 | Introduction Index to Sets Cognate Sets Finderlist Subgroups Languages Words Proto-form indexes References+ Roots Loans Near Noise Formosan |
Updated: 6/21/2020 |
Austronesian Comparative Dictionary
Proto-form indexes
(click on a *proto-form for its cognate set)
| PAN 1772 | PMP 3748 | PWMP 7368 | PPH 1973 | PCEMP 2987 | PCMP 2160 | PEMP 1780 | PSHWNG 431 | POC 2636 | combined 24855 |
Counting proto-forms Counts are shown below the proto-language index line. In counting numbers of entries for any given proto-language it is necessary to distinguish explicit from implicit reconstructions. Explicit reconstructions are always marked with a proto-form which is assigned to a stated proto-language. Implicit reconstructions, on the other hand, are logically implied at various levels by the structure of the family tree, but are not overtly indicated. Thus, PAN *enem 'six' contains three explicit reconstructions, each of which is required because it differs in shape, in meaning, or in both from its antecedent form:
However, since PAN *enem evidently persisted in the same shape and meaning until the formal changes seen in PEMP *onəm, PMP *enem 'six', and PCEMP *enem 'six' are automatically supplied by the structure of the phylogeny (similar reflexes in CMP languages likewise imply PCMP *enem 'six'). Likewise, since PEMP *onəm evidently persisted until the innovation which produced POC *onom, PSHWNG *onəm 'six' is also implied. The highest-order reconstruction in a cognate set is thus always an explicit reconstruction, although any other proto-form that has undergone formal or semantic change from its antecedent is also explicitly indicated. (The indexes, and the counts which appear below the proto-language index line, include both explicit and implicit reconstructions.) |
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a b C d e g h i k l m n N ñ ŋ p q r R s S t u w y z *-a₁ PAN imperative suffix 383 *-a₃ PAN subjunctive suffix 387 *a₄ PAN hesitation particle 381 *a₅ PAN ligature 382 *aba₁ PAN father 10 *aCab PAN a cover 25 *aCas PAN high, tall 26 *aCay PAN death 33 *adaS PAN bring, take along 6632 *adi PAN no, not 7326 *a-enem PAN six (of humans) 2376 *a-esa PAN one (of humans) 2407 *ai₂ PAN interjection, exclamation of surprise, incredulity, etc. 83 *ai₃ PAN come 7828 *ajem PAN heart; mind 6619 *aken₁ PAN 1sg oblique 7960 *aki PAN grandfather, ancestor 6552 *aku PAN 1sg nominative; I 90 *ala PAN take, get, fetch, obtain; marry 118 *ala-en PAN be taken 7768 *alap PAN fetch, get, take 96 *alaq₁ PAN fetch, get, take 108 *alaq-en PAN be taken 114 *alikas PAN quick, fast 11787 *alim PAN forget 7144 *a(lR)im PAN pancreas, spleen 12781 *aluja PAN to paddle 126 *alujah PAN ant sp. 7226 *amax PAN father 134 *amen PAN 1pl ex oblique 7962 *ami PAN 1pl. excl. nominative pronoun, we (exclusive) 9702 *amin PAN all; finished 180 *amu PAN 2pl. nominative pronoun 9708 *-an PAN verbal suffix marking locative voice; nominal suffix marking location 254 *aNak PAN child, offspring; son, daughter; interest on a loan 183 *aN-aNak PAN child 186 *aNay PAN insect of the order Isoptera: termite, white ant 234 *aŋay PAN departure (?) 9146 *apa₂ PAN carry on the back 6553 *apu PAN grandparent/grandchild (reciprocal) 273 *apuR PAN betel chew 272 *aRi PAN come; toward the speaker; let’s go! 297 *asa₁ PAN one 305 *asaŋ₃ PAN village 7961 *asu₁ PAN dog 320 *aSik PAN to sweep, remove trash 12771 *ata PAN 1pl. incl. possessive pronoun: our 333 *atuR PAN stone wall 12104 *au₂ PAN yes 351 *aya₁ PAN exclamation of annoyance, surprise, etc. 369 *aya₂ PAN (gloss uncertain) 370 *baba₁ PAN carry a person pick-a-back; ride pick-a-back 433 *ba-bahi PAN woman, female 6939 *babaw₃ PAN upper surface, top; highlands; on, upon, over, above 428 *babuy₃ PAN pig 441 *babuy-an PAN pigpen, pigsty, piggery 442 *baCaR PAN broomcorn millet: Panicum miliaceum 8795 *bahi PAN female 6934 *bajaq₁ PAN know, understand; ask, inquire 6439 *bajiw PAN edible mushroom sp. 7145 *bakaŋ₁ PAN bowlegged 9050 *bakaR PAN kind of basket 12662 *bakbak₂ PAN sound of heavy clapping or pounding, smacking sound 477 *bakes₁ PAN belt; tie around the waist 480 *baki₂ PAN grandfather 6554 *bakuŋ₁ PAN a lily-like plant: Crinum asiaticum L. 484 *balalaCuk PAN a bird: the woodpecker 496 *balaŋa PAN shallow earthenware cooking pot or pan 519 *balbal₁ PAN beating stick; to hit, beat (esp. clothes in washing them) 528 *baleŋ₂ PAN preserve meat in salt or brine 12648 *bales₁ PAN to answer, retaliate; reciprocate good or evil 531 *bali₃ PAN wind 6555 *baliw PAN buy, sell 6557 *baliw₂ PAN return 559 *baluN PAN bind, bundle 578 *banaw PAN lake 9239 *baNaR PAN a thorny vine: Smilax spp. 611 *baNaS PAN male (of animals) 614 *baNaw PAN a thorny vine: Smilax spp. 619 *baNiC PAN to skin, flay 627 *bañaw PAN wash the body 754 *baŋaS PAN a tree: Melia azedarach 7114 *baŋaw PAN paddy bug, foul-smelling insect that preys on rice in the field 760 *baŋbaŋ₂ PAN butterfly, moth 766 *baŋbaŋ₆ PAN loud resounding sound 773 *baŋeliS PAN tusk; canine tooth 776 *baŋ(e)qeR₁ PAN rotten smell, stench 801 *baŋeS PAN skin 7227 *baŋeSiS PAN fragrant 804 *baŋun₁ PAN the Japanese cypress: Chamaecyparis obtusa 7304 *baŋuN PAN wake up, get out of bed 787 *baqeRuh PAN new; bachelor 645 *baqeSiŋ PAN sneeze 7146 *baqi PAN grandmother 6438 *barat₁ PAN crossbeam 668 *baRah PAN ember, glowing coal 652 *baRaŋ PAN rib (?) 9176 *baRaq₁ PAN lung 662 *baRat₁ PAN crossbeam 666 *baRat₂ PAN cucumber: Cucumis sativus 6620 *b<aR>eŋbeŋ PAN buzzing, droning, humming 1065 *baReq PAN abscess, boil, swelling on the body 696 *baRija PAN weaver's sword (lath used to beat in and tighten the woof) 698 *baRiuS PAN typhoon 702 *baRuj PAN a dove: probably Ducula spp. 709 *basbas₁ PAN hit, strike 720 *basbas₂ PAN sprinkle 721 *baseq PAN wash clothes 6444 *basuq PAN to wash 6455 *baSaq PAN a flood; to overflow, be in flood 461 *baSaw PAN cold, of leftover food; leftovers from a meal 7066 *baSay PAN a hairy vine: Pueraria hirsuta 7070 *batu₃ PAN to throw 6501 *batux PAN stone; testicle 6485 *bayu PAN to pound rice 6785 *beCeŋ PAN millet sp., probably foxtail millet: Setaria italica 811 *beCik PAN tattoo 813 *beCu PAN callus, blister 820 *bedul PAN swelling of the body 824 *bejbej₁ PAN wrap around repeatedly, bind by wrapping; bundle of wrapped material 830 *bekas₁ PAN to spring a trap 842 *bekas₂ PAN swift, fast 843 *bekbek₂ PAN sound of breaking, etc. 855 *bekuC PAN to bend over, bend down (of a person); hunchbacked 868 *belaq PAN part of something split 879 *beli PAN to buy 909 *benan PAN deer of the genus Cervus, either the sika deer or sambar deer 7228 *beNbeN PAN banana: Musa sapientum L. 6559 *beNelem PAN overcast, twilight 10931 *beNuC PAN pull out, extract 945 *beŋbeŋ₁ PAN blocked, as by a wall or curtain 1061 *beŋbeŋ₂ PAN buzz, hum 1064 *beriq PAN split, tear open 973 *beRas PAN rice between harvesting and cooking; husked rice 950 *beRas-an PAN container in which rice is stored 952 *beRay PAN give 957 *beRek PAN domesticated pig 965 *beReqaŋ PAN molar tooth 970 *beRŋaw PAN bluebottle, large fly 993 *beRŋi-n PAN night 998 *beRuS PAN a plant: Rhus semialata 6560 *bes PAN whizzing sound 1019 *besuR PAN satisfied from having eaten enough, satiated 1011 *betak PAN crack, split open (as dry ground) 1020 *beties PAN calf of the leg 1035 *betik₁ PAN snap the fingers; flick with the finger, fillip 1037 *betuŋ₁ PAN bamboo of very large diameter, probably Dendrocalamus sp. 1046 *biaC PAN draw a bow to its full extent 1096 *biCuka PAN stomach 1106 *bilaŋ₁ PAN to count, calculate; hold valuable 1148 *biliN PAN to follow after someone, walk behind 7115 *b<in>ahi PAN woman, wife 6941 *b<in>eCik PAN tattooed, marked with a design 815 *b<in>elaq PAN to have been split, cloven in two 881 *bineSiq PAN seed set aside for the next planting 1190 *b<in>uRuk PAN to have become rotten 1771 *biNiC PAN hold in the hand 1194 *biŋiC PAN moody, irritable 1309 *biqel PAN goiter 6463 *biqiR PAN lopsided, off-balance 1213 *biqut PAN curved, crooked, bent 1215 *biraŋ PAN anger, angry 1234 *birbir₂ PAN shiver, shake, tremble 1240 *biriC PAN to tear, rip 1242 *biRaq₁ PAN wild taro, elephant's ear or itching taro, Alocasia spp. 1218 *biRaS PAN roe, fish eggs 1224 *biRaSu PAN cane grass, Miscanthus sp. 1223 *biRbiR PAN lip 1235 *bisuR PAN satisfied from having eaten enough, satiated 1269 *bitbit₁ PAN pull at some part of the body 1278 *bituqen PAN star 1295 *bua₁ PAN foam, bubbles, froth 1356 *buak PAN bubbling up (as spring water) 1325 *bual₁ PAN spring, source of fresh water 1327 *buaq PAN fruit 1329 *buay₂ PAN (gloss uncertain) 1355 *bubu₂ PAN conical bamboo basket trap for fish 1366 *bubu₆ PAN grandparent/grandchild (reciprocal term of address) 1370 *bubuR₁ PAN jellyfish 1365 *buCa PAN mote in the eye; blind; blindness 1381 *buCa-en maCa PAN get a mote in the eye 1386 *buCaq PAN foam, froth 1380 *buCbuC PAN pull up (as weeds), pluck (as feathers) 1393 *buCu PAN callus, corn; blister 1405 *buCuq PAN testicles 1401 *buhaŋ PAN hole, pit 1449 *buhet PAN squirrel 1450 *bujeq₁ PAN foam, bubbles, lather, scum, froth 1466 *bukas PAN release, undo 6713 *bukeS PAN head hair 1499 *bukij PAN mountain; forested inland mountain areas 1506 *bukuN PAN back (anat.) 9177 *bula₂ PAN to give 7305 *bulaN PAN moon, month; menstruation 1533 *bulaR₁ PAN cataract of the eye; hazy or blurred vision 1552 *bulaw PAN golden colored 1560 *bulaw-an PAN gold 1561 *bulbul PAN dust, pulverized stone 1568 *buled₁ PAN mountain 1570 *buleS PAN a tree, the Chinese or Philippine mahogany: Shorea albus Foxw. 12773 *buli- PAN prefix of the *qali, *kali- series 1591 *bulilik PAN lizard sp. 1580 *buluN PAN companion 1597 *buluq₂ PAN type of slender bamboo; Schizostachyum spp. 1601 *b<um>aliw PAN buy 6558 *b<um>asuq PAN to wash 6456 *bunabun PAN rice seedling 1632 *bunaj PAN sand 11687 *bunuR₁ PAN to swell; swollen 7293 *bunuS PAN machete 6561 *buNbuN PAN fontanelle; crown of the head 1638 *buNi PAN to hide, conceal 1647 *buNuq₁ PAN a constellation: the Pleiades 1681 *buNuq₂ PAN throw at, hit with a projectile 1684 *buŋa PAN flower, blossom 7349 *buŋuh PAN head 12775 *buŋuR PAN tree sp. 1913 *buqaya PAN crocodile 1710 *buRaw PAN drive off, chase away, expel 1737 *buRay PAN flower 7417 *buReS PAN spray water from the mouth 1751 *buRuk PAN rotten meat; addled eggs; bad character 1770 *busuR₁ PAN enemy 1796 *busuR₂ PAN hunting bow 1797 *buSuk PAN drunkenness, intoxication 1786 *buuŋ PAN buzzing or humming sound 1850 *CabCab PAN clap, beat, hack 1935 *Cabu PAN to wrap 6635 *Ca-Capuh PAN broom 6563 *Ca-CaqiS PAN thread used for sewing (?) 1999 *CaCaw PAN pupil of the eye 1936 *Ca-Cawa PAN to laugh 2025 *Cakaw PAN steal 1937 *Cakaw-an PAN (gloss uncertain) 1950 *Caki PAN feces, excreta 1955 *Cali PAN cultivated taro: Colocasia esculenta 6621 *Caliŋa PAN ear 1973 *Caliŋa nu kaSiw PAN wood ear, semicircular edible fungus which grows on tree trunks 1975 *CaliS PAN rope, cord, twine, string 1959 *CaluN PAN fallow land; secondary forest 1977 *CaNem PAN grave; to bury 7437 *CaNem-en PAN what is buried or planted 7451 *CaNum PAN carry water 7454 *Caŋelaj PAN elephant grass, miscanthus grass: Themeda gigantea 10710 *Caŋila PAN ear 2037 *Caŋis PAN weep, cry; mourn; to beseech 2039 *Caŋis-an PAN to cry over something or someone 7774 *Capa PAN to smoke fish or meat for preservation 1981 *Capaŋ PAN a patch, as on clothing 1988 *Capel PAN a patch; to patch 1990 *Capuh PAN sweep 6562 *Caqi PAN feces, excrement 2004 *CaqiS PAN to sew 1997 *CaqiS-an PAN place of sewing 2000 *Caqu PAN to know how, be able to, be skilled at 7838 *Caqu-an PAN (gloss uncertain) 7843 *CaSaw PAN open-air; outdoors 2011 *Cau PAN person, human being 2014 *Cau Cau PAN (gloss uncertain) 2021 *Cau nu maCa PAN pupil of the eye (‘person of the eye’) 8614 *Cawa PAN to laugh 2023 *CawiN PAN year 6564 *Cazem PAN sharp (of point or blade) 2032 *Cebak PAN smack against 2048 *Cebej PAN spring of water, spring water 12122 *Cebiq PAN split, divide, break off 6538 *Cebuj PAN natural spring, fresh water spring 2050 *Cebuk PAN thud 2052 *CebuN PAN smoke 6637 *Cebuŋ PAN to meet, come together 7116 *CebuS PAN sugarcane: Saccharum officinarum 2054 *CegCeg PAN beat, pound, hit 2056 *CegCeg PAN to beat, pound on 5459 *CekCek PAN pierce, penetrate 2059 *Ceked PAN to rest, take a break from work or other activity 11688 *CekeS PAN kind of very slender bamboo 6622 *Celaq PAN crack, split, fissure 2063 *CelCel PAN beat, pound 2065 *Ceme-Cemel PAN uncultivated land 6566 *Cemel PAN grass, herbs; medicine 6565 *Cenek PAN thorn 2069 *CeRab PAN a belch 2072 *Cesek PAN insert, pierce, penetrate 2077 *Cidu PAN spoon, ladle, dipper 2083 *Cikel PAN return, go back 2088 *C<in>akaw PAN what is stolen, stolen goods; was stolen (past tense of direct passive) 1948 *C<in>aliS PAN was made into rope; what was made into rope 1965 *C<in>apa PAN smoked fish or meat 1986 *C<in>aqi PAN small intestine 2006 *C<in>aqiS PAN work produced by sewing or stitching 2003 *C<in>uNuh PAN be roasted (by someone) 2125 *CiŋaS PAN food particles caught between the teeth 2098 *Ciqaw PAN fish sp. 2094 *-Cu PAN 2pl deixis and spatio-temporal reference: that; there, then 2168 *Cubuq PAN plant sprout 2106 *CugCug₁ PAN hit something against something else 2113 *CugCug₂ PAN knock or bump the head 7931 *Cukul PAN huddle, bow the head 5706 *Culi PAN deaf 6917 *C<um>abu PAN to wrap 6636 *C<um>aki PAN defecate 1957 *C<um>aliS PAN to tie with rope, fasten with rope 1967 *C<um>aŋis PAN to weep, cry, mourn 7773 *C<um>apu PAN to sweep 9609 *C<um>aqi PAN to defecate 2008 *C<um>aqiS PAN to sew 2002 *Cumay PAN Formosan black bear 6567 *Cumek PAN pulverize; crumble 2118 *CumeS PAN clothes louse; body louse 2119 *C<um>ubuq PAN to sprout, to grow 2108 *C<um>ugCug PAN knock or bump the head 7933 *C<um>uNuh PAN to roast (intr.) 2127 *C<um>uSuR PAN to string beads, etc. 2153 *CuNuh PAN roast food over a fire 2122 *CuNuh-an PAN to roast 2129 *CuŋCuŋ PAN make a booming sound 10559 *CuqelaN PAN condylar bone; bone of fauna exclusive of fish 2143 *CuquR PAN a tree: Bischofia javanica 12726 *Curis PAN scratch a line 2146 *CuSuR PAN string together, as beads 2149 *CuSuR-en PAN be strung, be skewered 2152 *Cuzuq PAN index finger 10560 *da PAN locative case marker (probably for plural personal names; cf. *di, *du) 8797 *da-amax PAN father 135 *dadaN PAN old, of things; ancient times 7018 *da-duSa PAN two, of people 7877 *dajam PAN accustomed to, tame 2181 *dajem PAN chills, as of malaria 2183 *dakep PAN catch, seize; embrace 7077 *dakep-en PAN be caught, captured 7080 *dakeS PAN a tree: the camphor laurel: Cinnamomum spp. 6682 *daki PAN dirt on skin; dandruff 6611 *dakiS PAN climb, ascend 6612 *dakuC PAN snatch, grab 2186 *dalayap PAN kind of citrus tree and fruit 6856 *dalem PAN in, inside; deep 7088 *damaR₁ PAN tree resin used in torches (?) 8079 *damuq₁ PAN menstrual blood? 6723 *damuq₂ PAN dew 12776 *danaw PAN lake 7109 *danum-an PAN (gloss uncertain) 7463 *daNi PAN soon, presently; almost 12187 *daNum PAN fresh water 7456 *daŋdaŋ₁ PAN broil; warm oneself or something near a fire 6963 *daŋdaŋ-an PAN place something near a fire 6969 *dapa PAN palm of the hand 2210 *dapaN PAN sole of the foot; footprint 6704 *dapuR₂ PAN pile up, as stones 12082 *daqaN PAN old, ancient 7020 *daqaNi PAN day 2197 *daqiS PAN forehead; face 6464 *daqu₂ PAN soapberry: Sapindus mukrossi, S. saponaria 6568 *daRa₁ PAN Formosan maple: Liquidambar formosana 6569 *daRaq PAN blood; to bleed; menstruate 7205 *daReq PAN soil, probably clay 2200 *daRiŋ PAN groan, moan 2202 *daRiq PAN soil, probably clay 8900 *daSdaS PAN chest (anat.) 2203 *dataR PAN flat, flat or level land 7564 *dawiN PAN far 6634 *daya PAN upriver, toward the interior 7210 *debdeb PAN chest 2216 *dekdek₂ PAN to tamp down, compact something 12798 *dekeC PAN paste, adhesive (probably made of overcooked rice) 8087 *dekep PAN embrace 2222 *dekiŋ PAN to bark, of a deer 2223 *deles PAN bowstring 2226 *demdem₁ PAN brood, hold a grudge, remember, keep still 2227 *demdem₂ PAN gloom, darkness; dark, overcast, gloomy 7567 *deŋdeŋ₂ PAN thunder; roaring or thunderous sound 12084 *deŋeR PAN to hear; sound 8248 *depah PAN fathom 7748 *depuŋ PAN venomous snake 2230 *deruŋ PAN deep booming sound 2237 *deRdeR PAN thunder 2232 *deRuŋ₁ PAN distant rolling thunder 2238 *detdet PAN packed tightly together 7329 *di PAN locative case marker (probably for singular personal names; cf. * *dikeC PAN sticky, adhesive 2248 *dikit PAN little, few, small in amount 2249 *dilaq₁ PAN to lick 7129 *di-ni PAN here 3678 *diNaŋ PAN rust; hematite 7117 *diRi PAN to stand 7383 *diRus PAN bathe 7330 *disdis PAN cut, slice 2256 *diteq PAN sticky substance 2258 *dua PAN over there, yonder 7323 *du-duSa PAN (gloss uncertain) 7879 *duhduh PAN thunder 2269 *dukduk₁ PAN ginger 6708 *dukduk₄ PAN to thrust into a hole, as a stick to catch a crab 12793 *du(ŋ)kuŋ PAN bend, curve 2284 *duma PAN someone; other people; be different 7685 *d<um>akep PAN to catch, capture; embrace 7079 *d<um>akiS PAN climb, ascend 6613 *d<um>ilaq PAN to lick 7131 *duRi PAN thorn 6825 *duSa PAN two 7874 *duSa duSa PAN two by two, two at a time; two each 7909 *duSa-en PAN be divided into two 7906 *edem₂ PAN soak, dye 2298 *-en PAN verbal suffix marking patient or undergoer voice; nominal suffix marking product of an action or thing affected by an action 2381 *enem PAN six 2361 *esa PAN one 2406 *gaCel PAN itch, feel itchy 7150 *garaŋ₁ PAN fierce, intense, as of appetite or temper 8842 *garuC PAN comb 8580 *gaRaŋ PAN small edible freshwater crab 3069 *gayaŋ PAN hunting spear 7611 *geCel PAN to pinch 9002 *gemel PAN take in the hand, clasp, grasp 2489 *gemgem PAN fist; hold in the fist 7612 *gereC PAN slit an animal's throat 2500 *gerger₁ PAN shake, shiver, tremble 2501 *geriC PAN sound of ripping, gnawing, etc. 2503 *getil PAN to pinch 9004 *giŋgiŋ PAN cold, shivering 8237 *giRiŋ PAN ringing sound 2519 *gisgis₁ PAN rub, scrape against 2520 *guCguC₁ PAN pluck, pull out 2523 *guCguC₂ PAN to scratch, as an itch 12717 *guŋguŋ PAN deep resounding sound 2537 *g<um>aruC PAN to comb 8583 *gumuN PAN body hair 8876 *gurgur₁ PAN sound of boiling water 2526 *guris PAN line; scratch a line 8265 *guRiCa PAN octopus 7148 *gusgus PAN to scrape, scratch, rub 2531 *gusi PAN gums 2532 *guSam PAN a fungal disease of the oral tract: thrush 7489 *gutgut₁ PAN front teeth, incisors 2524 *haŋut PAN smell, odor 2633 *hesek₂ PAN drive in stakes or posts 12244 *hisep PAN suck, inhale 2705 *hukaq PAN loosen, open 2730 *hulhul₁ PAN to bark, of a dog 7237 *huRaC PAN artery, blood vessel, blood vein; muscle; nerve; sinew; tendon 5840 *i aCas PAN above, on top 28 *i babaw PAN above, on top of 430 *-i₁ PAN imperative suffix 3033 *i₁ PAN exclamation of wonder, disgust, etc. 3029 *i₂ PAN generic marker of location in space or time 3030 *i₃ PAN personal article 3031 *ia₁ PAN 3sg. personal pronoun: he, she; him, her, it 2785 *i-aku PAN 1sg., I, me 11661 *i-amen PAN 1pl.ex oblique 12091 *i-ami PAN 1pl. excl. nominative, we 9703 *ian₂ PAN dwell, reside, live in a place 2775 *ia-ni PAN this; here 3680 *ibaS PAN companion, close relative, other one 2792 *i-Cu PAN that (2p) 2172 *idas₁ PAN affine of Ego's generation 2814 *ijan PAN when? 2827 *i-kaSu PAN 2sg., you 9766 *ikuD PAN to follow 2839 *ikud PAN to sit 10690 *ikuR PAN tail 2840 *iluR₂ PAN river channel 2865 *ima PAN who? 6624 *imah PAN drink 12644 *<in> PAN perfective marker 2934 *ina PAN mother, mother's sister 2887 *in-alap PAN that which has been taken; was taken by 104 *iná-q PAN mother, mother's sister (address, vocative) 2896 *i-ni PAN this, here 3679 *ini PAN negative marker: no, not 6638 *inu PAN where? 2930 *i-nu PAN place which is unknown or cannot be remembered: where? 3700 *iŋ(e)pis PAN thin (of material objects) 5341 *iŋsuŋ PAN wooden rice mortar 3060 *ipit PAN near, come near; edge, border 2941 *iRik PAN thresh with the feet (as rice) 2956 *isa isa PAN distributive; one-by-one, one at a time 2969 *isa₁ PAN one 2965 *isa-ŋa PAN the remaining one 2968 *isi₅ PAN flesh (of humans, animals, fruits, tubers); contents; blade of a knife; inhabitants, residents 2985 *iSeq PAN urine, urinate 2978 *iSiq PAN urine, urinate 2980 *iSu PAN 2sg. personal pronoun: you 2999 *ita₁ PAN we (incl.) 3004 *iten PAN 1p plural absolute possessive pronoun: ours (incl.) 3008 *iten₃ PAN we (incl.) 7699 *i-ti PAN 1p deixis and spatial reference: this; here 5635 *iuk PAN citrus fruit (both orange and pomelo?) 7372 *ka- -an₁ PAN marker of the adversative passive 9736 *ka- -an₂ PAN formative for nouns of location 9737 *ka- -an₃ PAN formative for abstract nouns (often deverbal) 9738 *ka-₁ PAN marker of past time in temporal expressions 3145 *ka₁ PAN conjunctive particle, and 3146 *ka₂ PAN conditional, if 3147 *ka-₂ PAN stative marker in irrealis constructions, counterpart to *ka₃ PAN oblique case marker for plural personal names 8800 *ka-₅ PAN formative for abstract nouns of quality 9730 *ka-aCay PAN kill (?) 35 *ka-aCay-an PAN lose someone through death (?) 36 *ka-bajaq PAN know, understand 6441 *kabal₁ PAN clothing 9746 *kabaR PAN clothing 9748 *kabit₁ PAN hook 7239 *kabus₂ PAN shrimp, lobster 9756 *ka-CaSaw-an PAN (gloss uncertain) 2013 *ka-Cau-an PAN (gloss uncertain) 2016 *kaCu PAN bring, carry 3067 *ka-dataR-an PAN plain, region of level land 7566 *kaen PAN eat 8008 *kaen-an PAN place where one eats; food 8030 *kaen-ay PAN will eat 8032 *kaen-en PAN be eaten by someone; cooked rice 8033 *kaen-i PAN eat it! 8036 *kahuS PAN scoop up 6571 *kahut PAN to take in one’s hand; handful 12794 *kaija PAN when? (in the past) 9787 *kak PAN sound of a cackle, loud laugh, etc. 3073 *kaka₂ PAN elder sibling 9742 *kakaCu PAN spider 6570 *ka-kaen-an PAN place where one eats 8023 *ka-kaen-en PAN edible things, food 8024 *kakak PAN caw, cackle 8921 *ka-kalih PAN digging stick 7705 *kaŋkaŋ₂ PAN resounding sound 9079 *k-aku PAN 1sg oblique: to me, for me 92 *ka-kuRi PAN a rake 6581 *kalaw₁ PAN bird sp. 3080 *kalaw₂ PAN eyebrow 12777 *kali- PAN prefix for words with a sensitive reference to the spirit world (cf. *kali₁ PAN canal, ditch 3084 *kalih PAN a hole in the ground; to dig up, excavate, as tubers 7702 *kaluŋkuŋ PAN deep resounding sound 10101 *kamay PAN hand 3090 *kamaya PAN plant sp.: Diospyros discolor 3089 *k-ami PAN 1pl. excl. nominative pronoun, we (exclusive) 9705 *k-amu PAN 2pl. nominative, you all 9709 *kamu-yu PAN 2pl. nominative, you all 9712 *ka-nu₁ PAN interrogative; probably 'when?' 3701 *kaNasay PAN a fish: the mullet 3101 *kaNawaS PAN a small tree bearing round, green fruit: Ehretia spp. 12683 *k<aN>uSkuS PAN claw, talon, fingernail 7274 *ka-pajay-an PAN (gloss uncertain) 7676 *ka-piliq-an PAN (gloss uncertain) 8123 *kapit PAN fasten together by sewing or tying 8920 *ka-pitu-an PAN seventh month (?) 8325 *kapkap PAN feel in the dark, grope 3111 *kapua PAN silk cotton, kapok 7306 *ka-qudip-an PAN livelihood 4639 *karkar PAN scratch up the earth, as a fowl 3120 *karus PAN to scratch, scrape 9829 *k<ar>uSkuS PAN scrape, scratch something from a surface 3302 *karut₁ PAN scrape, rasp 3124 *ka-Rabi-an PAN (gloss uncertain) 7376 *kaRaC PAN to bite 7712 *kaRaC-i PAN bite (imperative) 7716 *kaRaw₁ PAN to scratch an itch 7723 *kaRi₁ PAN word, speech, language 9794 *kaRus PAN scrape 3123 *kaS(e)pal PAN thick, of solid objects 3130 *kaSi-kaSiw PAN wooded, having lots of trees 7808 *kaSiw PAN wood; tree 7794 *kaSiw-en PAN (gloss uncertain) 7806 *kaSkaS PAN scratch up the soil, as a chicken looking for food 6614 *kaSu PAN 2sg., you 9764 *ka-tanem-an PAN area that is planted(?) 7447 *katawa PAN castor bean: Ricinus communis L. 10249 *ka-telu PAN (gloss uncertain) 8420 *kati₁ PAN exhortation to call a person or animal 7731 *katkat₂ PAN come undone, of stitches 9799 *kauS PAN scoop up, as with a fish net 11654 *ka-wanaN PAN right (side, hand, direction) 9475 *kawaS₁ PAN year, season; sky, heaven 6573 *kawaS₂ PAN talk, talk about, discuss 7255 *kaway₃ PAN net bag used by men for carrying things on back 7118 *kawayan PAN bamboo, Bambusa spp., probably Bambusa spinosa 9776 *kawil₁ PAN fishhook 7240 *ka-wiRi PAN left side or direction 5999 *kawit PAN hook 7243 *kawkaw₁ PAN sickle for harvesting grain 7119 *ka-zalan-an PAN improvised trail, trail made by passing through? 7593 *kebkeb₂ PAN to lie prone, face down 12873 *kedi PAN small in size or amount 3158 *kedip PAN to blink 3156 *keŋkeŋ₁ PAN hollow, resounding sound 3203 *kelem PAN dark, overcast, visually obscure 8717 *kelip PAN to blink 3167 *kemkem₂ PAN bite down hard 10079 *keNa PAN be ensnared, caught in a trap; suffer, undergo, be struck by something; be entrapped or deceived; hit the mark, be ‘on target’, correct, right, true 3173 *kepit PAN press together; pressed together 9180 *keret PAN to sever, cut off 10116 *keriq PAN chattering, crying of monkeys 3184 *keRan₁ PAN scab on a wound 8883 *keRaŋ₂ PAN scab, crust on a wound 3182 *keRaŋ₃ PAN dry 8884 *keRet PAN cut something slender or soft; reap crops 7120 *keRet-en PAN be cut 7122 *keRiw PAN hemp plant; hemp 6574 *keRkeR PAN shake, tremble 3186 *keRuŋ PAN resounding sound 3190 *keseR PAN strength, vigor, force 11019 *keskes₁ PAN scratch, scrape 3192 *ketil PAN pinch off 3196 *ketun PAN cut, sever 6639 *kezem PAN close the eyes 3199 *kezuC PAN to jerk suddenly, jump when startled 9977 *ki- PAN prefixed to a noun means ‘to get, obtain, collect, gather’ (noun) 8785 *ki₂ PAN oblique case marker for personal nouns 8787 *kiaw PAN puling sound of a bird 3214 *kiCiŋ PAN body part 3215 *ki-CuNuh PAN (gloss uncertain) 2131 *kidiq PAN to tickle 3217 *kiŋkiŋ₁ PAN ringing sound 3248 *kikuR PAN tail 8891 *kilala PAN to know (a person), recognize, be acquainted with; to feel, perceive 8773 *kiluŋ PAN curved; bay 3229 *k<in>a-Cau-an PAN nature, character 2018 *k<in>aCu PAN was brought; what was brought 6605 *k<in>aen PAN was eaten; what was eaten 8025 *k<in>aen-an PAN what was eaten; food 8031 *k<in>alih-an PAN place that has been dug up 7709 *k<in>aRaC-an PAN the bite of an animal 7722 *k<in>uja PAN what has been said/done (to cause someone to react)? 7469 *kiŋeR PAN to hear 10059 *kipit PAN narrow; pinch between tongs, etc. 9932 *kiRim PAN seek, search, look for 6575 *kiRim-en PAN be looked for 6578 *kiRkiR PAN rasp, file 6705 *kiRus PAN scrape 3239 *kiskis PAN to shave, scrape off 9836 *kiSkiS PAN scrape off 3240 *kita PAN we (incl.) 7701 *k-ita PAN we (incl.) 11768 *kita₂ PAN to see 8527 *kita-en PAN be seen by someone (?) 8533 *ki-tunuh PAN (gloss uncertain) 2132 *kiwkiw PAN to wave, wag (tail); to stir (people) up 9802 *-ku PAN 1sg genitive (marker of non-subject agency and possession; my; by me) 8769 *ku PAN oblique of common nouns (cf. *ki, *ka) 8801 *kuan₁ PAN hamlet; kin-based residential unit 3257 *kuaw PAN kind of bird and the sound of its call 3258 *kuCkuC PAN roll up, curl up tightly 7295 *kuCux PAN head louse 7640 *kudem PAN darkened by clouds, overcast 3259 *kuden PAN clay cooking pot 6510 *kudeŋ PAN clay cooking pot 9249 *kudis PAN scurfy skin disease; scabies 3260 *kudkud PAN hoof, lower leg of an ungulate 3262 *kuja PAN how?, how is it? what is the matter? 7467 *kukuŋ₁ PAN small bird that produces a deep resounding call 9183 *kuŋkuŋ₁ PAN deep resounding sound; slit-gong, hollowed tree trunk used to send messages 9184 *kulaC PAN bracket fungus, Polyporus spp. 8465 *kulay₁ PAN worm, insect 6641 *kuliC PAN rind, peeling of fruits or tubers 7213 *k<um>aCu PAN to bring, to carry along 6606 *k<um>aen PAN to eat 8027 *k<um>ahuS PAN scoop up 6572 *k<um>ali PAN to dig up, excavate, as tubers 7708 *k<um>aRaC PAN to bite 7720 *k<um>aRaw PAN to scratch an itch 7724 *k<um>aSiw PAN (gloss uncertain) 7802 *k<um>auS PAN to scoop up, as with a fish net 11655 *k<um>eRet PAN cut something slender 7121 *kumeS PAN pubic hair 9845 *k<um>etun PAN chop up, as firewood 8245 *k<um>iRim PAN to seek, search, look for 6577 *kumiS PAN pubic hair 8002 *k<um>ita PAN to see 8532 *k<um>uCu PAN to delouse 7649 *k<um>uja PAN (gloss uncertain) 7470 *k<um>uRi PAN to rake 6582 *k<um>uSkuS PAN to scrape 7268 *kuNkuN PAN Formosan hill partridge 6579 *ku(ŋ)kuŋ PAN deep resonant sound; name of a bird with deep resonant cry 3322 *kupit PAN press together, close tightly 3280 *kurap PAN ringworm 9778 *kuris₁ PAN scurfy skin disease; scabies 3290 *kurkur PAN dig in the soil 10020 *kuRi PAN rake 6580 *kuSa PAN work 3299 *kuSkuS₁ PAN claw, talon, fingernail 7272 *kuSkuS₂ PAN scrape 3301 *kuti PAN vulva, vagina 7453 *kutkut₂ PAN scrape off 9850 *kuya₁ PAN bad, defective 6642 *labaw₁ PAN rat 8172 *labeR₂ PAN roam freely, of domesticated animals that are untethered 11771 *labiq PAN excess, surplus 8759 *laCeŋ PAN stinging nettle: Laportea spp. 7166 *lahud PAN downstream, toward the sea 7039 *lahuN PAN steam, vapor 8156 *lajam PAN familiar with, accustomed to 7492 *lakat₂ PAN walk, take a step 11755 *lakup PAN cover, wrapping 7872 *lalay PAN cicada 11727 *la-lima PAN five (in counting people) 7390 *lama₂ PAN old, former 3343 *lamlam₁ PAN impetuous 3347 *laŋaw PAN housefly 7573 *laŋaw-en PAN infested with flies, covered with flies 7576 *laŋ(e)si PAN unpleasant odor 3395 *laŋiC PAN sky 7528 *laŋu PAN vertigo 3393 *lapaq PAN to cut up, butcher, slaughter an animal 11425 *lapis PAN flying squirrel 6643 *laplap PAN loose (as of clothing) 3356 *lapus PAN untie (a knot), undress, remove clothes 12739 *laRaŋ PAN to forbid 3360 *laRiw PAN run, run away, flee, escape 3361 *lasuq₁ PAN hot; blistered by heat 11527 *la(n)tuk PAN curved, bowed 3390 *lawa₁ PAN wide 3373 *lawaq₂ PAN spider; spiderweb 8177 *lawaR PAN flying squirrel 6583 *lawas₁ PAN wide, broad 3371 *lawas₃ PAN internode of bamboo; section of something 11643 *laway PAN thread, yarn 11785 *layap PAN to fly 3378 *layaR PAN sail 7409 *layu PAN wither, wilt 7111 *lebeŋ₁ PAN to bury 7171 *lebleb₁ PAN foggy, misty, overcast, gloomy, of weather preceding rain 7256 *lecik PAN fly off, of solid bits or water droplets 3404 *ledep PAN to dive, swim under water 11645 *ledled PAN to rub the eyes 11647 *lekab PAN open, uncover 3452 *lekuq₁ PAN bend; bending part, joint 10897 *lemek₁ PAN soft 3412 *lemlem PAN dark, of weather; overcast 3418 *lepaw₁ PAN hut 3423 *lezep PAN submerge, disappear under water 3438 *lidam PAN tongue 11663 *liduŋ PAN shelter, cover, protection; shade 9153 *likaC PAN lightning 7276 *likaw PAN curve, bend, winding 7531 *likeS PAN mosquito 6584 *likud PAN back 7535 *likud-an PAN back area, place at the back? 7539 *liku-likud PAN (gloss uncertain) 7540 *liku-likud-an PAN (gloss uncertain) 7541 *lima PAN five 7384 *linuR PAN earthquake 3472 *liNuŋ PAN calm, tranquil, of the surface of water 3475 *liŋaw₁ PAN shadow 3486 *lipas PAN to pass, pass by 11541 *lipen PAN tooth 7105 *lipet PAN to fold, fold over 9031 *lipuC PAN disappear behind something that envelops or blocks the view 11546 *liqeR PAN neck 7356 *liseqeS PAN nit, egg of a hair louse 7817 *litlit PAN wind around, bind by winding around 11460 *liuS PAN circumambulate, circumvent 3481 *lubaŋ₁ PAN burial pit 7311 *lubuk₃ PAN bag, sack 12818 *luCuŋ PAN the Formosan rock monkey: Macaca cyclopis 6845 *ludaq PAN saliva 11788 *luem PAN ripe 3531 *lukeNaw PAN Formosan clouded leopard 6585 *lukuC PAN parasitic plant sp. 3518 *luluj PAN shin 7542 *luluN PAN to roll up, as a mat 7543 *l<um>edep PAN to dive, swim under water 11646 *l<um>ubaŋ PAN to bury, place in a pit or hole 7314 *l<um>udaq PAN to spit 11782 *luNuŋ PAN cloud 11953 *lupas₁ PAN peach 7229 *lupaS PAN spit, spit out 3533 *luSeq PAN tears 7667 *lutay PAN weak, exhausted 11589 *lutuk₁ PAN the Formosan hare: Lepus sinensis formosus 6586 *ma-₁ PAN stative prefix 8752 *ma-₂ PAN future prefix 8753 *ma-aCay PAN die; dead; eclipse of sun or moon 37 *ma-ala PAN be fetched, be taken 7786 *ma-alap PAN be taken 99 *ma-anak PAN (gloss uncertain) 192 *ma-bajaq PAN know, understand 6442 *ma-bali₁ PAN windy 6556 *ma-bañaw PAN wash the body 757 *ma-baSaw PAN cooled off, as cooked food that has been left to sit too long 7068 *ma-belaq PAN be split, in two 882 *ma-besuR PAN satiated, full from eating 1016 *ma-b<in>ahi PAN female, woman 11824 *ma-buCa PAN blind 1389 *ma-bunuR PAN to swell; swollen 7294 *ma-buRaw PAN driven away, chased off 1741 *ma-buSuk PAN drunk, intoxicated 1788 *maCa PAN eye, focal point, center or most prominent part 8601 *ma-Cakaw PAN to steal 1940 *ma-Caŋis PAN tearful, crying easily 2041 *ma-Caqu PAN to be capable, able, knowledgeable 7841 *ma-Cawa PAN to laugh 2028 *ma-CuNuh PAN roasted 2133 *ma-dajam PAN accustomed to, tame 2182 *ma-dajem PAN chills, as of malaria 2184 *ma-dalem PAN deep 7092 *ma-dalis PAN smooth, slippery 2192 *ma-daRaq PAN bloody, bleeding; to menstruate 7207 *ma-demdem PAN dark, overcast, gloomy 7569 *ma-hemis PAN sweet 2648 *ma-kaen PAN will eat (?) 8010 *maka-enem PAN six times (frequentative multiplicative) 2366 *maka-lima PAN five times 7391 *maka-pija PAN (for) how many days? 8052 *maka-pitu PAN (gloss uncertain) 8314 *ma-kaRaC PAN to be bitten 7718 *maka-Sepat PAN four times 5170 *maka-walu PAN eight times (frequentative, multiplicative) 5947 *ma-keseR PAN strong, vigorous, energetic, forceful 11020 *ma-kiRim PAN found? 6576 *ma-kuCu PAN (gloss uncertain) 7642 *ma-kuja PAN what are you doing? what’s happening? 7471 *ma-kuliC PAN skinny, thin, underweight 9145 *ma-laŋu PAN dizzy, drunk 3394 *ma-laRiw PAN run, run away, flee 3362 *ma-lebleb PAN foggy, misty, overcast, gloomy, of weather preceding rain 7265 *ma-lima-N PAN fifty 7401 *maliqi PAN pregnant 3563 *ma-litlit PAN be or become wound around something 11461 *mamah PAN father’s brother 8745 *ma-najam PAN accustomed to, familiar with; tame 3642 *manu PAN interrogative marker: which? 3571 *manuk PAN chicken 6948 *maNaŋ PAN sharp 7296 *ma-Nipis PAN thin (of materials) 8673 *ma-Niwaŋ PAN thin, of persons and animals 7051 *ma-Nuka PAN wounded 3708 *ma-ŋilu PAN painful, as of teeth on edge from eating something very sour 7505 *ma-paqiC PAN bitter 6874 *ma-piliq PAN (gloss uncertain) 8116 *ma-piNay PAN lame, crippled 10863 *ma-pizpiz PAN closely spaced, set close together 7415 *ma-pukaw PAN dim, of vision 7525 *ma-puNi PAN white 6685 *ma-puSaN PAN twenty 6647 *ma-qaCi PAN ebb, of water in streams; low tide 4144 *ma-qajaw PAN sunny, hot 4150 *ma-qataq PAN raw, unripe 4341 *maqaw PAN a plant: Litsea cubeba (Lour.) 6587 *ma-qetaq PAN raw, unripe, green (fruit), uncooked 4488 *ma-qudem PAN dark, cloudy 12890 *ma-quSaw PAN thirsty 4750 *ma-quzaN PAN rainy 4783 *maR-amax PAN to be father and child 136 *maR-buaq PAN bear fruit 1336 *maRe-anak PAN parent and child 199 *maR-ina PAN to be mother and child 2898 *maR-luSeq PAN to shed tears, weep 7669 *maR-qani PAN harvest; to harvest 4227 *maS PAN and 3572 *ma-Sasak PAN ripe; cooked 5066 *ma-SateD PAN escort, accompany 5079 *ma-Sepat PAN (gloss uncertain) 5168 *ma-SeReC PAN tight, firm 8210 *ma-Seyaq PAN shy, embarrassed; ashamed 5205 *ma-Sikad PAN ashamed; shy; modest 7263 *ma-Suab PAN to yawn, yawning 5361 *ma-Suaw PAN to yawn 6695 *ma-Sulem PAN dim, dark 5392 *mata nu qalejaw PAN sun (‘eye of the day’) 8628 *ma-takut PAN fearful, afraid 7427 *ma-talaw PAN fearful, cowardly 7421 *ma-taŋa PAN will open? 6711 *-matek PAN jungle leech, Haemadipsa spp. 6861 *ma-telu PAN (gloss uncertain) 8424 *ma-tuduR PAN to sleep 8360 *ma-tunuh PAN roasted 2134 *ma-tuqaS PAN old, of people 11752 *ma-tuqaS tuqaS PAN old, elder, senior 8514 *ma-ulaw PAN dazed, confused 5765 *-meCaq PAN paddy leech 10103 *-medaw PAN dizzy, giddy 11715 *mesmes PAN grasp, grip, squeeze 3584 *metmet PAN to hold tightly 12729 *mi- PAN prefix marking possession of some object 10846 *mi-da-duSa PAN do something with someone else, perform an action together 7892 *m<in>aCa PAN open-eyed (?) 8606 *m<in>aCay PAN burial ground (?) 64 *mu- PAN movement prefix 8789 *mudaq PAN young (of fruits); immature 12796 *mujiŋ PAN face (human) 7282 *mujiŋ-an PAN (gloss uncertain) 7283 *mula PAN to plant 3630 *mulmul PAN hold in the mouth and suck 3631 *mumu PAN Formosan blind mole: Talpa micrura insularis (Swinhoe) 7187 *muRmuR PAN gargle, rinse the mouth 3635 *-na PAN distal spatio-temporal deixis: that, there; then 3655 *na₂ PAN linker marking emphatic attribution 3654 *na₃ PAN genitive of plural personal names 8693 *najam PAN accustomed to, familiar with; tame 3641 *n-ami PAN 1pl. excl. genitive, our 9707 *n-amu PAN 2pl. genitive, your, by you 9711 *na-nu PAN what(?) 3703 *naNaq PAN pus 7221 *naRa PAN to wait 72 *nasuk PAN cook by boiling 3650 *nay PAN deictic particle: this 6644 *nema PAN what thing? 7324 *nemnem PAN think 3662 *-ni PAN proximal spatio-temporal deixis: this, here; now 3677 *ni PAN genitive case marker for singular personal names and pronouns; marker of possession, part-to-whole relationships, and agency of a non-actor voice verb 8781 *ni-a PAN 3sg. agent/possessor 385 *ni-ia PAN 3sg. genitive, his, her 12619 *ni-ima PAN whose? 8840 *nimas PAN bailer in a canoe 8539 *nipen PAN tooth 7136 *n-ita PAN 1st pers. incl. genitive; our 7698 *nu- PAN future marker with words for days 11638 *-nu₁ PAN marker of uncertainty 3687 *nu₁ PAN if, when (in future) 3715 *-nu₂ PAN 2sg possessor and non-subject agent 8790 *nu₃ PAN genitive case marker for common nouns (cf. *na, *ni) 8802 *nuka PAN to make hemp yarn 12666 *numa PAN how? 12730 *nunuh PAN female breast 7789 *Na₁ PAN conjunction: and 3652 *Na₂ PAN already 8754 *Nabek PAN breakers, surf, waves 3639 *NaCeŋ PAN vegetables 7284 *Nali PAN cicada 3644 *Namat PAN iron (metal) 7307 *Naŋuy PAN to swim 8380 *Naqeji PAN boundary between adjacent rice fields 7230 *Nasu PAN cook by boiling 8110 *NataD PAN outside 7286 *Nayad PAN a plant: Sambucus formosana 12731 *Neŋ PAN look, see 3666 *NeŋNeŋ PAN stare, look fixedly 3664 *Nibu PAN lair, den of an animal 6588 *Nihib PAN rock shelter, cave under a rock 7123 *Nipis PAN thinness (of materials) 8860 *NiSawa PAN breath; to breathe 7967 *Nitaq PAN type of soil, clay 12782 *Niteq PAN sap of a tree or plant 3674 *Niwaŋ PAN thinness, slenderness 7050 *Nuka PAN wound 3707 *N<um>aŋuy PAN to swim 8382 *NuqeS PAN bone marrow 7124 *Nusuŋ PAN rice mortar 3539 *Nutud PAN join two things to give added length (rope, bamboo, etc.) 7188 *ñamñam PAN tasty, delicious (?) 6044 *ñamuR PAN dew 6885 *ñawñaw PAN rinse, wash 6049 *ŋabŋab PAN bite off the surface of something 6040 *ŋajan PAN name 7493 *ŋajay PAN saliva, drivel 10991 *ŋalŋal PAN to chew, masticate 8764 *ŋaŋa₂ PAN open the mouth 7984 *ŋawŋaw PAN sound produced by an animal; unintelligible muttering of a person 8594 *ŋayaw PAN headhunting 6526 *ŋeCŋeC PAN gnash the teeth 8147 *ŋerŋer PAN growl 8546 *ŋesŋes PAN to pant, be out of breath 8555 *ŋetŋet PAN gnaw, nibble 8556 *ŋiCŋiC PAN show annoyance or irritation 8595 *ŋidaw PAN toothless 8564 *ŋilu PAN painful sensation in teeth, as from eating something sour 7503 *ŋipen PAN tooth 7138 *ŋiSŋiS PAN beard 6683 *ŋitŋit₁ PAN gnaw 6070 *ŋusŋus PAN to snore, growl, grunt 8598 *ŋusuq PAN nasal area; snout 7553 *ŋuSuN PAN nosebleed 6589 *ŋuSuR PAN nasal mucus 6674 *pa₁ PAN still, yet, til now, first (before doing something else) 8812 *pa-₂ PAN causative prefix 9461 *pa-aCay PAN kill 55 *pa-aluja PAN to paddle 127 *pa-añud PAN set adrift 4416 *pa-bajaq PAN give knowledge, teach 6443 *pa-beRay PAN to give 961 *pacek PAN wooden nail, dowel; drive in, as a wooden nail or dowel 3733 *paCak PAN spotted, speckled, as the skin of an animal 3732 *pa-Caŋis PAN to make someone cry; to let someone cry 2044 *p-aCay-en PAN be killed 59 *pa-daNum PAN to irrigate 7460 *pa-dekeC PAN to stick or paste on 8091 *padeŋ PAN to extinguish, douse a fire 10860 *paen PAN bait 8565 *paheku PAN bracken, edible fern that grows by rivers: Athyrium esculentum 6706 *pa-hinzam PAN lend 2691 *pahpah PAN flower (?) 12802 *paid PAN fan 7140 *pajay PAN rice in the field; rice plant 7675 *pajiS PAN enemy 6625 *pa-ka- PAN causative of stative verbs 9463 *pa-kaCu PAN to send 6607 *paka-duSa PAN twice, do something twice 7893 *pa-kaen PAN to feed 8015 *pa-kaen-en PAN to feed, be fed 8016 *pa-ka-keseR PAN (gloss uncertain) 11021 *pa-kita PAN to show 8531 *pakpak₁ PAN to clap, flap the wings; sound of clapping or flapping 7507 *paleCuk PAN shoot, sound of shooting 3767 *pa-likaw PAN (gloss uncertain) 7532 *pa-likud PAN (gloss uncertain) 7536 *paliq₁ PAN an internal organ, probably spleen or pancreas 3772 *paliSi PAN taboo, ritual restriction; purifying rite 3774 *paliSi-an PAN taboo 12715 *paliSi-en PAN be tabooed (?) 3775 *pa-litlit PAN to make something wind around something else 11462 *palu₃ PAN to hammer, pound, hit 7422 *palu-palu PAN hammer, mallet, instrument for pounding or hammering 7424 *panaq PAN throw something at a target; shoot with bow and arrow 6474 *pa(n)tuk₂ PAN to knock, strike against 3911 *paNaw PAN go, walk away, depart 3802 *paNid PAN wing 8898 *paNij PAN wing 3807 *paNiŋ PAN door 7822 *paŋa₁ PAN fork of a branch; any forked structure; bifurcation 3894 *paŋaq PAN forked, pronged 3895 *paŋudaN PAN pandanus 3915 *pa-p-aCay PAN kill 60 *pa-pespes PAN to massage 10889 *pa-pija PAN how many? (of people) 8053 *pa-pitu PAN seven (of humans) 8316 *paqa₁ PAN thigh 7509 *paqeju PAN gall, gall bladder 11338 *pa-qetut PAN to fart, break wind 4502 *paqiC PAN hotness of taste, spiciness; bitterness 6871 *paqpaq₁ PAN chew 3829 *pa-qudip PAN care for, raise (an animal) 4641 *pa-qumah-an PAN (gloss uncertain) 4691 *pa-quzaN PAN (gloss uncertain) 4787 *pariuk PAN earthenware cooking pot 3864 *paR-₂ PAN divide into x (x = numeral) 3874 *paRa₁ PAN storage shelf; attic, loft 3845 *paRaw PAN hoarse 3841 *paR-enem-en PAN do six times 2370 *paR-isa-an PAN to unite, combine in one 2971 *paRiS PAN stingray 3859 *paR-Sepat-en PAN do four times 5177 *paR-walu-en PAN do eight times 5950 *pasaqaN PAN shoulder pole; carry with a shoulder pole 3875 *pasek PAN wooden nail, dowel; drive in, as a wooden nail, dowel, or fencepost 8184 *paspas₁ PAN beat out, thresh 3877 *pasu₁ PAN cheek bone 3878 *pasuk PAN enter 11213 *pa-susu PAN give the breast to, nurse a child 7629 *pa-susu-en PAN to nurse, give a child the breast (to be sucked) 7630 *pa-SateD PAN send (?) 5081 *pa-Sezam PAN lend 5224 *pat-a PAN four (in counting certain referents) 5186 *pataS PAN tattoo 6590 *pataS-an PAN an instrument for tattooing 11006 *pa-tumaNa PAN to make someone listen 7924 *pa-tuzuq PAN to point out, give directions (?) 8827 *pa-uSa PAN to send away 6656 *pa-utaq PAN cause to vomit 5869 *peceq₁ PAN break into several large pieces 7615 *peCik PAN snap, as the fingers or a slingshot 3919 *pedek PAN wink, blink 3920 *pedel PAN to wring out, as water from wet clothes 7257 *pedped₁ PAN press together, pack solid 3922 *pekpek₁ PAN beat, hit 3929 *pelus PAN slip off 3934 *peNuq PAN full, of a container 6986 *peñu PAN sea turtle 7000 *perus PAN slip or slide off 3938 *peReq PAN squeeze out juice, wring out water 7511 *peRes PAN squeeze out juice, extract liquid by squeezing 7513 *pespes PAN squeeze, massage 3941 *pespes-i PAN massage (imperative) 10891 *peSiq PAN squeeze out juice; squirt out 6626 *pi- PAN causative of location 10554 *piad PAN dish, plate 7147 *piak PAN baby chick; peeping of chick 10827 *pija pija PAN some, several 8056 *pijax PAN interrogative of quantity: how much?, how many?; adjective of indefinite quantity: some, several, a few 8047 *pijpij PAN close together 7414 *pikpik PAN sound of patting or tapping 3969 *piku PAN bend, curve 11916 *pikuq₁ PAN to bend, curve; bent, curved 7172 *piliq PAN to choose, to select; to pick out 8112 *piliq-i PAN choose it! 8129 *piluk₁ PAN crippled; bent or twisted, of the leg or foot 7250 *p<in>a-kaen PAN was fed by someone 8020 *p<in>anaq PAN shoot with a bow 6476 *pin-duSa PAN (gloss uncertain) 7897 *p<in>espes PAN was massaged by someone 10890 *piNay PAN lame, crippled 10862 *piŋi PAN cheek 4001 *pipi₂ PAN female genitalia (child’s word?) 8131 *pi-pitu PAN seven each 8318 *piRaS PAN roe, eggs of fish or crustacean 7518 *piRaS-an PAN be laden with roe, of a fish or crustacean 7521 *pisel PAN pinch, squeeze; knead 11012 *pispis₁ PAN hair on the temples 10913 *piSpiS PAN cheeks, temples 7516 *pitpit₂ PAN pinch, squeeze, press between two surfaces; pluck, pick off 9053 *pitpit₃ PAN to beat, whip 10917 *pitpit-en PAN be pinched, squeezed, or pressed 9054 *pitu pitu PAN seven by seven, seven at a time 8327 *pitu₁ PAN seven 8310 *piuk PAN dent, dimple 3998 *pu- PAN causative of motion 10555 *puCaq PAN foam, froth, lather 4013 *pu-Caqi PAN to defecate 10535 *pu-daNum PAN to water, irrigate 7462 *pudu PAN fruit of the betel pepper 11016 *puduN PAN ball of thread; spool 4019 *puja PAN navel, umbilical cord 6627 *pujek PAN navel, umbilical cord 6628 *pukaw PAN night-blindness, nyctalopia 7524 *puki PAN vulva, vagina 7143 *pukpuk PAN to hammer, pound, beat 8647 *pulu₁ PAN handle 4040 *puluC PAN a plant: Urena lobata 4039 *puluŋ PAN collection, gathering, assembly 11175 *puluq₁ PAN group of ten 6902 *p<um>anaq PAN shoot with a bow 6477 *p<um>ataS PAN to tattoo, make designs 11005 *p<um>ekpek PAN (gloss uncertain) 10894 *p<um>espes PAN to massage 7235 *p<um>iliq PAN to choose, select, pick out 8126 *puna-punay PAN greenish fruit dove 8658 *punay PAN greenish fruit dove 8656 *punuq₁ PAN brain, marrow 6645 *puNi PAN whiteness 6684 *pu-ŋajan PAN (gloss uncertain) 7500 *puŋuN PAN bunch, cluster (of grain, fruit, areca nuts, etc.) 4081 *puRuq PAN a bird, the quail 4058 *puSaN PAN twice 6646 *puteq PAN gummy secretion 4063 *punti₁ PAN banana 7783 *putput₁ PAN to pluck, pull out 8670 *putun₂ PAN to break off, cut off, as a limb 8266 *qa₁ PAN locative particle 4395 *qa₂ PAN interrogative particle 7526 *qabaŋ₁ PAN boat, canoe 4097 *qabaRa₁ PAN shoulder 4087 *qabaRa-an PAN shoulder (?) 4089 *qabaS PAN notch cut in a tree 4091 *qabu PAN ash, cinder, powder 4114 *qabu-an PAN place of ashes; hearth 4121 *qaCay PAN liver 4123 *qaCeb PAN deadfall trap to catch small mammals 4137 *qaCi- PAN prefix variant of the *qali/kali- set 4140 *qaCi PAN ebb, of water in streams 4141 *qaCipa PAN soft-shelled turtle 4138 *qadiS PAN hawk sp. (harrier?) 7125 *qajaw PAN day 4148 *qajiS PAN boundary 12722 *qalad PAN fence, wall 4154 *qaleb PAN knee 4156 *qalep PAN beckon, wave 4163 *qali- PAN prefix for words with a sensitive reference to the spirit world (cf. *qa-lima PAN hand 9000 *qalima PAN hand 10227 *qali-puju PAN hair whorl 4174 *qali-puju-an PAN hair whorl 8890 *qali-puspus PAN whirlwind 11699 *qalupaR PAN persimmon 12783 *qaluR₁ PAN current, deep channel in the middle of a river 4183 *qalu-Sipan PAN centipede 4186 *qamiS PAN north wind 4198 *qamiS-an PAN north; winter 4199 *qa-ni PAN this; here 3682 *qani₁ PAN proximal deictic: this 4232 *qanibuŋ PAN fruit-bearing bush or tree 4205 *qaniS PAN harvest; to harvest 4225 *qanup PAN to hunt wild game 4247 *qanus₁ PAN a plant: Begonia aptera (Hay) 7084 *qaNa PAN stranger; enemy 7126 *qaNeb PAN door 7258 *qaNeb PAN close a door 11114 *qaNeb-an PAN door panel 11116 *qaNi- PAN variant of the *qali/kali- prefix 4230 *qaNi PAN weaving spindle 4231 *qaNiC PAN animal skin, hide, leather 4212 *qaNiCu PAN ghost, spirit of the dead; owl 4207 *qaNi-matek PAN jungle leech, Haemadipsa spp. 6862 *qaNi-meCaq PAN paddy leech 10104 *qaNiŋu PAN 'shadow, reflection 4233 *qaNuaŋ PAN large ruminant species: carabao, water buffalo (?) 4241 *qaNuNaŋ PAN a tree: Cordia dichotoma 4243 *qaNup-an PAN hunting ground, hunting territory 4249 *qaNup-en PAN what is hunted, wild game 4251 *qañud PAN drift on a current, carried away by flowing water 4412 *qaŋeliC PAN stench of burning substances 4398 *qaŋeRiS PAN stench of spoiling fish 4399 *qaŋeRu PAN stench of spoiled or souring organic matter 4400 *qaŋeseR PAN stench of urine 4402 *qaŋeSit PAN stench, musky odor of an animal 4403 *qaŋqaŋ PAN barking of a dog 4410 *qapejux PAN gall, gall bladder, bile 4258 *qapiC PAN tongs, anything used to hold things together by pinching 7173 *qapid PAN braid, twine 4264 *qapucuk PAN peak of a mountain 4266 *qapuR PAN lime, calcium 4267 *qaqay PAN foot, leg 4273 *qaRaw PAN snatch, take away by force, rob 4276 *qaRem PAN pangolin, scaly anteater 4280 *qaReNu PAN a plant, Phragmites spp. 7082 *qaRidaŋ PAN bean, pea (generic) 6648 *qaRiw PAN dry 6649 *qaRsem PAN sourness, acidity 4286 *qasawa PAN spouse: husband, wife 4294 *qaseb PAN smoke 4302 *qasepa PAN astringent 4304 *qasiN PAN saltiness, salty taste 4308 *qasiRa PAN salt 4325 *qasiRa-en PAN anything which has been salted 4327 *qaSelu PAN pestle 4303 *qataq PAN eat something raw 4340 *qatimela PAN flea 4357 *qatip₁ PAN part of the loom 4359 *qatip-an PAN part of the loom 4361 *qauŋ PAN to howl, of a dog 4377 *qauR PAN bamboo sp. 4373 *qawqaw PAN to bark, of a dog 4384 *qayam₁ PAN bird 4386 *qazi PAN no, not; negator of verbs and adjectives (cf *buken, *dian, *wada) 4393 *qebel PAN smoke 4421 *qeCah PAN rice husk, rice bran 4422 *qeCeŋ PAN obstruction, barrier 4424 *qeCeŋeN PAN black 6623 *qeCqeC PAN tight, constricted 8522 *qeCuR PAN sexual arousal, sexual excitement 4426 *qedet PAN press down on 4427 *qekuŋ PAN owl 4432 *qeleC PAN interval, intervening space 4436 *qelqel PAN chew, gnaw on 6650 *qelud PAN housepost, pillar 6593 *qemin PAN all 4446 *qemqem PAN hold in the closed mouth 4449 *qemu PAN sticky rice cake 6686 *qenay PAN sand 4450 *qenuR-an₁ PAN animal haunt, place frequented by animals 4467 *qeNeb₁ PAN to close, to shut; door 4456 *qeNeb₂ PAN spread all over 4459 *qeNuR PAN animal trail 4465 *qepit PAN squeeze, press between 4472 *qesak PAN ripe; cooked; ready to eat 4478 *qesep PAN sip, suck 4481 *qesir PAN hiss, sizzle 4483 *qetaq PAN eat something raw 4485 *qetut PAN fart, flatulence 4497 *qia PAN exclamation (probably of affirmation or confirmation) 4517 *qiaw PAN animal cry 4516 *qiCeluR PAN egg 4521 *qiCqiC PAN nibble off, gnaw off 4525 *qidus PAN spoon, ladle 4530 *qiduS PAN spoon, ladle 4532 *qijap PAN resent, blame; resentment, jealousy 4535 *qiluS PAN wipe after defecating 4548 *qinep PAN lie down to sleep 4555 *q<in>umah PAN (gloss uncertain) 4694 *qiNaS PAN moon, month 6687 *qiNeb PAN door 4554 *qiNuaŋ PAN large ruminant species 4560 *qipiŋ PAN incline one's head to the side 4565 *qipit PAN pincer of crustaceans; tongs; press together, pinch, squeeze 4563 *qiRik PAN thresh with the feet, as rice 4576 *qiSqiS PAN to rub hard on a surface 12784 *qiSu PAN shark 4586 *qitik₁ PAN small, little; few 4593 *qiuŋ₁ PAN natural sound 4599 *qiut PAN copulate, have sexual intercourse 4598 *qu₂ PAN grammatical particle 4799 *quaŋ₁ PAN empty, vacant 4618 *quaŋ₂ PAN howling or yelping of a dog 4619 *quay PAN rattan, Calamus sp. 4614 *qubaN PAN gray hair 4621 *qubiS PAN pubic hair 6651 *quCaN PAN scrub-land, bush 4630 *qudaŋ PAN shrimp, crayfish, lobster 4632 *qudaS PAN gray hair 6652 *qudem PAN dark, dull (of light or color) 4634 *qudip₁ PAN life, alive 4636 *qujiŋ PAN charcoal 4646 *qukut PAN hunched over, bowed (as with age) 4651 *qulas PAN dewdrop 7189 *qulej PAN type of small worm 4656 *qules₁ PAN clothing 4660 *qulu qulu PAN head-end, upper part 4682 *quluh PAN head 4673 *qulu-qulu PAN tadpole, polywog 12785 *qumah PAN swidden, work a swidden 4687 *q<um>ajaw PAN to shine, of the sun 4151 *quman PAN repeat oneself monotonously 4696 *q<um>aNiC PAN to skin an animal 4214 *q<um>aNup PAN to hunt, go hunting 4248 *qumaŋ PAN hermit crab 4701 *q<um>aŋqaŋ PAN to bark, of a dog 4411 *q<um>esep PAN suck 4482 *q<um>etut PAN to fart, break wind 4504 *(q)<um>uNah PAN to do or go first; to lead 9111 *qumuR PAN fill the mouth with food or water 4710 *q<um>uzaN PAN to rain; it is raining 4788 *(q)uNah PAN first, before, anterior in time 9110 *quNuNaŋ PAN tree with sticky fruits: Cordia spp. 4722 *quNuq PAN beads, necklace of beads 4723 *qupid PAN braid 12786 *qupuŋ PAN bunch, cluster 4729 *quriaw PAN noise, clamor 4734 *qusiR PAN pursuit (as of enemies or game) 5853 *quSaw PAN thirst 4748 *quSaw-an PAN thirsty 4749 *quSeNap PAN fish scale 4743 *quSeŋeC PAN anger, angry 4751 *quSuŋ PAN edible mushroom (generic) 4753 *qutiN PAN penis 4768 *quyaS PAN to sing; song, tune, melody 9074 *quzan-en PAN to be rained on 4790 *quzaN PAN rain 4779 *rakat PAN walk 4813 *ramig PAN cold (of weather) 10692 *rauC PAN peel rattan, bamboo 4833 *rawraw PAN to rinse 4839 *reken PAN coiled base on which hot cooking pots are set 4868 *reŋeC PAN angry, annoyed 4886 *reŋiC PAN grimace at pain 4887 *riSriS PAN hoe up weeds; weed a garden 6653 *Rabi-an PAN evening, night 7380 *Rabiqi PAN late afternoon, evening; evening meal 4806 *Rabi-Rabi PAN every night, happening every night 7382 *RabiS PAN small knife 7190 *RabuC PAN uproot, pull out by the roots 6530 *RaCus PAN hundred 7316 *Rahap PAN seeds for sowing 8157 *RameC PAN root 6594 *Rames PAN squeeze, knead 4819 *RamiS PAN root 6654 *Ra-RauS PAN a dip net 12734 *RaSuŋ PAN ambush, attack from concealment 6678 *RauS PAN scoop net 12733 *Raya PAN big, large 7358 *Reken PAN coiled base on which hot cooking pots are set 4867 *ReŋeC PAN angry, annoyed 9447 *Riaq PAN sword grass: Imperata cylindrica 4900 *RibaS PAN demolish 4902 *Ribawa PAN swell; swelling, tumor 6688 *Rimeja PAN sword grass: Imperata cylindrica 6689 *Rinu PAN winnowing basket 7301 *RiNaS PAN long feathers used for personal adornment 6595 *RiNaS-an PAN the male of Swinhoe’s blue pheasant 6596 *RiNuk PAN the Japanese raspberry: Rubus parvifolius (Linn.), Rubus taiwanianus (Matsum.) 12687 *Riqek PAN thresh grain by trampling 4914 *Ritu PAN loquat tree and fruit: Eriobotrya deflexa 6629 *Rubu PAN nest, lair 6597 *Rudaŋ PAN old, of people 7581 *R<um>ahap PAN to sow seeds 8158 *Rumaq PAN house 7303 *RuqaNay PAN male 4938 *Rusuk PAN ribcage 8475 *RuSRuS PAN to scrape smooth, to plane a surface 7297 *sa₁ PAN nominative case marker for plural personal names 8809 *sa₂ PAN locative marker 9514 *sa₃ PAN one (clitic form of *esa) 9545 *sabay₁ PAN do something together with others 9075 *sabsab PAN slurp up food or water, eat like a pig or dog; gulp down 9102 *saheNaR PAN to shine, of the sun 9156 *sakal PAN restraining device on animals 4982 *saka-pitu PAN (gloss uncertain) 8321 *sakat PAN rise, climb up 4984 *sakay₂ PAN walk 6691 *sakeC PAN muntjac, barking deer 6598 *saksak₁ PAN hack, chop into pieces 4986 *sakut PAN to carry, transport, move something 9158 *salaw PAN to pour, of heavy rain 9590 *saleŋ PAN pine tree, pitch pine 7523 *saliw PAN buy, sell 5003 *samaq PAN remnant, leftover 9591 *samuR PAN to mix; mixture 9758 *saNiw PAN whetstone 9276 *saŋeday PAN lean or rest on 5118 *sapaq₁ PAN stream, river 9244 *sapaw PAN field hut 5020 *sapay PAN drape over the shoulder or from a line, as a cloth 9620 *sapet PAN grab with the hand, catch 9255 *sa-puluq PAN ten 6905 *saput₂ PAN to pick up with something to avoid getting dirty or burned 9629 *saqit PAN hook; to hang up 9197 *saqsaq PAN bamboo which has been split and flattened 5053 *sa-supay-an PAN whetstone 7261 *sebu PAN bladder 8949 *sebuS PAN douse a fire, extinguish a fire with water; to hiss, as water on fire’ 5130 *sedu PAN hiccough 5134 *sejep PAN enter, penetrate 5136 *sekel PAN bend, bow 5140 *seksek₁ PAN to stuff, cram in; be crowded 8905 *selem₁ PAN sink, immerse oneself in water, dive into the water; to set, of the sun 8912 *selsel₁ PAN insert, cram in 5149 *seŋet₂ PAN to sting or bite, of an insect 9538 *seŋseŋ PAN cork, stopper, plug 5237 *sepiq PAN break off fruit or branches 9501 *sepsep PAN sip, suck 7478 *sepsep-en PAN to be sucked up or in 7483 *sequŋ PAN horn of an animal 9446 *si amax PAN father (ref.) 137 *si ia₁ PAN 3sg. personal pronoun: he, she, it 2786 *si ia₂ PAN demonstrative pronoun and adverb: this, here; that, there 2788 *si₁ PAN nominative case marker for singular personal names or kin terms used as personal names 8782 *siap PAN chick 9567 *sibu PAN urine 5241 *sidu PAN spoon, ladle 5244 *sihikay PAN maggot 7231 *si-ima PAN who? 8841 *sikux PAN elbow 8485 *silaq PAN split 5267 *siNaR PAN sun 5287 *sipiŋ PAN supernumerary, as an extra finger or toe 12787 *sipit PAN tongs, pincers, claw of a crab or lobster; to pinch or squeeze 9217 *sipsip PAN sip, suck 5308 *siRa₁ PAN yesterday 6709 *siRup PAN to sip, as through a straw 9091 *siwaq PAN fissure, split in something 9635 *siwsiw PAN to cheep; baby chick 9323 *su PAN nominative case marker for common nouns 8810 *suiq PAN a bird: the sandpiper (?) 9595 *suked PAN prop, support; to prop up or support 9087 *suksuk PAN pierce, penetrate; insert 8293 *sukud PAN walking stick, cane, staff 5467 *suleN PAN insert, plug 5389 *suli₂ PAN to reverse, turn around 9560 *sulud₂ PAN push 9640 *s<um>akay PAN to walk 6692 *s<um>akut PAN to carry, transport, move something 9159 *s<um>ebuS PAN to hiss or steam, of water touching a fire 8944 *s<um>epsep PAN to suck, sip 7481 *s<um>iku PAN to elbow; to push or jab with the elbow 8491 *s<um>uksuk PAN to enter, penetrate, pierce 8298 *s<um>ulud PAN to push 9641 *s<um>uNaR PAN to shine, radiate light 7291 *s<um>upay PAN to whet, grate, sharpen 7260 *s<um>usu PAN to suckle, suck at the breast 7631 *suNaR PAN light, radiance 7289 *suŋa PAN do wrong, do in reverse 9725 *supay PAN whetting, sharpening 7259 *supsup PAN sip, suck 5426 *suqaR PAN thorn 5428 *suquN PAN carry on the head 5433 *suRuq₂ PAN to call on a person to do something 9304 *susu₁ PAN female breast; udder 7625 *susuN PAN to stack up 7559 *Sa₁ PAN ligature 5105 *Sa-₁ PAN stative prefix 11383 *Sa₂ PAN locative particle 5107 *Sa-₂ PAN marker of instrumental nouns 12676 *SabaN PAN cloth used to carry a child on the back 4951 *SabaRat PAN south wind (?) 4953 *Sabij PAN twins of the same sex 4958 *Sabit PAN long cloth wrapped around body and used for carrying 4960 *SadiRi PAN housepost 4964 *Sadu PAN many, much, plenty 4968 *Sajek PAN smell; to smell (transitive) 4976 *Sajek-en PAN to smell 4981 *SakuC PAN transport piecemeal; tranport through repeated trips 4988 *Salas PAN forest, wilderness, woods 4993 *Samaq PAN a plant: Lactuca indica Linn., and Sonchus oleraceus Linn. 6630 *SameCi PAN a plant: Solanum nigrum 6818 *Samud PAN a plant, sesame: Sesamum indicum 7191 *Sanaq PAN river otter 6599 *SapaR PAN unroll a mat, spread out a mat 5016 *Sapejiq PAN smarting, stinging pain 5021 *Sapiq PAN flattened 7407 *Sapit PAN press together, press between two surfaces 5023 *SapSap PAN feel, grope 5031 *SapuSap PAN feel, grope 5034 *Sapuy PAN fire 5036 *SaRuŋ PAN snore, groan, etc. 5061 *Sasak PAN ripe; cooked 5064 *Sasaq PAN whet, sharpen 5067 *Sasaq-an PAN whetstone, grindstone 5073 *Sa-Sepat PAN four (of humans) 5179 *SateD PAN accompany, escort; send, return 5077 *SateD-an PAN escort, accompany (imperative) 5086 *Sauni PAN in a little while, momentarily, later 5089 *Saw PAN question particle 5100 *Sawak PAN waist, back of the waist 5091 *Sawiki PAN betel nut: nut of Areca catechu 6693 *SawSaw PAN wash, rinse 5098 *SayaN PAN termite 6534 *SebaN PAN carry a child with a carrying cloth 5124 *SebuC PAN pluck, pull up (as weeds) 5128 *Sekak PAN to crow, to caw 5137 *Seked PAN stop an activity, take a break, rest 7232 *SekuC PAN hunched over, stoop-shouldered 11703 *Selem PAN dark, dim 12678 *Sema PAN tongue 5155 *Semay PAN cooked rice 5152 *Semut PAN smothering, suffocating 5157 *Señaw PAN to wash 5227 *Seŋad PAN to breathe 7192 *Seŋaw PAN to breathe (?) 7174 *Sepat PAN four 5161 *Sepi PAN dream 5192 *SeReC PAN to bind tightly; belt 8208 *Sesi PAN flesh, meat 5199 *Setek PAN cut, sever, chop 5201 *Seyaq PAN shyness, embarrassment; shame 5203 *Seyup PAN blowing on (a fire, etc.) 5209 *Seyup-an PAN place of blowing 5213 *Sezam PAN borrow, lend 5219 *Si-₁ PAN verbal prefix marking instrumental or benefactive voice 5333 *Si-₂ PAN originate from, come from 5335 *Si-₃ PAN to wear, put on clothes, etc. 10693 *Sidi PAN Formosan serow, mountain goat 6600 *Sijap PAN broom 7194 *Sika- PAN prefix for ordinal numbers 2836 *Sikad PAN ashamed; shy 7262 *Sika-duSa PAN second 7899 *Si-kaen PAN instrument used for eating 8021 *Sika-lima PAN fifth (ordinal numeral) 7397 *Sikam PAN mat 5250 *Sikan PAN fish 5252 *Sika-pitu PAN seventh 8322 *Sika-puluq PAN tenth 6907 *Sika-Siwa PAN ninth 9168 *Sika-telu PAN third 8434 *Siket PAN tie, bind, attach to by tying 5256 *Si-lahud PAN wind from the sea (?) 7046 *SimaR PAN grease, oil, fat 5277 *Simu PAN 2p pronoun: you 5283 *Sin- PAN verb prefix 5291 *Sina PAN a plant: Erechtites spp. 7418 *S<in>ebaN PAN what is carried on the back 5126 *SiNuq PAN beads, necklace 5289 *Siñaw PAN to wash 5337 *Siñaw-an PAN place where one washes 5339 *Siŋus PAN sniff, sniffle (as with a runny nose) 5351 *SipaR PAN opposite side (esp. of a river) 5294 *Sipes PAN cockroach 5297 *Sipi PAN dream 5300 *SipuR PAN to count 6696 *SiRup PAN sip, as soup or rice wine from a bowl 5318 *SiSiN PAN omen bird: Alcippe spp. 7127 *Siwa PAN nine 9164 *Siwid PAN slanting, awry 5331 *Su- PAN take off, remove (+ noun) 10522 *Suab PAN yawn 5359 *Suaji PAN younger sibling 5368 *Suaji-an PAN called or regarded as siblings (?) 5376 *Suaw PAN yawn 6694 *SulaR PAN snake 5386 *Sulem PAN dimness, twilight 5390 *Sulij PAN lie or sleep next to 5395 *SulSul PAN to masturbate 7264 *SuluR PAN lower or let down, as on a rope 5398 *S<um>apaR PAN unroll, spread out a mat 5018 *S<um>apuy PAN (gloss uncertain) 5048 *S<um>ateD PAN accompany, escort 5084 *S<um>eŋad PAN to breathe 7193 *S<um>eReC PAN tighten, fasten firmly 8213 *S<um>eyup PAN to blow 5217 *S<um>uni PAN to chirp, to crow, to sound off (birds) 5418 *Suni PAN chirping of birds; noise, sound 5415 *SuNus PAN withdraw, pull out, extract 5420 *Supiq PAN plant shoot 5411 *SuqSuq PAN drip or drain out 5429 *SuRas PAN wash body parts, cooking or eating utensils (but not clothes) 5434 *SuRay PAN to pass, of time; to pass time idly 12286 *SuReNa PAN snow 6601 *SuRSuR PAN drawstring; to thread a drawstring 5443 *SuRut PAN pull, draw 5446 *SuRut-en PAN be pulled or drawn 5447 *SuSuq PAN drip or drain out 5448 *Suyeʔab PAN to yawn 5452 *Suʔu PAN 2sg. agent/possessor 5463 *-ta PAN 1pl. incl. genitive suffix 10272 *ta-₁ PAN 1pl. incl. nominative and hortative pronoun 10270 *ta-amax PAN father (ref.) 138 *tabaN PAN head trophy, trophy taken in headhunting (?) 7176 *tabi PAN plough 10356 *tabtab₂ PAN slurp up food or water; eat like a pig or dog; gulp down 10336 *tabukul PAN casting net for fishing 10313 *tadaw PAN kind of large knife 7195 *tageRaŋ PAN ribcage 6535 *ta-ina PAN mother (ref.) 2901 *taina PAN female, of animals 10814 *takep PAN to lay something on top of another 12768 *takes₁ PAN to wrap around; embrace, hug 10390 *takis PAN sword 7325 *taktak₁ PAN to fall, of many things at once; to dislodge the contents of a container by knocking it against something 10430 *taktak₂ PAN clatter, clack 10524 *taku₂ PAN dipper, scoop; to scoop, ladle up 10640 *takut PAN fear 7425 *talaw PAN timid, fearful; coward 5481 *taliuk PAN turn, go around 5483 *tama₁ PAN appropriate, suitable, right; fit together; hit the mark 5491 *tamtam PAN smack the lips 5505 *tamuhuŋ PAN a hat, head covering 12788 *tanaq PAN a plant: Aralia decaisneana (Hance) 6697 *tanayan PAN bamboo sp. 7196 *tanem-an PAN area that is planted(?) 7450 *taNah PAN red 9434 *taNaS PAN village; place of residence 8159 *taNek PAN to cook anything but rice 7331 *taNek-en PAN to be cooked 7339 *taNiud PAN mulberry tree and fruit: Morus formosensis (Hotta) 7254 *tañam PAN try, taste 5522 *taŋa₂ PAN to open 6710 *tapeS PAN winnow 1992 *tapeS-i PAN to winnow 1995 *tapis₁ PAN loincloth (?) 5509 *tapun PAN gather, assemble 5532 *tapus PAN end, complete, finish 5511 *taqan₁ PAN snare trap; set a snare trap 5513 *taR- PAN prefix marking spontaneous or involuntary action 10286 *taRah PAN to wait 6679 *taRaq₁ PAN hewing with an adze 8137 *taRaq-i PAN Adze it!, Hew it! 8142 *ta(R)kes PAN wrap around, encircle 5535 *taRuqan PAN field hut; temporary shelter used when working for extended periods in fields far from the village 6698 *tastas PAN sever, cut through, rip out stitches 10504 *tata₁ PAN collateral consanguine of the first ascending generation 10523 *tatak PAN hoe 6699 *ta-telu PAN three (of humans) 8437 *ta-tenun-an PAN loom 8735 *tebaS PAN to cut, clear vegetation 5542 *tebek PAN pierce, stab 5543 *tebteb PAN to cut 5548 *tebuS PAN sugarcane: Saccharum officinarum 7952 *teda PAN leftover, remainder 5552 *teguŋ PAN to boom, resound 5559 *tekep PAN a cover; to cover with a flat surface 10472 *tekiq PAN high-pitched sound; chirp of a gecko 5565 *tektek₁ PAN chopping to pieces, cutting up, as meat or vegetables 8913 *tektek₂ PAN gecko, house lizard (onom.) 5566 *tektek-en PAN be chopped into pieces, be minced, as meat or vegetables; what is chopped up or minced 8918 *tekuŋ₂ PAN to rap, knock, make a booming sound 10759 *telu PAN three 8414 *teneb PAN to immerse, put under water 12109 *tenem PAN sea, ocean 6700 *tenun PAN to weave (cloth) 8734 *tenun-an PAN loom 8738 *tenun-en PAN to be woven by someone 8742 *teñeb PAN submerge 5589 *teŋiC PAN grimace at pain 5591 *teŋteŋ₁ PAN drone, droning tone 5597 *tepeŋ₃ PAN to measure quantities, as amounts of grain 12110 *tepik PAN pat, light slap 12779 *tepuk PAN hit, sound of hitting, clapping, thumping 5593 *terter PAN shiver, tremble 5586 *teRebeS PAN a tree: Zelkova Formosana 12811 *teRteR PAN to tremble, shiver 12746 *ti PAN 1p deixis and spatial reference: this; here 12310 *tiaN PAN abdomen, belly 7812 *tibuk PAN pound, throb 5600 *tik₁ PAN sound of tapping or flicking (of finger, small implement, etc.) against something 2090 *tikel PAN bend 5606 *tiktik₁ PAN to tap, strike lightly on a hard surface 2085 *tiktik₅ PAN to tattoo 12351 *tikuRas PAN a bird: the Formosan bamboo partridge 6707 *timaNa PAN to hear, listen 10760 *timij PAN chin, jaw 5619 *timu PAN salt 7346 *timuR PAN south or east wind 7343 *timuRmuR PAN rinse the mouth 7347 *timus PAN salt 7345 *t<in>aNek PAN boiled foods other than rice? 7335 *t<in>ektek PAN was chopped up 8916 *t<in>enun PAN was woven by someone; what was woven 8736 *t<in>enun-an PAN woven cloth 8739 *t<in>uduq PAN dripped; what dripped 7363 *tinun PAN to weave cloth 8741 *ti-pitu PAN (gloss uncertain) 8324 *tirtir₁ PAN shiver, tremble 5627 *tiR(e)peS PAN spittle 10568 *titik PAN to beat on something loudly 5687 *titu PAN puppy; young animal in general? 7321 *tubah PAN a plant with roots that are pounded and put in rivers to stun fish: Derris elliptica 8455 *tudiŋ PAN to point out 10553 *tuduq PAN to leak, drip, as a leaky roof; a drop of water 7361 *tuduq-an PAN to drip 7366 *tuduq-en PAN to drip 7365 *tuduR PAN to sleep 8357 *tuduS PAN knee 7350 *tuiq PAN bird sp. 5660 *tukad₂ PAN sloping upward; to climb a mountain 10733 *tuked PAN prop, support 8931 *tuktuk₁ PAN beak of a bird; to peck 5665 *tuktuk₂ PAN top, summit, crown 5666 *tuktuk₃ PAN to knock, pound, beat; crush 10573 *tuku₁ PAN prop, post 5667 *tukud PAN prop, support 7957 *tukul PAN to sprout, begin to grow 10497 *tulani PAN bamboo nose flute 8386 *t<um>anem PAN to plant 7449 *tumaNa PAN to hear, listen 7923 *t<um>aNek PAN to cook anything but rice 7337 *t<um>aRah PAN to wait 6681 *t<um>aRaq PAN to adze wood, hew wood with an adze 8140 *t<um>azem PAN sharpen 7165 *t<um>ebek PAN to pierce, to stab 5546 *t<um>enun PAN to weave 8737 *t<um>əktək PAN to chop, hack, cut off 8917 *t<um>iktik PAN to tattoo someone 12352 *t<um>imaNa PAN to hear, listen 10761 *t<um>uba PAN to stun fish with plant poison 8460 *t<um>ukad PAN to climb, as a mountain or steps 12725 *t<um>umaNa PAN to hear, listen 7925 *t<um>uzuq PAN to point at, point out, lecture or instruct, give advice 8831 *tunuh-an PAN to roast 2130 *tuNa PAN freshwater eel 8373 *tuqaS PAN old, of people; primary forest, old forest 8505 *tuqaS tuqaS PAN older people, elders 8512 *tuqed PAN tree stump; stubble 5682 *tuqtuq PAN to hammer, pound, crush 5683 *tuquN PAN an evergreen tree, probably Acacia confusa 7233 *turis PAN scratch a line, make a long shallow cut 10674 *tuRtuR PAN resonant sound 5689 *tuRukuk PAN chicken 6690 *tusuk PAN pierce, skewer or string together 8896 *tutuh PAN beat, pound, bump, thump 9026 *tutur₂ PAN cooing of a dove 10820 *tutut PAN sparrow or similar bird 10821 *tuzuq₁ PAN to point at, point out; give directions 8820 *tuzuq-en PAN be pointed at, be pointed out 8833 *ua₁ PAN exclamation of surprise, etc. 5709 *ubuC PAN pluck, pull out 5716 *udu PAN grass 5739 *ujuŋ PAN nose 5749 *uka₁ PAN negative existential: there is none 7128 *ulaŋ PAN repeat, do again 5767 *ulaw PAN confusion, perplexity 5764 *<um> PAN verbal infix marking actor voice 5805 *um-adaS PAN bring 6633 *um-ai PAN to come 7829 *um-ala PAN to fetch, get, take 7787 *um-alaq PAN fetch, get, take 113 *umaN PAN again 5791 *um-aŋay PAN to leave, depart (?) 9147 *um-aRi PAN to come 299 *umaS PAN to pickle, preserve meat or fish 7299 *um-imah PAN to drink 12645 *umuR PAN hold in the mouth 5804 *um-uSa PAN to go, to walk 6657 *um-utaq PAN to vomit 5870 *uNay PAN sliver, splinter, foreign body embedded in the flesh 5811 *uNuq PAN beads, necklace 5818 *uŋay PAN ritually sacrificed monkey? 7348 *upup PAN bullfrog 12814 *uReŋ PAN horn of an animal 10877 *uSa PAN go 6655 *u-Siwa PAN nine (of things?) 9170 *utan PAN taro variety 12266 *utaq PAN vomit 5865 *utaq-an PAN vomit (imperative) 5872 *utaq-en PAN be vomited up; vomit (command) 5873 *waCaN PAN deep pool or pond 7197 *waCa-waCaN PAN small pond(?) 7198 *-wadaŋ PAN collarbone, clavicle 5915 *wakwak PAN bird sp.; to caw, crow 5941 *walay PAN thread 6783 *walu PAN eight 5943 *wanaN PAN right (side, hand, direction) 9473 *waNan PAN right (side, hand, direction) 5956 *waNiS PAN tusk of wild boar 6602 *waNiS-an PAN wild boar 6603 *waNu PAN honeybee 6604 *waqay PAN foot, leg 5962 *waqit PAN barb, point; canine tooth? 7419 *waray PAN to separate, as two people 5963 *waRi₁ PAN day; sun; dry in the sun 5968 *-waRwaR PAN rainbow 12048 *waSaw PAN leaf 8067 *watawat PAN wave, flutter (as a flag) 5977 *wa-walu PAN eight (of humans) 5954 *wili PAN return, come back 5996 *wiŋawiŋ PAN wag, shake, move repeatedly from side to side 6007 *wiRi PAN left side or direction 5998 *witiwit PAN wag, swing from side to side 6003 *ya PAN nominative case marker for singular common nouns 12747 *za(ŋ)kuC PAN grab, grasp, seize 6026 *zalan PAN path, made by a human as opposed to an animal; way or means to do something 7589 *zalan-an PAN passageway, place where one has walked 7597 *zalan-zalan PAN small path or trail 7598 *zaRami PAN rice straw 8375 *zaRem PAN needle 12290 *zaRum PAN needle 7605 *zawa₂ PAN millet sp.: Setaria italica (?) 8750 *za-zalan PAN (gloss uncertain) 7595 *zekzek PAN to tread, trample on 12501 *zulu PAN earlier, in advance 6039 |
a b C d e g h i k l m n N ñ ŋ p q r R s S t u w y z
PAN PMP PWMP PPh PCEMP PCMP PEMP PSHWNG POC combined
Austronesian Comparative Dictionary, web edition
Robert Blust and Stephen Trussel
www.trussel2.com/ACD
2010: revision 6/21/2020
email: Blust (content) –
Trussel (production)
D:\Users\Stephen\Documents\Visual Studio 2008\Projects\prjACD\prjACD\bin\Debug\acd-pl_pan.htm