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Updated: 6/21/2020

Austronesian Comparative Dictionary

Roots

Because many reconstructed morphemes contain smaller submorphemic sound-meaning associations of the type that Brandstetter (1916) called ‘roots’ (Wurzeln), I felt that a module collecting these elements into one place would be useful. The ‘Roots’ module of the ACD thus amounts to a continuation of the data set presented in Blust 1988.

b c C d g h k l m n N ñ ŋ p r R s t w z

*-b

-bag -baj -bak₁ -bak₂ -bak₃ -ban -baŋ₁ -baŋ₂ -baw₁ -baw₂ -bej -bek₁ -bek₂ -beŋ₁ -beŋ₂ -beŋ₃ -bid -bik -bir -bis -bit₁ -bit₂ -bu (or *-buH?) -buC -buk₁ -buk₂ -bun (or *-bequn?) -buŋ -buq -buR₁ -buR₂ -buR₃ -bus -but₁ -but₂

29828

*-bag sound of a heavy smack

Mongondow

bobag

hit with something long (as a stick)

29829

*-baj unravel, untie

PWMP	*bajbaj	unravel, untie; to clear forest
Buruese	hafa-h	undo, take off
Aklanon	húbad	unravel, untie, unwind
Buruese	hufa-h	undo, untie, take off
Arosi	iha	unwrap, as food cooked in leaves
Dairi-Pakpak Batak	kimbaŋ	open a book, open a letter
Buruese	lafa-h	remove (a covering), open (a book)
Buruese	lufa-h	take off, slip off (clothing); loosen; release

Isneg ubād 'untie, unbind, let loose' (expected **ubag) suggests that Aklanon húbad may not contain the root *-baj.

29830

*-bak₁ peeling skin

Kapampangan	bakbák	scar, scab, peeling skin
Javanese	bebak	peel the husk or skin from (as the first step in processing rice, coffee)

29831

*-bak₂ sound of a heavy smack

PWMP	*bak	pop! smack!
PAN	*bakbak₂	smacking sound
PAN	*Cebak	smack against
PWMP	*debak	pound, thud
PMP	*kebak	palpitation
PMP	*labak	sound of a heavy slap
PWMP	*lebak	pound, thud
PCEMP	*sambak	slapping sound
PSS	*tamba(k)	hit, pound
PWMP	*ti(m)bak	clap, make a clapping sound
Yamdena	ambak	pound into the ground; stamp with the feet
Ngaju Dayak	bikbak	go "plop" (of fruits, etc. falling on soft ground)
Dairi-Pakpak Batak	émbak	work the soil with a hoe
Dairi-Pakpak Batak	gebak-gebak	sound of wings flapping
Kankanaey	kibbák	to clap, clash (as parts of banana stems against each other)
Singhi Land Dayak	pabak	hammer
Mandar	rimbaʔ	beat the wings
Maranao	robak	to hammer; sledge hammer
Kambera	tumbaku	strike, knock against (as a buffalo butting with its horns against a fence)

29832

*-bak₃ split off, separate

PMP	*bakbak₁	peel off, remove bark
PMP	*ibak	break or split off
Toba Batak	silbak	splinter; splintered
Cebuano	úbak	to separate layers of the banana trunk

29833

*-ban group, company

PMP	*baban	group, collection, swarm
PWMP	*kaban	group, flock, herd
Ilokano	arbán	flock, herd, drove
Hiligaynon	gubán	group, brigade, caravan
Cebuano	ubán	companion, someone together with someone else

29834

*-baŋ₁ broad

Iban	bambaŋ	large, broad
Kayan	labaŋ	broad
Bikol	lakbáŋ	breadth, width
Balinese	lumbaŋ	broad, wide
Sasak	rembaŋ	broad shouldered

29835

*-baŋ₂ to fly

Mongondow	bombaŋ	fly up, rise up together, as a swarm of flies, a flock of chickens
Malay	terbaŋ	to fly

29836

*-baw₁ high; top

PMP	*babaw	upper surface
PMP	*ha(m)baw	high, up, on top
PWMP	*ti(m)baw	height, be high
Singhi Land Dayak	de somu	upon
Maranao	gambao	top of; overlap
Cebuano	igbáw	at the top of something
Bikol	labáw	protruding above, extending above, exceeding in height (Also Manobo (Western Bukidnon) lavew 'highest; great; exceed someone in rank')
Singhi Land Dayak	omu	high
Isneg	rabáw	top, peak of a mountain
Aklanon	támbaw	be over one another, overlapping
Maranao	tebao	stand out in a crowd due to height
Bontok	təŋbaw	remove the top part of the contents of a container
Cebuano	tugbáw	lofty, high up
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)	umbew	grow taller than someone
Cebuano	usbáw	rise in degree or quantity

Bontok teŋbaw, Maranao tebao may belong to a single cognate set.

29837

*-baw₂ shallow

PMP	*bawbaw	shallow
Tagalog	dábaw	fording or wading place (across a river, narrow lake, etc.)
Itbayaten	havavaw	shallowness
Maloh	imbaw	shallow
Kenyah	lebaw	shallow
Kenyah	libaw	a ford; shallow
Cebuano	mabáw	shallow
Aklanon	nábaw	become shallow(er)
Tiruray	tembaw	shallow

Palawan Batak lubaʔo 'shallow' suggests *-baqu.

29838

*-bej wind around repeatedly

PMP	*bejbej	wind around
PWMP	*kabej	tie, wrap up
PWMP	*libej	wind around
PWMP	*qambej	wind around
PWMP	*ta(m)bej	tie up, wind around
Maranao	babed	band, bandage, tie, belt
Cebuano	balíbud	wind something around something
Balinese	bed	wind round, tie round (Also ebed 'wrapped up, wrapped about')
Tagalog	bilíbid	twine, cord or the like, tied around several times
Aklanon	bolímbod	to tie up (by running the string around many times)
Balinese	embed	band or ring which firmly encloses something
Hanunóo	gabúd, yabúd	tangle; entwining, climbing up and up (something), as of vines
Tagalog	habíd	entangling obstacle
Ifugaw	hibód	act of encircling (a post, rod, etc.) with a rope, string, or thread
Maranao	kibed	to wind
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)	kulambed	of a vine, to climb or creep by entwining itself on other plants or trees (Also Tiruray kulambed 'tie by winding around')
Tiruray	lambed	wind around
Maranao	lobed	wrestle
Hiligaynon	sámbud	wind, bind, roll
Javanese	ubed	wrapped, swathed

29839

*-bek₁ dull, muffled sound

PWMP	*bambek	muffled sound
PWMP	*bek	sound of hacking or chopping
PAN	*bekbek	sound of breaking, etc.
PMP	*embek	dull sound of thud or sob
PWMP	*lebek	pound in a mortar
PAN	*Nabek	breakers, surf, waves
PMP	*rabek	hit, strike, break
Kankanaey	abebék	thump, bump (of something heavy that strikes the water)
Fijian	cobo	clap the hands crosswise so as to make a hollow sound
Motu	dabo-a	a breeze flapping a cloth or flag
Sasak	gubek	beat rapidly on a drum
Tagalog	hibík	sob
Ifugaw	imbók	beating of gongs while the people dance
Kayan	kubek	whisper, undertone, talking to oneself; babbling
Maranao	lobek	trample, pound (as rice)
Sasak	obek	hit with the open hand
Sasak	rebek	to hit, strike
Manggarai	sebek	dull sound, as of fruit falling to the ground
Kankanaey	sibék	to sob (mostly broken sobs, after crying)
Kayan	tebek	sound of the heart thumping

PWMP *lebek fits equally well under *-bek₂. Ifugaw imbók may be cognate with Tagalog hibík.

29840

*-bek₂ rotten, crumbling, pulverized

PMP	*bekbek	dust of decaying wood
Itbayaten	(ma)-axbek	dusty
Kankanaey	gebék	rotten; with rotten haulm, stalk, culm
Itbayaten	kuxbek	dust
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)	luvek	pound something in a mortar until it is like powder
Kankanaey	talbék	beaten, etc. to pieces, pulverized
Amis	tifek	to mill grain

29841

*-beŋ₁ banging noise

Kadazan Dusun

koboŋ

make a banging noise

29842

*-beŋ₂ block, stop, dam

PWMP	*beŋbeŋ	block, prevent passage
PWMP	*tambeŋ	obstruct, block, impede
Tboli	beŋ	wall
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)	haveŋ	block an opening or a path so that nothing can pass; a constructed barrier
Kenyah	mbeŋ	a dam
Bikol	simbóŋ	stopper of leaves; plug the mouth of a container with a stopper of leaves
Balinese	tabeŋ	stopper, cork
Madurese	tebbeŋ	closed off with a wall (of an entrance)
Tetun	titian	clogged up, blocked up, obstructed
Selaru	tuban	close, shut
Kayan	ubeŋ	fish trap in a dam wall
Arosi	ʔabo	firm, tight, as a cork in a bottle

29843

*-beŋ₃ dull resounding sound

PAN	*beŋbeŋ	buzz, hum
Tontemboan	embeŋ	droning of bees
Malay	kumbaŋ	carpenter-bee; bumblebee
Itbayaten	mabeŋ	low-pitched resounding tone
Arosi	toho	groan in sickness
Kayan	tubeŋ	long drum made from a hollowed log

29844

*-bid twist, twine together

PGor	*lubido	twist or twine (as fibers into rope)
Sangir	lambideʔ	part of the fishline made of two or three intertwined wires
Maranao	sobid	strengthen rope by twining it with additional twine
Cebuano	tabíd	braid the hair; hamper woven from bamboo strips
Kankanaey	túbid	plait, braid, twist

29845

*-bik slap, pat

PWMP

*bikbik

sound of slapping, bubbling, etc.

29846

*-bir rim, edge

PMP	*birbir	rim, edge, border
PWMP	*su(m)bir	rim, border
PWMP	*ta(m)bir	rim
PMin	*tembir	edge, side, bank (Also Maranao tebir 'sew, esp. the seam')
Dairi-Pakpak Batak	abir	to edge away, move aside
Ngadha	kebi	kebhi/ rim, edge, border
Javanese	mbir	edge, side of
Iban	pelebir	placed to hang over an edge
Ngadha	rubi	rim, edge, border, crest of mountains
Madurese	sembir	edge, border, outskirts

PAn *bi(R)biR, Kavalan tu:bíl 'lip' probably do not contain *-bir (cf. Blust 1980:53ff). Also cp. Balinese simpir 'edge, margin, rim'.

29847

*-bis drip

Bikol	b-ar-isbís	to flow or run, referring only to rain water which runs from the roof b-ar-isbis-an eaves
Sundanese	biribis-biribis	drizzle, rain lightly

29848

*-bit₁ hook, clasp; grasp with fingers

PWMP	*bitbit	hold by the fingertips
PWMP	*cibit	hook, pinch, clasp
PAN	*kabit	hook or tie together
PPh	*kebit	hook (with finger)
PMP	*sa(m)bit	clasp, hook on
PSS	*ti(bw)i(C)	carry
Kadazan Dusun	ambit	take with the hand (Also Tiruray abit 'beckon')
Iban	beribit	carry by a fold (as in a bag or cloth held by one hand), (of crabs) carry in the claws
Old Javanese	bibit	fishhook a-mibit to fish (with a hook)
Malay	cubit	pinching, pressure between finger and thumb
Bahasa Indonesia	gubit	summon by waving (fingers motioning downward and inward)
Kadazan Dusun	haŋkavit	claw, talon
Kadazan Dusun	hoŋkivit	pull down with the hand
Kayan	ivit	touch, grasp by hand, hold
Malay	jimbit	lifting (anything) off the ground with hand or finger
Tagalog	kalabít	touching with the tip of the fingers; strumming of a stringed instrument
Kadazan Dusun	kibit	bear or carry a baby in one's arm
Amis	kofit	button
Cebuano	kulumbábit	hang or cling onto something
Kadazan Dusun	ovit	carry, convey, bear, bring, take along
Malagasy	rávitra	made to hold together, as the leaves of a book, a chaplet, etc.
Iban	tambit	fastening; latch, button

29849

*-bit₂ whip, to whip

Maranao	ambit	whip, entangle
Palauan	chelébed	whip; club; bat; anything to hit with
Kayan	hivit	hit, whip
Maranao	lambit	whip, beat
Puyuma	-lvit-	to whip
Javanese	sambit	strike with a whip or missile

29850

*-bu (or *-buH?) dust

PMP	*debu	dust
PAN	*qabu	ashes
Arosi	agohu	dirt, dust (<*-puk₂?)
Amis	alafoh	dust blown by the wind
Manobo (Ata)	alibu	dust
Samoan	efuefu	dust, powder (< *-puk₂?)
Fijian	kuvu	dust, spray, smoke, steam (<*-puk₂?)
Malay	lebu	dust
Wolio	ombu	smoke, steam, mist
Samoan	pefu	dust (<*-puk₂?)
Old Javanese	rabu	dust, dried mud
Bikol	talbó	dust

29851

*-buC to weed, pluck, pull out

PMP	*(r)ebut	snatch away
PMP	*a(m)but	pull out
PAN	*buCbuC	pluck, pull out
PMP	*cabut	pluck, pull out
PWMP	*ebut	pluck, pull out
PAN	*Ra(m)buC	to weed, pull out
PWMP	*rabut	pull out something rooted in soft matter
PAN	*u(m)buC	pluck, pull out
Iban	babut	root up, pluck out, pull out, weed
Old Javanese	dawut	pulled out, uprooted
Asilulu	hehu	pull out (hair, nails, etc.)
Ifugaw	híbut	act of weeding
Wolio	hobut-i	pull out (hair, feathers)
Bikol	hulbót	pull out, unsheathe, extract (Also Manobo (Western Bukidnon) hulavut 'draw a dagger')
Cebuano	ibút	pull out something rooted, stuck into something
Manggarai	kebut	pluck, pull out
Gorontalo	pahuto	pull out, extract
Manggarai	robut	pluck (feathers) with the fingers
Cebuano	sakbút	snatch, grab something from
Balinese	sambut	seize, grab (like a beast of prey)
Seimat	sohut-i	pluck, pull out

29852

*-buk₁ decay, crumble; powder

PWMP	*bukbuk	wood weevil
PMP	*dabuk	dust, ashes
PMP	*qa(R)buk	dust
PWMP	*Rabuk	dust, powder
Tagalog	alikabók	dust (rising and falling on surfaces)
Balinese	ebuk	dust, powder
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)	havuk-havuk	white powdery scale which forms on exposed parts of the body when a person does not often bathe
Ifugaw	ibuk	black and rotten (teeth)
Bimanese	kalub^u	dust, ashes
Manggarai	kebok	dust, ashes
Manggarai	labuk	flour (of rice, corn, or tuber)
Gorontalo	peyahuʔo	dust
Toba Batak	sorbuk	powder, dust (Also Malay serbok 'fine particles, powder (of wood)')
Balinese	srabuk	powder, dust
Arosi	tahu	bore holes; species of wood-boring insect
Sasak	tebuk	finely ground coffee
Gorontalo	tihuʔo	dust from pounding grains
Bugotu	uvu	powdery, friable, open (of soil), floury

29853

*-buk₂ pound, thud, heavy splash

PMP	*lambuk	hit, beat, pound
PWMP	*lebuk	pound, thud
PAN	*ti(m)buk	pound, throb
PMP	*tumbuk	knock, pound, hit
Puyuma	alvuk	hit with a large stick
Javanese	babuk	butt with horns
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)	bukbuk	frog (onom.) (Also Gorontalo huhuʔo 'struck with the palm of the hand')
Tagalog	bulbók	bubbling or gushing of liquids
Fijian	cevu	explode, burst, as breadfruit when roasting
Malagasy	dabóka	beat, thump
Malay	debok	to go flop (Also debuk 'a thud')
Malay	gebok	striking a heavy blow with a flat object
Ngadha	ibu	hit, beat; sound of hitting or beating
Rembong	kembuk	sound of splashing about in the water
Aklanon	límbok	pounded rice
Manggarai	lubuk	strike with a stick or the hand so as to make a noise (Also Arosi rubu 'strike with fists, box')
Manggarai	lumbuk	mix coarse and fine substances by pounding
Nggela	povu	fall back into the water with a splash (Also Kambera póbuku 'hollow sound, as of a gourd when struck')
Malagasy	rávoka	pound rice
Manggarai	rembuk	pound again (of corn flour)
Bikol	ribók	noise, clamor, din, hubbub
Sasak	rubuk	to bubble (of water), snort (as of people in the water)
Yamdena	sambuk	pound fine (of roasted maize)
Kayan	sebuk	sound of fruit or stones falling into water
Kankanaey	síbok	to clack, clap
Bare'e	tabu	splash, plop; forcefully insert hands or feet
Balinese	tebuk	pound rice to dehusk it; thresh
Old Javanese	telebuk	with a thud
Fijian	wabu	beat with a stick, strow down with violence

29854

*-bun (or *-bequn?) heap, pile, cover with earth; collect, assemble

PWMP	*ambún	heap, pile
PMP	*bunbun₁	collect gather; heap over with dirt
PMP	*ebun	heap, pile
PWMP	*hubun₂	group, collection
PWMP	*Rab(e)qun	cover with earth
PMP	*tambun	heap
PWMP	*timbun	heap
Makassarese	balumbuŋ	heap up earth over something
Ngadha	dabu	collect, gather
Bikol	gibón	small mound of soil in which seeds are planted
Cebuano	híbun	for a depression to get filled up or covered
Tetun	hobun	gather, collect, as flies on a wound
Tetun	kabun	group (of people), grove (of trees)
Kenyah	kelimbun	assemble
Hiligaynon	kibún	surround, besiege
Kenyah	lembun	gathering, herd, throng
Hanunóo	limbún	dam
Buruese	lubu-	heap; in heaps or piles
Kenyah	mbun	a heap
Bimanese	ŋgumbu	heaped up
Lau	ofu	pile up, amass; bunch, group of people (Also Nggela ovu 'crowd, heap, pile, flock')
Isneg	tabbón	gather, collect, come together, congregate
Kankanaey	tubón	high; heaped up; piled up; in a high pile
Cebuano	ugbún	mound, esp. a heap of finely-textured things
Nggela	uruvu	assemble

29855

*-buŋ ridge of the roof

PMP	*buŋbuŋ-an	roof ridge
Kenyah	beluboŋ	the house top
Bidayuh (Bukar-Sadong)	tibuŋ	top; a peak; a high vantage point (of hill, etc.)

29856

*-buq fall

PWMP	*dabuq	fall
PMP	*labuq	fall; cast anchor
PMP	*nabuq	fall
PMJ	*rubbuh	to fall
Arosi	ahu	fall, come down
Yamdena	fufu	fall from a height
Wolio	sabu	jump down, drop

29857

*-buR₁ rice gruel; rice porridge; to mix

PSan	*bəbuR	porridge
PAN	*buRbuR	porridge
PWMP	*libuR	mixture; gruel
Javanese	bawur	mixed (together)
Kiput	bəlasauʔ	(< *-bSuR) porridge
Mansaka	bibog	soft-cooked rice
Maranao	biobog	porridge
Malay	bubur	food in pulpy or viscous form; generic for gruels, thick broths and porridges
Binukid	bulbug	to make rice or corn porridge
Ngadha	kabhu	to mix
Kambera	kaŋaburu	mix
Bontok	kíbul	mix soil with water
Hanunóo	lábug	rice gruel
Tagalog	libol	rice soup
Bare'e	lowu	join, mix
Kelabit	menebhur	rice gruel
Dairi-Pakpak Batak	rabur	mix
Cebuano	sambúg	mix things together; add ingredient; mixture of rice and corn
Maranao	sembog	mix
Hiligaynon	símbug	to mix, dilute liquids
Tiruray	ʔebor	broth; mix ebor with rice

Also Bintulu avud 'porridge of sago pearls boiled with coconut meat', Maranao kambor 'stir, mix', Manobo (Western Bukidnon) rembur 'to mix different kinds of seed together', Maranao sambor 'mix', Maranao sembor 'mix, mixture', Isneg tambúr 'mix shredded coconut meat with bási (rum)', with root candidate *-bur.

29858

*-buR₂ strew, sow; sprinkle

PMP	*sa(m)buR	strew
PWMP	*Sa(m)buR	strew, spread
PMP	*simbuR	sprinkle, bespatter
PMP	*tabuR	strew
Sundanese	belabur	strew
Sika	bur	strew, scatter; sow rice and maize
Iban	imbur	scatter or splash with the hands
Fijian	kabu	sow or scatter small seeds
Palauan	melúbs	sprinkle, spray, throw water on
Toba Batak	rabur	scattered, strewn
Malay	sembur	bespattering from the mouth; not spitting (cf. ludah), but taking water into the mouth and then ejecting it as is done (with magical simples) by witch-doctors on a diseased limb to cure it
Rotinese	sofu	strew, scatter (as powder)
Bare'e	webu	sprinkle

Also Balinese burbur 'scatter, throw down in confusion'.

29859

*-buR₃ turbid

PMP	*kebuR	to churn (of water agitated by fish)
PWMP	*lebuR	turbid, murky
PMP	*libuR	murky, clouded, turbid
Javanese	bawur	(of vision) blurred, hazy
Nggela	gagavu	dirty, of water
Karo Batak	gembur	somewhat turbid, of water, urine, etc.
Ifugaw	kaníbul	idea of being turbid, muddy, as the water of a river after a heavy rain
Samoan	ŋæpu	(of water) be cloudy, muddy
Tiruray	rebur	(of water) dirty, murky, unclear
Manggarai	tebur	turbid (of water)
Fijian	vuvu	muddy, troubled, of water

Also Mongondow lobog 'turbid, murky'.

29860

*-bus end, terminate, finish, use up

PWMP	*ubus	to finish
Ilokano	búbus	consume, use up, exhaust, drain, wear out
Ilokano	gíbus	end, termination, limit, finish, cessation, completion, conclusion, close
Ilokano	ibús	finish, use up, exhaust
Banggai	kabus	gone, finished
Mongondow	kobut	dead (animals)
Madurese	obus	finished

Marsh (1977:95) also cites "Proto-Favorlang-Pazeh-Saisiat" *t₂abus 'all', but the supporting evidence that he cites is open to question.

29861

*-but₁ buttocks; bottom

Kayan	avut	buttocks
Tiruray	bubut	base; buttocks; euphemism for vulva
Melanau (Mukah)	kabut	bottom, posterior
Mb(T)	lebut	buttocks
Kayan	lekbut	anus

29862

*-but₂ husk, coarse hair or fiber

PWMP	*rambut	hairy
PWMP	*sabut	coarse hair or fiber
Hanunóo	gábut	coconut husk
Javanese	jembut	pubic hair

b c C d g h k l m n N ñ ŋ p r R s t w z

Austronesian Comparative Dictionary, web edition
Robert Blust and Stephen Trussel
www.trussel2.com/ACD
2010: revision 6/21/2020
email: Blust (content) – Trussel (production)
Roots-Index-b