580 PWMP *piket₁ horsefly, large biting fly
31338 9418 PWMP *piket₂ sticky, adhesive [doublet: *pikat]
9435 PWMP *mamiket snare birds with bird lime
Note: Dempwolff (1934-38) proposed *pikat ‘decoy’, but based his comparison solely on Malay and on languages that have borrowed heavily from it (Javanese, Ngaju Dayak), suggested a different meaning, and overlooked the nonconforming reflex in Toba Batak. With root *-keC ‘adhesive, sticky’.
32658 11058 27428 3968 Note: With root *-kik ‘shrill throaty sound’.
29848 *pikit sticking to, attached to, joined 6478 PMP *pikit sticking to, attached to, joined
6479 Note: With root *-kit₂ join along the length.
27429 *pikpik sound of patting or tapping 3969 PAN *pikpik sound of patting or tapping [doublet: *pakpak₁, 'wing', *pik 'click']
12535 3970 Note: Also Aklanon palik ‘fin (of fish)’, Tiruray felik-felik ‘pectoral fins of fish’. With root *-pik ‘pat, light slap’.
33345 11916 PAN *piku bend, curve [doublet: *pikuq₁]
27466 4009 Note: With root *-kuk₁ ‘bent, crooked’.
32581 10949 Note: With root *-kul₁ ‘curl, bend’.
30270 *pikuq₁ to bend, curve; bent, curved 7172 PAN *pikuq₁ to bend, curve; bent, curved [doublet: *piku]
Note: Also Amis piko ‘intersection, a place where there is a turn in the road’, Paiwan piku ‘elbow’, Binukid púkuʔ ‘to bend (something); be bent over’. With root *-ku(q) ‘bend, curve’. As shown by the parentheses, reflexes of morphemes that contain this submorphemic root sometimes reflect *-ku and sometimes *-kuq (Blust 1988:116-17). The Amis and Paiwan forms in Taiwan reflect *piku, the available Philippine forms reflect *pikuq, and the Kavalan and Nggela forms are ambiguous, although the subgrouping relationship of Kavalan with Amis favors an interpretation that Kavalan piku reflects an earlier form without a final consonant.
32582 *pikuq₂ kind of children’s game 10950 PPh *pikuq₂ kind of children’s game
32659 *pikut to bend over, as a person 11059 PMP *pikut to bend over, as a person
Note: Possibly a chance resemblance. With root *-kut ‘hunched over, bent’.
32660 *píkut forced marriage; to force into marriage 11060 PPh *píkut forced marriage; to force into marriage
32729 *píla clay 11162 PPh *píla clay
Note: Possibly a Tagalog loan distribution.
27431 3972 31336 *pilantik spring-set spear trap 9414 PWMP *pilantik spring-set spear trap [doublet: *pale(n)tik]
27432 *pilaq scar 3973 PMP *pilaɁ scar [disjunct: *pilat]
30823 *pilat scar 8590 PWMP *pilat scar [disjunct: *pilaɁ]
Note: Also Ilokano piglát ‘scar; blemish; birthmark’, ag-piglát ‘to scar’, Casiguran Dumagat péklat ‘scab (of a sore); to scab over’, Agta (Central Cagayan) piglat, Bontok bílat, piglát, Keleyqiq Kallahan piklat ‘scar’, Ifugaw (Batad) bīlat ‘a body scar, the result of a skin infection or wound’, Bikol piklát ‘a deep scar’, ma-piklat-án ‘to have such a scar’, Arosi hura, hu-hura ‘scar’.
30630 *piliq to choose, to select; to pick out 8112 PAN *piliq to choose, to select; to pick out
8113 PPh *i-piliq (gloss uncertain)
8114 PWMP *ka-piliq (gloss uncertain)
8115 PWMP *ma-miliq to choose, select, pick out
8116 PAN *ma-piliq (gloss uncertain)
8117 PMP *ma-piliq choosy, fussy, fastidious
8118 PWMP *maR-piliq to choose, select, pick out
8119 PWMP *na-piliq was chosen; what was chosen, one’s preference
8120 PWMP *pa-miliq (gloss uncertain)
8121 PWMP *pa-piliq let someone choose, let someone make a choice
8122 PPh *paR-piliq (gloss uncertain)
8123 PAN *ka-piliq-an (gloss uncertain)
8124 PWMP *pa-miliq-an (gloss uncertain)
8125 PWMP *p<in>iliq was chosen; what was chosen
8126 PAN *p<um>iliq to choose, select, pick out
8127 PMP *piliq-an (gloss uncertain)
8128 PWMP *piliq-en be chosen, selected; what is chosen, choice
8129 8130 PMP *piliq piliq (gloss uncertain)
Note: Also Hiligaynon píli ‘choice’, Mapun peneʔ ‘to choose; select; pick out; discriminate’, Tboli élék ‘selected; chosen’, Yakan peneʔ ‘to choose or select something’, Lun Dayeh filiiʔ ‘choice, a pick, an election’, Lamaholot mileʔ ‘harvest, yield’, Leti ili ‘choose’, Toqabaqita firi-a ‘choose, select, prefer’.
This term clearly referred to the action of making a choice or selection from a range of alternatives. However, two more specific senses stand out from the glosses recorded for several languages. First is the meaning ‘pick out undesirable inclusions (pebbles, bad grains, etc.) from rice after the pounding and before or during cooking’ (Pazeh,Itbayaten, Ilokano, Aklanon, Tausug, perhaps Muna). Second is the meaning ‘what is left over after the best has been picked out’ (Aklanon, Karo Batak, Tae', Makassarese). Even though the forms that have this meaning generally differ in their overall word shape (taking different affixes), the recurrent association of these two senses of ‘choosing’ with the base *piliq makes it very likely that they were part of the original signification of the term, a signification that can clearly be connected with PPh *piliq-an ‘pick out impurities from husked rice, prior to cooking’. It is further noteworthy that despite the cognation of the base in Formosan and Malayo-Polynesian languages there is little agreement between affixed forms, suggesting considerable morphological innovation in PMP.
30979 *pilis temple, side of the head 8879 PWMP *pilis temple, side of the head
Note: Also Pangasinan alopísiŋ ‘the temples (of the head)’, Kayan pilik ‘the temple bones in the human skull’, Malay pəlipis ‘temple’, Old Javanese pi-piliŋ-an, piliŋ-piliŋ-an ‘the temples’, Bare'e pidi ‘cheeks’, Rembong impis ‘temples’.
30421 *pílit to insist; to force, compel someone to do something 7555 PPh *pílit to insist; to force, compel someone to do something
7556 PPh *pilit-en force someone to do something
Note: Also Bikol i-pírit ‘to insist on; to press for’, mag-pírit ‘to force someone to do something; to persuade forcefully; to make or push someone into doing something; to compel, coerce’, ma-pirít-an ‘to feel compelled, obliged, obligated or forced to do something’ (with irregular *l > r, possibly due to contamination with *pirit ‘twist, twisted’).
30422 7557 32848 11303 Note: A shorter version of his comparison was first proposed by Ross, Clark and Osmond (1998:259).
27433 3974 32549 *pilpil pound on, hit, beat, or crush 10909 PWMP *pilpil pound on, hit, beat, or crush
31286 *pilu a large marine fish, the jackfish or trevally 9342 PMP *pilu a large marine fish, the jackfish or trevally [doublet: *bilu-bilu]
9343 POC *pilu-pilu small trevally varieties
30304 *piluk crippled; bent or twisted, of the leg or foot 7250 PAN *piluk₁ crippled; bent or twisted, of the leg or foot
7251 PWMP *ta-piluk sprained, twisted, as the ankle
Note: Also Ilokano pilʔók ‘limping, walking with a hop, having one leg shorter than the other’. The base *piluk probably referred to a congenital condition, with *ta- marking a temporary condition caused by an accident while walking or running. This is one of the rare instances in which a form can be reconstructed with the ‘involuntary action’ prefix *ta- (variant *taR-).
33816 12610 27434 3975 27435 3976 Note: Ilokano pindáŋ may be a Malay loan.
32781 *pindaq to move, change location 11222 PWMP *pindaq to move, change location
Note: Also Ngaju Dayak indah ‘displaced, transferred’. Possibly a Malay loan distribution. Based on the Malagasy, Ngaju Dayak, Malay and Javanese forms given here Dempwolff (1938) proposed Uraustronesisch *pindaq ‘change location, move’.
30710 8290 PWMP *pini a bird, the swallow [doublet: *pinis]
8291 PWMP *kala-pini a bird, the swallow
Note: Although the only supporting evidence currently available for this form is quadrisyllabic, it is clear that it contains a disyllabic base and a variant of the common *qali/kali- prefix marking referents that have a connection with the spirit world (Blust 2001). For further evidence of this cf. the doublet form *pinis.
30711 8292 PWMP *pinis a bird, the swallow [doublet: *pini]
Note: This base almost certainly occurred obligatorily with a variant of the *qali/kali- prefix, but the available evidence is too limited to determine which variant that was. Alternatively this reconstruction could have the form *X-pinis, where ‘X’ represents an indeterminate *qali/kali- variant (for further discussion and examples see Blust 2001:24).
32739 11174 32788 *pintal to twist strands together (?) 11229 PWMP *pintal to twist strands together (?)
32642 *pintás curse, hex; to bewitch; to criticize, find fault with 11040 PPh *pintás curse, hex; to bewitch; to criticize, find fault with
33361 *pintuq loft in house where unmarried girls reside 11965 PPh *pintuq loft in house where unmarried girls reside
Note: Also Mongondow pintu ‘to place or seclude in a loft’, po-pintu-an ‘area for girls to stay in the house; also place in the heavens where the gods reside’. Given its semantics this word seems almost certainly to be a loan from Malay, Javanese or another western Indonesian language that underwent Indian contact influence during the first few centuries of the Common Era. However, to date no such connection has been established, and so tentatively a recontruction is proposed on the assumption that the attested glosses are elaborations of something that originally was more mundane.
30722 8309 Note: Also Arosi bino ~ pino ‘to fold over a leaf in which to drink; a leaf cup’.
32834 *pinuan a tree: Macaranga spp. 11286 POC *pinuan a tree: Macaranga spp.
Note: A longer version of this comparison was first proposed by Ross (2008:243-244), who also proposed PMP *binu(q)an, based on Oceanic evidence plus Tagalog binuaŋ ‘M. tanarius, M. grandifolia’, cited from Madulid (2001.2:191). However, the final consonant in this wider comparison fails to correspond, making it a ‘near comparison’ on the PMP level. In addition, most evidence suggests that Tagalog binuaŋ refers to a different tree (cf. ACD, PWMP *binuaŋ ‘tree with very light wood: Octomeles sp.’. Finally, note the PPh reconstruction *binuŋa ‘a tree: Macaranga tanarius’.
32885 11344 Note: A slightly longer version of this comparison was first proposed by Osmond and Ross (2016a:91). It is unclear how this form might have differed semantically from POc *kulit ‘skin, bark, peel, shell’.
32520 10862 10863 11051 10864 PPh *na-pílay was lame
10865 PPh *piláy-en to cripple, disable someone
Note: Also Malay piray ‘rheumatic’, Bahasa Indonesia piray ‘disease of the joints, rheumatism’. It is assumed that PAn *piNay underwent an irregular change to PMP *pilay, since all known Malayo-Polynesian reflexes point to a medial lateral.
31339 9419 PMP *piŋ(e)qut nasal mucus, snot [doublet: *hiŋus₁] [disjunct: *piŋus]
Note: Rotinese normally reflects *p as h, but shows p in a few other forms, as *papan > papa ‘plank, board’ and *picik > pisi ‘to sprinkle, spray (water)’.
27458 *piŋi cheek 4001 PAN *piŋi cheek
Note: Also Sambal (Botolan) piŋih, Hanunóo píŋiɁ ‘cheek’, Samal pisŋi, Kelabit piŋit, Mongondow putoŋi, Kayan piŋah ‘cheek’.
33304 *piŋil ankle 11839 PWMP *piŋil ankle [doublet: *paŋil]
33798 12586 PMP *piŋkaw bent, crooked [disjunct: *pikel, *pi(ŋ)keR]
12587 32850 *piŋkíq strike two hard objects together to produce a spark 11304 PPh *piŋkíq strike two hard objects together to produce a spark
27459 4002 Note: With root *-kuŋ ‘bend, curve’.
27464 4007 PMP *piŋus nasal mucus, snot [doublet: *hiŋus₁] [disjunct: *piŋ(e)qut]
30631 *pipi₂ female genitalia (child’s word?) 8131 PAN *pipi₂ female genitalia (child’s word?)
Note: Also Ilokano pípit ‘vagina (familiar term)’, Waray-Waray pipíʔ ‘vagina; female sex organ’.
27437 *pipiq flat 3978 PWMP *pipiq flat
32643 *pipiqit kind of small bird, probably finch or sparrow 11041 PWMP *pipiqit kind of small bird, probably finch or sparrow
32851 *pipirua whirlwind, waterspout 11305 POC *pipirua whirlwind, waterspout
Note: A slightly larger version of this comparison was first proposed by Osmond, Pawley and Ross (2003:85-86), who reconstructed POc *piru-piru ‘whirlwind, waterspout’.
32550 *pipis₁ to crush or mash between two hard surfaces 10910 PMP *pipis₂ to crush or mash between two hard surfaces
27438 *pipit₁ a whistle or simple wind instrument made by blowing into a mouthpiece, probably made of a leaf 3979 PWMP *pipit₁ kind of wind instrument
Note: Dempwolff (1938) assigned Malay pipit ‘mouthpiece of a whistle’ to *pitpit ‘pinch, squeeze, press between two surfaces’, but on semantic grounds it can more convincingly be placed here. Malay pipit ‘small twittering bird; finch; sparrow’ may be the same form, linked by onomatopoeia, but this has an alternative etymology from *pitpit ‘kind of small bird and its cry’.
32536 *pipit₂ genitals of a young child 10887 PWMP *pipit₂ genitals of a young child [doublet: *pipi₂]
Note: Also Manggarai pipis ‘genitals of a little girl’.
32631 *piqak to split, separate sections 11026 PWMP *piqak to split, separate sections [doublet: *biqak]
Note: Wilkinson (1959) gives Malay pihak as a borrowing of Arabic fihak, but this cannot be correct, given the apparent cognate in Old Javanese.
32521 *piqek baby chick; to peep, of chicks 10866 PMP *piqek baby chick; to peep, of chicks
10867 PWMP *piqek-piqek peeping of chicks
32551 *piqpiq wash clothes by pounding on river rocks 10911 PPh *piqpiq wash clothes by pounding on river rocks
30175 *piras immature stage of coconut or areca nut (?) 6973 POC *piras immature stage of coconut or areca nut (?)
27440 *piri pithy ball inside sprouted coconut, coconut 3981 POC *piri pithy ball inside sprouted coconut, coconut endosperm
27441 *pirit plait a cord, twist, wrap around 3982 PMP *pirit plait a cord, twist, wrap around
3983 POC *piri-piri twine round and round; thing made by braiding
Note: Also Tawala wili ‘to roll (as a cigarette)’, Roviana pili ‘a plaited food basket made from coconut frond’, Bugotu pijiri ‘to plait with three or four strands’, viri ‘twisted, tangled; English twist tobacco’, virig-i ‘wind round, be overgrown with creepers; bind in a bundle; a bundle’, piri ‘belt, rope’, Nggela pidiri ‘to intertwine the strands of a rope; a fishing line’, Mota vil ‘bind round, tie strongly’, vilit ‘to bind firm’, Tuvaluan pili ‘entangled (as of foot or a bird in vines)’.
27442 3984 3985 Note: Also Bugotu piru ‘rope, line’, piru-ki ‘to twist, wrench, screw, plait’, Nggela viru ‘to wring, twist’, ta-viru ‘twisted; to turn; to curl’, Lau fīru ‘tangled, of hair’, Kwaio fiku ‘tangled’, Sa'a hiru-hiru ‘turn and twist; to boil, of surf’, 'Āre'āre hiku-a ‘twist coconuts in pairs for carrying; entwine, be entangled in a creeper’, Arosi hiko ‘entangle, twist round’, hiko-hiko ‘entangle, twist round, as creepers, vines’, hikos-ia ‘entwined’, hiro ‘revolve’, hiros-ia ‘spun round’, Tongan filo ‘thread, cotton or thin string, or the string of a violin, etc.; fuse (for exploding)’, filo tui-tui ‘sewing thread or cotton’, filo-filo ‘to spin, make thread or string or rope’, tapaka filo-filo ‘twist tobacco’, filoh-i ‘bind the crosspieces to the uprights (of a Tongan fence)’.
32886 *piRa sailfin tang: Zebrasoma veliferum 11345 POC *piRa₂ sailfin tang: Zebrasoma veliferum
Note: This form was reconstructed by Osmond (2011:103) with the note that it continues PMP *biRaq, proposed in Blust (2002a). However, the latter was proposed without supporting evidence, and the basis for justifying it remains to be reconstituted.
30402 *piRaq squeeze out juice, wring out water 7517 PPh *piRaq₁ squeeze out juice, wring out water [doublet: *peReq]
30403 *piRaS roe, eggs of fish or crustacean 7518 PAN *piRaS roe, eggs of fish or crustacean [doublet: *biRaq, *biRas, *biRaS]
7519 PMP *piRah roe, eggs of fish or crustacean
7520 POC *biRa roe, eggs of fish or crustacean
7521 PAN *piRaS-an be laden with roe, of a fish or crustacean
7522 PMP *piRah-an be laden with roe, of a fish or crustacean
Note: Also Itbayaten piiyah ‘eggs of fish, shrimp, lobster, etc.; spawn, roe’, Chamorro figan ‘fish eggs’. The Oceanic forms assigned to this reconstruction could be assigned with equal plausibility to *biRaq or *biRaS.
27439 3980 PWMP *piReket sticky, adhesive
Note: With root *-keC ‘adhesive, sticky’.
32552 10912 PWMP *piRpiR₁ side, edge, border
32789 *piRpiR₂ to shake off water droplets 11230 PWMP *piRpiR₂ to shake off water droplets
27463 4006 32887 *piRu-piRu sailfish: Istiophoridae 11346 POC *piRu-piRu sailfish: Istiophoridae
Note: A somehwat longer version of this comparison was first presented by Osmond (2011:117).
27448 *pis hiss 3991 PWMP *pis hiss [doublet: *pes, *pus]
32620 *pisak muddy 11011 PPh *pisak₂ muddy [doublet: *pitak₁]
Note: With root *-cak₁ ‘muddy; sound of walking in mud’.
27443 *pisan to unite, unify; first cousin 3986 PWMP *pisan to unite, unify; first cousin
Note: Surely a morphological derivative of PAn *isa ‘one’, but the morphological analysis remains unclear (*pa-isa-an?), and reflexes of this form behave like a base in terms of other affixation. The preconsonantal nasal in Philippine languages presumably is secondary, and the data from these languages suggests that this is distinct from PAn *paR-isa-an ‘to unite, combine in one’, although Javanese pisan could reflect either proto-form. Dempwolff (1938) posited Uraustronesisch *pisan ‘unified’.
32632 11027 Note: Possibly a chance resemblance.
32574 *pisaw kind of knife or machete 10939 PMP *pisaw kind of knife or machete
Note: Also Javanese péso ‘table knife’. The Oceanic forms cited here were added by Osmond and Ross (1998:91), who seem unaware of Dempwolff’s *pisaw ‘knife’.
32621 11012 PAN *pisel pinch, squeeze; knead
11013 PPh *pisel-en to squeeze or press with the hand
Note: For unknown reasons Tagalog pisil-ín fails to show syncope of the historical schwa in the environment VC__CV.
30980 *pis(e)ŋí cheeks 8880 PPh *pis(e)ŋí cheeks
32905 *pisi ni mata eyelash 11367 POC *pisi ni mata eyelash
Note: A slightly longer version of this comparison was first proposed by Osmond and Ross (2016a:119).
27445 *pisi₁ entangle, snarl, tie up, wind around, wrap 3988 POC *pisi₁ entangle, snarl, tie up, wind around, wrap
Note: This comparison was first proposed by Ross, Clark and Osmond (1998:292-293).
27446 3989 Note: Also Puluwat pwir' ‘to let wind (vulgar)’. This item exhibits what Ross (1988) has called a "fortis" reflex of the oral grade of POc *p. What is puzzling is that all known witnesses show the same tendency not to undergo the normal lenition of *p. This suggests that the fortis/lenis contrast, which in general was a drift-like development in Oceanic languages, may already have existed in some individual POc lexical items.
27444 3987 32888 *pisiko flesh, lean part of meat; grain of wood 11347 POC *pisiko flesh, lean part of meat; grain of wood
Note: On the basis of a somewhat different comparison, Osmond and Ross (2016a:81-82), propose POc *pisiko ‘flesh, muscle, meat’, without reference to the secondary gloss ‘grain of wood’.
27447 *piso₁ kind of wild cane with edible flower head 3990 POC *piso₁ kind of wild cane with edible flower head
30570 *piso₂ navel 7941 POC *piso₂ navel [doublet: *bito, *buto, *pure]
32553 10913 PAN *pispis₁ hair on the temples
Note: With unexplained medial consonant reduction in Kavalan.
32554 *pispis₂ shrill sound of an insect, probably cricket or cicada 10914 PWMP *pispis₂ shrill sound of an insect, probably cricket or cicada
32555 *pispis₃ to sprinkle, shake off water 10915 PWMP *pispis₃ to sprinkle, shake off water
10916 PWMP *pispis-an (gloss uncertain)
Note: Also Kavalan sa-pispis ‘to drip (at eaves), or tears, running nose’.
33799 12588 12589 Note: The Mota form is assumed to reflect a suffixed form that has since lost the final vowel. Possibly identical to PMP *pipis₂ ‘to crush or mash between two hard surfaces’.
30401 7516 11097 Note: Also Iban pipiʔ ‘buttocks’, Sangir pipiʔ ‘cheeks’. This word apparently referred both to the cheeks and to the temples, whereas PMP *pasu, *pasuŋ designated the cheek bone.
27454 3997 27460 *pi(n)tak split 4003 PMP *pi(n)tak split
Note: With root *-tak₂ ‘sound of cracking, splitting, knocking’.
27449 *pitak₁ mud 3992 PMP *pitak₁ mud [doublet: *pitek, *pisak]
Note: Also Bontok pítek ‘mud, especially the mud in a pondfield’, Maranao potik, Manobo (Western Bukidnon) basak, Tboli hitok, Tausug pisak ‘mud’, Malagasy fotaka ‘mud, slime, bog’, Malay bécak ‘slushy; mud-patch; puddle’.
27450 *pitak₂ storage compartment 3993 PWMP *pitak₂ storage compartment
32930 *pitak₃ split 11398 PMP *pitak₃ split
Note: With root *-tak₂ ‘sound of cracking, splitting, knocking’. Possibly a chance resemblance.
32609 *pi(n)tas to cut across, cut off 10997 PWMP *pi(n)tas to cut across, cut off
Note: With root *-tas ‘cut through, sever, rip’.
32852 *pite squeeze to extract juice 11306 POC *pite squeeze to extract juice
Note: A longer version of this comparison was proposed by Ross, Clark and Osmond (1998:282), who proposed POc *p(w)iti- ‘press, wring, squeeze something (e.g. in order to extract liquid)’. The data that they cited is internally contradictory, and I have selected a small subset that appears to justify a reconstruction with the stated shape.
27451 *pitek mud 3994 PPh *pitek mud [doublet: *pitak₂, *pisak]
Note: With root *-tek₂ ‘mud’.
32853 11307 Note: Ross, Clark and Osmond (1998:276) proposed POc *piti(k), *pitik-i ‘crack’ solely on the basis of the Fijian suffixed form viti-ka ‘to break off small branches’. However, Capell (1968) also lists viti-a, and given the known problems with using thematic consonants before a transitive suffix in Fijian as evidence for historical finals (Arms 1973), it seems safest to reconstruct this form with a final vowel until firmer evidence for a final consonant is found in other languages.
27461 4004 Note: This item is assumed to contain the root *-tik₂ ‘ticking sound’, and apparently is distinct from Dempwolff's (1934-38) *pitik ‘flick, fillip’ (cf. Ilokano pitík ‘fillip’, Nggela vindi ‘flick off, slip off, be knocked off)’. The Oceanic part of this comparison was enriched by consideration of Osmond 2016:338).
32622 *pitik to fillip, flick with the finger 11014 PMP *pitik₁ to fillip, flick with the finger
11015 POC *pidik to fillip, flick with the finger
Note: Also Sika pitek ‘flick something away with the finger or a springy bit of wood’.
27452 *pitolon hungry 3995 POC *pitolon hungry
30848 *pitpit₁ kind of small bird and its cry 8663 PWMP *pitpit₁ kind of small bird and its cry
Note: Likely to be imitative of the twittering of small birds.
31087 *pitpit₂ pinch, squeeze, press between two surfaces; pluck, pick off 9053 PAN *pitpit₂ pinch, squeeze, press between two surfaces; pluck, pick off
10977 9054 PAN *pitpit-en be pinched, squeezed, or pressed
Note: With root *-pit ‘press, squeeze together; narrow’.
32556 10917 Note: Although the Cordilleran forms (Ilokano through Pangasinan) are clearly related, the resemblance of these to the other forms cited here may be a product of chance.
30723 *pitu seven 8310 PAN *pitu₁ seven
8311 PWMP *im-pitu (gloss uncertain)
8312 8313 PWMP *ma-pitu (gloss uncertain)
8314 PAN *maka-pitu (gloss uncertain)
8315 PWMP *maR-pitu divide into seven parts (?)
8316 PAN *pa-pitu seven (of humans)
8317 8318 Note: Muna pi-pitu may reflect *pa-pitu with vocalic assimilation or leveling of Ca- and CV- reduplication. 8319 PMP *pitu ŋa puluq seventy
Note: Further evidence that the numeral ligature in this expression was *ŋa is seen in Kelai tujuh ŋəh puluʔ ‘70’, which uses the innovative base tujuh ‘seven’, but preserves the structure of the multiplicative construction. 8320 PMP *pitu ŋa Ratus seven hundred (700)
8321 PAN *saka-pitu (gloss uncertain)
Note: Possibly a chance resemblance. 8322 PAN *Sika-pitu seventh
8323 PMP *ika-pitu seventh
8324 PAN *ti-pitu (gloss uncertain)
8325 PAN *ka-pitu-an seventh month (?)
8326 PWMP *pitu-en be divided into seven parts
8327 PAN *pitu pitu seven by seven, seven at a time
Note: Also Taokas gwitu ‘seven’, Isneg pittó ‘seven’, pitto-wán ‘(to do) seven times’, Palauan pito-ŋ pulók ‘seventy’, Mapun, Yakan pituʔ ‘seven; a week’, pitu-m-pūʔ ‘seventy’, Yakan ka-pituʔ ‘the seventh; all seven of something’, mag-pituʔ ‘to celebrate a seventh day death anniversary’, Sasak pituʔ ‘seven’, Arosi biu ‘seven’, haʔa-biu ‘seven times’, biu-na ‘seventh’.
27453 *pituŋ bamboo sp. 3996 PMP *pituŋ bamboo sp. [disjunct: *bituŋ₁]
27455 3998 32489 10828 PWMP *piuk-piuk peeping of chick [doublet: *piak]
27456 *piut relative of the third or fourth ascending or 3999 PMP *piut relative of the third or fourth ascending or descending generation
Note: Also Taboyan buyut ‘ChChCh’, Old Javanese puyut ‘PaPaPa, ChChCh’.
32633 11028 Note: With root *-zak ‘step, tread’.
27457 *pizet squeeze between thumb and finger 4000 PWMP *pizet squeeze between thumb and finger [doublet: *pi(n)zit] [disjunct: *pídut]
27462 *pi(n)zit squeeze between thumb and finger 4005 PWMP *pi(n)zit squeeze between thumb and finger [doublet: *pizet]
Note: Also Tagalog pírot ‘act of pinching with the fingers and twisting’, Old Javanese pisit ‘tight, pressed’.
32835 *poipoi pandanus sp. 11287 POC *poipoi pandanus sp.
Note: A longer version of this comparison was first proposed by Ross (2008:329).
32854 *poki clear the ground for a garden site 11308 POC *poki clear the ground for a garden site
Note: Also Sa'a hui ‘clear a taro garden’. This comparison was first proposed by Osmond (1998:121).
33775 *poku round object; young coconut 12553 POC *poku round object; young coconut
32836 11288 POC *polok to grow (of plants)
Note: This comparison was first noted by Osmond (1998:134).
27467 4010 30053 6754 27468 *poro poro shatter 4011 POC *poro poro shatter
Note: Possibly a chance resemblance.
32906 11368 Note: This comparison, with just two witnesses, was first noted by Ross (2016b:469).
32855 11309 Note: A somwehat larger version of this comparison was first proposed by Osmond, Pawley and Ross (2003:50-51).
32907 11369 Note: A somewhat longer version of this comparison was proposed by Ross and Osmond (2016c:331), who reconstructed POc *p(w)o(q)ut ‘be cold’.
pu
32264 10555 33776 12554 POC *pua₂ to carry on the shoulder
Note: This comparison was first pointed out to me in a personal communication from John Harris.
27469 4012 Note: Mills (1975:804-805) assigns the 32856 11310 Note: Ross, Clark and Osmond (1998:276) propose a longer version of this comparison, citing a number of phonologically non-corresponding forms (Fijian mā-voa ‘a wound or injury received other than in war; (of things) damaged’, etc.). The rump comparison found here is weak, and may be a product of chance.
32790 *puas to relent or subside of appetite, passions, storms, etc. 11231 PWMP *puas to relent or subside of appetite, passions, storms, etc.
27471 4014 Note: With root *-cek ‘press into a soft surface’.
32583 *pucuk sprouting tip of a plant 10951 PWMP *pucuk sprouting tip of a plant
Note: Also Tausug puntuk ‘top, apex, peak, summit (as of a mountain or a building)’, Lauje punsuŋ ‘summit’.
27472 4015 Note: With root *-cut ‘squirt, squeeze or slip out’.
27473 *pucut₂ take away from, dispossess 4016 PWMP *pucut₂ take away from, dispossess
27470 4013 PAN *puCaq foam, froth, lather [doublet: *bujaq, *busa₁]
Note: Also Paiwan butsaq ‘foam, lather, suds’. Tsuchida (1976:165) reconstructs Proto-South Formosan *puCaq ‘bubble, foam’.
32759 *pudak light-skinned, pale 11198 PWMP *pudak light-skinned, pale
32610 10998 30834 *pudpud worn out by overuse; broken; blunt 8641 PPh *pudpud worn out by overuse; broken; blunt
10918 PPh *ma-pudpud worn out, worn down, as by overuse
10919 PPh *pa-pudpud-en to wear something down (?)
32623 *pudu fruit of the betel pepper 11016 PAN *pudu fruit of the betel pepper
27474 4017 4018 Note: Dempwolff (1934-38) reconstructed *pu(n)dul ‘to blunt, to dull’, but based his comparison solely on Tagalog puról and the irregularly corresponding Malagasy form mondro ‘blunt, worn-out, as a spade’.
27475 4019 PAN *puduN ball of thread; spool
4020 PMP *pudun wind thread, etc. into a ball; spool
Note: Also Saisiyat morol ‘ball of thread’.
33398 *-pudus whirlwind, whirlpool 12045 PMP *-pudus whirlwind, whirlpool
12046 POC *-purus whirlwind, whirlpool
Note: Also Tolai kali-vuvur ‘whirlwind, waterspout’. Although these words are synchronically unanalyzable, it is assumed that they contain the *qali/kali- prefix. Because the variant of this prefix differs between the available witnesses no prefix can be reconstructed (Blust 2001).
33551 12284 PPh *puéj part of the lower body
Note: A variant form of this comparison was first proposed schematically by Zorc (1986:164).
32946 *puek owl 11415 PWMP *puek owl
27476 4021 PWMP *pueq lord, master [doublet: *e(m)pu]
Note: On the basis of Tagalog poɁ, Malay pu-ña ~ əmpu-ña ‘ownership; possession’, Toba Batak nam-pu-na ‘owner’, Fijian vū-ni-wai ‘doctor’, Samoan fō-maɁi ‘doctor, assistant medical practitioner’, fo-fō ‘apply massage (traditional Samoan medical treatment); give medical treatment’, Dempwolff (1938) posited Uraustronesisch *pu ‘lord’. In addition, Zorc (n.d.) reconstructed PPh *pu ‘sir’, and Mills (1975:804-805) proposed PAn *pu ‘title of respect; ancestor’, but cites only South Sulawesi forms together with Malay puña ‘have, possess, own’.
However, monosyllabic content morphemes are almost unknown in any early Austronesian proto-language, and it is difficult to extract a straightforward comparison from his data. Samoan fō-maɁi is phonologically irregular, and morphological data from the language shows that fō cannot be glossed ‘lord’. The first element of Fijian vū-ni-wai almost certainly reflects PMP *puqun ‘base of a tree; cause; source; origin’, and the Malay and Toba Batak words require morphological analyses that are not independently motivated. While Dempwolff’s comparison hardly stands close scrutiny, then, the one offered here is far more consistent with the comparative method, and leads to a disyllabic content morpheme, which avoids the canonical contradiction posed by *pu.
32791 *puet buttocks 11232 PWMP *puet buttocks
Note: Also Maranao poit ‘anus’.
32809 11255 11256 PPh *pugad-an nest, nesting place
30837 *pug(e)rút destitute, without means of support 8645 PPh *pug(e)rút destitute, without means of support
30835 *pugiq to start the weaving of cloth 8642 PPh *pugiq to start the weaving of cloth
34046 *pugus short-haired 12900 PPh *pugus short-haired
30836 *pugut headless, decapitated 8643 PWMP *pugut headless, decapitated
8644 PPh *pugut-an to behead, decapitate
Note: For similar semantics with a different base cf. Bontok pótol ‘to cut off the head of a person or animal; to break off the tips of plants’.
27477 4022 Note: Also Tagalog búhag ‘swarming of bees; disturbance in or destruction of a beehive.
27478 *pui bunch, cluster (as of fruit) 4023 POC *pui₁ bunch, cluster (as of fruit)
29947 6627 PAN *puja navel, umbilical cord [doublet: *pujek]
29948 6628 PAN *pujek navel, umbilical cord [doublet: *puja]
Note: Also Tsou pucku, Bunun pusuq, Proto-Rukai *pəkə, Favorlang/Babuza pollol, Siraya poucol, Kavalan busel ‘navel’. For reasons that remain obscure, there is an extraordinary amount of variation in phonetically similar forms meaning ‘navel’ throughout the AN language family. Both *puja and *pujek can be posited in PAn, but phonologically incompatible forms that begin with *pu- occur in a number of other Formosan languages. This word was replaced in PMP by *pusej.
33530 *pujuq island 12262 PPh *pujuq island
Note: Also Agutaynen poro, Maranao polo ‘island’. Many thanks to David Zorc for making improvements in my original reconstruction of this form.
32611 10999 PMP *puk₂ pop!, plop!, splash!
32908 11370 Note: A slightly different form of this comparison was first proposed by Ross (2016a:402).
32612 *pukak female genitalia, vulva 11000 PWMP *pukak female genitalia, vulva
33912 *púkan to fell a tree, cut down bamboo 12741 PPh *púkan to fell a tree, cut down bamboo
12742 PPh *pukán-en to fell a tree, cut down bamboo
27481 *pukaŋ crotch 4026 PWMP *pukaŋ crotch
27533 4083 Note: Also Manggarai poŋga ‘fell (large trees)’. Manggarai poka may be a loan from Makassarese. If so the reconstruction stands, but cannot be assigned to a level higher than PWMP.
32931 11399 Note: Also Manggarai poŋga ‘to fell (large trees)’. Manggarai poka may be a loan from Makassarese. If so, the reconstruction stands, but cannot be assigned to a level higher than Proto-Western Malayo-Polynesian. With root *-kaq₂ ‘split’.
27479 *pukas₁ nudity, exposure of the body 4024 PWMP *pukas₁ nudity, exposure of the body
27480 *pukas₂ release, loosen, untie 4025 PWMP *pukas₂ release, loosen, untie
Note: Possibly connected with *pukas₁. With root *-kas₂ ‘loosen, undo, untie’.
30405 *pukaw₁ night-blindness, nyctalopia 7524 PAN *pukaw night-blindness, nyctalopia
7525 32799 11242 PWMP *pukaw₂ dazed, in a trance
Note: Dempwolff (1938) compared Malay pukaw with Tagalog púkaw ‘incitement, a thing that urges, stirs up or arouses’, and proposed Uraustronesisch *pukaw ‘to hypnotize’. Apart from the questionable assumption that hypnosis was practiced in early Southeast Asia, the semantic divergence of these forms raises questions about cognation.
33362 11966 PWMP *pukaw₃ to wake someone up
Note: This appears to be the transitive counterpart of PAn *baŋuN ‘to wake up, get out of bed’.
30749 *puket₁ dragnet 8399 PMP *puket₁ dragnet
8400 POC *pukot dragnet
8401 PWMP *ka-puket catch fish with a dragnet
8402 PWMP *ma-muket to fish with a dragnet
8403 PWMP *pa-muket to fish with a dragnet
8404 PWMP *pa-puket to fish with a dragnet
8405 PWMP *p<in>uket was caught with a dragnet
8406 PWMP *puket-en to be caught with a dragnet
Note: Also Casiguran Dumagat púkut ‘type of fishnet (two hundred meters long by seven meters high, it is the largest of all nets ... This net is strung out along the shore, and then fifty to one hundred men drag it towards the shore. The fish are caught in the half circle. Used in the daytime’, ma-múkut ‘to fish with a pukut net’ (< Tagalog?), Ngaju Dayak pukat ‘a net’ (< Banjarese Malay), Manggarai pukak ‘fishnet’.
This was clearly one of the more important types of nets used in fishing activities by speakers of PMP and their descendants. The *puket was a long rectangular net that could be dragged between boats in coastal marine fishing, or placed across rivers to catch fish swimming upstream. In more interior areas it was used for catching birds on the fly, or for entangling mammals such as wild pigs that were driven into it in communal hunts.
30750 8407 Note: With root *-keC ‘adhesive, sticky’. Possible a product of convergence.
30261 7143 Note: This term may be more widely reflected that the comparison here indicates, but the semantic category in question is omitted from many dictionaries, presumably on grounds of social delicacy. Despite this fastidious attitude, exclamations meaning ‘Your mother’s vagina!’ or ‘Your grandmother’s vagina!’ are widespread in Austronesian languages as expressions of exasperation, surprise and the like (Blust 2009:135-136). Those that incorporate a reflex of *puki are included here.
32857 11311 Note: A longer version of this comparison was first proposed by Ross (2003:301), who proposed POc *puko ‘morning’.
30839 *pukpuk to hammer, pound, beat 8647 PAN *pukpuk to hammer, pound, beat
8648 PPh *p<aR>ukpuk sound of knocking or bubbling
8649 PWMP *pukpuk-en be hit or beaten
10896 PWMP *ma-mukpuk to strike, beat, hit
Note: With root *-puk ‘throb, thud, clap, break’.
30840 8650 33913 *pukul₂ maimed, lacking a hand, arm or leg 12743 PPh *pukul₂ maimed, lacking a hand, arm or leg
32909 11371 Note: A somewhat longer version of this comparison was proposed by Ross and Osmond (2016c:302).
27484 *pula₁ red 4030 PMP *pula₁ red [disjunct: *pulaq]
Note: Cf. Zorc (n.d.) PPh *puDa ‘red (color)’.
27485 *pula₂ a strand creeper, convolvulus 4031 POC *pula₂ a strand creeper, convolvulus
32889 11348 POC *pula₃ sea cucumber, sea slug
Note: A somethwat larger version of this comparison was first proposed by Pawley (2011:204-205), who noted oral grade/nasal grade crossover in some of the reflexes.
33827 *pula₄ to swell, become turgid 12630 POC *pula₄ to swell, become turgid
Note: Possibly a chance resemblance.
30841 *pulád feather vane on an arrow 8651 PPh *pulád feather vane on an arrow
30842 8652 Note: Also Ngaju Dayak ulaŋ 'be repeated, done again'. Dempwoff (1938) also included Samoan (Pratt 1893) fulā ‘a word of response to those saying soifua [to live; of chiefs] when one sneezes’, but this is unconvincing.
27483 *pulaq red 4029 PMP *pulaq red [disjunct: *pula₁]
Note: Also Kalamian Tagbanwa ma-pulaɁ ‘red’.
32713 *pulaw stay awake all night, as in a vigil for the dead 11143 PPh *pulaw stay awake all night, as in a vigil for the dead
30810 8558 8559 PWMP *ma-mules to twist or wring
27486 4032 PWMP *pulesit slip out or away
30843 *puli replacement 8653 PPh *puli replacement
32798 *pulí inherited characteristic; bloodline 11240 PPh *pulí inherited characteristic; bloodline
Note: Also Iban purih ‘descendants, issue, family, pedigree, breed, stock, tribe’.
30844 *pulih-an to replace someone, fill a vacancy 8654 PPh *pulih-an to replace someone, fill a vacancy
33721 *pulij fall and continue rolling downhill 12474 PPh *pulij fall and continue rolling downhill
Note: Also Kankanaey men-pulíd ‘to roll; to roll onself; to wallow’.
30845 *pulin to roll down or over something 8655 PPh *pulin to roll down or over something
27490 4036 PMP *puliŋ₁ turn round, rotate [doublet: *buliŋ]
4037 POC *buliŋ turn over, roll over; transform; upside down
Note: Also Javanese pulir ‘turn around, rotate’, Rotuman furi ‘turn round or end for end; turn, change; translate’. Central Pacific languages agree in reflecting an apparently innovative oral grade initial consonant.
27491 *puliŋ₂ foreign object in the eye 4038 PWMP *puliŋ₂ foreign object in the eye
Note: Also Tae' ka-puli-n ‘dust, dirt in eye’.
27487 *pulipis cowlick 4033 PWMP *pulipis cowlick
32634 *puliq return to its previous condition 11029 PWMP *puliq return to its previous condition [doublet: *uliq]
Note: Also Sasak puleɁ ‘return home; return a borrowed object’. The relationship of this form to *uliq ‘return home, return something’ is problematic. It is tempting to consider it a reflex of *pa-uliq ‘return, send back’, but all of the forms cited here are given as base forms in the dictionaries used as primary sources. Moreover, *puliq refers consistently to the restoration of a previous condition, hence to ‘returning’ something to an earlier state, whereas *uliq and its morphological derivatives usually refer to the physical return of the actor to a previous location, or to the physical return of an object to its owner or previous site. *uliq and its family of derivatives thus refers fundamentally to location, whereas *puliq refers fundamentally to state. The two sets of forms do not appear to share a monosyllabic root, and in the absence of synchronic evidence of a morpheme boundary following *p- it seems best for now to consider these as doublets.
27488 4034 PMP *pulis twist, wring [doublet: *pules, *pulit]
27489 4035 PMP *pulit twine around [doublet: *pulis]
Note: With root *-lit₂ ‘wind, twist’.
30857 *pulpul₁ to pluck, as fruit; strip off leaves 8675 PWMP *pulpul₁ to pluck, as fruit; strip off leaves [doublet: *pupu]
Note: Dempwolff (1938) reconstructed *pulpul ‘stripped of leaves’ (dbl. *palpal ‘stripped of hair or fur’), and *pupul ‘to pluck off’ as distinct forms. He assigned Tagalog pupól to the latter reconstruction along with Javanese, Malay and Ngaju Dayak comparata that are ambiguous for *pulpul or *pupul. Tentatively I assume that the Tagalog and Mongondow forms cited here have irregularly reduced the medial cluster, and that Ifugaw has irregularly broken it up by vowel epenthesis.
32557 *pulpul₂ to plaster over something 10920 PWMP *pulpul₂ to plaster over something
27493 *pulu handle 4040 PAN *pulu₁ handle
27492 4039 PAN *puluC a plant: Urena lobata
Note: Probably equivalent to Dempwolff's (1934-38) *pulut ‘birdlime, sticky substance’. Part of this comparison was first noted in print by Verheijen (1984).
32740 *puluŋ collection, gathering, assembly 11175 PAN *puluŋ collection, gathering, assembly
30154 6902 6903 Note: Compare Kadazan Dusun opod ‘ten’ : iŋg-opod ‘ten times’, with a different base form, and similar but non-corresponding form of the prefix. 6904 PWMP *ma-puluq ten
6905 PAN *sa-puluq ten
6906 PMP *sa-ŋa-puluq ten
6907 PAN *Sika-puluq tenth
6908 PMP *ika-puluq tenth
6909 PWMP *puluq-an ten at a time (?)
6910 PWMP *puluq-en divided into ten parts (?)
Note: Also Proto-Rukai *poLoko ‘ten’, Bontok po ‘ten, used in counting’, Hanunóo púlu ‘ten, a unit used only in compound expressions designating multiples of ten, from ten to ninety’, Palauan sa-ŋ-púlok, Bintulu puʔ-ən, Palauan t-ruyəʔ (expected **t-wuyəʔ) ‘ten’, Torau saunu ‘ten’.
30849 *pulut birdlime, sticky sap of breadfruit, etc. 8664 PMP *pulut birdlime, sticky sap of breadfruit, etc.
11085 POC *bulut birdlime
Note: Also Ida’an Begak pullut ‘sap (plants and trees)’.
32794 11235 PMP *puna₂ source, origin [disjunct: *punaŋ]
27495 4042 PMP *punaŋ source, origin [disjunct: *puna]
4043 POC *puna₁ base of a tree; beginning; origin
Note: Also Buruese buna-n ‘wellspring’, Bugotu vune ‘base, bottom, beginning, origin; trunk of tree’; na vune-ña ‘because of’. The referent of this item evidently was identical with that of *puqun; it is unknown what functional differences, if any, distinguished them.
27494 4041 Note: Also Ibaloy poʔnas ‘wipe clean’.
30846 8656 PAN *punay greenish fruit dove
8657 POC *bune fruit dove, probably Treron spp.
8658 PAN *puna-punay greenish fruit dove
8659 PMP *punay punay greenish fruit dove
8660 POC *bune bune greenish fruit dove
Note: Also Iban punaʔ ‘pigeon, including Green Pigeon, etc.’, Kosraean ule ‘dove, pigeon’.
32792 11233 PWMP *puncek peak, summit [doublet: *puncu, *puncuk]
Note: Possibly a Great North Borneo innovation, although the doublets of this form are more widely distributed. Dempwolff (1938) proposed Uraustronesisch *puncak ‘peak’, citing Tagalog púsak ‘the breaking out of a skin disease, the coming out of pus from a wound’, which appears to be unrelated, together with forms in Ngaju Dayak, Toba Batak and Javanese that are likely Malay loans.
32793 11234 PWMP *puncu peak, summit, top [doublet: *pucuk, *puncak]
Note: Despite its geographically restricted distribution this form appears to be directly inherited, and must have considerable time-depth. Muna pusu could reflect *pucuk, or *qapucuk.
27496 *pundut pick up with the fingers 4044 PWMP *pundut pick up with the fingers [disjunct: *pu(n)zut]
27497 4045 Note: Also Sangir puniŋ ‘tree fern, giant fern’. This comparison was first noted in print by Verheijen (1984).
32645 *punit a tear, small hole, or rip 11043 PPh *punit a tear, small hole, or rip
27498 4046 PWMP *punpun assemble, gather [doublet: *bunbun]
Note: Also Malay pumpun ‘assemble, gather’. With root *-pun ‘assemble, collect, gather’.
30526 *punti₁ banana 7783 PAN *punti₁ banana
7784 POC *pudi banana
Note: Also Malagasy ontsi ‘banana: Musa sapientum L. and Musa paradisiaca L.’, Old Javanese puntī ‘banana’, Buginese utti ‘banana’, Makassarese unti ‘banana (many named varieties)’, Lou mun ‘banana’, Mbula pin ‘banana, plantain (generic term)’, Rotuman futi ‘bananas, two varieties’, Niue fusi ‘banana, plantain’. The Malagasy, Buginese and Makassarese forms agree in indicating a variant *unti, but until further evidence is forthcoming these will be taken as convergent irregularities.
Probably the most controversial feature of this reconstruction is its level, which must be considered questionable for two reasons. First, PAn *beNbeN ‘banana’ can be justified on the basis of Formosan evidence. Second, evidence for the PAn (as opposed to PMP) status of *punti depends critically on the form puti in two dialects of the same language (Ketagalan), which was spoken in extreme northeast Taiwan until the late 19th or early 20th century. The Spanish occupied this area from 1626-1642, and left some clear loanwords in Kavalan, spoken just to the south of Ketagalan. Since the Spanish in Taiwan came from Manila rather than from Spain it is likely that they brought some Filipinos with them, most likely speakers of Tagalog. It is thus tempting to consider the Basai and Trobiawan words as loans from a Philippine language. The problem with this hypothesis is that very few Philippine languages have a reflex of *punti, and all known cases are found on Palawan or in the Calamian Islands, areas from which Filipinos were not likely to have been taken by the colonial Spanish. We are left, then, with abundant evidence for PMP *punti, but very tenuous evidence for a PAn reconstruction of this shape. If the Basai and Trobiawan forms are native rather than borrowed it would appear that PAn distinguished two types of bananas. If, instead, they are loans from the Philippines we must conclude either than some Filipinos from the Palawan region accompanied the 17th century Spanish colonizers of northern Taiwan, or that a reflex of *punti was still found in Tagalog or neighboring languages some 400 years ago, but has since been replaced by ságiŋ. Since *sagiŋ must be posited for Proto-Central Philippines the latter possibility seems unlikely to find strong support. Tentatively, then, both *beNbeN and *punti are posited for PAn.
27499 4047 PWMP *punti₂ kind of marine fish
Note: For mala- as a probable prefix in other Cebuano fish names, cf. malapatí ‘kind of fish’, malasugí ‘swordfish, sailfish: Xiphius gladius’, malatindúk ‘mackerel scad’.
32625 11018 Note: Also Malay puncak ‘apex; summit’. With root *-tuk₄ ‘top, summit, crown’.
29962 6645 Note: There is a longstanding tradition, going back at least as far as Tsuchida (1976:172), in which this widely-reflected term in Formosan languages is regarded as cognate with Central Philippine forms such as Tagalog púnoʔ ‘chief, leader, head’, the connection being made through the meaning ‘head’. However, the comparative evidence does not support this interpretation at all. First, the meaning ‘head’ in association with Tagalog púnoʔ is found only in a figurative sense, never a literal sense. Tagalog púnoʔ and similar forms in other Central Philippine languages clearly reflect PMP *puqun ‘base of a tree, foundation; beginning, source, origin’, a meaning that is applied to high-status social roles in several parts of the Austronesian world (e.g. the mother’s brother in both northern Sumatra and much of the Lesser Sundas where matrilateral cross cousin marriage is the culturally favored norm, founder of a longhouse among the Iban, spiritual leader among the Badui sect of Sundanese speakers in west Java). That púnoʔ ‘chief, leader, head’ is a metathesized form of *puqun is clear from Tagalog púnoʔ ‘beginning, source, origin; base; tree’.
29993 *puNi whiteness 6684 PAN *puNi whiteness
6685 PAN *ma-puNi white
Note: This term was replaced in PMP by *ma-putiq.
27525 4075 POC *puŋa₂ crowded; mass of people
32613 *puŋan to rest the head against something; pillow 11001 PPh *puŋan to rest the head against something; pillow
Note: Possibly an Ilokano loanword in Itbayaten. This comparison was first noted by David Zorc (p.c.).
27523 *puŋao affines of the first ascending or zero generation 4073 POC *puŋao affines of the first ascending or zero generation
32858 11312 Note: A slightly shorter version of this comparison was first proposed by Osmond, Pawley and Ross (2003:50).
27524 4074 Note: Also Bikol puʔŋáw ‘lonely, depressed, down, blue, melancholy, sullen’.
27526 *puŋgal prune, cut off the tip 4076 PWMP *puŋgal prune, cut off the tip [doublet: *puŋgel, *puŋgul, *Cuŋgul, *tuŋgul 'tree stump']
27527 *puŋgel prune, cut off the tip 4077 PWMP *puŋgel prune, cut off the tip [doublet: *puŋgal, *Cuŋgul, *tuŋgul 'tree stump'] [disjunct: *puŋgul 'prune, cut off the tip']
Note: Also Kankanaey poŋdáw, poŋdól ‘to top, pollard, remove, cut the top off’, Bontok poŋdol ‘prune a tree’, poŋtol ‘cut off, of the end of a finger’, Ilokano puŋíl ‘break off at the root or base -- of horns, antlers, spurs of a cock, branches of a tree’, puŋtíl ‘to top, remove the top of’, Tagalog puŋós ‘cut off at the top or tip’, Hanunóo puŋtúd ‘cut-off stump of bamboo’, Bikol puŋó ‘tree stump’, Aklanon púkoe ‘cut, severed (appendage)’, Cebuano puŋkul ‘lacking a limb’, puŋgut ‘behead’, Maranao poŋgaŋ ‘break off’, poŋkol ‘amputee’, Manobo (Western Bukidnon) puŋel ‘cut off the head’, puŋkul ‘one-armed or one-handed’, Ngaju Dayak puŋem, puŋum ‘cut or broken off somewhat’, puŋgur ‘broken off (used only of trees)’, Malagasy fóŋotra ‘cut entirely off, as the hair’, Malay peŋgal ‘be cut off short, esp. of decapitation’, puŋgur ‘fallen tree, stump after felling’, Karo Batak puŋgur ‘broken off, of something that stood upright (as bamboo)’, Toba Batak poŋgol ‘broken piece, fragment’, Javanese puŋes ‘to cut’.
32810 *puŋgu cut short, as a bird’s tail 11257 PWMP *puŋgu cut short, as a bird’s tail [doublet: *puŋguk, *puŋgul]
27528 4078 PWMP *puŋguk tailless, of birds
Note: Also Ilokano poŋó, Kankanaey pokʔok, Javanese bukuŋ ‘tailless (bird)’.
27529 *puŋgul prune, cut off the tip 4079 PMP *puŋgul prune, cut off the tip [doublet: *puŋgel 'prune, cut off the tip']
30858 8676 32558 *puŋpuŋ₂ bunch, cluster, as of fruit 10921 PWMP *puŋpuŋ₂ bunch, cluster, as of fruit [doublet: *puŋu]
32624 11017 Note: Also Cebuano puŋtúd ‘hill; anthill’, Malay pusu ‘knoll; mound; barrow; (loosely) ‘anthill’.
27532 *puŋu bunch, cluster (of grain, fruit, areca nuts, etc.) 4082 PMP *puŋu bunch, cluster (of grain, fruit, areca nuts, etc.) [disjunct: *puŋuN]
12534 27531 *puŋuN bunch, cluster (of grain, fruit, areca nuts, 4081 PAN *puŋuN bunch, cluster (of grain, fruit, areca nuts, etc.) [disjunct: *puŋu]
12522 33914 *puŋus to wrap, tie up or tie together 12744 PPh *puŋus to wrap, tie up or tie together
27502 4050 PMP *pupu₁ pick, pluck (as fruit) [doublet: *puqpuq, *putput] [disjunct: *pulpul]
32890 *pupu₂ bladder 11349 POC *pupu₃ bladder
Note: On the basis of a slightly larger comparison Osmond and Ross (2016a:194) have proposed POc *p(i,u)pu- ‘bladder’. However, the only mutually supportive forms in different primary branches of OC that appear in their data point to *pupu.
27501 *pupula raised flesh over a wound 4049 POC *pupula raised flesh over a wound
27500 *pu-pulan herring: Megalops cyprinoides 4048 POC *pu-pulan herring: Megalops cyprinoides
Note: Also Nggela mbumbula ‘sea creature’. Thanks to Joel Bradshaw for pointout out the Numbami form, and so disambiguating the reconstruction as ending with a consonant.
30090 *pupuR rinse the mouth, gargle 6809 PCEMP *pupuR rinse the mouth, gargle
Note: The length of the vowels in Tongan, Samoan pūpū is unexplained.
27504 *puqas to abate, of strong feelings 4052 PMP *puqas to abate, of strong feelings
32891 11350 Note: A longer version of this comparison was first noted by Ross (2016b).
27505 *puqpuq₁ pick, pluck (as fruit) 4053 PMP *puqpuq₁ pick, pluck (as fruit) [disjunct: *pupul]
32559 *puqpuq₂ wash private parts (?) 10922 PWMP *puqpuq₂ wash private parts (?)
32560 10923 Note: Kelabit pupuɁ also means ‘washing of clothes’, and since this was traditionally done by beating the wet clothes on a rock by the river the similarity of this form to Old Javanese pupuh may be due to chance.
33819 *puqulu leaf of the betel pepper 12616 POC *puqulu leaf of the betel pepper
Note: A somewhat different version of this comparison was first proposed by Lichtenberk (1998) and again by Ross (2008:394-395), the latter of whom proposed POc *[pu-]pulu ‘betel pepper: Piper betle’. All data from languages of the Admiralty islands cited here (Sori, Lindrou, Levei, Loniu) are from my fieldnotes, and all agree in referring to the leaf of the betel pepper (Tok Pisin lip ndaka) rather than the betel pepper (rop ndaka). Although Ross (2008:395) gives the gloss of the Bugotu form as ‘betel pepper, Piper betle’, Ivens (1940) gives the gloss cited here, thus agreeing with the Admiralty forms. Finally, the medial glottal stop in Lindrou and Levei cannot be explained as a regular phonological development, and so points to an original trisyllable.
29870 *puqun base of a tree; cause; source, origin; beginning; foot of a hill or mountain; first wife; model or example (to be copied); expression for the mother’s brother 6519 PMP *puqun base of a tree; cause; source, origin; beginning; foot of a hill or mountain; first wife; model or example (to be copied); expression for the mother’s brother
6524 PMP *puqun nu kahiw tree (lit. ‘foundation/origin of wood’)
6525 PMP *puqun nu laŋit horizon (lit. ‘foundation/beginning of the sky’); stranger, foreigner
6520 PWMP *ka-puqun lineage, genealogy?
6521 PWMP *p<am>uqun foundation, first part?
6522 PWMP *puqun-an (gloss uncertain)
6523 PWMP *puʔun-en (gloss uncertain)
Note: Also Ifugaw (Batad) pūu ‘the trunk base of a tree; the stalk of a hard-stalked plant; the bottom edge of a bat net; the basic premise upon which an argument, belief system or plan is based; the founders or most important leader of a social group’, with unexplained loss of the final consonant, Simalur xun ‘beginning; base of a tree, the thick ends of branches’, for expected **un. Casiguran Dumagat púnu ‘head, chief, leader’ and Pangasinan púno ‘head of a social group’ are assumed to be Tagalog loans.
PMP *puqun is a key term in expressing a variety of both physical and social notions. Physically it refers most directly to the base of a tree, that is, the part that emerges from the earth. From this notion of emergence are derived the meanings ‘beginning’, ‘origin’, ‘foundation’, and more abstractly, ‘cause’ and ‘reason’. Somewhat surprisingly, either alone or with affixation this base is also used in a number of languages to express the idea of ‘capital, starting funds’ in business. The antiquity of this meaning cannot be great if capital is reckoned solely in terms of a money economy, but if this sense is historically secondary it has arisen in a surprisingly large number of apparently independent cases. Most importantly for an understanding of PMP social organization, reflexes of *puqun in both northern Sumatra (Gayō, Northern Batak) and in a number of societies of the Lesser Sundas (Fox 1980:14) refer to the mother’s brother as the source or beginning of life for his sister’s son, or more properly for the wife-taking descent group to which he belongs, and whose material and spiritual interests he supports through following the prescribed marriage rule of matrilateral cousin marriage.
In addition, affixed or compound reflexes of *puqun figure in expressing several PMP meanings that might otherwise go unnoticed in broad comparative work. These include ‘horizon’ (lit. ‘beginning or foundation of the sky’, apparently applied most commonly to horizons on the sea), and ‘stranger, foreigner’ (the latter probably originally ‘person from the horizon’).
Although present evidence allows us to assign *puqun only to PMP, an unrelated base with much the same semantic range is seen in Paiwan qapulu ‘trunk, stem; place of origin (figurative); capital (money); founder, earliest ancestor.’ Similarly, although reflexes of *puqun apparently were lost in Proto-Polynesian, the concept was retained and associated with Proto-Eastern Polynesian *tumu, with much the same semantic range, as seen Rarotongan tumu ‘foundation; root; cause; origin, source, that which introduces; the reason or cause of anything; the trunk or main part of anything from which something springs or is made, created, or fashioned; tumu rakau ‘trunk of a tree’, tumu enua ‘the original land; the head or chief of the land, the leaders or people of note of the land, the nobility or aristocracy; tumu karakia ‘the chief priest of the ancient house of learning who taught all that pertained to the office of the priests, and tribal lore, etc.; to lead off in chanting or reciting; tumu mauŋa ‘foundation or base of a mountain’; tumu raŋi ‘clouds’, Maori tumu ‘foundation’, Hawaiian kumu ‘bottom, base, foundation, basis, main stalk of a tree, trunk, handle, root (in arithmetic); basic, hereditary; teacher, manual, primer, model, pattern; beginning, source, origin; reason, cause; kumu pali ‘base, foot of a cliff’; aliʔi kumu ‘hereditary chief’.
27506 *pura to arrive, appear, come into view 4054 POC *pura to arrive, appear, come into view
Note: Also Ngadha vura vuga ‘appear suddenly’ (vuga = ‘arise, come forth’). A longer version of this comparison was first presented by Ross (2016a:418).
30571 *pure navel 7942 POC *pure navel [doublet: *bito, *buto, *piso₂]
32910 11372 Note: A somewhat longer version of this comparison was proposed by Ross (2016a:399).
27508 4056 4057 Note: Also Ngadha furo ‘bubble forth, well up’. This comparison was first proposed by Osmond, Pawley and Ross (2003:79).
32561 *purpur powder 10924 PWMP *purpur powder
10925 PWMP *ma-murpur to powder, put powder on someone
32859 *pururuŋ glow or flame of fire 11313 POC *pururuŋ glow or flame of fire
Note: This comparison was first proposed by Osmond, Pawley and Ross (2003:77), who reconstructed POc *puruŋ, *puru-puruŋ. I assume instead that this was a trisyllable and that the disyllabic forms in the Solomons and Polynesian show reduction by haplology.
32860 *puRa-puRas whale 11314 POC *puRa-puRas whale
Note: This comparison was first proposed by Osmond and Pawley (2011:243-244).
32911 *puRas spray water from the mouth 11373 POC *puRas spray water from the mouth
Note: A somewhat longer version of this comparsions was first proposed by Osmond (2016:362), who miscites Paamese vula-i as hula-i, and attempts to derive the Oceanic forms from PMP *buRah despite the misalignment of sound correspondences.
27507 4055 Note: With root *-cit ‘squirt out’.
30423 *puRe₁ be lifted up or deposited on the beach by tide or current 7558 POC *puRe₁ be lifted up or deposited on the beach by tide or current
Note: Also Tolai bore ‘throw up shells, coral, etc. on the beach, of the sea’.
32837 *puRe₂ beach creepers, including Ipomoea grandiflora and Ipomoea pes-caprae 11289 POC *puRe₂ beach creepers, including Ipomoea grandiflora and Ipomoea pes-caprae
Note: A larger version of this comparison was first noted by Ross (2008:132).
32646 *puRu a skin disease: framboesia, yaws 11044 PMP *puRu₁ a skin disease: framboesia, yaws
Note: Also Ngaju Dayak puru ‘pustular skin eruption’ (< Banjarese).
32912 *puRuk to spray spittle, etc. from the mouth for magical purposes 11374 POC *puRuk to spray spittle, etc. from the mouth for magical purposes
Note: A somewhat longer version of this comparison was first proposed by Osmond (2016:363).
27509 4058 PAN *puRuq a bird, the quail [doublet: *puyuq]
Note: Also Cebuano púgu ‘kind of bird’, Maranao pogoaʔ ‘quail’. Dempwolff (1934-38) posited *puRuq, but based his reconstruction solely on Tagalog pugoʔ and the irregularly corresponding form in Malay.
27513 4062 PMP *pus hiss, whizzing sound [doublet: *pes, *pis]
27510 *pusa₁ originate; related by common origin; be born 4059 POC *pusa₁ originate; related by common origin; be born
Note: A longer version of this comparison was first proposed by Ross and Osmond (2016c:221-222).
27511 *pusa₂ rotten 4060 POC *pusa₂ rotten
33784 *pusa₃ heart 12563 POC *pusa₃ heart [doublet: *puso]
30850 *puseD whirlpool, eddy, vortex 8665 PWMP *puseD whirlpool, eddy, vortex
30568 *pusej navel, umbilicus; mid-point or center of something 7937 PMP *pusej navel, umbilicus; mid-point or center of something
7938 7939 PPh *p<in>usej kind of weaving pattern for basketry
Note: Also Yami pesed ‘navel’, Karo Batak pusat ‘the placenta’ (< Malay?), Enggano e-puko ‘navel, center’, Tae' posiʔ ‘navel; mid-point’, posiʔ tana ‘deep cleft in the ground, in a valley or on a plain, where the earth has subsided’, Makassarese pocciʔ ‘navel; mid-point; touch-hole of a cannon’, Leti lusru ‘navel’, lusar-nu ‘his/her navel’, Buli pusal ‘navel, umbilical cord’.
In addition to its basic sense of ‘navel; mid-point or center of a place’ varying expressions that cannot yet be reconstructed with PMP *pusej evidently also functioned to indicate: 1. the center of the earth (Simalur, Sundanese, Ngadha), 2. the center or deepest part of the sea (Tagalog, Waray-Waray, Tboli, Malay, Bare'e), 3. the apex of a casting net (Malay, Mentawai, Old Javanese, Sika), 4. consanguineal kin (Nias, Tontemboan, Bare'e, Ngadha), and 5. a weaving pattern in basketry or with rattan (see *p<in>usej). Some of these inferences are further strengthened by reflexes of the doublet POc *bito, as seen in Hawaiian piko ‘fig. blood relative; design in plaiting the hat called pāpale ‘ie; bottom round of a carrying net’.
As noted by Ross (1988:43-45) with regard to terms for ‘navel’ in Oceanic languages, there is a striking abundance of variants that are partially similar in form, but that do not exhibit recurrent sound correspondences. This led him to posit no fewer than seven pre-POc doublets: *puso, *piso, *mpuso, *mpiso, *puto, *mputo, and *mpito. Although a similar plethora of non-corresponding but similar forms is found in Formosan languages (Ferrell 1969:229), regular reflexes of *pusej are widespread throughout the Philippines and western Indonesia and not in competition with variants, the comparative picture worsening (again) for unknown reasons only as one moves into eastern Indonesia and the Pacific.
33573 12312 Note: With root *-sek ‘insert, stick into a soft surface’. PMP *pusek ‘press in by force’ in Blust (1988:150) appears to have been an error.
34054 *pus(e)lít to slip through or out, get away 12908 PPh *pus(e)lít to slip through or out, get away
Note: This might be considered a Tagalog loan distribution, except that the meaning of the Ayta Maganchi form cannot easily be explained in this way, and points to an earlier, more basic sense than the one found in the languages of more urbanized populations.
33671 *pus(e)qun hypogastrium, abdomen below the navel 12418 PPh *pus(e)qun hypogastrium, abdomen below the navel [doublet: *pus(e)quŋ]
Note: I am much indebted to David Zorc for pointing out a slightly different version of this comparison to me after I had posited the far less robustly attested doublet PPh *pus(e)quŋ. His preferred shape is *pusqun, but I have added (e) since medial schwa syncope is a known historical and synchronic process in various Philippine languages, and it is unclear to me whether the schwa was still present in PPh, or had already deleted.
30851 *pus(e)quŋ hypogastrium, abdomen below the navel 8666 PPh *pus(e)quŋ hypogastrium, abdomen below the navel
Note: Possibly identical to PMP *pusuŋ ‘heart; heart of banana’.
32861 11315 POC *pusi to blow, as the wind
Note: A version of this comparison was first proposed by Ross (2003a:126).
32614 *pusiŋ to wean a baby from breast-feeding 11002 PPh *pusiŋ to wean a baby from breast-feeding
32862 *pusiRa starling: Aplonis spp. 11316 POC *pusiRa starling: Aplonis spp.
Note: Also Rotuman husila (expected **husia) ‘striped starling: Aplonis tabuensis’, Fiji (Lomaiviti) vocea ‘Aplonis tabuensis’. A much longer version of this comparison in which most members showed irregularities of various kinds, was proposed by Clark (2011:348).
32665 *pusít squid 11065 PPh *pusít squid
29988 *puso₁ white 6677 POC *puso₁ white
Note: Possibly identical to POc *pusoq ‘foam, bubbles’.
32913 *puso₂ heart 11375 POC *puso₃ heart [doublet: *pusa]
Note: A slightly longer version of this comparison was first proposed by Osmond and Ross (2016a:181).
30852 *puspus₁ finished, completed; all gone 8667 PWMP *puspus₁ finished, completed; all gone
Note: With root *-pus₁ ‘end, finish’
32562 10926 32563 10927 PWMP *puspus₃ withered, of leaves
Note: Possibly a convergent innovation.
27512 4061 30769 *pusuŋ₂ heart; heart of banana 8473 PMP *pusuŋ₂ heart; heart of banana [doublet: *pusuq₁]
30768 *pusuq₁ heart of a person or animal; purple heart-shaped inflorescence of banana plant 8472 PMP *pusuq₁ heart of a person or animal; purple heart-shaped inflorescence of banana plant
Note: Also Murut (Timugon) pusok ‘inflorescence of the banana plant’; p 30770 8474 Note: Possibly identical with *pusuq₁ (cf. the reference to Murut (Timugon) pusok in the note to that comparison).
29963 *puSaN twice 6646 PAN *puSaN twice
6647 PAN *ma-puSaN twenty
27518 4068 PWMP *put₁ puffing sound [doublet: *putput 'puff, blow']
30155 6911 30811 8560 PMP *putaR to turn [doublet: *puteR]
8561 Note: Also Sangir putadəʔ ‘twisted together; confused’, Mongondow pitag ‘twisting of strands in making rope’, Makassarese am-mutaraʔ ‘turn a crank’, putarr-aŋ ‘handle of a sewing machine or spinning wheel; ice-making machine’, putar-aŋ ‘doorknob’ (< Malay). Kambera putaru may also be a Malay loan, but this is unlikely for Mongondow putag, ensuring the validity of this comparison, although on rather tenuous grounds, since Standard Malay putar may reflect *puteR.
32537 *putat trees in the genus Barringtonia 10888 PMP *putat trees in the genus Barringtonia
27514 4063 Note: With root *-teq ‘sap, gummy secretion’.
30812 8562 PWMP *puteR to turn [doublet: *putaR]
Note: Also Bare'e mam-pito-si ‘twist or wring between the fingers’. This comparison, first proposed by Dempwolff (1938) as *pute(r) ‘to turn around, crank something’, is supported only by languages in western Indonesia. It is proposed here because the Malagasy form does not appear to be a Malay loanword, Bare'e ka-puto-puto and mam-puto-si are unlikely to be loans, and a greater antiquity for *puteR is suggested by the distribution of reflexes of the doublet *putaR.
32795 11236 32796 11237 PWMP *putik₂ to pick, pluck fruit
Note: None of these words appear to be loans, so this etymology probably is valid, although the time-depth of the reconstruction remains a question, given its restriction to languages of extreme western Indonesia.
32811 *putik₃ mud 11258 PPh *putik₃ mud
30572 *putiq white 7943 PMP *putiq white
7944 PWMP *ka-putiq whiteness, white color
7945 PWMP *ma-mutiq to whiten; to become white
7946 PMP *ma-putiq white
7947 PWMP *ka-putiq-an (gloss uncertain)
7948 PWMP *putiq-an to whiten, make something white
7949 PWMP *putiq-en to whiten, make something white
7950 PWMP *ma-putiq-putiq whitish, somewhat white
7951 PWMP *putiq mata cowardly; shameful
12060 PMP *pa-putiq (gloss uncertain)
Note: Also Alune putile ‘white’. Tagalog p<um>utíʔ ‘to become white; to whiten; to
become bleached’ shows the use of the infix *-um- as an inchoative marker, but no other examples of this usage could be found with this stem in the data examined. However, the use of a reflex of *-um- to mark inchoatives in color terms is found with other bases in languages such as Melanau (Mukah) of central Sarawak, where gaduŋ is ‘green’ and g<em>aduŋ means ‘become green’. The absence of morphologically complex cognates of Tagalog p<um>utíʔ is thus most likely an accident of sampling.
32635 11030 PWMP *pu(n)tir small bag, pouch
30854 8670 PAN *putput₁ to pluck, pull out [doublet: *buCbuC]
30853 *putput₂ puff, blow, expel air rapidly, as in using a blowgun 8668 PMP *putput₂ puff, blow, expel air rapidly, as in using a blowgun
10958 PPh *p<aR>utput gaseous defecation
8669 PWMP *puput-an blowpipe (?)
Note: With root *-put ‘puff’.
32636 *putput₃ to end, finish, complete something 11031 PWMP *putput₃ to end, finish, complete something
Note: Possibly a chance resemblance.
33722 12475 PPh *putud to snap, break off [doublet: *putut]
30695 *putun to break off, cut off, as a limb 8266 PAN *putun₂ to break off, cut off, as a limb
8267 PMP *putul to break off, cut off
12291 Note: Reconciling the Formosan and Malayo-Polynesian parts of this comparsion presents an unusual challenge: all Formosan witnesses point unambiguously to a PAn form with final *n, while all Malayo-Polynesian witnesses that preserve final consonants point just as clearly to a PMP form with final *l. Since PAn *n > PMP *l is not a recurrent sound change it is difficult to know how to treat this set of data. One strategy would be to separate the two sets of forms into PAn *putun, based only on Formosan evidence, and PMP *putul, based only on non-Formosan evidence. However, this solution would fail to capture the obvious similarity in both form and meaning between these two sets, and it therefore seems preferable to unite them in a single comparison and posit an irregular change in the transition from PAn to PMP.
27517 *putuŋ₁ bamboo used as a storage container 4067 PMP *putuŋ₁ bamboo used as a storage container [doublet: *betuŋ₁, *patuŋ 'large bamboo sp.']
32797 *putuŋ₂ to shorten, cut short or abbreviate 11238 PWMP *putuŋ₂ to shorten, cut short or abbreviate
11239 PWMP *putuŋ-an (gloss uncertain)
Note: Dempwolff (1938) posited Uraustronesisch *pu(n)tuŋ ‘break off, hack off’ (abbrechen, abhauen), but included such questionable forms as Tagalog pulutóŋ ‘group; a set, meaning things, people, animals, birds, etc. belonging together’, a form that English (1986) gives as a borrowing of Spanish peloton ‘platoon’. I take Kadazan Dusun puntuŋ sogilit ‘stub of cigarette’, Malay puntoŋ ‘stump; fag-end of anything stiff; e.g. a smouldering log, bit of burnt-out torch, fag-end of a cigar’ as a product of borrowing from Malay.
27516 4066 Note: Dempwolff (1934-38) reconstructed *putus ‘break off, bring to an end’.
32647 11045 PWMP *putus₂ to snap, break off [doublet: *putut₁]
32648 11046 PWMP *putut₁ to snap, break off
32649 *putut₂ cut short, bobbed; short in stature 11047 PWMP *putut₂ cut short, bobbed; short in stature
Note: Apparently distinct from *putut₁.
32637 *púyat insomnia, sleeplessness 11032 PPh *púyat insomnia, sleeplessness
11033 PPh *ma-púyat sleepy
11034 PPh *puyat-en to keep someone awake, not let them sleep
27520 *puyu₁ a fish, the climbing perch: Anabas testudineus 4070 PWMP *puyu₁ a fish, the climbing perch: Anabas testudineus
9412 PWMP *puyu-puyu a fish, the climbing perch: Anabas testudineus
Note: Also Malay ikan kə-puyu, ikan pəpuyu ‘the climbing perch: Anabas scandens.
27521 *puyu₂ vortical design or motion 4071 PWMP *puyu₂ vortical design or motion [doublet: *puyuŋ 'do something round a center']
32638 *puyud wear the hair in a bun or topknot 11035 PPh *puyud wear the hair in a bun or topknot
Note: Also Agutaynen poyot ‘ponytail’.
32639 *puyuŋ improvised purse or bag, folded cloth used to carry things 11036 PWMP *puyuŋ improvised purse or bag, folded cloth used to carry things
27519 4069 PWMP *puyuq a bird, the quail [doublet: *puRuq]
27530 *pu(n)zut pick up with fingertips 4080 Note: Cf. Zorc (n.d.) PPh *puDut ‘pick up’.
pw
32914 11376 Note: A somewhat longer version of this comparison was proposed by Ross (2016b:470-471).
32915 11377 Note: A somewhat longer version of this comparison was first proposed by Ross (2016a:419).
32863 11317 Note: A longer version of this comparison was proposed by Ross, Clark and Osmond (1998:260).
32821 *pwano-pwano a plant: Guettarda speciosa 11273 POC *pwano-pwano a plant: Guettarda speciosa
Note: A somewhat longer version of this comparison was first noted by Ross (2008:165).
32892 11351 32916 11378 Note: A longer version of this comparison was proposed by Osmond (2016:340-341).
32864 11318 Note: A longer version of this comparison was proposed by Ross, Clark and Osmond (1998:273).
32826 11278 POC *pwasa(rR) large pandanus sp.
Note: A longer version of this comparison was first proposed by Ross (2008:334), who recontructed POc *p(w)asa(r,R) ‘large pandanus sp.’. He recorded pwāh, with a long vowel, but I recorded this vowel as short.
32838 *pwatika potato yam, aerial yam: Dioscorea bulbifera 11290 POC *pwatika potato yam, aerial yam: Dioscorea bulbifera
Note: A longer version of this comparsion was first presented by Ross (2008:262-263).
32917 *pwatu elbow, knee; joint, node 11379 POC *pwatu elbow, knee; joint, node
Note: A somewhat longer version of this comparison was first proposed by Osmond and Ross (2016a:174-175), where some of the languages suggested *pwatuka rather than *pwatu.
32918 *pwau head 11380 POC *pwau head
Note: A longer version of this comparison was proposed by Osmond and Ross (2016a:107-108).
32893 *pwipipi kind of shore bird, possibly snipe 11352 POC *pwipipi kind of shore bird, possibly snipe
Note: A longer version of this comparison was first proposed by Clark (2011:360).
32894 *pwirip parrot, probably Trichoglossus sp. 11353 POC *pwirip parrot, probably Trichoglossus sp.
Note: This comparison was first noted by Clark (2011:326).
32919 *pwiRa elephantiasis 11381 POC *pwiRa elephantiasis
32920 11382 Note: A longer version of this comparsion was proposed by Ross (2016a:418).
a b c C d e g h i j k l m n N ñ ŋ o p q r R s S t u w y z
Austronesian Comparative Dictionary, web edition
*p
Formosan Kavalan
pa will (future)
Kanakanabu
pa still
WMP Yami
pa first (before doing something else)
Itbayaten
pa particle: also, too, yet, still, more
Agta (Eastern)
pa yet, still
Casiguran Dumagat
pa particle: first, still
Kapampangan
pa still, yet
Tagalog
pa more; still; even; yet; up to now, up to a certain time; further; else
Remontado
pa still, more, yet
Bikol
pa still, yet; more, anymore; than
Romblomanon
pa someone does something first, before something else is done; someone still does something, has something; something is also done; a situation also exists
Masbatenyo
pa particle: yet, still; in addition, as well, also, too
Aklanon
pa sustaining particle with the sense of English “yet” or “still”
Waray-Waray
pa more; yet, still
Agutaynen
pa yet; still; additionally; what’s more; moreover
Hiligaynon
pa particle: still, yet
Cebuano
pa still, yet: up to now, up to a specific point in the past; else, in addition
Central Tagbanwa
pa still, yet
Binukid
pa still, yet: up to now, up to a specific point in time
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
pa yet; still
Mansaka
pa modifying particle: still; yet
Tausug
pa signals the continuance of an event already occurring or of a state already existing; still, more, yet
Kadazan Dusun
po grammatical particle: yet
Kelabit
pəh so far, til now; so that, in order to
Malagasy
fa for, but, therefore, because, that
Ponosakan
pa still, more, yet (before doing something else)
Bare'e
pa still, yet
Tae'
-pa still, yet
Mandar
-pa only; later; still; not yet
Mamuju
pa still
Makassarese
-pa still, yet
WMP Toba Batak
pa- (numeral) let (the thing mentioned by you) be made into (numeral) (van der Tuuk 1971)
Old Javanese
pa-ro, pa-rwa wavering, in two minds
CMP Kambera
pa- (numeral) divide into (numeral)
OC Motu
ha-rua twice
Molima
va-lua do in pairs
Eddystone/Mandegusu
va-lua the second man in a six-man canoe (cf. *duSa 'two')
Formosan Kavalan
pa- causative prefix
Saisiyat
pa- causative prefix
Atayal
p- causative prefix
Pazeh
pa- causative prefix
Amis
pa- causative prefix
Thao
pa- causative of dynamic verbs
Rukai
pa- causative prefix
Puyuma
pa- causative prefix
Paiwan
pa- causative prefix
WMP Itbayaten
pa- causative prefix
Ibatan
pa- causative prefix
Ilokano
pa- causative prefix
Agta (Central Cagayan)
pa- causative prefix
Bontok
pa- causative prefix
Ifugaw (Batad)
pa- causative prefix
Pangasinan
pa- causative prefix
Kapampangan
pa- causative prefix
Tagalog
pa- causative prefix
Bikol
pa- causative prefix
Romblomanon
pa- causative prefix
Masbatenyo
pa- causative prefix
Aklanon
pa- causative prefix
Hiligaynon
pa- causative prefix
Palawano
pa- causative prefix
Cebuano
pa- causative prefix
Maranao
pa-ka- causative prefix
pa-ki- causative prefix
Binukid
pa- causative prefix
Mansaka
pa- causative prefix
Mapun
pa- instransitive causative motion within oneself, transition, or change of state becoming
Tboli
h- ~ he- causative prefix
Kadazan Dusun
po- ~ popo- causative prefix
Ida'an Begak
pə- dependent causative
Kenyah
pa- causative prefix
Toba Batak
pa- causative prefix
Toratán
pa- causative prefix
Banggai
a- causative prefix
Makassarese
pa- causative prefix
Wolio
pa- causative prefix
Muna
fo- causative prefix for dynamic verbs
CMP Kambera
pa- causative prefix
Tetun
ha- causative prefix (said to be a contraction of halo ‘do, make’, but his may be a historically secondary rationalization)
ha- causative prefix
SHWNG Taba
ha- causative prefix
Buli
fa- causative prefix
OC Lusi
pa- causative prefix
Zabana
va- causative
WMP Ibatan
p<in>a- causative (perfective)
Ida'an Begak
(pə)nə- -i- causative (completive)
Bintulu
p<in>a- causative (perfective)
Formosan Pazeh
paka- causative prefix
Amis
paka- causative prefix
Paiwan
paka- causative prefix
WMP Ilokano
paka- nominalizing instrumental affix for potentive maka- verbs (maka-surat ‘able to write’ : paka-surat ‘something with which one is able to write’)
Cebuano
paka- derivational verb-forming prefix; with durative active affixes, verbs with paka- mean ‘pretend to be, act like so-and-so’, and with the direct passive affixes they mean ‘consider as so-and-so’, or ‘treat like so-and-so’
Maranao
paka- causative of object voice (McKaughan 1958:27)
Yakan
paka- causative affix in transitive or antipassive clauses
Kayan
pək- causative prefix
Malagasy
faha- causative/multiplicative prefix with numeral bases
Toratán
pa-ka- ‘exhaustive’ causative of stative verbs
Makassarese
paka- prefix for adjectives or stative verbs
Muna
feka- causative prefix with stative verbs
Chamorro
faha- causative/multiplicative prefix with numeral bases
CMP Tetun
hak- causative prefix to verbs (also forms verbal nouns and adjectives)
OC Lau
faka- causative prefix, rarely found
fā- causative prefix which also makes transitive verbs from intransitive verbs, adjectives and nouns (roŋo ‘to hear’ : fā-roŋo ‘to tell’; mamagu ‘fear’ : fā-mamagu ‘loathsome’; ŋū ‘to sing’ : fā-ŋū ‘teach to sing’)
Toqabaqita
faɁa- usually derives causative verbs (mae ‘die; dead’ : faɁa-mae-a ‘administer anaesthetic to, put to sleep with anaesthetic’)
Fijian
vaka- prefix; added to verbs it usually makes causatives; added to nouns it makes adjectives or adverbs (tamata ‘man’, vaka-tamata ‘human; like a human being); added to adjectives it makes adverbs (vinaka ‘good’, vaka-vinaka ‘well’); added to nouns it may indicate possession (vale ‘house’ vaka-vale ‘having a house’); added to some intransitive verbs it makes intensives, frequentatives or continuatives
Tongan
faka- prefix denoting likeness, causation (causing or allowing to), supplying, having, etc. (mate ‘die; dead’ : faka-mate ‘causing death; deadly, poison, fatal’, taŋi ‘to cry’ : faka-taŋi ‘having a doleful sound, sounding like a lament; to appeal to someone after one’s request has been rejected by someone else’)
Niue
faka- a very common prefix, usually causative, but with other meanings
Samoan
faɁa- multifunctional prefix indicating, among other things, causation; faɁa-sāmoa ‘do things in the Samoan way’
Tuvaluan
faka- causative prefix with a range of meanings: 1. cause an action to occur or a state to result (ako ‘learn’ : faka-ako ‘teach’, moe ‘sleep’ : faka-moe ‘put to sleep’), 2. to act a role (maatua ‘mother’ : fakamaatua ‘parent’s sister’, paalaŋi ‘European’ faka-paalaŋi ‘act like a European’), cause to be like (fonu ‘turtle’ : faka-fonu ‘heap up food in the shape of a turtle’), 4. before statives to form transitive verbs (huki ‘pierce’ : ma-huki ‘pierced’, faka-ma-huki ‘pierce a nut for drinking’)
Kapingamarangi
haga- causative prefix: cause to; cause to have; provide a; allow to; teach how to; install as (made ‘to die’ : haga-made ‘to kill’, daŋi ‘to cry’ : haga-daŋi ‘to make someone cry’
Nukuoro
haga- causative prefix, cause to be, become, have, know (made ‘dead’ : haga-made ‘do as hard or fast as possible’, daŋi ‘to cry’ : haga-daŋi ‘to play a musical instrument’)
Rennellese
haka- causative prefix (meanings are usually causative or transitive, but sometimes similitude)
Anuta
paka- causative prefix (mate ‘die’ : paka-mate ‘commit suicide’, taŋi ‘to cry, to moan’ : paka-taŋi ‘to blow a conch shell or other type of whistle, horn, etc.’)
Rarotongan
aka- a causative prefix; to make to, to cause something to be done; by the addition of the prefix aka- many nouns, adjectives and neuter verbs become active verbs
Maori
whaka- causative prefix; combined with an intransitive verb, an adjective or participle to form an intransitive verb, it signifies a beginning of, or approach to, the action or condition indicated; combined with a noun to form an intransitive verb, it signifies the assumption of the character or form expressed by the noun; as a strict causative it may combine with a verb, adjective, participle, or noun to form a transitive verb
Hawaiian
hoɁo- a very active former of causative/simulative derivatives, including 1. causation and transitivization (pono ‘correct’ hoɁo-pono-pono ‘to correct’), 2. pretense (kuli ‘deaf’ : hoɁo-kuli ‘to feign deafness’), 3. simillarity (kamaliɁi- ‘children’ : hoɁo-kamaliɁi ‘childish’), 4. no meaning (kāholoholo ‘to hurry’, hoɁo-kāholoholo ‘to hurry’), 5. unpredictable (maikaɁi ‘good’ : hoɁo-maikaɁi ‘to congratulate’)
OC Kaulong
va get, take, bring
Nyelâyu
pha take
OC Amara
pei get
Tawala
wa-i carry, get, select, take
Kwaio
fee-a take, convey; take in marriage
Formosan Amis
patsek nail
Puyuma
pasek nail; hammer in a nail
mi-pasek have a nail in
WMP Itbayaten
pasek nail
i-pask-en dowel, made of tañod (mulberry) tree
Kankanaey
pasek wedge
Bikol
pások wooden peg
mag-pások put something together with such pegs
Maranao
pasek post, pillar
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
pasek put a post or stick in the ground
Bintulu
pasək enter
Ngaju Dayak
pasak wooden nail, dowel; what is fastened together with dowels
Malay
pacak splitting, transfixing
Nias
fasa stake, nail; to pound in a stake or nail
Old Javanese
pacek spike, pin
Balinese
pacek peg, nail; stick into, make a hole; plant (seedlings, etc.)
Sangir
ma-masiʔ drive in a stake, implant
pa-pasiʔ stake, post (as a fencepost)
Tontemboan
pasək a pole driven firmly into the ground to which a horse can be tethered
ma-pasək to drive (a stake or pole) into the ground
Uma
pasoʔ to nail, drive in a nail
Proto-Bungku-Tolaki
*pasoQ peg, nail
Makassarese
am-masaʔ drive a wedge into wood in order to split it open
pam-masaʔ wedge
Wolio
paso nail, pin, spike, spur
Muna
paso nail
ka-paso wooden pen, nail or peg
pasok-i to nail something firmly
CMP Manggarai
pacek pile, stake; drive in a pile or stake
Formosan Paiwan
patsak newly born calf or deer
WMP Cebuano
patʔak (ʔ unexplained) splotch, spatter all over something
Iban
pantak having spot of different color, usually of animal's head
WMP Ilokano
páda same, equal; peer
ag-páda to be the same, equal; to match
ka-páda a peer, equal, match
p<um>áda to be unequalled; supreme; unsurpassed
pada-en to equal, match; copy or imitate
páda-padá-en to treat equally; to share alike
Isneg
páda equal, alike
saŋa-páda all alike
Ifugaw
páda what is the same, the equal in measure, quantity, number, or degree, commonly used with suffix -na
páda-na its equal
Pangasinan
pára like, the same; be the same
ka-pára one who is alike, the same
Tagalog
pára as though; as if; only; same as; like; similar; just like; such as one would expect
Malay
pada sufficiency (but no more)
Old Javanese
paḍa equal; the equal of; equally; an indication of the plural
Balinese
paḍa like, similar, all-in-all, all, together (often used with no more meaning than to indicate plurality)
Sasak
pada equal, equal to
Tae'
pada the same in size, quantity, quality, shape, etc.
pa-pada to make equal
Makassarese
para all, both (in combinations); same, equal (mostly in combinations)
WMP Ilokano
i-páda to compare; make something thesame or similar to something else
Tagalog
i-pará to compare; to liken to
WMP Ilokano
páda-páda same, equal; everyone without exception or favoritism
Pangasinan
pára-pára matching
Malay
ber-pada-pada in reasonable (but not excessive) amounts
Old Javanese
paḍa-paḍa equal; the equal of
Balinese
paḍa-paḍa as much; equally (long, high, etc.)
Sasak
pada-pada equal; even
Pendau
pada-pada each, together; same
Tae'
pada-pada approximately so; the same, all without distinction
WMP Casiguran Dumagat
paraŋ meadow, open field, usually covered with cogon grass (Imperata cylindrica)
Tagalog
páraŋ meadow, prairie; a large piece of level or rolling land with grass but not trees; field; uncultivated land
Hanunóo
pádaŋ a short, small-leaved cogon grass (Imperata sp.)
Tausug
paraŋ grass
ka-paraŋ-an ground covered with grass, pastureland
Kadazan Dusun
padaŋ field, playing ground, meadow
Ida'an Begak
padaŋ coarse grass
Kelabit
padaŋ field
Ngaju Dayak
padaŋ a large treeless plain overgrown with sword grass (Imperata cylindrica)
Iban
padaŋ large space covered with one kind of vegetation; freshwater swamp, usually flooded and supporting few plants; field, meadow, green, sports-ground
Acehnese
padaŋ field, plain
Simalur
padaŋ grassland, meadow
Karo Batak
padaŋ kind of grass: Pogonatherum panicum Hack.
Toba Batak
padaŋ grass; grassland, plain
Javanese
paḍaŋ to lay open (of ground)
Balinese
padaŋ grass, plant, herb
padaŋ sila the name of a rock-field (sila = ‘stone’)
Mongondow
padaŋ cane grass: Imperata cylindricaImperata arundinacea
Bare'e
pada plain, field; also used for the plants that grow there
Ampana
pada high grass, cane grass
Tae'
padaŋ earth, ground; field; kind of grass with sharp, needle-like leaves; when young it creeps along the ground with long tendrils
Mandar
padaŋ vegetation that resembles the stem of the rice plants, sword grass, very hard to eradicate except by digging up the roots; sword grass: Imperata cylindrica
padaŋ species of tall grass: Imperata cylindrica
Makassarese
paraŋ field, treeless plain
Wolio
pada tall grass-like weed, Imperata sp.; citronella grass: Andropogon nardus
WMP Pangasinan
páraw traditional type of sailboat
Tagalog
paráw large passenger and cargo sailboat
Aklanon
paráw sailboat
Agutaynen
paraw a boat similar to a lansa (cargo boat), but with outriggers, used for fishing (it pulls smaller outriggers out to deeper water where they can fish); the entire entourage is called a paraw
Cebuano
paráw schooner, galleon
Maranao
padaw sailboat
Kadazan Dusun
padau boat, canoe, rowing boat, sailing boat
Tarakan
padau boat
Murut (Tagol)
paraw boat, canoe
Bintulu
paɗaw sailing
Malay
layar padau storm sail
WMP Palawan Batak
padɨk husk of rice
Aborlan Tagbanwa
padɨk husk of rice
Lun Dayeh
padek husk of rice grain after separation by pounding (cf. lipaŋ 'husk of rice grain before separation by pounding')
Kiput
padək fragment of broken rice grain
WMP Ilongot
pandɨk star
Miri
fatak star
Mongondow
pandok spot, speck, fleck
WMP Mapun
pawom to be shut off (as a light); to go out (as a fire); to be erased
Yakan
palem for something to go out, be extinguished (fire or light), turned off, shut off (water, electricity, engine), dried up (stream, well)
mag-palem to put out, extinguish (a fire or light); turn or shut off (water, engine)
pandem for something to go out, be extinguished (fire or light), turned off, shut off (water, electricity, engine), dried up (stream, well)
Kayan
parem extinguished; fire or light gone out
Malay
padam extinguished, put out, of any flame
Rejang
padeum extinguished, put out (a light or fire)
Formosan Amis
padeŋ to put out, literally to extinguish a fire; to turn off
WMP Aklanon
páeoŋ to put out (fire), turn off (light); to die out (fire), to go out (light)
Hiligaynon
páluŋ to put out, to extinguish, to blow out
Maranao
padeŋ put out, as a fire, turn off a light
Muna
peo extinguished, out (light or fire)
foko-peon-i to extinguish, put out
WMP Tagalog
pandát crammed, packed, squeezed in
Kayan
padet closed up, blocked up, as of a hole; dammed up, of a stream
Iban
padat close up, crowd together, cram, pack tight
Malay
padat crushed into the least possible space; well-packed; compact
padak-kan to stuff into or press down
Old Javanese
paḍet compact, compressed, having become a solid mass
WMP Ilokano
mai-padpád to land, reach the shore after having been gone awhile; set foot on; drift; reach a destination
Casiguran Dumagat
pádpad for a boat to be driven by a storm
Pangasinan
pádpar run aground because of adverse wind or current; shipwreck
Sambal (Botolan)
padpád to be carried by the wind (as leaves, paper, feathers), to be carried by current of water (used of people, limbs, rubbish, etc.)
Tagalog
i-padpád to be driven by current or wind
ná-padpád carried by the tide (said of persons or things from a shipwreck); cast adrift
k<in>á-padpar-án place where the tide carried shipwrecked persons or things
Bikol
i-padpád to be driven by the wind (a boat); to be blown away by the wind
mag-padpád to drag anchor (a boat driven by the wind)
maka-padpád to blow a boat, causing it to drag anchor (the wind); to be blown away by the wind
Cebuano
padpád for wind or water to carry something in the current; bring someone somewhere; remove something from whatever it was mixed with or stuck to
WMP Maranao
pandoŋ temporary building; stage, raised flooring
Kayan
paruŋ attic space above inner room; upper storey
Iban
padoŋ raised sleeping platform or bunk near or in outer wall of house; (formerly) sleeping place for girls
Minangkabau
pandoŋ hut in rice fields
Formosan Kavalan
pann bait (for fishing, or in a trap)
Paiwan
pan bait (for fishhook or trap)
pu-pan to bait a hook or trap
WMP Itbayaten
aʔpan bait
Ilokano
appán bait
Agta (Dupaningan)
appán bait for fishing
Isneg
appān bait
i-pān to ensnare
appān bait
i-pān to ensnare
Bontok
pá-pan bait, as used in fishing or trapping birds
Kankanaey
pá-pan bait
Ifugaw
pá-pan bait, to lure birds to the place where they can be ensnared, or eels into a cage trap called udál, or rats into a kind of deadfall called ipít
Sambal (Botolan)
páʔen bait
Tagalog
páʔin bait for catching fish, rats, etc.
mag-páʔin to bait, to set a bait for; to lure or attract with bait
Bikol
páʔon bait; decoy or lure
mag-páʔon to bait or set a trap; to place bait on a hook; to decoy or lure
Hanunóo
páʔun bait
Romblomanon
paʔun bait used for catching fish, mollusks, octopuses
Masbatenyo
paón bait, lure, enticement; something used to entice the victim in fishing or trapping
Aklanon
paón bait (for fishing); to put on bait
Waray-Waray
paón bait
Hiligaynon
paʔún bait, decoy
Cebuano
paʔún bait; to bait something; to make or use as bait; use someone else as a means to deflect danger from oneself
Maranao
paʔan bait
Binukid
paen bait
Klata
paʔa bait
Kayan
pan a bait left on river bottom to attract fish for subsequent netting
Karo Batak
empan bait
Toba Batak
ompan bait for fishhook
maŋ-ompan-i to entice with bait, lure
Sundanese
ɨ-pan bait (both literal and figurative)
Balinese
empan bait; to bait, feed
empan-in be fed, be baited
Mongondow
paan bait
Gorontalo
paalo bait
Uma
apa bait
Bare'e
opa bait (for hook, trap, etc.)
Tae'
aʔpan to lure, entice
Palauan
uáol bait
o-máol to attract, lure with bait (< *pa-maen)
CMP Manggarai
épaŋ bait
Fordata
faan fish bait
Kei
fān bait
en-fān to feed; to bait a hook
WMP Ilokano
y-appán to use as bait
Masbatenyo
i-paʔón use something for bait; to sacrifice (oneself)
WMP Ilokano
appan-an to set bait
Tagalog
páʔin-an to bait, to set a bait for; to lure or attract with bait
Bikol
paʔon-an to bait or set a trap; to place bait on a hook; to decoy or lure
WMP Ilokano
paŋgál a stick or bamboo transversely tied to the head or neck of an animal, or a collar consisting of a kind of triangle made of three pieces of wood or bamboo, to keep the wearer from passing through bamboo fences
CMP Manggarai
pagal hobble; heavy block hung from buffalo's neck to impede his movements
WMP Pangasinan
pagás hoarse; to speak hoarsely
Tausug
pagas voiceless (as from a cold); hoarse
mag-ka-pagas to develop a hoarse voice
WMP Gaddang
na-pákel tired (McFarland 1977)
Kapampangan
pagal, ma-pagal tired
Tagalog
pagál fatigue; assumed work or trouble or hardship for s.o. else
Bikol
pagál exhausted, fatigued, jaded, tired, worn out
ma-pagal get tired
Sasak
paŋgel tired; bored
WMP Karo Batak
paguh firm, steady, solid, of a post; strong, big, robust, of men, trees, and houses
Sundanese
pageuh firm, steady, fast; stand, sit or hold fast; believe firmly in, inwardly convinced
Old Javanese
pageh firmness, stability, constancy, stabilization, repair
Balinese
pageh strong, firm, steady, reliable, sure, unchanging, faithful
WMP Ilokano
pagʔóŋ tortoise, a land and fresh-water turtle
Isneg
pagʔóŋ kind of turtle with long neck and a more or less elongated body
Bontok
pagʔúŋ turtle
Tagalog
pagóŋ turtle
Bikol
pagóŋ turtle
WMP Ilokano
pagér palisade
Berawan (Batu Belah)
pagin fence
Miri
fagér fence
Kiput
pakin fence
Ngaju Dayak
pagar, pager fence, hedge
Iban
pagar fence, railing
pagar ruyon stockaded fort
Jarai
pega fence, palisade
Malay
pagar fence; palisade, e.g. of bamboo (pagar buloh), or wattle (pagar sasak) or palm-trunk (pagar ruyon)
Acehnese
pageuë fence, hedge
Sundanese
pager fence (of bamboo, stone, etc.); hedge
Old Javanese
pager hedge, fence, enclosure
Javanese
pager fence, outside wall
Balinese (High)
pager fence, wall, hadge, fortification
Balinese (Low)
pageh be fenced
pageh-an a hedge, fence, wall, fortification
Sasak
pager wall of wicker-work, fence, enclosure
Proto-Minahasan
*pagər fence, enclosure
Tae'
pagaʔ bamboo fence built, for example, around the base of a tree in order to heap up fertilizer around it
Buginese
pageʔ fence, wall (as a stone wall around a planted field)
Makassarese
pagaraʔ fence
CMP Rotinese
paʔa to fence, a fence
Yamdena
fakar fencing-in, as a planted tree; fencing with stakes for the defense of the village
Buruese
pager fence
WMP Iban
pagi morning, early morning
Proto-Chamic
*pagi tomorrow
Malay
pagi morning; early
Acehnese
pagi Day of Judgement
Karo Batak
pagi future, future time
pa-pagi, pe-pagi morning
er-pagi-pagi in the morning
si pagi-na the future
Toba Batak
pagi-an later
pagi-pagi-an future, in the course of one's life
Lampung
pagi morning
WMP Casiguran Dumagat
págpag to brush dust or trash off cloth or a mat; to dust off by shaking
Sambal (Botolan)
pagpag-én to shake dust off clothes, papers, etc.; this can be done by tapping against a hard surface
Cebuano
pagpág agitate to remove dust, shake the dust off things
WMP Ibaloy
i-pagpag to brush something off with hard blows (as dust from a coat)
Bikol
i-pagpág shake out, as rug
WMP Ibaloy
i-pagpag to hit, slap, strike something hard against something else (as one’s hand against a wall)
Lun Dayeh
fafag a clap, a slap
Kelabit
pəpag a slap
məpag to slap
pə-məpag thing used for slapping
WMP Iban
pagu shelf, esp. over hearth
Malay
pagu ceiling; ceiling-loft, attic
Acehnese
pagu attic, loft, ceiling
Minangkabau
pagu the upper and more solid shelf over the kitchen fire (the lower light rack being salaian)
Gorontalo
pahu space between attic and roof
WMP Aklanon
págot grind one's teeth
Hiligaynon
págut rave, be furious, gnash the teeth while asleep
Malay
pagut peck (of birds), bite (of snakes), nibble (of fish). Not used of the bite of a mammal
Toba Batak
pagut, pargut beak of a bird, mouth of a snake; peck up (birds), bite (snakes)
Formosan Amis
pahko type of fern that is edible
WMP Ilokano
pakó an edible fern: Athurium Esculentum (sic!)
pak-pakó ferns resembling the pakó
Agta (Eastern)
pakó fern
Isneg
pakó Athyrium esculentum (Retz.) Copel: an edible fern; eating it cures influenza
Itawis
pakú fern
Ifugaw (Batad)
pa-paʔu an edible fern: Athyrium esculentum
Casiguran Dumagat
pakó an edible wild fern, sometimes called “wild asparagus”: Athyrium esculentum
Pangasinan
pakó edible fern
Aklanon
pakú(h) a fern: Athyrium esculentum
Cebuano
pakú kind of fern, the young leaves of which are eaten as a salad: Athyrium esculentum
Maranao
pako a fern: Athyrium esculentum (Retz.) Copel
Binukid
pako kind of fern (the young fronds of which are edible)
Mansaka
pako kind of edible fern that grows by rivers
Tiruray
fagew an edible fern: Athyrium esculentum Copel
Tombonuwo
paku edible fern
Kelabit
paʔuh fern that grows by the riverbank
Berawan (Long Terawan)
pakkoh fern
Kenyah
paku fern
Murik
pakuʔ fern
Kayan
pakoʔ ferns (many kinds)
Kayan (Busang)
pakoʔ fern, the young tips of which are eaten as a vegetable
Salako
pakuʔ fern
Singhi Land Dayak
pokux ferns (edible)
Malay
paku fern; generic for Filices (many types)
Acehnese
paku fern
Simalur
paku fern
paku gajah ordinary tree fern (lit. ‘elephant fern’)
Karo Batak
paku edible fern
Toba Batak
pahu large fern
Sundanese
paku fern
Old Javanese
paku fern
Balinese
paku fern, bracken
Sasak
paku fern (various types)
Proto-Sangiric
*paku edible fern
Proto-Minahasan
*paku type of edible fern
Tontemboan
paku fern
Bare'e
paku kind of fern eaten as a vegetable
Tae'
paku kind of fern eaten as a vegetable
Proto-Bungku-Tolaki
*paku ferns
Makassarese
paku fern, of which certain types are eaten as vegetables
Wolio
paku fern
CMP Bimanese
faku kind of fern eaten as a vegetable
Manggarai
paku kind of fern eaten as a vegetable: Athyrium esculentum
Ngadha
paku kind of fern eaten as a vegetable
Kambera
rí paku fern
WMP Tagalog
páhid wiping off; a light wiping; smearing on, anointing
i-páhid to spread; to put on in a thin layer
pa-máhid ointment; medicine used on the skin to heal or to make soft and white
pahír-an to coat; to cover something with a layer
pahír-in to rub off; to remove by rubbing; to brush; to wipe away
Palawan Batak
páʔid to wipe
Cebuano
páhid rub on, apply by wiping; wipe
pahír-an doormat; rags to wipe the hands
Kelabit
paʔid duster, mop, anything used to wipe; accidental wiping
maʔid to wipe
Formosan Atayal (Mayrinax)
pahpah flower
Sakizaya
papah leaf
WMP Ilokano
páo variety of small mango
Isneg
apáw ~ paw-páw kind of wild mango
Kankanaey
paó mango, mango tree
Pangasinan
paó Indian mango (rounded and somewhat smaller than native varieties)
Tagalog
páhoʔ a small, sour species of mango
Bikol
páhoʔ tree in the mango family producing a small, sour fruit which may be salted
Aklanon
páhoʔ small mango: Mangifera altissima Blanco
Cebuano
páhuʔ kind of small, fibrous mango: Mangifera altissima
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
pahuʔ a tree reaching 35 meters in height: Mangifera altissima; it bears small mangos, and is not cultivated
Murut (Timugon)
pauʔ horse mango: Mangifera foetida
Iban
pauh a tree bearing inedible mango-like fruit: Parkia speciosa Hassk.
Malay
pauh a tree name: Mangifera spp.
Old Javanese
poh the mango (tree and fruit), Mangifera
Sasak
paoʔ mango: Mangifera indica
Bare'e
pao kind of small mango found on the coast
Tae'
pao mango
Makassarese
pao mango
Muna
foo mango
CMP Komodo
pau mango: Mangifera indica
Manggarai
pau mango: Mangifera indica
Rembong
pauʔ mango: Mangifera indica
Kambera
pau mango: Mangifera indica
Manipa
au mango
WMP Ilokano
páo kind of large marine fish
Malay
pari pauh hornless devilfish: Dicerobatis spp.
WMP Wolio
pai where?
OC Nggela
vei where, which, usually i vei
Kwaio
fai where
i fai where?
Lau
i-fai (= 'at where?') 'where?'
Arosi
hai where, what place, which?
Fijian
vei interrogative noun, asking place where?
OC Label
hai to plait (as basket)
Vitu
vai-a to weave
Kove
wai make a basket, plait a door
Gitua
va-vai to weave (a basket)
Numbami
wa-wai to weave (mats, baskets)
Misima
vei to plait
Paamese
hai to weave, make a fence
Formosan Kavalan
paiz a fan
p<m>aiz to fan
Paiwan
si-paiz-an a fan
ki-paiz to fan oneself, to have oneself fanned
p<n>aiz to fan something
WMP Itbayaten
payid idea of fanning
pa-payid a fan
Ilokano
paíd a fan (usually made of woven bamboo)
ag-paíd to fan oneself
i-paíd to fan with
paid-an to fan someone
Agta (Dupaningan)
ped-ped a fan
i-ped-ped to fan
Itawis
pé-ped a fan
map-pé-ped to fan
OC Lavongai
pasal to walk
Tigak
pasal to go, walk; come to
Manam
alale <A to walk
Takia
-padal go astray, disappear
Marshallese
yetal to go
Pulo Annian
θatare to walk around
Formosan Basai
panay riceplant, rice in the field
Kavalan
panay rice plant in a dry field (unhusked); said to be a loan from Amis
Saisiyat
pazay rice plant
Atayal
pagay unhulled rice, rice in the husk
Seediq
payay rice plant
Pazeh
pazay glutinous rice
Amis
panay rice; the harvested grain
Thao
pazay rice with husk adhering; rice in the field; riceplant
Bunun
paað rice plant, rice in the field
Hoanya
padza rice plant
Tsou
pai rice plant, unhusked rice
Kanakanabu
paláy glutinous rice
Rukai (Budai)
pagay rice plant, unhusked rice
Paiwan
paday rice (plant, grain): Oryza sativa
WMP Itbayaten
paray unhusked rice; husked rice; rice plant
Ilokano
págay rice (unhusked), Oryza sativa
i-pagay-an hire a worker for rice wages
pagay-an place where rice is grown; to plant with rice
Bontok
págəy unthreshed rice; the rice plant, Oryza sativa L.
Kankanaey
págey rice on the stalk, unhusked rice
Ifugaw
páge rice growing in the fields, or bundles of rice ears
Ibaloy
pagey rice --- esp. of rice standing in the field, but also of harvested rice that is still on the stalk unthreshed, and of unhusked rice off the stalk
man-pagey to realize a certain yield from a field
Pangasinan
pagéy rice plant; unhusked rice
Ayta Maganchi
pali rice
Kapampangan
pále rice (growing in the field)
palay-an rice field
Tagalog
pálay rice plant
palay-an rice paddy, rice field
Hanunóo
páray palay, or unhusked rice (Oryza sativa Linn.), especially that standing in the fields, still unharvested
Aklanon
páeay rice (growing in the fields), Oryza sativa; rice seeds (freshly harvested, unmilled)
Hiligaynon
pálay rice plant
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
parey the rice plant, Oryza sativa, and the grain before it is milled or pounded
Tiruray
farey a general term for rice, Oryza sativa Linn.
Mapun
pawoy unhusked rice
Yakan
paley rice (unhusked), Oryza sativa
Tboli
halay Oryza sativa. Rice, unhusked, a staple food of the Philippines
Kadazan Dusun
paai paddy
Minokok
paray rice in the field
Ida'an Begak
paray paddy
Supan
paray riceplant, rice in the field
Lun Dayeh
fadey rice, paddy
Lun Dayeh (Long Semado)
pade rice in the field
Kelabit
pade rice plant, rice in the field
Dali'
paday riceplant, rice in the field
Kenyah
paday paddy, rice in the field
Kayan
pare rice plant, rice in the field
Kiput
padəy rice plant, rice in the field
Melanau (Mukah)
paday rice plant, rice in the field
Bukat
parey riceplant, rice in the field
Kejaman
paray riceplant, rice in the field
Iban
padi rice, Oryza spp. as plants or grain in husk, paddy
Salako
padi riceplant
Jarai
pəday rice plant, rice in the field
Rhade
mədie rice plant, rice in the field
Moken
pai paddy
Malay
padi rice as a plant, in the ear, and as an unhusked grain
Karo Batak
page rice plant, rice in the field, unhusked rice
Nias
faxe rice (in general as a plant, and in its cooked state)
Sundanese
pare rice in general, but particularly rice in the field and in the husk
Old Javanese
pari rice (in the field or still in the straw), paddy
Javanese
pari rice plant (growing, or harvested, but still unhulled)
Balinese
padi rice, corn, grain; a grain (weight); rice in the husk
Sasak
pade ~ pare rice in the field, unhusked rice
Mongondow
payoy unhusked rice, rice plant
Bare'e
pae rice in the field, unhusked rice
Tae'
pare rice in the field
Mori Atas
pae riceplant, rice in the field
Mandar
pare rice in the field
Makassarese
pare rice in the field
Muna
pae rice (on the stalk)
Chamorro
faʔi type of plant - Oryza sativa. rice --- when growing
CMP Bimanese
fare rice plant, rice in the field
Li'o
pare riceplant, rice in the field
Kambera
pari rice plant
Rotinese
hade rice plant, unhusked rice grain
Atoni
ane riceplant, rice in the field
Tetun
hare rice (plant and unhusked grain)
Yamdena
fase rice
Teluti
fala rice
Nuaulu
ana rice
Kamarian
hala rice (in general)
Saparua
halal rice
Manipa
lae rice
Boano₂
ala rice
Batu Merah
allay rice
Amblau
fala rice
Buruese
pala rice (in general)
Tifu
pala rice
Kayeli
hala rice (in general)
SHWNG Kowiai/Koiwai
fasa cooked rice, husked rice
Misool (Coast)
fās rice
Mayá
ꞌfa¹²s rice
Irarutu
fas rice
Dusner
pas rice (in general)
Wandamen
fas rice (in general)
Ron
fas rice
Numfor
fas rice (in general)
fas rice
Serui-Laut
fa rice (in general)
Formosan Amis
ka-panay-an the time of harvest
WMP Ilokano
ka-pagay-an rice field (Formosan only)
Formosan Atayal
paris enemy
Seediq
pais enemy, adversary
Favorlang/Babuza
mazjies enmity
Thao
pazish enemy; one of the names for the Atayal and Seediq
Bunun
pais enemy
OC Arosi
hasu-hasu-(na) eyebrow
Gilbertese
ari eyebrow
Marshallese
āt eyebrow
Mokilese
pad eyebrow
Puluwat
faat eyebrow
Sonsorol-Tobi
fäti eyebrow
Wayan
vacu eyebrow
Fijian
vacu eyebrow
WMP Itbayaten
pak crash, bang, sound word for the sound of striking
Bikol
pak the sound of a smack, splat, whack
Cebuano
pak word used in writing to represent the sound of a slap, or explosion of firecrackers
Malay
pak (onom.) thwack; whack; smack
Toba Batak
pak the sound of beating or slapping
Mentawai
pak to hit, beat
Old Javanese
pak onomatopoetic particle, blow
CMP Manggarai
pak to box on the ear, smack
Rembong
pak slap, pat
WMP Cebuano
pákal stuff a hole (as by putting rocks into a rat-hole)
Iban
pakal caulking material
makal to caulk (a boat)
Malay
pakal caulking, rendering watertight
sabut p<əm>akal oakum
WMP Bontok
pakán woof; the crosswise threats of woven material
Ibaloy
pakan fill material
pekan-an to fill in the space between two sides (as in piling rocks and earth into the space between two sides of a wide stone wall, backfilling a wall)
Maranao
pakan woof
Malagasy
fáhan-ténuna the weft in weaving
Malay
pakan woof; weaving
Karo Batak
pakan the weft thread in weaving (as against the sawen)
Sundanese
pakan the weft threads in weaving
sa-pakan a weft thread
makan-an drive weft threads through the warp
Old Javanese
halaŋ pakan a particular kind of cloth (?)
Balinese
pakan the warp (in weaving)
Sasak
pakan the weft in weaving
Makassarese
pakaŋ cross threads in weaving
pakaŋŋ-i weave a weft thread through the warp
CMP Manggarai
pahaŋ cross threads in weaving
WMP Isneg
pákaw the two handles of a scoop net
Bontok
pákəw handle; any rigid protuberance which can be used for a handle, as a stem of a squash or the stalks of a bundle of rice
Casiguran Dumagat
pákaw handle (of a pail, pot, bucket); to put a wire handle onto a tin can
Tagalog
pákaw nose ring (for cattle); clasp for earrings
Hanunóo
pákaw handle, as of a frying pan or other utensil
Cebuano
pákaw handle stuck into a frying pan with a rounded bottom; buoy or float made of a long bamboo node one and a half to two feet in length, used principally as a marker for fishing equipment
Maranao
pakaw handle
Ida'an Begak
pakkow handle of a cup
WMP Ilokano
pakáw bow-legged; term used for Japanese soldiers during occupation
Cebuano
pakáw bow-legged, pigeon-toed; have an inarticulated elbow, such that one cannot straighten his arm
Formosan Kavalan
p<m>aqpaq to flap wings
Amis
pakpak to clap hands, to hit with the hand
Thao
pakpak clap
k<m>ay pa-pakpak clap the hands; flap the wings
Puyuma
pakpak wing; flap wings
mi-pakpak to have wings
pa-pakpak to make wings flap (as when frightening a chicken)
WMP Itbayaten
ma-makpak to clap hands
pakpaken to strike with open palm, slap
p<al>akpak a bamboo toy for making a clapping sound
Ilokano
pakpák bamboo rattle
pakpak-en slap with the open hand; spank; clap; hammer
Bontok
pakpák beat with a short stick using a rhythmic motion, as in beating chickens to death, or the beating of shields during omen hunting trips
Kankanaey
pakpák-en to slap in the face, to box the ears of
Casiguran Dumagat
pakpák wing (of birds, airplanes, angels, etc.)
Ibaloy
pakpák-en to hit something with a resulting thump, thud (as head by police baton, volleyball on palm)
Pangasinan
pakpák to beat cotton or cloth with a rod
p<al>akpák applause
Kapampangan
pakpak wings
pa-pakpak clap the hands, flap the wings
pa-pakpak-an clap for someone
Tagalog
pakpák wing
p<al>akpák applause
Bikol
pakpák wing (as of a bird)
mag-pakpák to place wings on
Buhid
fakfák wing
Hanunóo
pakpák wing
p<al>akpák flapping of wings
Masbatenyo
pákpak wing
i-pakpák to clap, applaud; be beaten, be thrashed
pag-pakpák clapping, applause
Aklanon
pákpak wing; to spank, slap (children)
p<ae>ákpak to clap for, applaud
Waray-Waray
pakpák wooden club or mallet for pounding laundry
Hiligaynon
pákpak feather, wing
mag-pákpak to beat off, as to brush off dust or ants from a dress
p<al>ákpak clapping of the hands
Cebuano
pakpák applause
p<al>akpák applause
Maranao
papak wing; break, chip off
papak-an flying fish
Binukid
pakpak wing (of a fowl)
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
pakpak wing; wing feather; clap the hands
Mansaka
pakpak clap the hands
Tiruray
fafak a wing
fafak-an a large saltwater fish
Mapun
pakpak for a rooster to flap its wings before crowing
Ida'an Begak
pakpak drop something small
Ngaju Dayak
papak a slap
Malay
papak clapper for frightening birds
Sasak
pakpak bamboo clatterer put in the fields to frighten birds
OC Tikopia
papaki to slap
WMP Ngaju Dayak
ma-makpak to slap
Toba Batak
ma-makpak to beat, pound; address with crude language
WMP Ilokano
palakpák springless cart; the sound of a cart without springs
Bontok
palakpák clap one's hands, applaud
Casiguran Dumagat
palákpak clap the hands
Pangasinan
palakpák applause
Tagalog
palakpák applause, sound of applause
Hanunóo
palákpak flapping of wings
Cebuano
palakpák applause; clap
WMP Cebuano
pakpák husk, bark of trees; to peel off, shell
Tae'
paʔpak bark of tree, strip off bark
paʔpakk-i remove the bark of a tree
WMP Cebuano
pakul name given to good-sized triggerfishes with a relatively large mouth
OC Tolai
pakul species of fish
OC Lou
pwok kind of broad-leaved pandanus of no practical use
Kara (East)
paum Pandanius dubius
Tolai
vaum Pandanius dubius
Manam
aku pandanus with big leaves used to make grass skirt
Takia
wak pandanus
Kwaio
faʔu pandanus (generic); pandanus umbrella
Namakir
na-vak Pandanius dubius
Nakanamanga
na-vaku pandanus sp.
Efate (South)
n-vak Pandanius dubius
WMP Hanunóo
pákut cord, string, used to sling a bush knife from the waist
Aklanon
pakót button
Cebuano
pákut to bind something tightly; bond
Maranao
pakot sword band
OC Tolai
pakut to make a bundle
OC Gedaged
fala ceiling, the covering of a room; sometimes only part of the room has a ceiling, and this serves as a platform
Lau
fala a fishing stage, or platform for drying nuts
WMP Ilokano
pala-pála scaffold, scaffolding. For supporting workmen, etc.; a framework for ornamental arches, etc.
Tagalog
pala-pála gangplank
Bikol
pála-pála framework; scaffolding; trellis, lattice
Bare'e
pala-pala bench for resting or sleeping
WMP Pangasinan
pála-pála temporary shed prepared for a special occasion, esp. a wedding reception
Cebuano
pala-pala temporary shed without walls, with a flat roof
WMP Ilokano
pálad line in the palm of the hand, the fingers, the sole of the foot
Isneg
pálād lines, marks, etc. in the palm of the hand; fate, luck, chance, good luck
Itawis
pálad palm of hand
Bontok
pálad palm of the hand
Ifugaw
pálad palm of a human hand (scrutinized for signs of one's fortune)
Casiguran Dumagat
palád palm of the hand, sole of the foot
ma-palad lucky, fortunate
Umiray Dumaget
palad palm of the hand
Pangasinan
pálar lines on palm of hand; luck, fortune; be affected by fortune
Kapampangan
pálad palm (of hand)
ka-palar-an destiny, fate
Tagalog
pálad palm of the hand; fate, fortune, luck
Bikol
palad palm of the hand
ma-palad lucky, fortunate
Hanunóo
ka-palad-un luck, fortune, fate, destiny
Inati
palad hand
Cebuano
pálad palm of the hand; one's fate
Maranao
palad palm of the hand, sole of the foot
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
palad palm of the hand; shake hands
Tboli
holol palm of the hand
Blaan (Koronadal)
falɨl palm of the hand
Kadazan Dusun
pahad palm, handpalm
Murut (Paluan)
palar palm of the hand
Abai Sembuak
palad palm of hand
Kelabit
palad, *p-en-alad palm of the hand, sole of the foot
Kayan
palan lines on palms of hands; segments in a fruit
Wahau
maʔ-plæl palm of the hand
Gaai
plal palm of the hand
Kelai
mi-plæl palm of the hand
Mei Lan Modang
pəleə̯n palm of the hand
Woq Helaq Modang
pəleə̯n palm of the hand
Long Gelat Modang
pəliə̯n palm of the hand
Malagasy
fala- palm of hand, sole of foot
Acehnese
paleuët palm of the hand
Dairi-Pakpak Batak
palaŋ palm of the hand
Toba Batak
palak palm of the hand, sole of the foot
Gorontalo
paladu palm of the hand, sole of the foot
Bare'e
pale hand, forepaw, arm
Tae'
palaʔ palm of the hand, sole of the foot
Mandar
paleʔ palm of the hand
CMP Ngadha
pala palm of the hand, sole of the foot
OC Motu
pala-pala palm of hand, sole of foot
WMP Isneg
pálād fate, luck, chance; good luck
Pangasinan
pálar luck, fortune
Cebuano
pálad one's fate
palár-an fortunate
Old Javanese
palar in the hope that, in view of, in order to, expecting, perhaps
OC Penchal
pacal <M rabbitfish
Lau
falata rabbitfish: Siganus sp.
Arosi
harata kind of fish
Pohnpeian
pala-pal gold-spotted spinefoot: Siganus punctatus
WMP Ifugaw
pálak cry loudly out of anger, making a sobbing sound (applied to children)
Minangkabau
palak feel hot; palak hati dan I am annoyed
CMP Manggarai
palak angry; scold, reprove
Rotinese
pala speak in irritation or anger, snarl at
OC Tanga
palal bald; baldness; a bald-headed man
Manam
palala bald head
Bugotu
palala to be bald
Puluwat
pal to be bald
WMP Tagalog
palantík-an eaves
Cebuano
palátik outrigger boom to which the float (katig) is attached
Malay
pelanték spring-set trap
WMP Kelabit
palaŋ a cross
Ngaju Dayak
ta-palaŋ crosspiece, as on a mast
Iban
palaŋ crosspiece
Malay
palaŋ cross-bar or crosspiece of any sort
Acehnese
palaŋ anything used as a barrier: crossbeam, bolt, etc.
Javanese
palaŋ obstacle; object placed crosswise to something
Balinese
palaŋ, pa-palaŋ cross-beam
Sasak
palaŋ lie across the path; born feet first
Makassarese
palaŋ lowest crosspiece of a ladder on the ground
palaŋ-palaŋ wooden support on the weather side of the mast on which the sail is laid when struck in bad weather
OC Mota
palaŋ set one thing obliquely across another; to wattle sticks
WMP Maranao
palaŋ spotted, dappled
Bisaya (Limbang)
palaŋ having patches of black and white (of dogs or cats)
WMP Maranao
palapaʔ spices, flavor
Tiruray
falaʔfa <M general term for spice or condiments; to add all the necessary spices and condiments to a dish
Old Javanese
palapah condiments, flavorings
Javanese
plapah spices, condiments
WMP Malagasy
fala vulva (Prov.)
Maloh
palaʔ vagina
WMP Isneg
palápaʔ leaf of the coco palm; petiole of the taro
Casiguran Dumagat
palápa upper part of a palm tree (where the leaves are); palm leaf
Pangasinan
palápa midrib of coconut leaf
Kapampangan
palápaʔ fiber stripped from banana stalk
Tagalog
palápaʔ pulpy leaf of plants like the banana
Bikol
palaʔpáʔ the full branch of the coconut or other palm trees; frond; the full leaf of the banana plant
Maranao
palapaʔ-an rib, midrib of a leaf
Ngaju Dayak
palapah palm frond, banana leaf, taro leaf
Malagasy
falafa midrib of the banana leaf, taro leaf
Sundanese
palapah palm frond
Sasak
pelapaʔ leaf nerve (of palm and banana leaves); leafstalk (of papayas)
Proto-Minahasan
*palaʔpaʔ palm branch
Tae'
palapa midrib of palm leaves
Makassarese
palapa midrib of palm fronds and banana leaves; leafstalk of papayas and some other trees
OC Rotuman
parafa mid-rib of coconut leaf
WMP Cebuano
palata fish found around rocks in shallow waters; not particularly good eating
Maranao
palata white fish about 2" long: Puntius palata Herre
Malay
ikan pelata a mackerel: Scomber microlepidotus
OC Marovo
palata dolphinfish: Coryphaena hippurus
WMP Kenyah
palau small fish
Kayan
palau small pinkish fish with small scales; found in small streams
Iban
palau kind of river fish
Rejang
paleuw a river fish
WMP Bikol
palawan a tree: Tristaniopsis decorticata (Merr.)
Malay
pəlawan a lofty tree with greyish bark which yields a durable timber used in house-building, generic for Tristania spp.
Formosan Puyuma (Tamalakaw)
palTuk to explode
WMP Kapampangan
paltuk conk someone on the head, raise a lump
Bikol
paltok toy gun made from a bamboo branch and using wet paper or leaves as ammunition; pound, beat, or strike someone, particularly on the head
Malay
peletok-an small pea-shooter
Gorontalo
peletuʔa sound of finger joints cracking
WMP Casiguran Dumagat
paltík poles running out from a boat onto which outriggers are tied
Pangasinan
paltík (usually homemade) gun
Tagalog
paltík homemade gun
Bikol
paltík supports for an outrigger; homemade gun
Hanunóo
paltík swift, jerky blow
Aklanon
paltik homemade gun--for only one bullet
Cebuano
paltik homemade firearms
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
peletik of an object which is flicked or knocked, to tumble over and over as it flies away
Malay
pelantek (Met. of *a and *e) spring-spear, spring-gun
WMP Ilokano
ag-pallatík swing, sway
Pangasinan
paltík (usually homemade) gun
Tagalog
paltík homemade gun
Bikol
paltík homemade gun
Hanunóo
paltík swift, jerky blow
Aklanon
páltik homemade gun -- for only one bullet
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
peletik of an object which is flicked or knocked, to tumble over and over as it flies away
Malay
pelanték (with metathesis of *a and *e) spring-spear, spring-gun
CMP Rembong
pali side (as of the head)
Ngadha
pali both sides, reciprocal, mutual
OC Kwaio
bali part, side
Lau
bali part, side, portion, half; each side in a game; two-edged, two-sided
Woleaian
paliy side, flank
Tahitian
pari side
OC Patpatar
haliara a vine: Merremia peltata
Tolai
valearu a vine: Merremia peltata
Lakalai
valiala a vine: Ipomoea sp.
Wayan
veliawa a vine: Merremia peltata
WMP Ilokano
pálig be carried off, swept away by the wind
Bikol
pálid be blown away or carried away by the wind
Aklanon
palid get blown away by the wind
pa-palid to winnow, separate the grain from the chaff in the wind
Cebuano
palid for the wind to blow something away; be blown off course; winnow, throw grains in the air
Maranao
palid separate chaff from grain, blown away
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
palid blow the chaff away
Kelabit
palid blown away, as papers in the wind
Kenyah
palit to blow, of wind; blown around
Sangir
palideʔ get lost, be driven off course by storm or wind
WMP Ilokano
páliŋ pintle (of a rudder)
Pangasinan
palíŋ to turn
Tagalog
páliŋ slope, inclination
palíŋ inclined sideward, tilted; person with the head physically turned sideward
Bikol
palíŋ turn the prow of a boat
Cebuano
palíŋ for something not rooted or fixed at the base to fall over to its side
Malay
paliŋ to turn away (of looking aside by the movement of the head, and not by a mere movement of the eyes; of turning round; turning a horse to the left; turning a boat's bows to port or starboard
Acehnese
paleŋ turn, swerve, avert
Karo Batak
paliŋ turn something in another direction
Dairi-Pakpak Batak
paliŋ lean to the side, list
CMP Sika
paliŋ turn the prow (of a boat)
Kamarian
hari- turn around, turn back, invert
Soboyo
paliŋ turn back, return
Formosan Kanakanabu
páali bile, gall bladder
Saaroa
palii bile, gall bladder
WMP Ilokano
páli pancreas
Bontok
páli spleen of a water buffalo
Pangasinan
páli spleen
Tagalog
palíʔ spleen
Bikol
páliʔ pancreas, spleen
WMP Agutaynen
pali scar
pali-en to be scarred
Cebuano
páliʔ large scar
Maranao
paliʔ wound, cut
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
paliʔ wound; to wound
Tiruray
faliʔ a wound
Bintulu
paliʔ wound
Melanau (Mukah)
paliʔ a wound or cut
Gorontalo
pali a wound
WMP Cebuano
pális for the wind to blow something away
Karo Batak
palis blown away by the wind (word used in magical formulas)
palis-palis drizzling rain, misty rain
WMP Ngaju Dayak
palis sign of bad luck to come
Acehnese
paléh unlucky
Simalur
palis bad luck
WMP Bontok
pális a sequence of pig and dog sacrifices held at a person's house ... because of sickness, or because he has killed an enemy
Kankanaey
pális kind of sacrifice which takes place in the evening and in which a dog is killed
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
palis to purify (ceremonially) with blood; ward off evil or sickness; remove sickness caused by offending a supernatural
p-em-alis sacrificial animal given to someone as a propititation or appeasement
Formosan Puyuma (Tamalakaw)
parisi to pray
p-en-arisi taboo
Paiwan
palisi rite, ceremony; tabu; "superstition"
WMP Aklanon
pálhi inhabited with evil spirits, enchanted
Palawano
lihi prohibition, taboo
Cebuano
pálhi for a place to be inhabited by supernatural beings that can get easily angered and inflict diseases on the object of their ire
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
lihiy-an a taboo, personal or general
p-em-elihi a happening which breaks a taboo or is extraordinary, highly unusual or contrary to accepted behavior
Kelabit
alih a taboo
m-alih be taboo
Melanau (Mukah)
paley a taboo
Ngaju Dayak
pali not allowed, forbidden
Malagasy
fady abstinence, fasting, prohibition; unlawfulness, incest; anything tabooed
Rhade
mlei taboo
Malay
p-em-ali taboo
Old Javanese
pali-pali, pa-pali the various ritual requisites (with purifying and strengthening power), used in ceremonial blessings (wedding, return after a battle, festive reception, etc.)
Bare'e
pali subject oneself to taboos by refraining from the use of or contact with things, the pronunciation of words or the visiting of places
OC Pohnpeian
pel be in a taboo relationship with someone or something
Chuukese
fáán Christian worship, divine service (general term)
fen engage in worship; be tabu, prohibited, sacred
Puluwat
fáál to worship
Woleaian
fali be restricted, stay away from impure things, keep away from eating certain foods
Formosan Kavalan
prisi-n taboo
WMP Bikol
palih-on ancient rites, superstitions or prohibitions
Formosan Thao
parshi-an taboo
Tsou
prisi-a taboo
Saaroa
palisi-a taboo
Paiwan
palisi-an private parts of the human body
WMP Yami
palit to exchange
Casiguran Dumagat
palít change, exchange, switch
Pangasinan
palít buy new clothes, have new clothes
Tagalog
palít change, exchange, substitute
Cebuano
palít buy
OC Mussau
alo to steer
ai aloalo rudder of a boat
Motu
halo-a steer off the wind so that the sail may catch the wind better
OC Sa'a
halo wither
Maori
paro (NG) shrunk, wilted
WMP Cebuano
palpá for the feet to get flat; flat, of feet
palpal-ún somewhat flat-footed
Iban
papal pare, clip off, cut even (at the edges)
WMP Itbayaten
pa-paxpax club for striking
paxpax-en to club, strike someone with a club
Bontok
ʔi-palpál to beat in order to cause injury or death, as in sacrificing a chicken or beating someone with a heavy stick
Ibaloy
palpal to beat something, strike many blows to something, esp. to the head
me-malpal the traditional way to kill a chicken for ceremonies by striking it with a stick or knife handle around its body, head, neck, wings --- softly, but the head blows kill; the blows cause swelling and improve taste
Cebuano
palpál hit someone on the open palm; knock something with the flat palm
WMP Casiguran Dumagat
palpál to drive a stake into something
Ibaloy
palpal stake to which an animal is tethered (as in pasture)
Pangasinan
pálpal to drive a wooden stake into the ground
Bikol
mag-palpál to drive in (as a post into the ground)
Agutaynen
palpal stakes used for tethering an animal or securing a tent
palpal-an to stake an animal out to graze
Binukid
palpal to pound, drive (something into the ground)
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
palpal stake; to drive a stake into the ground
WMP Malay
papal short; cropped; trimmed
Karo Batak
palpal bare, of a large area; short, of grass
Toba Batak
palpal bald, of the head; also bare, of a field or mountain
WMP Ilokano
paló conger eel
Aklanon
paeó fish sp.
WMP Kelabit
paluh flour obtained from the pith of a thorny palm, acquired in trade from the Penan
CMP Manggarai
palu sago flour
WMP Kenyah
palu a rasp (used for sago)
Kayan
paloʔ a tool for adzing or rasping sago logs
Sangir
palu kind of adze used to smooth out the inner surface of a dugout canoe hull
Formosan Amis
palo to hit with something large or flat-surfaced, or with the hand
Amis (Kiwit)
mi-palu to fight with fists
Thao
paru to hammer, to beat someone up
paru sa nipin traditional ceremony of tooth extraction, performed at puberty to ensure the health and vigor of young adults (consists of knocking out the top incisors with a hammer-like instrument)
paru-an be hammered; be beaten up by someone
WMP Ifugaw
pallú (-ll- unexpl.) heavy stick to beat somebody with (e.g. a recalcitrant slave or servant), or an animal
Casiguran Dumagat
pálo to beat with a stick
Kapampangan
palu-paluʔ beater (used in washing clothes)
Tagalog
páloʔ stroke with the hand or a stick, usually in castigation
Cebuano
páluʔ hit, slap in punishment
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
palu heel; to kick with the heel
Kayan
paloʔ butting, as goats
Iban
paluʔ hit, beat, strike (with stick or mallet)
Malay
palu hitting hard with a rigid weapon (of clubbing or hammering or drumming or striking off a printed copy; not of blows with a switch)
me-malu beat a drum or a gong
Acehnese
palu hit with a stick or other object (as in striking a gong)
Karo Batak
per-palu a hammer
malu to strike with a stick
Toba Batak
ma-malu hit, strike; play a percussion instrument; fire off a weapon
Rejang
paleuw a hammer
Sundanese
palu hammer (of metal)
malu to hit with a hammer
Old Javanese
palu hammer, mallet
Javanese
palu hammer, mallet
malu to hammer
Balinese
palu hammer, mallet, knocker; to knock, hammer, cut
Sasak
palu hammer (said to be from Malay)
Sangir
palu an adze with short, curved handle and blade like a gouge; to work with such an instrument
Tontemboan
ma-palu pound sago of the Arenga saccharifera
Gorontalo
palu hammer
Uma
palu hammer
Bare'e
palu hammer, in particular the smith’s hammer
mom-palu to hammer, forge, pound iron
Tae'
palu hammer; beat with a hammer; also a very common term of abuse for coitus
Proto-Bungku-Tolaki
*palu hammer (tool)
Proto-South Sulawesi
*palu hammer
Mandar
palu-palu to beat
Buginese
palu a hammer
Makassarese
palu-palu hammer
Wolio
palu kind of large mallet; to hammer, batter, rap
Muna
palu a hammer; to hammer
CMP Ngadha
palu flat wood club
Palu'e
palu to hit, strike
Sika
palo strike with something heavy, as a hammer or a club
ai palo wooden club used to mash up pig fodder
Lamaholot
palu to hit, beat
Waiyewa
palu to hit
Lamboya
palu to hit
Anakalangu
palu to hit
Kambera
palu to beat, strike; anything used to hit or strike
palu ahu stick used to cudgel a dog
Rotinese
palu to strike dead, slaughter, used especially of chickens and dogs
Yamdena
n-falu to nail, to hammer
Fordata
n-falu hammer on, pound on
Dobel
fa-falu hammer
Kamarian
palu touch lightly
OC Wuvulu
falu-ia to hammer something, as a nail; a hammer (James Hafford, p.c.)
Formosan Thao
paru-paru a hammer; to hammer; the action of ceremonially striking out the teeth
WMP Karo Batak
palu-palu stick, pole; cudgel; beater for a musical instrument
Toba Batak
palu-palu beater (for drum or gong)
Old Javanese
palu-palu mace, war-club (or battle hammer?)
Tontemboan
pa-palu the instrument used to pound sago
Tae'
palu-palu-i beat on with a hammer
Mandar
palu-palu hammer (tool)
Makassarese
palu-palu hammer; cudgel, club; tool for beating
Wolio
palu-palu a hammer
CMP Yamdena
fa-falu a stake that has been pounded into the ground
Fordata
fal-falu time of general sago-pounding; beater for sago-pounding
Dobel
fa-falu a hammer
OC Wuvulu
falu-falu keep hammering, hammer on and on (James Hafford, p.c.)
OC Sa'a
i-pelu ~ i-pai-palu to make war, to fight
i-pelu-ŋa fighting
Wayan
valu be at war, fight a war
i-valu war
valu-ti make war on something, fight against something
Fijian
valu to make war on, be at war with
WMP Casiguran Dumagat
páluŋ chicken’s comb; to cut off the comb of a fighting cock (so it can see better)
Pangasinan
palóŋ the comb of a rooster
Sambal (Botolan)
páloŋ the comb of a chicken
Kapampangan
páluŋ cock’s comb
Tagalog
páloŋ a rooster’s comb; cockscomb
Bikol
paloŋ-ón a cock’s comb
mag-palóŋ to cut a cock’s comb; to cut or notch the ear of a person or animal
Hanunóo
páluŋ cock’s comb
Cebuano
palúŋ cut the cockscomb
Mansaka
paroŋ to cut off (as the comb of a rooster)
WMP Malay
paloŋ hollow with stagnant water; trough of wood for watering cattle
Acehnese
paloŋ trough
Karo Batak
paluŋ gutter, drain, funnel
Balinese
paluŋ trough, oblong basin, cooler
Sasak
paluŋ wooden vessel into which coconut meat is grated; wooden feeding trough for horses and dogs
Proto-South Sulawesi
*paluŋ trough
WMP Maranao
paloŋ-an trough
Subanen/Subanun
paloŋ-an trough
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
peluŋ-an trough made of a hollowed log used as a water container for tempering steel in the blacksmith shop and as a hog trough
Old Javanese
paluŋ-an trough, vat, tub, container for drinks?
Balinese
paluŋ-an trough, oblong basin, cooler
Sa'dan Toraja
paluŋ-an feeding trough (usually for pigs)
Tae'
paluŋ-an feeding trough for pigs and other animals
WMP Karo Batak
paluŋ-en gutter, drain, funnel
Buginese
paluŋ-eŋ rice mortar
WMP Itbayaten
paxoŋ sea waves
Ilokano
palóŋ wave, not a breaker, which is dalluyon
ag-palóŋ to create waves, undulate
na-palóŋ wavy
Isneg
palóŋ wave, billow
WMP Kapampangan
halu plane, scrape
OC Arosi
haru, harus-i to scratch
Niue
halu scrape, peel, sharpen
Tuvaluan
halu scrape; rub hand over face
Rennellese
pagu (NG) to scrape, as with a shell away from oneself; to scratch
WMP Ilokano
pampám prostitute, whore, easy girl
Bikol
pampám prostitute, whore, harlot
Cebuano
pampám prostitute (slang), become a prostitute
pa-mampám patronize a prostitute
Maranao
pampan harlot, prostitute
OC Label
han go, go away; come
Tolai
wana go, move; come
Sudest
vana go (Capell 1943:105)
Kapingamarangi
hana go
Rarotongan
ana the word used by itself means movement, and is used only in reference to mankind': the exact meaning if fixed by the word following: ana mai 'come (or move) here (towards the speaker)', anáatu 'go (or move) away (away from the speaker); go ahead, pass on, etc.
Maori
whana travel, come, go
WMP Tagalog
panhík go up the stairs
Maranao
panik ascend, climb stairs or ladder
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
p-em-enahik climb something, as a tree or ladder
Old Javanese
panék, penék climb, climb on, get on or in, mount, ascend
Javanese
pènèk climb habitually; act or way of climbing; climb a fruit tree and get the fruits for someone
Balinese
penék go up, rise, ascend
Mongondow
ponik climb a ladder or tree, ascend
Balantak
penek to climb
Bare'e
pone climb (not up mountains), climb a ladder into a house, a coconut tree, etc.
CMP Soboyo
hanaʔ ascend, climb; flood (of the sea)
OC Molima
vane climb
Kwaio
fane climb, go up
fane-fia climb up on, of a mating animal
Lau
fane rise up in sky, of sun, moon, or cloud; high, as a hill; tall, of a tree or house; rise, swell, or ferment, as of bread or a pudding, or a boil
'Āre'āre
hane climb, ascend, rise (of sun and moon); rise, ferment
Sa'a
hane climb trees in native fashion with a rope round the feet, ascending by alternate jumps of hands and feet
Arosi
hane climb (not a hill) a rope, tree, cliff, using hands
hane-ʔi climb
OC Lou
panap small blue fish with long needle-like mouth
Loniu
panah barred garfish: Hemirhamphus commersoni Cuv.
Leipon
pinah small blue and white fish with needle-nose
Likum
panah small blue and green marine fish with projecting lower jaw
Lindrou
banap small dotted fish with needle nose
Gilbertese
ana a fish (small, slender species), needlefish, garfish, halfbeak (Sabatier 1971)
anaa long-billed needlefish (Johannes 1981:160)
Chuukese
fana (fanaa) small needlefish
Woleaian
fela (felaa) kind of needlefish
Formosan Kavalan
pani bow (for shooting)
Pazeh
pa-pana shoot with a bow; throw at (with a stone)
Amis
panaʔ bow for shooting arrows
Thao
panaq throw something at an object to hit it, as in throwing a stone at a target; shoot with a weapon
ma-panaq fight with each other
malhim-panaq fight in war; throw something at a target
Bunun (Takituduh)
panaq shoot with a bow and arrow
Tsou
pono shoot with a bow
Proto-Rukai
*pana shoot (with arrows)
Puyuma
panaʔ arrow; shoot an arrow
Puyuma (Tamalakaw)
panaH shoot with a bow
Paiwan
panaq arrow
WMP Itbayaten
pana arrow; bow
Ilokano
pána arrow
Isneg
pána arrow
Ifugaw
pána bow and arrow. Practically, it is only used by boys … it is hardly longer than one meter; its cord is mostly a string of rattan; its arrow is merely a straight, thin stick.
Casiguran Dumagat
paná arrow (of which there are several types); shoot an arrow
Pangasinan
ma-maná shoot an arrow
paná arrow
Kapampangan
pana bow and arrow; shoot with bow and arrow (Bergaño 1860)
Tagalog
pánaʔ arrow
Bikol
pánaʔ bow and arrow; archery
Buhid
ag-fána to shoot
Aklanon
panáʔ bow and arrow; shoot with bow and arrow
Agutaynen
panak an arrow (this can refer to both the bow and the arrow)
Hiligaynon
panáʔ arrow, bow
Cebuano
pánaʔ arrow, spear projected; shoot an arrow, to spear
Maranao
panaʔ bow; shoot with arrow
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
panaʔ bow and arrow; shoot with bow and arrow
Maguindanao
pána to shoot
Tiruray
fanaʔ shoot an arrow with a bow
Tboli
hanak arrow with small metal point
Kadazan Dusun
ma-mana shoot with a bow
pana bow
Malay
panah archery; bow; arrow
panah-memanah archery
ibu panah bow (lit. ‘mother of shooting’)
anak panah arrow (lit. ‘child of shooting’)
Karo Batak
panah bow (no longer used in warfare)
Nias
fana bow, weapon
Sundanese
panah arrow and bow; manah shoot with bow and arrow
Old Javanese
panah arrow; bow; bowman
Balinese
panah arrow
panah-panah-an a children’s game with bows and arrows
Sasak
panaʔ arrow; bow
Bare'e
pana bow, formerly a weapon of the Toraja people and in more recent times still hung up in the blacksmith’s workshop as an example of the weapons and tools made there
mata mpana arrow
mo-pana use a bow
Tae'
pana bow
Makassarese
pana bow and arrow
ammana shoot with bow and arrow
pa-pana shoot with (something)
Wolio
pana bow (weapon)
ana-na pana arrow (lit. ‘child of bow’)
Muna
pana bow (not used on Muna)
Popalia
pana to shoot
CMP Manggarai
pana bow (not used by Manggarai)
Rembong
pana bow and arrow; shoot with bow and arrow
Kambera
pana bow; shoot with bow and arrow
Tetun
hana to fire or shoot an arrow
Kei
fan shoot with bow and arrow
Kola
-fan to shoot
Watubela
fana-fanak arrow
SHWNG Mayá
ꞌfa¹²n shoot with bow and arrow
Biga
fan to shoot
Minyaifuin
-fan to shoot
Waropen
ana shoot an arrow
OC Sobei
-fan to shoot
Tarpia
-pan to shoot
Sio
a-pane to shoot
Nehan
wan(a) shoot
Halia
hana to shoot
Petats
hana to shoot an arrow
Selau
wana shoot with bow and arrow
Mono-Alu
fana aim at with bow; fa-fana go to kill birds or fish with bow and arrow
Ririo
van to shoot, throw
Nggela
vana shoot with bow and arrow; shoot with a gun (modern)
vana-hi shoot with bow and arrow
Kwaio
fana hunt; shoot at with bow and arrow
Lau
fana shoot with bow and arrow; fana-si shoot at
Sa'a
hana shoot with a bow, shoot with a gun
Arosi
hana shoot
Gilbertese
bana a sling; (kare)-bana hurl with sling and stone, pelt with stones
Lonwolwol
fεn shoot with bow and arrow
Rotuman
fana shoot with bow or gun
Fijian
vana shoot with an arrow or a gun; to pierce
Tongan
fana shoot (e.g. birds); to dynamite (fish)
Niue
fana bow; gun; arrow
Samoan
fana shoot; gun, rifle
Rennellese
hana shoot, as arrow, spear gun, gun, rocket, slingshot
Anuta
pana any implement which discharges projectiles
Hawaiian
pana to shoot, as marbles, arrows, bow; bow and arrows...
pana ʻiole to shoot rats or mice with bow and arrow, an ancient sport; bow and arrow
Formosan Thao
p<in>anaq was thrown at, was hit by something thrown
Paiwan
p<n>anaq to shoot, using bow and arrow
Formosan Kavalan
p-m-ani shoot with an arrow
Pazeh
mu-pana throw at, to hit (as when throwing a stone at a dog to drive it away)
Bunun
manaq shoot with bow and arrow
Kanakanabu
mu-a-panaʔə shoot with a bow
WMP Itbayaten
ma-mana catch fish with spear gun
Ngaju Dayak
ma-manah shoot with a bow
Malay
me-manah shoot an arrow
Nias
ma-mana shoot an arrow
Sasak
(me)-manaʔ shoot with bow and arrow
WMP Basap
panas hot
Lun Dayeh (Long Semado)
pana sweat
Kenyah
pana hot
Kayan
panah warm; feel warm; to warm up food
Wahau
mnæs warm, hot
Gaai
pnas warm, hot
Kelai
pnæs warm, hot
Woq Helaq Modang
pəneə̯h warm, hot
Long Gelat Modang
pənih warm, hot
Melanau (Mukah)
panas feeling of anger
Lahanan
pana warm
Malagasy
fana heat
voa-fana warmed (applied to food or medicine cooked and warmed the second time)
Iban
panas heat; hot, esp. of weather
Malay
panas heat, esp. (or specifically) solar heat
Karo Batak
panas sweat panas-en'to sweat'
Sundanese
panas hot; warmth, heat; fig. hot-tempered, irate, embittered, jealous, envious
Old Javanese
panas heat
Javanese
panas hot; have a fever; angry; having a curse on it; bringing misfortune
Balinese
panas heat; hot
Sasak
panas warm (of things); hot, sharp tasting (spices)
Mongondow
panat warm, feverish
Banggai
ko-onas warmth
maŋ-anas make something warm
mo-onas warm
Tae'
panaʔ heat of the sun; sharp, pungent, of Spanish pepper; Spanish pepper
Muna
fanah-a warm, hot (of air, atmosphere, food)
CMP Manggarai
panas hot (as sun); smarting, stinging, hot-tasting
Rembong
panas hot; fever; peevish; jealous
Ngadha
bana warm, hot (of fire, sun, fever, water); to warm up, heat up; fill with magical power
Kédang
pana warm
Kambera
mbana hot, warm; hot-tempered
mbanahu warm (as land)
pana to heat (as coffee)
panahu warm up; insist on, coerce
Hawu
pana warm, warmth
Dhao/Ndao
pana warm
Rotinese
hana warm, hot, of water and of anything that can be heated, as well as of the body; warmth; fig.: taboo (Jonker 1908); heat; hot, warm (in a physical and ritual sense); become hot, become ritually charged (Fox, J. 1993)
hana-hana somewhat warm
Tetun
hanas to warm or heat (as water)
Erai
panas warm, hot; sharp; fever
Talur
panas hot
Tugun
pʰana hot
Leti
pansa warm season; warm (as bread); sick, painful; sickness
Luang
pahənə <M warm
Selaru
anas hot, warm; to heat liquids
Yamdena
fanas heat; warmth
dalam me-fanas hot-tempered
na-fanas sick, feverish; warm up food
Proto-Ambon
*bana, *pana hot
SHWNG Buli
fànas warm, hot
OC Kove
wana-wana hot
Sobei
me-fna warm
Niue
faka-fana to warm up, as food; to repeat oneself
Samoan
faʔa-fana rebake, warm up
Rennellese
haka-hana recook or warm over
WMP Muna
fana-hi to boil (water), warm up (cooked food), to heat
OC Niue
fana-hi apply a hot poultice
WMP Mongondow
mo-panat warm, feverish
Tae'
ma-panaʔ hot, of the sun
CMP Tetun
manas hot, warm, burning; pungent, caustic, hot to the taste
Tetun (Dili)
manas hot
Vaikenu
manas sun
Galoli
banas warm
Roma
ma-hana hot (Jonker)
Yamdena
me-fanas hot
Gah
mo-fanas hot
SHWNG Buli
m-fànas warm, hot, burning; sentiment
Misool (Coast)
benis hot
Mayá
ꞌbini³s hot
OC Pileni
mahana warm
Tongan
ma-fana warm (of food, water, or drink); warm (to the touch)
mā-fana warm (inwardly, subjectively)
Samoan
mā-fana be intimate, in close relationship; be married
Nukuoro
ma-hana hot
Rarotongan
ma-ʔana heat, warmth; warm
Maori
ma-hana warm; day
Hawaiian
ma-hana warmth; warm
CMP Rotinese
hana-hana somewhat warm
OC Hawaiian
hana-hana hot, warm; vehement
OC Bauro
ma-hana-hana hot
Tongan
ma-fana-fana be fairly warm
Samoan
ma-fana-fana be warm (as water); (of weather) be mild, clement
Nukuoro
ma-hana-hana warm
Rarotongan
ma-ʔana-ʔana warmness, warmth; a heating
CMP Tetun
ha-hanas to heat
OC Mussau
a-anasa warm, hot; to heat (as water)
Hawaiian
ha-hana warm, hot (physical, and of strong emotion, as sorrow, love, fear)
WMP Tae'
panaʔ ginger: Zingiber officinale
Makassarese
panasaʔ a plant: Amomum acre. The pith of the large stems and fruits is minced and put in vinegar; the taste is pungent; the plant is also used as a medicine
CMP Rembong
panas tuberous plant; fam. Zingiberaceae
WMP Casiguran Dumagat
panáw have white patches on the skin
Bikol
pánaw Tinea flave (fungal skin disease characterized by de-pigmented patches of skin)
Maranao
panaw white itchy spot on skin which is caused by fungus
Iban
panau light patches on skin, leucoderma, caused by diet deficiency or (mild) tinea
Malay
panau light painless spots or marks on the human skin, regarded as beauty spots or otherwise (due usually to Pityriasis versicolor or Tinea flava)
Acehnese
panèë spots on human skin
Karo Batak
pano white spots on the skin
Toba Batak
pano-pano freckles
Tae'
pano skin disease in which the skin shows light-colored spots: Pityriasis flava
Mandar
pano skin disease: tinea, ringworm
Makassarese
pano spots on the skin (sometimes regarded as a sign of beauty)
CMP Manggarai
pano skin disease, tinea; patchy color, as of someone with tinea
Rembong
pano skin disease, tinea
Ngadha
pano having white or light spots on the skin
Kambera
panu kind of skin disease coupled with spots on the skin
Rotinese
hano spots of a lighter color on the skin
SHWNG Sawai
fɔn skin disease
OC Nauna
pan white patches on skin due to fungal infection
'Āre'āre
hano a skin disease, white spots without scales
Sa'a
hano a skin disease, small white spots on the skin, but no scales
WMP Bikol
panáw-on to have Tinea flava
Maranao
panaw-n be covered by ringworm
Karo Batak
pano-on suffer from white spots on the skin
Makassarese
pano-aŋ covered with skin spots
WMP Itbayaten
panáy plate, dish
Isneg
panáy kind of jar
Cebuano
panáy earthenware vessel, usually hemispherical but shallow, used to hold liquids
Ngaju Dayak
panai a crude earthenware bowl
Old Javanese
panay, pane earthen vessel, pot
Javanese
pane trough, bowl, basin (earthenware or wood)
Balinese
pane large vessel of earthenware or wood
Sasak
pane earthen vessel
CMP Ngadha
pane dish, basin, bowl
Sika
pane kind of earthen pot made in the Lio district
Tetun
hane-k wooden plate
ai hane-k a tree from which plates are made, and whose bark is used as an antifebrile: Alstonia scholaris
Yamdena
fane earthen dish of native manufacture
WMP Ilokano
pandák dwarf: dwarfish
Itawis
pándak short (of persons)
Casiguran Dumagat
pándak short-legged (of animate objects)
Kapampangan
pandak short of stature
Tagalog
pandák short (referring to stature)
Cebuano
pandák short and stout; be short and stout
Mansaka
pandak extremely short; dwarfed
Ngaju Dayak
pandak short in height, as a person
Iban
pandak short (as a stick, stature, brevity): shorten
Malay
pandak short, especially as a familiar name for the fourth or fifth child in the family (if a boy)
Tae'
pandak very short, very small
tau pandak a very short person
CMP Kambera
pandaku short, squat and compact in stature
WMP Ilokano
pandóŋ mantilla, woman’s scarf
ag-pandóŋ to wear a mantilla
Tagalog
pandóŋ anything, such as paper, cloth, banana or palm leaf, used as head covering for protection against the sun or rain
panduŋ-án to put a head covering on someone
panduŋ-ín to use something (e.g. a banana leaf or newspaper) as a head covering
Bikol
pandóŋ a hood; a canopy; parasol
mag-pandóŋ to shelter the head with a hood, canopy or parasol
Hanunóo
pánduŋ a protective rain cover, a combination rain cape and umbrella, made commonly from a leaf sheaf of the of the fan palm
WMP Rejang
paneus hot, warm, feverish
ateui paneus hot-tempered
Balinese
panes hot, troubled; heat
Bare'e
pane warm drink: coffee or tea
Mapane name of a river that has warm water in its lower course
OC Seimat
hani give
Wuvulu
fani give fani-a 'give it!'
Wogeo
vani give
Manam
ani give
Gedaged
pani give (him); hand over, bestow, grant, confer, impart, accord, yield
Gitua
van give
Motu
heni-a <A give to, hand to
Eddystone/Mandegusu
vani-a give
Zabana
vani give
OC Lakalai
vali to apply paint, feathers, etc. to the head or body
Sengseng
pan paint designs on bark cloth
Fijian
vani to put oil through the hair with one’s fingers
Tongan
pani to smear, besmear, daub or stain; to rub the head with oil
Rennellese
pani to anoint, as the head with turmeric
Maori
pani to paint, besmear; to smear, spread anything upon something else
WMP Itbayaten
panichi big bat: Pteropus sp.
Ilokano
panníki fruit bat, flying fox
Isneg
paníki fruit bat
Itawis
paníki fruit bat
Bontok
paníki kind of fruit eating bat
Kankanaey
panníki large bat
Ifugaw
panníki greatest species among the bats; fruit bat, flying fox
Ifugaw (Batad)
panniʔ a bat: Pteropus Leucopterus
Pangasinan
panikí a bat
Bikol
paníki fruit bat, flying fox
Maranao
paniki baby bat
Malagasy
fanihy a bat, probably a species of Pteropus
Sangir
paniki flying fox
Mongondow
poniki bat, flying fox
Tae'
paniki large bat, flying fox
Mori Atas
poniki bat
Wawonii
poniki bat
Mandar
paniki flying fox
Makassarese
pañiki <A flying fox
Palauan
olík fruit bat
Chamorro
fanihi bat (mammal), fruit bat
CMP Bimanese
panihi bat
Manggarai
niki kind of small flying fox
Ngadha
niki flying fox
Li'o
niki bat
Waiyewa
paniki flying fox
Kambera
paniʔ flying fox
Hawu
niʔi bat
Tetun
niki the generic term for bats
East Damar
niʔi fruit bat, flying fox
West Damar
niso fruit bat, flying fox
Watubela
fanik balan a bat
Proto-Ambon
*paniki flying fox
SHWNG Taba
pnik bat
Gimán
fnik flying fox
Buli
fni flying fox
CMP Bimanese
pani bait
Manggarai
paniŋ bait; to bait; to feed chickens
Rembong
paniŋ bait; to bait
Ngadha
pani fodder (as for pigs)
Kambera
pàni feed chickens or pigs
pàniŋu bait for fishing
Rotinese
hani trough for feeding pigs; domestic animal, a cared-for animal (Fox, J. 1993)
hani-k bait for fishing (Jonker 1908)
Selaru
ani feeding trough
Kei
fān bait
en-fān to feed; bait a hook
OC Tolai
bān bait
Gitua
bani bait
Numbami
bani fish bait
Mailu
bani food of animal or bird; bait
Bwaidoga/Bwaidoka
bani fishhook; fishing
Molima
bani, bani-bani to fish with hook and line
Kosraean
pa bait
Pohnpeian
pahn bait, lure
Mokilese
pehn bait
WMP Ilokano
pánit to skin, to flay (fowls or men's head)
Pangasinan
pánit to skin (e.g. a frog)
Tagalog
panít excoriated, skinned
Aklanon
pánit skin, flesh; to peel off, to skin
Hiligaynon
pánit skin, leather, bark; to skin, to peel something off
Cebuano
pánit skin, peelings, bark, leather; shell of a shrimp, egg; to skin, peel something; beat someone in gambling; be trounced in a fight
Maranao
panit leather, hide, skin
Subanen/Subanun
panit skin
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
panit leather
Kenyah
panit to scratch; scratched
Kayan
panit to manhandle a person, handle roughly; be torn by animals; clothes torn by rough handling
WMP Manobo (Ata)
pantad shore
Binukid
pantad shore
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
pantad sand; beach of a river; sandbar
Tiruray
fantad the ground, earth, land; patched with mud; hike along a beach
Blaan (Koronadal)
fantad shore
Totoli
pandad shore, beach
Dondo
pantadE shore, beach
Boano
pantad sandbank
WMP Keley-i
pantal sand; gravel
Manobo (Ilianen)
pantag sand
WMP Tagalog
pantáy of the same height or level
Bikol
mag-pantáy to level off (something)
Maranao
pantay field, meadow
Tiruray
fantay level
Iban
pantai earth, soil, mud, (at sea) mud bottom
Malay
pantai beach, coast
WMP Kankanaey
panték spotted, speckled; marked with spots; stained
Kadazan Dusun
pantok a spot in the eye
na-pantak-an to have a spot in the eye
Iban
pantak having spot of different color, usually of animal's head
WMP Ilokano
pantók top, summit, peak; ridge; tip of long nose
patok-pátok summit, top, crest
Pangasinan
pantók summit, top
Tagalog
pantók summit, top
WMP Ilokano
panóos stench of smoke and smoky substances
Hanunóo
panús stench of urine
Cebuano
panʔús for food, wash, or the body to get a rancid smell from having been wet and not allowed to dry out well; spoiled, sour in smell
Maranao
panos sour
Formosan Thao
pazaw to go, walk
shum-pazaw to depart, walk away
WMP Ilokano
pánaw to leave, go away, set out; die
ag-pánaw to leave for good, evacuate
pa-panaw-en to drive away, send away
Isneg
pánaw go away, depart, withdraw
Itawis
pánaw departure
Tagalog
pánaw departure; disappearance; death
Aklanon
pánaw go on foot, walk; leave, depart, go
Palawan Batak
panáw walk
Cebuano
pánaw travel, journey; regularly scheduled trip; make a travel or journey
Maranao
panaw journey; roam
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
hi-panew walk, go on a journey, go someplace
Kadazan Dusun
panau walk, march
Kayan
panau walk; walking; go by foot
Kayan (Long Atip)
panaw to walk
Singhi Land Dayak
ponu go, walk
Nias
fanõ go away, depart; go
Rejang
paneuw go, walk
CMP Ngadha
bano go, walk
Palu'e
pana go
Li'o
mbana go, walk
Sika
bano go, walk
Lamaholot
pana go
Adonara
pana to walk
Kola
-ban to walk
Ujir
bana-bana to walk
SHWNG Taba
han to go
Gimán
han to walk
Sawai
n-fan to go
Buli
fān depart; go, walk
Irarutu
fan to go
OC Bugotu
vano go, come; used in comparisons: beyond, more
Nggela
vano away, further off; to go
Arosi
hano make a journey, set out; go
Proto-Micronesian
*fano go
Mota
van(o) go, come
Merig
van to go
Sakao
yan to go
Amblong
van to go
Apma
van to go
Rano
-wan to go
Leviamp
-v̋a to go
Axamb
væn to go
Lonwolwol
van go, pass (and so also of time); to continue (to do ...); often; adverbially: away
Southeast Ambrym
haen going, departure
Efate (South)
pan to go
Anejom
a-pan ~ han go
Niue
fano go (sg.)
Samoan
fano (of time) be gone, past; perish
Tuvaluan
fano go (sg.)
Nukuoro
hano go (sg.)
Rennellese
hano go (sg.); depending on, according to; on and on; little by little; one by one
Maori
whano go, proceed; lead, of a road; verge towards; be on the point of; act, behave
Formosan Saisiyat
palir wing
Proto-Atayalic
*palid wing
Pazeh
pa-palit wing
Siraya
pa-palis wing
WMP Itbayaten
panid pectoral fin, wing (in general)
Ivatan
pañid wing
Mansaka
panid wing
Sangir
panidəʔ wing
Bare'e
pani wing of a bird, bat, or insect
mo-pani to have wings
Mori Bawah
pani wing
Proto-South Sulawesi
*pani(C) wing
CMP Selaru
ani wing
Soboyo
pani wing
OC Kaniet
pani- wing
Sio
baani wing
Magori
vane wing
Gabadi
vani wing
Merig
mbani wing
Merlav
mbani wing
Wailengi
mban wing
Formosan Bunun (Takituduh)
pani wing
WMP Itbayaten
panid wing
Mansaka
panid wing
Sangir
panideʔ wing
Uma
paniʔ wing
Bare'e
pani wing
Tae'
paniʔ wing
Mandar
paniʔ wing
CMP Selaru
ani wing
Kei
fani-n wing, fin
Buruese
pani-n wing
Soboyo
pani wing
OC Nauna
pɨn wing
Mondropolon
pani-n wing
Lindrou
bani-n wing
Arop
bani wing
Gedaged
bani-n wings of birds
Mapos
mbanis wing
Motu
hani (OG) wing of a bird
Lakona
pane wing
Merlav
mbani wing (Formosan only)
Formosan Pazeh
paliŋ wall
Tsou
phi-phiŋi door
Paiwan
palʸiŋ door
WMP Chamorro
fañagu bear (offspring), give birth
OC Proto-Polynesian
*faanau (length unexpl.) give birth, be born
WMP Ngaju Dayak
paŋ popping, to pop (as when one pulls a cork from a bottle); sound of fingers snapping, tongue clacking
Malay
paŋ banging sound
Karo Batak
paŋ soung of a bang
Makassarese
paŋ banging sould (as a gun firing, inner tube bursting)
OC Gedaged
paŋ-paŋ snap! noise made when snapping a dry coconut with one's finger
Gitua
baŋ bang! noise of stone exploding fire
WMP Ilokano
paŋ- nominalizing instrumental prefix used for maŋ- verbs
Tagalog
paŋ- prefix forming nouns or adjectives denoting instruments, special usages or the like
Bikol
paŋ- prefix used to form deverbal nouns
Bahasa Indonesia
peŋ- nominal prefix often forming words that denote agents, or less commonly products of an action
Karo Batak
peŋ- deverbal prefix forming agents (with animate nouns) or instruments (with inanimate nouns)
Toba Batak
paŋ- deverbal prefix forming instrumental nouns
Balinese
paŋ- nominal prefix often forming words that denote agents
Toratán
paŋ- verbal noun referring to the action of doing what the base specifies
Formosan Pazeh
paŋa branch
ma-paŋa branching
Thao
pana fork of a branch; bifurcation; branch
Bunun (Takituduh)
pa-paŋa bifurcation; fork of a branch
WMP Itbayaten
paŋa twins
Isneg
paŋá branch (of a tree)
Itawis
paŋá branch (of tree, river, etc.)
Bontok
paŋá branch of a tree from which leaves are growing; hooks on the top of a pinaŋpaŋa earring
Kankanaey
paŋá branch, bough, twig
Kapampangan
paŋá jaw
Tagalog
paŋá jaw, jawbone
Bikol
paŋá jaw, jawbone; jowl
Aklanon
paŋá hook (for getting fruits)
Cebuano
paŋá forked stick; forked handle of a slingshot
Maranao
paŋa horn
Tboli
haŋa branch of a tree; antlers
Kadazan Dusun
paŋo tributary or side road; branch off (river, road)
Malay
paŋa forked supports for carrying poles, etc. in a cargo boat
Banggai
paŋa branch
Uma
paŋa forked branch
Bare'e
paŋa bifurcation; forked branch, fork in a road
Popalia
paŋa branch
CMP Manggarai
paŋa branch; be forked
Rembong
paŋa branch, fork of a branch; forked
Ngadha
paŋa open the eyes and mouth, be amazed
Yamdena
faŋe span of the hand
Fordata
faŋa handspan
Kei
faŋa-t handspan
Soboyo
paŋa-ñ branch
OC Tolai
paŋ open the mouth, esp. of a basket or container
Cheke Holo
paŋa fish spear with several prongs
Roviana
paŋa fish spear with several prongs
Sa'a
paŋa to wonder, stagger at a matter
Mota
waŋa open the mouth, gape, gasp
OC Tolai
paŋa-ŋa to open one’s mouth, be open, yawn, gape
Lau
a-faŋa to open wide, gape, uncover, open up
Mota
waŋa to open the mouth, gape, gasp
Samoan
faŋa bay
faŋa-loa gulf
Maori
whaŋa bay, bight, nook
Hawaiian
hana bay, valley (only in place-names)
WMP Ilokano
paŋá jawbone
Ayta Abellan
paŋah jaw and jawbone
Kapampangan
paŋá jaw
Tagalog
paŋá jaw; the lower part of the face; jawbone
Bikol
paŋá jaw, jawbone; jowl
ma-paŋá to get hit on the jaw
Agutaynen
paŋa jaw
Maranao
paŋa horn
WMP Ilokano
maŋán to eat
Kankanaey
paŋán viand, food; all that is edible and is eaten with rice
Kalamian Tagbanwa
paŋan to eat
Agutaynen
ma-maŋan to eat a meal, to eat something
Old Javanese
paŋan food; eating
Balinese
maŋan to eat
Sasak
paŋan sticky rice cakes
maŋan to eat
Tae'
paŋan betel chew
SHWNG Numfor
paŋan touch, taste, feel
OC Baluan
paŋ to feed
Bipi
hak to feed
Nggela
vaŋa food, properly vegetable food; to eat, have a meal
Kwaio
faŋa food; eat
Lau
faŋa to eat, have a meal; a meal, food; to bite, nibble, of fish
fā-faŋa to feed
WMP Old Javanese
p<in>aŋan to eat, swallow, devour
OC Lakalai
la vilaŋa food given as payment to visiting singers and dancers
v-il-aŋa food given as payment to visiting singers and dancers
'Āre'āre
hinana taro pudding
hinaŋa taro pudding
Sa'a
hinaŋa a yam pudding eaten at sacrifices
hinaŋa yam pudding
Arosi
hinaŋa yams for sacrifices, one or two tubers; seed yams for planting; vegetable food
hinaŋa yams for sacrifices, one or two tubers; seeds yams for planting; vegetable food
WMP Ilokano
paŋán-an dining room
Malay
pəŋan-an cake; sweetmeat
Balinese
paŋan-an food, things to eat
OC Nauna
haŋɨn-i to feed
Bali (Uneapa)
vaŋan-i to feed
Arosi
haŋani pet animal, adopted animal
Fijian
vaŋani pet animal; petted
WMP Casiguran Dumagat
paŋánay first born child in a family
Tagalog
paŋánay first-born child
maŋánay to deliver one’s first child
Hanunóo
paŋánay oldest child
Aklanon
paŋánay first born, first to do
Maranao
paŋanay firstborn
Mansaka
paŋanay eldest; firstborn
OC Patpatar
paŋaŋa open the mouth in wonder; yawn
Mengen (Poeng)
paŋa open the mouth
Nehan
paŋaŋa open the mouth
Formosan Saisiyat
paŋaʔ branch
WMP Malay
paŋah openmouthed
CMP Manggarai
paŋa bifurcation; forked, pronged
Yamdena
faŋe handspan, step
Fordata
faŋa a span
n-faŋa-t to measure by handspans
WMP Bikol
paŋási rice wine
pa-paŋasíh-an the container in which the rice wine is made
Kenyah
peŋasi rice wine specially prepared in jar
WMP Ilokano
i-paŋát to cook fish with sour tamarind seasoning
Pangasinan
paŋát to cook fish in vinegar with garlic
Sambal
paŋát to cook fish, shrimp, etc. with salt and small amount of water; onions, tomatoes, ginger, etc. may be added
Tagalog
paŋát ~ p<in>aŋát fish cooked in water with vinegar and salt added
Bikol
paŋát to cook
p<in>aŋát dish consisting of mince meat, shrimp or fish, chopped coconut and spices, wrapped in a taro leaf and cooked in coconut milk
Tiruray
faŋat to preserve fish for several hours by partially boiling it with salt
Minangkabau
paŋat stuffing fish or flesh and stewing it in a rich spicy sauce
WMP Bikol
paŋól stupid, dull
Agutaynen
paŋel stupid; asinine; idiot
WMP Agutaynen
paŋel stupid; asinine; idiot
Cebuano
paŋug stupid, tending to do the wrong thing unthinkingly
WMP Malay
daun pegaga a creeping herb with an edible leaf: Hydrocotyle asiatica
peŋgaga a creeping herb, Hydrocotyle asiatica
Old Javanese
paŋgaga kind of creeping herb, Hydrocotyle asiatica
Tae'
paŋgaga a creeping plant with small, round leaves that are used as a vegetable and boiled for pig fodder: Hydrocotyle asiatica
WMP Ifugaw
págaŋ roast soomething edible
Tagalog
paŋgáŋ broiled or toasted to crispiness
Bikol
paŋgáŋ to dry-fry in a kawaliʔ producing a result similar to toasting, rather than frying
Ngaju Dayak
paŋgaŋ anything roasted on a gridiron; to roast on a gridiron
Iban
paŋgaŋ roast, bake, cure by smoking
Malay
paŋgaŋ broiling; roasting before the fire; toasting. Esp. toasting or roasting on a spit, skewer, or fork
Acehnese
paŋgaŋ roast (meat or fish) on a spit
Karo Batak
paŋgaŋ roast something over a fire; roasted
Nias
faga roast (in the flames)
Old Javanese
paŋgaŋ to roast (on spit, fork, etc.), toast
Javanese
paŋgaŋ broiled food, food cooked over an open fire or charcoal; to toast at an open fire
Balinese
paŋgaŋ roast over a fire
Sasak
paŋgaŋ to roast
Makassarese
paŋgaŋ roasting of chicken (or a piece of chicken)
WMP Maranao
paŋgaw elevate, raise up; bed
Iban
paŋgaw wooden platform, bench or bedstead in longhouse gallery
WMP Iban
paŋgoŋ pile, stack
Malay
paŋgoŋ raised flooring, platform of a stage (paŋgoŋ wayaŋ), a scaffolding for spectators, a look-out house
Toba Batak
paŋguŋ heap, pile, knoll
Sundanese
paŋguŋ dome, look-out, tower
Old Javanese
paŋguŋ scaffolding, raised platform, stand for spectators, "tower" in the cremation ceremony, stage for play (wayaŋ)
Javanese
paŋguŋ attic; platform built on piles above flood level; open-air pavilion for spectators
Balinese
paŋguŋ tower, cupola, dome
bale paŋguŋ a high platform
Sasak
paŋgooŋ lay something on top of something else
paŋguŋ an elevated structure with a ladder, used as a look-out
WMP Toba Batak
paŋguŋ-an hearth
Balinese
paŋguŋ-an a high place for seeing from, a look-out
WMP Maranao
paŋi poisonous squash: Pangium edule Reinw.
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
paŋi a tree, probably Parartocarpus woodii, which bear large edible fruit the seeds of which are a source of edible oil
Kadazan Dusun
paŋi kind of fruit the seeds of which are added to salted fish
Ngaju Dayak
paŋi kind of mango tree and its fruit, which has an exceptionally thick skin
Acehnese
paŋè wild tree from the seeds of which a good cooking oil is prepared
Dairi-Pakpak Batak
paŋi flattish seed which is eaten after being cooked; if eaten uncooked it can cause intoxication
Old Javanese
paŋi tree with edible fruits: Pangium edule
Balinese
paŋi tree sp.
Sangir
paŋi tree with edible fruits and leaves
Mongondow
paŋi a tree, Pangium edule. Its shredded leaves are mixed with bacon and blood and cooked in a bamboo to make a favorite dish. The seeds of the fruit are also eaten, but are poisonous and must first be roasted
Bare'e
paŋi a tree with seeds and leaves that are edible after proper preparation: Pangium edule
Tae'
paŋi a tree with large round fruits, Pangium edule. The pith of the seeds is dried, pounded, and cooked, and becomes black as a result; it is then used as a vegetable
Makassarese
paŋi tree with large fruits each of which contains two or three seeds: Pangium edule; after the seeds are cooked, one obtains a black mucilaginous substance from them which is used in the preparation of certain dishes
WMP Palawan Batak
paŋi-paŋil ankle (Reid 1971)
Kadazan Dusun
tam-paŋi ankle
Murut (Timugon)
am-paŋil ankle
WMP Tagalog
paŋkál protruding or visible above the ground (said of surface roots of trees)
Malagasy
faka a root
Malay
paŋkal first portion; beginning
paŋkal ñiur visible root of coconut palm
paŋkal pokok lower part of tree trunk
paŋkal təliŋa junction of ear with head
Toba Batak
paŋkal stem, basal part of a tree or shrub; capital with which one works
WMP Cebuano
páŋkaʔ bump against something
Iban
paŋkaʔ strike, dash (down, against), hurl
Malay
paŋkah to peg a top
WMP Tagalog
paŋkó armful; as much as one or both arms can hold; carried in the arms
p<um>aŋkó to carry in one’s arms; to cuddle; to hold close and lovingly in one’s arms or on one’s lap
Ngaju Dayak
paŋku put into one’s lap
Iban
paŋkuʔ take or hold on the lap
Malay
paŋku holding to the breast; taking on the lap
mə-maŋku to nurse; to look after; to serve as deputy for
Karo Batak
maŋku carry in the arms
Sundanese
maŋku lift up with the hands (a child, a mirror, etc.); hold in the hands; to take or carry in the arms; hold in the lap
Old Javanese
a-maŋku to hold or receive on the lap; to carry in both hands or arms in front of the chest
p<in>aŋku to hold or receive on the lap
Javanese
paŋku to sit on someone’s lap
maŋku to hold someone on the lap; to have something close in front of one
paŋku-n a lap
Balinese
maŋku hold on the lap, sit on the lap
OC Motu
haoda to fish
Bugotu
vaŋoda hunt for shellfish on the reef
Nggela
vaŋonda to collect food on the reef
Nakanamanga
pa-vaŋoda look for shellfish
Anejom
a-haŋeč forage on the reef
WMP Ilokano
paŋpáŋ furrow, ridge (thrown up by a plow)
Ibaloy
paŋpaŋ bank of a river
Pangasinan
paŋpáŋ river bank, riverside, seaside
Kapampangan
paŋpaŋ river bank
Tagalog
pampáŋ river bank
Bikol
paŋpáŋ river bank; bluff
pam-aŋpaŋ-on a high, steep river bank difficult to ascend
Hanunóo
pampáŋ bank of a river; edge of a field
Aklanon
páŋpaŋ bank (of river); shoreline
Agutaynen
paŋpaŋ cliff; steep dropoff into the ocean
Hiligaynon
páŋpaŋ brink, edge, coast, area close to a river or sea
Cebuano
paŋpáŋ cliff
paŋpaŋ-anun cliff dwellers
paŋpaŋ-un characterized by having cliffs
Maranao
pampaŋ cliff; steep, as in contour of earth
Binukid
paŋpaŋ cliff; steep bank
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
paŋpaŋ a cliff
Kadazan Dusun
pampaŋ rock, big stone
Ida'an Begak
pappaŋ beach; river side
Malagasy
fampana a precipice, an abyss
Mongondow
pompaŋ steep slope of a mountain, but one along which one can still descend
Ampibabo-Lauje
pampaŋ land; plain
WMP Kapampangan
paŋpaŋ-an, pampaŋ-an Kapampangan ('people of the river banks')
Wolio
pampaŋ-a steep; rather deep part of the sea where the bottom is still visible
WMP Kapampangan
ka-pampaŋ-an Kapampangan ('people of the river banks')
Cebuano
ka-paŋpaŋ-an cliffs; the province Pampanga; its people and its language
Formosan Kavalan
paŋzan pandanus
Rukai (Tona)
paŋuDaɭ pineapple
Paiwan
paŋudalʸ pandanus; pineapple; Pandanus odoratissimus var. sinensis
WMP Ilokano
paŋdán the screw pine, Pandanus tectorius Sol. Its leaves are used in the manufacture of hats and mats
Isneg
pandān kind of screw pine. Its fragrant inflorescences are added to the headband on festive occasions
Kankanaey
paŋdán ananas, pineapple
Tagalog
pandán Pandanus odoratissimus
Bikol
pandán, paŋdán pandanus (used in weaving of mats and other articles)
Hanunóo
páŋdan pandanus palm (Pandanus sp.)
Aklanon
páŋdan a tree and its fruit: Pandanus tectorius
Cebuano
páŋdan any of the plants of the genus Pandanus, esp. tectorius
Maranao
pandan hemp
pandan-an maguey plantation, ramie plantation
Malagasy
fandrana shrubs, from the stems of which gutters for carrying water ... are made, hence an aqueduct. Two or three species are known by this name, from which a kind of potash is obtained. The leaves are used for thatching. Pandanus sp.
Iban
pandan Screw pine (Pandanus spp.)
Malay
pandan Smaller screwpine. Generic for all such Pandanaceae as are used for fine matwork or plaitwork
Simalur
pandan pandanus palm: Pandanus odoratissimus
Karo Batak
pandan pandanus variety the leaves of which are used in plaiting
Toba Batak
pandan pandanus, screwpine
Mentawai
padat Pandanus odoratissimus L.
Sundanese
pandan kind of plant (some types are used to weave mats while the redolent leaves of others are minced and used with flowers and fragrant oil by women)
Old Javanese
paṇḍan kind of tree: Pandanus
Javanese
paṇḍan pandanus tree
pandan waŋi fragrant pandanus leaf as a cooking ingredient
pandan eri pandanus thorn, used for hats, mats
Madurese
pandhan pandanus
Balinese
paṇḍan pandanus
Sasak
pandan name of various types of pandanus: Pandanaceae
Tae'
pandan fragrant type of pandanus with thorny leaves
Buginese
panreŋ pandanus
Makassarese
pandaŋ name of various types of pandanus
Palauan
oŋór Pandanus aimiriikensis Mart.
CMP Manggarai
pandaŋ pineapple: Ananas comosus
SHWNG Kowiai/Koiwai
fodan pandanus
OC Lou
par kind of pandanus with narrow light-green leaves, used in plaiting mats
Loniu
pa kind of pandanus with narrow light-green leaves, used in plaiting mats
Leipon
padr kind of pandanus with narrow light-green leaves, used in plaiting mats
Ahus
pah pandanus tree and fruit
Kele
pat pandanus
Papitalai
par broad-leaved pandanus sp.
Wuvulu
paxa kind of broad-leaved littoral pandanus used in plaiting mats and baskets
Aua
para kind of broad-leaved littoral pandanus used in plaiting mats and baskets
Mussau
arana littoral pandanus the leaves of which are used in plaiting mats and baskets
Tanga
faa pandanus
Gedaged
pad the pandanus tree
Mbula
paanda pandanus tree
Gitua
pada pandanus
Gilbertese
ara prefix to names of different species of pandanus
Puluwat
faar pandanus, used for mats and thatch
Woleaian
fash(a) pandanus, pineapple
Iaai
watr a plant: Pandanus
Rotuman
hata kind of pandanus bearing fruit in compact, rouhly spherical masses
Fijian
vadra the pandanus tree: Pandanus odoratissimus
Tongan
fā kind of pandanus which sends down shoots from the branches to the ground
Samoan
fala name given to a number of tree-like plants of the genus Pandanus; mat
Rennellese
haga pandanus, of great value for thatch and mats
Rarotongan
ara pineapple; Pandanus odoratissimus
Maori
whara a plant; ? Astelia sp., but possibly applied to any plant with ensiform leaves, such as Astelia, Phormium, Typha, etc.
Hawaiian
hala the pandanus, or screw pine: Pandanus odoratissimus
OC Lou
aŋus blow the nose
Mengen (Poeng)
paŋusi blow the nose
Chuukese
foŋoti <A blow one’s nose
WMP Ngaju Dayak
kala-papa tree with durable wood used for knife handles, rudders, etc.; the long-burning coals are used in the smelting of gold and copper, and the young leaves as a simple in the treatment of eye inflammations
Makassarese
gulim-papa tree with strong wood
Muna
fafa kind of tree, the wood of which is light and durable, used for boat and house building
CMP Bimanese
pampa tree with useful wood: Vitex pubescens
Manggarai
pampa tree which is good for making house posts: Vitex pubescens
WMP Itbayaten
papa father (address term); fond name for father, dad, daddy
Bare'e
papa father, father’s brother, mother’s brother
OC Samoan
papa (children’s language) Dad, Daddy
OC Tolai
papaba crayfish sp.
Mota
vavapa kind of crawfish
WMP Itbayaten
papag low table, usually of bamboo
Ilokano
pápag bamboo bench; bamboo or wood bed (with no mattress)
Casiguran Dumagat
pápag shelf, high table (in a house for keeping things on); high table (outside, for drying meat on, or for the offering of the atang sacrifice)
Kapampangan
pápag bamboo-slat platform used for sleeping, eating, and just sitting around talking
Tagalog
pápag a low bamboo bed
Bikol
pápag bamboo cot or bed
Hanunóo
pápag a bamboo slat-tray or shelf, used for support of bone bundles in a family burial cave
Agutaynen
papag stretcher made of bamboo
WMP Maranao
papak to break, chip off
OC Nggela
papa to chip
papa ni gai wood chips
Arosi
baba to break one thing on another, chip a stone
baba-ria chipped
WMP Waray-Waray
papán ŋa bató stone tablet
Cebuano
papán stone slab
Maranao
papan lumber, board; arrange checkers or chess (pieces) on board
Tiruray
fafan a sawed board, lumber; to make lumber or boards by hand
Mapun
papan board; plank (usually and inch and a half or less thick)
Yakan
papan a plank, board (as for making a wall)
Ngaju Dayak
papan board, plank
papan batu a thin flat stone or a thin, flat piece of iron
ma-mapan build a boat or ship; like a board, i.e. flat, even
Malagasy
fáfana a piece of board for writing on, a lesson-board, a blackboard
Iban
papan long flat surface or thing
papan kayuʔ plank, board
Proto-Chamic
*papa:n board; plank
Moken
papan plank
Malay
papan plank; board; strake; flooring; numeral coefficient for games played on boards, such as chess and draughts
papan sandar backrest
Acehnese
papeuën plank (as in a coffin or grave)
Gayō
papan plank, board
Karo Batak
papan plank, the plank floor; a chessboard
Toba Batak
papan board, plank; floor boards
Rejang
papeun wooden board, plank
Sundanese
papan plank, board; in a wider sense, any flat object; plank (of wood, stone, etc.)
papan batu stone plate
Old Javanese
papan board; (round wooden) shield
a-papan using a shield, bearing a shield
Javanese
papan board
Balinese
papan board, plank
papan catur chessboard
Sasak
papan plank; slate; school board
Mongondow
papan stick or lath used to tap down the weft thread (in weaving)
Tae'
papan plank
Makassarese
papaŋ plank, board
Wolio
papa board, plank
batu papa writing slate
Palauan
wlawl floor (< *panpan)
CMP Manggarai
papaŋ plank, board
Hawu
papa plank
Wetan
papna board, plank
Yamdena
n-papan stack on top on one another, of flat objects like boards
Buruese
papan board
Kayeli
hahane board
SHWNG Buli
fafan plank
OC Manam
baba flat; palm of the hand
Tawala
baba- base, underneath, bottom
Dobuan
kaiwa ba-baba-na board
Molima
baba lower plank on canoe side; to put planks on canoe
Bugotu
pava plank
Lau
baba flat; a board; lower part of back; a wooden door
ba-baba a board, flat object
baba-la flatness
baba-na long side board of canoe
'Āre'āre
hapa timber; a canoe seat
Sa'a
hapa a canoe seat, removable
Arosi
hapa a board; flat; mid-seats of a canoe
Proto-Micronesian
*papa board, plank
Gilbertese
baba a board, plank, used for diverse purposes; a wash board, surf board, etc.
Kosraean
pæp rib, side, raised sides of a canoe between front and rear gunwales
Mokilese
pɔp thin board or sheet of lumber
Chuukese
paap board, plank; board floor
Puluwat
paap board, lumber, timber; canoe planks
pápá-n limw house board
Woleaian
paap(a) plank, strake, the planking (of a canoe); to be provided with plank
Pileni
papa board
Rotuman
papa floor, or deck, if made of boards
Wayan
baba board, plank, or other flat, wide piece of wood
vaka-baba have boards on, be boarded or planked
Fijian
bava washstrake or upper planks of canoe
Tongan
papa sawn timber, plank(s), board(s); flat hard sandstone forming a layer or bed at the coast in certain places; flat and smooth and hard (as a well-trodden track)
Niue
papa flat
faka-papa to stack neatly in layers (as banana cases)
Futunan
papa board, plank
Samoan
papa board, plank; rock; make level, flatten
Kapingamarangi
baba level, stretcher; board on which women plait mats
baba hale floor of a house
Nukuoro
baba level (not bumpy); any sort of flat base (esp. the board on which mats are plaited), the consolidated reef under water or sand; the back of a human; the shell of a turtle, crab, etc
Rennellese
papa sounding board, beater of the papa, dancer to the papa; to be flat, flattened; to flatten
Anuta
papa board, plank; any hard flat surface, as the top of a plank, a flat rock
Maori
papa anything broad, flat, and hard; flat rock, slab, board; earth floor or site of a native house; bed of a lake
Hawaiian
papa flat surface, stratum, layer, level, foundation; story of a building; class, rank, order; table; sheet, plate, shelf; flat, level
hoʔo-papa to place in rank or file; to put in order, to put in layers, overlay, as shingles; to make a shelf; to pack neatly
WMP Maranao
papaʔ shoots of vegetables
Malay (Jakarta)
papah coconut frond
Old Javanese
papah the long stalk of a palm- or banana-leaf
Javanese
papah midrib of a palm frond
OC Arosi
haha-na frond of a palm
Marshallese
pāp coconut frond; midrib of a coconut frond
CMP Buruese
papa-n cheek
OC Molima
baba lower plank on canoe side
Roviana
papara (OG) side of face, cheek
Kwaio
baba side, cheek
Lau
baba long side board of canoe; the side
Arosi
baba cheek, temples; side of a stream, etc.
Fijian
baba the side of a thing, the cheek bone; also, the side of a canoe
WMP Singhi Land Dayak
paput stopped up (choked up)
Javanese
pampet stop flowing (as blood)
OC Kwaio
fafi cook in leaf oven; sacrifice a pig
Lau
fafi put leaves on oven in cooking
Sa'a
hahi cook in an oven with leaves and hot stones
Arosi
hahi cook in a native oven; food cooked so
Fijian
vavi bake food in a native oven
OC Gedaged
bab (NG) kind of coral, limestone
Sa'a
haho the shore reef
Arosi
haho encircling reef
Rotuman
haho coral reef
Formosan Puyuma
paʔa thigh
WMP Itbayaten
paa thigh
Umiray Dumaget
pa thigh
Sambal (Botolan)
páʔa thigh
Tagalog
páʔa ~ paʔá foot, leg; hoof, paw
paʔa-hán having large feet
Bikol
páʔa thigh; lap, haunches, hip
paʔá-on describing someone with large thighs
Masbatenyo
páʔa thigh, upper leg
Aklanon
páʔa thigh, upper leg
Waray-Waray
páʔa thigh; lap
Agutaynen
paka thigh; leg
Hiligaynon
páʔa thigh
Cebuano
páʔa thigh, legs from the knees up
páʔa-han the upper leg of a pair of pants
Binukid
paa foot, leg; leg (of a table or other furniture)
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
paʔa the foot and/or leg
Mansaka
paa thigh
Klata
paʔo thigh
Mapun
paa thigh
Yakan
paʔa thigh
Tboli
haha thigh of person or animal; lap of a person
Tausug
paa thigh
Tatana
poo thigh
Tombonuwo
paa thigh, upper leg
Abai Sembuak
faa foot
Kujau
pəə thigh
Minokok
pəəʔ thigh
Murut (Tagol)
paa thigh
Kelabit
paʔeh thigh
Berawan (Long Teru)
paʔah thigh
Dali'
faʔa foot
Kenyah (Long Ikang)
paʔəy thigh
Melanau Dalat (Kampung Teh)
paʔa leg
Lahanan
tə-paʔa thigh
Seru
poh thigh
Paku
poʔo leg
Delang
paho thigh
Cham
pha leg
Roglai (Northern)
pha thigh
Moken
paka upper leg, thigh
Malay
paha thigh; quarter; ham (of animal)
paha belalaŋ upper leg of grasshopper; fig. for safety pin; curve of a perfect thigh
Sundanese
paha thigh, upper leg
Balinese
paha thigh
Sasak
pa thigh
Mongondow
paa thigh; hip; buttock
Totoli
paa thigh
Boano
paʔa thigh
Bare'e
paʔa thigh, upper leg
Proto-Bungku-Tolaki
*paqa thigh
Wolio
paa thigh; quarter (of a carcass)
paa-na ŋkaboro grasshopper’s thighs (said of a very thin person)
Muna
fagha thigh
CMP Manggarai
paʔa thigh
Rembong
paʔa thigh
Ngadha
paa upper leg, thigh
Fordata
faa-n calf of the leg
OC Lakalai
la vaha- leg, foot
Watut
faga- leg, foot
WMP Muna
fagha stalk of certain trees (coconut, areca) from which grow branches
CMP Ngadha
paa shoot, sprig, sprout
Buruese
paa-n stem, base of trunk; stem, especially of a taro plant
SHWNG Numfor
fa sheath of a palm blossom
OC Kara
paka leaf
Tongan
faʔa lower portion of leaf stalk
Niue
fā stalk of a plant
Samoan
fā stalk, stem of taro, banana, and certain other plants
Rennellese
haʔa stalk, as of taro, banana, papaya; stem, as of flowers
Hawaiian
hā stalk that supports the leaf and aro or sugarcane; layers in a banana stump
OC Tabar
paro to hold
Nggela
valo to rob openly, take and keep, refuse to return
Pohnpeian
parok (< *paqaRok-i) to catch something animate; to arrest
Tongan
faʔao to seize and take by force; to confiscate
Samoan
fao snatch, grab; rob
Rennellese
haʔao to take, capture, snatch, rob
Hawaiian
hao to scoop or pick up; to grasp, pillage, plunder; robber (Formosan only)
Formosan Saisiyat
pæʔzoʔ gall, gall bladder
Bunun
paqav gall, gall bladder
Tsou
pau gall, gall bladder
Proto-Rukai
*pago gall, gall bladder
WMP Isneg
palʔíŋ <M strabismus
Maranao
paliŋ one-eyed person, one who has impaired vision
Tiruray
faliŋ blinded in one eye because of wounds from fighting (refers to animals only)
WMP Itbayaten
paet hole-boring tool which was used a long time ago
Ilokano
paét -an, i-, mai- chisel
Isneg
apāt a chisel made of iron throughout, without a wooden handle
Bontok
paə́t chisel (said to < Ilokano)
Ifugaw
paót mum-, -in-, <in> -an wood carving; chisels used for carving
Kapampangan
pat chisel (for woodworking)
Tagalog
paʔít chisel (in carpentry)
Mapun
paat -an, -un chisel
Kelabit
paʔet chisel
Iban
pat tapping knife, gouge, chisel
pat getah tapping knife for rubber latex
Jarai
phaʔ chisel (for carpentry)
Rhade
phat to chisel
Malay
pahat chisel; gouge; punch
Gayō
pāt chisel
Simalur
paeʔ chisel
mam-paeʔ to chisel something
Karo Batak
pahat chisel
mahat to chisel, work with a chisel
Nias
fahõ chisel
mamahõ to chisel, work with a chisel
Balinese
pahet chisel
mahet -ang, -in cut with a chisel, hew
Sasak
pat a chisel
ŋe-pat to chisel
Tontemboan
pa-paʔat a chisel
maʔat ~ ma-paʔat to chisel
Bare'e
paʔat-i a chisel
nda-paʔat-i chiseled, chiseled out
Tae'
paʔ a chisel
paʔ-i chisel out, gouge a hole with a chisel; carving done with a chisel
Proto-Bungku-Tolaki
*paqoQ chisel
Makassarese
paʔ a chisel
OC Rennellese
haʔo chisel; to chisel; holes for lashings in a canoe
Formosan Saisiyat
pæʔis hot (taste)
Kanakanabu
ma-páʔici sour
páʔici millet or rice beer
raa-paʔi-paʔíca acid fluid which comes up from the stomach
WMP Itbayaten
payit idea of saltiness
Ivatan (Isamorong)
payit salty
Ilokano
paít bile, used in cooking; bitterness, bitter taste
Isneg
na-pét bitter
Itawis
pet hotness, pungency, spiciness
na-pét hot, pungent, spicy
Kankanaey
men-paít bitter
Ifugaw
paít sourness; mostly applied to fruits that are not yet ripe
Ifugaw (Batad)
pāit the austere taste of old wine, ginger, salt, onion, garlic, red pepper, lemon, tobacco; of the stinging sensation of smoke
Ibaloy
pait sourness (as of unripe orange); bitter taste, saltiness; also describes the taste of good coffee or rice wine
em-pait sour, bitter, salt
Ilongot
paʔit bitter
Pangasinan
paít bitter tasting
am-paít bitter
Kapampangan
paʔít bitter
Tagalog
paʔít bitterness; bitter taste; bitterness in the moral sense; harshness, disagreeableness
Bikol
mag-paʔít to become bitter
ka-paʔit-án bitterness
Hanunóo
paʔít bitterness
Aklanon
paʔít bitterness
Kalamian Tagbanwa
pakit bitter
Agutaynen
pakit bitter taste; bitterness
Hiligaynon
paʔít bitterness
Cebuano
paʔít bitter in taste, bitter in situation
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
paʔit bitter; produce a bitter taste in someone’s mouth
Mansaka
pait bitter (of food, medicine)
Mapun
pait bitter
Yakan
paʔit bitter, over salted, too salty
Tboli
héét bitter, salty
Bilaan (Sarangani)
feʔet bitter
Tausug
pait bitterness
Bisaya (Lotud)
o-poʔit bitter
Tombonuwo
o-pait bitter
Murut (Paluan)
a-pait bitter
Abai Sembuak
fait bitter
Murut (Tagol)
a-pait bitter
Tingalan (West)
a-pait bitter
Basap
pait bitter
Kelabit
paʔit bitter
Kenyah
faʔij bitter
Bintulu
paʔit bitter
Malagasy
faitra bitterness, as the taste of quinine
Iban
pait bitter
daun pait wild leaf used as flavoring in cooking
Jarai
phiʔ bitter (in taste)
Rhade
phiʔ bitter
Roglai (Northern)
phi:ʔ bitter
Moken
pakèt bitter
Malay
pahit bitter, bitterness, a bitter drink
Toba Batak
pait bitter
Sundanese
paʔit bitter
Old Javanese
pahit bitter, (of sea water) salt
Javanese
pahit ~ pait bitter
Balinese
pahit kind of tree with small round fruit used as medicine
Sasak
pait bitter
Boano
paʔit bitter
Balaesang
peit bitter
Makassarese
paiʔ gall; bitter; difficult
Muna
paghi bitter (as papaya leaves)
Chamorro
faʔet salty
CMP Bimanese
paʔi bitter (as taste); difficult (as one’s life)
Komodo
paiʔ bitter
Manggarai
paʔit bitter (of taste), difficult (of situations)
Lamaholot
pait bitter
Kédang
peiʔ bitter
Kambera
paita bitter
mbàru paita bitter salty, too salty, of food
Formosan Bunun (Isbukun)
ma-pais bitter
Kanakanabu
ma-paʔíci sour
WMP Agta (Central Cagayan)
mapet bitter
Umiray Dumaget
ma-pit bitter
Kapampangan
ma-paʔít bitter
Tagalog
ma-paʔít bitter
Bikol
ma-paʔít bitter, acrid
Hanunóo
ma-paʔít bitter, referring to taste
Aklanon
ma-paʔít bitter
Agutaynen
ma-pakit bitter
Hiligaynon
ma-paʔít bitter
Palawan Batak
mapáʔit bitter
Mamanwa
mapaʔit bitter
Maranao
ma-paʔit bitter; hard, difficult
Binukid
ma-pait bitter (in taste); bitter, hard to accept (situation, happening, etc.)
Kalagan
ma-pait bitter
Tausug
ma-pait bitter (as medicine)
Malagasy
ma-faitra bitter, brackish, disagreeable
Old Javanese
a-pahit bitter
Sangir
ma-paiʔ bitter; sour
Mongondow
mo-paʔit bitter
Uma
mo-paiʔ bitter
Bare'e
ma-paʔi bitter
Tae'
ma-paiʔ bitter (as palm wine, certain fish, etc.)
Proto-Bungku-Tolaki
*mo-paqiQ bitter
Mori Bawah
mo-paʔi bitter
Wolio
ma-paʔi bitter
OC Gilbertese
mai sourness, acidity
WMP Ilokano
paít-an Lunasia amara plant
Tagalog
paʔit-án to make bitter
Bikol
paʔit-án develop a bitter taste
Maranao
paʔit-an kind of bitter banana
Mansaka
pait-an a plant: Lunasia amara Blco. (Madulid 2001)
WMP Kelabit
paʔid duster, mop, anything used to wipe; accidental wiping
Totoli
paid to wipe
Boano
paʔid to wipe
WMP Kelabit
maʔid to wipe
Mongondow
mo-maʔid brush or scrape dirt or mud off the feet or hands
WMP Casiguran Dumagat
páis to cook (a method of cooking small fish or shrimp, wrapping them in a banana leaf and cooking them in water, or laying them directly on the coals)
Tagalog
páʔis fish or meat roasted or broiled and wrapped in leaves; steamed or boiled fish, usually small, wrapped in leaves, esp. banana leaves
Maranao
paʔis wrap in green leaf and roast
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
paʔis the process of preparing sweet potato by grating it, wrapping it in leaves, and roasting it in a hole with a fire on top
Iban
pais food, esp. fish, cooked in green leaves or bamboo
pais ikan fish so cooked
Malay
pais spiced fish cooked in banana leaf
Old Javanese
pes-an ~ pe(s)pes-an food cooked and broiled in leaves (esp. fish)
Javanese
pè-pès-an banana-leaf-wrapped food roasted over hot coals
mè-pès to prepare food in this way
WMP Tagalog
p<in>áʔis fish or meat roasted or broiled and wrapped in leaves; steamed or boiled fish, usually small, wrapped in leaves, esp. banana leaves
Old Javanese
p<in>es to cook as pespesan
WMP Hanunóo
paʔít small white freshwater fish with a bitter taste; hence its name (< paʔít 'bitterness')
Maranao
paʔit fish of Cyprinid family (from bitter taste)
Binukid
paít kind of small fish
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
paʔit a small fish
Mansaka
pait kind of freshwater fish
Tiruray
faʔit the various barbs (Cyprinidae) spp.
Tboli
hait minnow, a certain freshwater fish
Dumpas
pait fish
Tombonuwo
pait fish
Ida'an Begak
pait fish
Kelabit
paʔit kind of small fish
Kayan
paʔit species of tebaring fish found near small river rapids
Iban
pait freshwater fish: Puntius sp.
Toba Batak
si-paet-an fish sp.
Sasak
pait ~ pepait small, silvery river fish
Chamorro
fa-faʔet a snapper: Lutjanus gibbus
OC Nduke
vaɣo a large perennial herb with banana-like leaves: Heliconia salomonensis
Marovo
vaɣo tree sp. with large banana-like leaves: Heliconia
Nggela
vao wild banana
vao-vao species of shrub with large leaves
Mota
vao a heliconium
Wayan
vā-vā tree taxon, probably Heliconis sp.; tall banana-like herb
Fijian
vao a plant: Bleekeria elliptica
Formosan Amis
paʔpaʔ chew; the action of the jaws and teeth in chewing
WMP Aklanon
paʔpáʔ to chew thoroughly
Cebuano
páʔpaʔ bite something or grab it with the teeth without tearing or wounding
Maranao
papaʔ bite, chew
Mapun
mapaʔ to chew
papaʔ-un to chew
ka-papaʔ-an for one’s teeth to be able to chew
Kadazan Dusun
papaʔ to feed a child mouth to mouth
Sasak
papaʔ premasticate rice for newborn child
WMP Old Javanese
papah the long stalk of a palm or banana leaf
Javanese
papah center stalk of palm, banana, etc.
Balinese
papah the young or green leaf of a coconut or palm tree; the sheath of a leaf
OC Arosi
haha-na frond of a palm, branch of a plant or tree that is not an ‘ai, as sago palm, coconut, cycad, screw palm
WMP Ilokano
paúd strings that attach the warp to the weaver, when weaving without a loom
Tagalog
paʔód yoke (for oxen, carabao, etc.)
Cebuano
paúd put something against or over something hard to steady it; press something against something hard with one’s weight; presss part of the body against something
Iban
paut pull towards oneself, take a share of, tug at, draw paddle towards boat; include
Malay
pahut ~ paut drag inward; carching on to anything and pulling; clinging and pulling, as a boatman using a boathook, a canoeist digging his canoe perpendicularly into water and turning the canoe with a pull, a man clinging to a plank, a wrestler tugging at his opponent, dragging a third party into a discussion to make it still livelier
CMP Ngadha
paʔu to tie, bind
OC Lukep
pau to tie
Sobei
fau to tie
Raga
vau-hi to tie, bind
Fijian
vau-ca to tie, bind
Tongan
faʔu to bind (the head); headband or turban
Rennellese
haʔu to tie, lash, as sennit
WMP Ilokano
pára the sprouting embryo of the coconut, before the cotyledon appears
Pangasinan
pála coconut pith
Makassarese
para germ of the coconut that remains in the nut and later sprouts
Wolio
para coconut embryo
OC Wuvulu
faxa coconut pith; brain
Label
hara-i sprouting tissue of a coconut
Sinaugoro
fara brain; inner part of coconut
Nggela
vara a fallen coconut beginning to grow and showing leaf
Pohnpeian
pahr spongy center of a sprouting coconut; par to sprout, of coconuts
Woleaian
fara copra sponge, copra meat
Mota
vara the shoot, plumule, of the cocoanut, as it forms first within the nut, afterwards when it shoots outside, and finally as growing up from the radicle
Lonwolwol
vaː spongy kernel of a mature coconut (which is rich in oil, and nourishing)
North Ambrym
var spongy kernel of a mature coconut
Southeast Ambrym
hal center of coconut
Rotuman
hara to sprout (coconut)
Fijian
vara spongy flesh in the kernel of a coconut before it shoots; a coconut in this stage or just shooting
WMP Bikol
pára- verbal affix, repetitive action series, infinitive-command form, used in combination with the intensive series affix pag- and verbs taking mag-, -on, i-, and -an in the regular series; magpara-bisíta repeatedly visit
Muna
para- verbal prefix on verbal bases; a-class, amenable to -um-, intransitive. Meaning: iterativity in combination with habituality. In some cases the emphasis is on the variety of the implied objects; no-para-toŋka vomit repeatedly
WMP Cebuano
palaʔ-palaʔ horizontal trellis for plants to grow on
Makassarese
para-para trellis for tendrils to creep up
WMP Ilokano
paráw a sailing vessel much larger than the biráy
Casiguran Dumagat
paraw large sailing vessel
Iban
perauʔ boat (without close or full deck, as opp. to kapal)
Malay
perahu undecked native ship. Etymologically the padao or parao of the Malabar coast, in contr. to the decked kapal
Toba Batak
parau boat, ship
Sundanese
parahu sloop, boat
Old Javanese
parahu boat
CMP Ngadha
barau boat, sail boat
Rotinese
pau boat, ship
OC Tolai
parau boat, ship; foreign, European, brought from overseas in a ship
Nehan
parau boat
OC Nauna
paral thunderclap
Nali
palan thunder
Leipon
perer thunderclap
Wuvulu
paxaxa thunderclap
Tanga
pā thunder
Label
parar thunder
Mokilese
palar thunder, thunder and lightning; to thunder
Hawaiian
palala (length unexpl.) a low or rumbling sound
WMP Itbayaten
ma-maras to cut hay, leaves, or other plants for feeding animals
p<in>aras hay or food cut out or obtained by cutting (as of sweet potato vine, banana tree); hay to be given to cows, etc.; leaves of papaya or sweet potato to be given to pigs
Tagalog
palás lopped off; levelled
Ngaju Dayak
paras smooth, even, level
Malagasy
fara scraped, scratched, smoothed
Iban
paras trim, cut even or smooth
Malay
paras trimming off asperities
me-maras to smooth
Karo Batak
paras castrate
Sundanese
paras shave off
Old Javanese
paras that which is trimmed by shaving (hair, eyebrow); razor; to shave (trim) the eyebrows
Sasak
paras shave off the eyebrows
WMP Maranao
paras face, looks, appearance
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
paras the appearance or countenance of a person
Tiruray
falas color, form, appearance; a face
Tboli
halas appearance
Iban
paras shape of the face, features
Malay
paras good looks; appearance; handsomeness
WMP Casiguran Dumagat
palásan species of rattan used for tying fences because it lasts longer than other types of rattan exposed to wind and dampness
Tagalog
palásan thick rattan used in making canes and furniture
Hanunóo
parásan a tall, mature type of rattan
Mansaka
parasan a kind of rattan (the largest type)
WMP Tagalog
paláwan large plant with stout trunk, found in ravines along streams, but also cultivated for its edible corms or as ornamental plant; has big, hastate leaves, large, stout petioles, and large rootstocks which are edible: Cyrtosperma merkush Schott.
Iban
perawan generic for ‘red meranti’ hardwood trees (Shorea spp.), as well as softwoods
Malay
pərawan a tree: Hopea spp.
WMP Yami
parek murky, as water
Itbayaten
parek wine, liquor, sugarcane wine
Ilokano
párek dregs of liquors
Bikol
parók residue, silt; sediment brought up in turbulent water; dregs left at the bottom of casks or other containers of wine or other liquor
WMP Yami
ma-parek very murky, as water
Bikol
ma-parók having a sediment, residue
WMP Dairi-Pakpak Batak
perlak enclosed garden, orchard; fruit orchard
Old Javanese
parlak dry rice field
Tae'
paʔlak cultivated field, garden
Buginese
pallaʔ enclosed garden, orchard
Makassarese
parallakk-eŋ farmyard, compound
OC Roviana
vari wood rasp
Nggela
pali rub one thing against another
Fijian
vari-a scale a fish; scratch
OC Motu
hari-a to divide, give away
Bugotu
vari heir, heritage; to inherit
Nggela
vari an heir
WMP Ilokano
pariá Momordica charantia L. A vine with yellow flowers. Its young shoots and leaves and its fruits are edible
Isneg
pariyá vine with yellow flowers and oblong, cylindric, ribbed rugose fruits, pointed at both ends: Momordica charantia L.
Kankanaey
paliá Momordica balsamina L. A slender vine with yellow flowers and rough, elongated, bitter edible fruits
Pangasinan
palyá bitter melon
Cebuano
paliyá, palíya widely cultivated vine producing an elongated fruit with wart-like skin, eaten unripe as a vegetable, having a bitter taste, Momordica charantia
Iban
periaʔ bitter gourd Momordica charantia L., a yellow-white pointed cucumber with lumpy skin, eaten raw or cooked
Malay
peria a gourd proverbial for its bitter taste: Momordica charantia
Tae'
paria climbing plant with bitter cucumber-like fruit used as a vegetable
WMP Tausug
paliyama a good or abundant harvest
Ngaju Dayak
pariama taboo word for "star"
Karo Batak
bintaŋ pariama the Seven Sisters, Pleiades
Toba Batak
pariama Pleiades
Sangir
pahiama, pohiama a constellation: the Seven Sisters, Pleiades
Mongondow
pariama the Seven Sisters (constellation)
Kaidipang
puhiama season for planting rice or other crops, as shown by the position of the stars
Tae'
pariama name of a constellation
WMP Maranao
pariaʔ succulent vegetable with quinine bitter taste: Momordica charantia L.
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
periaʔ a plant the leaves and fruit of which are eaten as a vegetable. The fruit is very bitter, but relished: Momordica charantia
Tiruray
feriyaʔ a vine, Trichosanthes quinquangulata A. Grey, Momordica charantia L.
Uma
pariaʔ vine with bitter fruit eaten as a vegetable: Momordica charantia
WMP Iban
parit ditch, drain
Maloh
parék (é unexpl.) ditch, canal
Malay
parit groove, cutting, drain; ditch or open moat
Karo Batak
parik ditch, furrow, canal
Toba Batak
parik embankment, earthen wall
Nias
fari excavated conduit; embankment
Javanese
palir furrow, gully, channel
WMP Iban
parit ditch, drain
Maloh
parék (é unexpl.) ditch, canal
Malay
parit groove, cutting, drain; ditch or open moat
Karo Batak
parik ditch, furrow, canal
Toba Batak
parik embankment, earthen wall
Nias
fari excavated conduit; embankment
Javanese
palir furrow, gully, channel
Formosan Paiwan
pariuk wok, large, round-bottomed metal pan for cooking
WMP Ilokano
pariók an iron pan with a round bottom and a short iron handle in the shape of a socket
Kankanaey
paliók iron pan with rounded bottom and short round handle
Ifugaw
palyúk broad iron pot
Tagalog
palayók, palyók earthen pot for cooking
Iban
periok cooking pot, saucepan
Malay
periok pot (usually of earthenware) for boiling rice
Sundanese
pariuk earthen pot or pan for cooking
CMP Buruese
pariu-t cooking pot
OC Lau
faro scraper for grating yams
Fijian
varo to file, saw, or rasp
Maori
wharo, wha-wharo, wharo-wharo to scrape
WMP Cebuano
palpál for the feet to get flat; flat, of feet
palpal-ún somewhat flat-footed
Iban
papar cut smooth (with adze, etc.)
WMP Ida'an Begak
parud scrape
Ngaju Dayak
ma-marut to rub (body parts, as to relieve pain)
Iban
parut grater, rasp; to grate
Malay
parut coconut grater, rasp; a piece of hard wood with a rough surface
mə-marut to rasp coconuts
Sundanese
parud a rasp
marud to rasp or grate
Javanese
parud grater
marud to grate
parud-an having been grated
Balinese
parud a rasp, file
parud-an filings, what has been rasped or filed
Sasak
parut a rasp, file
mə-marut to rasp, grate
Tae'
paruʔ to rasp, grate
pə-paruʔ a rasp, grater
CMP Rembong
parut to grate (as coconuts)
Rotinese
palu to grate (coconuts)
WMP Tagalog
pag- prefix forming verbal nouns: act of. 1. Followed by the simple root word if derived from an um verb, as um-alis 'to depart': pag-alis 'departure'. 2. Followed by the root word with the first syllable reduplicated, if derived from a mag- verb, as mag-alis 'to remove', pag-a-alis 'removal, act of removing'
Bikol
pag- nominal affix: abot 'arrive', pag-abot 'arrival'
Kadazan Dusun
pog- nominal affix: mog-odu 'to rebuke', pog-odu 'a rebuke'
Bahasa Indonesia
per- The prefix per- replaces the prefix ber- of verbs and adjectives, and so forms a noun indicating the person or instrument performing the action referred to by that verb, or possessing the quality referred to by that adjective (Macdonald and Soenjono 1967:99)
Toba Batak
par- Substantives with the prefix par- do occur without there being a corresponding verb with the prefix mar-. These substantives are derived from substantives that have a preposition before them, or from those that, with a preposition, function as adverbs ... These substantives rather represent a person and, therefore, can also be formed from intransitive verbs (van der Tuuk 1971:186)
WMP Murut (Timugon)
pag- ... -an occurs with verbs which are inflected with mag-₁, mag-₂, and man- in the subject focus (Prentice 1971:140)
Bahasa Indonesia
per- ... -an in a few cases per- replaces ber- in verbs and combines with the suffix -an to form nouns referring to the process of the action referred to by the verb; occasionally the noun refers to the place where the action is performed (Soenjono and Macdonald 1967:100)
Toba Batak
par- + N + -an makes nouns of place (Nababan 1981:95)
Formosan Puyuma (Tamalakaw)
paR- X -(en) do X times (X = numeral)
WMP Bikol
pag- X -(on) divide into X; send X at a time (X = numeral)
Malay
per-dua half
sa per-tiga-an one third (i.e. one part of something divided into three equal parts)
Karo Batak
per-dua divide into two
WMP Malay
para collective prefix implying a certain parity (used before nouns to indicate collectivities of persons sharing some vocational or other feature
Acehnese
para horde, troop
Old Javanese
para a personal demonstrative particle for a number of persons belonging to the same category
Makassarese
para all, both (in composite expressions)
SHWNG Buli
fa- plural or collective prefix on verbs
Formosan Atayal
paga the stand used for the heads taken in headhunting
WMP Yami
pala shelf above the oven that is used to dry wood
Itbayaten
paya place above the stove where firewood is kept dry
Isneg
páxa the central shelf of the three that are fixed over the hearth (used for storing bundles of rice that have to be dried before pounding)
Ifugaw
palá attic of an Ifugaw house in which rice bundles (and some other things) are stored
Pangasinan
pála place for storing pillows and mats
Tagalog
pága storage loft made of bamboo attached to ceiling
Bikol
pága storage loft made from bamboo, attached to the ceiling just above the stove, usually used for storing firewood
Hanunóo
pága shelf
Cebuano
pága shelf put above the stove; platform built close to the roof forming a loft, but not extending the entire length of the house
Maranao
paga attic
Mansaka
paga place where kitchen utensils are kept
Tboli
hala suspended platform above the firetable, used to dry wood, corn, tobacco, etc.
Berawan (Long Terawan)
pakkih storage shelf above the hearth
Kenyah (Long Anap)
paa storage rack for firewood above the hearth
Kayan
pahaʔ rack above the hearth for storing firewood
Wahau
pəhaʔ drying rack above the hearth
Kelai
phaʔ drying rack above the hearth
Mei Lan Modang
pəhaʔ drying rack above the hearth
Woq Helaq Modang
pəhaʔ drying rack above the hearth
Ngaju Dayak
pahe shelf over the hearth where firewood is placed to dry
Iban
para frame or rack over a hearth for drying or preserving things laid on it; platform for felling large trees; hide or machan for hunter in tree
Malay
para shelf or framework built over the fireplace as a receptable for cooking pots; any shelf-like upper apartment in a Malay house, serving as an attic or home for a young girl during her seclusion
Acehnese
para attic, loft (under the ceiling)
Karo Batak
para name for various racks above the fireplace (where husked rice is kept dry, cooking pots are stored, firewood is kept, etc.)
Sundanese
para attic, loft (used for storage)
Sasak
para shelf over the hearth
Sangir
paha rack used in drying copra, or in the kitchen above the hearth on which fish is smoked, etc.
Tae'
para the slanting upper portion of the front and rear facades of a house
Makassarese (Bantaeng)
para attic, loft
Wolio
paa attic, bay at the side of a house, on higher level than the floor
paa ombu smoking rack over kitchen fire
CMP Rembong
para uppermost floor of a house
Buruese
paha bamboo rack
SHWNG Waropen
ara storage rack above the hearth; loft
OC Nauna
pay shelf above the hearth for storing food, betel, etc., but not firewood
Loniu
pay smoking rack for fish and storage rack above the hearth
Nali
pay shelf above the hearth for storing firewood, etc.
Kele
pay pay
Levei
pwa shelf above the hearth for storing firewood, etc.
Mailu
wara table for smoking fish
Motu
hara platform of sticks on which meat is grilled; a gridiron
Cheke Holo
fara bamboo or wooden storage shelf, often located above a stone oven
Kwaio
bala racks in house for drying wood, etc.
'Āre'āre
para small platform, mostly above the fireplace, used as a depository
WMP Maranao
paga-paga attic-like garret
Malagasy
fara-fara bedstead; stone shelves in native tombs on which corpses are laid
Malay
para-para shelf or framework built over the fireplace as a receptacle for cooking-pots
Toba Batak
para-para wooden rack that in a Batak house runs from the door around the entire house
Tae'
para-para rack in a house where eating utensils are put
Makassarese
para-para grill on which a cooking pot is set
Wolio
paa-paa small bay at the side of a house, used for storage
CMP Rembong (Waru-Kia)
para-para uppermost floor of a house
CMP Rembong
para mutual, reciprocal
OC Tolai
wara reciprocal prefix used with verbs, e.g. kul 'to pay', wara-kul 'to pay each other'; this word often becomes wari- before r, e.g. wari-rap
WMP Bontok
pagáda the handle of the wásay axe
Kankanaey
pagáda handle (of an ax)
OC Duke of York
warara handle of a stone club or adze
Gedaged
pazaz handle (of a broom, hammer, but not of cups, etc.)
Motu
parara handle (given only in the English index)
Roviana
varara wooden handle, as of an axe, etc.
Nggela
valala handle; cross handle of an adze
Sa'a
halala to helve an axe
Puluwat
paar, pera-n handle, as of knife or saw
Woleaian
pash, pasha that part of a utensil or tool which is to be held with the hand
Lonwolwol
verɛ- handle of -
WMP Kankanaey
pagáek hoarse
Tagalog
pagák hoarse and broken (said of the voice)
Buginese
paraʔ hoarse
OC Tongan
fā hoarse, of the voice
Samoan
fā hoarse, husky
Rarotongan
ʔā hoarse, husky
Hawaiian
hā hoarse, hoarseness
OC Arosi
hara to swell, of the body; become hard and round, of a swelling
Bauro
hara a boil
Tongan
fā blister
Samoan
mata-fā boils on the face (Pratt 1984)
OC Takia
-par step, pace, tread on
Nehan
paraha put foot against something, place foot firmly
Nggela
pala-pala a ladder, steps into a house
Chuukese
fǣt-i to kick (something)
Mota
vara to tread, stamp, walk; to measure by feet
varas to stamp for something; to trample on; to trample to death, as intruders in a gamal (men’s house)
Raga
vara step
varah-i step heavily, stamp (in dance, etc.); tread on, step in, straddle
Naman
veres step on
Fijian
vā to tread softly
vā-ca to tread softly on something
WMP Casiguran Dumagat
pagátpat uncultivated tree found in mangrove swamps: Sonneratia acida (wood used for house posts)
Tagalog
pagátpat tree found in mangrove swamps: Sonneratia caseolaris (Merrill 1954)
Bikol
pagatpát tree producing a wood suitable for house posts: Sonneratia alba
Aklanon
pagátpat a tree: Sonneratia caseolaris (Linn.)
Cebuano
pagátpat tree of mangrove swamps: Sonneratia caseolaris and acida
Makassarese
parappaʔ a tree with a fruit shaped like an apple: Sonneratia oborata
Formosan Kavalan
paraw hoarse
WMP Itbayaten
ma-payaw hoarse
Ilokano
páraw hoarse
Isneg
págaw hoarse
Itawis
páhaw hoarseness
Ayta Abellan
payo hoarse
Tagalog
págaw hoarseness of voice
pagáw hoarse
Hanunóo
pagáw hoarseness
Cebuano
pagáw hoarse, become hoarse
Maranao
pagaw hoarse voice
Kayan
pahau hoarse, of voice
Iban
parau hoarse
Malay
parau hoarseness due to overmuch talking or shouting or to a cold (not of voice naturally harsh)
Acehnese
paro hoarse
Simalur
halo hoarse
Chamorro
a-fagao hoarse
WMP Ilokano
parbó the four rafters that meet the solókan (hip rafters) at their upper end, near the ridge of the roof
Hanunóo
pagbú one of the four principal rafters, frequently of bamboo, used in the Hanuno'o construction of a house roof
Aklanon
págbo beam, girder (supporting roof)
WMP Iban
perepat a tree: Sonneratia caseolaris (L.)
Malay
perepat a sea-shore tree: Sonneratia griffithii and S. acida
Proto-Sangiric
*paRəpat mangrove
Sangir
pahepaʔ a shore tree, the mangrove: Rhizophora conjugata
Mongondow
pogopat kind of ironwood tree: Metrosideros vera
OC Lakalai
vali to cut, as wood or a leaf, from a tree; remove all the limbs from a tree
'Āre'āre
hari lop off branches, cut off a bunch of bananas, betelnuts
Sa'a
hali lop off branches
Arosi
hari tear, tear off, pull off a cluster of fruit
Rotuman
fai cut or chop down (a tree or branch)
SHWNG Buli
fa- prefix used for the reciprocal form of a verb
fa-, fai- prefix which indicates that the action concerns a plural subject; with nouns it also forms collectives (e.g. rama 'sister', fa-rama-u 'sisters')
OC Mussau
ai- reciprocal or collective action (possibly fossilized in ai-obi 'fight', ai-ora 'copulate')
Label
war- reciprocal prefix
Cheke Holo
fari- reciprocal prefix; simultaneously, mutually (e.g. fari-gamu 'eat together')
Bugotu
vari- prefix denoting reciprocity
Arosi
hari- reciprocal prefix generally having the force of united action, rather than mutual action
Gilbertese
ai- prefix to some words having the meaning of reciprocity; ex., hit one another, look at each other, follow one another, etc.
Woleaian
fe- reciprocal prefix, attached to ŋal 'to' and taŋ 'away from'
Mota
var- prefix, 1. of reciprocity, 2. of plurality (e.g. children crying all together)
Rotuman
hai- prefix forming reciprocal verbs
Fijian
vei- a prefix. Added to nouns it forms a collective plural (vale 'house', vei-vale 'a group of houses'). Added to verbs it makes reciprocals. It may also be added to names of relationships to produce a reciprocal sense: vei-taci-ni 'brother and sister', the taci relationship
Tongan
fe- the so-called reciprocal prefix... It may be: (a) actional, (b) habituative, (c) invigorative, (d) accelerative, (e) communal, indicating united or simultaneous action, (f) collaborative, (g) reciprocal, (h) competitive, (i) reciprocative, meaning hither and thither, or in (or to or from) various directions
Samoan
fe- prefix to word-bases, used either alone or in combination with a suffix...(a) when fe- is used without a suffix it may denote the plural...(b) when used in combination with a suffix...fe- may denote (i) the plural, (ii) a reciprocal process, (iii) an action or process carried out here and there, up and down, hither and thither, all around, quickly, etc.
Rennellese
he-...ʔaki common affix indicating reciprocal or plural action
WMP Malay
perigi well, spring
Sundanese
parigi excavated ditch or canal
Old Javanese
parigi low encircling wall of stones (of yard, trees), paved (terraced?) bank or slope (of pond)
Sasak
perigi stone rim (edge, wall); rim of road, pond or well
Proto-Sangiric
*paRigi well
Sangir
pahighi pit, well
Wolio
parigi ditch, moat
Formosan Siraya
pagig stingray
WMP Ilokano
pági kind of ray whose meat is esteemed
Itawis
pági stingray
Casiguran Dumagat
pagí sting ray, genus Dasyatis
Tagalog
pági ray fish
Bikol
pági stingray
Hanunóo
pági sting ray, devil ray, rayfish
Abaknon
pahi stingray
Aklanon
pági ray, ray fish
Cebuano
pági general term for rays
Maranao
pagi stingray
Bintulu
pai stingray
Melanau (Mukah)
pai stingray
Melanau Dalat (Kampung Teh)
pay stingray
Ngaju Dayak
pahi stingray (skin used as a rasp or grater, and in polishing rough surfaces)
Malagasy
fai kind of fish with a rough skin; rough
Iban
pariʔ skate; ray. Generic for sting-rays (Trygonidae), electric rays (Torpedinae), and eagle-rays (Myliobatidae)
bintaŋ pari Southern Cross (constellation)
kikir pari skate-skin grater
Malay
bintaŋ pari a constellation, the Southern Cross
Acehnese
paròë stingray
bintaŋ paròë a constellation, the Southern Cross
Simalur
hali stingray
bintun hali a constellation, the Southern Cross
Karo Batak
pari stingray
Javanese
pe stingray
Balinese
pahi a species of shark
Sasak
pai, pari stingray
Proto-Minahasan
*pahi ray fish
Mongondow
pagi stingray; also a constellation: the Stingray
Gorontalo
pahi kind of marine fish with skin like sandpaper
Kaidipang
pagi stingray
Buginese
pari stingray
CMP Bimanese
fai stingray
Ngadha
pari sawfish
Sika
pari fish a fathom long
Kambera
pari stingray
Rotinese
hai stingray
Selaru
ar stingray
Yamdena
fari kind of ray fish; the constellation Scorpio
Fordata
fari stingray; the constellation Scorpio
Kei
fār stingray; the constellation Scorpio
Seit
ali stingray
Soboyo
ahi stingray
SHWNG Kowiai/Koiwai
far stingray
Sawai
fa stingray
Buli
fā stingray
Mayá
ꞌfa³ stingray
OC Nali
pey stingray
Ahus
pay the smallest kind of stingray
Kele
pei stingray
Levei
pep stingray
Lindrou
bey stingray
Bipi
pay stingray
Wuvulu
pai stingray
Mendak
wa stingray
Tanga
fe stingray
Label
war stingray
Kove
pali stingray
Gedaged
paz stingray
Gitua
par stingray
Kilivila
vai stingray
Molima
vali stingray
Takuu
hai stingray
Cheke Holo
vali stingray
Nggela
vali a species of fish, ray, skate
Lau
fali stingray
'Āre'āre
hari stingray
Sa'a
hali stingray
Arosi
hari stingray
Gilbertese
bai-manu giant ray, manta ray (Polynesian loan)
Puluwat
fáári-yáp kind of large but harmless ray fish
fáyi ray fish
Woleaian
fai-ya file (a tool); rayfish (general term)
Mota
var, vari stingray
Vatrata
ver stingray
Mosina
ver stingray
Merig
ver stingray
Piamatsina
vari stingray
Peterara
vari stingray
Atchin
ni-va stingray
Lingarak
ne-va stingray
Axamb
ni-ve stingray
Maxbaxo
ni-ve stingray
Bonkovia
vi stingray
Pwele
fai stingray
Lelepa
pai stingray
Efate (South)
fai stingray
Canala
pe stingray
Rotuman
hai stingray
Fijian
vai a ray or skate, Raiidae; also a string figure
Tongan
fai skate or sting-ray
fai kili kind of skate or sting-ray with very hard, rough skin from which rasps are made
Samoan
fai sting-ray, Dasyatis sp.
Rennellese
hai general for rays and skate-like fishes
Maori
whai Dasyatis brevicaudatus, sting-ray and Raja nasuta, skate
te whai a titipa the "coalsack", a dark spot near the Southern Cross; cat's-cradle; play at cat's-cradle
WMP Tagalog
pali-manók Javan cow-nosed ray
OC Kwaio
fali-manu manta ray
'Āre'āre
hari-manu big ray fish
Tongan
fai-manu kind of skate or sting-ray
Kapingamarangi
hai-manu fish sp.: bar ray
Hawaiian
hī-hī-manu various stingrays (Dasyatidae) and eagle rays (Myliobatidae) (with assimilation of *hai-hai to hī-hī).
OC Nggela
valo pierce a hole in a porpoise tooth, so as to string it
Kwaio
falo drill a hole
falo-falo a drill
'Āre'āre
haro pierce, bore, drill
Sa'a
halo bore into with circular motion, as feet into sand; twist a stick in making a hole; the flint point of a drill, haro mao
Nukuoro
hao drill through, burrow
hao-ŋa a hole in something
Maori
whao perforate, chisel out
OC Nggela
valo rob openly, take and keep, refuse to return, an open act, unlike gito, steal
valo-valo to rob
Samoan
fao snatch, seize, grab; rob (of belongings, money, spouse)
Hawaiian
hao scoop or pick up; grasp, pillage, plunder; robber
WMP Ilokano
párut pull up, grub up, uproot, pluck up by the roots, pull off, pluck (feathers, hair, etc.)
Ifugaw
pálut pull out grass, weeds, small plants including the roots
Pangasinan
pálot pull out
Gorontalo
pahuto uproot (plants), unsheathe (weapon)
OC Kwaio
falu remove, pluck
OC Kilivila
pasa swamp
Marshallese
pat swamp
Puluwat
paat swamp
peta-n its swamp
WMP Ilokano
pásaŋ counterpart, match
ag-ka-pásaŋ to form a pair, to match
i-pásaŋ to substitute, give in exchange; transfer; endorse
Maranao
pasaŋ-an set, as of kolintang (gongs) or buttons
Tiruray
fasaŋ-an a set of five Tiruray tuned gongs
Yakan
mag-pasaŋ(-pasaŋ) to be approximately the same size (of people and animals); it is always comparative
Tausug
pasaŋ a pair, set (of material things)
pasaŋ-un to put things together into sets or groups
Kadazan Dusun
pasaŋ pair
ka-pasaŋ suitable as a pair
pi--pasaŋ-on to be put into pairs
sa-pasaŋ one pair
Iban
sa-pasaŋ a pair
Malay
pasaŋ pair; (slang) to couple (kasut sa pasaŋ ‘a pair of boots’)
Acehnese
pasaŋ pair, team, spouse, partner, equal
Simalur
sa-pasaŋ one pair
pasaŋ-an yoke on the neck of a carabao
Karo Batak
pasaŋ a pair; belonging together
si-pasaŋ ras forming a set; in agreement with
Toba Batak
pasaŋ matching, going together
sa-pasaŋ one pair
Nias
sa-fasa a pair
Lampung
pasaŋ pair
sa-pasaŋ one pair
Sundanese
pasaŋ pair, team
sa-pasaŋ one pair
pasaŋ-an yoke for a team of draught animals
Old Javanese
sa-pasaŋ one yoke or pair, one cart
a-pasaŋ-pasaŋ-an arm in arm
pasaŋ-an yoke
Javanese
pasaŋ pair (of shoes, etc.), team (as of draught animals)
pasaŋ-an yoke (for draught animals)
Balinese
pasaŋ pair (of inanimate objects); a distich, a couplet in verse
ha-pasaŋ one pair
pasaŋ-an a couple, pair
Sasak
pasaŋ pair, team (of animals and objects)
sə-pasaŋ one pair
pasaŋ-an one of a pair
Wolio
pasa pair (e.g. of shoes), team (of horses); set; make a pair, match well, be well suited, be alike, be equal
Muna
pasa match, equal, rival; pair (male and female)
pasa-no mbadha marriage partner (lit. ‘match of body’)
po-pasa to pair up (in games)
pasa-e just like, exactly like
CMP Rembong
pasaŋ to match; a pair
Kambera
pahaŋu pair; form a pair; agree or fit with one another
OC Sa'a
hata to go together, to accompany one another
WMP Tagalog
pásaŋ a well-adjusted wedge
mag-pásaŋ to wedge; to put in a wedge
p<um>ásaŋ to go or enter through a narrow passage
Bikol
mag-pásaŋ to fit the head of an axe on the handle by splitting an end of the handle so that it may be wedged tight in the head
Maranao
pasaŋ to aim, as a firearm
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
pasaŋ to place a leaf-bound resin lamp in a holder made of a piece of wood which is partially split so that the lamp may be wedged in it
Malay
pasaŋ putting in use or order or motion, as saddling or harnessing a horse, firing a cannon, hoisting a flag, setting a sail, lighting a lamp, setting up a machine, buttoning, etc.
Gayō
pasaŋ insert
Karo Batak
pasaŋ insert (in a game)
Toba Batak
pasaŋ prepare, use; prepare for use
Javanese
pasaŋ to put in place, set up
WMP Maranao
pasaŋ to bet, as in card game
Javanese
pasaŋ to place a bet
Muna
pasa stake one’s money (in gambling)
WMP Ida'an Begak
pasaŋ sea
Ngaju Dayak
pasaŋ flood tide (opposite of ebb tide)
Malay
pasaŋ tidal flow, in constrast to surut (ebb)
pasaŋ anak neap tide
pasaŋ bah tide causing inundation
pasaŋ bəsar spring tide
Toba Batak
pasaŋ flood tide
Javanese
pasaŋ rising of flood waters
Tae'
pasaŋ flood tide
Formosan Thao
pataqaz shoulder pole (one person, two loads)
mataqaz carry on a shoulder pole
WMP Tagalog
pasán a load or burden on the shoulders; burden; what is carried; a load (of things, care or work in physical or moral sense)
pasan-ín to carry on the shoulder
Bikol
paʔsán carry on the shoulder
Cebuano
pasʔán carry something over the shoulders
Mongondow
mo-motaan carry on the shoulder
potaan-on take it on your shoulder!
Bare'e
mam-pasaʔa carry on the shoulder
CMP Tetun
hasan carry on the shoulders
OC Mendak
pasa a plant: Vitex cofassus
Patpatar
vasara a plant: Vitex cofassus
Lakalai
la-vasa a plant: Vitex cofassus
Marovo
vasara a plant: Vitex cofassus
Nggela
vaha a plant: Vitex cofassus
Lau
fata species of hardwood: Vitex cofassus
Sa'a
hata hardwood tree
Fijian
vasa a plant: Cerbera odollam
Formosan Amis
pacek a nail, nails
mi-pacek to nail, hammer a nail into
Puyuma
pasek nail; hammer in a nail
mi-pasek have a nail in
WMP Itbayaten
pasek nail
i-pask-en dowel, made of tañod (mulberry) tree
Kankanaey
pásek wedge
Ifugaw
páhok wedge used to cleave logs before they can be split and serve as firewood
Bikol
pások wooden peg
mag-pások put something together with such pegs
Maranao
pasek post, pillar
Tombonuwo
pasok pole
Kenyah (Long Anap)
pasək insert something into something else
masək enter
Iban
pasak treenail, dowel, peg, wedge; fix with these
Malay
pasak fastening or tightening with a bolt, peg or wedge
pasak-kan sepatu kuda to shoe a horse
Rejang
pasoʔ nail (metal)
Mori Bawah
paso wooden peg, nail
CMP Komodo
paséʔ to plant (as rice, or bananas)
Manggarai
pacek drive in a stake (in making a fence); to plant, as rice; planted
Ngadha
paso to plant, as rice
Dobel
ʔa-yayi to plant
OC Vitu
vazo ~ vazo-vazo to plant
vazoh-ia to be planted
Gitua
vazok to plant
Motu
hado ~ hado-hado to plant
Gabadi
vago to plant crops
Tawala
wago plant by pushing into the ground; to strike a cutting
Proto-Micronesian
*faSo planted; to plant; a planted thing
Gilbertese
arok-a a plant, cultivated plants
Pohnpeian
pɔd to be planted
pɔdok to plant (something)
Chuukese
fóto planting
Puluwat
fót to plant, insert, pick out, select; to be inserted, selected
Woleaian
fat a plant
fato-gi plant it, put it in place
fato-go plant set aside for a particular purpose, usually for planting at a new taro patch or new garden
Mota
was to drive a hole, make a hole by hammering in some tool, as to drive holes through the plank side-pieces with a shell tool, and lash them to the hull
OC Nggela
vahi-kolu to plant yams
Lau
fasi to plant
'Āre'āre
hasi-a to plant (of food except taro)
Arosi
hasi to plant
hasi-a planted
Fijian
vasi to plant yams in the same ground two or more years in succession
WMP Tagalog
pásig a river that flows into the sea; sandy bank of a river
Cebuano
pasíg shoals, a shallow place in a body of water; for a water-covered area to become shallow
Mansaka
pasíg shallow rocky place in the sea
Iban
pasir sand, sandbank; mudbank
pasir buŋa fine sand
pasir keresik quicksand
Malay
pasir sand; sandy stretch; sand-like
pasir bəlanak sandy sea bottom that holds anchors well (lit. ‘mullet sand’)
pasir panjaŋ stretch of sandy beach
buŋa pasir fine sand particles on still water
ibu pasir gravel, shingle
Acehnese
pasi beach, sand
Old Javanese
pasi-si sea; beach, strand, shore
Balinese
pasih the sea
Totoli
pasig sandbank
Tajio
pasig sandbank
Ampibabo-Lauje
pasig coral reef
Bare'e
pasigi reef, shoal, sandbank
pasigi malulu sea grass
Tae'
pasiʔ sand
batu pasiʔ sandstone
WMP Tagalog
pasig-an sandy bank of a river
Malay
pasir-an sand; sandy stretch; sand-like
Balinese
pasih-pasih-an a small pool, pond
Formosan Kavalan
p<m>aspas to hit with a stick, to strike with a stick or twig
Amis
pacpac beat hard; thresh out; hit with twigs
WMP Bikol
paspás a method of threshing in which the rice is beaten with sticks
WMP Yami
paspas remove dirt; remove bad luck
Itbayaten
pa-paspas-en to shake something so that dirt or something inserted comes out
Ifugaw
pahpá(h) to purify, cleanse; applied to wounds
Tagalog
pag-pa-paspás dusting (by sweeping, fanning or flicking action)
Waray-Waray
pag-paspás the act of wiping off mud and moisture from shoes or feet; the act of shaking off or getting rid of, as dust, etc.
paspas-í to shake or dust off
Cebuano
paspas duster; stick with strips of paper at the end to chase away flies; drive flies away with a fly whisk; hit someone with a duster or a fly whisk
Binukid
paspas to dust, brush, sweep off (an area)
Mansaka
paspas to brush away (as dust); to drive away; to exile (as person)
Mapun
mapas to remove something by slapping, banging, brushing off (as when slapping a ball out of someone’s hand, banging an eraser against something to remove the built up chalk, brushing a bug off of one’s arm
Tausug
mag-paspas to get rid of by brushing off; to brush off (something)
paspas-i brush it off (imper.)
Ngaju Dayak
papas broom; what is swept
ma-mapa-mapas sweep away a little
Malagasy
fafa sweeping, cleaning off
ma-fafa exhaused, empty, gone
ma-mafa to sweep, to wipe, to clear away
mi-fafa to sweep, to wipe, to clear away
ma-maspas to shake out, beat out dust from clothing
WMP Yami
paspas-an remove grime
Itbayaten
paspas-an to remove dirt or dust by brushing, to brush off or away
Kapampangan
paspas-an sponge bathe, dab something on, whisk
Waray-Waray
paspas-an doormat
WMP Hanunóo
paspás dripping of rain from eaves
Kadazan Dusun
papas ditch, drain, channel
ma-mapas to make a ditch or channel
ka-papas-an act of making a ditch, drain, channel
Dairi-Pakpak Batak
paspas-en a place on the ground where rain dripping from a roof makes a groove or channel; the dripline from a house (which is made by rain dripping from the roof)
WMP Hanunóo
paspás-an ditch formed by rain dripping from eaves; rain ditch
Kadazan Dusun
papas-an to make a ditch for
WMP Ilokano
paspas-án to do quickly
na-paspás quick
Casiguran Dumagat
paspas to work energetically
Ibaloy
paspas fast, quick, speedy
Tagalog
paspás spurt or burst of speed, activity or effort
Bikol
paspás fast, quick, rapid
mag-paspás to be quick, to accelerate
pa-paspas-on to make something run faster (as a vehicle)
paspas-éro speedster, speed demon (with Spanish agentive ending)
Aklanon
páspas to hurry up, speed up, go faster; fast, quick, hurried; rash, too quick
Waray-Waray
paspás fast; sudden; swift; prompt; quickly; with haste; rapidly
pag-paspás the act of hurrying up; haste; a hurry; quickness of movement or action
paspas-í to hurry up; be hasty; get faster; rush up
Agutaynen
paspas quickly, in a rush
Cebuano
paspas fast in motion or doing something; do something hurriedly, get to be fast
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
paspas to do something in a hurry
Tiruray
fasfas to hurry something; quick, speedy
Tausug
mag-paspas to put forth a sudden burst of speed, exert physical effort
paspas-i speed up! (imper.)
WMP Ibaloy
paspas-an to do something quickly
Agutaynen
paspas-an do something quickly, at once, nonstop, or in a rush
Mapun
paspas-an to speed up (when doing something); to do something faster
Yakan
paspas-an to speed up an action
Formosan Puyuma
pasu cheek bone
WMP Paku
pahu cheek
Old Javanese
pasu root of the nose
Makassarese
pasu prominent cheek bones
Chamorro
fasu cheek, face
CMP Bimanese
pahu face
Manggarai
pacu cheek
Li'o
pasu cheek
Selaru
asu-ke cheek, jaw, molar teeth
Kamarian
asu cheek
Proto-Sub-Ambon
*pasu- cheek
OC Mekeo (East)
paku forehead
Bileki
vasu forehead
Dobuan
asu forehead
Nggela
vau-vahu eyebrow
Arosi
vasu-vasu- eyebrow
Marshallese
yāt eyebrow
Fijian
vacu the eyebrows
OC Hote
vau bear a child, give birth; bear fruit
Bugotu
vahu bring forth, give birth to
Nggela
vahu to bear, give birth to; be born
Paamese
vas give birth, have a child
Formosan Amis
pacok to slaughter, to kill with a knife or sword
Amis (Kiwit)
mi-patsuk to stab
WMP Tagalog
pások entry; entrance; act of entering; admission; infiltration
Iban
pasok enter into or upon, begin, go into
WMP Ngaju Dayak
masok enter, go into
Iban
masok enter into or upon, begin
Malay
masok entry; admission into
masok-i to enter
Toba Batak
masuk to enter
CMP Hawu
mahu to enter, go inside
WMP Kankanaey
pásoŋ upper jawbone
Javanese
pasuŋ bridge of the nose, root of the nose
CMP Sika
pahuŋ cheek
WMP Itbayaten
paso roast (imper.)
ma-maso to roast, to broil (root crops, meat)
Ivatan
paso to roast, broil
Ibatan
ma-maso to roast over hot coals
Isneg
páso heat
na-páso hot
Itawis
pátu heat
na-pátu hot (of things)
Tagalog
pásoʔ a scald; a burn; injury caused by fire or heat; burnt; scalded; seared
p<um>ásoʔ to burn slightly
Bikol
mag-pásoʔ to deliberately burn, scorch or scald; to cauterize
Inati
pasoʔ to burn
Agutaynen
pa-maso something which causes a caustic burn
Tausug
pasuʔ heat, warmth, high temperature; anger, temper
pasuʔ atay hot temper, short temper
Proto-Minahasan
*pasuʔ hot
Tondano
pasuʔ hot
Tontemboan
pasoʔ warm, hot
WMP Ilokano
ma-páso to be scalded, burnt
Tagalog
ma-pásoʔ to be burnt, scalded or injured by burning; to be seared (as by a hot iron)
Bikol
ma-pásoʔ to get burned, scalded, scorched
Agutaynen
ma-paso for the skin to be accidentally burned or scalded by hot or caustic substances
Tausug
ma-pasuʔ hot, warm (weather, body temperature); unlucky (of a day or month; e.g. for planting)
Tontemboan
ma-pasoʔ heat up something, become warm or hot
Mongondow
mo-patuʔ warm
WMP Itawis
ka-patw-án hot (of persons)
Tontemboan
ka-pasoʔ-an affected by heat
WMP Itbayaten
paso-en to roast, to barbecue
Ilokano
pasú-en to singe wounds (to disinfect)
Isneg
pasow-án to heat
Tagalog
pasúʔ-in to burn slightly, e.g. the skin of a person or animal
Bikol
pasúʔ-en to deliberately burn, scorch or scald; to cauterize
Tausug
pasuʔ-un to heat (something)
WMP Ilokano
patáni lima bean: Phaseolus lunatus
Bontok
patáni lima bean: Phaseolus lunatus Linn.
patani-ən to gather this bean
Tagalog
patániʔ lima bean
Hanunóo
patáni lima beans (Phaseolus lunatus Linn.), the largest type of beans cultivated by the Hanunóo
Cebuano
patániʔ lima bean: Phaseolus lunatus
WMP Sambal (Botolan)
pátaʔ to break bones of something or someone
Maranao
pataʔ cut down
Iban
patah break, snap (something long) (Scott 1956); broken, snap, break across (Richards 1981)
Malay
patah fracture; the snapping of a stick or limb
Sasak
pataʔ cut rice stalks, harvest the rice
Uma
pataʔ cut through
CMP Hawu
pada broken
WMP Ilokano
pantár treeless plain; (in some districts) shore, land immediately bordering on a stream
Ayta Abellan
patal an extensive tract of level, open land
ma-patal a flat, level place
Maranao
pantar level, flat, even, plane surface
Kelabit
patar alluvial plain
Malay
patar wooden rasp
Sundanese
pantar equal (in age, height, strength, beauty, etc.)
Banggai
pantal flat, level
CMP Manggarai
pantar flat nest (as the nest of the turtle-dove)
WMP Tagalog
pantal-án wooden or bamboo pier
Toba Batak
pantar shelf in wood-shed made of wooden or bamboo laths; also the support for a mattress made of sugar-palm mid-ribs
CMP Yamdena
fatar bamboo-slat bed
SHWNG Windesi
patar bed, sleeping place
Numfor
faker foundation of stones, wood, etc.
OC Motu
pata shelf, table
Dobuan
pata-patara platform
Molima
vata-vatala canoe platform
'Āre'āre
hā stage, shelf, small platform above the fireplace, used as a depository
Fijian
vata shelf, loft, platform; bed in a corner of a native house
Samoan
fata shelf, trestle
Hawaiian
haka shelf, perch, platform
WMP Maranao
patag-an height, rampart, level part
Iban
pantar raised floor or bench built in or next to front wall of longhouse
OC Seimat
hata-hat shelf above the hearth for drying fish, etc.
Tawala
watala shelf
Arosi
haa platform built on the edge of the reef for fishing
Mokilese
paj-paj platform for drying copra
Tongan
fata loft or wide rack (for sleeping on, or for keeping food or other things on); stretcher, litter
Niue
fata shelf, stage, cage, upper story of a house, stretcher
Samoan
fata shelf, as of bamboo; stretcher, litter
Tuvaluan
fata shelf of thin sticks across house above head height for the storage of coconuts, etc.
Kapingamarangi
hada platform on outrigger boom; wooden bed
Rennellese
hata platform, canoe platform, perch, shelf; raised floors of present-day houses; the ancient traditional house and its platform; perch formerly used in netting doves
Anuta
pata storage shelf inside a house
Rarotongan
ata an elevated staging erected especially for storing food and for other purposes
Maori
whata elevated stage for storing food and for other purposes
Hawaiian
haka shelf, perch, platform; roost, as for chickens; fish spear rack; rack for suspending water gourds or other household objects; rack attached to booms of double canoe to hold spears; ladder
WMP Ilokano
pátar level
pátar ti baybay sea level
patár-en to level, flatten
Casiguran Dumagat
pátag level, not hilly, of ground
Tagalog
pátag even; level; flat
Cebuano
pátag for an area to be flat and level; flat, level lands, plains
ka-patág-an plains
Central Tagbanwa
patag plain
Binukid
patag expanse of flat lands, plains; for an area to be flat, level; to cause something to be flat, to level something
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
patag level, flat
Lun Dayeh
fatar a plain or flat land
Kelabit
patar alluvial plain
Banggai
patal flat, level
WMP Maranao
patag-an level part
Banggai
patal-an plain (Formosan only)
Formosan Atayal
patas tattoo
Seediq
patas tattooing (original); book, writing (modern)
Favorlang/Babuza
pattas to paint, write
Thao
patash write, writing
Bunun
patas write
Formosan Atayal
matas to tattoo
Seediq
matas to write, paint, tattoo
Thao
matash to write
Formosan Atayal
pətas-an be tattooed
Seediq
pətas-an place or instrument for writing or studying
Thao
patash-an what is written: letter, book, word
Bunun
patas-an what is written down: words
WMP Yami
pataw fishing bob, buoy
pa-pataw-en flying fish with red fins, can be used as bait; the most common type of flying fish
Itbayaten
pataw float, buoy
ma-pataw buoyant
pataw-en a species of flying fish
Ibatan
pātaw a buoy, float, or any floating device
Ilokano
pátaw buoy; float; anchor; (fig.) anything used for support in times of danger
ag-pátaw to swim by using a flotation device
Pangasinan
patáw buoy; to float
Tagalog
pátaw ballast; a buoy
Cebuano
patáw buoy tied to something; buoy used to hold up fishing nets, used to mark a fish trap in the sea, used to mark an unattended fishing line tied to a rope with a harpoon to hold the fish back, etc.; use a float, fasten a float to a rope
Maranao
pataw float for net
WMP Tagalog
patíd to cut, cut off
Bikol
mag-patód to deliberately snap something
ma-patód to snap, break, as a string
Maranao
pated block, log; cut, chop
Binukid
pated pieces of uncut round timber
Kadazan Dusun
patod cut into two pieces; to cross, as a road
Tae'
patiʔ chop off, usually of bamboo
WMP Bikol
patod-ón be deliberately snapped
Kadazan Dusun
patod-on to be cut into two pieces
WMP Singhi Land Dayak
patok parts of gun; hammer
Wolio
pato make a sound, tok!
WMP Tagalog
patláŋ interval; space between; gap; a break in continuity
patlaŋ-án to put a space between two things
Malay
pəlaŋ striped; banded in coloring (less correctly) pied
WMP Casiguran Dumagat
patí also, too; even
Pangasinan
patí even, including, together with
Kapampangan
pati and, including, also
Tagalog
patí including; also; moreover; too; likewise
Bikol
patí an expression with the following meanings: also, too, even, including
Hanunóo
patí even; a more common term is haŋgán ‘even, even to, even including’)
Agutaynen
pati including; even; also (This is a Tagalog word, but is widely used nowadays, especially by younger people)
OC Loniu
hat break up (firewood), pick or break off (corn, but not fruit)
Niue
fati to snap, break off; to break, of waves
Hawaiian
haki to break, as a stick; broken
WMP Cebuano
pátik tattoo, mark with a brand
Binukid
patik a tattoo; to tattoo part of the body
Ngaju Dayak
ba-patik to tattoo, scratch figures into the skin
Sundanese
paték framboesia
Javanese
patik spots, freckles
paṭèk framboesia
WMP Ilokano
patík sound of the slipper against the heel
Tagalog
patík pick-axe
Hanunóo
patík tapping on the rim of metal dance gongs with pamatík (set of bamboo tappers)
Aklanon
patík beat, rhythm, count (in music) drumstick
Iban
pantik to nail
Malay
panték striking together two hard substances, esp. flint and steel
WMP Binukid
patiyukan kind of honeybee
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
petiyukan a large honeybee which makes a paper nest
Sangil
patiukaŋ bee
Bisaya (Lotud)
potiukan bee
Proto-Sangiric
*patiukan bee
Sangir
katiupaŋ <M bee
Proto-Minahasan
*patiukan large bee sp.
Tontemboan
patiukan kind of large bee
Mongondow
pasiukan bee, wasp
SHWNG Numfor
fakok forked sticks that connect the outrigger float to the booms
OC Gedaged
patot kind of tree; wooden pegs made from the wood of a patot tree. They are used to fasten the aiad (outrigger booms) to the sam (outrigger float) of a canoe
Tawala
patoto spikes (vertical) on outrigger
Tubetube
patoto canoe outrigger vertical cross supports
Mota
vatoto pins which fasten the yoke-pieces to the outrigger of a canoe
Wayan
vatoto sticks fastening the outrigger (cama) to the booms which connect it to the hull of a canoe
WMP Ibatan
patpat slash down vegetation to clear the land
Bontok
patpát to cut down, as reeds or sugarcane, by slashing the plants close to the ground; to clear undergrowth in this manner; sugarcane harvest; to harvest sugarcane
Ifugaw
patpát to cut off or cut down growing vegetation by swaying one’s knife to and fro, e.g. grass, canes, sugarcane plants
Ibaloy
me-matpat to cut down something with repeated strokes (as high grass, sugarcane)
i-patpat to use something for this purpose (as a bolo)
Malay (Brunei)
papat to cut, lop off
WMP Itbayaten
patpat-en to cut
Ilokano
patpát-en to clut down, clear the land of trees
Kankanaey
patpát-en to clear a field; to cut down, to cut off, to cut out (bushes, reeds, etc.)
OC Mussau
patu joint (of elbow, knee); node (of sugarcane, etc.)
Nggela
patu joint in bamboo; knot
OC Takia
pat-pat hard, firm
Dobuan
patu-patu hard, of fat, sago
Bugotu
patu hard, firm, taut
Nggela
patu hard; to make firm
'Āre'āre
pau-pau firm, hard
WMP Ilokano
pantók top, apex, summit (mountains, houses); tip of the nose (when long)
pátok summit, apex, top, peak, crest
Javanese
paṭuk promontory
Formosan Pazeh
patuk to strike against
WMP Yami
patok bang; nail
pa-patok a hammer
patok-en to pound, bang
Cebuano
pantuk knock something against something else
Maranao
patok axe, hatchet
Ngaju Dayak
patok biting, pecking (as cocks pecking one another)
Malagasy
fántoka a nail, a brad, a spike
Moken
matok chop a tree partly through, lop off
Malay
patok to peck (of a bird)
p<əl>atok woodpecker
Karo Batak
pantuk to peck, bite
Javanese
paṭok picket, post (pounded into the ground as a sign)
di-paṭok-i firmly pounded in (of a post)
patuk beak; pecked (Pigeaud 1938)
Sasak
pantok woodpecker spp.; hit, strike; play a percussion instrument
OC Luangiua
paku to strike with the fist
Rarotongan
patu to smite, strike, dash
Maori
patu to strike, beat, thrash; subdue; kill; pound (fern root, etc.); also used of washing clothes
Hawaiian
paku to unite portions of tapa by beating
WMP Agutaynen
patoŋ a type of bamboo which grows very large but without thorns
Cebuano
patuŋ kind of thick, straight and smooth bamboo: Gigantochloa levis
Tausug
patuŋ bamboo
Tombonuwo
patuŋ a type of thick bamboo
Malay
p-em-atoŋ bamboo conduit
Mongondow
patuŋ kind of bamboo used as a water vessel
Bare'e
patu kind of large bamboo: Dendrocalamus flagellifer
Tae'
patuŋ, pattuŋ kind of large bamboo: D. flagellifer
Makassarese
pattuŋ kind of large bamboo
WMP Tagalog
patugo a cycad: Cycas rumphii
Gorontalo
patuhu a cycad: Cycas rumphii
OC Mussau
otou <A a cycad: Cycas rumphii
OC Tolai
vau Kleinhovia hospita
Fijian
vau Kleinhovia hospita
WMP Palauan
uáuʔ tree in periwinkle family: Ochrosia oppositifolia
Chamorro
fagoʔ a tree: Ochrosia oppositifolia
OC Tongan
fao tree with white flowers and coarse-husked oval fruit about 3" long: Ochrosia parviflora
Samoan
fao small shore tree (Ochrosia sp.)
Tuvaluan
fao tree sp.: Ochrosia oppositifolia
Hawaiian
hao all native species of a genus of small trees (Rauvolfia) related to the maile and the hōlei. Four or five narrow leaves are borne together at joints of branches; many small, yellowish flowers develop, and then small, black, flattened, twinned, inverted, heart-shaped fruits
WMP Ilokano
pawíkan sea turtle
Casiguran Dumagat
pawikan large sea turtle; to hunt for sea turtles by going along the beach at night with torches, looking for the females which come ashore to lay their eggs
Tagalog
pawíkan tortoise; the large turtle that lives more in the sea
Bikol
pawíkan tortoise
Aklanon
pawíkan large sea turtle
Waray-Waray
pawíkan turtle
Hiligaynon
pawíkan sea turtle
Cebuano
pawíkan sea turtle; be affected by a sea turtle, i.e. be unable to come apart in intercourse (from sorcery where the penis of a sea turtle is hidden in the clothing of an adulterer so that he cannot disengage when he has intercourse)
p<in>awíkan crying with a profuse flow of tears (like a sea turtle is said to do)
pawikan-un tending to cry easily (as women)
Maranao
pawikan giant turtle
Sangir
puikaŋ turtle
Tombulu
puikan sea turtle
Tontemboan
poikan sea turtle
WMP Chamorro
faya anchovy: Thrissina baelama (family Engraulidae)
OC Ponam
pa anchovy
Manam
waya-waya sardine
Gitua
paya anchovy, pilchard
Bunama
haya kind of anchovy
Fijian
vaya small fish like the daniva (similar to a sardine), but with a red tail
Samoan
fā fish (Megalops sp.) found in marshes and river mouths
CMP Yamdena
fayan beachworm; bait
OC Sa'a
pasa the stern bonito hook, trailed behind the canoe, made anciently of clam with a tortoise shell barb
Woleaian
pa bait, anything used as a lure
Fijian
baca worm; hence bait for fishing
Hawaiian
pā pearl-shell lure
WMP Bontok
payápay to beckon; to flap, of the ears of some pigs
Kankanaey
i-payápay to beckon, to call beckoning with the hand
Casiguran Dumagat
payapáy to beckon with the hand for someone to come to you
Ibaloy
man-payapay to wave, flap (as a blanket on the back of a running person)
Hanunóo
payapáy fin of a fish
Maranao
payapay shake, tremble, vibrate; wave
WMP Tiruray
fayaʔ difficult, oppressive, taxing
Ngaju Dayak
payah Ach! (expression of complaint)
Malay
payah difficult (of work); serious (of illness); hard (of times)
kə-payah-an difficulties; poverty
Sundanese
payah suffer serious sickness or pain; seriously ill; near death
Javanese
payah weary
Balinese
payah extremely lean, thin
WMP Itbayaten
paypay idea of waving hands (as a greeting or sign)
ma-maypay to fan
paypay-an to fan
paypay-en to wave hands
Ilokano
paypáy a fan
ag-paypáy to fan oneself
paypáy-an to fan someone
Bontok
paypáy to beckon; to flap, of the ears of some pigs
Casiguran Dumagat
paypáy to fan, as to fan oneself on a hot day, or to fan a fire
Ibaloy
man-paypay to wave, stir the air (as flag, shirt tail or runner); to wave with one’s hand --- sideways to greet someone, outward to tell someone to go, toward oneself to summon to come
Pangasinan
paypáy a fan
man-paypáy to fan
Kapampangan
pepe make waving motion, fan oneself
pa-mepe a fan
Tagalog
paypáy a fan
mag-paypáy to fan
paypay-án to fan someone or something
Bikol
mag-paypáy to beckon to, motion to someone to come
paypay-án to wave at
paypay-ón to beckon to, motion to someone to come
Hanunóo
paypáy beckoning, always with a downward motion of the hand
mag-paypáy to beckon
Masbatenyo
páypay hand fan
mag-páypay to wave
paypáy-on to wave
Aklanon
páypay to beckon to, call over by waving one’s hands
Waray-Waray
paypáy folding fan, electric fan
paypay-í to fan, stir the air
Hiligaynon
mag-páypay to fan for air; to beckon to, to call back with a hand gesture
Cebuano
paypáy fan; kind of thin, fan-shaped bivalve, found in sandy seabeds, of no food value
pa-máypay to fan oneself
Binukid
paypay to fan someone or something vigorously
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
peypey a fan
WMP Casiguran Dumagat
páyo to advise, to counsel; to calm down an angry person
Tagalog
páyo advice, an opinion about what should be done; counsel; to preach, to recommend or advise strongly
Tiruray
fayu in agreeement where different parties’ interests are concerned
Ngaju Dayak
payo easily sold
Malay
payu value; price; of worth
Javanese
payu to get sold; (fig.) to get accepted
Balinese
payu find a buyer, be able to sell
WMP Ilokano
páyoŋ umbrella, parasol
ag-páyoŋ to use an umbrella
i-páyoŋ to put an umbrella over someone
maki-páyoŋ to share an umbrella
páyoŋ-páyoŋ head of a mushroom
Isneg
páyoŋ umbrella
tam-páyoŋ the external surface of the conical body of the glans penis
Bontok
páyuŋ umbrella; a gourd plant having broad, umbrella-shaped leaves: Lagenaria leucantha (Duch.) Rusby
Casiguran Dumagat
páyoŋ umbrella; to use or carry an umbrella
Pangasinan
páyoŋ umbrella; to use an umbrella
Kapampangan
páyuŋ umbrella, parasol
mag-páyuŋ to use or carry an umbrella, parasol
Tagalog
páyoŋ umbrella, parasol
mag-páyoŋ to use an umbrella
Hanunóo
páyuŋ umbrella (know to the Hanunoo only through contact with the lowlanders)
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
payuŋ an umbrella
Tiruray
fayuŋ umbrella; to use an umbrella
Mapun
payuŋ an umbrella; a bamboo pole with ribs sticking out of it (having white cloth draped around it in an umbrella fashion, used at funerals)
Tombonuwo
payuŋ umbrella
Melanau (Mukah)
payuŋ umbrella, parasol
Ngaju Dayak
payoŋ native umbrella or parasol
Iban
payoŋ umbrella, sunshade
Malay
payoŋ umbrella; (fig.) protective shelter; the ordinary umbrella, with its top-knob; the umbrella as indicating rank
Toba Batak
pauŋ Chinese umbrella
Sundanese
payuŋ umbrella, parasol
pa-payuŋ protection, shelter
Old Javanese
payuŋ parasol, umbrella
a-payuŋ with a parasol
a-mayuŋ like a parasol
mayuŋ-an hold an umbrella or parasol over someone or something; to shade something, as a tree shading a house
Javanese
payuŋ umbrella; sunshade
pa-payuŋ-an to hold an umbrella over the head
Balinese
payuŋ sunshade, umbrella (made of leaves of trees)
Sasak
payuŋ parasol, umbrella
bə-payuŋ to use a parasol or umbrella
payuŋ-in to shade with a parasol (as a corpse enroute to the grave)
Tae'
payuŋ parasol, umbrella; exalted, overshadowing others (used in the titles of princes)
Makassarese
payuŋ parasol, umbrella; parasol as a sign of high rank
Wolio
pau umbrella
Muna
pau umbrella
ae-pau to use an umbrella
CMP Manggarai
pajuŋ parasol, umbrella
Rembong
pazun ~ pazuŋ parasol, umbrella
WMP Bontok
ma-máyuŋ to use an umbrella
Tagalog
ma-máyoŋ to use an umbrella
Mapun
mayuŋ to use an umbrella
Melanau (Mukah)
mə-mayuŋ to shelter with an umbrella or parasol
Bahasa Indonesia
mə-mayuŋ-i to shade with a parasol
WMP Ilokano
payóŋ-an to shade using an umbrella
Tagalog
payúŋ-an to hold an umbrella over someone
Mapun
payuŋ-an to use an umbrella; to have an umbrella; to cover someone with an umbrella
Javanese
payuŋ-an to use an umbrella
WMP Cebuano
payúpas fan, any device used for fanning
Maranao
payopas broom, sweep
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
peyufas broom
Miri
pupa, fupa sweep
OC Mussau
ea where?
Mota
i-vea whither?
Tongan
fē what place, which place; which thing, which one, which
Niue
fē which?, where?, when? (used as adjective and adverb)
Samoan
ʔi fea where to?
mai fea where from?
ʔo fea where?
Tuvaluan
fea where?
Nukuoro
hee where?, what kind?, which?
Rennellese
hea which?, what?, where?
Maori
hea interrogative: what place?; indefinite: any place
pē-hea interrogative. Of what sort, character, appearance, etc.; do or treat in what way, act in what way
Hawaiian
hea which (in questions and after other words); where (in questions, and after ai, ʔau, i, ma-, mai, no, ʔo; why, why not (in questions after i)
ka-hea hale which house?
ma-hea ka hale where is the house?
pe-hea how?, what?, how about it?
WMP Isneg
mag-pattál to hang oneself
p<in>tál to strangle, to throttle, to choke
Tagalog
pisíl squeezing with the hand
Maranao
pesel press, as button between fingers
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
pesel squeeze something between finger and thumb
Iban
pecal pinch, squeeze, grasp
Malay
pecal crush between the fingers, squeeze in the hand
Formosan Puyuma
peseʔ break
mu-peseʔ be broken, as a bottle or calabash
Paiwan
peteq a break, split (in glass, pottery)
ma-peteq become broken
WMP Ilokano
pessá hatch from an egg
Kapampangan
apsáʔ to hatch, of an egg
Tagalog
pisáʔ crushed, pressed, compressed; hatched, of eggs
Abaknon
passaʔ to break (brittle objects)
Agutaynen
ma-petek for something fragile like glass to crack or shatter, become broken
petek-en to intentionally crack something open
ma-pa<n>tek for a hen to hatch (lit. crack) her eggs
Cebuano
pusáʔ crush or squash something soft; break something fragile; hatch an egg
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
pesaʔ smash something, as an egg, a caterpillar, or somebodys body or head
Bintulu
pəsaʔ broken or cracked into several large pieces, as an egg
Rhade
mcah broken
Malay
pecah breakage into bits
Karo Batak
pecah broken, in pieces; burst out, erupt, of a volcano
Balinese
pecah to break, break in pieces
Sangir
pesaʔ crush flat; smash to bits; hatch, of eggs
Bare'e
poso broken, of hard, brittle things; hatched, of eggs
OC Nggela
posa break, of a boil; burst, of a football
Kwaio
a-bota open; hatched, of eggs; smashed; break making big noise
bo-bota rubbish heap
bota-niu-ŋa ritual breaking open of coconut
Toqabaqita
a-bota of an egg: hatch; of a state of affairs: happen, occur, take place
'Āre'āre
apota egg
Sa'a
pota to break by knocking one thing against another
pota niu to crack coconuts
Ulawa
pota-a rubbish heap; refuse; dung
Arosi
bota break by knocking on something else, as an egg on bamboo
Wayan
voca be run aground by force; be wrecked in this way
voca-voca be damaged, etc.
Fijian
voca to be wrecked on a reef, of a canoe (stronger than kasa to run aground, of a canoe)
Tongan
foa to break (a cup, stone, rock, etc., not a stick); to cut (ripe coconut) in halves
foa-ʔi to break
fō-foa-ʔi to hatch (of eggs or chicks)
Samoan
foa break (rock or shell); hatch, of eggs
faʔa-foa (of a boil) come up, form
Tuvaluan
foa break (a nut, head, canoe, etc.)
fo-foa to hatch (of eggs), break the hymen and hence be first to have intercourse with a virgin
faka-foa a boil; be big (of waves)
Nukuoro
h-hoa crack open; break into pieces; cut a hole in
hoa lalo anvil or other hard object (such as a stone) on which something can be struck hard; mortar stone
Rennellese
hoa to crack, as nuts of tagie (Terminalia) or baga (Barringtonia) trees; to cut or lacerate the forehead, as with axe, stone, or knife in mourning; to break or hatch, as an egg; to bump, as the head; to smash; to drive fish into a seine, as by beating the sea with sticks or by throwing stones
hoa-ʔaki to split, as wood
Hawaiian
hoa to strike with a stick or club; to club; a club
hoa-hoa tapa beater, washing stick
OC Sa'a
ma-pota broken to pieces
Tuvaluan
ma-foa be broken (of dawn)
WMP Kimaragang Dusun
posut a whip
Malay
pəcut whipping
mə-məcut to whip up (as a horse)
pəcut-kan to whip up (as a horse); also to smack with the midrib of a coconut frond
Sundanese
pəcut whip, riding crop
məcut strike with a whip
Old Javanese
pəcut a whip
a-məcut to whip, wield a whip
Javanese
pecut a whip
mecut to whip (fig. to inspire, motivate)
Balinese
pecut a long whip
Formosan Paiwan
petsik snap the fingers
WMP Tagalog
pitík fillip; sound of starting combustion (of wood, coal, etc.)
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
petik slingshot
Malay
peték plucking at; picking (flowers), playing (stringed instruments); snapping the fingers
Balinese
peṭik pick fruit or flowers, break off with the finger
Proto-Minahasan
*petik heartbeat; to beat (of heart)
CMP Yamdena
petik snap off with the fingers; shoot pellets with a flexible lathe
Formosan Amis
pdek to put out, as when lights are turned off
sa-pdek eyelashes, something for blinking
mapa-pdek to blink
WMP Maranao
perek wink (Formosan only)
Formosan Pazeh
pee-peder is squeezing (wringing out) clothes
Puyuma
pəɖəɭ to squeeze, extract from
WMP Tae'
pedeʔ close up well, of a hole; pack earth in tightly; press a plug in tightly so that there is no leak
CMP Manggarai
peret tight, of clothes
Formosan Amis
pedped to crown, pack solid
WMP Bontok
pədpəd press together; to compact, as soil, by stepping on it
Ibaloy
i-pedped to pack down, tamp down something (as earth around house post, carrots in a sack so it will hold more)
Malay (Kedah)
penoh pepat chockfull; crowded
WMP Lun Dayeh
fefed the end, the tip of something; destiny
Kelabit
pəpəd the end (of a thing or action)
Old Javanese
pəpəd completed
Mongondow
popod end, ending, extremity (as the end of a rope, a village, a conversation)
WMP Agutaynen
mag-pegeŋ to hold tightly to something; to put pressure on something
pegeŋ-an to control oneself; to exercise self control, self discipline; to restrain, hold oneself in check
Maranao
pegeŋ firmly, hold strongly
Old Javanese
pegeŋ restrain, hold back (feelings, breath)
Balinese
pegeŋ hold one's breath, sit quite still, not move a muscle; be deep in thought
Sasak
pegeŋ stick to, be tenacious
WMP Cebuano
pugút name given to triggerfishes, especially species with very small mouths (as opposed to the pakul, which have larger mouths)
pugut-un ug baʔbaʔ having a small mouth
Mapun
paggot a small triggerfish
WMP Bikol
mag-pagpág to shake something out (as a rug); to shake something out against; to beat something to remove the dust
Maranao
pepeg to box, give a blow
Sasak
pepek to hit, strike
p<em>epek what one hits with
WMP Yami
pegpeg shivering
ma-megpeg to shiver
Itbayaten
pegpeg idea of chills
ma-megpeg to have a chill, tremble accompanied with chill
Casiguran Dumagat
pegpeg to shake, to quiver (in fear, or from cold or malaria chills)
Ayta Abellan
pegpeg trembling (as with cold)
WMP Ilokano
pekká break, shatter, smash; open forcibly (as someone's fist)
Cebuano
puka break something that is attached to something by holding tight to it
Maranao
peka break, snap, as chains
Tiruray
feka disconnect; get rid of
Kanowit
peka part, separate (Roth 1896)
CMP Buruese
peka-h throw out, do away with
OC Nggela
voga to separate, as two men fighting
voka divide, separate, divorce
Sa'a
hoka burst open, come apart
Arosi
hoa divide, cleave asunder, separate
hoga come apart
WMP Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
pekak of a hen, to cackle
Iban
em-pekak (of a hen after laying an egg) cackle
WMP Maranao
pekaŋ tear apart body of live victim
Iban
pekaŋ with arms or legs stretched out
pekaŋ kayuʔ fork of a tree
Javanese
peŋkaŋ-an inter-space
Balinese
peŋkaŋ straddle; dance with the feet wide apart
OC Nggela
voka divide, separate, divorce
Arosi
hoka move the legs apart, stretch the legs
WMP Ilokano
pekká a crack
pekka-en to shatter, smash; break; open someone’s fist forcibly; break free from bondage; disjoint
na-pekká cracked; shattered; disjointed
Kenyah
pekaʔ split open
Bare'e
poka split, torn, rent
WMP Isneg
pakkáw to shout; extol one's former exploits (in headhunting) -- this is done at the time of a solemn sacrifice, when the braves are supposed to be ridden by the spirit aŋlabbāŋ; to curse -- this is done shouting, so that the object of the curse may hear it
Malay
pekau yell, scream, other than a cry of pain or appeal for help
WMP Ilokano
pekkél squeezing, massage
pekkel-án to wring clothes, wring neck
Casiguran Dumagat
pekel to wring out wet cloth
Ibaloy
pekel to form, gather, compress something into a ball, tight mas, lump, cluster (as rice grains when eating with the fingers)
Maranao
pekel choke, strangle
WMP Kankanaey
i-pkét with adherent vein, applied to the gall bladder (it is considered ill-boding)
p<um>két to cleave, to stick, to adhere; to be glutinous, sticky, slimy
Pangasinan
pekét to hold, stick together, or pin together
Maranao
peket to attach, include
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
peket of a sticky substance, to cause several or more things to stick together
Tiruray
feket a sap
mere-feket having lots of sap, used as a euphemism for bleeding
Malay
pəkat sticky, viscous or thick (of liquids); strong (of coffee)
Sundanese
pəkət stand in relation to one another, be connected
CMP Manggarai
peket adhering, sticking (to something)
Formosan Kavalan
sa-pekpek wooden hammer to remove rice grains by beating
Amis
pekpek to beat with hand or board
WMP Ilokano
pekpék to produce the sound of wood when beaten
Mapun
pepek to tap on something (in order to break it or make a sound); to beat a drum or strike a bell; to tap or beat on metal with a hammer in order to shape it
Kadazan Dusun
popok to knock (on door, wall)
Lun Dayeh
fefek a hammer; the driving or knocking of a nail into a wall or a long object into the ground
Melanau (Mukah)
pepek whip
Karo Batak
pekpek beat, strike
Sasak
pəpək to hit, beat
WMP Lun Dayeh
mefek to drive or knock a nail
Sasak
(mə-)məpək to beat or pound
Formosan Kavalan
p<m>ekpek to hit with a stick; to crush bamboo by pounding, as when making a floor
WMP Kadazan Dusun
p<om>opok thing one uses to knock
Sasak
p<əm>əpək that with which one hits or beats
WMP Ilokano
pekpék crammed, stuffed, packed
Kankanaey
pekpék fill, swarm in, overrun
Malay
pepak full, fully attended
Javanese
pepek completely assembled
Balinese
pepek all together, complete
Sasak
mepek, pepek swarm together
WMP Maranao
pekoʔ bent, bend, crooked
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
pekuʔ bend something
Tiruray
fekuʔ bend
Uma
pokuʔ spherical
OC Nggela
vogu curl over before breaking (of a wave)
Arosi
pokupoku draw up the legs
WMP Ilokano
pakkó neck (of the cow, etc.)
Narum
pekuʔ nape of the neck
Miri
fekuʔ nape of the neck
OC Roviana
velavela to shout, as an official at a gathering, a man in anger, etc.
Fijian
vela, velavela interjection of surprise
WMP Maranao
pelaʔam suffer pains in silence; hold the breath
Iban
pelam conceal (as an illness); keep oneself in seclusion, of an unmarried woman with child, until she cites the father
WMP Maranao
peled sourness of taste
Chamorro
fulot sensation or taste on tongue from eating unripe banana; tingling sensation from eating certain things
WMP Mapun
pallat acridity; bitterness; having an acrid, bitter taste (as soap, baking powder, turmeric, unripe pomelo, cigarettes)
Chamorro
fulot sensation or taste on tongue from eating unripe banana, tingling sensation from eating certain things
WMP Ilokano
i-pelpél to press down (through an opening); put on a wheel; thrust into hole or mouth
ma-i-pelpél to get stuck in an opening or hole
Kankanaey
i-pelpél to stuff, to cram the mouth with food
Casiguran Dumagat
pəlpəl packed tight, crammed; to cram into, to stop up (a bottle with a wad of cloth); press against one another in a crowd; to be stuck into (as for a nail to be stuck into a piece of wood, or for a child’s head to get stuck between two slats of a fence)
Ibaloy
i-pelpel to pound, drive something down (as a nail)
Tagalog
pilpíl compressed, pressed flat
Maranao
pelpel abound, full of (as a lake full of fish)
Lun Dayeh
fefel putting something in the mouth by force
mefel force something into another thing
f<im>efel something used to force-feed a person
Karo Batak
pelpel tamped down, pressed tightly together, of material
melpel-i to tamp down an earthen floor
Toba Batak
polpol stopped up, blocked, as a pipe
ma-molpol to block, stop up
Tontemboan
peʔpel press down, press flat with something broad or level
WMP Tiruray
feluk to bend something
Malay
pəlok folding in the arms
Old Javanese
pəluk bend, curve
CMP Kambera
pàluku to bend, bend around
pàluku pata to bend and break off, as a branch
Formosan Amis
ploc pull off (as a ring), disengage (as to let down a baby that has been tied on its mother's back)
WMP Bikol
palós to get off, dismount
Maranao
pelos slip off
Mongondow
poḷut to get loose (as flower petals, or an animal from a noose trap)
WMP Ilokano
pennéd dike, levee, dam
penned-én to dam
Tagalog
pínid to close (door, window)
Binukid
pened to pinch, press something together with the fingers
Tausug
punud not hollow, solid (of a body), sturdy
Kadazan Dusun
ponod packed, full
Mongondow
mo-ponod thick, massive; become full
Muna
pono full
fo-pono to fill up, cram
OC Proto-Micronesian
*pwono be shut, blocked; to shut, block, close
OC Bugotu
pono closed up, stuffed up
WMP Maranao
pened formal gathering
OC Rotuman
fono to place a taboo or prohibition on (land, nuts, sea) in order that the copra or fish so reserved may afterwards be used for a specific purpose
Wayan
vono (of, e.g. a preacher or team coach) to give a speech of advice, instruction or encouragement
Tongan
fono town or village meeting (officially convened)
Niue
fono a council, parliament, meeting; a prohibition placed on a plantation or a shellfishing area
Futunan
fono assemble for discussion; a council, assembly
fale fono assembly house
Samoan
fono meeting; conference, rally, congress; have a conference, hold a meeting; (of a council) to meet; made sacred, prohibited
fōno-fono meet (ceremonially or officially)
Tuvaluan
fono a meeting; the body of people at a meeting
fono-ŋa a discussion
Rennellese
hono rituals; priest-chiefs performing these rituals; sorcery
Anuta
pono general assembly of the island; generic for any council of a political nature; to meet in political council
Maori
hono assembly, company, crowd; retinue, following
Hawaiian
hono gathering of chiefs in a taboo ceremony; group of islands in a circle
WMP Ilokano
penpén heap, pile; rice stored away
i-penpén to store, keep in reserve; accumulate, pile up; keep; conceal, hide
na-i-penpén piled up, stored
Bontok
pənpən to place many objects into a container, as clothes into a trunk, or sweet potatoes into a pot
Ibaloy
i-penpen to pack, stuff, put a large amount of something into a container (as cargo on a bus, harvested rice into a basket)
ma-y-penpen chock-full; to gather with standing room only (as people)
Maranao
pempen provision sufficiently
Balinese
penpen put into, fill with
Tae'
pempen to push, crowd, jostle
WMP Casiguran Dumagat
pənpən to cup the hand over a part of the body (nose, mouth, genitals)
Agutaynen
mag-penpen to cover up one’s ears, eyes, nose, etc.; to put one’s hands over a person’s mouth; to hold onto one’s private area when needing to urinate
Lun Dayeh
fefen a cover
mefen to put a cover on something
Kelabit
pəpən a cover; hidden
məpən to cover
Formosan Paiwan
p<n>elʸuq to fill something
ma-pelʸuq to be filled, become filled
se-pelʸuq to overfill
WMP Itbayaten
a-pno idea of being filled up
Isneg
pannó full; fullness
Umiray Dumaget
pino full
Ibaloy
pe-pno-en to fill something, as a cup
Pangasinan
panó to fill to overflowing
Tagalog
punóʔ full, filled, rife
Bikol
panóʔ full, crowded
panóʔ-pánoʔ very full; crowded, packed, teeming
Hanunóo
punúʔ full
Abaknon
pannoʔ full (of a container); filled
Aklanon
punóʔ full; to fill up (as a bottle with liquid)
Waray-Waray
puno-á to fill to capacity
Hiligaynon
punúʔ full to capacity
mag-punúʔ to fill to capacity
Cebuano
púnuʔ filled, full; covered with something; fill up a container or space
Maranao
penoʔ fill up (as a grave with dirt)
Binukid
punuʔ to fill up (a container or a space)
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
penuʔ to fill something
Tiruray
fenoʔ to be full
Klata
ponnuʔ full
Mapun
pannoʔ to be full (as a jar, room, container, airplane, etc.); to have more than enough (with regard to wealth)
Yakan
pennoʔ full (as a suitcase full of clothes); to fill something with something
Tboli
hnok to fill up (as a glass with water); full (as a sack full of corn)
hnok to fill up (as a glass with water)
Kadazan Dusun
ponuʔ to fill; to be full
Tarakan
panoh full
Abai Sembuak
fanuʔ full
Kelabit
penuʔ full (as a basket or bag)
Berawan (Long Terawan)
pəno full
Kenyah
pənoʔ full
Kayan
pənu full
Kayan (Uma Juman)
pənu full
Kiput
pənauʔ full, as a container
Melanau (Mukah)
pənuʔ full
Malagasy
feno full, complete
feno manta brimful, wastefully running over (as a cooking pot in which too much rice has been placed to boil)
Iban
penoh fill; be full (as a jar full of rice beer)
Moken
penu full; flowing, of tide
Malay
penoh full, replete
penoh tepat brimful, full to the brim
Acehnese
peunòh full, as a rice field full of water; laden
buleuën peunòh full moon
Simalur
əno-e to fill, as a bamboo water container
Lampung
penuh full
Old Javanese
penuh full; filling, filling all; complete in number; in masses, in droves
Javanese
penuh full
menuh to fulfill
Balinese
penuh be full of
Sasak
penoʔ full
Pendau
ponu full, as a container
Dampelas
ponu full, as a container
Uma
ponuʔ full
Tae'
ponno full; filled
Proto-Bungku-Tolaki
*pono full
Mandar
panno full
panno-i to fill up
Makassarese
panno full
Muna
pono full, as a honey jar full of ants
CMP Manggarai
peno full, as a plate full of rice, or a vessel full of liquid
Rembong
penoʔ full
Keo
mbenu full
Riung
peno full
Lamaholot
pənũ to fill, fill up
Waiyewa
bonnu-na full
Anakalangu
binu full
Kambera
pínu to fill
Rotinese
henu to fill; full, as a house full of people, a river in full stream
Erai
penu full
Tugun
pʰenu full
East Damar
r-penu full
Leti
penu full
Wetan
peni full, to fill (as a village with graves, a garden with plants)
Alune
penu full
Asilulu
penu to be at the peak (of the tide)
SHWNG Mayá
ꞌfo¹²n full
OC Bali (Uneapa)
vonuku full (of a container)
Vitu
vonu full
Amara
-pon full
Lakalai
volu full
Mengen
ponu full
Mbula
pen be full, be filled; high (used of water)
Gitua
von full
Motu
honu to be full, as a water pot with water
Mono-Alu
fonu(na) full
fa-fonu to fill
Bugotu
vonu full, fullness
vonu-a full
Nggela
vonu to be full
vonu-a full
vonu-gia filled
na vonu the best
Kwaio
fonu full
fonu mamaŋili full to the top
'Āre'āre
honu full
Sa'a
honu full
honu makeate full to overflowing
äsi e honu high spring tide
Arosi
honu to fill
honu-sia filled
Gilbertese
on full, filled; fullness
Pileni
fonu full
Tongan
fonu full: of container or its contents, or of a notebook, etc.
Kapingamarangi
honu to fill; filled
honu tula full to the brim, brimming
Nukuoro
honu full
honu-a filled with
honu tai high tide
Rennellese
honu to be full of liquid; to be flooded or full of puddles; to rise, of the tide; to be juicy, as a fruit or shredded coconut; to be watery, as some rice; to be shipping water, as a canoe
WMP Itbayaten
m-apno full
Isneg
ma-pnó to be filled
Ibaloy
me-pno full, both of the container and its contents
Tagalog
ma-punóʔ to be filled, become full (as a well)
Mapun
ma-pannoʔ to fill
Simalur
ma-əno full, filled
Banggai
mo-ono <A full
mo-ono ko tobui flood
CMP Ngadha
benu full, as a pot full of rice
Kambera
mbínu full, as a house full of people, a village full of graves, a boat full of water
Soboyo
bonu full; deep
WMP Mapun
mannoʔ to fill
Yakan
mennoʔ to fill something with something
Kadazan Dusun
mo-monuʔ to fill
Kelabit
menuʔ to fill
Malagasy
ma-meno to fill, fill up
Iban
pasaŋ menoh high tide; the tide is high
Malay
me-menuh-i to fill, fill up
Simalur
maŋ-əno-e to fill, as a bamboo water container
Old Javanese
a-menuh-i to fill, make complete
WMP Itbayaten
n-apno filled
Ilokano
na-pnó filled, full
Ibanag
na-pnuʔ filled, full
Isneg
na-pnó full, filled
Itawis
na-pánnu full
Pangasinan
na-pnó full
Hanunóo
na-pnúʔ already filled up
Binukid
na-punuʔ filled
WMP Mapun
pa-pannoʔ to be becoming full
Uma
po-ponuʔ to fill
Muna
fo-pono to fill up, cram
OC Bugotu
va-vonu to fill
WMP Tagalog
ka-punu-nán what is still lacking and must be added to make something full or complete
Kadazan Dusun
ko-ponu-an act of filling
Old Javanese
ka-penuh-an to fill, make complete
WMP Isneg
p<in>nó filled
Kadazan Dusun
p<in>onuʔ filled
Kelabit
p<i>nuʔ was filled
WMP Tboli
h<em>nok to fill up
Old Javanese
um-enuh-i to fill, make complete
WMP Isneg
pannow-án to fill
Ibaloy
pe-pno-an to make something thus sufficient
Tagalog
púnú-an fully loaded, as a passenger vehicle
punu-án to add to something what is necessary to complete it or fill it (locative stress)
Mapun
pannoʔ-an fill it!
Yakan
pennoʔ-an to fill something with something
Tae'
ponno-an to fill for (someone); fulness; be full
WMP Itbayaten
a-pno-en to fill up, make full
Bikol
panoʔ-ón to fill something up
Hiligaynon
punúʔ-un to fill to capacity
Mapun
pannoʔ-un fill it!
Tboli
hnok-en fill it!
Kadazan Dusun
ponu-on to be filled
Malagasy
feno-ina to be filled or made complete
WMP Tae'
ponno sae come in throngs, of people; to pour, of rain, rain cats and dogs
OC Motu
honu-honu-dae be full to the top
Gilbertese
on rake full to the top
Formosan Kavalan
pənu sea turtle (generic for all sea turtles, including the hawksbill)
Puyuma
pənu turtle (Ting 1978)
WMP Abaknon
panno sea turtle
Subanon
ponu turtle
Manobo (Kalamansig Cotabato)
pɨnu river turtle
Mapun
pannu sea turtle
Yakan
pennu turtle, order Chelonia (a large kind of marine reptile)
Iban
peñuʔ any marine turtle (green turtle, hawksbill turtle, leatherback turtle, loggerhead turtle)
Singhi Land Dayak
pañu sea turtle
Moken
peñui sea turtle
Malay
peñu turtle, specifically the edible green
peñu karah tortoise-shell turtle (hawksbill turtle): Chelonia imbricata
peñu-peñu-an ant-lion
Simalur
əno sea turtle
Toba Batak
ponu sea turtle
Nias
fõnu sea turtle
Sundanese
peñu sea turtle (its eggs are an important trade article, especially for the population of the south coast of Java)
Old Javanese
peñu turtle
Javanese
peñu tortoise
meñu tortoise-like (term of abuse,indicating stupidity)
Balinese
peñu turtle, tortoise
Sasak
peñu sea turtle
Lauje
poñu sea turtle
Dampelas
poñu sea turtle
Proto-Bungku-Tolaki
*ponu turtle
Makassarese
paññu sea turtle
Wolio
ponu kind of large sea turtle
Muna
ponu sea turtle; frog spawn
Palauan
wəl sea turtle
CMP Bimanese
fonu green turtle, Chelonia mydas
Komodo
penu green turtle, Chelonia mydas, sought after for its flesh
Manggarai
penu sea turtle
Leti
enu sea turtle
Wetan
eni sea turtle
Yamdena
feni sea turtle
fen-lai turtle with worthless shell (probably Chelonia mydas)
fen-kéran turtle with prized shell (probably Chelonia imbricata)
Fordata
fennu turtle with worthless shell (probably Chelonia mydas)
Kamarian
penu sea turtle
Seit
wenu turtle
Asilulu
wenu sea turtle: Chelonia sp.
Kayeli
heno sea turtle
SHWNG Taba
hen turtle
Sawai
fɛn turtle
Mayá
ꞌfe³n sea turtle
OC Nauna
puñ sea turtle
Loniu
poñ sea turtle
Ahus
pun sea turtle
Sori
boy sea turtle
Lindrou
boy sea turtle
Bipi
puy sea turtle
Seimat
hon sea turtle
Wuvulu
ponu kind of large sea turtle, probably Chelonia mydas
Kaniet
foñ the green turtle: Chelonia mydas
Mussau
onu sea turtle
Tigak
un sea turtle
Mendak
un sea turtle
Tanga
fun sea turtle, turtle shell
Tolai
bonu turtle; this word, although found in all areas, is rarely used in New Ireland and Duke of York; it may be a loanword from Nakanai
Vitu
bonu turtle
Lusi
ponu turtle
Kove
ponu turtle
Lakalai
e-bolu turtle
Wogeo
foñ sea turtle
Manam
poŋ sea turtle
Gedaged
fon leatherback turtle, Dermochelys coriacea
Mbula
pen sea turtle
we pen ma pukpuk flapping helplessly, floundering, be in trouble and helpless (like a turtle lying on its back and flapping its flippers helplessly)
Kilivila
wonu sea turtle
Tubetube
won sea turtle
Bugotu
voñu sea turtle
Nggela
vonu sea turtle
vonu mbuto-mbuto a sea creature like a turtle but only one inch long
Kwaio
fonu sea turtle
Lau
fonu sea turtle
Toqabaqita
fonu turtle, considered a kind of iqa (fish)
'Āre'āre
honu tortoise, turtle
honu ako a sickness caused by the turtle, a cough and vomiting of blood
Sa'a
honu turtle; chorea, when the patient is said to move his hands and feet as a turtle moves its flappers
honu iʔe green turtle
Arosi
honu sea turtle
Proto-Micronesian
*woñu sea turtle
Gilbertese
on sea turtle
Pohnpeian
wehi sea turtle
Mokilese
woi sea turtle
Chuukese
wiin sea turtle
Pileni
fonu turtle
Axamb
ni-vü turtle
Makatea
fonu sea turtle
Nakanamanga
vonu sea turtle
Pwele
fonu sea turtle
Lelepa
fonu turtle
Wayan
tū-vonu loggerhead turtle, Caretta caretta; has large head; meat is highly regarded.
Fijian
vonu sea turtle
vonu dina green turtle
vonu balavu a euphemism for human flesh (Lau islands)
Tongan
fonu sea turtle; kind of beetle (very shiny), shaped like a turtle
fonu koloa hawksbill turtle (koloa = ‘goods, wealth, riches, possessions’)
Niue
fonu sea turtle; (fig.) a quiet person, a person of few words
faka-fonu-fonu shy, reserved
Futunan
fonu sea turtle
fonu koloa hawksbill turtle (koloa = ‘riches, durable goods, as mats or tapa cloth)
Tuvaluan
fonu sea turtle
Nukuoro
honu green turtle (two varieties)
Rennellese
honu green turtle, Chelonia mydas; formerly considered the gift (tonu) of Tehainga’atua (one of the most important sky gods), and offered as angatonu (food offering). The honu was believed to have been first a culture hero (kakai) and now is considered a fish (kaui, ika)
Anuta
ponu sea turtle
te ponu a string figure
Maori
honu sea turtle (in a few ancient songs)
Rapanui
honu turtle
Hawaiian
honu general name for turtle and tortoise, as Chelonia mydas; name of a design for Ni’ihau mats
WMP Malay
paŋ banging sound
Javanese
peŋ ringing in the ears, rumble of thunder
CMP Manggarai
peŋ sound of a fart, blow on the body, etc.
WMP Sangir
peŋa forked branch
CMP Manggarai
peŋa bifurcation, fork of a branch; rift, gap between the teeth
WMP Karo Batak
pera dry, dried up, withered
Toba Batak
pora dry, of provisions, tobacco, wood, throat; brittle, fragile
Sundanese
peura hoarse, of the voice
Javanese
pera dry, grainy, gritty
WMP Rungus Dusun
poriŋ bamboo variety
Dohoi
poriŋ bamboo
Malay
periŋ bamboo
Banggai
peliŋ kind of bamboo
CMP Manggarai
periŋ a bamboo: Bambusa vulgaris
Li'o
peri kind of bamboo
OC Pohnpeian
pehri a bamboo: Bambusa vulgaris
WMP Pangasinan
perper to fill a given measure without inflating the contents; give full measurre
Maranao
peper see to completion, go all the way
WMP Toba Batak
ma-morpor to press on something, as a fast-running horse that is suddenly spurred on by a person
Old Javanese
a-məpər to urge, press, push; to be insistent (in questioning), press for further particulars
ka-pəpər hard-pressed
Formosan Amis
proc slide down
WMP Tiruray
ferus getting loose from being held or tied
WMP Ngaju Dayak
ka-pehaw hoarseness (as from a cold, or from speaking loudly for too long)
Toba Batak
mar-poro to be hoarse
Makassarese
parro hoarse
WMP Casiguran Dumagat
pegsék splash, spatter (of the leap or flight of small particles, as for rice to jump out of a pestle as it is being pounded)
Malay
percék speckle, small spot
WMP Hanunóo
pusít spurt, spurting, as of blood
Malay
percit squirting out (of water)
OC Nggela
posi squeeze out
Formosan Puyuma
pərəʔ to strangle; to wring (as laundry)
WMP Tagalog
pigáʔ squeezing out liquid by pressure (e.g. juice from fruits, or water from clothes)
Bikol
pugáʔ to squeeze or wring with the hand (a lemon to remove the juice, clothes to remove water)
Hanunóo
pugáʔ squeeze, pressing, wringing
Masbatenyo
pugáʔ squeeze
pugáʔ-on squeeze out, wring out
Aklanon
púgaʔ to wring out, squeeze (to get out excess water)
Waray-Waray
púgaʔ the act of squeezing or pressing with force, as to extract water from wet clothes
Hiligaynon
púgaʔ to squueze so as to extract liquid
Cebuano
pugaʔ squeeze to extract juice; force someone to do something
Tausug
pugaʔ press or squeeze a liquid (out of something, as juice from a fruit, coconut milk from coconut meat, pus from a wound)
Kadazan Dusun
pagaʔ to press out, squeeze out, wring out (liquid)
Iban
perah to squeeze, express (as juice from a lime)
merah to squeeze, express (as juice from a lime)
Malay
pərah to express
pərah-kan to squeeze out
Karo Batak
pereh wring something out, squeeze out; milk an animal
Toba Batak
poro to squeeze out, wring out, to milk (an animal)
Javanese
puh for squeezing; to be squeezed
e-puh-i to squeeze, wring liquid from
sapi puh-an a milk cow
Sangir
peha to wring, squeeze out
Tae'
parra squeeze out; crude expression for ‘hold onto’
Chamorro
fugoʔ wring, squeeze
CMP Lamboya
pira squeeze
WMP Malay
me-merah to milk, wring out
Karo Batak
mereh wring something out, squeeze out; milk an animal
Toba Batak
ma-moro to squeeze out, wring out, to milk (an animal)
Sangir
ma-meha to wring, press out; to milk
Formosan Puyuma
pərəs squeeze out the contents from (as in squeezing a tube of glue)
WMP Itbayaten
piis-en to squeeze
Isneg
paggát to express, squeeze out, press out (water, milk from coconut meat, etc.)
Tagalog
pigís pressed or squeezed out (as juice extracted from fruits or water wrung out from wet clothes)
Cebuano
pugús compel someone to do something
pugs-ún-un needing to be urged or told to do something
Maranao
peges force a husband on a daughter
Binukid
peges to force, compel (someone to do something)
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
peɣes to force someone or something
Yakan
pessel <M to squeeze something (as someone’s hand)
Ngaju Dayak
pehes a press (used to squeeze something out); what is squeezed out
Malay
peras expressing, squeezing
Toba Batak
poros press together
Sasak
peres express, squeeze out; to abort a fetus (by applying pressure to the abdomen)
Sangir
pehaseʔ to squeeze out, as milk from grated coconut
Proto-Bungku-Tolaki
*pio squeeze in the hand
Makassarese
parroʔ use pressure to squeeze something out (as on a mother’s breast, a wound or a boil)
Muna
feo to squeeze, wring out (laundry), to milk (a cow)
feo-ti squeeze something out into, expel a liquid into
Chamorro
foks-e to squeeze
CMP Yamdena
n-feras wring out
Fordata
n-feras wring out
SHWNG Sawai
n-fo to wring out
OC Kove
poho squeeze, wring out; add coconut cream to food; make sago
Lakalai
volo to work sago, squeeze the water out
Sio
poro to squeeze
Gitua
poro wring
Mota
woro to squeeze, wring out (juice of herbs, liquor of fruits) over food and things prepared for charms
WMP Itbayaten
ma-miis to wring (clothes, for example); to squeeze
Bintulu
məməs to squeeze
Ngaju Dayak
ma-mehes to squeeze out
Malay
me-meras to express, squeeze out
Toba Batak
ma-moros press together
Sangir
ma-mehaseʔ to squeeze out (juice, etc.)
Makassarese
am-marroʔ squeeze something out
WMP Bikol
págpág to beat to remove dust (as from a rug)
Maranao
pepeg to box, give a blow
Lun Dayeh
peper hitting, pounding
Melanau (Mukah)
pipah was beaten, was thrashed
mupah beat, thrash
WMP Ibaloy
pelsa a boil on the skin; carbuncle, furuncle
mag-pelsa to suffer from a boil
Tagalog
pigsá boil; a red painful swelling on the body
Agutaynen
pelta boil; abscess
pelta-en to have or develop a boil or abscess
WMP Bontok
pəták burst, pop, rupture; the report of a shotgun; the sound of something bursting, as a balloon
Sasak
pertak knock against or with something to drive ants out; hit on the head
WMP Maranao
pes dull sound, as a scythe makes against the grass
Javanese
pes sound of something going flat
CMP Manggarai
pes sound of a fire being doused with water; hiss; sound of flatulence
WMP Cebuano
pusák break something hard (as a plate, or cement flooring with a hammer)
Sangir
pesaʔ press flat, pulverize; hatch from an egg
CMP Manggarai
pecak hatch from an egg
OC Teop
pes a tree: Pongamia pinnata
Wayan
vesi (wai) a tree: Pongamia pinnata
Fijian
vesi (dü) a tree: Intsia bijuga
Tongan
fehi a tree: Intsia bijuga
WMP Ilongot
pɨsit blind
Bintulu
pəsit blind
Formosan Kavalan
pespes massage
Pazeh
pepet massage
Thao
pitpit-in be squeezed or massaged with pinching motions
Puyuma
pəspəs massage
pa-pəspəs to massage
p<ən>pəspəs to massage
WMP Ilokano
pespés juice extracted from the stomach of ruminants, used as sour seasoning to make pinespesan, also called pinespes
Bontok
pəspəs to grip in the palm of one’s hand; to grasp; to hold tightly in one’s hand
na-pəspəs to be squeezed out or used up, of rice beer
Kankanaey
pespés press, squeeze in the hand, grasp, wring, knead, apply massage
Casiguran Dumagat
pəspəs for a woman to milk her breast
Ibaloy
pespes to squeeze something so that the liquid it contains comes out (as pustule on the skin, cow’s udder to milk, sponge, orange)
Pangasinan
pespés squeeze
Ayta Abellan
pehpeh to squeeze (as juice from a fruit); to wring out clothes
Karo Batak
pespes pinch, squeeze, press out
Balinese
mespes press with the thumb, squeeze a wound
OC Mussau
poposo-a to squeeze with the hand
Nehan
pos to squeeze grated coconut (Ross, Clark and Osmond 1998:283)
Teop
pos-i to wring, squeeze
Nggela
pond-i to squeeze, as in shaking hands
pos-i to squeeze out
Formosan Kavalan
p<m>espes to massage
Pazeh
me-pepet to massage, to grasp
Formosan Thao
pa-pitpit to massage with pinching motions
Puyuma
pa-pəspəs to massage
Formosan Thao
p<in>itpit was pinched, or massaged with pinching motions
Puyuma
p-<ən>əspəs was massaged
Formosan Thao
pitpit-í massage (in dehortatives)
Puyuma
pəspəs-i massage (imperative)
WMP Itbayaten
apso hole (in general)
Ivatan
apso no laylay hole
Maranao
peso hole; bore a hole
Iban
pesu hole, opening (as in a wall)
OC Tongan
fohu hole or perforation (in a rock or large stone), used for tethering a boat or canoe
fohu-ʔi to make a hole in rock or stone
CMP Komodo
pesu to break wind, to fart
Manggarai
pecut to break wind, to fart
Rembong
pesu to break wind, to fart
Kambera
ka-píhu to break wind, to fart
Tetun
hosu to break wind, to fart
Selaru
r-hes to break wind, to fart
Yamdena
n-fes to break wind, to fart
WMP Iban
pesok holed, broken through, bashed in (esp. of hollow things, as boats, gongs, clothes)
Malay
pəsok bashed in; broken through, of a damaged tray, a mat with holes in it, a man’s skull being crushed in a fight, a wall broken through, or anything full of holes
OC Tongan
fohu hole or perforation (in a rock or large stone), used for tethering a boat or canoe
fohu-ʔi to make a hole in rock or stone (Formosan only)
Formosan Amis
psiʔ to smash dead, as an insect; to squeeze juice
ma-psiʔ squeeze out juice, as from a pepper
Thao
kum-pshiq squirt under pressure; splash
pa-pshiq spray water from mouth; splash water
pshiq-an be splashed
WMP Cebuano
púta shatter, crush something to bits
Singhi Land Dayak
potah break
OC Mota
wota knock, break by knocking (as firewood)
WMP Cebuano
putak for chickens to keep squawking, as when laying eggs; complain, talk or protest loudly
Sundanese
petak loud scream, strong call
Javanese
petak loud scream
WMP Iban
petaŋ dark, dim; darkness, evening
Malay
pətaŋ afternoon and evening
kə-pətaŋ-an night watchman
Karo Batak
peteŋ dark; evening
Old Javanese
pətəŋ darkness; dark
a-mətəŋ to darken, blind, obscure
ka-pətəŋ-an plunged in darkness, in the dark, blinded, with everything becoming dark
Javanese
peteŋ dark; obscure; undercover; gloomy
peteŋ-an in the darkness; the dark of the moon
ke-peteŋ-an to be overtaken by darkness
ke-peteŋ-en to be excessively dark
Balinese
peteŋ darkness, night
peteŋ bulan the dark half of the month
Sasak
pətəŋ dark
Tae'
pattaŋ very dark, pitch-dark
ma-pattaŋ pitch-dark
Makassarese
pattaŋ darkness as of night; also darkness during the day, as when an earthquake strikes
WMP Cebuano
puntik spot, dot
Iban
petik spot
WMP Isneg
petpét-an to flatten (iron bars, dough, etc.)
Bontok
pətpət pack something, as a lunch basket with cooked rice, by pressing down the contents
Tagalog
pitpít flatten by pounding
p<am>itpit crusher of nuts, garlic, etc.
Malay
pepat flattened out; blunted; trimmed straight
penoh pepat chockful, crowded
WMP Kankanaey
petpét stuffed up; bunged up, as the shank of a pipe
Toba Batak
potpot grow close together; dense (of vegetation)
Old Javanese
pəpət blocked, cut off, jammed, covered; all-pervading, enveloping
Javanese
pepet stopped up, blocked; clogging, blocking (as a ditch choked with trash, people jammed into a location where they can’t find seats)
Balinese
pepet to prevent, block
Banggai
mom-popot to close off, plug a hole so that nothing can get through
WMP Itbayaten
ni-petpet cut
petpet-en to cut down; to cut into short pieces (with several chops or blows of bolo)
Cebuano
putpút piece of wood or stick which has been cut from a larger piece
Mongondow
popot a piece of something; to cut in two or in pieces, of a long object or a snake
WMP Bikol
putók explode
Cebuano
putúk-putúk rapid beating or throbbing of the heart
Toba Batak
po-l-tuk crackle, of roasting rice or corn
Balinese
peṭuk knock, beat out; pulse
CMP Rotinese
heu bind together; roof of a house (tying lontar leaves or bundles or alang-alang grass to the slats of the roof)
Yamdena
péu to bind in a bundle, of maize
WMP Bulungan
pəjom to close the eyes
Iban
pejam closed (of eyes)
mejam to close the eyes (as in sleep or death)
Malay
pəjam closing the eyes
Karo Batak
medem to lie down; to sleep; to brood, of birds
pe-pedem lull a child to sleep
per-pedem-en a sleeping place
pedem-i to sleep on something (as a mat)
Toba Batak
modom to sleep, lie down
pa-podom to lull to sleep
tar-podom to fall asleep, become drowsy
sa-m-p<in>odom first time for going to sleep, 10 PM
hali-podom-an have a stiff neck from sleeping in an awkward position
ma-modom-hon to sit on eggs, brood
um-podom-i to lie on something
podom-an sleeping place, bed
Rejang
pejeum to close the eyes
te-pejeum eyes closed tight, eyes screwed tight, as a reaction to a sour taste
Sundanese
pɨrɨm have the eyes closed (as in sleep)
Javanese
merem closed, of the eyes; to close the eyes
Sasak
mərəm to sleep
Proto-South Sulawesi
*pɨddɨm to close the eyes
Buginese
pɨddɨŋ to blink
WMP Central Tagbanwa
pɨyɨŋ to close one’s eyes
Proto-Minahasan
*pədəŋ blind; shut eyes
CMP Manggarai
peseŋ close the eyes; blind
(Formosan only)
Formosan Thao
pi- causative of location; pi-nay ‘put something here’, pi-lhilhi ‘help someone who has fallen get up’
Paiwan
pi- causative of location; pi-vavaw ‘put on top’, pi-taladj ‘put something inside’
OC Seimat
ia where?
Nggela
via wherever, of whatever kind, where, what, which
Gilbertese
ia where? (interrog.)
Pohnpeian
ia where? what?
Mokilese
ia where?, which?
Chuukese
iya place where, where?
Southeast Ambrym
vi- where, which
North Tanna
hia where
WMP Yami
pia good, nice, beautiful, kind
maka-pia slowly, very well
mi-pa-pia become good
ka-pia-pia-n in good condition
paka-pia-en make well
Itbayaten
pia good
ka-pia deliciousness, goodness; consent
ka-pia-an doing good (to others); welfare, well-being, goodness
ka-pia-n advantage, good point(s), good result(s)
Ilokano
piá health, well-being
kap-piá peace
na-piá well, healthy
pi-pia-en to do well, better
p<um>i-piá to improve, get better, recover, ameliorate
Isneg
na-piyā good, agreeable; handsome (girls)
na-piyā-n the best
p<um>iyā to become better
piyā-n to like, to love
Buhid
fía good
Maranao
pia good, well, plentiful
Molbog
pia good
Blaan (Koronadal)
fyɨ good
Ida'an Begak
pio good
Basap
pia good, goodness
Sangir
ka-pia goodness, agreeable circumstances, indirect expression for pregnancy
maka-pia to improve
Mongondow
pia goodness
CMP Teluti
fia good
Wahai
ia good
Morella
ia good
SHWNG Taba
hio well, good
Gimán
fia good
Mayá
ꞌfi³ good
As
fi good
OC Sobei
fia good
Numbami
wiya good, well
Mota
wia good, of the right sort, without anything unusual
Koro
we good
Marino
wia good
Nakanamanga
pwia good
Lelepa
wia good
Siviri
pia good
WMP Itbayaten
ma-pia well, alright
ma-pi-pya good
paka-mia-en to please
paka-pia-en to do well; to repair; to put in position; to put in order; to make good
pia-en to allow, to permit, to consent to
pi-pie-en to prefer
Atta (Pamplona)
ma-pia good
Isneg
ma-piya-piyā to be getting well
Maranao
ma-pia good, well, nice, fine
Bonggi
m-pia good
Sangir
ma-pia good
Mongondow
mo-pia good, beautiful, proper, in order; healthy; delicious, agreeable
Tae'
ma-pia beautiful, pretty, good, favorable
bulan ma-pia a good time of the month, a favorable time
CMP Soboyo
bia good, beautiful
WMP Toba Batak
pia mata coveted; to want, desire
OC Fijian
via an auxiliary verb expressing desire
Tongan
fie preposed or prefixed verb, to want, desire, wish or be willing
Samoan
fia particle preposed to the base, denoting a wish for, liking for or aspiration to (something) specified by the following word (Formosan only)
Formosan Kavalan
piaz dish, plate
Puyuma
piaɖ a shallow wooden plate (obsolete term, undeciphered; used in translating the Gospels)
Paiwan (Southern)
piaḍ plate, dish
Formosan Seediq
piak-piak peeping of baby chicks (Lee 2017:189)
WMP Ilokano
piák sound of chickens
ag-pi-piák to make the sound of chickens
Isneg
piyáʔ chick, young chicken
Ibaloy
on-piak to emit a sudden, loud cry --- esp. of babies, but also of chickens
Tagalog
piyák squawk; sudden cry of fowls when frightened
p<um>iyák to squawk; to make a loud, harsh sound
Bikol
piyák fingerling, young fish
Agutaynen
piyak baby chicken
Cebuano
piyák cheeping sound of chicks or young birds
Maranao
piak chick
Binukid
piyak chick, young (of birds)
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
piyak baby chick
Mansaka
piyak to chirp; to cheep (as a chick)
Tiruray
fiyak a chick
Bisaya (Lotud)
piak baby chick
Kadazan Dusun
pizak baby chick
Tatana
piak baby chick
Bisaya (Lotud)
piak baby chick
Lawangan
piak chick
Taboyan
piyak chick
Karo Batak
piak the puling of little chicks
er-piak-piak to cheep, of chicks
OC Nggela
pia-pia to chirp, of chickens
WMP Isneg
piān to like, love
Ibaloy
piyan to want something; to like something
Kelabit
pian desire, want
OC Fijian
via an auxiliary verb expressing desire
Tongan
fie preposed or prefixed verb, to want, desire, wish or be willing
Samoan
fia particle preposed to the base, denoting a wish for, liking for or aspiration to (something) specified by the following word
WMP Ilokano
piaŋa a tree: Ganua obovatifolia.(Merr.)
Ibanag
piaŋa a tree: Ganua obovatifolia.(Merr.)
Tagalog
piaŋa a tree: Ganua obovatifolia.(Merr.)
WMP Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
piay kind of fern: Acrostichum aureum
Malay
piai a common swamp or riverside plant; its uncooked leaves are eaten with rice: Acrostichum aureum
WMP Malay
pécak crushed or driven in at one point, of a rotting fruit, a dented ball, etc.
OC Nggela
pisa press, crush
WMP Bontok
písək person who has a white patch in one or both eyes
Maranao
pisek blind
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
pisek to blind someone or something in one eye
Tiruray
fisek to have one eye permanently closed as a result of injury
Iban
picak blind in one eye
Malay
pechak of one-eyed people, the blind eye being pechak
Old Javanese
picek blind
Banggai
moo-pisok blind
WMP Ibaloy
pisek to have a deep hollow, recessed place (as scar from a boil, person’s cheeks when teeth removed, deflated ball when punched)
Malay
pechak crushed or driven in at one point (of a rotting fruit, a dented ball, etc;)
WMP Aklanon
pisík splatter, fly off in all directions
Cebuano
pisik spatter, splatter
Mongondow
pisik sprinkle something
CMP Hawu
pihi shake water off the hands
Rotinese
pisi sprinkle, spray (water)
OC Motu
pisipisi to splash
Kwaio
bisi spray, splash on
Lau
kwisi to splash
'Āre'āre
pisi splurt, splash
Sa'a
pwisi splurt, splash
Arosi
pwisi splurt, splash
Tongan
pī throw, dash or splash water
pihi splash up, fly up, as spray
Niue
pihi to splash
pihipihi to spatter
pihi-kia spattered
Samoan
pisi splash
Rennellese
pisipisi to splash, to wet, stir up, as waves
pisi-kia be drenched, soaked; to wet, soak, splash; receive a spurt of a liquid, as lime juice in the eye
Hawaiian
pī to sprinkle, as water with the fingers
WMP Bontok
pisít squeeze between finger and thumb in order to squeeze out the contents of something
Malay
picit pinching; compression in the hand; a form of massage
OC Nggela
pisi be ejected, of feces
WMP Cebuano
pisúk, písuk push something small into a depressed position; make a dent in something covering only a small area
Kadazan Dusun
pisuk inside angle
Malay (Jakarta)
pécok bruised, dented
WMP Bontok
pidək have a drooping eyelid
Agutaynen
mag-pirek-pirek to blink the eyes or flutter the eyelids; for an electric light to flicker on and off
Cebuano
pilúk wink or blink the eyes
Maranao
pirek blink, wink
WMP Sambal (Botolan)
kirɨp <M eyelash
Ayta Maganchi
kirɨp <M eyelash
Tagalog
pilik eyelash, eyelashes
Bikol
pirók eyelashes
Palawan Batak
pirɨk eyelash
Mamanwa
piluk eyelash
Binukid
pilek eyelashes
WMP Kenyah
pidem to close the eyes
Sasak
pidəm close the eyes; fall asleep
WMP Mongondow
pioŋ turn off, extinguish (of fire or light)
Muna
pio extinguished, out (light or fire)
WMP Cebuano
pidpid very near or close
Javanese
pipir beside, next to' (Pigeaud 1938)
WMP Ilokano
palidpíd border (as in a pattern)
Cebuano
palidpíd pass close along the side of something
Old Javanese
palipid edging, frame
palipir border, edge, side; going along, (being on) the border or side
WMP Ilokano
pídut pilfering; kleptomania
ag-pídut to pick up; pilfer; steal little by little
ma-pídut to be picked up; to happen to pick up; coincidentally pick up
p<inn>ídut picking up objects in a race
pidut-en to pick up; pilfer
Hanunóo
pídut pinch
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
pindut a pinch of some substance, as a pinch of salt, using the thumb and the fingers
WMP Javanese
piek-piek to cheep, of baby chicks (Pigeaud 1938)
Bare'e
pio a high-pitched sound
ana pio chick, baby bird
ka-pio-pio cheeping together
mo-mio crying out of a deer
OC Tolai
viók peep, cheep (Bley 1912)
WMP Agutaynen
ma-piet narrow; tight; crowded
Cebuano
piut narrow, not affording enough space
WMP Cebuano
píguŋ to grip or hold something firmly (as a squirming piglet, or a board to be sawed)
Malay
pegaŋ grasp; hand-hold; control
WMP Masbatenyo
pihak-ón divide something, split
ka-pihák portion, part of a whole, one half, other half
ka-pihák san púsoʔ spouse, life partner (lit. ‘other half of the heart’)
Aklanon
píhak to cut into two equal parts; halve
pihák the other side; half
Hiligaynon
pihák other side, reverse, pair, half
mag-pihák to cut in two parts, divide in half
Mansaka
piyak to split (as a coconut)
Iban
piak side
dua piak on both sides
sa-piak bukit on the other side of the hill
be-piak halved, divided
Malay
pihak side
pihak kepala side of the head
Toba Batak
piak split in the middle
Sundanese
miyak step to the side to let someone pass
Balinese
piyak become separate, split, break open (intr.)
miyak split, break open (tr.)
Sasak
piak to parcel out, distribute
Tae'
piak split, cleave; be split, cloven
si-piak one half of something in relation to the other
WMP Aklanon
pihak-án uneven-sized, one is larger than the other
Old Javanese
pihak-an one side, one half
Formosan Saisiyat
pizaʔ how many?
Atayal
piraʔ several, several times; how many, how many times, how long a time; only
Seediq
pia how much? how many?
m-pia which time?
mn-pia how many times?
Amis
pina how many?; several
Thao
piza how much? how many?; several
la-piza how much? how many?
makim-piza have several of something
makit-piza do something several times
mim-piza be several; take several
mu-piza do how many times?
sh<m>i-piza how many?, how long has it been?
Bunun (Isbukun)
pia how much/how many?
Bunun (Takituduh)
piah how much/how many?
Paiwan
pida how much?, how many?
ma-pida how many persons?
WMP Yami
pira how many?, how much?
Itbayaten
pirah how many?
pa-pirah how many (in units or number, not in time)
Ibatan
pira how much/how many?
Agta (Central Cagayan)
pigə how many?
Isneg
pixá how many?, how much?
Kalinga (Guinaang)
pigá how many?
Ibaloy
piga how many?, how much?
memin-piga to do something how many times?
Isinay
pya how much?, how many?
Pangasinan
pigá how much?
pigá-ra how many?, so many
kuma-pigá which in order?
Bikol
pirá how many?, how much?; a little more and... (some consequence will follow); except for, excluding
Hanunóo
pirá how many?; some, several (objects)
tig-pirá how much? (in asking a price)
Romblomanon
pila how many (people)?, how much (substance)?; several (actions, people, situations, things)
Masbatenyo
pirá how much?, how many?
ma-mirá what is the price?
pi-pirá-pirá how much is each? how few? how scarce?
tag-pirá how much is each?
Aklanon
pilá how much? [money], how many? [in quantity]
piláŋ ka some, a few
Waray-Waray
pirá how much?, how many?
Hiligaynon
pilá how much?, how many?
Palawan Batak
pira how many?
Cebuano
pilá how much?, how many?; to what extent?
tag-pilá how much apiece?
pilá-hay only recently, not so long ago
Mamanwa
piráh how many?
Maranao
pira how much?, how many?
Binukid
pila how many?, how much?, to what extent?
tag-pila to cost how much for (something)?
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
pira how many?, how much?
ne-piraʔ-an a few days
Mansaka
píla how much?, how many?
Kalagan
pila how much/how many?
Yakan
piye how many? (days, etc.), how much? (money, etc.)
Tboli
hilu how many?, how much?
le hilu he an expression meaning ‘It isn’t that much, a little is enough’
Bilaan (Sarangani)
filɨ how many?
Tausug
pila how much?, how many?
Kadazan Dusun
pio how many?
Ida'an Begak
piro how many?
Supan
piro how much/how many?
Ngaju Dayak
piræ how many?
Malagasy
firi how many?, how often?
firi-na to be divided into how many?
Maloh
insa how much/many?
Simalur
da-ixa how many? (people)
ixa-o how many? (things)
Karo Batak
piga how much?, how many?
labo piga not many
pe-piga-ken the which? (in quantitative sequence)
Toba Batak
piga how much?, how many?
ndaŋ piga not many, few
pa-piga-hon the which? (in quantitative sequence)
Mentawai
piga how much?, how many?
Lampung
pixa how much?, how many?
Old Javanese
pira ~ piraŋ how much?; a certain number (an indefinite measure) of, some, several
kadi pira how could it be? how is it possible that?
Javanese
pira how many?, what amount? (Ngoko [social dialect])
Balinese
pira too, very, too much
Sasak
pira how much?, how many?
Sangir
pira how much?, how many?
pira-m-bua how many pieces?
Tontemboan
pira how much?, how many?; not much, a little
ma-pira reduce in amount
Tae'
pira how much?, how many?
pira-ŋ-boŋiʔ previously, earlier
Mandar
pira some, several; how much?, how many?
Makassarese
pira-ŋ how much?, how many? (in combination forms)
Chamorro
fiʔa how many?
CMP Komodo
pira how many?
Manggarai
pisa how much?, how many?; some, several
Ngadha
piza how much?, how many?
Sika
pira how much?, how many?
Kambera
pira how much?, how many?
Hawu
pəri how much?, how many?
Tetun
hira how much?, how many?
foli-n hira what cost?
Tetun (Dili)
hira how much/how many?
Wetan
wo-ira how many? how much?
Fordata
i-fira how much?, how many?
fa-fira how often?
Dobel
ʔa-yira how many?
Nuaulu
ina how much/how many?
Alune
ila how much? how many?
Laha
ila how much/how many?
Seit
ila how much/how many?
Boano₂
ina how much/how many?
Buruese
pila how many? how much?
Tifu
pila how much/how many?
Soboyo
hila how much/how many?
SHWNG Kowiai/Koiwai
fis how much?, how many?
Buli
fis how much?, how many?
fai-fis how many times?
fapi-fis several, a few
ma-fis how long?
OC Seimat
hil how many?
Wuvulu
fixa how many?
Sursurunga
a-is how many?
Label
isa how many?
ha-na-isa how often?
Tolai
ai-via how many?, how much?, how often?, how many at a time?, how many times?
Kove
pira how much/how many?
Lakalai
-riva <M how many?, how much?
tau riva how many men?
Manam
ira how many?, how much?
Wedau
bia-ŋa how many?
Bunama
hisa some; how many?
ʔe-hisa how many?
Magori
vika how much/how many?
Keapara
vira how much/how many?
Hula
vira how much/how many?
Motu
hida how many?
Kilivila
vila how many?
Dobuan
ʔe-isa how many?
Kwaio
fita how many?, how much?
Lau
fita how many?
Toqabaqita
fita how many?, how much?
fita-na ordinal form of fita: how many times?
'Āre'āre
hita how much? how many?
hita ʔāre how many? (of things and persons)
hita roʔua how often?, how many times?
Arosi
siha <M how many?
siha-na how many?, what number so far?
Chuukese
fita- how many? (used with suffixed counting classifiers)
fite- how many? (nonspecific or general class of things --- especially if the expected number is more than a few but less than hundreds)
Puluwat
fite how many? (more than ten)
fite-fay how many? (round objects)
fite-ray how many? (animate)
Woleaian
fita- [indefinite] how many?; a few, some
Pileni
e-hia how much/how many?
Mota
visa how many? so many
Lakona
ni-veh how many?
Malmariv
mo-visa how many?
Lametin
mo-vsa how many?
Amblong
mo-viza how much/how many?
Araki
mo visa how many?
Peterara
visa how much/how many?
Central Maewo
βisa how many?
Raga
xai-fiha how many?
Rano
e-vis how many?
Lingarak
i-vis how much/how many?
Axamb
ŋa-vis how much/how many?
Paamese
e-his how many?; however many; an unknown number; how much? what price? what time?
e-his how many?
Toak
va-his how many?
Bonkovia
via how much/how many?
Filakara
fia how many?
Makatea
e-fia how many?
Wayan
vica how many?, how much?; be a small number or amount: a few, a bit
Fijian
vica interrogative numeral, how many?, and indefinite, so many, as in ‘a certain number of days’ (unspecified)
vica-saŋavulu how many tens?
e vica wale ŋā just a few
Tongan
fiha how many?, how much?
fiha-ŋofulu how many tens?
Niue
fiha how many?; (fig.) a few
Futunan
fia how much?, how many?
Samoan
fia be how many?; be how much?; (obsolete) three (occurs in ceremonial titles)
Tuvaluan
fia how many?
toko-fia how many? (of humans)
Kapingamarangi
hia much, many (question)
Nukuoro
hia how many? [in compounds only]
Rennellese
hia how many?, how much?
Anuta
e pia how many is it?
ku pia how many was it?
e toko pia how many people?
e mata pia how many tens of fish?
Maori
hia ~ whia interrogative numeral: how many?; an indefinite numeral: several (three, more or less)
Rapanui
e-hia how much/how many?
Hawaiian
-hia how many?, how much?
WMP Itbayaten
icha-pirah number what? (in a series in time, e.g. first, second time)’
Cebuano
ika-pilá which [number] is it?
WMP Cebuano
ka-pilá how many times?
Binukid
ka-pila how many times?
Kadazan Dusun
ko-pio which?, what?
pii-pio few, some
Ngaju Dayak
ka-piræ how many days?
Malagasy
ha-firi-ana how many days?
Sangir
ka-pira-ne the which (in number)?
OC Mussau
ga-isa how much?, how many?
Wogeo
ka-visa how much?, how many?
Lungga
ka-visa how many?
Roviana
ka-visa how many?, how much?, what price?
Eddystone/Mandegusu
ka via how many?
Formosan Seediq
meke-pia for how many (days)?
Paiwan
maka-pida-lʸ how many days?
WMP Cebuano
maka-pilá how many times?
Formosan Amis
pa-pina how many? (of people)
Thao
pa-piza how many? (of people)
WMP Proto-Bungku-Tolaki
*po-pia how many? (independent numeral)
Chamorro
fa-fiʔa how many? (of living things)
WMP Malagasy
faha-firi what number is it?
OC Arosi
haʔa-siha <M how often?
Mota
vaga-visa how many times?
Wayan
vaka-vica how many times? how often?
Fijian
vaka-vica how many times?
Rennellese
haka-hia how many times?, what day of the lunar month?, how many thatch panels
Formosan Amis
pa-pina-pina several (people)
WMP Ngaju Dayak
piræ-piræ as much as, as many as
Karo Batak
piga-piga some; several
Old Javanese
pira-pira ~ piraŋ-piraŋ quite a few, many
Javanese
pira-pira no matter how much/many
Sasak
pira-pira some; several
Sangir
pira-pira some; several
Tontemboan
pira-pira some; several
Tae'
pira-pira-ka as many as there are
CMP Ngadha
piza piza some, several
Sika
pira-pira so much, as much
Wetan
wo-ira wo-ira some, several
OC Niue
fiha-fiha very few, scarce
OC Numbami
wiso flesh, meat, muscle
Motu
hidio flesh; lean of meat; grain of wood, muscle
Proto-Micronesian
*fisiko meat, flesh
Gilbertese
iriko flesh, muscle, meat
Kosraean
ikoac meat, flesh
Marshallese
yiteq whale meat
Pohnpeian
uduk meat, flesh, muscle
Chuukese
fituk meat, flesh, muscle
Puluwat
fitik flesh of any kind, meat; flesh and blood, blood relative
Woleaian
fitig(o) meat, flesh
Lonwolwol
visi flesh
Southeast Ambrym
hisi meat, flesh
Fijian
viciko the flesh, the lean of meat as against uro, the fat; the grain of lumber
OC Patpatar
hidi to plait
Mangseng
pit twist off, pick off
Mapos Buang
bij squeeze
Bugotu
pijir-i to plait with three or four strands
Nggela
pindir-i to intertwine the strands of a rope
Marshallese
pitʷ twist sennit
Mokilese
pid to wind (rope)
OC Tabar
viso bamboo
Lakalai
viro a hollow-stemmed reed: Phragmites spp.
Kairiru
vis pitpit, a wild sugarcane with edible fruit: Saccharum spontaneum
Motu
hido a wild cane growing by the riverside
Cheke Holo
vi-viho hollow reed
Motlav
viho Saccharum spontaneum
Raga
viho Saccharum edule
Fijian
vico a wild sugarcane: Erianthus maximus
Samoan
fiso a large reed with stems that contain sugar: Erianthus maximus
Formosan Thao
pizpiz closely spaced, of objects; crowded, of people filling a space
pizpiz-an to crowd, press against
WMP Ilokano
pidipíd closely set together
pidipid-én to join, unite, stack up
Isneg
pidpíd either of the planks or plates that form the sides of a canoe; the border of a basket
Bontok
pidpid to plant rice seedlings close together
Cebuano
pidpíd very near or close (as a bed placed very close to a wall); put, stay very close along something; travel close along something (as a boat traveling close to the shore)
Kadazan Dusun
pipid close together
Mongondow
pipid row; put in a row
Formosan Thao
ma-pizpiz closely spaced, of objects (as the bars of an iron fence that are set close together); crowded, of people filling a space
WMP Ilokano
ma-pidipíd closely set together; covered with sores, wounds, etc.
WMP Maranao
pik dull sound of a gun misfired
Malay
pik sound like that of a pick striking the earth
OC Wuvulu
pie sand
Aua
pie sand
Tolai
pia place, earth, ground, land, soil, dirt; down, down on the ground
Proto-Micronesian
*pika sand, sandbank
Gilbertese
bike beach sand, sandbank, sandy soil; beach, shore
Pohnpeian
pihk sand
pika-pik sandy
Chuukese
piis sandy islet (in place names and compounds)
Woleaian
pig(a) small island, islet
WMP Mongondow
pékak frog
CMP Hawu
hika morning bird, named from its cry
Rotinese
hika laugh loudly
WMP Yami
pikaŋ walking with legs apart
ma-pikaŋ walking with legs wide open
Balinese
pikaŋ the groin
CMP Sika
pikaŋ fork, pitchfork
WMP Isneg
píkat the sap of the jack, used for birdlime
Malay
p<em>ikat a fowler
Old Javanese
a-pikat to catch birds, using a decoy
pikat-an decoy
Javanese
pikat decoy bird; lure, trap
Balinese
pikat lure, decoy, snare (for birds)
WMP Isneg
mamíkat spread birdlime where birds are accustomed to roost
Malay
memikat to snare (birds), esp. by means of bait or a decoy
WMP Kadazan Dusun
piko fold
pikoh-on to be folded
CMP Buruese
pike- bow, bend
OC Samoan
piʔo bent, crooked
OC Bugotu
piko dislocate, be dislocated
Nggela
piko give a twist in cat's cradle and so form a new figure; to twist, as an ankle
Tongan
piko bent, crooked: if one bend only; if two or more: piko-piko
Samoan
piʔo bent, crooked (as a tree); (of character or actions) be crafty, shifty
faʔa-piʔo-piʔo walk with a limp
Tuvaluan
piko bent; crooked
piko-piko bent; crooked (in more than one place or of more than one object)
Nukuoro
bigo bent; bedridden with illness
bigo-bigo bent up (having several bends)
Rennellese
piko bent
piko-piko bent (diminutive)
he-piko-piko-ʔaki winding, branching, as a crooked path
Maori
piko bend, stoop; bent, curved; corner, bend; curve, and so ornamentation
whaka-piko to bend
piko-piko winding about; young curved shoots of fern
Hawaiian
piʔo arch, arc; bent, arched, curved; to arch, of a rainbow
WMP Maranao
pikeg bend something stiff
Malay
péŋkar misshapen in the legs, e.g. bandy-legged or bow-legged
CMP Buruese
pike-h bow, bend
OC Bugotu
piko dislocate, be dislocated
Nggela
piko twist, as an ankle
Samoan
piʔo bent, crooked
Maori
piko bend, stoop; bent, curved
Hawaiian
piʔo arch, arc; bent, arched, curved
WMP Mapun
pikot horsefly (bites)
Tausug
pikut the common housefly
Tombonuwo
pikot large fly, horsefly
Ida'an Begak
pikot a kind of fly that bites
Malagasy
fíhitra a large stinging fly
Malay
pikat large stinging fly, generic for Tabanidae
Boano
pikot a fly
WMP Isneg
píkat the sap of the jack, used for birdlime
Maranao
piket to stick, as fingers sticking together
Toba Batak
pihot thick, sticky, viscous, of clay
WMP Isneg
mamíkat spread birdlime where birds are accustomed to roost
Malay
memikat to snare (birds), esp. by means of bait or a decoy
WMP Ilokano
pikí a kind of white cotton cloth for men’s attire
Maranao
pikí type of cloth
WMP Kankanaey
pikík chirp, as some birds do
CMP Hawu
peki squeaking of mice
WMP Ilokano
piŋkít with small eyes, almond-eyed
Pangasinan
pikít plaster; sticky
Tagalog
pikít closed (said of eyes)
Bikol
pikít squinting, having one eye smaller than the other
Hanunóo
pikít closing the eyes
Aklanon
pikít tight; get tight(er) or more crowded
Hiligaynon
pikít of clothes, tight
Cebuano
piŋkít for things that are alike to be joined by some part of themselves; piŋkít na ságiŋ two bananas joined together as one
Maranao
pikit attach, stick on, paste
piŋkit sticking together; web-footed
Binukid
piŋkit for fruits to be joined as one; to tie (two or more fruits) together, using a part of them to do the tying
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
pikit tie one object to another by means of a cord or rope between them
pikit-pikit hang onto something with the arms extended
Mansaka
pikit grow attached to one another, as twin bananas
Tausug
piŋkit having six (or more) fingers on one hand
Malagasy
fíhitra a grasp, a catch, a grip, as is made by a person holding to something to prevent him from falling
OC Tongan
piki hold on, cling, stick or adhere
piki-piki sticky
Niue
piki cleave to, adhere; touch
Samoan
piʔi wrestle (consists in holding the hands or wrists of one’s opponent and applying pressure on them); stick, adhere to (as an octopus sticking to a stone), cling to, hold on to; (of a boat) be moored
Tuvaluan
piki adhere; cling; be towed by a canoe
pi-piki adhesive
Anuta
piki sticky sap, as that of the breadfruit; glue
piki-piki sticky
Maori
piki pressed close together
Formosan Kavalan
piqpiq to clap one’s hands
p<m>iqpiq to flap wings
piqpiq-an be patted, as on the shoulder
Amis
ma-pikpik flap the wings
mi-pikpik to fly, of birds
sa-pikpík wing
WMP Yami
pikpik to pound
Itbayaten
pa-pichpich-an to strike at the side of (as of animals drawing sleds)
Ilokano
pikpík light tap, pat
pikpik-en to pat with the palm of fingers
Kankanaey
pikpík pat, tap lightly
Ibaloy
pikpik-en to pat, tap something (as friend on the shoulder or buttocks); to pet an animal; to tap a chicken around its body before killing it
Tagalog
pikpík soft caressing pats (on infants when being put to sleep)
Aklanon
píkpik pat with one's hand
Cebuano
pikpik to pat, tap lightly on the body; make pottery by tapping with a flat wooden paddle; hammer out dents in a car; kind of sorcery inflicted by tapping someone on the back, counteracted by tapping the person who sent it on his back
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
pikpik to tap someone with the hand to get his attention
Mansaka
pikpik to tap lightly
Mapun
pikpik wing
Tausug
pikpik wing (of bird or plane)
Karo Batak
pikpik tap, rap; chisel off something delicate
Sundanese
p-er-ékpék strike continuously, beat someone
OC Tolai
pipi beat with a switch or any small thing
WMP Ilokano
palikpík fin (of a fish)
Pangasinan
palíkpik fins or dorsal spines of fish
Tagalog
palikpík soft slender fin
Formosan Amis
piko intersection; place where there is a turn in the road
Paiwan
piku elbow
WMP Sangir
piku bend, curve; curving around; corner
WMP Tausug
pikuk crippled (by having the arm bent, not from birth)
Narum
pihok bent
Ngaju Dayak
pa-pikok, piko-pikok crooked, bent
Iban
pikok crooked, deformed, esp. of hands
Sangir
piŋkuʔ bend, curve (as in a road)
OC Nggela
mbiku to bend, as a piece of tin, curl up
WMP Maranao
pikol to bend (as a branch)
Iban
pikul sharp corner, bend, angle (esp. of road or river)
Bahasa Indonesia
peŋkol to curve, bend (as a road)
CMP Rembong
piŋkul sit with legs folded back (of women)
Formosan Kavalan
piku bend
p<m>iku to bend
WMP Bontok
pikú to bend, as a finger or limb
Ifugaw (Batad)
piku for a linear object to be crooked
Cebuano
píkuʔ for something pliant to bend into a position in which it stays; cause it to do so
Maranao
pikoʔ to curve, swerve
pikoʔ-an a curve (as in a road)
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
pikuʔ-an a curve in the river or road
Tausug
mag-pikuʔ to bend (something, as iron or rattan)
Kayan
piku knock-kneed
Balinese
péŋkoh curve inwards, bend inwards (a foot); one who has a bent-in foot
Buginese
pikku deformed arm
OC Nggela
mbiku to bend, as a piece of tin, curl up
mbiku-ga curled up
WMP Ilokano
ag-píko-píko variety of girls’ hide-and-seek
Tagalog
pikóʔ children’s game called hopskotch
WMP Bontok
píkut to bend over (as a person); to bend, as a nail
CMP Manggarai
pikut curled up (as someone sleeping in a confined position)
WMP Ilokano
píkut forced marriage
pikút-en to force a marriage
Agutaynen
ma-pikot to trap somebody into marriage, often by the girl getting pregnant
Cebuano
píkut to corner a man into marriage (slang)
WMP Ilokano
píla clay; very hard soil converted to stone
Kapampangan
píla clay
Tagalog
píla clay for making earthenware
WMP Casiguran Dumagat
pilak to split (as in splitting open a coconut or other fruit)
Iban
pilak force open
Sasak
pilak to open
WMP Tagalog
pilantík slight jerk at the end of a whip
Malay
pelanték (with metathesis of *a and *e) spring-spear, spring-gun
WMP Bikol
piláʔ scar, scab
OC Arosi
hira scar
WMP Isneg
pílāt the permanent white marks left on the skin by the kosílāng itch
Casiguran Dumagat
pílat scar (completely healed); to heal (of a sore)
Sambal (Botolan)
piat scar
Tagalog
pílat a scar; cicatrix; a scar or a physical blemish
p<um>ílat to form a scar
Palawan Batak
pilát a scar
Aborlan Tagbanwa
pilat a healed-over scar
Kadazan Dusun
pihat scar
Tombonuwo
pilat a sore, a wound
Murut (Timugon)
pilat wound; scar
Ida'an Begak
pilat cut, wound
a-pilat be cut, wounded
Lun Dayeh (Long Semado)
pilat scar
Formosan Pazeh
pii-piri be choosing (as when picking up pebbles from rice grain)
Sakizaya
mi-piliʔ to choose
Amis
piliʔ to choose, pick one
Tsou
e-pri to choose
Rukai (Maga)
u-príi to choose
Rukai (Mantauran)
u-pili to choose
Paiwan
ki-piliq be “choosy,” pick out best bits
pa-pa-piliq to sort out, divide
WMP Itbayaten
pili idea of selection or choice or sorting out; imperative form of pili-an
ka-pa-mili act of selecting
Ilokano
ag-píli to choose, to select
man-ag-pi-píli choosy, finicky
paka-pili-an selection
Isneg
píli choice
maxip-pi-píli to choose, to select
Ifugaw
píli choice, selection
Casiguran Dumagat
pile to choose, to select; to pick out
Ibaloy
man-pidi to choose between alternatives
pan-pidi-an alternatives, choices, options
Isinay
píli choice
Pangasinan
mana-míli elector
Tagalog
píliʔ choice, selection
pilíʔ chosen; select; picked out (for excellence); outstanding
má-piliʔ to be chosen; to be eligible
pag-pili-an to choose something from a number of things
pami-míliʔ choosing or selecting
Remontado
píliʔ choose
Hanunóo
píliʔ choosing, selection
Romblomanon
pīlíʔ someone or something chooses something else, something else, a particular object, place or time
Masbatenyo
maka-píliʔ can choose, can select, can pick out, can decide on
Aklanon
píliʔ to select, choose, pick out; to take out any bad or ruined grains from rice pile
pili-li-án election(s); choosing
Waray-Waray
pilíʔ choice; preference; selection; election; option; alternative
Agutaynen
pilik choose something
Cebuano
píliʔ choose, pick a choice; elect someone to office; sort out the good or bad
Maranao
piliʔ choose, select
Binukid
piliʔ to choose, select (someone or something; to elect (someone) to office
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
piliʔ to choose
Mansaka
piliʔ to choose, to select
Tausug
maŋ-pīʔ to choose, select, pick out
Kadazan Dusun
pihiʔ to choose, elect
Abai Sembuak
mbiliʔ to choose
Kelabit
pilíʔ choice
Kayan
pili be chosen
Melanau (Mukah)
piliʔ chosen, selected
Malagasy
fídi choice, preference, permission to choose
sa-fidi choice
vua fidi chosen, selected, preferred
Iban
pilih chosen, choose, select, pick out
Singhi Land Dayak
piris to choose
Malay
piléh choosing; selection
Bahasa Indonesia
pilih choice
Acehnese
piléh choose
Gayō
pilih choose, select
mu-milih to choose, select
Simalur
ilix choose, pick out
Toba Batak
pili to single out, choose
Nias
fili choose
Mentawai
pili to pick, choose; choosy, fastidious
Sundanese
pilih make no distinction, as between foreign and familiar; not choosy
Old Javanese
a-milih to choose, make a choice from (well-considered, not at random), select, give one’s preference to
pilih-palah not determined, uncertain, varying, with various possibilities
Javanese
pilih to make a choice
Balinese
pilih choice
Mongondow
piliʔ choose
Ponosakan
piliʔ to choose
Gorontalo
pili choose
Bare'e
pili choose
ba-mili a fastidious person
Tae'
paʔ-pile-an the remainder, residue that has no more value, is of no more use after the valuable or useful part has been chosen
Makassarese
am-mile to choose, select, pick out
pam-mile choice
Wolio
pili choose
mem-pili fastidious
pili-ta choice
Bonerate
pili to choose
Muna
pili choice
fe-pili choose carefully (esp. seeds, grains, etc.)
Popalia
pili to choose
CMP Manggarai
pilé to choose, select
Rembong
pilé to choose
Ngadha
pili to find, pick up, gather
pilé laé collect leftovers from feast
Lamaholot
pileʔ pluck; pick up; choose
Tetun
hili to pick up from the ground; to arrange
Tetun (Dili)
hili to choose
Selaru
r-fil to choose
Hitu
pili to choose
OC Sobei
a-fir to choose
Wampar
(m)pin to choose
Takuu
hiri to choose, select
Bugotu
vili to choose
Nggela
vili to choose, select; to give a judgment, sentence; to collect small things such as shells
Kwaio
fili ana pick out for special sacredness, of an adalo (ancestral spirit) to a woman
Lau
fili to choose, prefer
fili-s-ia chosen
'Āre'āre
hiri-si-a choose, pick out, select
Sa'a
hili to choose for one’s own, to desire and take
hili-si to pick, to choose
Arosi
hiri to choose
ʔome hiri to select; to divide, separate, judge
Proto-Micronesian
*fili choose
Pohnpeian
pil to choose, to pick out, to select
Mokilese
pil to choose, to select
Chuukese
fini- choosing, selecting; electing, appointing
Puluwat
fili- to choose, select
Woleaian
f-fili to choose, pick up, decide, select
Rotuman
hili to pick out, choose, select, elect; to pick and choose, to show either discrimination or favoritism
Wayan
vili of something on the surface, especially foodstuff, be picked up, gathered, collected; pick up things; what is picked up
vaka-vili- try to pick up or gather something
Fijian
vili to pick up scattered things, as fallen leaves or fruits
Tongan
fili to choose, pick out, cull, select, elect; to sort (as letters)
Niue
fi-fili to choose, select
faka-fili a judge
Futunan
fili to choose
Samoan
fili pick out, select
Tuvaluan
fili choose
fili-ŋa election
Kapingamarangi
hili to choose, to select; choice
Nukuoro
hili pick from among several, choose, elect; particular (choosy) about
Rennellese
higi to choose, select, vote; to be choosy, selective
higi-ŋa choice, selection, preference; plants selected for planting
Rarotongan
iri to select, to choose, to pick out, to name; used figuratively to denote: to recite, to disclose
Maori
whiri select, choose
WMP Bontok
ʔi-píli to select, to choose, to pick out
Tagalog
i-píliʔ to choose what is good for someone else
WMP Tagalog
ka-píliʔ a companion in making a choice
Kadazan Dusun
ko-pihiʔ can choose, elect, select
Sundanese
ka-pilih chosen, elected
Old Javanese
ka-pilih to choose (?)
Javanese
ke-pilih to get chosen/elected
Wolio
ka-pili the elect; council of the lower class (in the old days)
Muna
ka-pili election, choice
WMP Itbayaten
ma-mili to select, to pick out, to choose; to sort out
Ifugaw
ma-míli to choose
Ifugaw (Batad)
ma-mīli for someone to choose someone, something
Pangasinan
ma-milí to choose
Tagalog
ma-míliʔ to choose
Agutaynen
ma-milik to choose something
Kadazan Dusun
mo-mihiʔ to elect, choose, select, appoint
Tarakan
mili to choose
Kelabit
milíʔ to choose, select
Kayan
mili to choose
Melanau (Mukah)
mə-miliʔ to choose, select
Bahasa Indonesia
me-milih choose something that is desired
Karo Batak
milih to choose, select
Toba Batak
ma-mili to single out, choose
Nias
ma-mili to choose
Sundanese
milih to choose
Javanese
milih to select; to elect, to appoint; to sort out
Balinese
milih to choose, have a choice, make a distinction; if, in case
Sangir
ma-mile to choose, select
Mongondow
ma-miliʔ to choose
Gorontalo
mo-mili to choose
Totoli
mo-mili to choose
Boano
mo-miliʔ to choose
Bare'e
mam-pili ~ mom-pili to choose
mom-pili-si to choose
Formosan Amis
ma-piliʔ be chosen
WMP Itbayaten
ma-pili choosy
Ibaloy
ma-pidi choosy, picky, fussy
Tagalog
ma-píliʔ able to be chosen or selected; be able to pick; fussy, choosy
Bikol
ma-píliʔ fastidious, fussy, particular, selective
Masbatenyo
ma-pilíʔ choosy (as in food one eats)
Aklanon
ma-píliʔ choosy, selective, “spoiled”
Agutaynen
ma-pilik choosy, picky
Tausug
ma-pīʔ choosy, fastidious, hard to please, discriminating
Old Javanese
a-pilih having one’s preferences, particular in the choice of
tan (m)a-pilih having no preferences, not discriminating, indiscriminately, at random
WMP Casiguran Dumagat
mag-pile to choose, select
Isinay
map-píli to choose
Bikol
mag-píliʔ to choose, pick, select, single out; to elect
Romblomanon
mag-pīlíʔ to choose someone, something
Masbatenyo
mag-píliʔ choose, select, pick out, decide on
Tausug
mag-pīʔ to choose, select, pick out; to remove unhusked rice or other particles (from cooking rice)
Malagasy
mi-fídi to choose, to select, to prefer
Bahasa Indonesia
ber-pilih-pilih choose very carefully
Toba Batak
mar-pili be chosen, selected
WMP Ilokano
na-pili fastidious, finicky, very selective; choice, select, high quality
Ifugaw
na-píli what is (was) chosen; what is preferred (among the things that can be chosen)
Tagalog
na-píliʔ choice, select (as choice food)
Romblomanon
na-pīlíʔ happened to be chosen
Kadazan Dusun
no-pihiʔ (has been) chosen, elected, selected
Tae'
na-pile-i chose, selected, picked out
WMP Itbayaten
pa-mili to choose
Sundanese
pa-milih the talent for being able to distinguish (as between nobility and commoners)
WMP Cebuano
pa-píliʔ be a candidate
Sangir
pa-pile something with which one sorts things out
Makassarese
pa-pile let someone choose something
WMP Isneg
pag-píli to let (one) choose
Tagalog
pag-píliʔ choice, the act of choosing
Romblomanon
pag-pīlíʔ someone’s or something’s choosing someone, something, a particular object, place or time
Masbatenyo
pag-píliʔ choice, selection, option
Formosan Amis
ka-piliʔ-an one who is chosen
WMP Kadazan Dusun
ko-pihi-an (act of) choosing; election; selection
WMP Javanese
pa-milih-an act or way of selecting
Makassarese
pam-mile-aŋ what is left over after a choice is made; remainder
WMP Tagalog
p<in>íliʔ choice, select (as choice food); chosen
Romblomanon
p<in>īlíʔ were chosen
Cebuano
p<in>ílíʔ someone or something elected or chosen; something select, special; select kind of large-grained rice
Binukid
p<in>iliʔ chose, selected
Kadazan Dusun
p<in>ihiʔ (the thing) chosen, selected; choice
Kelabit
p<ən>ilíʔ ~ p<in>ilíʔ was chosen by someone
Malagasy
f<in>ídi was chosen
Old Javanese
p<in>ilih was chosen
Sangir
p<in>ile ~ ni-pile was chosen
Formosan Pazeh
mu-piri to choose
Paiwan
p<n>iliq to choose, sort out
WMP Ilokano
p<um>íli to choose, to select
Ifugaw (Batad)
p<um>íli for someone to choose someone, something
Tagalog
p<um>íliʔ to choose, to select
Tiruray
f<em>iliʔ to select, to choose
Malay
saŋat p<em>iléh extremely particular or fastidious
Acehnese
p<um>iléh to choose
Karo Batak
p<em>ilih-milih-en what is left over after the best has been chosen; remnant, residue
p<em>ilih-i way of choosing
WMP Itbayaten
pili-an to choose, to pick out undesirable objects (as in removing sand or stones from rice); to select choice objects from the rest
Ilokano
pili-an to clean rice of dirt and extraneous matters
Agta (Dupaningan)
pili-an choose
Isneg
piliy-ān to choose, to select
Tagalog
pili-án choosy
Buhid
fili-an to choose
Aklanon
p<in>ilí-an leftovers (after others have taken the best)
Agutaynen
pilik-an choosy, picky
Tausug
pīʔ-an to remove unhusked rice or other particles (from cooking rice)
Sundanese
pilih-an that on which one’s choice is based
Javanese
pilih-an having been selected; act or way of selecting
Balinese
pilih-an chosen one, elected one
Makassarese
pile-aŋ choose something for someone
OC Nggela
vili-a chosen
Kwaio
fili-a reserve, pick out, choose
Lau
fili-a chosen
Toqabaqita
fili-a choose, select, prefer
'Āre'āre
hiri-a choose, pick out, select
Chuukese
fini-ya choice, thing chosen by someone
WMP Itbayaten
pili-en to select, to pick out
Ilokano
pili-en to choose, select, pick out
Bontok
pili-yən to select, to choose, to pick out
Kankanaey
pili-en to choose, to pick out; to single out
Ibaloy
pidi-en to choose, pick, select something
Tagalog
piliʔ-in to choose, to select
Bikol
pilíʔ-on to choose, pick, select, single out; to elect
Masbatenyo
piliʔ-ón be selected, be chosen, be picked up, be elected
Agutaynen
pilik-en to choose something
Tausug
pīʔ-un to choose, select, pick out
Kadazan Dusun
pihi-on (to be) chosen, elected, selected
Bisaya (Lotud)
piliʔ-on to choose
Bahasa Indonesia
pilih-an what is chosen, one’s choice
Gayō
pilih-en what is chosen, one’s choice
Karo Batak
pilih-en sorted out, selected; what is chosen
Sundanese
pilih-en in order to make a choice
Old Javanese
pilih-en be chosen, selected
Formosan Pazeh
piri-ʔi choose it!
WMP Tae'
pile-i choose, pick out
OC Woleaian
fili-i choose it, pick it up, select it
WMP Isneg
pili-píli by chance; it happens or happened
Javanese
pilih-pilih to make choices
Makassarese
pa-pile-pile fastidious, squeamish
OC Nggela
vili-vili to choose; collect small things
Proto-Micronesian
*fili-fili choose
Pohnpeian
pili-pil to choose, to pick out, to select; election, selection
Mokilese
pil-pil to choose, to select; election
Chuukese
ni-fini-fin (be) a matter of choice; (be) a choosy person, fastidious, particular, fussy
Wayan
vili-vili keep gathering, etc.
Tongan
fili-fili to choose (one or more) out of many, or to pick over; habitually picking and choosing, particular (in this sense), fastidious
Futunan
fili-fili to choose; choice, selection
Samoan
fili-fili choose
Nukuoro
hili-hili choose carefully from among many; election
WMP Malay
pilis mark placed on the forehead of a sick man to keep off spirits of disease
Old Javanese
pilis temple (part of the head)
pi-pilis ointment applied to the temples against a headache
Javanese
pilis a preparation of pounded herbs applied to the forehead to soothe and relieve pain
milis to apply such a preparation
Madurese
peles ointment applied to forehad to soothe and relieve pain
Balinese
pilis ~ pa-pilis ointment put on the eyelids and below the brows
Tae'
piliʔ temple of the head
Proto-South Sulawesi
*pilis side of the face
Mandar
pilis cheeks
Buginese
piliʔ dizzy; cheeks
Makassarese
pilisiʔ cheeks (Cense 1979); temples (Mills 1975)
WMP Ilokano
ag-pílit to insist
mam-mílit forceful; rapist
ka-pilít-an to do without the will; be forced to do; a necessary obligation
na-pilít-an to be forced
Agta (Eastern)
pílit to force, make something act against its will
Bontok
pílit to insist; to force
Kankanaey
pílit to force; to compel; to constrain; to impel; to use forcible means
Ifugaw
pílit compulsion, constraint, coercion
mum-pílit person who actually compels somebody
Ifugaw (Batad)
pīlit for someone to insist on doing something with someone or something, or to someone or something
Casiguran Dumagat
p<um>ílit to strive, to try hard, to insist on doing something
Ibaloy
pidit-en to force, compel, make, constrain someone to do something; the act of forcing; do something forcefully, as a cow forcing its way through a fence
ka-pidit-an compulsory, obligatory
Pangasinan
pílit to be obliged, have obligations
ma-mílit to force
Kapampangan
pílit to force
Tagalog
pílit ~ pilít forced; strained; not natural; labored, done with difficulty
i-pílit to impose; to force or thrust on another; to insist; to keep firmly to some demand, statement or position
mag-pílit to try or strive hard (as to enter a locked building)
ma-mílit to compel, to force
ma-pílit insistent; compelling attention or notice; pressing; urgent
ma-pilit-an to be obliged, to be compelled; to be forced
Aklanon
pílit to force, compel, insist on
Hiligaynon
mag-pílit to insist, to urge, to force, to compel
Cebuano
pílit insist on doing something, or that someone else do something
WMP Ilokano
pilít-en to force, oblige, violate, rape
Kankanaey
pilit-en to force; to compel; to constrain; to impel; to use forcible means
Ifugaw (Batad)
pilit-on insist on doing something with someone or something, or to someone or something
Kapampangan
pilit-an to force
Hiligaynon
pilít-un to insist, to urge, to force, to compel
WMP Masbatenyo
pilít glutinous, viscous, gelatinous; gooey, gluey, gummy
i-pilít to paste or stick, as a picture on the wall
ma-pilít viscous, sticky (as soup, soil)
pam-pilít adhestive, glue, paste, something used as glue or paste
Aklanon
pílit glue, paste
pilít to glue, stick together, fasten with paste
Waray-Waray
pilít a glutinous variety of rice
Hiligaynon
ma-pilít sticky, clammy
mag-pilít to stick on, to paste on
Cebuano
pilít stick on (as a gecko sticking to a surface)
pa-pilít to paste, stick something to something
pilít-pílit having difficulty enunciating (because of the tongue ‘sticking’)
Maranao
pilit paste, glue, stick
Binukid
pilit to stick on or to something (as tree sap sticking to someone’s clothing, the eyelids sticking shut because of an infected eye discharge)
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
pilit a glutinous variety of rice
Malay
pelet birdlime
OC Niue
pili to stick together; resin, cement, plaster; anything sticky
tau-pili be attached to one another, be constantly in one another’s company
tau-pili-ā companion, helper, follower
pili-pili anything glutinous, clammy
Samoan
pili stuck fast, caught (as a knife stuck in a coconut tree)
Tuvaluan
pili near; come near; be on the point of; almost; entangled (as of foot or a bird in vines)
Kapingamarangi
bili to touch (something with hand)
bili-bili octopus
Nukuoro
bili be caught or hung up on something so as unable to fall (as a felled tree)
Rennellese
pigi to stick, touch, climb, embrace, remain fast
haka-pigi to stay with or near; to put in with or alongside, add
Anuta
piri-piri near
Rarotongan
piri to stick, to adhere, to remain fixed or attached to or on, to close, to come together, to grapple, to be congested, to be overcrowded; to draw together and unite; to be jammed or stuck; close, shut up, with no opening, confined; near, in time or place; intimate, compact; crowded; hidden, secret
Maori
piri stick, adhere, cling; come close, come to close quarters; attack; keep close; be attached, fastened to; a closely woven mat used as a defence against spear thrusts
pi-piri cling together; come to close quarters, join battle
whaka-piri to stick, fasten; keep close to; watertight, snug
piri-piri additional; assistant
Hawaiian
pili to cling, stick, adhere, touch, join, adjoin, cleave to, associate with, be with, be close to; clinging, sticking; close relationship, relative; thing belonging to
hoʔo-pili to bring together, stick; to attach oneself to a person
OC Notsi
pili to peel sweet potato
Kairiru
pil to peel skin off cooked vegetables by hand
Mota
wil to peel, turning the fruit over in peeling
Sye
a-vli to peel
OC Mota
pilolo curl round and round (as the leaf of a croton), revolve
Fijian
vilolo crooked, bent
yava vilolo bow-legged
WMP Itbayaten
om-pilpil to pound against
Ilokano
pilpíl crushed, flat
pilpil-én to crush, flatten
Bontok
pilpil-ən to squash; to crush; to flatten, as lumps of soil; to mash, as cooked sweet potato
Ibaloy
pilpil-en to pound on something to flatten or soften it (as in forging a bolo or preparing an animal hide)
Tagalog
pilpíl compressed, pressed flat
Cebuano
pilpil to slap someone’s hands lightly
Maranao
pipil to beat, whip (as a woman beating her child on the back)
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
pilpil to pat something with the flat of the hand; to pat something as a sign of approval
Tontemboan
piʔpil to copulate, of chickens and other birds
WMP Palauan
uíi jackfish, Gnathodon sp.
OC Gitua
pilu jack or trevally (Crevalle) fish
Wayan
vilu a fish taxon, probably Carangoides
Fijian
vilu small deep-bellied fish like the saqa (trevally, Caranx spp.), but dark in color and with no teeth
OC Gitua
pilu-pilu small trevally varieties
Nggela
vilu-vilu swordfish
Arosi
hiru-hiru large fish which swims in circles and is the sign of a shark being near
Formosan Puyuma
piɭuk twist and cripple
ma-piɭuk crippled (as from a twisted foot)
p<ən>iɭuk to twist, as the ankle
WMP Tagalog
pilók twisted (referring to arm, ankle or foot)
Iban
pilok crooked, twisted, lame (of a leg or foot that is crooked)
WMP Tagalog
ta-pilók to stumble and trip, thereby causing one to twist and sprain the foot or ankle
Iban
te-pilok sprained, lame
OC Tolai
pilul curly-haired, curl
Nggela
vi-vilu to twist up tobacco leaf in preparing tobacco
Kwaio
filu tangled
filu-aʔi to braid, twist
Arosi
hiru be curly, of the hair
WMP Aklanon
pilóʔ fold, bend, crease; hem (of dress)
Cebuano
pilúʔ fold something flat, crease, turn a hem up, be doubled, multiplied
OC Fijian
belu bend, curve, of hard things, e.g. tin
Tongan
pelu fold, bend or flex; to reef (a sail); to hem; to mark (e.g. a hymn) by folding the page
Hawaiian
pelu fold, turn over, turn under; a hem, tuck, as in a dress; to take a tuck, hem
WMP Ilokano
pindáŋ jerked meat, charqui
Kapampangan
píndaŋ jerked beef or pork, marinated in a sweet-sour sauce
Malay
pindaŋ cooking (fish, prawns, etc.) in salted and spiced bouillon
Old Javanese
pinḍaŋ a kind of soup or bouillon of fine meat or fish, usually made sour with tamarind
Balinese
pindaŋ fish cooked in salt water
Bare'e
pija sun-dried meat
Muna
pinda preserve fish with salt without drying
ka-pinda salted fish
WMP Ngaju Dayak
ba-pindah transfer, shift
Malagasy
fíndra change of place
Malay
pindah movement from one place to another
ber-pindah to move, change location
Sundanese
pindah move oneself; change (residence, job, etc.); to alter
Old Javanese
pinḍah to change, turn into the opposite
Javanese
pinḍah to move, change residence; change place, position
Balinese
pindah move house (said to be from Malay)
Tae'
pinda to change, of being (intr.); way of changing
Makassarese
pinra changed
Muna
pinda to move
WMP Sa'dan Toraja
kalu-pini kind of swallow
WMP Ilokano
kala-píni small bird with gray plumage; it lives near the water
Bare'e
kala-pini kind of swallow that nests on protected rock ledges
WMP Karo Batak
kalim-pinis kind of swallow
Tae'
kalum-piniʔ ~kalup-piniʔ swallow; one type will nest anywhere, but the other will only nest on rock ledges (cliff swallow)
WMP Ilokano
ag-pinsán to act as one, be unanimous, go all in one direction
ma-mim-pinsán once and for all, only once
pinsan-en to do all at once
Isneg
pinsān first cousin
Kankanaey
pinsán first cousin, cousin german
Pangasinan
pínsan cousin
Tagalog
pínsan cousin
Bikol
pínsan cousin
mag-pínsan to be cousins
Hanunóo
pínsan cousin
Kalamian Tagbanwa
pinsan cousin
WMP Ilokano
pintal-én to soak thread or string before putting it on the netting needle
Tagalog
pintál warp; a bend or twist
p<um>intál to warp, to become twisted
Tausug
pintal the main string attached to a kite (that holds it firmly in balance)
Ngaju Dayak
pintal twisted together
Malagasy
fíntana a hook on a string
Malay
pintal twisting; twining; making thread or string
Tae'
pintaʔ twist or intertwine strands to make a rope, as with fibers of the sugarpalm
Makassarese
pintalaʔ intertwined thread; sewing thread
WMP Casiguran Dumagat
pintás to be critical, to be fault-finding, to criticize someone about his faults
Tagalog
pintás fault, flaw, defect
mapa-mintás prone to fault-finding
p<um>intás to find faults in others; to adversely criticize
Bikol
ma-pintás discourteous, ill-bred; fault-finding; overly critical
Hanunóo
píntas any extremely powerful and evil force in the supernatural realm; specifically, either of the two worst types of labáŋ (evil forest spirits)
Aklanon
píntas to treat cruelly, be brutal with
ma-píntas cruel, savage, mean, brutal
Agutaynen
pintas a strong curse or hex, put on a person by a traditional healeer who has the power to do this
mag-pintas to put a curse or hex on someone with the help of an evil spirit, by using a picture of the person or an item of clothing; to practice sorcery
Hiligaynon
ma-píntas cruel, harsh, brutal
Central Tagbanwa
ma-pintat-an to bewitch
ma-mi-mintat a witch
Maranao
pintas take away from, disturb, as one does the luck of a gambler
WMP Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
pintuʔ of a king, to place his daughter in seclusion so that she cannot be seen or molested by other people; this is known only in folklore
Sangir
pintu residence of a princess; woman’s apartment; room where the princesses in stories remain between heaven and earth
OC Tolai
pin to fold together, fold or roll up, as cloth; crease
'Āre'āre
pinu to roll a leaf in form of a horn, for drinking purposes
a-pinu twisted, out of shape, flabby, folded, bend over
pinu-a to fold, hem
Sa'a
pinu turn over the edge of a thing; to hem
OC Solos
hunuan <A Macaranga spp.
Nggela
vinua Macaranga tanarius
Northeast Ambae
vinue Macaranga involucrata
Paamese
hinu(wa) Macaranga tanarius
OC Duke of York
pin skin, of human beings only
Sa'a
hinu bark; shell of shellfish
Mota
vinitiu <A skin, bark, husk, rind, shell
Raga
vinu- skin, bark, husk, rind
WMP Itbayaten
pilay lameness, idea of lameness
ka-pilay lameness
Ibatan
piday lame as a result of a birth defect or an injury
Ilokano
pílay limping; lame
ag-pil-pílay to walk with a limp
Isneg
pílay cripple, limping, lame; occasionally said of both upper and lower limbs, a very general name for paralysis or lameness; more strictly speaking the condition of the legs in which one is shorter and thinner than the other
Itawis
piláy cripple
Kankanaey
pílay lame; crippled; limping; halting
Ifugaw
pílay cripple, somebody who limps
pīlay gout or a gout-like inflammation, esp. of the ankle or knee joints, with or without swelling
Casiguran Dumagat
pilë lame, crippled; to become lame; to injure, sprain or break one’s arm or leg; a cripple
Tagalog
pílay limp; a lame step or walk; sprain; a dislocation of a bone or joint
piláy lame; sprained; (fig.) at a disadvantage; a cripple; a lame person
ka-pilay-an lameness
Bikol
pílay crippled, disabled, lame, maimed; a cripple
Hanunóo
piláy lame
Agutaynen
pilay for a person to be paralyzed, crippled in the legs, due to a stroke or accident
ag-ka-pilay-en for one’s leg, foot, arm to be asleep, feel numb or paralyzed
Cebuano
pílay bend or droop at its base limply (as the head of a child that has fallen asleep in his seat)
pílay-pílay to sway to and fro (as rice stalks in the wind); spineless, as a person without convictions
Mansaka
pilay lame, crippled
Tausug
pilay lame
Iban
pilay paralyzed (as a hand); to paralyze
Formosan Paiwan
ma-pilʸay lame, crippled
WMP Itbayaten
ma-pilay lame, to be lame
Isneg
ma-pílay to become lame
Itawis
ma-piláy to be crippled
Ibaloy
me-pilay to be lame, crippled, both of temporary and permanent disability, either of total or partial disability
Tausug
ma-pilay to become lame
WMP Bontok
na-pílay lame
Tausug
na-pilay was made lame
WMP Ilokano
piláy-en to cause to be lame; cripple
Bikol
piláy-on to cripple, disable, maim
WMP Cebuano
piŋʔut for the nose to be stuffed; have a stuffed nose
CMP Rotinese
pinu mucus, snot
Formosan Kavalan
piŋi cheek
WMP Subanun (Sindangan)
se-piŋi cheek
WMP Ilokano
piŋíl ankle; edge, corner
Tatana
pa(m)-piŋil ankle
WMP Tagalog
piŋkáw crooked or twisted (said of the arm)
Cebuano
piŋkaw have the arms bent bow-shaped at the elbow, like a scythe
OC Tongan
piko bent, crooked: if one bend only
piko-piko bent, crooked (two or more bends)
Samoan
piʔo be bent, crooked (as a tree); be crafty, shifty; walk with a limp
Rennellese
piko to be bent
Maori
piko to bend, stoop; bent, curved; corner, bend
Hawaiian
piʔo arch, arc; bent, arched, curved; to arch, of a rainbow
WMP Ilokano
piŋkí flint and steel used to make fires
ag-piŋkí to start a fire with flint; flash in one’s mind; flare up (anger)
Isneg
piŋkí flint and steel
Bontok
piŋkí cigarette lighter
Ibaloy
piŋki wick, perhaps esp. of a cigarette lighter
Tagalog
piŋkíʔ striking a flash or fire by friction between two hard objects
mag-piŋkíʔ to produce fire or flame by rubbing two hard objects or flints together
piŋkíʔ-an friction; (fig.) a conflict
Bikol
mag-piŋkíʔ to brush against someone with the side of the arm
Cebuano
piŋkíʔ knock lightly, esp. something that produces a clinking noise (as two glasses)
WMP Kayan
pikuŋ bent at an angle
Sangir
péŋkoŋ curve
WMP Cebuano
piŋús-piŋús make quick sniffs at intervals as in sobbing, or simply drawing mucus back into the nose
CMP Rotinese
pinu mucus, snot
Formosan Atayal
pipiʔ vulva
Seediq (Truku)
pipi vulva
WMP Cebuano
pípi child’s word for female genitalia
WMP Tagalog
pipíʔ flat, flattened
mag-pipíʔ to shape clay (as in pot-making or ceramics)
Malay
pipeh tape-like, flat-surfaced and tenuous, as paper or anything that is easily blown away by wind
caciŋ pipeh tapeworm
Sangir
ma-pipi pressed flat
WMP Ilokano
pipíit very small bird
Tagalog
pipít native sparrow (Panganiban)
Iban
pipit rice sparrow or munia, esp, Dusky munia: Lonchura fuscana Cassin.
Malay
pipit small twittering bird; finch, sparrow; generic for many small birds, esp. Munia spp.
OC Kilivila
vi-vilu-(wa) whirlwind, waterspout
Roviana
vi-virua whirlwind, waterspout
Ghari
viru waterspout
WMP Tagalog
pipís pressed or flattened thin
Tausug
mag-pipis to crush or press (something so that it becomes fine or soft, as peanuts, pepper, or grains of rice)
Kadazan Dusun
pipis to oppress, crush, squash; flat
pipis-on to be compressed
Ngaju Dayak
pipis cylindrical roller for crushing foodstuffs fine
Iban
pipis grind to powder, roll, pound
Malay
pipis mashing between two hard surfaces; grinding spices for curry
Toba Batak
pipis crush something with a roller
Old Javanese
um-ipis to pound, crush
p<in>ipis to pound, crush
pipis-an place or instrument in which rice is pounded
Javanese
pipis-an square stone pestle on which herbs, etc. are ground fine by rolling a cylindrical implement over them
Balinese
pipis grind, stir with a stick
pipis to grind; stir with a stick
CMP Manggarai
pipis to pound flat
WMP Isneg
pípit harmonica
Malay
pipit mouthpiece of whistle
daun pipit primitive whistle of leaf
p<em>ipit rusa deer-call; these whistles are made of lontar (Palmyra palm) or mengkuang (pandanus sp.) leaf or of leaf-like laminae of horn
WMP Ilokano
pípit vagina (familiar)
Ibaloy
pipit vagina, female genitals --- the anatomical part, esp. of little girls
Malay (Johore)
pipit penis of a very young child
WMP Iban
piak side
sa-piak on one side of
dua pihak on both sides
Malay
pihak side
Old Javanese
pihak-an one side, one half
Javanese
piak an opening up or breaking apart (as in splitting a melon in half)
miak to open something out/apart; to push apart (as curtains)
Balinese
piyak become separate, split, break open
miyak to split, break open
Tae'
piak to split, cleave; be split apart
si-piak one half of something split in two, as a divided rice paddy
WMP Ilokano
piék chick
pi-piek [peep]
Ibaloy
on-piyek to peep, of the frantic sound of baby chicks
Kelabit (Long Napir)
piək the peeping of a chick
Javanese
piek-piek to peep, of baby chicks (Pigeaud)
Bare'e
ana pio baby chicks, baby birds
WMP Javanese
piek-piek to peep, of chicks (Pigeaud 1938)
Mori
me-pio-pio to peep, of chicks (Esser 1927:41)
WMP Ibaloy
me-miʔpi to pound clothes on a stone in the washing process; clothes are put on a flat stone or concrete and paddled so that dirt is dislodged
Bikol
mag-piʔpíʔ to wash clothes
Hanunóo
pipíʔ pounding of clothing in laundering
mag-pipíʔ to wash clothes, launder clothes, using a pa-mipíɁ
pa-mipíʔ wooden mallet or beater for pounding clothing
Cebuano
piʔpíʔ to hammer or pat something into shape (as a pot, or dented fender back into shape)
Maranao
pipiʔ to wash, launder
Binukid
piʔpiʔ to launder, wash clothes (in the river)
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
piʔpiʔ to wash clothes
OC Gitua
pir white pithy ball inside sprouted coconut
Roviana
piraha sprouting coconut (Ross 2008:375)
Nggela
pira a coconut on ground showing leaf
Kwaio
bila sprout
'Āre'āre
pira green, unripe
Sa'a
pile the young areca nut in its early stages
Arosi
pira young fruit of areca tree
Mokilese
pir lymph nodes
Puluwat
piŕ(o) coconut sponge beginning to form; to form such; growth or lump under the skin; to have such
OC Gitua
pir white pithy ball inside sprouted coconut
Chuukese
piir hard lump or growth under the skin
piir-n taka spore of the ripe coconut when beginning to form
Puluwat
pír coconut sponge beginning to form; to form such; growth or lump under the skin; to have such
WMP Hanunóo
pírit twist, twisting
p<in>írit twisted (as of the fibers in a rope)
OC Label
pir to plait, braid (as cords to make a net)
Tolai
pir to plait, as a basket or mat
wir to plait, weave (as a mat)
Duke of York
wir plait coconut leaves round trees to make them taboo
Lakalai
viri to constrict, as a python; be mixed up or twisted, of a child's speech; twist, wind up, wind around; too much, a great deal
e-viri a malevolent spirit which causes twisted limbs
Gedaged
pizi to weave (mats, sails, etc.), to braid, to knot (the strands of grass skirts, but usually abi is used)
Motu
hiri-a fasten by twisting round and round; tie up a parcel or bundle, twisting string all round it; to kill for visitors (as a pig)
Kilivila
vili to turn; to make grass skirts; be twisted
Tawala
pili fold clothing, wind fishing line
Molima
vili roll a cigarette
luluwe vili put headdress around head
Mono-Alu
fili a made rope
Cheke Holo
firi snarl, tangle (as fish in fishing line)
Eddystone/Mandegusu
viri plait, make a basket
Bugotu
firi bind, lap with string
Nggela
viri bind round and round; puzzling, difficult; English twist tobacco
virig-i wind round, of a creeper; put a hitch round, make a sail fast when reefing
vi-viri to bind, to tie; busy
Kwaio
fili twist tobacco
filis-ia braid together
filiʔ-ia tie up, fasten
Lau
firi twist round, coil round; twist tobacco; tie up, tie up a door
'Āre'āre
hiriʔ-ia twist, entwine, tie, bind, with a vine; tighten a vine around the waist of a woman in order to provoke an abortion
Sa'a
hiri to lap with string, bind spears or arrows
Arosi
hiri twist, twine round, coil (of a snake), wind a line round
hiriʔ-i to twist, twine round, coil (of a snake), wind a line round
hiri-hiri twist, twine round, coil (of a snake), wind a line round; a thread for tying a hook to a line
Kosraean
pihr-aki to braid, plait
pihr-ak a braid, a plait
Pohnpeian
pir turn, spin, twist
Woleaian
pili-pil tie, twist, fold, lash (as in twisting ropes)
Mota
vir to twist, wring, squeeze with a twist
we vir o tal plait a cord
Lonwolwol
viri to plait (rope, etc.)
Rotuman
hiri to plait three strands of sennit, hair, etc., and the "tail" of a basket or floor-mat made of coconut-leaf, this tail itself being called a hiri
Tongan
fī plait, twist or plait two or more threads together; a plait of hair, or pigtail; pigtail-like part of a plaited basket
Niue
fili to plait, to twist
Samoan
fili (of sennit, hair, etc.) plait, braid
fili-ŋa action of plaiting, plaited work
ta-fili decorate, dress something by plaiting coconut or other leaves around it
Tuvaluan
fili to string (as flowers or shells on a necklace); braid
ma-fili plaited
Rennellese
higi to braid, lash, twist; construct, build a nest
Hawaiian
hili to braid, plait, string, as a lei or Candlenuts; a braid, plaiting, string; to turn, deviate, wander, stray
OC Bugotu
fii-firi to twine
Sa'a
hiri-hiri a plaited spear
Arosi
hiri-hiri a thread for tying a hook to a line
Niue
fili-fili a chain; to chain up, to handcuff
Samoan
fili-fili chain
Rennellese
haka-higi-higi wrap, lash, plait, as dolls for kuba (magic)
Hawaiian
hili-hili to braid, plait, string
OC Kwaio
filo-a squeeze, wring
filos-ia twist, wring
Lau
filo twist together, as strands, twist round
filos-i, filos-ia twisted round
filo-fai discuss, talk a thing out thoroughly
'Āre'āre
hiro-ato wring out, squeeze, twist
Arosi
piro to plait the edge of a bag
Gilbertese
biro tool used to fasten ropes or tighten boards: carpenter's vice, screw jack, tourniquet
biro-a to twist, to screw, to tighten with a vice
Marshallese
piro twins; double; grown together; joined; two pandanus keys joined together
Mota
viro to turn, go round, change, turn out of the way
o qaui we viro twisted knee
Fijian
viro cross-grained, of timber
Tongan
fio to mix, mix together, mingle (as with other people in a crowd)
Niue
filo to twist (as a rope), to plain; string, thread, reel of cotton
ka-filo tough, stringy, hard to snap
Samoan
filo thread; cotton; reel of thread
Tuvaluan
filo twist; twist fiber on thigh to make cord; a thread; mix, of liquids; mix with other people
ma-filo twisted (of string)
Nukuoro
hilo mix; braid strands of sennit
Rennellese
higo to coil, braid; to mix, as food, or as persons with others unlike himself
higo-higo to mix, connect; be mixed (as a person's ancestry); area between shallow and deep blue sea
Hawaiian
hilo to twist, braid, spin; twisted, braided, threadlike; faint streak of light
hilo-hilo lengthen a speech or story by inserting new matter; embroider or spin out a tale
OC Molima
vilo-a to twist
Kwaio
filo-a squeeze, wring
Gilbertese
viro-a to twist, to screw, to tighten with a vice
Fijian
viro-viro-a cross-grained, of timber
Tongan
fio-a beginning to turn grey, of hair
fio-fio slightly, somewhat
Nukuoro
hilo-a mix, braid strands of sennit
OC Nggela
iga vila sailfin tang: Zebrasoma veliferum
Fijian
via kind of broad fish with large breast fins
WMP Casiguran Dumagat
piga juice (from a fruit, usually citrus); to squeeze fruit (to get out the juice)
Cebuano
pígaʔ press, squeeze something (as juice from grated coconut, a hand in welcome)
Formosan Kavalan
piRas roe (as of crabs or shrimp)
Thao
pilhash roe, eggs of fish or crab
WMP Itbayaten
pyah eggs of fish (also of shrimps, lobsters); spawn, roe
ma-pyah having fish, crab, or shrimp eggs
Bikol
pigá roe, fish eggs, spawn
i-pigá to lay eggs, of a fish
Gayō
pire roe, fish eggs
mu-mire to expel eggs, of fish
Karo Batak
pira eggs of fish or frog; ovary of a hen
OC Roviana
bira-na the hard roe of fish
Nggela
mbila organ of a fish
Marshallese
pia fish roe
Wayan
via be ready to spawn, have roe; fish eggs, roe
Formosan Thao
pilhash-an be laden with roe, have eggs, of fish or crab
WMP Bikol
piga-an a fish with roe
WMP Ilokano
pigkét the glutinous substance exuded by several trees; gluey, glutinous, sticky
Malay
perekat lime; mortar; gum; cement; glue; sticking material of any sort
Wolio
pika stick, adhere, cling
WMP Sundanese
pipir side, edge, border
Tontemboan
piʔpir edge, side of a river or path
WMP Tagalog
p<al>igpíg shaking of the body by birds or animals to get rid of dust or water
Karo Batak
mirpir to sprinkle
mirpir-i to sprinkle something
Toba Batak
ma-mirpir-hon to shake off so that the droplets scatter
WMP Bikol
pigsá a boil
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
pidsa <A a boil
Tiruray
finsa a boil or abscess
finsa-nan afflicted with boils
Tboli
hisa a boil
Blaan (Koronadal)
fisɔ a boil
Manobo (Sarangani)
pigsa a boil
Melanau Dalat
re-pisa a boil
Iban
pisaʔ generic for boil, carbuncle, whitlow
OC Lakalai
la-vilu-vilu sawfish
Roviana
viru-viru a variety of swordfish smaller than ikutaina (general term for swordfish)
Nggela
vilu-vilu swordfish
Arosi
hiru-hiru a large fish which swims in circles, and is the sign of a shark being near
WMP Kankanaey
pis hiss, as spouting water
Malay
pis interjection to frighten cats
Javanese
pis interjection to frighten cats
Balinese
pis interjection to call carts
Sasak
pis interjection to frighten cats
WMP Isneg
pítaʔ mud, mire
Pangasinan
pisák lowland
Cebuano
pisák ~ písak muddy ground, mire
pisak-pisak spatter or splatter dirt or liquid; make a spattering sound
WMP Isneg
pinsān first cousin
Kankanaey (Northern)
piŋsan cousin, or first cousin
Ifugaw (Amganad)
piŋsan once
pi-piŋsan first cousin
Gad'ang
ka-pinsan cousin, or first cousin
Casiguran Dumagat
pensan cousin
Sambal (Botolan)
piŋhan cousin
Tagalog
písan staying or living together under one roof or establishment
mag-ka-písan staying or living together
ma-písan to converge; to be brought together
p<um>ísan to live together under one roof; to live together without the benefit of marriage
ka-pisán-an club; association; society; a group of persons united by a common purpose or interest; fraternity
pisán-an to join someone under one roof (emphasis on person)
pinsan cousin
Kalamian Tagbanwa
pinsan cousin
Old Javanese
pisan once, the first one, one
a-pisan to be one, united, joined
pisan once, the first one, one; at the same time, in one act, all together
a-misan (to do something or to be done) in one act, at the same time, completely (not by halves, definitely)
a-pisan to be one, to be united, joined; in one act, in one go
misan first cousin
ka-pisa-n at the same time, together, at once; straightaway, completely
Javanese
pisan once; the first one; the first time; at the same time; all together
ka-pisan first, first time
ka-pisan-an in the same instant, at once
WMP Tiruray
fisaʔ to break
Iban
pisah shift; remove; move house
misah nama to change one’s name
Malay
pisah to sever; separation
ber-pisah to be separated
pisah-kan to divide; to segregate
Bahasa Indonesia
bər-pisah-pisah to keep to oneself
Old Javanese
a-pisah to separate, part; to be separated, parted
a-misah to isolate oneself, withdraw
WMP Ilokano
pisáw kind of bunéng (large machete-like knife; bolo)
Tagalog
písaw a long, thin, narrow kind of bolo
Mapun
písaw a handmade knife with a metal handle
Tausug
písaw a small knife (esp. used in preparing a betel nut chew)
Malay
písaw knife (the term includes 1. table knives, 2. clasp knives, 3. razors, 4. knives for Malay wood carving, and 5. jungle knives
Karo Batak
piso a knife, esp. used of luxury knives
Toba Batak
piso knife, short sword
Javanese
piso table knife
Mongondow
pitow machete or bolo that a Mongondow man always keeps by his side when travelling
Dampelas
piso machete
Balaesang
piso machete
Tae'
piso knife
OC Tabar
viso bamboo
Lakalai
la-viso knife
Bola
viso knife
Formosan Puyuma
mu-pisəɭ to pinch between the fingers
pisəɭ-i pinch it!
WMP Ilokano
pisél to squeeze; press; knead
Tagalog
pisíl a squeeze or tight pressure with the hand
p<um>isíl to squeeze or press with the hand
ma-pisíl to be squeezed
WMP Ilokano
pisl-én to squeeze; press; knead
Tagalog
pisil-ín to squeeze or press with the hand
WMP Yami (Imorod)
pisŋi cheek
Itbayaten
pisñi cheek
Ibatan
pisñi the cheeks of a person
Ayta Abellan
piŋi cheek
Tagalog
pisŋí cheek
Manobo (Dibabawon)
písŋi cheek
Mansaka
písŋi cheek
Manobo (Sarangani)
pisŋi cheek
Tausug
pisŋi ~ pisni cheek
Proto-East Gorontalic
*pusoŋi cheeks
OC Halia
hisi-n mata eyelash
Kwaio
fi-fisi i mā eyelash
OC Minigir
visi to tie
Bali (Uneapa)
vizi to tie
Mono-Alu
pi-pisi to tie, as a parcel
Chuukese
fiti- snarl, tangle, entwining
Mortlockese
fiti to wrap
Woleaian
fiti-i tie it, bind it, tangle it, spiral it, wrap it
Mota
vi-vis to tie, bind round and round
Fijian
vici to bind, roll up, coil
Tongan
fihi tangled; fig., intricate, complicated
Hawaiian
hihi entangle, creep, spread, intertwine, intermingle; entangled; web; a large-meshed fish net
OC Mussau
pisi fart, break wind
Tanga
pis to emit wind
Lakalai
pisi to break wind
Gedaged
pis pass gases from the bowels
Roviana
p-in-isi to break wind
Nggela
pisi be ejected, of feces
Puluwat
pwit to let wind (vulgar)
WMP Kankanaey
pisík to cleave, split, slit, burst, crack, chink; to rive (a board, etc.)
Toba Batak
ma-misik-hon (< pisik) chop off, knock off, break in pieces
OC Seimat
xixi(o)- <A muscle, flesh
Numbami
wiso flesh, meat, muscle
Motu
hidio flesh, lean of meat, grain of wood
Mekeo (East)
pikio flesh
Proto-Micronesian
*fiSiko flesh
Woleaian
fitig(o) meat, flesh
Malmariv
visio meat
Aore
visiɣo- flesh
Araki
visiho flesh, meat
Northeast Ambae
vihiko flesh
Axamb
na-vsox meat
Wayan
viciko flesh, meat; muscles; be meaty, full of substance
Fijian
viciko flesh, the lean of meat as against the fat; the grain of timber
OC Lakalai
la-viro a reed: Phragmites spp.
Motu
hido wild cane growing by the riverside
Mota
viso a reed, arundo, with edible flower-heads
Fijian
vico a wild sugarcane: Erianthus maximus
Samoan
fiso kind of cane-grass (Saccharum sp.?) with edible flower buds, and used for thatch
OC Gitua
piso navel
piso waro umbilical cord
Fijian
vico-vico the navel
wā ni vico-vico the navel string
Formosan Kavalan
pipis hair on the temples
WMP Ilokano
pispís temple of the head
ma-pispis-an to be hit on the temple of the head
Ayta Abellan
pihpih temples, the flat part of the head on each side
Bikol
pispís sideburns
WMP Yami
pispis sound of things rubbing together
Agutaynen
pispis cricket (if the sound of a cricket is heard in the house it means that a visitor is arriving)
Cebuano
pispis kind of green tree insect that makes a shrill sound at night (so called from its sound); it is believed that a pispis in the house is the voice of a departed one who has come to ask for help
Toba Batak
mar-pispis to squeak or squeal, of rats
WMP Itbayaten
pispis idea of sprinkling
pa-pispis-an to sprinkle
pa-pispis-en to shake off
Karo Batak
mispis shake the water from a wet sieve, fishnet, etc.
Toba Batak
ma-mispis to moisten, spray or sprinkle with water
WMP Itbayaten
pispis-an to sprinkle, to spray, to sprinkle on
Toba Batak
pispis-an eaves of the house into which rain from the roof drains off
WMP Keley-i
pihpih to squeeze
Kadazan Dusun
pipis to oppress, crush, squash, compress
OC Gedaged
pipi to squeeze (out), express; crush, pinch, strangle
Mota
pipis to twist up
Formosan Kavalan
pipis hair on the temples
WMP Ayta Abellan
pihpih temple, the flat part of the head on each side
Tiruray
fifey cheek
Tboli
hifi cheek
Bilaan (Sarangani)
fifi cheek
Melanau (Mukah)
pipəy cheek
Ngaju Dayak
pipi the cheeks (of people and animals)
Malagasy
fífi cheek
mi-fífi to press against a door, a partition, a wall, etc.
Iban
pipi cheek (of the face)
Malay
pipi cheek (of face)
Gayō
pipi cheek
Karo Batak
pipi uppermost part of the cheeks, the temples
Dairi-Pakpak Batak
pipi cheek
Toba Batak
pipi face
Nias
fifi forehead
Sundanese
pipi the cheeks
Old Javanese
pipi the cheeks
Javanese
pipi the cheeks
Balinese
pipi the cheeks
Sasak
pipi the cheeks
Proto-Sangiric
*pipi cheek
Proto-Minahasan
*pipi cheek
CMP Ngadha
pipi the temples, the cheeks
Kambera
pipi the cheeks
WMP Kankanaey
pit to sound slightly, peep
Malay
pit twitter of finches
WMP Kankanaey
piták split, cleave (a cane, etc.)
OC Fijian
vida to split, of certain things only
WMP Ilokano
pítak mud, mire
Isneg
pítaʔ mud, mire
Bilaan (Sarangani)
fitak mud
Rejang
pitaʔ earth, soil
CMP Manggarai
pitak mud, morass
Soboyo
baka-hitaʔ mud
OC Lakalai
la-pita mud, swamp
Wedau
biɣa-biɣa swamp, mud
WMP Isneg
mag-pintáʔ to store the rice harvest in the granary
i-pintáʔ to store tobacco leaves in kolapí boxes
Tagalog
pítak a division, section or compartment in a bookcase; a shelf, box or other kind of compartment; part, portion; pigeonhole
ma-pítak having many divisions or compartments
piták-piták divided into small sections
Aklanon
piták granary, warehouse (for grain)
Ngaju Dayak
pitak the individual compartments in a boat
Iban
pitak container in which paddy is temporarily stored
Malay
petak compartment; of a storage hold or compartment in a Malay ship, cubicles or divisions of a house, with floors at different levels, a wardrobe divided into compartments, etc.
Javanese
pétak compartment, partitioned-off space
métak to divide up into compartments; to partition up
WMP Kankanaey
pitak split, cleave (a cane, etc.)
OC Fijian
vida to split, of certain things only
WMP Ilokano
pisát piece of cloth, rope, etc.
ag-pisát to cut a piece of cloth
Maranao
pitas to break, as an engagement for marriage
Binukid
pitas to cut (something) all the way through
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
pitas to cut apart two things that are held together by a rope, cord, strand, or stem
Tboli
hitas to tear open, as a hole; (of a hole) torn open, as in the earlobe caused by heavy earrings
Malay
pintas cutting across; taking a shortcut (of making a bee-line for any place)
OC Lou
pit squeeze juice out
Tolai
pite to force, press, squeeze, wring
pi-pite to express the milk of coconuts through the fiber; to squeeze, to milk; to wring the water out of clothes
Mengen (Poeng)
pite press, exert pressure, squeeze, press something to break it
WMP Bontok
pítək mud, especially the mud in a pondfield
Kankanaey
pítek dirt; mire; mud; slime
Ifugaw
pítok mud
Bilaan (Sarangani)
fitak mud
OC Gumawana
visi to break, crack (of pots)
Misima
vihi be cracked
Fijian
viti to break off small branches
WMP Ilokano
pitík pulsate, beat, throb -- said of the heart, the pulse, the fetus
Kapampangan
pitík tap, make a tapping noise
OC Tolai
pidik knock or tap with the fingers, as a door
Numbami
witi ache, pain; to hurt
Motu
hisi pain; an epidemic
hisi e ania to suffer (‘to eat pain’)
Kilivila
pisi to hurt, ache
pi-pisi to throb
Nggela
vindi throb or smart, of a cut, the pulse
Lau
fī to feel pain; to hurt
Mota
vitig to pain
WMP Ilokano
pítik corporal punishment: flicking with the finger; flip
pitik-en to punish physically; to flip with the finger; flick the ear in punishment
Tagalog
pitík a flick or toss with the finger and thumb; spark of fire or light; the sudden tensing, tautening, tightening or jerking of a rope, cord, rein, etc., or the flicking of a whip, rope, etc.; a carpenter’s line for marking; to flip; to toss or move by the snap of a finger and thumb
Aklanon
pitík a flick of one’s finger; to flick with one’s finger; a line (usually made by flicking a taut piece of string coated with ink or dye)
Agutaynen
mag-pintik to release the rubber strip on a spear gun or slingshot, i.e. to shoot the spear gun
Maranao
pitik slingshot
Rungus Dusun
pitik flint and steel
pitik flint and steel
CMP Buruese
pitik to parry, ward off
OC Motu
pidi-a to fillip
pidi-pidi to knock or fillip repeatedly
Nggela
vindi to flick off, slip off, be knocked off
vindi-ki to flick off, let spring back; a grasshopper
Fijian
vidi to jump, spring, fly up
vidi-ka to fillip
Tuvaluan
fiti-fiti flick with finger repeatedly (as when testing coconut for maturity)
OC Leipon
pitol hungry
Ahus
pitol hungry
Tanga
fitol to hunger; in a state of hunger; hungry
Tolai
vitolon hunger, famine; immaturity, of trees; hungry, in a state of famine
Lakalai
vitolo hungry
la-vitolo famine
Gedaged
pitol hunger, famine
Motu
hitolo hungry; hunger; to hunger
hitolo mase be famished
Nggela
vitolo hungry
vito-vitolo long hungry, weak from hunger
Tolo
vitolo hungry
Lau
fiolo hungry
fiolo-a hunger, famine, scarcity of food
'Āre'āre
hioro to fast, starve
hioro-na hunger, fasting, famine, starvation
mae ana hiorona starve
Sa'a
hiolo hungry
hiolo-ŋa famine
Arosi
hioro hungry
hioro-ha famine, hunger
Efate (South)
pitol hungry
WMP Bontok
pitpit the call of the ídew bird, signifying a good omen (ídew = a kind of small, reddish bird having a variety of calls)
Ifugaw
pitpit onomatopaeic word; pit-pit-pit sound produced by ído birds (ído = sparrow-like birds with long tail feathers; their quick and protracted pit-pit-pit is believed to predict good luck to headhunters (travelers or hunters), bad luck if their pit-pit call is slow and short)
Ifugaw (Batad)
pitpit a short, shrill cry of an omen bird, īdaw; the cry resembles the sound ‘pit, pit, pit’ (this cry does not signal an omen, as do numerous other cries of the omen bird)
Cebuano
pitpit kind of swift; the mahjong piece with one bamboo that resembles the pitpit bird
Tiruray
fitfit a bird: Monticola solitaria philippinensis (Linn.)
Iban
pipit rice sparrow or Munia, especially the Dusky Munia: Lonchura fuscana Cassin.
Malay
pipit small twittering bird; finch; sparrow; generic for many small birds, especially Munia spp.; the sparrow, Passer montanus; the white-headed finch, Munia maja; the rice-eating finch, Munia oryzivora; a finch (Munia punctulata or Munia scuticauda)
pipit antu black wood partridge (‘ghost pipit’)
Proto-South Sulawesi
*piʔpit small sparrow-like bird species
Makassarese
pippiʔ small bird similar to a sparrow
Formosan Kavalan
p<m>itpit to pick, pluck off, tear off, as leaves or a fruit
pitpit-an be picked by someone
Thao
pa-pitpit to massage with pinching motions
p<in>itpit was pinched or massaged with pinching motions
WMP Ilokano
pitpít flat, flattened, crushed
Bontok
ʔi-pitpít to mash, as cooked sweet potato or cassava
p<in>itpít food prepared by mashing, as mashed sweet potato, especially when mixed with rice
Kankanaey
p<in>itpít rice cooked with camotes (sweet potatoes)
Ifugaw
pitpít to compress a number of things into a single container; to use pressure when closing a pot or a basket which has a fitting cover
Mapun
pipit narrow, as objects
Karo Batak
pitpit closed tight (of the eyes)
Toba Batak
pitpit closed, of the eyes
Sundanese
mipit pluck with the hand, pluck off (a leaf, flower, or fruit)
di-pipit be plucked with the hand
Old Javanese
pipit close side by side, cheek by jowl
ka-pipit squeezed, pinched, jammed
p<in>ipit-an to hem in, cut off, squeeze; put in a tight place
Javanese
pipit close together with no space intervening
mipit to press close together
Balinese
mipit be close, be joined closely
Proto-Minahasan
*pitpit blink the eyes
Tontemboan
piʔpit close the eyes, blink
OC Nggela
mbimbi to fold
Lau
bibi to crush, weigh down
Arosi
bibi to crush, squeeze, crowd
Formosan Thao
pitpit-in be squeezed or massaged with pinching motions
WMP Ilokano
pitpit-én to forge; crush; flatten; hammer metals
Bontok
pitpit-én to mash, as cooked sweet potato or cassava
Kankanaey
pitpít-en to tread, to trample on (ground recently dug)
Formosan Puyuma
pitpit beat; make (something) move
mu-pitpit to whip and make fall (as lychees by typhoon winds); whip a child’s bottom
WMP Ilokano
pitpít flat, flattened, crushed
ma-pitpít to be crushed (fruits); flattened
pitpit-én to forge, crush; flatten; hammer metals
Bontok
pitpít to mash, as cooked sweet potato or cassava
p<in>itpít food prepared by mashing, as mashed sweet potato, especially when mixed with rice
Ibaloy
pitpit-en to flatten, press, compress, press flat (as steel by blacksmith’s hammer, peso bills in money clip, something stepped on)
Pangasinan
man-pitpít to crush, smash to pieces; hammer metal flat
Bikol
mag-pitpít to whip lightly, to spank someone; to spank the behind or whip a particular part of the body
Proto-South Sulawesi
*piʔpi(C) to beat
Formosan Basai
pitu seven
Kavalan
pitu seven (cardinal)
kin-pitu seven (people)
u-pitu seven (objects)
u-pitu-btin seventy
Atayal
pitu seven
Seediq (Truku)
pitu seven
m-pitu seven times
kəm-pitu seven days (in the future?)
pən-pitu seven each
Papora
pitu seven
Amis
pito seven
Favorlang/Babuza
na-ito seven
pana-pito do seven times
Thao
pitu seven
mashi-pitu seven, in counting units of future time (?)
mu-pitu do something seven times
ma-pitu-ʔun seventy
pa-pa-pitu seven at a time, seven-by-seven
sh<m>i-pitu seven days ago (?)
Bunun
pitu seven
Puyuma
kara-pitu-kar-pitu-pitu-an seven objects per person
mia-pitu seven people
Puyuma (Tamalakaw)
pitu seven
maka-ptu-l seventy
pitu-a seven (animals/objects)
Paiwan
pitju seven
WMP Itbayaten
pito seven
kaka-pito a seventh part, 1/7
i-p<am>ito seventh time, seventh object of a series
Ilokano
pitó seven
mamim-pitó seven times
pag-ka-pitu-en divide into seven parts
Agta (Dupaningan)
pítu seven
Kalinga (Guinaang)
pitú seven
Bontok
pitu seven; to be seven
Kankanaey
pitó seven
Ifugaw
pitú seven
Ifugaw (Batad)
pitu seven
na-pitu seventy
Casiguran Dumagat
pitu seven
Ibaloy
pito seven --- the cardinal number
man-pito to increase sevenfold
pin-pito seven times
pito-n polo seventy
Isinay
pitú seven
Pangasinan
pitó seven
k<om>a-pitó seventh in order
labin-pitó seventeen
pitó-m-plo seventy
Sambal (Botolan)
pito seven
Kapampangan
pitú ~ pitó seven
labi-ŋ-pitó seventeen
Tagalog
pitó seven
ika-labi-m-pitó seventeenth
ika-pitu-n-puʔ seventieth
pam-pitó seventh
pí-pitó seven only
Bikol
pitó seven
kag-pitó seventeen
pag-pitu-ón divide into seven; send seven at a time
Buhid
fitó seven
Hanunóo
pitú seven
Romblomanon
pitu seven (actions, people, pieces of something, situations, things, times, units of measurement)
Masbatenyo
pitó seven
Aklanon
pitó seven
tig-pitó seven-by-seven, seven at a time
Waray-Waray
pitó seven
Agutaynen
pito seven
pito-m-polok seventy
Hiligaynon
pitú seven
Palawan Batak
píto seven
Cebuano
pitú seven
tag-pítu seven at a time
Maranao
pito seven
pito poloʔ seventy
Binukid
pitu cardinal numeral: seven; to be in sevens; to do, make seven (of something)
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
pitu seven
Mansaka
pito seven
Tiruray
fitew seven
fitew foloʔ seventy
Kalagan
pitu seven
Tboli
hitu seven
g-hitu-hen seventh
Tausug
pitu seven
Siang
pitu seven
Dohoi
pihtuʔ seven
Dusun Malang
pitu seven
Paku
pitu seven
Ma'anyan
pitu seven
Malagasy
fíto seven
fito-polo seventy
Samihim
pito seven
Dusun Witu
pitu seven
Gayō
pitu seven
mu-pitu-n seven times
Simalur
ito ~ itu seven
Karo Batak
pitu seven
Dairi-Pakpak Batak
pitu seven
pe-pitu-ken the seventh
Toba Batak
pitu seven
pa-pitu-hon seventh
si-paha-pitu the seventh Batak month
si-pitu-pitu the seven days of the week
Nias
fitu seven
ma-mitu divide into seven
me-witu seven times
Mentawai
pitu seven
Lampung
pitu seven
pitu xani celebration of the seventh day (e.g. after a death)
Old Javanese
pitu seven
p<in>itu in seven categories?
p<in>a-pitu divide into seven
Javanese
pitu seven
mitu to hold a ceremony for a woman in the seventh month of pregnancy
Madurese
pittu seven
Balinese
pitu seven
Sangir
pitu seven
ma-pulo pitu seventeen
pitu-m-bua seven pieces
Tontemboan
pitu seven
Tonsawang
picu seven
Mongondow
pitu seven
pitu no puluʔ seventy
toko-pitu seven times in total
topo-pitu every seventh, on the seventh (night, etc.)
Totoli
pitu seven
Boano
pitu seven
Banggai
pitu seven
Bare'e
pitu seven (only in combination forms)
pitu-m-pali seven times
pitu-m-puyu seventy
Tae'
pitu seven
Proto-Bungku-Tolaki
*pitu seven (bound numeral)
*o-pitu seven (independent numeral)
Mori Atas
o-pisu seven
Moronene
o-pitu seven
Mandar
pitu seven
sap-pulo pitu seventeen
Buginese
pitu seven
Wolio
pitu seven
pitu pulu seventy
sa-pulu pitu seventeen
Muna
fitu seven (prefixed to nouns)
fitu fulu seventy
fitu mo-ghono 700
pitu seven (form used in counting)
Popalia
pitu seven
Palauan
wið seven (used when counting in sequence)
Chamorro
fitu seven (used in serial counting)
CMP Bimanese
pidu seven
Lamaholot
pito seven
Adonara
pito seven
Solorese
pito seven
Kodi
pitu seven
Anakalangu
pitu seven
Dhao/Ndao
pidu seven
Rotinese
hitu seven
Helong
itu seven
Tetun
hitu seven
hitu-n-ulu seventeen
Tetun (Dili)
hitu seven
Vaikenu
hitu seven
Galoli
i-hitu seven
Waima'a
kai-hitu seven
Idate
hitu seven
Tugun
itu seven
East Damar
wo-itu seven
Leti
wo-itu seven
Luang
wo-itu seven
Wetan
wo-iti seven
Fordata
i-fitu seven
fat-fitu-n seven-by-seven, seven at a time
iki-fitu only seven
Kei
fit seven
Teluti
fitu seven
Gah
pitu seven
Alune
itu seven
Wahai
itu seven
Saparua
hitu seven
Laha
itu seven
Seit
itu seven
Larike
itu seven
Batu Merah
itu-a seven
Amblau
fito seven
Buruese
pitu seven
SHWNG Taba
p-hit seven
Buli
fit seven
fai-fit seven times
Misool (Coast)
fit seven
Ron
fik seven
Numfor
fik seven
fik seven
Pom
itu seven
Marau₁
itu seven
Ambai
itu seven
Papuma
bo-itu seven
Munggui
bo-itu ~ itu seven
(bo)-itu seven
Woi
itu seven
OC Mussau
itu seven
Mendak
iti seven
iti seven
Label
i-his seven
Lakalai
-vitu seven
Motu
hitu seven
Halia
to-hit seven
Haku
to-hiti seven
Petats
to-hit seven
Selau
witi seven
Uruava
vitu seven
Torau
itu seven
Luangiua
hiku seven
Mono-Alu
hitu seven
Babatana (Avasö)
vittu seven
Eddystone/Mandegusu
vitu seven
Zabana
vitu-ɣu seven
Bugotu
vitu seven
(va)-vitu-ña seventh
Nggela
vitu seven
vitu-ni seventh
Kwaio
fiu seven
fiu-na seventh
Marau₂
hiu seven
Lau
fiu seven
fiu-na seventh
Toqabaqita
fiu seven
fiu-na seventh
'Āre'āre
fiu seven
fiu-na seventh
Sa'a
hiu seven
Proto-Micronesian
*fitu seven
Gilbertese
iti seven
itu-a seven
Pohnpeian
e-is seven
Mokilese
ij(i)- seven
Chuukese
fisu-uw seven (general class or non-specific things)
fúús seven (used in serial counting or to name the number in the abstrace, but not used as a numerical adjective)
Puluwat
fúús seven (sequential)
Woleaian
fis(i) seven
Ulithian
fisu seven
Haununu
piu seven
Nokuku
pitu seven
Tasmate
pitu seven
Wailengi
mbitu seven
Raga
mbitu seven
Makatea
fitu seven
Rotuman
hifu seven
Wayan
vitu (be) seven; (in card games) a seven
Fijian
vitu seven
Tongan
fitu seven
Niue
fitu seven
toko-fitu seven (of persons)
Futunan
fitu seven
Samoan
fitu seven
fitu sefulu seventy
Tuvaluan
fitu seven
fitu-ŋa-fua seven (of coconuts and bonito)
Kapingamarangi
hidu seven
Nukuoro
hidu seven
Rennellese
hitu seven, seventh, seven times
hitu aŋa hugu seventy
Anuta
pitu seven
pua pitu seventy
Rarotongan
itu seven
taki-itu sevenfold, in sevens, multiplied seven times
oko-itu seventy doubled, denotes one hundred and forty
Maori
whitu seven; seventh; elliptically, the seventh month
hoko-whitu of an indefinite number of persons, band, force
Hawaiian
hiku seven; seventh
na hiku the Big Dipper
WMP Malagasy
im-pito seven times
man-im-pito to do seven times
Mongondow
im-pitu seventh
mog-im-pitu become the seventh
WMP Bontok
ka-pitu to do seven times; a seventh
Ibaloy
ka-pito the seventh day of the
Romblomanon
ka-pitu seven times
Old Javanese
ka-pitu the seventh month
Javanese
ka-pitu seven times; times seven; (for) the seventh time; seventh in a series
Mongondow
ko-pitu seven times; also ‘seventh’, but it then indicates a closer connection with the preceding ‘six’ than impitu
Bare'e
ka-pa-pitu seventh (also an endearing name for girls)
OC Eddystone/Mandegusu
ka-vitu seven
WMP Agutaynen
ma-pito to make something seven
Old Javanese
ma-pitu divide into seven
Buginese
ma-pitu seventh
Formosan Seediq
məkə-pitu for seven days
Thao
maka-pitu seven units of physical measurement
WMP Tagalog
maká-pitó seven times
Bikol
maka-pitó to have seven
Cebuano
maka-pitú seven times
WMP Bikol
mag-pitó to become seven
Masbatenyo
mag-pitó to become seven
Malagasy
mi-fíto to divide into seven, be in sevens
Formosan Amis
pa-pito seven (people)
Thao
pa-pitu seven (of humans)
Puyuma (Tamalakaw)
pa-pitu seven (people)
WMP Ivatan
pa-pito seven
Manobo (Ata)
pa-pitu seven
Balinese
pa-pitu seven
Pendau
pe-pitu seven
Balaesang
pe-pitu seven
Bare'e
pa-pitu seven (like pitu, also used in combination forms, with stress on the amount)
Chamorro
fa-fitu seven (of living things)
CMP Fordata
fa-fitu seven times
OC Motu
ha-hitu seven (of persons); seven times
WMP Malagasy
faha-fito the seventh; seven fathoms
Dairi-Pakpak Batak
paka-pitu the seventh month
Chamorro
faha-uti seven times
OC Sa'a
haʔa-hiu seven times
Fijian
vaka-vitu seven times
Rennellese
haka-hitu to do seven times; the 5th and 19th nights of the moon; to be a month of the year, from June to July; this month
Formosan Siraya
pi-pito seven
WMP Ilokano
sag-pi-pitó seven each
Bontok
pi-ptu a unit of seven; seven each
Pangasinan
san-pi-pitó seven each
Sambal (Botolan)
pi-pito only seven
Bikol
tig-pi-pitó seven each
Muna
pi-pitu seven (people)
WMP Kapampangan
pitu-m-puluʔ seventy
Sangir
pitu-m-pulo seventy
Tondano
pitu-ŋa-pulu seventy
Tae'
pitu-ŋ-pulu seventy
OC Fijian
vitu-sa-ŋa-vulu seventy
Tongan
fitu-ŋo-fulu seventy
WMP Bare'e
pitu-atu 700
Tae'
pitu-ratuʔ 700
Mandar
pitu-ŋ-atus 700
CMP Tetun
atus hitu 700
Kei
rat fit 700
Formosan Kavalan
saqa-pitu the seventh
WMP Old Javanese
saka-pitu seven at a time
Formosan Kavalan
siqa-pitu seven times
WMP Itbayaten
icha-pito seventh
Ilokano
ma-ika-pitó seventh
Ifugaw
n-ika-pitú seventh
Casiguran Dumagat
ika-pitu seventh
Ibaloy
ma-yka-pito seventh --- the ordinal number
Pangasinan
m-ika-pitó seventh
Sambal (Botolan)
ika-pito seventh
Tagalog
ika-pitó seventh
Bikol
ika-pitó seventh
Romblomanon
ʔika-pitu seventh
Masbatenyo
ika-pitó seventh
Aklanon
ika-pitó seventh
Hiligaynon
ika-pitú seventh
Cebuano
ika-pitú seventh
Binukid
ika-pitu seventh
Tausug
hika-pitu seventh
OC Wayan
ika-vitu seventh
Fijian
i ka-vitu seventh
Formosan Seediq (Truku)
ti-pitu the seventh (in a series)
WMP Sambal (Botolan)
ti-pito seven each
Formosan Puyuma
ka-pitu-an the seventh
Paiwan
ka-pitju-an a July typhoon (very destructive)
WMP Itbayaten
ka-pitw-an seventh month, April (in the olden calendar)
Bikol
ka-pitu-án sevenths
Hiligaynon
ka-pitú-an seventy
Cebuano
ka-pitu-an seventy
Binukid
ka-pitu-an seventy
Malagasy
ha-fito-ana seven days
WMP Bikol
pitu-ón to go seven by seven
Agutaynen
pito-on to make something seven
Malagasy
fito-ina be divided into seven
Formosan Favorlang/Babuza
a-ito-ito seven and seven, by sevens
Puyuma
pitu-pitu-a seven things
WMP Ilokano
pit-pitó only seven
Sambal (Botolan)
pito-pito seven by seven, seven at a time
Bikol
pitó-píto only seven
Bare'e
pitu-pitu seven in playing cards (said to be from Buginese)
SHWNG Buli
fit-fit seven each, seven by seven, seven at a time
OC Wayan
vitu-vitu in sevens, all seven together
Fijian
vitu-vitu all the seven
WMP Malay (Java)
periŋ periŋ pituŋ large bamboo: Dendrocalamus spp.
OC Fijian
bitu bamboo: Bambusa sp. or Schizostachyum glaucifolium Gramineae
Formosan Paiwan
piuk dimple; dent in something soft
WMP Kankanaey
piók small dale, depression
Karo Batak
piuk dented
Javanese
péyok dented
Balinese
péok, piok sunken (of eyes, cheeks)
WMP Itbayaten
mi-pio-piok to sound piokpiok, as the chicken
Mapun
piyok-piyok a high-pitched sound made by chicks or baby birds when afraid
WMP Lawangan
piut great grandchild
Maloh
puʔit <M great-great grandchild (King 1976)
Banggai
piot youngest child
CMP Buruese
piu great-great grandfather (FFFF)
WMP Ngaju Dayak
pijak treading, stepping on; push with the foot
Malay
pijak setting foot upon
mə-mijak to tread
pə-mijak kaki sole of the foot
Javanese
ke-pidak to get stepped on
ke-pidak-pikak to get trampled
midak to step on something
pidak-an pedal, something to step on
Muna
finda step, tread; tread, step on, trample on
finda-hi step on something, trample underfoot
WMP Tagalog
pindót squeezing or pressing with the fingers
Hanunóo
pídut pinch
Old Javanese
pijet press with the fingers, squeeze, crush, knead, massage
a-mijət to press with the fingers, squeeze, crush, knead, massage
p<in>ijət to press with the fingers, squeeze, crush, knead, massage
p<in>ijət-an to massage
Javanese
pijet have a massage
Sasak
pijet pinch; squeeze out feces
WMP Itawis
pirít squeeze between thumb and finger
Kankanaey
pidít crush, squash, press, squeeze
Maranao
pindit hold with or between the fingers
Malay
pijit pinching, compression in the hand; massage
Bare'e
pindi take between thumb and finger
OC Lakalai
la-voivoi a variety of pandanus
West Guadalcanal
voivoi pandanus
Uripiv
waiw general word for pandanus
Wayan
voivoi a small pandanus tree planted for its leaves, which are used for making fine mats, baskets and fans: Pandanus tectoriu sp; possibly also applied to cultivars of P. dubius or P. whitmeeanus
Fijian
voivoi a kind of pandanus with leaves that are made into mats: Pandanus thurstonii
OC Tanga
pok to cut down or cut off (something), and by extension to ‘construct’ (something) with that which has been cut off
pok palaŋ to clear clumps of bamboo and other low scrub from a garden site
Pokau
voi gardening (generally); clear garden in grassland after burning
Simbo
poki clear ground; garden, clearing
OC Dobuan
pou egg
'Āre'āre
pou a green coconut, good to drink
Arosi
poku a young nut, of coconut
poʔu-poʔu-na a round object; an egg
OC Lavongai
polok to grow (plants)
Tigak
polok to grow
polok-on overgrown
Sengseng
polok to sprout (of plants, new tooth)
Arosi
horo to grow tall
horo-taʔi to spring up from
OC Kwaio
folo across
Lau
folo across; cross over (river, sea); cut across, sever
'Āre'āre
horos-ia to cross, go across, swim across
Sa'a
holo to cross; across (as sea); divide
holos-i cut a piece off, sever a pig's head; to cross
Arosi
horo cross over, lie across
Mota
wolo-wolo crossways; a crosspiece
wolos cut across, cut, chop in lengths
OC Roviana
volo-voloso lines, stripes
Fijian
volo small striped fish
OC 'Āre'āre
horo-horo broken into many pieces
Maori
horo-horo shattered
OC Mussau
poso to hold, squeeze in the hand
Babatana
poso hold in hand, hold onto
OC Tabar
potu mountain
Lihir
pot-pot mountain
Bali (Uneapa)
potu mountain
Roviana
botu-botu mounds for planting yams, etc; hillocks
Nggela
pou-potu to push up ground, as seedlings; to rise up, as bread or paint in the sun; to bulge; swollen, as from a mosquito bite; to swell after a blow
Arosi
pou-pou a round object; knot of a bowstring; lump or knot in wood; pearl; seed of pawpaw
OC Halia
bout to be cold (as water)
Petats
pout to feel cold (person)
Proto-Micronesian
*fou to feel cold
(Formosan only)
Formosan Thao
pu- prefix marking the causative of motion verbs; pu-lhilhi ‘to erect something’, pu-taun ‘put in a house’, pu-caqi ‘to defecate’
Puyuma
pu- prefix marking the causative of motion verbs; pu-dare ‘throw or put on the ground’, pu-enai ‘to water, put water on’, pu-Taqi ‘spread manure on the fields’
Paiwan
pu- prefix marking the causative of motion verbs; pu-zaLum ‘put water on or in’, pu-tsaqi ‘to defecate’
OC Motu
hua-ia to carry on the shoulder
Niue
fua to carry on the shoulder
WMP Malay
peŋ-hulu headman, superintendent
peŋ-lima executive officer
Karo Batak
puaŋ title given by the Batak of the Dusun areas (Deli, Serdang, Langkat) to the Malay sultans
puaŋ kalimbubu mother's brother of a married woman
puaŋ-lima commander, war leader
Dairi-Pakpak Batak
puaŋ bride-givers
puaŋ bena kin group represented by the mother's brother
Toba Batak
puaŋ friend, mate; husband
Tae'
puaŋ Sir, lord; as title in religious names; also used for those of heavenly origin, the nobility and in particular for the rulers of the regions of Sangallá, Mengkendek and Mákale; God
Mandar
puaŋ respectful term of address, usually for those who are older than the speaker; term of address by a child to its father when the latter is a noble; God, lord
Makassarese
puaŋ royal or princely father or mother; royal uncle or aunt (if older than one's father or mother; if younger than one's father or mother then puto is 'uncle' and aya is 'aunt')
CMP Komodo
pua mother's brother and his wife; father (in teknonyms)
Ende
puaŋ friend
Sika
puaŋ begin
OC Tolai
puar to break into pieces (as a cup)
Iduna
fua crush
Motu
huar-ia to smash, as pottery
WMP Bikol
mag-puwás to break (a fever); to pass (a feeling of intoxication
puwas-án to recover (a person from a fever or from being drunk)
Aklanon
púas to become clear (said of weather); to become optimistic (after some dark days)
Agutaynen
mag-poas for the wind to lessen, die down, diminish; for the rain to stop or let up; for a flood to subside, recede; for a fever to go down
Maranao
poas go away
Binukid
puwas to remove, take something off; to cause something to come off
Tausug
puas free (from some obligation)
ma-puas to be settled
puas-an to untie something; (of a matter or problem) settled
Malay
puas to have had enough; to have had more than enough
puas hati satisfied
WMP Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
pusek stick a plant into the ground so that it will grow; transplant rice seedlings
CMP Manggarai
pucek press in by force (as food into someone's mouth)
WMP Malay
pucok shoot; top branchlet; leaf bud (also numeral coefficient for letters and firearms)
Old Javanese
pucuk top, highest or foremost point; beginning or end
Balinese
pucuk tip, point, top
Sasak
pusuk top, peak
Sa'dan Toraja
pusuk sprout; budding leaves
Proto-South Sulawesi
*pucuk sprout; budding leaves
Mandar
pusuʔ young leaves, as of banana
Makassarese
pucuʔ young, not yet fully opened leaves; tip of a leaf that is thinner and finer than the rest
Muna
pusu top, as of a mountain, tip
WMP Cebuano
pusút for liquid to spurt out
OC 'Āre'āre
pusu burst, explode, spurt out, squirt, blow (of whale), spray
Arosi
pusu puff; spurt, splutter, as boiling fat, to discharge, of a boil
WMP Ilokano
posót wean (a child); deprive, debar, shut out, dispossess, bereave
Malay
pocot dismissal from office; loss or release from work
Formosan Kanakanabu
pucaʔ foam
Saaroa
pucaʔ foam
Rukai
puca foam (Tona)
Paiwan
putsaq foam (W)
WMP Kadazan Dusun
puta foam, lather, froth
muta puta foaming
Malagasy
fota-fota slaver, spittle. Generally used of such as is produced in anger or from eating ravenously
mi-fota-fota to slaver, to foam, to rave
WMP Bikol
ma-pudák light-skinned
Kadazan Dusun
puak white
Central Dusun
purak white
WMP Itbayaten
ma-poraw gray, grayish
Ibatan
pōdaw pale, of a person’s complexion
Ilokano
púdaw whiteness
na-púdaw light complexioned, white, whitish
pa-pudáw-en to make white, bleach
p<um>údaw to become lighter in complexion
Bontok
pulaw white, as clothes; Spaniards, particularly those that lived in Bontoc in the late 19th century
Kankanaey
mem-puláw white; light; light-colored (as cloth)
Ibaloy
polaw white animal
WMP Yami
podpod pull out; snap and fall
ka-podpod broken-legged crab
podpod-en pull out a tooth
Ibatan
podpod to break off something (as shrub, broken teeth, etc.)
Ilokano
p<um>udpód to wear out (shoes, etc.)
Ibaloy
e-podpod worn out, as the soles of one’s shoes
Ayta Abellan
podpod worn at the point or ends
Tagalog
pudpód worn out at the point or ends (as a pencil, toes or heels of shoes); stubby; short, stiff and thick, as a beard
pudpur-ín to blunt; to wear at the point or ends
Bikol
pudpód worn down, or worn out; overused
mag-pudpód to become worn down or worn out
Agutaynen
popod da worn down flat (as a tooth that becomes hard to extract)
Cebuano
pudpúd wear down or decay at the ends or tips (as teeth from eating too much candy); knock the ashes off something burning slowly; worn down or decayed
Maranao
popod consume, use up all materials
Tausug
pudpud a stub, a part (of something) left after the main part is gone or used up
WMP Yami
ma-podpod to fall out (tooth)
Bikol
ma-pudpód to get worn out
Agutaynen
ma-popod to become worn down, small, flattened (as of a lamp wick, tooth, soap, pencil lead) by being consumed in use
Mongondow
mo-pupud blunt; wasting away, of limbs from sickness; to lose a finger, etc.
WMP Bikol
pa-pudpod-ón to wear something down
Agutaynen
pa-popod-on to cause, or wait for, something to be completely consumed, used up, worn down, burned down/up
Formosan Puyuma
pudu wild betel root that grows in the mountains (its leaves are narrow and long, smells good when chewed)
WMP Ilokano
pudó fruit of the betel pepper
WMP Sambal (Botolan)
poról to be dull, not sharp (used of knife, shears, pencil); slow to learn
Tagalog
puról dullness, lack of sharpness
ma-puról dull
Buhid
pudúl blunt, dull
Tausug
ma-pundul blunt
Malay (Jakarta)
pudul blunt, dull (C.D. Grijns, p.c.)
OC Motu
buru blunt
Formosan Amis
porod a ball of string or yarn
mi-porod to wind string into a ball
Thao
pusuz tangled ball of thread
Paiwan
puzuɬ cocoon; spool; stick on which cord is wound
pa-puzuɬ-an a spool
p<n>uzuɬ to spin a cocoon; to wrap cord around something
WMP Ilokano
púdon bobbin, spool used to hold thread for the warp
pag-pudun-an spool; winder for spooling thread
Kankanaey
pódon wind thread into balls
Tagalog
púlun act of winding or coiling (rope, string, thread, yarn, tape, etc.)
Bikol
purón wind up, coil up
Hanunóo
purún spool, ball, of anything that can be wound; classifier for same
Cebuano
púlun wind a string or rope into a ball
Maranao
poron gather into one place, lump together
Kiput
muduːn gather
Toba Batak
pudun knot in a string
Nias
furu collection, gathering
CMP Manggarai
puruŋ roll thread into a ball
Tetun
hurun wind up thread
WMP Bikol
ali-púros whirlwind, cyclone, tornado
Cebuano
alim-púlus small whirlwind
Tae'
talim-puruʔ whirlwind
OC Lakalai
kali-vuru tornado, waterspout
WMP Bontok
puwəg knee
Kankanaey
púeg knee
Ibaloy
poweg knee
Pangasinan
poég knee
Kapampangan
puwád thigh
Mansaka
pood buttocks; rump
Kalagan
pud thigh
WMP Ilokano
púek owl
Rungus Dusun
puvok owl
Gana
puək owl
Minokok
puvək owl
Bisaya (Limbang)
puok owl
WMP Tagalog
poʔ honorific: "sir", "madam", answer to the call of a superior or elder
Uma
pueʔ lord, master
pueʔ ue crocodile
me-pueʔ to serve, be of use to; to obey
Bare'e
puë sir, lady; grandfather, grandmother, grandchild (vocative)
WMP Tagalog
puwít buttocks, backside; rump; the hind part of the body of an animal, where the legs join the back
Kelabit
puət buttocks, bottom, foundation
WMP Casiguran Dumagat
pugád nest (of the okong bird, made in the sand)
Tagalog
púgad nest; a place that swarms, usually with something bad, as a ‘nest’ of thieves
Hanunóo
púgad nest, as of a bird
Aklanon
púgad nest; to nestle, be in the nest
Palawan Batak
púgad bird’s nest
Maranao
pogad take off the hen’s nest, remove from nest
Mansaka
pogad nest
Tausug
pugad a nest
mag-pugad to make a hideout (as thieves)
WMP Casiguran Dumagat
pugad-an chicken nest
Aklanon
pugar-án nest, nesting place
Tausug
pugad-an to settle in a nest
WMP Ilokano
pugrót showing mild displeasure; poor, destitute
Bikol
pugrót broke, having no more money
WMP Ilokano
púgi to start weaving
p<am>ugi-an first threads of the woof
Bikol
pugíʔ to start the weaving of cloth
WMP Ilokano
púgus short-haired, short-tailed
pugús-en to cut the web from the loom; to cut testicles off an animal
Tausug
pugus to roll or knot the hair
WMP Ilokano
pugót headless
Ayta Abellan
pogot to cut off someone’s head
Tagalog
pugót decapitated; headless
Bikol
ma-púgot be accidentally beheaded
Ngaju Dayak
pugut to have lost the end or point (hair, grass, leaves, fabric), torn on the side, eaten off, as grass that has lost its tips after being eaten by deer
WMP Ilokano
pugut-án to decapitate; cut the head off someone
Bikol
pugút-an to behead
WMP Tagalog
púhag destruction of a beehive
Bikol
mag-puhág to cut the honeycomb from the beehive
para-puhág one who cuts the honeycomb
Maranao
poag harvest honey from honeycomb
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
puhag subdue a nest of bees with syrope
Iban
puar drive off bees (to get the honey)
OC Lau
fui cluster, clump
Samoan
fui-fui keep, stick together; cluster, bunch (as of fruit)
fui-fui-lua (of two people or things) go together, be paired
fui-niu cluster of coconuts
Rennellese
hui bunch or cluster, as of Barringtonia nuts or Pandanus keys; string, as of fish; fruit, as of pandanus
Maori
hui-hui put or add together; congregate, come together; meet; double up; assembly, group
Hawaiian
hu-hui cluster (as of grain or fruit); Pleiades
hui club, association, society, corporation, firm, partnership, union; form a society or organization; to meet; join, unite, combine; cluster, as of grapes or coconuts; bunch, as of bananas; chorus of a song (Formosan only)
Formosan Taokas
puta navel
Basai
puna navel
Proto-Atayalic
*pugaʔ navel
Papora
puda navel
Pazeh
puza navel
Amis
pona navel
Thao
puza navel (Formosan only)
Formosan Saisiyat
pozok navel
Saaroa
pəlhəkə navel
Puyuma
pudek navel; umbilical cord
Paiwan
pudek navel; umbilical cord
WMP Ilokano
púro island
Isneg
pug-puxó island
Itawis
fugú island in river
Pangasinan
pogó islet
Sambal (Botolan)
póloʔ island
Tagalog
pulóʔ island
Bikol
puróʔ island
Aklanon
pueóʔ island
Agutaynen
poro island
poro island
Hiligaynon
púluʔ island
Tausug
pūʔ island
WMP Itbayaten
pok bang, splash
Agutaynen
pok the sound made by an owl
Cebuano
puk onomatopoetic word for a rapping sound
Ngaju Dayak
pok splash softly
Iban
puk call of any bird of prey with plaintive note
Malay
pok dull clapping sound
Karo Batak
puk onomatopoetic: bang!
Old Javanese
pok onomatopoetic particle: blow, thud
Javanese
puk representing something falling
ŋe-puk-epuk to keep patting (as someone’s back); to keep thudding/plopping
OC Tongan
fū to clap the hands crosswise so as to make a hollow sound
OC Tigak
puka to fall
Uruava
uka to fall
Simbo
uka to fall
Ghari
puka to fall
Talise
puka to fall
WMP Cebuano
pukák a child’s word for female genitalia
Iban
pukak vulva
WMP Ilokano
púkan cut down bamboo or wood
Casiguran Dumagat
pukán to chop down a tree
Bikol
púkan to fell (a tree, something cut at the base)
Hanunóo
púkan chopping down, cutting, felling
Aklanon
pukán to cut down a tree
Waray-Waray
pag-ka-púkan the act of falling; collapsing, or dropping down something
pukán fell down; collapsed; dropped down
Hiligaynon
mag-púkan to cut a tree down
WMP Ilokano
pukán-en to cut down trees; to fell, prune
Bikol
pukán-on to fell or cut down a tree
Hiligaynon
pukán-un to cut a tree down
WMP Cebuano
pukáŋ child's word for female genitalia
Malay
pukaŋ fork; thigh-joint (of animals); crosspiece (of anchor)
Bahasa Indonesia
pukaŋ crotch (Echols and Shadily 1963)
Old Javanese
pukaŋ thigh
Balinese
pukaŋ leg of animal or bird
Sasak
pukaŋ thigh
WMP Old Javanese
pukah with a point broken off, broken in two, truncated
Proto-South Sulawesi
*po(ŋ)ka split, break apart
Makassarese
poka cut into pieces
CMP Manggarai
poka fell, cut, chop down
WMP Old Javanese
pukah with a point broken off, broken in two, truncated
Proto-South Sulawesi
*po(ŋ)ka to split, break apart
Makassarese
poka cut into pieces
CMP Manggarai
poka to fell, chop down
WMP Cebuano
pukás lift up something that covers or hides something; become uncovered; for a girl's dress to creep upwards, uncovering her legs
Malay
pukas nudity; improper or indecent exposure (used esp. of latah subjects who strip themselves when under the influence of the disease)
WMP Maranao
pokas disjoin, disengage
Tiruray
fukas release animal from yoke
Kayan
pukah loosened, unrolled (as a mat that is rolled up when not in use)
Dairi-Pakpak Batak
pu-l-kas opened; broken, of a dam or water tap (Formosan only)
Formosan Kavalan
m-puqaw blind
Formosan Kavalan
m-puqaw blind
Thao
ma-pukaw having dim vision, especially nyctalopia
WMP Ilokano
ma-púkaw to lose, be lost; be destroyed, wasted; confused
pa-púkaw to rape
Itawis
fúkaw hypnotized, confused
Malay
pukau narcotic (commonly datura seed burnt under a house) used by thieves to drug to sleep people whose quarters they proposed to burglarize
Rejang
pukeuw hypnotised, put to sleep by magical means (the work of a thief in order to disarm his intended victim)
WMP Tagalog
maka-pukaw to provoke; to stir up; to excite; to wake; to enkindle; to excite; to inspire; to cause or awaken thought or feeling
pa-múkaw incitement; a thing that urges, stirs up or rouses
Bikol
mag-púkaw to wake someone up; to get someone up; to rouse
Aklanon
púkaw to awaken, wake up (someone)
pa-múkaw serenade; alarm clock
Cebuano
púkaw wake someone up; awaken an emotion that had become inactive
Maranao
pokao awaken, revive
Binukid
pukaw to wake up, awaken; to wake (someone) up
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
pukew to waken someone
Mansaka
pokaw to awaken
Tausug
mag-pukaw to wake up (someone)
Basap
pukaw wake up
Tunjung
pokaw wake up
WMP Itbayaten
poket a kind of netting (for catching birds?)
Tagalog
púkot dragnet for deep-sea fishing
Bikol
púkot deep-sea dragnet
mag-púkot to catch fish with such a net
Romblomanon
pūkut a fishnet
Masbatenyo
púkot fishing net
mag-pa-múkot fish with a net
Cebuano
púkut general term for fish nets put somewhere, into which the fish are driven and caught by the gills or which are used in trawling
Maranao
poket net
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
puket a net of various kinds used for fishing or for catching birds or animals
Mansaka
pokot fishnet
Mapun
pokot ~ pukut long fence-type fish net
Yakan
pokot fishing net (circular). It is thrown out by hand from a small boat.
mag-pokot to fish, catch fish with a net
Tboli
huket a large net used for fishing in deep water
Tausug
pukut a large fishing net, seine
Kadazan Dusun
pukot dragnet
Tombonuwo
pukot fishing net, seine
Ida'an Begak
pukut fishing net
Kiput
pukət dragnet
Iban
pukat seine or drag-net, as opposed to rantau (drift-net)
Malay
pukat net; drift-net; seine. Specifically of nets that drag fish ashore or into which fish are driven or over which they are attracted; pukat is used also of fowlers’ nets (pukat tanah)
Acehnese
pukat seine, large dragnet
prahō pukat fishing boat used especially for seine fishing
Gayō
puket fish net
Simalur
pukeʔ dragnet
Toba Batak
puhot a large dragnet
Nias
fuka a bird net
Rejang
pukeʔ a large fishing net
Old Javanese
pukət drag-net, seine
Tontemboan
pukət net, general name for fishnets and hunting nets
Tonsawang
puhəc net for catching fish or animals
Mongondow
pukot net for catching wild pigs; spider web
Bare'e
puka net
Proto-Bungku-Tolaki
*pukoQ net
Makassarese
pukaʔ kind of large fishnet without a sack that is spread out over the sea or across a river and is then hauled in
Wolio
puka seine, dragnet
Muna
puka long fishnet, dragnet; catch (fish) with a net
Palauan
wukəd fish or mosquito net
CMP Kédang
pueʔ dragnet
Watubela
fukat fishnet
Proto-Ambon
*pukət dragnet
Laha
ueta fishnet
Asilulu
uʔet a round weighted fish net which is cast on the water’s surface
Manipa
ueke net
SHWNG Kowiai/Koiwai
fuat fishnet
OC Vitu
vuho fishing net
Amara
o-puo net
Kove
puo fish net
Lakalai
la vuo fishnet or seine; base of fish trap
(vo)-vuo to fish with a net
Manam
u generic for nets; big fish creel (of willow)
Motu
huo a kangaroo net
Kilivila
wota (fishing) net
Nggela
vugo a net; to fish with a net; a cobweb
'Āre'āre
huʔo net, fishing net
huʔo-a to fish with a net
Sa'a
huʔo fishing-net, seine
Arosi
huʔo a large net, seine net
Bauro
hugo a large net, seine net
Proto-Micronesian
*wuko fishnet
*wuko-ti catch in a net
Marshallese
wek net; netting; screen
Pohnpeian
uuk net
Mokilese
uk round net
Chuukese
wuuk fishnet, net (general term)
Puluwat
wuuk seine; to seine
Woleaian
ug(o) fish net; to go net-fishing
WMP Kadazan Dusun
ka-pukot (can) catch fish with a dragnet
Old Javanese
ka-pukět to fish with a dragnet or seine; to catch (in a net)
WMP Tagalog
ma-múkot to fish with a deep-sea dragnet
Mapun
mukut to fish with a long fence-type net
Kadazan Dusun
mo-mukot to fish with a dragnet
Kiput
mukət to cast a dragnet; to catch with a dragnet
Iban
mukat fish with a seine or drag-net; pukat empelawaʔ, spider’s web pukat are set with weights and floats across a stream, or may be dragged ashore in shallows
Simalur
ma-mukeʔ fish with a dragnet
Old Javanese
a-mukət to fish with a dragnet or seine; to catch (in a net), entrap, entangle, enmesh
Tontemboan
ma-mukət go hunting for wild pigs
Mongondow
mo-mukot go hunting with nets
Makassarese
am-mukaʔ fish with a pukaʔ net
WMP Romblomanon
pa-múkut someone goes net fishing
Cebuano
pa-múkut fishing with a púkut
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
pe-muket to net fish or to set out a net to catch animals
Malay
pe-mukat-an a long narrow Brunei type of fishing boat
Palauan
o-múkəd catch (fish) by casting net
WMP Nias
fa-fuka catch birds with a net
fa-wuka get ensnared or entangled
Makassarese
pa-pukaʔ fishermen who fish together with a dragnet
Wolio
pe-puka fish with a trawl
WMP Kadazan Dusun
p<in>ukot caught fish with a dragnet
Old Javanese
p<in>ukět was caught in a net, entrapped
Palauan
u<l>úkəd caught, trapped in a net
WMP Bikol
pukót-on to catch fish with a deep-sea dragnet
Mapun
pukut-un to fish with a long fence-type net
Tausug
pukut-un to fish with a seine
Kadazan Dusun
pukot-on to be caught with a dragnet
Palauan
ukád-əl caught, trapped in a net
WMP Bontok
pukət to stick to; to adhere to; to hold on to, as a leech, grass seeds or sticky tape
Sundanese
pukət wind oneself tightly around something; cling or hold stubbornly to one another (of people fighting); tie around; ensnare
Formosan Amis
poki women’s genitals; labia; a vegetable called komiyat [chayote] is given this term for a nickname because of its shape
WMP Ibanag
fuki vagina
Atta (Pamplona)
puki vagina
Kapampangan
púki female genitals
Tagalog
púki female genitals
Bikol
púki vagina
Hanunóo
pukí buttocks; hindmost part of buttocks
Cebuano
púki female genital organ (euphemism)
Maranao
poki external female genitalia
Yakan
puki female genitals, vulva, vagina
Berawan (Long Terawan)
pukkeh vulva, vagina
Ngaju Dayak
puki female genitalia
Iban
pukiʔ vulva
pukiʔ maʔ swearing interjection or gross insult (lit. ‘(your) mother’s vagina!’)
Moken
pukui vulva
Malay
puki female genitals (vulgar)
puki anjiŋ a plant, Cynometra cauliflora
puki maʔ a grossly insulting expression
Acehnese
pukɔə female genitals
pukɔə ma kah your mother’s vagina! (term of abuse)
Javanese
puki female genitals
Mongondow
puki female genitals
Banggai
uki vulva, vagina; little girl
Palauan
wuk vagina
ukí-l her vagina
CMP Li'o
puki vagina
Hawu
uʔi vagina
Tetun
huʔi-n female genitalia
Erai
ui vagina
Dobel
wuy vulva, vagina
Kamarian
ui vagina
Asilulu
uʔi female genitals (in general); vulva; a common term of abuse
Manipa
hi-m vagina
Wakasihu
uʔe vagina
Buruese
puki vulva
Sula
poki vagina
OC Loniu
pwi-n her vulva
Nali
buyi-n her vulva
Ere
buʔi-n her vulva
Titan
bui vulva
Papitalai
brui- vulva, vagina
Tarpia
piki- vagina
Gitua
pugi vagina, cunt
OC Roviana
vugo tomorrow
Zabana
fuɣo tomorrow
fu-fuɣo morning
Tangoa
vuho tomorrow
Burmbar
ma-vuk morning
Formosan Puyuma
pukpuk hurt; beat; to shell with a flail (as millet)
p<ən>ukpuk was hit by someone (as a child being beaten)
pukpuk-anay will beat
Paiwan
p<aɬ>ukpuk to throb, pulsate (as heart)
WMP Yami
pokpok to knock, hit one’s head
Ilokano
pukpók sound or use of a hammer
Casiguran Dumagat
púkpuk to pound with a stick or hammer
Ibaloy
pokpok scare device for rice birds—constructed of two bamboo halves cut lengthwise to the middle, where a notch is cut to allow the halves to open and close; when the bayon line is pulled one half moves with the line, and when it is released it hits back against the other half, making a clapping sound
pokpok-en to knock off; brush off something that clings (as dust on clothes)
Pangasinan
man-pokpok to shake off dust
Kapampangan
ma-mukpuk to hammer
mi-pukpuk to hit on the head
Tagalog
pukpók a bang; a banging, rapping, hammering, beating or pounding
Bikol
mag-pukpók to beat, hit, or strike someone or something with a stick or club; to batter; to paddle
Aklanon
púkpuk to pound, knock, bang
Cebuano
pukpuk pound with the fist or something held in the fist, not necessarily with force; masturbate (slang); act of pounding or hammering; drumstick
p<in>ukpuk kind of cloth made from fine abaca fiber that has been pounded after weaving; wear, use pinukpuk cloth; make pinukpuk cloth
Maranao
popok mallet; pound, hammer, knock, beat; copulate, have close or intimate body contact
Binukid
pukpuk to hit an animal on the head in order to kill it
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
pukpuk to hit someone with a stick or similar weapon, but to “pull the punch” so that the blow is not very hard
Mansaka
pokpok to hit with a stick
Tausug
mag-pukpuk to hammer, pound (something); strike something with something else
Lun Dayeh
fufuk a knock on the head
Tunjung
mupuk to wash clothes (by beating on the river rocks)
Siang
mupuk to wash clothes (by beating on the river rocks)
Malagasy
fófoka a blow
a-fófokoa to be beaten
Dusun Witu
sam-pupuk to wash clothes (by beating on the river rocks)
Karo Batak
pukpuk coarsely pound sugar with maize
Toba Batak
ma-pukpuk to batter
Balinese
pukpuk to smack with the open hand
OC Nggela
ta-vuvu sound of birds’ wings
WMP Ilokano
parokpók rapids; to bubble, said of liquids: water issuing from a spring or a spout, boiling, etc.
Tagalog
pagukpók sound of strokes or knocks from a distance
Bikol
pagukpók knocking sound; sound such as that made by an ax when chopping wood
WMP Yami
pokpok-en to knock
Ilokano
pukpuk-en to hammer, hit
Ibaloy
pokpok-en to knock off, brush off
Tagalog
pukpuk-ín to bang, beat, hammer or pound; to beat by pounding with a stone, hammer or heavy piece of wood
Tausug
pukpuk-un be hammered, pounded
Lun Dayeh
fufuk-in will be knocked on the head
Malagasy
fofóh-ina to be beaten
WMP Lun Dayeh
mufuk to knock on someone’s head
Toba Batak
ma-mukpuk to strike, beat, hit
WMP Tagalog
pukól a toss; a throw; tossing; throwing; hurling; shot; something like a shot; hitting one thing with another end on end or head to head, as in the egg-breaking game
mag-pukól to toss, throw, hurl, cast or fling something (stress on the thing thrown); to pelt; to throw things at
púkúl-an hitting one thing with another
Bikol
mag-púkol to strike with a stick
pukul-án to hit a particular part or section with a stick
Iban
pukul strike, beat, knock
Malay
pukul strike; hit; knock; to take (at chess); to multiply; to average; an idiomatic word of wide meaning, not confined to any kind of blows, and used loosely in many other senses; give a man a hammering; shoe a horse; beat a gong; to print; to beat a drum; stroke of the clock; etc.
Sundanese
pukul stroke of the clock, hour
mukul strike, hit (as in a fight)
Old Javanese
a-mukul to beat (with a hammer); to play a percussion instrument
a-pukul beating, knocking (against each other); playing a percussion instrument
pu-pukul hammer
Javanese
mukul to strike with a hammering blow (as in hammering in a nail)
Tontemboan
pukul to hammer, hit with the fist, use the fist as a hammer
WMP Ilokano
pukól one-handed; one-armed; one-legged
pukul-án to cut off one hand or one leg
ma-pukul-án to lose one’s hand; to have one’s hand severed
Ayta Abellan
pokol deformed, maimed
Tausug
pukul having an amputated leg, arm, finger, or toe
OC Biliau
fu cough
Takia
fu-fu cough
Nggela
vugu a cough, cold
nia vugu catch a cold or cough from; to cough
Kwaio
fuʔu cough; sputum
fuʔu-na chest, breast
Sa'a
huʔu-huʔu to cough, to have a cold in the head
huʔu-ŋa coughing
Arosi
huʔu to cough
WMP Ilokano
pula yellow or red central part of a crab
Ifugaw
pulá reddish clay
Tagalog
pulá redness
ma-pulá red
Bikol
pulá red, reddish
Aklanon
puea(h) become red or reddish
Cebuano
pula red; any color ranging from dark yellow through orange, red and brown
Subanon
pula redness
om-pula red
Tausug
pula red
pula-pula a newborn infant
SHWNG Waropen
ura red color
OC Sa'a
hule a convolvulus growing on the beaches, used to produce a blue dye for the hair
Fijian
wā vula-vula a creeper, fam. Convolvulaceae: Ipomoea pes-caprae
OC Tabar
pura sea cucumber
Nehan
pul sea cucumber species, sea slug
Nggela
vula generic for cushion starfishes
Rotuman
hula sea slug
Wayan
vula sea cucumber: Holothuria sp.
Fijian
vula kind of sea cucumber
OC Motu
hua to increase (as an ulcer, or a wave about to break), to be full (of an udder), to fruit
Futuna-Aniwa
fu-fula to swell, become swollen (as the foot)
Tongan
fula to swell up as the result (so it was formerly believed) of breaking a tapu, esp. by eating food left over by a chief
fu-fula to swell, swell up, swell out; to pout, or to blow out the cheeks
Niue
fu-fula to swell
Rennellese
hu-huga to swell up, be swollen (as face or eyes)
WMP Ilokano
púlad feather of an arrow; vane
Tagalog
pulád feather vane attached to the end of an arrow; sprouting of feathers of a bird
WMP Ilokano
púlaŋ to return (what has been borrowed); carry; give back; bring; replace; atone; satisfy
ag-púlaŋ to return to one’s original position; come to life; regain consciousness
ma-puláŋ-an to recover to normal condition (health, finances, etc.)
puláŋ-an to compensate, reimburse, pay a debt
Isneg
ma-púlaŋ to be returned, sent away
Kenyah (Long Anap)
pulaŋ turn something around, as a boat in the river
Kayan
pulaŋ to turn end for end; to reverse
Ngaju Dayak
pulaŋ be repeated, done again
Iban
pulai return, go or come back (home), end up at, revert
Malay
pulaŋ to return to one’s home or first place of departure; to revert
Toba Batak
pulaŋ come back empty
WMP Kalagan
ma-pulaʔ red
Tboli
huloʔ red
Blaan (Koronadal)
fulɨʔ red
SHWNG Waropen
ura red color
WMP Itbayaten
poxaw lack of sleep, idea of long wakefulness at night
kapi-poxaw insomnia, staying up late at night
ka-poxaw act of being long awake at night
ma-moxaw to be long awake at night
Tagalog
puláw watching at night over a sick person
ka-pulaw-án loneliness
Hanunóo
púlaw waking up, awakening
ma-púlaw awake; wake up
Aklanon
pueáw stay up late at night, go to bed late
Agutaynen
polaw a wake for the dead
Cebuano
puláw ~ púlaw stay up very late at night, or the whole night through; keep a fire or lamp going the night through; for a feeling to be kept alive
Central Tagbanwa
pulaw-an wake, vigil for the dead
Mansaka
poraw not to be able to sleep, to be wakeful
WMP Ngaju Dayak
pules twisting, twining; twisted, twined
ules twisting, twining; twisted, twined
Malagasy
fóli silk thread or yarn
voa-fóli spun
foles-ina to be spun
Iban
pulas twist, warp, whorl
pulas ucoŋ whirlwind, whorl (of hair on the crown of the head)
tekuyoŋ pulas snail, unid. (or whorl of snail shell?)
Malay
pulas wringing; twisting; (fig.) extorting or cheating
pulas-kan leher to wring the neck
pe-mulas sekerup screwdriver
Toba Batak
pulos twisted
Javanese
di-pules twined together
Tontemboan
puləs twisted, as of plants that have fallen through a twisting motion
Bare'e
pule knot, hair bun; wear the hair in a bun
Tae'
pulaʔ twist, wring, as to remove the water from clothes that have been washed
CMP Tetun
hulas to twist
Asilulu
pule-k to twist
WMP Malay
sakit me-mulas gripes, colic
Tontemboan
muləs pull something down or out with a twisting motion
WMP Bikol
pulsít slip away (because it is slippery, like a fish when you try to hold it)
Iban
pelesit slip out, shoot out, press out, extrude (as a small fish from between the fingers)!
WMP Ilokano
púli to succeed, filling the vacancy
Tagalog
púli replacement (for persons); by extension, replacement of mechanical parts
WMP Ilokano
pulí race; breed; bloodline
ka-pul-pulí person of the same race; of the same breed
Ibaloy
poli descendant --- of blood line, esp. with regard to genetic characteristics
on-poli to pass on to another generation --- of some trait or characteristic
Pangasinan
polí ancestry, pedigree, family tree; race of people; inherited characteristics
Tagalog
pulí tradition; inherited custom
WMP Ilokano
pulí-an to succeed, filling the vacancy
Tagalog
pulih-an to replace someone or something
WMP Bontok
na-púlig to fall, to tumble down
Keley-i
pulig to roll
Ifugaw
púlig to tumble down headlong and, eventually roll further down if the one who tumbles descends a steep slope
Ifugaw (Batad)
pūlig for someone or something to roll, especially down an incline, of his, or its own volition; for someone to roll something relatively spherical along, as by pushing it
Ibaloy
podig-en to roll something, as a rock down a cliff
Waray-Waray
pulíd the act of rolling from one side to another; to roll on, move on in rolling motion
Maranao
polid to roll on the other side
Binukid
ka-pulid for the sun to move beyond the zenith and the shadows to lengthen in the afternoon
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
pulid to push something off of something so that it falls; action (of the earth’s rotation) which causes celestial bodies to recede from the zenith
WMP Isneg
i-pulín to roll down (a slope)
Tagalog
pulín roller placed under heavy objects to help move them
WMP Miri
fuléŋ to turn
Old Javanese
puliŋ turning round, spinning; dizzy, giddy
OC Tolai
buli turn, roll, turn something upside down
Lakalai
buli, buli-buli roll across the ground; teeter; roll back and forth; turn over and over; push or roll something too heavy to carry
buli galo turn something away from another person, turn something aside
buli tavu turn something towards someone or something else
Gedaged
buli turn back or into something else; change, transform; turn (over, back, round)
Molima
puli-a push or roll along, as a log
Arosi
buri to wallow, roll on the ground, as a dog
buriŋ-aʔi to roll on (something)
Rotuman
huli turn something over; turn oneself over
Tongan
fuli to turn round, etc.
fuli-hi to turn round or (esp.) to turn over, or to overturn; change or vary; inverted, upside down
Niue
fuli turn over, turn away
Samoan
fuli turn over, roll over (as a tree trunk)
fulis-ia be turned over, rolled over
ma-fuli fall over; lean towards; tend towards
faʔa-mā-fuli-fuli walk with a swaying, rolling or strutting gait (characteristic of some chiefs and affected by people who want to put on airs
ta-fuli to roll
fuli-alo turn upside down, bottom upwards
Tuvaluan
fuli turn (something) over; reveal a hidden object; translate; change into
Kapingamarangi
huli to turn, to twist, to change
Rennellese
hugi, hugis-ia push, shove, roll, throw, hurl, turn over; to drop, as heavy objects
hugi-hugi turn over, roll; put down, as a burden
Anuta
puri turn something around
puri-i turn something over
Maori
huri turn round; overturn; overflow, overwhelm; grind; turn; revolve; turn to, set about; mill, grindstone or anything which revolves
huri-huri turn over in one's mind, ponder, reflect upon; turn over and over
Hawaiian
huli turn; curl over, as a breaker; (fig.) to change, as an opinion or manner of living
hoʔo-huli turn, change, overturn, convert
WMP Yami
poling dust in the eye (Tsuchida, Yamada and Moriguchi 1987)
Itbayaten
poliñ foreign matter in the eye
Ilokano
púliŋ mote (in the eye)
Agta (Dupaningan)
puléŋ dirt or other matter stuck in the eye
Bikol
ma-púliŋ to have something caught in the eye
mag-púliŋ to throw dirt in someone’s eye
maka-púliŋ to fall into the eye (dirt, dust, cinders)
Aklanon
púliŋ to get something in one’s eye, get blinded (with foreign elements in the eye)
Hiligaynon
púliŋ to have a foreign object in the eye
Cebuano
púliŋ foreign body or matter in the eye or eyes
Maranao
poliŋ mote
Tausug
puliŋ dust or tiny particle that lodges in one’s eye
ka-puliŋ-an to catch dust or any tiny particle in one’s eye
Lun Dayeh
fuliŋ dust or any foreign object in the eyes
me-fuliŋ blinded with dust, etc.
ne-fuliŋ had dust or foreign object in the eyes
Bare'e
am-puli dust or dirt in the eye
WMP Tiruray
fulifis cowlick
Malay
pəlipis temples of forehead
bulu pəlipis fine hairs at temples and neck
WMP Tiruray
fuliʔ to recover from one’s investment, of whatever, a return at least equal to the original outlay
Kadazan Dusun
puhi to pay back, recover payment
Punan Tuvu'
puliʔ medicine
Malay
puleh return, revival, renewal
puleh-kan to restore or bring back
Old Javanese
pulih come back to its former condition; recovered, healed
Javanese
pulih to recover, to regain a former condition
mulih to restore something to its original condition
pe-pulih-an reconciliation, restoration to normal
pulih-an in the process of recovering
Balinese
pulih to get back into its former shape, look as it once did
WMP Ilokano
púlis to wind (a rope) around a tree, pole, etc., so as to keep an animal in check
CMP Tetun
hulis twist, as a wet towel to wring it out
hulis nu twist coconuts off the stem
WMP Balinese
pulit twine around
CMP Manggarai
pulit wind a rope around (an animal that is too unmanageable), as in tying a carabao to a large tree
WMP Kankanaey
pulpúl-an to break off; to nip off; to tear off (wing of a bird, camote leaves, etc.)
Ifugaw
pulúpul to pluck, pull off all (or almost all) the fruits borne on a given tree or shrub
Ibaloy
man-polpol to remove all one’s clothes
polpol-an to remove, strip all the leaves and/or branches from a tree
Tagalog
pupól picking or cutting flowers
Lun Dayeh
fuful cutting off a tree stump
Malay
pupul cropping, harvest (other than rice harvest); to pluck fruit or flowers (Brunei)
Karo Batak
pulpul plundered, of plants that people have stripped bare
Toba Batak
ma-pulpul stripped of leaves
pulpul-an a bird; wild jungle fowl
Mongondow
mo-mupul hack down trees
p<om>upul-an time when (or place where) trees are being (or will be) hacked down
Makassarese
puppuluʔ to gather in, specifically of fruits and crops (as jambu, peanuts, pepper)
WMP Bikol
mag-pulpól to place a plaster on a cut or wound
Malay
popol poultice
Balinese
molpol to plaster with clay or mud, plaster a wall, stop a hole in an earthen wall
polpol-an a wall made of nothing but clay
Formosan Paiwan
pulu handle (as of a hoe)
WMP Aklanon
púeo handle of a bolo
Hiligaynon
púlu handle of a knife
Cebuano
púlu handle of bladed instruments
Proto-Sangiric
*pulu handle
Mongondow
pulu handle (as of an axe)
Formosan Puyuma (Tamalakaw)
puruT a plant: Urena lobata, var. tomentosa
WMP Kadazan Dusun
pulut-an tree with fruit similar to the jackfruit
Kayan
pulut rubber trees
Malay
pulut-pulut generic for various mucilaginous plants
pulut-pulut bukit Mallotus griffithianus
pulut-pulut hutan Mallotus porterianus
pulut-pulut kecil, pulut-an Urena lobata
Sasak
tem-pulut kind of fruit
CMP Manggarai
pulut a mucilaginous plant: Urena lobata
Formosan Amis
poloŋ all, all together (as people gathering for some occasion)
WMP Ilokano
ag-púloŋ to gather together, assemble
Tagalog
púloŋ meeting
ka-pulúŋ-an assembly, a lawmaking group
pulúŋ-in to converse with someone; to hold a meeting with someone
Karo Batak
puluŋ gathered; to gather, come together, assemble; to be present
Toba Batak
puluŋ gathered, brought together
ma-muluŋ to gather, bring together (what belongs together)
Rejang
puluŋ a reel
kéwéa puluŋ the reel of a fishing rod
Sundanese
puluŋ gather together
Javanese
muluŋ to tie harvested rice into bundles
Balinese
puluŋ roll into a ball with the hands
Sasak
puluŋ to pick up
Mandar
puluŋ crowding about, attacking in large numbers
naka-puluŋ be crowded about, attacked in large numbers (by bees)
Formosan Amis
poloʔ group of ten
Puyuma
puɭuʔ ten
Paiwan
puluq group of ten
WMP Itbayaten
poxo group of ten
aʔsaa-poxo ten
Ilokano
púlo group of ten
Isneg
púlo ten
Bontok
púlu a unit of ten (in counting)
Ifugaw (Batad)
him-pūlu the number ten
Gaddang
ta-fulu ten
Casiguran Dumagat
sá-pulu ten
Pangasinan
poló ten (appears only with affixes)
Kapampangan
a-púluʔ ten
Bikol
púloʔ ten (base form)
Inati
poloʔ ten
Tombonuwo
o-pulu ten
Ida'an Begak
puluʔ ten
Kelabit
puluʔ ten
Berawan (Long Terawan)
pulo ten
Kenyah (Long Anap)
puloʔ ten
Kayan
pulu ten
Kayan (Long Atip)
pulu ten
Kiput
pulauʔ ten
Bintulu
puluʔ ten (in multiples of ten)
Melanau (Mukah)
puluʔ-ən ten
Bukat
puluʔ ten
Kejaman
pləwʔən ten
Dohoi
puluʔ ten
Malagasy
folo ten
Samihim
puluʔ ten
Malay
se-puloh ten
Simalur
ulu ten
Karo Batak
se-puluh ten
Mentawai
pulu ten
Lampung
sa-puluh ten
Mongondow
puluʔ ten
Dampelas
so-pulu ten
Wolio
sa-pulu ten
Chamorro
fuluʔ ten
CMP Manggarai
pulu ten
Lamaholot
pulo ten
Adonara
pulo ten
Solorese
pulo ten
Lamboya
ka-bulu ten
Sula
poo ten
Soboyo
hulu ten
OC Mendak
saŋaun ten
Lakalai
savulu group of ten
savulu saa ten
Samoan
se-fulu ten
WMP Malagasy
im-polo ten times
Mongondow
im-puluʔ the tenth
mog-im-puluʔ become the tenth
WMP Ibanag
ma-fulu ten
Agta (Dupaningan)
ma-pulu ten
Isneg
ma-púlo ten
Isinay
ma-fúlu ten
Sambal (Botolan)
ma-púluʔ ten
Nias
me-wulu ten times
Sangir
ma-pulo ten
Tonsea
ma-puduʔ ten
Tondano
ma-puluʔ ten
Mongondow
mo-puluʔ ten
Formosan Paiwan
ta-puluq ten
WMP Buhid
safólo ten
Moronene
ho-pulu ten
CMP Tugun
se-n-ulu ten
Wetan
anuli ten
SHWNG Ron
safur ten
Munggui
saura ten
OC Uruava
avuru ten
WMP Ilokano
sa-ŋa-púlo ten
Isneg
sa-ŋa-púlo ten
Itneg (Binongan)
sa-ŋa-púlu ten
Ibaloy
sa-m-púlu ten
Pangasinan
sa-m-pólo ten
Tagalog
sa-m-púʔ ten
Bikol
sa-m-púloʔ ten
Toba Batak
sa-m-pulu ten
Nias
ŋa-fulu ten (in plural forms?)
Tontemboan
sa-ŋa-puluʔ ten
Totoli
so-m-pulu ten
Pendau
so-m-pulu ten
Lauje
so-m-pulu ten
Uma
ha-m-puluʔ ten
Bare'e
sa-m-puyu ten
Proto-Bungku-Tolaki
*puluʔ ten
Makassarese
sa-m-pulo ten
Muna
o-m-pulu ten
CMP Bimanese
sa-m-puru ten
Komodo
sa-m-pulu ten
Li'o
sa-m-bulu ten
Kambera
mbulu ten
Hawu
he-ŋ-uru ten
Dhao/Ndao
ca-ŋ-uru ten
Rotinese
sa-na-hulu ten
Tetun (Dili)
sanulu ten
Idate
sanulu ten
Leti
sanunu ~ snunu ten
Luang
ha-n-ulu ten
Wetan
anuli ten
SHWNG Dusner
sa-m-pur ten
Numfor
sa-m-fur ten
OC Nauna
sa-ŋa-hul ten
Lou
sa-ŋa-ul ten
Penchal
sa-ŋa-hul ten
Lenkau
sa-ŋa-hul ten
Pak
so-ŋ-oh ten
Loniu
(ma-)so-ŋ-on ten
Nali
(ma-)-so-ŋ-uy ten
Ahus
se-ŋ-oh ten
Lele
soŋuy ten
Marau₂
tanahuru ten
Likum
se-n-oh ten
Ponam
saŋuf ten
Sori
sa-ŋ-op ten
Bipi
sa-ŋ-on ten
Mussau
sa-ŋa-ulu ten
Label
saŋahulu ten
Bali (Uneapa)
zaŋavuluku ten
Vitu
za-ŋa-vulu ten
Amara
soŋoul ten
Kove
sa-ŋa-ulu ten
Motu
a-hui ten (combination form)
Tubetube
sa-na-ulu ten
Vaghua
ŋa-vəl ten
Nggela
ha-ŋa-vulu ten
Ghari
sa-ŋa-vulu ten
Lau
ta-ŋa-fulu ten
Arosi
ta-ŋa-huru ten
Haununu
ta-ŋa-huru ten
Buma
sa-ŋa-ulu ten
Mota
sa-ŋa-vul ten
Merig
saŋavul ten
Cape Cumberland
sa-na-wulu ten
Nokuku
sonowul ten
Malmariv
sanavulu ten
Lametin
saŋavul ten
Mafea
saŋavulu ten
Tambotalo
sa-ŋa-vulu ten
Amblong
sonavul ten
Peterara
saŋavulu ten
Apma
te-saŋwul ten
Lingarak
na-ŋa-vül ten
Leviamp
snal ten
Axamb
sŋavür ten
Tongan
ho-ŋo-fulu ten
Niue
ho-ŋo-fulu ten
Nukuoro
mada-a-ŋa-hulu ten
Rennellese
aŋa-hugu ten
Rapanui
a-ŋa-huru ten
Hawaiian
a-na-hulu period of ten days; for ten days; to pass ten days
Formosan Paiwan
sika-puluq the tenth
WMP Ilokano
ma-ika-sa-ŋa-púlo tenth
Casiguran Dumagat
ika-sá-pulu tenth
Tagalog
ika-sa-m-púʔ tenth
Malay
yaŋ ke-sa-puloh tenth
Tontemboan
ka-puluʔ tenth
Mongondow
ko-puluʔ ten times; the tenth
WMP Toba Batak
pulu-an ten
Lampung
puluh-an by tens
Makassarese
pulu-aŋ group of ten
WMP Tagalog
sa-m-puʔ-ín make ten times as much, be multiplied by ten; divide into ten equal parts
Bintulu
puʔ-ən ten
Melanau (Mukah)
puluʔ-ən ten
Malagasy
folo-ina be divided into ten
WMP Ilokano
pulót thick syrup made of sugarcane; molasses
Isneg
pulút a kind of very small, black honeybee that builds its nest in the hollow of trees; the black wax produced by the pulút bee
ma-mulút to gather pulút wax
Casiguran Dumagat
pulót honey
Kapampangan
pulút molasses
Tagalog
pulót molasses; treacle; a sweet syrup obtained in the process of making sugar from sugarcane; honey
Bikol
pulót sap, resin; glue
ma-pulót sticky; tacky; glutinous
ma-pulót na tatarámon a tongue-twister
mag-pulót to become sticky
Aklanon
pueót sticky sap, syrup
Cebuano
ka-pulut bird trap made of a sticky sap extracted from a tree and placed on a stick tied to a branch; catch something with this trap
Maranao
polot-an Uvaria Leytensis Elm., Merr.; sticky pink rice
Binukid
pulut birdlime, sticky material smeared on things to catch birds that light on it; to snare birds with birdlime; to put birdlime, etc. on the perching place of birds
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
pulut a sticky sap used for birdlime; to snare birds with birdlime
Mansaka
porot sticky substance used for catching birds or flies
Yakan
pūt-an a type of glutinous rice or maize; sticky rice
Tboli
hulut glutinous (sticky) rice or corn; sticky tree sap used to trap birds
h<m>ulut to set a sticky trap for birds
Tausug
pūt a kind of tree whose sap is flammable, and is a medicine for certain diseases
pūt-an sticky rice (a variety of rice that becomes sticky when cooked)
Kadazan Dusun
puhut sap of trees
mo-muhut to tap rubber tree
po-muhut thing one uses for tapping rubber
po-muhut-an the place where one taps rubber
Abai Sembuak
fulut sap
Basap
pulut sap
Kelabit
pulut glue, anything sticky; birdlime (obtained from the fruit of a tree)
mulut to glue something, stick something onto something else
Kenyah
pulut the rubber tree (Euphorbiaceae); sap, sticky; euphemism for blood
Kayan
pulut rubber trees; elastic made from rubber
Kayan (Uma Juman)
pulut adhesive substance, as the sap of the breadfruit; rubber
Kiput
pulot latex, rubber
pulot tərəp birdlime (tərəp = ‘tree similar to breadfruit with sticky sap used to catch birds’)
mulot to catch birds with birdlime
Bintulu
pulut sticky substance; latex
pulut manuk birdlime
Ngaju Dayak
pulut a type of rice; the plant is taller than ordinary rice, the grains are thicker and rounder, and when cooked it is stickier than ordinary rice
ma-mulut to cook sticky rice and coconut together
Iban
pulut glutinous rice, Oryza glutinosa; it is fermented, cooked (sometimes sweetened) in bamboo or leaf packets for offerings and to eat at rites
Malay
pulut sticky; a name for glutinous rice (Oryza glutinosa) and for cakes made from glutinous rice
ter-pulut adhering to, attached to
pulut-pulut ~ pe-pulut generic for various mucilaginous plants
Gayō
pulut glutinous rice; sticky
Toba Batak
pulut glue, anything that adheres
ma-mulut to glue, stick to
mar-pulut catch birds with birdlime
si-pulut kind of rice that yields a good glue
Javanese
pulut resin from breadfruit or papaya (used as glue)
mulut to smear with resin; to trap [birds, small animals] with resin; (slang) to bribe
CMP Fordata
pulut sticky sap of breadfruit, birdlime
Asilulu
ala pulut kind of glutinous rice
Buruese
polot pitch, gum, resin
em-polot sticky; faithfulness
Tifu
polot breadfruit sap
OC Tanga
bulut birdlime
Bali (Uneapa)
vulu-vulutu tree sap
Nggela
mbulu a torch, lamp; to light a path, or a person
Lau
bulu torch
bulu ngali torch of nut gum
'Āre'āre
puru puttynut, used to caulk canoes; a tree gum, puru nari, a resin
puru-i-a to gum, stick, caulk the joints of canoe planks with puttynut
Sa'a
pulu the putty nut, Parinarium laurinum used to caulk canoes); tree gum
pulut-e sticking a thing with gum
Arosi
buru a tree, Parinarium laurinum; the gum of this tree, rubbed into paste and sets hard quickly; glue, paste; a torch of gum
Wayan
bulu what is stuck on; adhere, be attached, stick to a surface; be patched, sealed, filled (of a tooth); have something glued on to cover it
bulut-i patch something, stick a patch onto something
bulu-bulu given to sticking, adhering; be patched, sealed with a patch; be sticky, gluey, adhesive, cloggy, e.g. of clay or cloggy soil, too wet and lumpy to dig
vaka-bulut-i cause something to stick, seal something up
Tongan
pulu white sap, especially of the breadfruit tree
Niue
pulu stale, fusty, mouldy
kano pu-pulu glutinous (as taro)
Futunan
pulut-i to dress a wound
Samoan
pulu breadfruit gum (used as putty, especially for caulking canoes); chewing gum; rubber; herb (Euphorbia sp.), a common coastal plant with white latex
pulut-i to caulk, plug a leak
pulut-ia to be caulked, plugged or glued
Tuvaluan
pulu gum or resin (from breadfruit, mango or fetau [Calophyllum inophyllum] tree; whatever is used to caulk a canoe, including chewing gum
Kapingamarangi
bulu-bulu to hold in one’s arms; to encircle in one’s arms, to embrace
Nukuoro
bulu giidagi a type of caulking compound, made from bulu (the short fibers of the mature coconut husk) and sap
bulud-ia to hug
Rennellese
pugu resin as used for tattooing or torches; candle, torch; glow, as of sunset
pugut-ia to be ordered, invoked, requested; to order, request
Rarotongan
puru adherence; compress, any soft or suitable material used as a compress; clingy, sticky, adhesive, apt to adhere
purut-ia be plugged or stopped with a plug
Maori
puru plug, cork, bung; plug up, stuff up; confine by means of a plug; thrust in, stuff in, cram in; crammed, stuffed; pulp
pu-puru pulpy, thick, stiff, semi-solid; fusty, mouldy
whaka-puru to cram; protect with a pad; thatch a house; a protective spell
puru-puru stop the chinks of anything; caulking of a canoe
Hawaiian
pulu wet, moist, soaked; a soft, glossy, yellow wool on the base of tree-fern leaf stalks (Cibotium spp.); it was used to stuff mattresses and pillows
pulu-pulu tinder, kindling; cotton, as for quilt padding; fine linen
WMP Ngaju Dayak
puna original, primary
OC Samoan
puna spring, source
Hawaiian
puna spring (of water)
WMP Kelabit
punaŋ source, headwaters of a river; source
Mongondow
punaŋ source, origin; cause (as of a dispute)
OC Tolai
vuna beginning, cause, origin, source, basis, root, foundations; used either of material things like trees or houses, or of ideas; to begin, commence, cause
Bwaidoga/Bwaidoka
vu-vuna cause, origin, foundation of anything; (of a tree) the root
Eddystone/Mandegusu
vuna root; thick end of a bunch of bananas
Tongan
puna of liquids, to squirt, to issue forth
ma-puna to spout or squirt upwards
Samoan
puna spring, source
Hawaiian
puna spring (of water)
WMP Yami
ponas wipe off with hand
Itbayaten
ponas idea of wiping off
ma-monas to wipe off, to remove soil from ovi (yam) and then store it
ponas-en to wipe
Ilokano
púnas rag, dust cloth
ag-púnas to dust furniture, wipe
ma-púnas to be wiped; to be erased
pag-púnas towel, rag, anything used to wipe
punas-an to wipe clean or dry
punas-en to be wiped off
Ibanag
funat-an to wipe
Isneg
púnās to wipe, to clean or dry by rubbing (dishes, etc.)
Itawis
af-fúnat rag for wiping
maf-fúnat to wipe
Bontok
púnas to wipe; anything used for wiping; to put out fire by rubbing it into the ground; to extinguish, of a fire
Ifugaw (Batad)
púnah wiping material, as a cloth, paper, rice straws, leaves
ma-múnah to wipe away, to wipe up something from a body part, object, an area with wiping material, as to wipe perspiration from the face, excretion from the eyes, mucus from the nose, charcoal from a table, water from a floor
Casiguran Dumagat
punas to wet down; to sponge bathe; to wipe the hands or body with cloth (as in drying off)
Ibaloy
i-ponas to use something to wipe (as cloth); proper cloth to wipe with
ponas-an to wipe something to clean it (as one’s face, table)
ponas-en to wipe something from something else (as soot)
Pangasinan
ponás sponge bath
ma-monás to wipe
kolaay punas-án place where towels are kept
Tagalog
púnas a sponge bath
i-púnas to use something to wipe with
mag-púnas to wipe up something with a cloth; to mop; to wipe the dirt off someone or something; to dry; to dry by wiping with a handkerchief, cloth, etc.; to take or give a sponge bath
pa-múnas wiping rag
Bikol
mag-púnas to take a sponge bath
pa-mánas a rag or cloth used for wiping up spills, a sponge
punás-an to wipe with a cloth or sponge (as a table)
punás-on to wipe or sponge something up (as spilled milk)
Masbatenyo
mag-púnas to wipe
ma-punás-an be bathed, be swabbed
punás-an be wiped off, be rubbed, be swabbed
Cebuano
púnas wash the face and limbs with a soapy washcloth
ma-múnas wash oneself off with a washcloth
Maranao
ponas erase, clean up
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
punas to wipe something
Mansaka
ponas to erase; to sweep away; to clean off
Yakan
mag-punas to wipe something (as the floor)
Iban
punas barren, childless, with no direct heirs; died out, having no survivors; wipe out, destroy
Sangir
ma-munasəʔ wipe off crumbs, dust, etc. (as from a table)
Chamorro
funas eradicate, erase, rub out, , wipe out, put an end to, clear (of sin)
OC Tolai
pun delete, erase, efface, eradicate, rub out
Duke of York
una efface, wipe out; disappear, go out of sight
Mota
pun to dash out by hand or foot, rub out, as fire or anything written on a slate; to satisfy, said of food
Maori
huna conceal; destroy, devastate, lay waste
Hawaiian
huna hidden secret; hidden
Formosan Saisiyat
ponay bad omen bird
Tsou
pnoy turtledove
Rukai (Budai)
punáy wild pigeon
Puyuma
punay green dove: Chalcophaps indica?
Paiwan
punay pigeon, dove
WMP Itbayaten
ponay a kind of bird (green, male one has white beard), wild dove: Ptilinopus m. Merrill (female green as a whole; fruit dove)
Ilokano
púnay kind of large turtledove with dirty green plumage
Isneg
punáy a spirit in the shape of a large bird; betel is offered to him at the beginning of the harvest
Bikol
púnay species of pigeon with green feathers and a brownish breast
Hanunóo
púnay pigeon, wild dove, possibly Treron pompadora axillaris
Aklanon
púnay type of dove
Waray-Waray
púnay pigeon
Cebuano
púnay the pink-necked green pigeon: Treron vernans
Maranao
ponai Osmotreron sp. --- green pigeons
Mansaka
ponay kind of bird, a member of the dove family (eats the fruit of the karamoging vine)
Kadazan Dusun
punai fruit-eating pigeon
Kenyah
punay thick-billed green pigeon
Kayan
manuk puney pigeon: Ptilopus jambu
Kayan (Busang)
pune kind of wild dove, green with yellow legs
Bintulu
punay kind of wild dove
Ngaju Dayak
punæy kind of wild dove, a little smaller than the ordinary house dove; the back and legs are red, the breast green, and the upper body brownish-gray
Malagasy
funi a species of pigeon belonging to a genus peculiar to Madagascar Alectroenas madagascariensis
funi maitsu a species of pigeon: Columba Polleni Schleg. (‘green pigeon’)
Iban
punai pigeon, including Green Pigeon, Treron spp., Jambu Fruit Pigeon, Ptilinopus jambu Gmelin, and Spotted-Neck Dove, Streptopelia chinensis Scopoli
Malay
punai small pigeon, generic for a number of Columbidae, especially Treron spp.
Gayō
pune small pigeon
Karo Batak
pune a green wild dove: Osmotreron
pune taneh a steel blue dove with red feathers under the wing
Toba Batak
pune kind of wild dove
Nias
fune kind of small dove
Sasak
puneʔ green bush dove: Osmotreron vernans L.
Sangir
pune dove
Tontemboan
puney small green dove
Pendau
pune buff-bellied fruit dove
Bare'e
pune a green dove, Treron sp., that makes a melancholy sound heard from afar
Buginese
punne turtledove
Wolio
pune pigeon
OC Nauna
pun small red, blue, and green dove, rarely eaten
Wuvulu
pune small dove with green, purple, etc. on breast
Mendak
buna small dove with red, green, and blue breast feathers
Tolai
buna a small dove: Aldirhinus insolitus
Kairiru
pun pigeon
Manam
bune dove
Gedaged
bun general name for pigeons, doves
Keapara
pune dove sp.
Hula
pune dove
Motu
pune Torres Straits or nutmeg pigeon: Myristicivora spillorrhoa
pune-duba large blue pigeon
Tawala
bune-tutu pigeon type, similar to Fisher’s fruit dove
Tubetube
bune-tutu small green tropical bird
Nehan
bun(a) bird species, family Columbidae, Yellow-bibbed fruit dove
Proto-North-Central Vanuatu
*bune fruit dove (Ptilinopus)
Araki
va-pune red-bellied fruit dove: Ptilinopus greyii
Fijian
bune damu Orange Dove: Ptilinopus victor (on Vanua Levu and Taveuni); its call is like the tock of a giant clock
bune dromo Golden Dove: Ptilinopus luteovirens (on Viti Levu); its call is like the bark of a small dog
bune karawa green dove (the females of the preceding)
Formosan Puyuma (Tamalakaw)
puna-punay green dove: Chalcophaps indica?
WMP Buginese
punne-punne turtledove
Makassarese
pune-pune kind of wild dove with metallic green feathers; considered a delicacy
OC Manam
bune-bune small dove with red, blue, and green breast feathers
Bunama
bune-bune white pigeon
Tawala
bune-bune pigeon
Dobuan
bune-bune dove, pigeon
Molima
bune-bune white pigeon
WMP Ida'an Begak
punsok top
Melanau (Mukah)
pusək promontory, peak, as of a mountain
Malay
puncak apex; summit; knob (on flagstaff); ornamental top (of umbrella)
WMP Toba Batak
punsu point, peak, end
punsu ni ari last day of the week, month, year
punsu ni dolok peak of a mountain
mar-punsu have a peak
Javanese
puncu project outward with a point (as a mountain)
muncu project outward with a point, as a mountain (Pigeaud)
Muna
pusu top, as of a mountain, tip
WMP Itbayaten
purut-en pick up with the finger tips
Casiguran Dumagat
pudút in eating, to pick up the rice with the fingers
Maranao
pondot pick up with fingers
Old Javanese
puṇḍut pick up and carry off; take along; carry with one
WMP Maranao
poni Marattia sp. -- tree fern
Tontemboan
puni tree fern: Alsophila
Bare'e
am-puni tree fern, Alsophila sp. The pith is fed to pigs, the wood is burned to repel mosquitos, the shiny black roots are chopped up and used to make beads and as a ritual substance in ceremonies to assist the rice, because the plant is very tenacious
CMP Manggarai
puni tree fern: Cyathea sp.
WMP Ilokano
púnit small hole or rip
púnit small hole or rip
ag-púnit to close, shut; heal (wounds)
i-púnit to shut, close
punit-an to shut in, confine, lock up; sew closed; cover a hole
Pangasinan
pónit to cover or close off small holes or openings
Sambal (Botolan)
pónit to close up, to stick together, to pull something together
Tagalog
púnit a tear, a rent (as in a dress); rip; a torn place or part; slit; a straight narrow cut or opening
ma- púnit to be torn, ripped or rent
p<um>únit to tear; to rip; to rend; to tear apart, as a garment or paper; to slit; to cut or tear along a line
WMP Casiguran Dumagat
pónpon to save up, to hoard, to keep something in safekeeping (esp. of money or food)
Ibaloy
i-ponpon to pile something up in a big heap
Bikol
púnpún gather together with the hands
Abaknon
pumpon to gather; to store; to heap up
Cebuano
punpún gather powder, grains into a heap by scooping them with the hands; compile, collect
Maranao
popon appropriate all to oneself
Binukid
punpun to scoop up (something with the hands)
Malay
pumpun assemble, gather
Balinese
pumpun ~ punpun to gather, collect, provide (as wood for fuel)
Formosan Basai
puti banana
Trobiawan
puti banana
WMP Kalamian Tagbanwa
puntiʔ banana
Agutaynen
ponsi banana
Palawan Batak
púnti banana (Musa sapientum)
Aborlan Tagbanwa
punti banana
Central Tagbanwa
punti banana plant
Dumpas
punti banana
Labuk-Kinabatangan Kadazan
punti banana
Tombonuwo
punti banana
Murut (Paluan)
punti banana
Abai Sembuak
fundi banana
Kujau
punti banana
Minokok
punti banana
Murut (Tagol)
punti banana
Tingalan (West)
punti banana
Basap
punti banana
Dali'
putay banana
Murik
putiʔ banana
Kayan (Uma Juman)
putiʔ banana
Kiput
puttay banana (various types are named)
Siang
punti banana
Lawangan
putiʔ banana
Ma'anyan
punsi banana
Tsat
u¹¹ tai¹¹ banana
Jarai
pətəy banana
Rhade
mətey banana
Lampung
punti banana
Old Javanese
punti banana
Sasak
puntiʔ banana
Tontemboan
punti banana (a number of varieties are named)
Petapa Taje
punti banana
punti banana
Bare'e
punti kind of banana
punti-ana kind of small bat that is fond of bananas
Tae'
punti banana tree and fruit (several named varieties)
Proto-Bungku-Tolaki
*punti banana
Mori Atas
punsi banana
Wawonii
punti banana
Kulisusu
punci banana
Wolio
punti-olo kind of banana
CMP Manggarai (Pacar)
punti kind of short, sweet banana
Rotinese
huni banana
Tetun
hudi banana
West Damar
usso banana
Wetan
udi banana
Gah
fudia banana
Alune
uri banana
Larike
ure banana
Wakasihu
ure banana
Sekar
fúdi banana
SHWNG Kowiai/Koiwai
fun banana
Irarutu
fude banana
Moor
húta banana
Waropen
ui banana
OC Pak
pun banana
Loniu
pu banana
Nali
brun banana
Titan
brul banana
Leipon
brudr banana
Ahus
buh banana
Lele
b̃ul banana
Papitalai
brur banana
Pelipowai
puk banana
Levei
puŋ banana
Drehet
puŋ banana
Likum
puh banana
Sori
bruh banana
Lindrou
bur banana
Bipi
pux banana
Mussau
uri banana
Tigak
ur banana
Mendak
undu banana
Lusi
puri banana
Kove
puri banana
Mengen
puri banana
Kairiru
wurr banana (generic)
Manam
udi banana
Gedaged
fud banana (thirty four varieties distinguished by name)
Takia
fud banana
Numbami
undi banana
Bunama
hudi banana
Kilivila
usi banana
Dobuan
udi banana
Molima
wudi bananas in general
Takuu
huti banana
Lungga
vundi banana
Eddystone/Mandegusu
vudi banana (general term)
Bugotu
vudi plantain, banana
Nggela
vundi banana, plantain, both plant and fruit
Talise
vuči banana
Lau
fudi banana (bou substituted in recent times because fudi occurred in name of a well-known woman)
Toqabaqita
fudi (archaic) banana tree and fruit
'Āre'āre
husi banana (there are many varieties)
Sa'a
hudi a banana; twenty-one kinds of native bananas are named at Sa’a; the cultivation of native bananas ceased at Ulawa owing to ceremonial restrictions
Arosi
hugi banana or plantain (many named varieties)
Santa Ana
fuki banana
Kosraean
usr banana
Pohnpeian
ūt ~ uti- banana (many varieties)
Mokilese
wus banana
Chuukese
wuuch ~ wuchu banana (fruit and plant)
Puluwat
wuur ~ wurú-n banana, the tree and fruit
Woleaian
wish(i) banana (Musa). Four varieties are found on Falalus which are named after their supposed islands of origin, Truk, Saipan, Yap and Ponape
Haununu
huki banana
Lingarak
na-vuns banana
Axamb
na-vüč banana
Southeast Ambrym
his banana
Makatea
futi banana
Anejom
no-hos banana
Wayan
vudi plantain, Musa cultivar (Musaceae), bananas whose fruits are edible only when cooked; used by some as generic term for bananas
Fijian
vudi bananas in general, Musa sapientum, Musa paradisiaca, Musaceae
Tongan
fusi plantain or banana of any kind
Niue
futi banana, plantain (many named varieties)
Futunan
futi banana
Tuvaluan
futi banana
Kapingamarangi
hudi banana plant: Musa paradisiaca and Musa nana
Nukuoro
hudi banana tree
Rennellese
huti banana or plantain (either a single fruit or a bunch)
Anuta
puti banana (generic term)
WMP Cebuano
mala-puntí kind of red deep-sea fish with big reddish scales, two feet by six inches, similar to a snapper, but with a filament projecting from the tip of the tail
Samal
mala-punti blue-spotted sea perch
Malay
ikan punti-punti marine fish, sp. unident.
WMP Tagalog
puntók cone; apex of a cone
Tausug
puntuk top, apex, peak, summit (as of a mountain or building)
Javanese
punṭuk mound; hill; peak
munṭuk mound-shaped
Sasak
potok tip of the nose; nipple of the breast (Formosan only)
Formosan Kavalan
punuq scalp infection
Pazeh
punu head
ma-punu stupid
Amis
ponoʔ brain
Thao
punuq head
pam-punuq put something on the head, as a head decoration
Bunun
punuq brain
Rukai (Budai)
pono forehead
Puyuma (Tamalakaw)
punuH brain
Paiwan
punuq brain; (in Western dialect: bone marrow) (Formosan only)
Formosan Thao
puzi whiteness
mim-puzi become white
Rukai (Budai)
po-poli white
Formosan Favorlang/Babuza
ma-usi white
Thao
ma-puzi white
Saaroa
ma-polhi white
Siraya
ma-pule white
Rukai (Mantauran)
ma-poli white
Rukai (Tona)
ma-ʔoli white
OC Sa'a
huŋe to be many, enough, too much, to abound
huŋe-huŋa-ʔa frequently
Ulawa
huŋa to be many, enough, too much, to abound
Arosi
huŋa a crowd of people; all the people of a place; many, a mass; to crowd
inoni huŋa crowd of men
huŋa-ʔi heap together a number of things
Maori
huŋa company of persons, people
WMP Itbayaten
poŋan pillow
Ibatan
poŋan a pillow
Ilokano
puŋán pillow; cushion
puŋán-an to supply someone with a pillow; use someone as a pillow
Ibanag
fuŋan pillow
Isneg
puŋān pillow, cushion
p<in>uŋān laying one’s head on somebody’s arm
Itawis
fuŋán pillow
maf-fuŋán to use a pillow
Kankanaey
puŋán pillow
Yogad
fuŋan pillow
Casiguran Dumagat
puŋán to rest the head against something
puŋan-an pillow
Ibaloy
poŋan pillow
i-poŋan to use something as a pillow (as coat, forearm)
man-poŋan to lay one’s head on a pillow
poŋan-an to supply something (as one’s head) with a pillow
Ayta Abellan
poŋan pillow
OC Bugotu
vuŋao(-ña) relations in law
Nggela
vuŋo parents-in-law; those of their standing in the clan
Sa'a
huŋao father-in-law, mother-in-law, son-in-law, daughter-in-law
huŋao-na used with ro ma of two people who call one another huŋao-ku
Lonwolwol
wUɔŋ- wife's mother of-
wUŋɔ- used by a small boy of his MBD, who also happens to be his FZD; wife's mother, wife's father
Fijian
vuŋo descripive term applied to one's relations in law: father or mother, son or daughter, mother's brother (whose daughter one normally marries), niece and nephew to the same
Rennellese
huŋa son-in-law, daughter-in-law (classificatory daughter's husband, classificatory son's wife, brother's daughter's husband, brother's son's wife, sister's son's wife)
huŋa-bai husband's parents, wife's parents, husband's parents' classificatory siblings, wife's parents' classificatory siblings, father-in-law, mother-in-law
OC Sursurunga
puŋ-puŋ mountain
Ghari
vuŋa-vuŋa mountain
Ulawa
huŋa-na hillock
huŋa-huŋa-ʔa mound, hillock
Arosi
huŋa-na above, upon; the to,p of the roof of a house
huŋa-huŋa a hill or mountain
Haununu
huŋa-huŋa mountain
Tongan
fuŋa top, upper surface
Niue
fuŋa surface
Anuta
puŋa top surface of something
WMP Hanunóo
puŋáw sorrow, gloom, grief
Kalamian Tagbanwa
ma-puŋaw lonely
Palawan Batak
ma-puŋaw lonely
Iban
puŋau puŋau looking forlorn
WMP Balinese
puŋgal break off, snap
Sasak
puŋgal cut off the head
Gorontalo
puŋga tailless (of birds)
WMP Hiligaynon
púŋgul cut off from a plant, prune
Ngaju Dayak
puŋgel piece (of something broken)
Malay
puŋgel cut off the tip; to dock (Jakarta; Chaer 1976)
Sundanese
puŋgel cut off the top of a plant or tree
Javanese
puŋgel lopped, cut off
Sasak
puŋgel break off the tip of young plants so the leaves will grow thicker
Gorontalo
puŋge pick, break off the stem
WMP Ilokano
puŋgó tailless (bird)
Kadazan Dusun
puŋgu to prune, cut or break off top of tree
WMP Ilokano
puŋgók tailless (birds); with a short rear (cars)
Tagalog
puŋgók with tail feather absent, lacking or cut off
Malay
puŋgok stumpy; bobtailed; short and squat
ayam puŋgok tailless fowl
Sangir
puŋguʔ tailless (as a chicken or brush turkey)
WMP Hiligaynon
púŋgul cut off from a plant, prune
Balinese
puŋgul to top (a tree that will be felled); broken off (of the horns of a cow)
CMP Kambera
puŋgu hack, chop down
WMP Ilokano
puŋpóŋ stump, stub of bamboos
Iban
pumpoŋ break or cut the top off (as wind breaking off the top of a fruit tree), behead (as an enemy)
Balinese
pungpuŋ-an a piece, a leftover, a remnant, a stump, a candle-end
Wolio
pupu rest, remnant; to finish off
WMP Bikol
puŋpóŋ a string of (garlic, coconuts, onions, etc.), a bundle of
mag- puŋpóŋ to braid together in a string; to tie into small bundles (as rice stalks)
Aklanon
púŋpuŋ to bundle up; a bundle
Agutaynen
poŋpoŋ ~ pompoŋ a cluster of fruit, berries, or grain heads on the end of a stalk
p<ar>ompoŋ a kind of white rice with very small kernels; the grain heads are numerous, and are in clusters on the end of the stalk
Cebuano
p<al>uŋpuŋ a cluster or bunch (as keys, grapes)
Binukid
puŋpuŋ cluster or bunch; to be or grow in a cluster or bunch; to gather (something) in a cluster or bunch
Tausug
mag-puŋpuŋ to grasp or clutch things together
Melanau (Mukah)
pupuŋ bunch, cluster (of fruit)
Ngaju Dayak
pumpuŋ what is gathered or brought together
Malagasy
mi-fómpona to assemble, gather
Sundanese
puŋpuŋ to appear in large quantity
WMP Tagalog
punsó anthill; mound; a hillock
Hanunóo
púŋsu anthill, i.e. a termite hill
Agutaynen
poŋso small mound of earth
Malay
poŋsu knoll; mound; barrow; (loosely) anthill
WMP Ilokano
poŋó large bundle of palay (rice plants)
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
puŋu head of grain on a rice stalk
SHWNG Kowiai/Koiwai
fuŋ bunch, cluster (of bananas, bamboo, etc.)
OC Loniu
he-puŋ one cluster (as of areca nuts)
Titan
sa-buŋ one cluster (as of areca nuts)
Nggela
vuŋu grain of maize; pod; bunch, cluster of fruit
Arosi
huŋu(-na) bunch or cluster of fruit
bu-buŋu(-na) bunch of betel nuts or almonds
Formosan Puyuma (Tamalakaw)
sa-puŋul-an one cluster of areca-nuts
CMP Tetun
hunun a bunch of flowers from some palms; many flowers or fruit on the same branch
Yamdena
fuŋun cluster of palm trees
Buruese
puŋun cluster
OC Loniu
he-puŋ one cluster (as of areca nuts)
Titan
sa-buŋ one cluster (as of areca nuts)
Nggela
vuŋu grain of maize; pod; bunch, cluster of fruit
Arosi
huŋu(-na) bunch or cluster of fruit
bu-buŋu(-na) bunch of betel nuts or almonds
WMP Itbayaten
poŋos wrap, wrapping, envelope, wrapper
ma-moŋos to wrap
ma-poŋos wrapped
Ayta Abellan
poŋoh one bunch or bundle of something, as corn tied together; to bunch together
Cebuano
púŋus to gather the hair and tie it in a knot
WMP Maranao
popo harvest fruit
Gayō
pupu pick, pluck (leaves from twig, flowers, etc.)
Karo Batak
pupu loose, of the teeth, of rice in its panicle, etc.
Toba Batak
ma-pupu fallen out, of hair or feathers, as of ponies that are replacing their fur
Sundanese
pupu to pluck (anything on a tree or plant); pick flowers, gather fruits
ka-pupu plucked, collected
Old Javanese
pupu to collect, gather in, pluck
p<in>upw-an to collect, bring in
Balinese
mupu produce a crop; to harvest, pluck, reap, get gain
pupo-nin be harvested, be reaped
pupu-haŋ be reaped, be harvested; take the landlord’s share of the crop
Sasak
pupu collect money for pious purposes
Dampelas
pupu to pick, pluck
Tajio
pupu to pick, pluck
Balaesang
pupu to pick, pluck
Balantak
pupu to pick
Banggai
pupu pluck
Bare'e
pupu pluck
Tae'
pupu pull off, tear off, pluck; pick or scrape kernels from a corn cob; pick coffee beans
OC Bunama
pupu pluck a bird, remove leaves from stem; sticks off trees
Motu
huhu-a break off bananas singly
Lau
fufu pluck fruit
Sa'a
huhu pluck, pick off
Arosi
huhu pluck fruit
OC Lakalai
pupu- bladder
Neve'ei
nu-vuvu bladder
Jawe
phūp bladder
OC Arosi
huhura scar; sore under skin of sole of foot
Rotuman
huhula to swell (esp. through disease, etc.)
Fijian
bubula spoken of the flesh when it rises after being cut or burnt for ornamental scars
Tongan
fufula swell up, swell out, pout, blow out the cheeks
pupula swell, be or become swollen, expand, bulge; swell-headed
Niue
fufula to swell
Rennellese
huhuga swell up, be swollen (as face, eye with epicanthic fold)
OC Gitua
vuvula spotted herring
Numbami
ulana oxeye herring: Megalops cyprinoides
Motu
huhula fish sp.
Fijian
vuvula a white fish, bony to eat (easily chokes people): Megalops cyprinoides (Broussonet)
CMP Leti
pupru rinse the mouth
OC Tongan
pūpū rinse the mouth, gargle
Samoan
pūpū rinse the mouth, gargle
WMP Hiligaynon
púʔas to calm, to ease, to become less strong
Iban
puas satisfied, satiated
Malay
puas to have had enough; satisfied
CMP Manggarai
puʔas to have had enough; satisfied
OC Lakalai
vuhi to rinse, to baptize (?)
Longgu
vui to wash
Fijian
vū to wash, cleanse with water, as the feet or hands
vū-ya to wash something, cleanse something with water
Tongan
fuʔi-fuʔi to throw or pour or sprinkle water on, or to douse
Niue
fu-fui to dip in water
fui-fui to wash, to water (as plants), to fill with liquid (as a sponge)
Samoan
fui to water, throw water on
fu-fui to put into water, steep
Kapingamarangi
hui to immerse in water
WMP Aklanon
poʔpoʔ gather, harvest (fruits)
Cebuano
puʔpuʔ pick fruits, leaves, flowers from a tree by breaking off the peduncle
Bare'e
pupu pluck
OC Motu
huhu-a break off bananas singly
Lau
fufu pluck fruit
Sa'a
huhu pluck, pick off
Arosi
huhu pluck fruit
WMP Bikol
puʔpóʔ to wash the behind after defecating
Maranao
popoʔ wash private parts
Kadazan (Kimanis)
pupuʔ to wash (cloth type material)
mo-mupuʔ to wash (clothing)
Lun Dayeh
fufuʔ the cleaning or washing of something
Kelabit
pupuʔ washing of clothes
kə-pupuʔ washing (as a habitual activity)
WMP Lun Dayeh
fufuʔ the debarking of a tree by beating the bark, for making walls of a house, or a barrel for storing rice
Kelabit
pupuʔ thing used to hit; hitting
Kiput
pupuəʔ hitting
mupuəʔ to hit
Old Javanese
pupuh stroke, blow; a fight (in general), battle; mallet for striking a musical instrument
a-pupuh to come to blows
OC Loniu
pun betel leaf
Levei
puʔuŋ betel leaf
Sori
bruŋ betel leaf
Lindrou
buʔún betel leaf
Bipi
pun betel leaf
Manam
ulu-salaga big variety of betel vine (salaga ‘be long’)
Takia
ful betel pepper: Piper betle
Bugotu
vu-vulu the leaf of the betel pepper
WMP Ilokano
puón beginning; origin, source; base; root; trunk; lower part; parentage; ancestry; unit for counting trees; cause, reason (-en, -in-, i-)
Itawis
fun base or trunk of tree
Ifugaw
puún lower or lowest part of the trunk of a tree or of whatever is planted in the ground (posts of a house, granary or hut); of growing stalks of plants, that part above the roots
Kapampangan
pun tree trunk; peka-pun source
Tagalog
púnoʔ chief; trunk (of tree); beginning, source, origin
p<in>únoʔ officer, official
púno-ŋ abala host, master of ceremonies
púno-ŋ gúroʔ chief teacher, principal teacher
Bikol
puʔón a leader; stalk of a plant or trunk of a tree; a single plant
mag-puʔón to begin or start, set off
púnoʔ chief , headman, leader
Hanunóo
púʔun base of a plant stem; trunk; stump; an officiating elder at a panagdáhan ritual (not to be confused with a shaman
Masbatenyo
púnoʔ tree trunk; head, chief, leader
Aklanon
púnoʔ tree, trunk (of tree); base, bottom; beginning, start; leader, head
Hiligaynon
púnuʔ tree trunk; leader, chief
punúʔ-an beginning, start; authority, leader
Cebuano
púnuʔ trunk of a tree, main stem or body of a tree apart from the limbs and roots; base, lowest part of something; point of attachment of a part of the body; officials in charge of an office; main office of a company
Maranao
poʔon begin, emerged out of; cause, derivation
Binukid
puun base, lowest part (of an object); trunk (of a tree)
puun-aʔ to start, begin something
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
puʔun come from somewhere, start from somewhere
puʔun-aʔ dating from
Mansaka
ponoʔ begin, beginning; lower trunk (of a tree); because of
Tiruray
fuʔun ancestor; beginning; root or base
Mapun
poon tree, trunk of a tree; capital for investment; beginning, origin, source; reason or cause of something
Yakan
poʔon base of a tree; source, origin or beginning of something (as the source of a river, foot of a mountain, beginning of a rumor); classifier for plants; clump, trunk, stalk, plant, etc.
udjuŋ poʔon the reason, cause for something
Tboli
fun (of land, fields, houses, possessions, bamboo, slaves) the owner
Tausug
puun cause; origin, source, beginning; the first wife (of multiple wives); a tree, trunk (of a tree); money invested, capital investment
Kadazan Dusun
puun stalk, trunk, stem; source, root; foot of a hill
Murut (Paluan)
puun tree
Kujau
puun tree
Minokok
puun tree
Murut (Tagol)
puun tree
Kelabit
puʔun origin, beginning (used when introducing a conversational subject)
Kenyah
puʔon beginning, origin; motive; the basis of anything
puʔon sae wise, considerate (sae = ashamed, self-conscious)
Murik
puʔun base, foundation; beginning
Kayan (Uma Juman)
puʔun base, foundation; origin, beginning
Kiput
pun base, foundation; beginning, origin
Bintulu
puʔun base of a tree
puʔun kazəw tree
Melanau (Mukah)
puʔun base; source; origin, beginning; molar tooth
Iban
pun origin; basis, cause; occasion; start; stem
pun bilik senior member of a bilik family by descent (who would erect the first post of new building)
pun berita source of news
pun buloh clump of bamboo
pun kayu foot or trunk of standing tree
pun rumah founder of a longhouse; padi pun primary sacred padi of bilik family
Bidayuh (Bukar-Sadong)
puun base; main part; beginning, origin
Cham
phǔn tree
Rhade
phun base of plant stem, base of tree trunk; noun classifier
Malay
pohon stem or trunk of tree; beginning of anything
pohon aŋin storm cloud
pohon mata interior angle of eye
pohon teliŋa junction of ear with head
Proto-Moken-Moklen
*pɔkɔn tree trunk, plant, nominal classifier for trees
Gayō
pun mother’s brother
Karo Batak
beru puhun-na the ‘true’ wife of someone, namely the mother’s brother’s daughter, in opposition to other wives
Dairi-Pakpak Batak
beru ni puhun mother’s brother’s daughter; also used of one to whom one is pledged in marriage
Rejang
pun/puen tree
Sundanese
puhun beginning, origin; first; most important
puun title for the spiritual leader of the Badui
Balinese
puhun tree; classifier for trees
Sangir
pueŋ cause; origin
Banggai
uu base of a tree; origin; cause
Bare'e
puʔu trunk of a tree, especially the lower part; foundation; origin, beginning from which something arises
puʔu buyu foot of a mountain
puʔu eja foot of a ladder
tau puʔu the first wife of a man
sam-puʔu a model or example, with reference to objects that are counted by puʔu, as trees or plants
mam-puʔu pregnant, of animals
Proto-Bungku-Tolaki
*puquN base; trunk; origin; cause
Mori Atas
puʔu tree
Buginese
poŋ tree; capital (for business)
ap-poŋ-eŋ origin
Makassarese
pooŋ tree trunk
anroŋ tau mappoŋ chiefs who have a pedigree of chiefs
Wolio
puu stem, trunk (of plant or tree, in upright position); handle, hilt; opening capital (financial); point, subject, problem
Palauan
uʔúl base (of tree); reason; cause; basis
uʔəl-el beginning, start, origin; ancestors
uʔúl a yaŋd horizon
CMP Bimanese
fuʔu tree; base, foundation; capital (in trade or business)
fuʔu ŋgahi topic of conversation
Komodo
puŋ origin; beginning
Rembong
puʔun tree; tree trunk; beginning; since
Ngadha
puu stalk, stem, tree trunk; beginning; upper, outer part of a limb; lower part, foundation, foot of something
puu lizu horizon; root; capital; source, origin, the first; genuine, authentic; one’s own, proper
Sika
pu term “prefixed to the category for mother’s brother to express the derivation of the sister’s child from him” (Fox 1980:14)
Kédang
epu puén mother’s brother
Kambera
puŋu post, tree trunk; classifier for long objects; upper arm, hand
pola pu mother’s brother (pola = ‘trunk, stem’) (Fox 1980:14)
Rotinese
hu(k) trunk; root; origin; cause, reason; counter term for trees
hu term suffixed “to the terms for the mother’s brother and the mother’s mother’s brother to signify these men as the “origin” of their sister’s children, who are described as their “plants” (Fox 1971, Fox 1980:14)
Atoni
hau uf mother’s brother (lit. ‘tree trunk’) (Fox 1980:14)
Tetun
hun base, foot, bottom, the lower part of flank; beginning, source; trunk of tree
Erai
un tree
Talur
ai-ʔun tree
Tugun
ai ʔun tree
OC Lakalai
la-vuhu-la trunk or base of a tree; stem of a leaf; base of a pearl shell; first part of a story; the reason; because of; origin, story of one’s ancestry
Gedaged
fun origin, beginning; derivation, source; foundation, base; originator, creator, author, composer; home; kind, species, sort; reason, meaning, cause; fact
Watut
fugu- base of a tree
Kilivila
uula cause, source, origin, root, basis/base; because of, therefore
Lau
fū stock, root, origin
Arosi
huu beginning, origin; mass, clump, cluster
Rotuman
huni lower end, end of origin, fixture or support; (of tree) root and lower part of trunk; (of tooth) root; (of district) capital, principal village (where the chief resides); origin, cause; be about or concerning (< *puqun ni ‘foundation of’, with fossilized genitive marker)
Fijian
vū bottom, basis, root (tuberous or bulbous; fibrous root is waka); cause
vū ni saŋa hip joint
vū ni taba shoulder (taba = upper arm)
vū-na to begin
WMP Tagalog
púno-ŋ kahoy tree
Hanunóo
púʔun kayu tree
Dumpas
puun do kayu tree
Kelabit
puʔun kayuh base of a tree (part which enters the ground)
Kenyah
puʔon kayu base of a tree
Murik
puʔun kayu base of a tree
Kayan
puʔun kayuʔ base of a tree
Kiput
pun kacəw base of a tree, place where a tree emerges from the ground
Melanau (Mukah)
puʔun kayəw base of a tree
Bidayuh (Bukar-Sadong)
puun kayuh base of a tree trunk
Malay
pohon kayu tree
Sangir
pueŋ u kalu base of a tree
Bare'e
puʔu ŋkaju tree trunk
Wolio
puuna kau tree
Muna
puu financial capital, stake
puuno lambu main part of the house
Palauan
uʔúl a kərrəkar base of tree; butt end of log
OC Fijian
vū ni kau tree (often coupled with name of tree instead of generic kau, as in vū ni vudi ‘a banana plant’)
WMP Sangir
pueŋ u laŋi/pueŋ u laude horizon, the place where sky and sea appear to touch, so that one can equally call it ‘beginning of the heavens’ or ‘beginning of the sea’
Palauan
uʔúl a yaŋd horizon
ʔad ər a uʔúl a yaŋd foreigner
OC Fijian
vū ni laŋi horizon
vū laŋi stranger
WMP Ilokano
ka-puón number of trees in a given area; ka-puón-an lineage, pedigree, genealogy; line of descent, stock
Bikol
ka-p<in>uʔn-án beginning, commencement, initiation
Binukid
ka-puun origin, where something came from
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
ke-puʔun ancestor
WMP Ilokano
p<am>uon foundation
Aklanon
p<am>únoʔ to lead, start out first
Iban
p<em>un first post of longhouse to be erected
WMP Ilokano
puon-an capital (in business), stock
Bikol
puʔón-an to emanate from
Aklanon
puno-án leader, leadership
Maranao
ponoʔ-an tree trunk; mainline, ancestry
poʔon-an cause, source, basis; capital
Mapun
poon-an cause, reason; source; having unhusked grains mixed in with husked grains of rice; start doing something
Yakan
poʔon-an capital (the beginning to start a business venture)
Tausug
puun-an invest money, have capital
Kadazan Dusun
puun-an sip a little bit; start
WMP Ilokano
puon-en to begin
Kadazan Dusun
puun-on reason for starting
OC Kairiru
-fur to appear, arrive on the scene
Roviana
vura to appear
va vura-ia cause to appear, reveal
Lonwolwol
fur to appear, come clear, come 'out' (as when a cloud covers the moon)
fur-fur to appear, come clear, come ‘out’ (as when a cloud passes over the moon)
Wayan
vura to appear, come into view; to show up, arrive
Fijian
vura arrive, emerge, appear
vura! interjection of welcome to a stranger arriving
a waŋga vura a canoe arriving with visitors
OC Wuvulu
puxe navel
Wayan
vure navel
OC Mussau
puli to roll something
Dobuan
puli to roll (of a stone)
Molima
puli-a to push or roll along, as a log
Wayan
vuli move position or turn over while lying down (as a baby)
Tongan
fuli to turn round, etc.
Samoan
fuli turn (over), roll (over)
ta-fuli to roll (as a coconut trunk being rolled to sea)
fuli-sia be turned over, rolled over
Anuta
puri to turn something around
OC Kilivila
polu <M to boil
Molima
pulo bubbles
Mota
vuro volcanic vent, hot spring
OC Molima
pulo-pulo foam; to bubble the lips
Arosi
huro-huro to bubble, boil, be churned up
Proto-Micronesian
*pwuro-pwuro foam
WMP Lun Dayeh
fufur powder, sand
fefur-in will be splashed with powder or sand
Malay
popor ~ pupur scented white rice powder used as a cosmetic
Sundanese
pupur powder made of rice meal
Old Javanese
pupur powder, scented white rice powder used as a cosmetic
a-pupur wearing powder, powdered
Balinese
pupur cosmetics, face-powder, face-cream
Sasak
pupur powder (used as a cosmetic)
mupur to powder
Mongondow
pupur powder
WMP Lun Dayeh
mufur splash powder or sand on someone
Mongondow
mo-mupur to strew powder
OC Adzera
bururuŋ burn, be on fire
Motu
hururu to blaze, of fire or torch; a flame
Ghanongga
vuru-vuruŋu flame
Talise
vuru to burn
Maori
huru glow; glow and so rise, of the sun
huru-huru diffused glow
OC Lukep (Pono)
puru <A whale
Molima
wula-wula whale
Misima
ula-ulas whale (generic)
Sudest
ura-uras-i whale
Bugotu
vua-vula whale
OC Lakalai
ka-vuras-i to spit a spray into the air
Mbula
-pures spray out of one’s mouth, blow out from the mouth
Dobuan
ulasa to spit, as in sorcery
Molima
wula to blow out water, as whale
Paamese
vula-i spray; ejaculate
WMP Ilokano
pugsít spurt out, gush out
OC Tongan
puhi blow energetically with the mouth; (of a whale) to spout; to puff, puff at
OC Motu
hure drift, float
hure aisi to be drifted by tide or current eastward; to be lifted up on beach by tide or current
Wayan
vue drag the anchor, drift after breaking away from moorings
vue-ti refloat a boat that has sunk; pull up a net
Fijian
vue to lift up, generally from water or mire (as a fishing net)
OC Lou
pwi-pwi vine which grows on the sand
Zabana
fu-fure beach creeper: Ipomoea pes-caprae
Lakalai
vule Crinum sp.
Arosi
hure beech creeper: Convolvulus sp.
Paamese
hua-hue beach morning glory
Kwamera
nə-fua beech vine with yellow trumpet-shaped flowers
Tongan
fue creeper of various kinds
Niue
fue a creeping vine: Merremia peltata
Samoan
fue general name given to creepers and lianas
Nukuoro
hue vines (several spp.)
Rennellese
hue beach creeper: Ipomoea pes-caprae
WMP Kenyah (Lepu Tau)
puhu pustule, boil
Malay
puru sore; ulcer; (specifically) sores due to yaws or Framboesia tropica, a tropical disease caused by a spirochaete (Spironema pertenue) and bearing certain likenesses to syphilis
ber-puru to suffer from puru
CMP Sika
puru sore, boil; pimples, pustules
OC Patpatar
puruk spit with a lot of air
Tolai
puruk to blow, of the wind; to blow from the mouth in such a way as to scatter its contents, as a wizard blows lime into the air, and as a doctor blows saliva onto a wound
Lukep
puru to spew; whale
Kwaio
fulu to blow
Formosan Amis
puluʔ quail, partridge
WMP Ilokano
púgo quail
Tagalog
púgoʔ quail (ornith.)
Bikol
púgoʔ mountain or forest quail
Hanunóo
púguʔ quail (probably the barred button quail, Turnix suscitator fasciata)
Balinese
puhuh, puh quail (bird)
Mori
puru quail (Esser 1927:41)
WMP Kankanaey
pus break wind noiselessly
Malay
pus interjection used to drive away cats
Karo Batak
pus interjection used to drive away cats
Javanese
pus interjection used to drive away cats
CMP Manggarai
pus imitative of the sound of flatulence
Buruese
pu release flatus
OC Manam
pura (of a baby) be born; come, arrive
Bugotu
vuha to begin, to be, become, appear, to conceive, be born
va-vuha to beget, bring forth, produce, make, create
Nggela
vuha be born, become; make, create; originate, as an island or poem
Kwaio
futa be born, be related by kinship; appear, come out
faʔa-futa-a bear, beget; make pregnant
futa leʔa closely related
futa-laa kinship, kinship reckoning
futa-lana kindred (category of a person's relatives)
futa-ŋa kinship, kin relationship, line of descent, kindred; category of places to which one is related
Lau
futa be born, originate, create
futa lā a generation
futa fera native place, home, one's country or island
to futa relatives by birth
'Āre'āre
huta be born, appear, rise up
hutā blood relatives; birth, generation
Sa'a
hute be born
hute liuliu be born on different sides of the family, of cross-cousins
huta-ŋa birth; generation
Arosi
huta be born
haa-huta to bear, beget (of either parent)
Fijian
vusa almost synonymous with yavusa (the largest kinship and social division of Fijian society), but used more generally of a group, tribe, either of people or animals, etc.
OC Lusi
βura rotten
Fijian
vuca rotten
vuca-loa bruised, of fruit
OC Loniu
pusa-sa heart
Ere
brusa- heart
Titan
brusa-i heart
Araki
ma-vusa- heart
Baetora
vusa- heart
Vowa
a-vuha heart
WMP Kayan (Uma Juman)
pusər ball of thread wound round and round
Melanau (Mukah)
pusəd whirlpool
Malay
pusar spiral; circular or eddying motion; whorl of hair (e.g. as identification mark for buffalo)
pusar-an aŋin eddying wind; whirlwind
pusar-an ayer whirlpool
pusar-an geloŋ rotan loop (in finger-impressions)
Toba Batak
pusor whirlpool, eddy
mar-pusor-pusor to eddy, of water
pusor-an hair whorl (on the crown in people, but the forehead in animals)
Sasak
pusər midpoint, center
WMP Itbayaten
posed navel, end of the umbilical cord; axis or arbor of stonemill
Ilokano
púseg belly button, navel; umbilical cord; eye of an apple; innermost part of a cave
na-pusg-an sincere, ardent, passionate
púseg ti íli heart of town, downtown
Agta (Dupaningan)
púsad navel
Isneg
púsag the navel or umbilicus; the umbilical cord
Itawis
fútag navel
Arta
pused navel
Bontok
púsəg navel
Kankanaey
púseg umbilicus, navel, umbilical cord
Ifugaw
púhog navel; it is also applied to cavities which serve as mortise for a tenon, the undeep cavity being navel-like
Ifugaw (Batad)
pūhog the navel of a person or animal, the umbilical cord; exclamation: Rascal! (this is a set expression consisting of a noun, pūhog, followed by a possessive pronoun or possessive noun; it is a non-vulgar expletive, classed as mild scolding)
Casiguran Dumagat
pusəd navel; to cut the umbilical cord (of a newborn child)
Umiray Dumaget
pusid navel
Ibaloy
poseg navel, umbilical cord
poseg-an to cut the cord of a newborn baby
Kapampangan
púsad navel
Tagalog
púsod navel; the hollow in front of the abdomen; hub, the center of activity; the deepest part of a river or ocean
Bikol
púsod navel, umbilical cord
púsod nin banwáʔ-an the center of town
Hanunóo
púsud umbilicus, navel
Romblomanon
pūsud umbilical cord
Masbatenyo
pusód umbilical cord, navel
Aklanon
púsod navel, belly button
Waray-Waray
púsod navel; the rock bottom of the sea
Hiligaynon
púsud navel, belly button
Palawan Batak
pusúd navel
Cebuano
púsud navel; center point of something (as the center of a city)
hin-púsud cut the umbilical cord; instrument for cutting the umbilical cord
kina-pusur-an centermost portion; at the very heart; core, innermost; heart of the thing
Maranao
posed navel; deepest part of water; deep
posed-an hole where powder is ignited in cannon
Binukid
pused navel, umbilical cord
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
pused the navel
Mansaka
posod navel; middle (as of a river)
Tiruray
fused an umbilical cord, the navel
Klata
pussod navel
Mapun
ponsot bellybutton, navel; the central area of a place
bataŋ ponsot umbilical cord
Yakan
ponsot navel, umbilical cord
Tboli
huhed umbilicus, navel; core of the ocean
Tausug
púsud navel, umbilical cord
Dumpas
pusod navel
Kadazan Dusun
pusod navel, belly button
moŋ-im-pusod to cut the umbilical cord, help the mother deliver the baby
Tombonuwo
pusod navel
Abai Sembuak
fusod navel
Ida'an Begak
pusod navel
Basap
posən navel
Lun Dayeh
fuəd navel, umbilical cord
Kelabit
puəd navel
Sa'ban
ɸət navel
Berawan (Long Terawan)
pusən navel
Narum
puat navel
Dali'
puəd navel
Kenyah
pusət navel
Murik
puhən navel
Kiput
puət navel
Bintulu
pusəd navel
Melanau (Mukah)
pusəd navel
Melanau Dalat (Kampung Teh)
pusəd navel
Ngaju Dayak
puser navel
Malagasy
foitra the navel, the central part of a thing
didiam poitra to be cut, as the navel string; also a euphemism employed in speaking of circumcision in the presence of women
Iban
pusat focus, navel, center or hub (of organization)
tali pusat umbilical cord
Jarai
phun sət navel
Malay
pusat center of circle; focus; navel
pusat jala apex of casting net
pusat kampoŋ center of village
pusat tasek center or ‘navel’ of the great Ocean
tali pusat umbilicus (after severance; cf. tali uri ‘navel cord before severance’)
Acehnese
pusat navel, mid-point; also, touch-hole of a cannon or other weapon
talɔə pusat umbilical cord
Gayō
pusok navel, shallow hollow in the middle of the abdomen
Simalur
uxə̅ʔ navel
uxə̅ʔ bano mid-point of the world
Karo Batak
pusuŋ navel; umbilical cord
pusuŋ-na the real thing, the genuine thing
Toba Batak
pusok navel; the umbilical cord with the placenta; middle point, center
pusok-pusok bellyache
pusok-pusoh-on have pain in the area of the navel (of children)
Nias
fusõ navel
tali fusõ brother, sister, kinsman
Mentawai
pusou umbilical cord; navel; lower point on a casting net
Sundanese
pusɨr navel; center, mid-point
pusɨr nagara center of the country
pusɨr bumi center of the earth
Old Javanese
pusər navel; center, apex (of casting net)
Javanese
puser umbilical cord; navel; center
Madurese
poser umbilical cord
Balinese
tali puŋsed umbilical cord
Balinese (High)
puser navel
Balinese (Low)
puŋsed navel
Sasak
pusət navel
Sangir
puidəʔ navel; boss on a gong; center or middle of something
Tontemboan
pusər navel, umbilical cord
əsa pusər kami we are full brother and sister (‘we have one umbilical cord’)
Tonsawang
pusəd navel
Lolak
pusod navel
Mongondow
putod navel, mid-point; in the middle
Lauje
puse navel
Dampelas
puse navel
Uma
puhe navel
Bare'e
puse navel
puse ntana mid-point of the land
puse ntasi mid-point of the sea
wayaa mpuse umbilical cord
saŋkoe mpuse full brothers and sisters
Proto-Bungku-Tolaki
*puhoy navel
Wolio
puse navel; origin
Muna
puhe navel
puhe-no liwu village chief (lit: village navel)
Palauan
wúdəs navel
CMP Komodo
pusé navel
Manggarai
putes umbilical cord
Rembong
pusor <A navel
Ngadha
pusé navel, middle, mid-point
pusé vatu mid-point of the earth; related, from the same family
Li'o
puse navel
Sika
puhe navel
rabaŋ puhe highest part of a casting net
Lamaholot
(kə)-puhur navel
Kambera
puhu navel
Tetun
husar umbilicus, navel
Selaru
usa navel
Laha
use navel
Seit
use navel
Kayeli
huse-n navel
Sekar
fusal navel
SHWNG Kowiai/Koiwai
fusar navel
OC Levei
moto-pusu-ŋ <A his/her navel
Bali (Uneapa)
puro- navel
Vitu
puzo navel
Kilenge
puso navel
Takia
buso navel
Hula
vuro navel
Kilivila
puso navel, umbilical cord
Selau
busu <A navel
WMP Bontok
p<in>usəg-an a kind of basket weave, having a series of points (póseg) from which the pattern radiates
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
p<in>used a type of design; a type of circular wrapping or binding with rattan
WMP Itbayaten
posek idea of being trapped in a pit
ma-posek to be dropped into a pit or hole
Ayta Abellan
pohek to insert inside something else
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
pusek to stick a plant into the ground so that it will grow; to transplant rice seedlings
Tboli
husek to enter
WMP Ilokano
puslít smuggled; smuggled items, contraband
i-puslít to smuggle
Pangasinan
póslit smuggling; obtain without permission; escape
Ayta Abellan
pohlit to have something or someone slip out of one’s hands and get away (can be a fish or a person)
Kapampangan
mag-puslit to sneak in
Tagalog
puslít spurt, squirt; uninvited guest, gate-crasher; contraband; smuggled goods
puslit-an to escape or run away secretly from; to smuggle something from
Bikol
ma-puslit-án to slip through, as a police watch, a defense line in basketball
Aklanon
púslit to spurt, gush out
WMP Yogad
futún lower abdomen
Tagalog
pusón abdomen; lower part of the belly
pusún-in having a large abdomen
pusun-ín to suffer from abdominal pain
Bikol
pusʔón diaphragm; loin
Hanunóo
pusʔún abdomen
Masbatenyo
pusʔón abdomen
Aklanon
púsʔon stomach area below the navel
Kinaray-a
pa-músʔun to defecate, move the bowels
Waray-Waray
púsʔun lower abdomen
Hiligaynon
pa-músʔun to move the bowels
Cebuano
púsʔun the outside region of the body in the front, just below the stomach, and by extension the part underneath
pusʔún-un having a prominent belly
WMP Ilokano
pusʔóŋ hypogastrium, lower, front-central region of the abdomen below the navel
Isneg
pusóŋ the hypogastrium
Maranao
posoŋ epigastrium, epigastralia
OC Sengseng
pe-puh wind
Numbami
pusi-e to blow (wind)
Hahon
vus wind
Rennellese
pusi to blow, as a flute or as the wind; to blow out
Maori
puhi wind
WMP Itbayaten
posiñ idea of weaning
icha-posiñ cause of weaning
ma-mosiñ to wean
posiñ-en to wean (after nine months)
Ibatan
pusin to wean a child
Ilokano
i-pusíŋ to separate, detach; disconnect
kap-pusíŋ baby who just stopped breast-feeding
OC Tolai
vuirə a bird: Aplonis spp.
Samoan
fuia Samoan starling: Aplonis feadensis
Luangiua
huia a bird: Aplonis feadensis
WMP Itbayaten
posit squid
Ibatan
pusit cuttlefish
Ilokano
pusít squid
Casiguran Dumagat
pusit myopsid squid: Loligo sp.
Pangasinan
pusít squid
Tagalog
pusít squid
Bikol
pusít squid, cuttlefish
Agutaynen
posit squid
ma-mosit to go out looking for squid
Cebuano
pusít kind of small squid
OC Mussau
uso-uso-ana white
Lakalai
pu-puso pumice
Central Santo
βuso white
Mpotovoro
tu-puho white
Vovo
tu-βuso white
OC Levei
puro-h heart
Patpatar
puso-puso heart
Manam
a-buro heart
Mafea
fuso- heart
Fortsenal
ma-vuso- heart
Namakir
wus heart
WMP Ibaloy
pospos-en to finish something, come to the end of something --- of serial actions (as taking the prescribed number of pills), or of something that can be viewed as serial (as climbing rope, planting field)
Pangasinan
pospós end, finish, termination
Tagalog
puspós replete; full; full to overflowing; thorough; all-out
puspus-án to complete; to make complete
Bikol
puspós worn out or worn down; overused (as a broom)
Cebuano
púpus coming to its end
ka-pupús-an coming to an end
Maranao
popos perform as scheduled, finish as scheduled (as a job)
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
pupus to use up something, as seed or a person’s life
Kimaragang Dusun
pupus end
Iban
pupus all , complete, done with
p<em>upus last of a series
Old Javanese
pupus the limit, utmost
Balantak
pupus finished
Proto-South Sulawesi
*puʔpus to consume, use up
Makassarese
puppusuʔ to run out, get low (in supply); remainder
Muna
pupu finished, gone, disappeared
WMP Bikol
mag-puspós to beat down; to hit or strike
puspos-án beaten down
Cebuano
puspús strike hard with something stiff and long; be dashed onto something; fall heavily
Old Javanese
ka-pupus to beat, thrash, crush?
p<in>upus to beat, thrash, crush?
WMP Binukid
puspus for leaves to wither
Malay
pupus blighted; withered but not actually dead (of plants that seem done for but may actually revive; men who are bankrupt but who may yet make a fortune; people who have lost all their relatives and are left desolate
WMP Kayan
pusuŋ tied up, of a bag or sack
Balinese
pusuŋ tie up hair in a coil
WMP Maranao
posoŋ epigastrium
Subanen/Subanun
pusuŋ heart
Binukid
pusuŋ heart
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
pusuŋ the heart of a person or animal
Tiruray
fusuŋ heart
Gorontalo
putuŋo heart of banana
CMP Sika
puhuŋ bloom, blossom
puhuŋ wua-ŋ kidneys
Manipa
sun heart
Buruese
poson fua-n heart (may be either emotional or physical)
WMP Ilokano
púso heart
ipa-púso to take sincerely
ka-pus-púso of similar feelings, desires
maka-pus-púso kind-hearted
Ibanag
futu heart
Atta (Pamplona)
putu heart
Agta (Dupaningan)
pusú heart
Isneg
púso the heart; the top or unopened part of the inflorescence of the banana, also called púso baxat [heart of banana]
maxi-púso to cut down a banana púso
Itawis
fútu heart
Bontok
púsu heart, used of the physical organ only; fruit of the banana plant; the red, flower-like end of a banana stalk
Kankanaey
púso heart
púso-n di baát heart of banana; flower bud of the banana tree; the young inclosed flowers are edible when the pistil has been torn out
Ifugaw
púhu heart
Ifugaw (Batad)
pūhu the heart of a person, animal, bird, chicken; the heart of a banana plant, i.e. the inflorescence
Gaddang
fu:tu heart
Casiguran Dumagat
pusó heart (of people and animals); blossom of the banana plant; ear (of corn); new stalk of the coconut, of which the coconuts grow; to blossom, to bud, to sprout
Ibaloy
poso heart (regarded as the seat of various emotions, as love, sympathy, generosity)
man-poso to suffer from heart disease
Pangasinan
póso heart
posó heart of a banana fruit
sinam-púso heart-shaped
Sambal (Botolan)
pusuʔ heart
Ayta Abellan
poho heart; banana blossom
Kapampangan
púsuʔ heart
púsu-ŋ sagin banana heart
Tagalog
púsoʔ heart; center; heartily, with a good will; in good spirits; to take to heart
isa-púsoʔ to engrave in the heart
ma-pusúʔ-an to be enamored of
wala-ŋ púsoʔ heartless, merciless, unfeeling; cruel
Bikol
púsoʔ heart
púsoʔ kan batág banana blossom [heart of banana]
ma-púsoʔ to suffer a heart attack
pusóʔ-an brave, daring, intrepid, stouthearted
pusóʔ-on to suffer a heart attack
daʔí-ŋ púsoʔ heartless, callous, cold, hardhearted
Hanunóo
púsuʔ heart
púsuʔ maʔís ear of corn
Romblomanon
pūsuʔ the heart of a person or animal; a banana heart, i.e., the inflorescence of a banana plant
pusuʔ an unshucked ear of corn; a bulb of garlic
Masbatenyo
púsoʔ heart; banana plant heart (refers to the interior of the banana plant which is eaten as a vegetable)
ka-púsoʔ heart (physical organ)
tagi-pusúʔ-on inner being
pusuʔ-án-on brave, daring, courageous, fearless
Aklanon
púsoʔ banana flower, banana heart
tagi-pusóʔ-on heart
Agutaynen
potok banana heart
Hiligaynon
púsuʔ heart; banana flower
Cebuano
púsuʔ banana blossom, including the petals; ear of corn; for corn to have ears or bananas to develop their blosssoms; woman’s breast (euphemism); gather, get banana blossoms for food
pusuʔpúsuʔ sa bitíʔis biceps, or the muscles of the lower legs
Maranao
posoʔ banana flower; heart
Binukid
púsuʔ blossom (of a banana, coconut, etc.); for coconuts, bananas, etc. to develop their blossoms; ear of corn
pa-músuʔ for corn to ear out
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
pusuʔ an ear of corn; a banana blossom
Mansaka
posoʔ banana blossom (cooked as a vegetable)
poso naŋ batad (from posoʔ) ear of corn
Tiruray
fusuʔ a banana blossom; an ear of corn; (of a cornstalk) to produce an ear
Yakan
pusuʔ lower leg; calf of leg
buaʔ pusuʔ calf of the leg
pusuʔ uyat flower (blossom) of the banana (cooked as a vegetable)
Tboli
hosoʔ heart
hosoʔ ti the calf of a person’s leg
Tausug
pusuʔ the flower of the banana (used as a vegetable)
Ida'an Begak
pusuʔ heart; brave
Berawan (Long Teru)
puso heart; heart of banana
Kenyah (Long Ikang)
pusuʔ heart
Kayan
pusu the heart organ of the body
pusu puteʔ the flower of banana fruit [heart of banana]
Kayan (Long Atip)
pusu heart
Kayan (Uma Juman)
pusu heart
Kejaman
pusəwʔ heart
Lahanan
pusu heart
Taboyan
lɨ-pusu heart
Dusun Deyah
lum-pusuʔ heart
Malagasy
fu the heart, physical and moral; the will, sentiment, desire; intention, disposition
Karo Batak
pusuh the heart, heart muscle; fig. the mind, feelings, inner being
Toba Batak
pusu-pusu the heart; metaphorically sentiments, emotion
Old Javanese
pusuh flower-bud, unopened or closed flower
a-pusuh to die (close like a flower?)
pusuh-pusuh ~ pu-pusuh liver
Javanese
pusuh lung (Pigeaud 1938)
Balinese
pusuh bud, flower bud, flower of a plantain
Sangir
puso the inflorescence of the banana plant
pə-puso heart (from its resemblance to the inflorescence of the banana plant)
Tontemboan
pusuʔ heart; the male spadix of the areca palm; the young maize fruit
ma-pusuʔ send out a spadix, of an areca palm
məki-pusuʔ look for the inflorescence of a plant
Mongondow
putuʔ heart; also heart-shaped inflorescence of the banana plant
mo-mutuʔ to bloom, of a banana plant
tom-putuʔ resembling a heart; heart-shaped
Boano
pusuʔ heart
Uma
puhuʔ banana blossom
Bare'e
pusu loka heart of banana, banana blossom
mo-pusu to bloom, of the banana plant, produce fruit, of maize
Ampana
pusu mbua inflorescence of the areca palm
Tae'
puso the heart-shaped inflorescence of the banana plant
Proto-South Sulawesi
*puso heart
Mandar
puso heart, heart of banana
mep-puso to blossom, produce an inflorescence
Buginese
uso blossom of the banana tree (red and heart-shaped; Mills 1975:808)
Muna
ko-puhu banana blossom, banana flower which hangs from the stalk (eaten as a vegetable)
CMP Manggarai
pucu heart (physical and metaphorical)
Rembong
pusuʔ heart
wuaʔ pusuʔ heart of banana
Ngadha
pusu heart
pusu lié apple of one’s eye, heartthrob
pusu muku end of the banana blossom
Riung
pusu heart
Ende
pusu heart
Kodi
puhu heart
Waiyewa
pu heart
Anakalangu
puhu heart
Kambera
puhu heart (as of pig or chicken)
Hawu
uhu heart
Dhao/Ndao
usu heart
Kayeli
hoso-n heart
Sula
poo banana inflorescence
Soboyo
fiaʔ pusu-ñ heart-shaped inflorescence of the banana plant
WMP Romblomanon
pusúʔ a pusu sticky-rice cake (made from either white sticky rice matagkit or black sticky rice tapuy. The rice is soaked in coconut milk extract until somewhat tender, wrapped in young coconut fronts hanig and boiled in coconut milk extract.
Binukid
pusúʔ rice cooked in woven coconut leaves
CMP Kambera
ana puhu small packet of steamed rice (Formosan only)
Formosan Kavalan
qi-pusan the second; twice
Thao
mu-pushaz twice
Tsou
eipo-psoh-i twice
o-psoh-i go twice
Formosan Taokas
mapusan twenty
Proto-Atayalic
*ma-pusal twenty
Thao
ma-pushaz twenty
Bunun
ma-pusan twenty
Tsou
m-pusku twenty
Rukai (Budai)
ma-posale twenty
Rukai (Tona)
ma-ʔosale twenty
WMP Maranao
pot puffing sound, as from exhaust
Bintulu
put flatulence
OC Loniu
put fishnet float
Likum
puk fishnet float
Bipi
puk fishnet float
Rotuman
hufa float on fishing net
WMP Malay
putar rotation, e.g. of the earth or of a wheel or top
putar-an windlass
Mongondow
putag turning
CMP Kambera
putaru rotate, turn
SHWNG Kowiai/Koiwai
na-futar to twist, turn
WMP Malay
me-mutar to turn, rotate
Mongondow
mo-mutag to turn, revolve
WMP Casiguran Dumagat
putat shrub or small tree, with trunks valued as fence posts, since they grow when stuck in the ground: Barringtonia racemosa
Kapampangan
putat a tree: Barringtonia acutangula (Madulid 2001)
Tagalog
putat a tree: Barringtonia acutangula (Madulid 2001)
Bikol
pútat tree sp. with red and green leaves, producing necklace-like fruit stems
Hanunóo
pútat a species of tree (probably Barringtonia racemosa [Linn.])
Ngaju Dayak
putat name of a tree; sap pressed from the bast fiber is used to make a soap
Malagasy
fótatra a large tree: Butonica apiculata
Malay
putat generic for Barringtonia spp.
akar putat Gnetum funiculare
Sundanese
taŋkal putat kind of tree similar to the rambutan (the leaves are used as a condiment with rice)
Old Javanese
putat kind of tree and its flower: Barringtonia
Javanese
putat a variety of tree
OC Loniu
put a tree: Barringtonia sp.; fishnet float
Likum
puk a tree: Barringtonia sp.; fishnet float
Bipi
puk a tree: Barringtonia sp.; fishnet float
Rotuman
hufa float on fishing net
Formosan Kavalan
puti eye secretion
WMP Hanunóo
pútaʔ stickiness, glutinousness
ma-pútaʔ sticky, gluey
WMP Malagasy
fútitra reversement, turning about
Toba Batak
ma-mutor to turn, to roll
mar-putor-putor making a turning movement
Old Javanese
putər turning, rotating, gyrating
a-mutər to turn, rotate, spin; to churn, to produce as if by churning; to meditate in order to bring forth the deity; “to make go round”’
Javanese
puter to go around; to make rounds
muter to turn something; to go around someone
Bare'e
ka-puto-puto to keep turning around (as in looking for something lost)
mam-puto-si rub something between the hands (as leaves to soften them)
WMP Gayō
putik cataract of the eye
Old Javanese
putik-en to suffer from a certain eye disease (cataract?)
WMP Ngaju Dayak
tam-putik to pluck off (small twigs, grass, etc.)
Iban
putik ~ putit pick up or out
Malay
putek rudimentary fruit; the fruit as it appears when the blossom has just been shed
Simalur
putiʔ newly-formed fruit
Karo Batak
putik snapped, as a branch under the weight of too much fruit
mutik to pluck; also to begin the rice harvest by plucking a single ear that is then kept above the sleeping place of the owner
Toba Batak
ma-mutik to pluck off (fruit)
ma-putik broken off, plucked off
WMP Casiguran Dumagat
pútik mud; muddy; become muddy
Maranao
potik mud; rice paddy
WMP Ibaloy
poti whiteness
em-poti white; also of light hues such as yellow, pink, pastel blue and green
man-poti to wear white
on-poti to become white, as by bleaching
Pangasinan
putí fairness, beauty
Tagalog
putíʔ white (the color); whiteness; lightness in color
Remontado
putíʔ white
Bikol
putíʔ white; lime (mineral)
Romblomanon
putíʔ white
Masbatenyo
putíʔ white, colorless
Inati
potiʔ white
Bantuqanon
putiʔ white
Aklanon
putíʔ to become white(r)
Hiligaynon
putíʔ white, fair in complexion
Cebuano
pútiʔ white; in plant description, green varieties of plants that have green varieties and red or brown varieties; white race
Maranao
potiʔ whiten, bleach; sharpen
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
putiʔ white; to whiten
Tiruray
futeʔ white
Klata
puttiʔ white
Mapun
poteʔ white
Yakan
poteʔ white
Tausug
putiʔ white
Tombonuwo
o-putiʔ white
Ida'an Begak
putiʔ white
Berawan (Long Terawan)
pute white
Narum
putaiʔ white
Miri
futaiʔ white
Kenyah (Long Anap)
puteʔ white
Kenyah (Long Ikang)
putiʔ white
Kiput
putaiʔ white
Melanau Dalat (Kampung Kekan)
putiʔ white
Melanau Dalat (Kampung Teh)
putəiʔ white
Kejaman
putəyʔ white
Lahanan
puti white
Dohoi
puhtiʔ white
Ngaju Dayak
puti white; whiteness, white color
ba-puti white
Ba'amang
ba-putiʔ white
Malagasy
fótsi white; disregarded, vain, worthless, disparaging
Iban
putih white
Tsat
ti⁵⁵ white
Cham
patih white
patih white
Malay
puteh white
Acehnese
puteh white, gray (of hair); pure, upright, good-natured
Gayō
putih white
Karo Batak
putih entirely white, as a chicken or goat
oraŋ putih Caucasians, white people
Toba Batak
puti pure, white
Nias
fusi white
a-fusi white
Sundanese
putih white
Old Javanese
putih white
a-putih white
pu-putih white of the eye
Javanese
putih white; pure
Balinese
putih white
Sasak
puteʔ white
Proto-Minahasan
*putiʔ white
Tonsea
putiʔ white
Mongondow
pusiʔ white
Totoli
puti white
Boano
putiʔ white
Bare'e
pute white fighting cock
Tae'
pute white; white chicken
Proto-Bungku-Tolaki
*pute white
Buginese
pute white
Muna
pute white
no-pute wula full moon
CMP Hawu
pudi white
Dhao/Ndao
pudi white
Idate
pudi white
Erai
puti white
Kamarian
puti white
Amblau
puri white
Buruese
poti white
SHWNG Irarutu
fut white
WMP Romblomanon
ka-putíʔ white
Aklanon
ka-putíʔ whiteness
Cebuano
ka-pútiʔ whiteness
Maranao
ka-potiʔ whiteness, paleness
Ngaju Dayak
ka-puti white, whiteness, white color
Mongondow
ko-pusiʔ whiteness
WMP Tagalog
ma-mutíʔ to become white; to whiten, to bleach
Mapun
moteʔ whiten something; become white
Yakan
moteʔ to turn white or pale, to blanch (because of fear or pain)
Tausug
mutiʔ to become white, as cloth that is bleached
ma-mutiʔ to turn pale
Ngaju Dayak
ma-muti make something white, bleach
Malagasy
ma-mótsi to whiten
Malay
me-muteh to become white
Nias
ma-musi make something white
Sundanese
mutih to go some days eating only rice with salt (as penance)
Javanese
mutih to have something made white
Mongondow
mo-musiʔ make something white, as in whitening the teeth
Popalia
ma-hute white
WMP Pangasinan
am-putí white, fair, light colored
Sambal (Botolan)
ma-putiʔ white
Kapampangan
ma-putiʔ white
mani-mutiʔ grow white, fade
Bikol
ma-putíʔ white, fair or light skinned
Romblomanon
ma-putíʔ white
Aklanon
ma-putíʔ white
Hiligaynon
ma-putíʔ white
Maranao
ma-potiʔ white
Binukid
ma-pútíʔ white; to get white, bleached
Mansaka
ma-potiʔ white
Mapun
ma-poteʔ to whiten something; to become white
Tausug
ma-putiʔ white
Mongondow
mo-pusiʔ white
Tae'
ma-pute white
Mori Atas
mo-pute white
Padoe
mo-pute white
Mandar
ma-pute white
Buginese
ma-pute white
CMP Helong
muti white
Atoni
mutiʔ white
Vaikenu
muti white
Mambai
buti white
Galoli
buti white
Watubela
m-futik white
Buruese
boti white
Tifu
boti white
Sula
boti white
SHWNG Misool (Coast)
būs white
WMP Tagalog
ka-puti-án white (the color); whiteness; lightness in color
Mapun
ka-pote-an having lots of white in something
Old Javanese
ka-putih-an to cause to become pale (with fright, shame, etc.)
WMP Tagalog
putiʔ-án whitish, somewhat white; to color something with white coloring (stress on the object)
Cebuano
putiʔ-an a variety of coconut and pineapple more orange in color than the ordinary
Mapun
pote-an to whiten something; to become white
Malagasy
fotsíana to be made white
Sundanese
putih-an strips of pandanus leaves that are dried and used to plait mats
Javanese
putih-an white or whitened
WMP Cebuano
putiʔ-un whitish, fair-skinned
Tausug
putiʔ-un to make something white
Malagasy
fotsí-na to be made white
WMP Nias
a-fusi-fusi whitish
Balinese
putih-putih whitish
Mandar
ma-pute-pute whitish, somewhat white
WMP Tausug
putiʔ mata a coward (lit. ‘white eyes’)
Malay
puteh mata the pallor of shame; to be shamed or scorned off or “done in the eye”
WMP Aklanon
pa-putíʔ to whiten, make white
Ngaju Dayak
pa-puti whitish
CMP Erai
pa-puti who is white, being white
Tugun
pa-puti white
WMP Cebuano
puntíl small bag of cloth, paper
i-puntíl to put into a bag; make a bag
Maranao
pontir bag
Binukid
puntil small cloth bag, pouch
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
puntir a cloth bag
Singhi Land Dayak
putir bag
Formosan Amis
potapot to work in the rice field pulling weeds and cultivating young rice plants
WMP Agta (Dupaningan)
mag-potpot harvest a vegetable that grows in the ground; pluck, uproot
potput-an pluck, pull out, uproot, as a hair or a vegetable in the ground
Agta (Eastern)
putput pull out of the ground; shed (feathers or hair)
Casiguran Dumagat
potpot to pluck out weeds by the roots
Maranao
popot rubbish
Toba Batak
putput fall out, of feathers
Tae'
puppuʔ to pluck
OC Tongan
fusi (< *puput-i) to pull or tug, to pull or haul in; to pluck (a fowl, etc.)
Samoan
futi (< *puput-i) (of weeds, hair, etc.) pull off; pluck
WMP Ilokano
ag-putpót the sound of a car horn
p-an-utpót sound of a car horn or repeated farting
Bikol
putpót the sound of beep-beep, honk-honk, toot-toot
mag-putpót to make the sound of beep-beep, honk-honk or toot-toot
Aklanon
pútput to putt (make the sound of a slow engine)
Maranao
potpot puff, blow; launch
Tausug
mag-putput to puff, blow
Melanau (Mukah)
puput spray water from the mouth, blow suddenly, puff; anything spat out (food, etc. mixed with saliva)
Malagasy
fófotra the blowing of the bellows, etc.
ma-mófotra to blow a fire with a pair of bellows, etc.
Iban
puput blow, fan
Malay
puput blowing upon; of anything fanned by zephyrs, or blown away by a storm, a wind blowing lustily, a wind instrument imitating bird calls, squalls blowing down from the hills; also of smelting
CMP Kambera
puputu to blow, blow on
WMP Ifugaw
palutpút spattering defecation
Aklanon
pagútput let out much air while defecating
Cebuano
pagutput put-put sound; croaking sound of frogs
WMP Tausug
putput-an chimney, smoke shaft, flue, funnel (as of a steamship)
Lun Dayeh
fufut spitting out liquid from the mouth
Malagasy
ta-fofór-ana bellows
Iban
put-an forge bellows
Malay
puput-an bellows
Makassarese
puppuk-aŋ blowpipe
WMP Ilokano
putpot-en to do entirely, finish
ma-putpót to be able to do entirely, able to finish
Old Javanese
puput end, result; culmination, summit
maka-puput having as end, finally, end in, result in, turn into
WMP Bontok
putud-ən to snap, as a twig, or the brittle stem of a plant
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
putud to snap off something long, as an ear of corn or a piece of cassava, so that part remains in the husk or in the ground
Formosan Amis
poton to cut off, referring to someone or thing with a stump from a missing limb
ma-poton bobbed, as a cat’s tail; amputated, as a person’s arm
Thao
mutun to break, as a rope; be severed, as a limb
m<in>utun was broken, as a rope that snapped in two and then was spliced together again
putun-ik I am breaking it
Puyuma
putun break (body parts)
ki-a-putun get a fracture
ma-putun has a break
WMP Ilokano
pútol beheaded, decapitated; manner in which a woman’s dress, neckline, or hair is cut
putól cut, with a part cut off
putul-an to decapitate, behead
Isneg
p<um>útul to organize a headhunting expedition
Bontok
pútul to cut off the head of a person or animal; to break off the tips of plants
Ifugaw
pútul decapitation; to cut off the head of a man (not of animals), to behead
Ifugaw (Batad)
pūtul the neck stump of an animal, chicken, person, after the head has been removed
ma-mūtul for someone to cut off the head of an animal, chicken or person with a bolo or head axe
p<um>ūtul for someone to cut off the head of an animal, chicken or person with a bolo or head axe
Casiguran Dumagat
putól to behead
Ibaloy
potol-en to sever, cut off something
me-potol be cut off, cut short, truncated
Isinay
maf-fútul to behead
Kapampangan
ma-mutul to harvest
Tagalog
pútol a cut; a cutting; a piece cut off
putól cut off, severed; blind, closed at one end (as a street)
ka-pútol a fragment, a piece broken off
ma-pútol to be cut off; fig., to be disrupted
pag-pútol the act of cutting; amputation
p<um>útol to cut down; to fell; to lop off, to shorten by cutting off the extremities; to prune, to cut off, to cut; to sever, to cut apart; to amputate; to cut off
putúl-an to cut down; to fell; to lop off
putúl-in to cut down; to fell; to lop off
Bikol
ka-putól that which has been cut off
ma-putól to get cut off or severed
mag-putól to cut; to amputate, dismember, sever; to cut something from
putul-ón to cut; to amputate, dismember
Hanunóo
pútul a cut-off section, as of a stick
p<in>útul club, cudgel; a hardwood baton carried by young men
Masbatenyo
mag-pútol to cut off, excise, cut down, cut back
Aklanon
putóe short, brief; trimmed, clipped; cut off, amputated; to shorten, clip off; amputate
Agutaynen
ma-potol to cut off
mag-potol to cut something off
potol-on to cut something off (as bamboo that has grown too long)
Hiligaynon
mag-putúl to sever, cut off; to break off (as wood)
Cebuano
putúl sever with a bladed instrument or by snapping; cut down; cut something out; break a connection; cut something short; put an end to something; cut something off from something
Maranao
potol cut (as wood), break (as in breaking twigs off a tree)
Kadazan Dusun
putul to perforate
Murut (Timugon)
maka-putul able to be cut or severed
mam-putul break or cut in order to share
putul-putul break or cut repeatedly
Abai Sembuak
mutul broken (as a bone)
Kelabit
putul broken, of something hard
mutul to break
Kelabit (Long Napir)
putul broken (as a stick)
Kenyah (Long Ikang)
putun broken
Kayan
putun cut off, amputated surgically; cut short, as hair
Kiput
puton broken, as a tree branch or a bone
Bintulu
mutun to break off (something)
Iban
puntul stubby, bob-tailed, partly cut off, cut short, blunt and short
Malay
puntul stumpy, blunt
Old Javanese
puṭul ~ mu-muṭul-i having the antlers broken off
Javanese
puṭul to break off
Balinese
puntul blunt, dull
puntul-puntul-an be very blunt
Proto-Bungku-Tolaki
*putu short
OC Kove
putu to break; collapse
Petats
put to cut
WMP Ilokano
potóŋ internode of bamboo used for holding water
Isneg
potóŋ large bamboo tube consisting of two internodes. It is used for storing honey, etc.
Iban
putoŋ bamboo container
CMP Soboyo
pontoŋ bamboo-betung: Gigantochloa aspera Kurz
WMP Itbayaten
potoŋ idea of shortening
ka-potoŋ shortened/abridged thing
Ngaju Dayak
potoŋ what is cut off or deducted
Malay
potoŋ cutting; slicing; cutting off a portion; deducting
WMP Itbayaten
potoŋ-an to cut, make short
Malay
potoŋ-an a ‘cut’, or tailor’s method of cutting out garments
Javanese
putuŋ-an a broken-off piece; that which is broken
WMP Kadazan Dusun
putus decide
Old Javanese
putus end, completion, conclusion, result
WMP Sambal (Botolan)
pótoh to cut in pieces
Maranao
potos to breathe last breath, die
Ngaju Dayak
putus broken off, come to an end
Iban
putus break, part (as cord); sever (as in losing a finger
Malay
putus severance; breaking away; (fig.) of the settlement or end of a dispute
putus asa end of hope, despair (asa = ‘hope’)
putus rasa to become indifferent (rasa = ‘taste; feeling; sensation’)
Toba Batak
putus come to an end, as a conflict; dead, of men and animals
Sundanese
putus finished, ended; decided (as a legal case)
Old Javanese
putus end, completion; conclusion, result; acme, last word; having completed, having reached the highest degree; accomplished, perfect
Balinese
mutus to break off, break
putus be finished, have finished learning, highly experienced
putus-an one who is sent; ambassador, apostle
putus-iŋ an expert in
Sasak
putus broken (of family ties)
WMP Itbayaten
potot idea of breaking (of bone), fracture
ma-potot to break off, be broken (as bone, branch)
poto-potot-an to break off from
potot-en to break into two, or apart; to snap
Pangasinan
man-potót to cut with a knife
Kadazan Dusun
putut to break off (as rope, string, belt, etc.)
Kelabit
putut broken (of something long and soft, as string)
WMP Ilokano
putót shorts; short-sleeved coat; bobtail
putut-an to shorten (parts of garments)
Sambal (Botolan)
potót tail cut off, to cut off tail (as of a pig)
Kapampangan
putut cut
Tagalog
putót cut short, very short; shorts, short pants
Aklanon
putót short, little, small, runt
Agutaynen
potot a short person
Maranao
potot diminutive person of very small stature
Kadazan Dusun
putut to break off (as rope, string, belt, etc.)
mo-mutut to break, cut
WMP Ilokano
púyat sleeplessness
ag-púyat to stay up all night, to refrain from sleeping
Casiguran Dumagat
púyat sleeplessness, lack of sleep; tired or exhausted for want of sleep; to stay up late at night
Pangasinan
man-púyat to be sleepless
Sambal (Botolan)
póyat to keep vigil, to not sleep, to be wakeful
Tagalog
púyat want of sleep; insomnia
puyát tired or exhausted for want of sleep
mag-puyát to stay awake, as in watching at night; to keep vigil; to sit up or stay up late instead of going to bed
ma-pag-puyát having the habit of staying up late at night
puyat-án devotional night watch or vigil
Bikol
púyat describing a feeling of sleepiness after waking up; groggy
Hanunóo
púyat sleepiness
pag-puyát-un overcome by sleepiness
WMP Ilokano
ma-púyat to feel sleepy
Bikol
ma- púyat to have one’s sleep disturbed by talking, noise
Hanunóo
ma-púyat sleepy?
Agutaynen
mā-poyat to go to bed; to sleep, be asleep; to fall asleep
WMP Ilokano
puyat-en to cause someone to stay up all night
Tagalog
puyat-ín to keep someone up (awake) late at night, or all night
Bikol
puyat-ón to keep someone awake
Agutaynen
poyat-en to feel sleepy, drowsy, tired
WMP Bikol
puyó small mudfish or climbing perch found in fields and rivers
Aklanon
puyó mudfish
Cebuano
puyú the climbing perch: Anabas testudineus
Iban
puyuɁ a river fish: Anabas testudineus
WMP Tiruray
fuyu-fiyu a climbing perch
Sama Linungan
puyu-puyu netlike Threadfin Bream: Pentapodus caninus
Malay
ikan puyu-puyu the climbing perch: Anabas scandens
WMP Casiguran Dumagat
puyo hair colic (sic! = cowlick)
Tagalog
puyó whirl; eddy; vortex; whirling motion; cowlick; a small tuft of hair that will not lie flat
alim-puyo whirlwind, eddy
Malay
aŋin puyu whirlwind
WMP Casiguran Dumagat
púyud to wear the hair in a bun
Tagalog
puyód topknot
WMP Ilokano
i-puyóŋ to put into an improvised purse
puyóŋ form into a purse; gathering together and fastening the four corners of a handkerchief, net, etc.; improvised purse or bag contents of an improvised purse or bag
puyoŋ-en to form into a purse or bag (joining together four corners of a cloth, etc.)
Cebuano
púyuŋ gather together the ends of a sack or bag to close it up, or take something flat and fold up the ends to put something inside it
Iban
puyoŋ do round a center, surround
Mongondow
puyuŋ bun (of hair)
Bare'e
puju cover, wrapper
WMP Malay
puyoh bustard quail: Turnix taigoor. A fighting bird sometimes kept as such by Malays and classified according to its "lucky" colors or markings
Sundanese
puyuh the female of the quail
Balinese
puyuh quail (bird)
Tae'
puyo a bird: the quail
WMP Itbayaten
porot-en to take with the finger tips, to pick up with finger tips
Ayta Abellan
polot to pick up something
Tagalog
púlot pick up from the floor
Bikol
púrot pick up something
Maranao
pondot pick up with fingers
Tiruray
furut to pick up
Miri
fujut pick a fruit; pick up something from the ground
OC Mussau
posala-i to slap
Sursurunga
posar slap, clap, hit with the open palm
Babatana
po-posara clap hands
Kwaio
fodal-ia to slap
Mota
wosa to smack, slap, clap
Tamambo
voja-i to strike, slap
Wayan
voca slap or smack something with the open hand or hands together
OC Sissano
pak come up, appear, come into view, stay close
Mbula
pok burst up into view, appear, come up into view, rise up (as sun rising above horizon, creature emerging from water)
Sa'a
pwaʔa to rise, of heavenly bodies
Arosi
pwaa to rise, rising, of the sun
OC Kove
i-pala to split wood
Bilur
parak to split wood
Gitua
pala cut open, slice lengthwise
Carolinian
fala to chop, split, cut wood or other relatively large objects, with a machete, axe, or hand; to split coconuts to get at the juice
OC Muyuw
pano-pan Guettarda sp.
Motlav
pʷon-pʷon a plant: Guettarda speciosa
Niue
pano-pano a plant: Guettarda speciosa
Rarotongan
ano a native tree: Guettarda speciosa; wild pigeons feed on the berries, and the seasoned wood is used in the northern islands of the Cook group for making furniture and house building
OC 'Āre'āre
pana-a to fill a hole
Proto-Micronesian
*pʷaŋa hole
Gilbertese
bʷaŋa hide in a hole (Bender et al 2003)
Chuukese
pʷaaŋ, pʷaŋa hole, cave, cavity, pit, tunnel, hollow
Puluwat
pʷaŋ hole (in counting holes)
Proto-Southern Vanuatu
*nə-pwaŋV hole
Lenakel
nə-pwaŋ hole
North Tanna
nə-mpaŋ hole
OC Kilivila
pwasa pus, ulcer; rottenness
Tawala
paga a sore
Nggela
posa to break, of a boil
Mota
wosa a boil
OC Mussau
posala to slap someone
Sursurunga
posar slap, clap, hit with the open palm
Patpatar
pasar slap; beat a drum
Mota
wosa to slap, smack, clap
OC Drehet
pʷah broad-leaved pandanus used to weave
Misima
pala mat made of pandanus
Cheke Holo
vahara Pandanus conoideus
Bugotu
vaha Pandanus aff. compressus martalli
East Uvean
faha Pandanus sp.
Samoan
fasa Pandanus tectorius
OC Lou
puet Dioscorea bulbifera
Mendak
patik lesser yam
Boanaki
posika yam
Kwara'ae
(dau)-fasia Dioscorea bulbifera cultivars
OC Mussau
patu joint, node
patu keke knee
patu nima elbow
patu tou node of sugarcane stalk
Gitua
patu- elbow, knee
Nggela
patu joint in bamboo, knot
Arosi
pwa-(ruru) knee (ruru = ‘knee, elbow’)
OC Mussau
pou-(ŋ alo) back of head (alo = ‘neck’)
Mangseng
pou-(ŋa) head
Kokota
pau head
Bugotu
pau head
Nakanamanga
na-pwau head
Caaàc
bwa- head
OC Iduna
fififi Rufous-necked Stint: Calidris ruficollis
Roviana
pivivi a small nonedible variety of sand snipe
Marovo
pivivi godwit: Limosa spp.
Lau
kwi-kwī a bird, the snipe
OC Roviana
vili-suru a small noisy greenish bird often found at coconut and Barringtonia blossoms
Buma
vili a parrot: Trichoglossus haematodus, and Palm Lorikeet: Charmosyna palmarum
Pileni
vili parrot
Nêlêmwa
pwīrip Horned Parakeet: Cyanorhampus cornutus
Caaàc
pwīrip a parrot: Trichoglossus haematodus
OC Lou
pi filariasis, swelling of leg
Gitua
pira (leg) swollen
Arosi
pura dropsy, elephantiasis
Mota
pura elephantiasis
Tongan
fua of limb, etc. (not person) be afflicted with elephantiasis
OC Patpatar
posa to appear, stick out
Mengen (Poeng)
pota to appear
Dobuan
a-pwesa to appear, arrive, depart, happen
Sa'a
u-wota to appear on the horizon (as hills)
Robert Blust and Stephen Trussel
www.trussel2.com/ACD
2010: revision 6/21/2020
email: Blust (content) –
Trussel (production)
CognateSets-Index-p