Updated: 6/21/2020
| Updated: 6/21/2020 |
Austronesian Comparative Dictionary
Cognate Sets
Sa
28142 *Sa₁ ligature 5105 PAN *Sa₁ ligature [disjunct: *a₅]
5106 PMP *ha₂ ligature
11881 POC *a ligature
Note: Also Pangasinan ya ‘linking particle’.
32921 11383 11384 Note: I am indebted to David Zorc for bringing this comparison to my attention.
28143 5107 PAN *Sa₂ locative particle [disjunct: *qa₁]
5108 Note: Also Mongondow o- ‘at, in, with words that indicate direction’, Motu a ‘postposition: from, with, by’. This particle appears to be fossilized in several reflexes of POc *a nusa ‘name of an island’ (cf. *nusa). For a discussion of the ‘adhesive locative’ in Austronesian languages see Blust (1989a).
33860 *Sa-₂ marker of instrumental nouns 12676 PAN *Sa-₂ marker of instrumental nouns
12677 PMP *ha- marker of instrumental nouns
Note: This comparison was first proposed by Dahl (1978).
28066 *SabaN cloth used to carry a child on the back 4951 PAN *SabaN cloth used to carry a child on the back [doublet: *SebaN]
4952 PMP *haban cloth used to carry a child on the back
Note: Also Rhade abăn ‘blanket’.
28067 4953 4954 PMP *habaRat southwest monsoon
Note: Also Saisiyat (Taai) pinan-abaL-an (apparently reshaped on the model of amiʃ ‘north’: pinan-amiʃ-an-an ‘north wind’), Casiguran Dumagat balát ‘strong wind from the west (from the mountains, considered a bad wind which blows in stormy weather)’, Mentawai barä ‘west, west wind’, Proto-Sangiric *baRet ‘west wind’, Mongondow wagat ‘rainy season’, Wolio bara ‘west, west monsoon’, Rembong barak ‘west wind’, Erai harak ‘west, west wind’, Soboyo bara ‘north’. There is no doubt that this term referred to the west monsoon of island Southeast Asia and portions of western Melanesia, in contradistinction to the east monsoon, *timuR (q.v.).
Apart from a few anomalous glosses (Kavalan balat, Manobo (Western Bukidnon) evaǥat) the references to cardinal directions in the reflexes are consistent with a west wind centered very near the Equator. In Amis (23 degrees n. latitude) this is described as a ‘south’ wind, throughout most of the Philippines (5-18 degrees n. latitude) it is described as a ‘south’ or ‘southwest’ wind, in most of the languages of Indonesia (5 degrees n. latitude to 10 degrees s. latitude) it is described as a ‘west’ wind, and in Merina, the standard dialect of Malagasy (23 degrees s. latitude) the meaning is ‘north’ (presumably a secondary semantic development after the Malagasy migration from southeast Borneo).
In the western Pacific the orientation of the west monsoon to the north-south axis appears to be somewhat different. The languages of the Admiralty Islands (all within 2 degrees s. latitude) and a number of those in southeastern Papua (roughly 10 degrees s. latitude) refer to the west monsoon as a ‘northwest’ wind, whereas the languages of both western and eastern Indonesia at corresponding latitudes refer to it as a ‘west’ wind. Further east, beyond the reach of the monsoon, the term survives as the name of a strong storm wind without reference to cardinal direction.
28071 4958 PAN *Sabij twins of the same sex [disjunct: *apij]
10953 PMP *habij twins of the same sex
4959 POC *apic twins of the same sex
Note: The gloss of *Sabij clearly implies a lexical distinction between twins of the same sex and twins of opposite sex, but no etymon which can be associated with the latter meaning has yet been found. Given the limited data in support of this reconstruction it is possible that the meaning was simply ‘twins’, and that a convergent semantic restriction developed independently both in Paiwan and in Roviana.
28072 *Sabit long cloth wrapped around body and used for carrying 4960 PAN *Sabit long cloth wrapped around body and used for carrying
4961 PMP *habit long cloth wrapped around body and used for carrying
28075 *SadiRi housepost 4964 PAN *SadiRi housepost
11882 PMP *hadiRi housepost
4965 PCEMP *adiRi housepost
4966 POC *ariRi housepost
4967 PCEMP *hadiRi bubuŋ-an center post, main housepost
Note: Also Casiguran Dumagat adígi ‘housepost’ (probably an Ilokano loan), Kelabit diri ‘house post’, Kiput pəlirəy ‘house post’, Old Javanese ḍiri ‘stand, stand upright, remain standing; be in function, reign; standing alone, outstanding, surpassing all others’, Buginese alliri ‘house post’, Chamorro haligi ‘fence post, pillar, house post used for structural support’ (probably a Tagalog loan). Nataoran Amis salili appears for expected **sarili; the comparative data for this Amis dialect are not yet sufficient to determine whether the assimilation in this form is regular or sporadic, but the cognation of the form is hardly in question. In this connection it is worth noting that among the Formosan aborigines only the Amis, Kavalan and Ketagalan (the latter now extinct) built houses elevated on posts (Ferrell 1969:33).
The necessity of positing PAn *SadiRi ‘house post’ leaves no alternative but to conclude that this type of residential structure has great antiquity among Austronesian-speaking peoples, and that the house types of the Atayal, Tsou, Paiwan, Rukai, Bunun, and Yami, which are constructed either directly on the ground, or in a shallow excavation, represent architectural innovations. Such innovations may well have been motivated by a need to adjust to the colder conditions of life in the mountains, or by a need for protection from the seasonal typhoons that periodically sweep westward across the Pacific to southern Taiwan. Finally, accounts such as that of Cunningham (1964) and Schulte Nordholt (1971:428ff) make it clear that the dualistic cosmological symbolism embodied in the Atoni house distinguishes ‘male’ and ‘female’ posts, associated respectively with the right and left sides. Although the similar dualistic distinction in Manam appears to be based on the length of the post itself rather than on its position within the larger domestic structure, it appears very likely from this linguistic symbolism that speakers of PCEMP made use of some type of dualistic symbolism which was expressed as a male/female contrast in certain of the supporting posts for the house.
28076 4968 4969 11883 28082 *Sajek smell; to smell (transitive) 4976 PAN *Sajek smell; to smell (transitive)
4977 11884 4978 4979 PWMP *meŋ-hajek to sniff, kiss
4980 4981 Note: Also Amis hanek ‘a bad odor, smell’, Tboli melek ‘kiss’, Singhi Land Dayak koduk ‘to smell (something)’, Atoni at nɛk ‘to kiss’, Mono-Alu aho ‘to sniff, smell’, Roviana aho-a ‘to kiss (someone/something)’, vari aho ‘kiss one another’. Although only the general meaning ‘to smell (transitive)’ can confidently be associated with PAn *Sajek, it is clear from the distribution of semantic reflexes that PMP *hajek referred specifically to the traditional nose kiss of MP-speaking peoples.
28089 *SakuC transport piecemeal; tranport through repeated trips 4988 PAN *SakuC transport piecemeal; tranport through repeated trips
4989 PMP *hakut transport piecemeal; transport through repeated trips
4990 PWMP *maŋ-hakut transport piecemeal; transport through repeated trips
Note: The fundamental idea expressed in this comparison is that of removing a material from one location to another as result of repeated trips between the two sites. The natural prototype for such a concept may have been the activity of the mason bee in securing mud for its nest (see *hakut hakut). However, if this activity served as a model for the semantics of *SakuC it appears that its distinctive feature (repeated trips over the same route) had already been abstracted and put to more general use by PAn times.
28092 *Salas forest, wilderness, woods 4993 PAN *Salas forest, wilderness, woods
4994 PMP *halas forest, wilderness, woods, jungle
4995 PWMP *ka-halas-an (gloss uncertain)
4996 PWMP *halas-an forested area, wilderness
4997 PMP *halas + "dark" primary forest, primeval jungle
4998 PWMP *halas Raya primary forest, virgin jungle (lit. 'big forest')
Note: Also Lampung las ‘forest, jungle’, Ngadha kala ‘thicket, forest, jungle’. Dempwolff (1934-38) reconstructed both *halas (in the form *alas) and *quCaN (in the form *hutan) meaning ‘forest’. It is now clear, however, that PMP *halas was a general term for ‘forest, jungle’, while PMP *qutan (also PAn *quCaN?) referred to a particular category of flora which is perhaps best described by Brown's (1984) term ‘grerb’ (‘small plant relative to the plant inventory of a particular environment whose parts are chiefly herbaceous (green, leafy, nonwoody)’. It thus included various grasses, herbs, bushes and the like (some of which were useful and some not) which probably were conceptually united by their being noncultivated plants associated with the wilderness.
29950 *Samaq a plant: Lactuca indica Linn., and Sonchus oleraceus Linn. 6630 PAN *Samaq a plant: Lactuca indica Linn., and Sonchus oleraceus Linn.
Note: Also Seediq (Tkdaya) sama balay, Tsou samaka, Saaroa samaʔə. This comparison was first noted by Li (1994).
30098 *SameCi a plant: Solanum nigrum 6818 PAN *SameCi a plant: Solanum nigrum
11885 PMP *hameti a plant: Solanum nigrum
Note: Also Kanakanabu namíci, Saaroa ɬamici, Rukai (Maga) amicu, Rukai (Tona) amici, Itbayaten humti ‘Solanum nigrum Linn.’, Ilokano amtík ~ agamtík ‘nightshade plant, Solanum nigrum’, Hanunóo untí ‘a small wild herbaceous plant (Solanum nigrum Linn.); the young leaves are used as a green vegetable by the Hanunóo’, Maranao moti ‘morel plant: Solanum nigrum L.’, Manobo (Western Bukidnon) muti ‘a plant: Solanum nigrum’, Javanese ranti ‘tomato’, Manggarai kenti ‘a wild vegetable: Solanum nigrum’. This word shows multiple irregular variations, making any reconstruction difficult. I have arbitrarily chosen to compare Paiwan sametsi with forms in other languages that are ambiguous for initial *S or zero.
Finally, I am indebted to R. David Zorc for drawing my attention to the Itbayaten and Manobo (Western Bukidnon) forms, and for reminding me that he proposed an alternative reconstruction, *SamŭCi, in Zorc (1982:118). Zorc’s motivation for positing an unstressed high back vowel in this form was to relate the otherwise unexplained high back vowels in Maga Rukai amicu (metathesis of *i and *u), Itbayaten humti (metathesis of *a and *u), Hanunóo untí (metathesis of *a and *u), Maranao moti, and Manobo (Western Bukidnon) muti.
The precarious nature of this reconstruction, however, should be obvious, since: it requires the assumption of 1) two different metathesis patterns in three different languages, 2) an irregular loss of *S- in Hanunóo and Manobo (Western Bukidnon) (this would be equally true if these forms were assigned to the present reconstruction), 3) syncope of an unstressed low vowel *a in Itbayaten and Hanunóo, and 4) an irregular loss of prepenultimate *a (rather than reduction to schwa) in Manobo (Western Bukidnon). Moreover, it forces us to assume that the well-known syncope of schwa /VC__CV also applied to other vowels, including both *u and *a. I know of no evidence that might justify this assumption, which should be apparent in any of these languages that undergo rightward stress shift through suffixation (none of them shows a syncope pattern when this happens). Add to this the fact that the initial consonants of the Kanakanabu, Javanese, and Manggarai forms, the medial vowel of the Kanakanabu, Saaroa and Rukai forms, and the final consonant of the Ilokano form are unexplained by either reconstruction, and it appears clearly preferable to settle on *SameCi and leave the rest of these apparently related but wildly irregular forms unexplained.
30280 *Samud a plant, sesame: Sesamum indicum 7191 PAN *Samud a plant, sesame: Sesamum indicum
Note: Since most varieties of sesame are native to subsaharan Africa and the Indian subcontinent, the antiquity of sesame in Taiwan is unclear. Nonetheless the forms given here exhibit regular sound correspondences, are glossed ‘sesame’ in both sources, and appear to be directly inherited in both languages. It is possible that the referent is a similar plant which is yet to be botanically identified.
29924 6599 Note: It is unclear whether this word originally referred to sea otters, river otters or both. Within recorded history sea otters have not extended as far south as Taiwan, so our best guess is that *Sanaq referred exclusively to river otters.
26318 *Saŋut to smell; to sniff, kiss 2633 PAN *haŋut smell, odor [doublet: *haŋus₂]
2634 Note: Also Tagalog aŋót ‘stench peculiar to stagnant liquids’, Mamanwa haŋod ‘to smell, Nggela aŋo ‘to emit a sour smell, as of urine’.
28110 *SapaR unroll a mat, spread out a mat 5016 PAN *SapaR unroll a mat, spread out a mat
5017 PMP *hampaR unroll a mat, spread out a mat
5018 PAN *S<um>apaR unroll, spread out a mat
5019 PWMP *hapaR-an a mat
Note: Also Saisiyat (Taai) ʃ 28112 *Sapejiq smarting, stinging pain 5021 PAN *Sapejiq smarting, stinging pain [doublet: *hapejes, *hapejis]
5022 PMP *hapejiq smarting, stinging pain
Note: Also Malagasy fery ‘wound, hurt, ulcer, sore’, Iban pediʔ ‘sharp pain, sting, smart’, Old Javanese pəDe, pəDay ‘to smart (of the eyes; from sleep, bright light, etc.)’, Balinese pedih ‘angry, express anger’. Dempwolff (1934-38) posited *pe[dD]iq ‘hurt, ache’, but his comparison was restricted to languages of western Indonesia. The Malay reflex of *Sapejiq does not show the expected development of an original trisyllable with medial *e (cf. Blust 1982).
30368 *Sapiq flattened 7407 PAN *Sapiq flattened
7408 PMP *hapiq flattened, as plants to the ground
28113 *Sapit press together, press between two surfaces 5023 PAN *Sapit press together, press between two surfaces
5025 PMP *hapit press together, press between two surfaces; part of the loom
5026 5027 PWMP *maŋ-hapit pinch, squeeze, enclose
5028 PWMP *paŋ-hapit instrument used to press
5029 PWMP *hapit-an pinching apparatus
5030 PWMP *hapit hapit pinching apparatus
Note: Also Buruese afi-h ‘press, clamp’. With root *-pit ‘press, squeeze together; narrow’. Dempwolff (1934-38) included Sa'a äpi ‘hold under the arm, hold close to the body’, Tongan ʔapiʔapi ‘crowded or crammed’, and Samoan apiapi ‘narrow’, apit-ia ‘be wedged in, be confined’ as reflexes of *ha(m)pit ‘hold together’, but I regard these as non-cognate.
In addition to their general verbal meanings, reflexes of PWMP *hapit have two recurrent nominal senses: 1. the members of a wedding party who flank (‘squeeze in’) the bride or groom at the wedding ceremony, and 2. a part of the indigenous backstrap loom. The distribution of forms with the former meaning is limited to two known languages (Bahasa Indonesia, Makassarese), and probably is due to borrowing. Reflexes of *hapit which refer to a part of the backstrap loom are, however, more widespread (Karo Batak, Sundanese, Balinese, Sasak, Tae'), and are less likely to be products of diffusion.
More difficult is the problem of achieving an exact gloss: with reference to the loom PWMP *hapit evidently designated a structure consisting of two wooden slats between which the warp threads were pinched. Judging from the glosses in Sundanese and Tae', this structure extended across the lap of a seated weaver, and was bound at its ends by thongs which extended around her padded hips so as to control the desired tension on the warp threads.
28114 5031 PAN *SapSap feel, grope [doublet: *kapkap, *SapuSap]
5032 28116 5034 PAN *SapuSap feel, grope [doublet: *SapSap]
5035 Note: Also Tagalog apuháp ‘feel out by extending the hand’, Bikol hapíhap ‘rub gently; caress, fondle, pet, stroke’.
28117 *Sapuy fire 5036 PAN *Sapuy fire
5037 PMP *hapuy fire
5038 PEMP *api fire
5039 POC *api fire
5040 5041 5042 PWMP *maŋ-hapuy-i apply fire to
5043 PWMP *maR-hapuy build a fire (?)
5044 PMP *pa-hapuy-an firewood, what is used to make a fire
6738 POC *papian firewood, what is used to make a fire
Note: Also Nukuoro lahhie ‘firewood’. Walsh and Biggs (1966) give Rarotongan vaʔie ‘firewood’, but this appears as vaie, with unexplained zero reflex for medial *f in their reported source (Savage 1962). Although the Oceanic forms can be regularly derived from PMP *pa-hapuy-an, and although POc preserved *api ‘fire’ it is unlikely that the morphological relationship between *api and *papian was apparent to speakers of POc, which had already undergone such a thorough morphological restructuring that many original morpheme boundaries were completely concealed from the average speaker. Except for the reported Maori variant fafia, all Polynesian reflexes show an irregular fronting of the final vowel, a change that presumably had already occurred in PPn, perhaps giving rise to doublets *fafie and *fafia. 5045 PWMP *paŋ-hapuy (gloss uncertain)
5046 PWMP *paR-hapuy-an fireplace, hearth
5047 PWMP *h<in>apuy (gloss uncertain)
5048 PAN *S<um>apuy (gloss uncertain)
5049 PMP *h<um>apuy (gloss uncertain)
5050 PWMP *hapuy-an fireplace, hearth
5051 PWMP *hapuy hapuy₁ firefly
5052 PWMP *hapuy hapuy₂ tree sp.
Note: Also Kankanaey apey ‘fire; burning; conflagration; combustion; light’, Kapampangan apíʔ ‘fire, flame, spark’, Balinese ampi ‘fire’, Sasak perapen ‘smithy, forge’ (Javanese loan), Rotinese haʔi ‘fire’, Leti w~ai ‘fire’, Lakalai havi ‘fire’. Many reflexes of *Sapuy are affixed in a variety of ways. Some of the cross-linguistic agreements in morphologically complex forms of this morpheme appear to reflect affixed proto-forms, while others appear to be products of convergence. Among the latter are the following:
1) Ifugaw (Batad) i-apuy ‘that with which something is burned, i.e. a fire’, Tontemboan i-api ‘the time specified for a woman who is about to give birth to be exposed to heat; that which is used for warming her’;
In addition, *hapuy hapuy ‘firefly’ may be a convergent innovation (cf. PWMP *qali-petpet ‘firefly’), and various other reduplicated forms of *hapuy almost certainly are products of historically independent innovations, as with Karo Batak api api ‘caterpillar with hairs that cause strong itching’, Old Javanese apuy apuy ‘light a fire; sit near a fire (?)’, and Tontemboan api api ‘kind of bird, named from its red breast’.
28126 5061 PAN *SaRuŋ snore, groan, etc. [doublet: *heReŋ, *heRuŋ]
5062 Note: Also Hanunóo, Cebuano háguk ‘snore’.
28128 5064 PAN *Sasak ripe; cooked [doublet: *esak]
5065 PMP *hasak ripe; cooked [doublet: *esak]
5066 PAN *ma-Sasak ripe; cooked [doublet: *esak]
11886 11887 28129 5067 5068 5069 PEMP *asaq sharpen, rub, grate
5070 5071 PWMP *paŋ-hasaq person or instrument that grinds or sharpens
5072 PWMP *paŋ-hasaq-an whetting, sharpening
5073 PAN *Sasaq-an whetstone, grindstone
5074 PMP *hasaq-an whetstone, grindstone
5075 PWMP *hasaq-en be sharpened; thing sharpened
5076 POC *asaq-i sharpen (transitive)
Note: Also Bunun asaq ‘rub, grind, whet, sharpen’ (Nihira 1983 [1932]), Bintulu aseʔ ‘whetting, sharpening’, Iban asah ‘sharpen’, Gedaged yase ‘sharpen, abrade, rub (down), file, pulverize’, Lau tata ‘scrape, sharpen by rubbing’, Sa'a ata-ata ‘diamond-shaped yam grater; to grate’. The etymon of this widespread cognate set clearly referred to the sharpening of worn tool edges, and not merely to grating or grinding in general. It is compatible with a hypothesis that either edge-ground stone tools or metal tools of some type were in use among PAn speakers (c. 4,000 B.C.). Paiwan tataq is assumed to result from assimilation of *S to *s prior to the regular change *s > /t/.
28130 *SateD accompany, escort; send, return 5077 PAN *SateD accompany, escort; send, return
5078 PMP *hateD accompany, escort, conduct, convey; send; return; escort the bride to her husband; gift of food at a wedding; send bridewealth payments
11888 PEMP *ated accompany, escort, conduct, convey; send; return; escort the bride to her husband; gift of food at a wedding; send bridewealth payments
5079 PAN *ma-SateD escort, accompany
5080 PWMP *maŋ-hateD send, accompany
5081 PAN *pa-SateD send (?)
5082 PWMP *paŋ-hateD person who leads or escorts another; means of leading or escorting
5083 PWMP *h<in>ateD was escorted or brought; person escorted, thing brought
5084 PAN *S<um>ateD accompany, escort
5085 PMP *h<um>ateD accompany, escort
5086 PAN *SateD-an escort, accompany (imperative)
5087 PMP *hateD-an escort, accompany (imperative)
5088 PWMP *hateD-en be escorted, be delivered
Note: Also Itbayaten hatid ‘deliver, accompany’, Tiruray odor ‘go along, accompany’, Acehnese euntat ‘escort, accompany, convey, bring, transfer’, Balinese (High) ater ‘lead (an animal), escort, lead away (prisoners)’, Sasak anter ‘escort, accompany’, Tondano antar ‘wedding gold’ (= Malay loan with semantic change?), Banggai antok, maŋ-antok-kon ‘lead, escort, bring’, Bimanese oto ‘escort, accompany’.
Dempwolff (1934-38) reconstructed *ha(n)teD ‘bring, escort, conduct, deliver’. However, this gloss fails to account for the fact that reflexes of *SateD refer not just to this general semantic range, but more specifically to 1. a ceremonial escorting of the bride to the wedding or to her new husband (in connection with patrilocal residence?), and 2. to some form of material exchange, probably involving bridewealth (Bikol, Mongondow, Numfor). The clear references to food exchanges or distribution -- whether connected with marriage or not -- in at least Javanese, Madurese, Sasak, Makassarese and Palauan further suggests that by at least PWMP times *hateD included as an important part of its denotation gifts of food from a wedding feast which were evidently carried home for consumption.
28131 *Sauni in a little while, momentarily, later 5089 PAN *Sauni in a little while, momentarily, later
28138 5100 5101 Note: If the Amis and Philippine forms are cognate the latter show an irregular loss of expected initial h-.
28133 *Sawak waist, back of the waist 5091 PAN *Sawak waist, back of the waist
5092 PMP *hawak waist, back of the waist
5093 5094 PWMP *hawak-an waistline
Note: Also Hanunóo áwak ‘back of waist’, Kelabit awaʔ ‘waist’, Maloh awaʔ ‘waist’, Dairi-Pakpak Batak awak ‘waist, hips’, Rejang awaʔ ‘body, abdomen, trunk’. The precise semantic agreement in the glosses of Kavalan sawaq and Hanunóo háwak ‘back of the waist’, and the somewhat wavering 30000 *Sawiki betel nut: nut of Areca catechu 6693 PAN *Sawiki betel nut: nut of Areca catechu
Note: Also Hoanya abiki, Siraya aviki, Rukai (Tona) θaviki ‘areca nut’. The history of betel chewing in South and Southeast Asia is complex, and the details remain to be fully worked out (Zumbroich 2008). In attested Austronesian-speaking societies from Taiwan to the western Pacific the fruit of the areca palm is chewed as a mild stimulant, either by individuals alone or as part of a social ‘lubricant’, in some cases connected with formal events such as wedding engagements. More exactly, what is chewed is the betel quid, a packet consisting of an outer leaf wrapping the nut and a small quantity of lime made by crushing the shells of marine molluscs or coral. In Taiwan the practice has spread in recent centuries to the Han Chinese community, who must have learned it from the native populace. This word was replaced in PMP by *buaq.
28137 5098 PAN *SawSaw wash, rinse [doublet: *NawNaw, *rawraw]
5099 Note: Also Amis sasaw ‘generic word for wash’.
29875 *SayaN termite 6534 PAN *SayaN termite [doublet: *aNay]
Se
28159 *SebaN carry a child with a carrying cloth 5124 PAN *SebaN carry a child with a carrying cloth
5125 PMP *heban carry a child with a carrying cloth
5126 PAN *S<in>ebaN what is carried on the back
5127 PMP *h<in>eban what is carried on the back
Note: Also Pangasinan ebá, ebák ‘to carry (esp. a child)’, Bikol hagbán ‘carry something bulky wrapped in cloth’. Arndt (1961) cites Ngadha eba under céba, but the alphabetical order shows that this is a misprint for ceba (/eba/). In PMP this form clearly meant ‘carry a child with a carrying cloth’; such a specific gloss cannot yet be assigned to PAn *SebaN.
28160 *SebuC pluck, pull up (as weeds) 5128 PAN *SebuC pluck, pull up (as weeds)
5129 PMP *hebut pluck, pull up (as weeds)
Note: With root *-buC ‘to weed, pluck, pull out’.
28168 5137 5138 Note: Javanese eŋkak probably is borrowed from Malay. With root *-kak₁ ‘cackle, laugh loudly’.
30297 *Seked stop an activity, take a break, rest 7232 PAN *Seked stop an activity, take a break, rest
Note: Also Kavalan tqez ‘to stop, to rest for awhile when walking’.
33201 *SekuC hunched over, stoop-shouldered 11703 PAN *SekuC hunched over, stoop-shouldered
11704 PMP *hekut hunched over, stoop-shouldered
33861 12678 12679 Note: With root *-lem₁ ‘dark’. Possibly a convergent development.
28183 *Sema tongue 5155 PAN *Sema tongue
5156 PMP *hema tongue
Note: Also Puyuma sema ‘tongue’ (< Paiwan), Lampung emah ‘tongue’, Manggarai, Ngadha lema, Kambera làma ‘tongue’. Alternatively, the Atayal, Saisiyat and Puyuma forms can be assigned to *sema, and the Amis and Paiwan forms to a doublet *Sema. The vowel length in Selaru mā, Buruese maa- is unexplained, and it is possible that these forms reflect PCEMP *maya.
28182 5152 5153 5154 Note: Also Binukid humáy, Kalagan umay, Mamanwa homay, Manobo (Sarangani) omay ‘husked rice’, Palawan Batak omay, Toba Batak eme, Malay imai ‘cooked rice’. Dempwolff posited *imay ‘rice’, but based his reconstruction entirely on Toba Batak eme, Malay imai. Although PAn *Semay apparently meant ‘cooked rice’, the meaning of PPh *hemay is less certain. Both in northern Luzon and in Sangir of northern Sulawesi, PPh *hemay is reflected in the meaning ‘rice in the field; unhusked rice’, and PPh *ka-hemay-an ‘rice field’ supports a similar gloss for the unaffixed stem.
At the same time, however, a number of languages in the central Philippines agree with Formosan reflexes and with such variant forms in western Indonesia as Toba Batak eme and Malay imai in supporting a gloss ‘cooked rice’. In either case there are competing forms for the meaning in question. PAn *pajay clearly meant ‘rice in the field; unhusked rice’, and in this sense evidently persisted in PPh. Although reflexes of both *kaen-en and *nasi mean ‘cooked rice’ in widely separated languages, the former set of terms almost certainly developed this sense as a result of convergent change from an original meaning ‘what is eaten’, while some reflexes of the latter probably are borrowings of Malay nasi ‘cooked rice’.
28184 *Semut smothering, suffocating 5157 PAN *Semut smothering, suffocating
5158 Note: I assume that Saisiyat has assimilated the reflex of *u to the other three vowels in the only form of this word that is given in Li (1978).
28202 5227 PAN *Señaw to wash [doublet: *Siñaw]
5228 30281 7192 7193 Note: Also Puyuma aŋaɖ ‘a breath’, aŋaɖ-an ‘windpipe, bronchial tubes’.
30272 7174 7175 PMP *heŋaw exude or escape, of air, gases or similar substances (?)
Note: Also Maranao seŋaw ‘breath; vapor’. The semantic differerence between this and PAn *Seŋad is unclear. Reflexes of the latter uniformly mean to ‘to breathe’, whereas reflexes of PAn *Seŋaw are more diverse, and hence more difficult to assign to a uniform meaning.
28187 *Sepat four 5161 PAN *Sepat four
5162 PMP *epat four
5163 PEMP *pat four
5164 5165 PPh *ika-epat fourth
5166 PMP *ka-epat fourth
5167 PWMP *ka-epat-an fourth
5168 PAN *ma-Sepat (gloss uncertain)
5169 PMP *ma-epat divided into four (?)
5170 5171 5172 PWMP *maR-epat become four, divide into four (intr.)
5173 5174 5175 PWMP *paR-epat one-fourth
5176 PWMP *paR-epat-an (?)
5177 PAN *paR-Sepat-en do four times
5178 PMP *paR-epat-en divide into four (?)
5179 PAN *Sa-Sepat four (of humans)
5180 5181 5182 PWMP *epat-an group of four (?)
5183 PWMP *epat-en be divided into four
5184 5185 5186 PAN *pat-a four (in counting certain referents)
5187 PWMP *pat-aŋ four (combination form)
5188 PCEMP *pat-i four
Note: Also Taroko kn-spat-an ‘in four days’, Karo Batak p-empat-en ‘the fourth day’, Kambera ka-patu-ŋu ‘by fours, four at a time’. Itbayaten kak-ápat ‘a fourth part, one-fourth’, Pangasinan kak-ápat ‘one-fourth, quarter’ appears to be a valid comparison, but without wider attestation I hesitate to assign it to PPh.
Perhaps the most noteworthy feature of *Sepat and its reflexes is the exceptionally large number of morphologically complex forms which can be reconstructed. Some of these contain productive affixes which also occur with other numerals. Others, as *pat-a, *pat-aŋ, and *pat-i, contain presumptive suffixes which do not occur elsewhere, and are of dubious morphological status.
In addition to those forms which have been reconstructed, the following morphologically similar reflexes of *Sepat are assumed to be products of convergent development:
1. Puyuma (Tamalakaw) kaR-pa-apat ‘four each’, Bikol kag-apát ‘fourteen’,
In addition, Wolio parapa ‘fourth part, quarter’ may be a Malay loan, thus considerably weakening the evidence for *paR-epat. One continuing puzzle is the source of initial /h/- in a few scattered reflexes of PAn *Sa-Sepat, but not of *Sepat (e.g. Itbayaten haʔ-pat, Manobo (Western Bukidnon) heʔe-pat, Dampelas h-apat). The most straightforward explanation is that /h/- in these cases reflects the consonant of Sa-. The difficulty with adopting this explanation is that 1. there is good evidence that PAn *Sepat irregularly became PMP *epat, not **hepat, and 2. in the three languages mentioned PAn *a-enem is also reflected with /h/- (Itbayaten haʔ-nem, Manobo (Western Bukidnon) heʔ-enem, Dampelas h-onoŋ). Dampelas even adds /h/- before the historically secondary vowel in h-oalu ‘eight’ (from *wa-walu > owalu > oalu). For the time being, then, I assume that these instances of /h/- are historically secondary, although the basis for a convergent development remains unclear.
28191 *Sepi dream 5192 PAN *Sepi dream [doublet: *Sipi]
5193 PMP *hepi dream
30671 8208 PAN *SeReC to bind tightly; belt [doublet: *beRet]
8209 PMP *heRet to bind tightly; belt
8210 8211 8212 PWMP *maŋ-heRet tighten, make firm, of a binding
8213 PAN *S<um>eReC tighten, fasten firmly
8214 PMP *h<um>eRet tighten, fasten firmly
8215 PWMP *heRet-en be tied up tightly
Note: Also Pazeh m-axes ~ m-axet ‘tight (of a belt or clothes)’, Kanakanabu ma-ʔərəcə ‘tight’, Rukai (Maga) u-rəcə ‘tie two strings’, Hanunóo huʔút ‘tightness, tight fit, referring to clothes’, Kalamian Tagbanwa keet ‘tighten something’, Maranao liget ‘selfish, greedy, miser; tight’, magaget ‘tight (as a dress)’, Tiruray eget ‘a string; holding something tightly’, erat ‘tight, narrow’, Tboli get ‘tightness, as of screws; strictness, as of rules; tight, strict’, Yakan haget ‘firm, secure, tight’, Malay jerat ‘running noose; of noose-snares for birds and small mammals, also of a strangler’s noose as used by thugs’, serat ‘jammed in an opening; stuck; held fast’, Malay (Jakarta) jiret ‘noose trap’, Old Javanese hret ‘restraint, check, resistance’, aŋ-hret ‘to restrain, hold back, keep in check’.
Tsuchida (1976:166) united the Pazeh, Tsouic and Rukai forms together with Malay (h)erat under PAn *qeReC, but the fuller comparison cited here does not support this interpretation.
28197 5199 PAN *Sesi flesh, meat [doublet: *isiʔ]
5200 Note: Also Atayal hiʔ ‘flesh; body; person; self’, Kavalan ʔsiʔ ‘meat’, Acehnese asòe ‘contents, stuffing, cargo, flesh (living or dead, but not slaughtered’. Mills (1981:65) posits "Proto-Indonesian" *( )a(n)si( ) ‘contents, flesh’, but Acehnese asòe is the only form in his comparison which cannot be assigned to *Sesi.
28198 5201 5202 11889 Note: Also Hawu eté ‘cut, cut off’.
28199 *Seyaq shyness, embarrassment; shame 5203 PAN *Seyaq shyness, embarrassment; shame
11890 PMP *heyaq shyness, embarrassment; shame
5204 5205 PAN *ma-Seyaq shy, embarrassed; ashamed
5206 PMP *ma-heyaq shy, embarrassed; ashamed
5208 PCEMP *ma-mayaq shy, embarrassed, ashamed
Note: Also Seediq siqa ‘shame, modesty, reserve’, m-siqa ‘ashamed, modest, reserved’, k-siqa ‘imperative and negative of m-siqa’, Hanunóo húya, ‘shame, modesty’, huya-húya ‘sensitive plant’, Mongondow oraʔ ‘shyness, shame’. This comparison is a noteworthy example of how fossilized morphology together with regular sound change can thoroughly disguise the connection of related forms, even when recurrent phonological correspondences have been established. Thus, without knowledge of the morphology, Tagalog hiyáʔ could correspond only to **ia in most Oceanic languages. The development of CMP, South Halmahera-West New Guinea, and OC forms has been: *ma-Seyaq > ma-siaq > ma-hiaq > maiaq > mayaq, and thus exactly parallels the development of PAn *ma-Suab POc *mawap ‘to yawn’. Following the reanalysis of PAn *ma-Seyaq as PCEMP *mayaq, many CEMP languages reinterpreted this historically stative/attributive form as nominal (‘shame, shyness’) and added a historically secondary stative/attributive prefix *ma-, yielding PCEMP *mayaq ‘shyness, shame’, *ma-mayaq ‘shy, ashamed’. The parallel developments in Sangir ma-mea and Banggai ma-maa are assumed to be products of convergence, since a reflex of *Seyaq is retained as a separate morpheme in other WMP languages.
28200 *Seyup blowing on (a fire, etc.) 5209 PAN *Seyup blowing on (a fire, etc.) [doublet: *tiup]
5210 PMP *heyup blowing on (a fire, etc.)
5211 PWMP *maŋ-heyup blow, blow on (a fire, etc.)
5212 PWMP *maR-heyup to blow, as the wind
5213 PAN *Seyup-an place of blowing
5214 PMP *heyup-an place of blowing
5215 5216 PWMP *heyup heyup hollow cane for blowing on the fire
5217 5218 Note: Also Bontok ayóp ‘blow on, as a fire in order to make it flame’. Some liberties have been taken in the comparison of morphologically complex reflexes of *Seyup and *tiup in order to argue for the antiquity of certain morphologically complex forms of *Seyup. One other item that can be added to the comparison for *Seyup Seyup in this connection is Malay tiup-tiup ‘mouth organ’, Malay (Baba) tiop-tiop api ‘bellows’.
28201 5219 PAN *Sezam borrow, lend [doublet: *hinzam]
5220 5221 PPh *ipa-hedám lend something (?)
5222 PPh *ma-hedám (gloss uncertain)
5223 PPh *maŋ-hedam borrow
5224 PAN *pa-Sezam lend
5225 5226 Note: Singhi Land Dayak ñam is assumed to be njam, with the type of nasal-obstruent sequence that has been called an "implosive" nasal (Coady and McGinn 1982) or a "funny" nasal (Durie 1985). The parallel suffixation in Malay mem-injam-kan ‘lend something to someone’ and Wolio pa-ada-aka ‘lend (something)’ is assumed to result from a historically independent ‘capture’ of the preposition *aken in both languages. Tagalog híram-an ‘person from whom or place from which one may borrow something or things’, Malay pinjam-an ‘thing borrowed; loan’ may point to PWMP *hezam-an, but the Malay suffix could reflect *-en.
Finally, it is noteworthy that at least three widely separated WMP languages (Kiput, Javanese, Sangir) make a lexical distinction between the borrowing of an object that must itself be returned (e.g. a book), and the borrowing of an object that can be returned in kind (e.g. rice, money). Although these distinct glosses cannot yet be assigned to different reconstructed forms, it appears unlikely that such a distinction would develop independently. If not, *Sezam presumably referred to only one type of borrowing, while some other verb yet to be reconstructed referred to the other.
Si
28274 *Si-₁ verbal prefix marking instrumental or benefactive voice 5333 PAN *Si-₁ verbal prefix marking instrumental or benefactive voice
5334 PMP *i- verbal prefix marking instrumental or benefactive voice’
Note: The PMP reflex of PAn *Si- should be *hi-. This morpheme shows an irregular loss of the initial consonant in all diagnostic MP witnesses (mostly in the Philippines).
28275 *Si-₂ originate from, come from 5335 PAN *Si-₂ originate from, come from
5336 PMP *hi- originate from, come from
Note: Apparently distinct from the locative focus marker *i. Reflexes of *Si are common in the names of language groups in northern Luzon.
32371 *Si-₃ to wear, put on clothes, etc. 10693 PAN *Si-₃ to wear, put on clothes, etc.
Note: These examples were first cited by Teng (2014).
29925 *Sidi Formosan serow, mountain goat 6600 PAN *Sidi Formosan serow, mountain goat
30282 *Sijap broom 7194 PAN *Sijap broom
Note: Ting (1978) cites the Puyuma form in the Pinaski, Ulibulibuk, Kasabakan and Katipul dialects, but Tsuchida (1980) does not give it for the Tamalakaw dialect, nor does Cauquelin (2011) give it for Nanwang Puyuma.
26451 *Sika- prefix for ordinal numbers 2836 PAN *Sika- prefix for ordinal numbers
11621 PMP *ika- prefix for ordinal numerals
11622 POC *ka- prefix for ordinal numerals
30312 7262 7263 PAN *ma-Sikad ashamed; shy; modest
Note: This form appears to be synonymous with PAn *ma-Siaq ‘shy, ashamed’. So far no way has been found to distinguish these two reconstructions semantically.
28223 *Sikam mat 5250 PAN *Sikam mat
5251 PMP *hikam mat
Note: Also Paiwan sekam ‘mat’, Binukid ikam ‘mat’, Manobo (Western Bukidnon) ikam ‘mat’.
28224 *Sikan fish 5252 PAN *Sikan fish
5253 PMP *hikan fish
5254 PEMP *ikan fish
Note: Also Bunun (Northern) kaːn ‘fish’, Wolio ikane, isa ‘fish’. In addition to functioning in isolation as the generic term for ‘fish’, this widely distributed form is the head element in many fish names.
28226 *Siket tie, bind, attach to by tying 5256 PAN *Siket tie, bind, attach to by tying
5257 PMP *hiket tie, bind, attach to by tying
5258 PWMP *maŋ-hiket to tie, bind together
5259 5260 5261 PWMP *hiket-en tied, bound together
Note: Also Sekar eket ‘tie, bind’. Dempwolff (1934-38) included Samoan iʔo ‘wind, coil (as string or rope between two parts of the body)’ in this comparison. However, the Samoan form and similar forms in other Polynesian languages (e.g. Niue iko ‘to coil, wind around’) appear to be distinct. This item may contain the root *-keC ‘adhesive, sticky’, and hence end in *C.
28241 5277 5278 Note: Tsuchida (1976:234) reconstructs Proto-South Formosan *S₁imaR ‘grease, fat’.
28246 5283 5284 5285 PCEMP *imi 2p. pl. pronoun: you
Note: The forms brought together here show two general irregularities: 1. the expected reflex of *S- in all four WMP languages is h-, and 2. the expected reflex of the last syllable vowel in all CEMP languages is -u. Given these problems it would be easy to posit only a PPh reconstruction *ímu and a distinct PCEMP (or even PCMP) reconstruction *imi.
However, it is well-known that pronouns commonly undergo irregular sound changes, in part because of their high text frequency, and in part because of the tendency for pronoun systems to be restructured while retaining the elements that compose them (Blust 1977). PAn *Simu evidently contains the element *-mu seen also in PAn *kamu ‘2p. pl.’. The relationship of this form to the pronoun system reconstructed in Blust (1977) remains problematic, and the supporting evidence for it needs to be examined critically through closer attention to the historical development of the languages from which this evidence is drawn.
28250 5291 5292 Note: The function of this affix remains unclear, although it seems likely that it contributed a sense of intensification to the meaning of the verb stem.
30374 *Sina a plant: Erechtites spp. 7418 PAN *Sina a plant: Erechtites spp.
Note: According to Merrill (1954:132) this plant is an introduction from the Americas, raising questions about the referent of *Sina. However, several species of Erechtites are known in the central and southern Philippines, where they are designated by native terms unrelated to this reconstruction (Madulid 2001). The comparison cited here was first noted by Li (1994:259), who reconstructed ‘Proto-Formosan’ *sina.
28249 5289 PAN *SiNuq beads, necklace [doublet: *uNuq]
5290 Note: Also Atayal sniuu ‘necklace’. Tsuchida (1976:165) proposes Proto-South Formosan *S₁iɬuq ‘beads’.
28276 5337 PAN *Siñaw to wash [doublet: *Señaw]
5338 PMP *hiñaw wash hands, feet or face
5339 PAN *Siñaw-an place where one washes
5340 PMP *hiñaw-an place where one washes
Note: With root *-ñaw ‘wash, bathe, rinse’.
28286 *Siŋus sniff, sniffle (as with a runny nose) 5351 PAN *Siŋus sniff, sniffle (as with a runny nose)
5352 PMP *hiŋus sniff, sniffle (as with a runny nose)
Note: Also Kavalan siŋut ‘sniff’, Hiligaynon íŋus ‘to sniffle, draw air audibly’, Cebuano íŋus-íŋus ‘kind of peppery dish made from chicken intestines’, Nias iŋo ‘nasal mucus; to sniffle; catarrh’, Simalur iŋol, Minangkabau iŋur ‘snot’. PAn *s normally became Paiwan t, but is reflected as s in some other forms that contained *S (as *liseSaq > ƚiseqes ‘nit, egg of a louse’). With root *-ŋus ‘snout’.
30467 *Siŋus sniffle, snuff up; snot 7661 PWMP *Siŋus sniffle, snuff up; snot
Note: Also Yakan mag-eŋŋus ‘to sniff up something (as when having a cold)’.
28252 *SipaR opposite side (esp. of a river) 5294 PAN *SipaR opposite side (esp. of a river)
5295 PMP *hipaR₂ opposite side (esp. of a river)
5296 PWMP *di hipaR on the opposite side (esp. of a river)
Note: Also Seediq sipao ‘opposite side (of valley, stream)’. Possibly identical to PMP *hipaR ‘brother-in-law, sister-in-law’ (reflecting a PMP exogamous dualistic social organization).
28253 *Sipes cockroach 5297 PAN *Sipes cockroach
5298 PMP *ipes cockroach
5299 POC *ipos cockroach
Note: Saisiyat hipih shows ‘sibilant assimilation’ (Blust 1995). With irregular loss of *S- in PMP, parallel to the change in PAn *Sepat > PMP *epat ‘four’. Also Pazeh hepet ‘cockroach’, Malay lipas ‘cockroach; gen. for a number of Blattidae’. Dempwolff (1934-38) attributed Samoan ipo ‘edible sea-worm: Sipunculus spp.’ to this etymon, but this and similar forms in other Oceanic languages are now attributed to POc *impo ‘edible sea worm: Sipunculus spp.’ (q.v.).
28254 *Sipi dream 5300 PAN *Sipi dream [doublet: *lupi, *Sepi]
5301 PMP *hipi dream
5302 5303 PWMP *paŋ-hipi a dream
5304 PMP *h<in>ipi a dream; was dreamt by
5305 PCEMP *nipi dream
5306 5307 Note: Also Bintulu, Melanau (Mukah) nupey, Ujir nupiʔ, Ngaju Dayak ma-nupi, Malagasy ma-nofy, Belait ndupay, Kelabit mupih, Modang (Long Glat) empi-n, Totoli upi-an, Wuvulu, Aua mevi, Sori me-mep, Nauna mehi-meh, Lou mImpIp ‘dream’. Malay mimpi, Sangir mipi, and similar forms cited under *h-um-ipi may actually reflect PAn *mi-Sepi (cp. Proto-Atayalic *sepi, Paiwan mi-sepi ‘dream’), although unambiguous reflexes of *Sepi are thus are confined to the Formosan languages. The relationship of Saisiyat ʔishpiʔ ‘to dream’ to these forms remains unclear.
30002 6696 Note: Thao shupilh was also recorded as cupish and lhupish (Blust 2003:350). It is assumed that the Thao form shows metathesis of the vowels, and Paiwan supu shows assimilation of the first vowel to the second. Other than this the correspondences are regular, and there is no compelling reason to believe that this is a loan distribution.
PAn *SipuR was replaced in PMP by *ihap.
28265 *SiRup sip, as soup or rice wine from a bowl 5318 PAN *SiRup sip, as soup or rice wine from a bowl [doublet: *hiRup, *SiRup]
5319 PMP *hiRup sip, as soup or rice wine from a bowl
5320 5321 PWMP *maŋ-hiRup to sip, to drink
5322 PWMP *hiRup-an place of drinking
5323 PWMP *hiRup-en was sipped by
Note: Also Sasak iup ‘sip, slurp, drink noisily’. The Central Cordilleran forms show irregular /g/ for expected /l/, and may be loans. This verb evidently referred to drinking in small quantities by inhalation, as in sipping hot soup from a bowl. It contrasted with *inum, the ordinary verb for ‘to drink’.
30252 *SiSiN omen bird: Alcippe spp. 7127 PAN *SiSiN omen bird: Alcippe spp.
Note: This intriguing comparison shows that omen birds, which played a role in the cultures of many documented Austronesian-speaking societies, already had a similar function in PAN society (as they did among the classical Romans). The exact referent of this term remains unclear, although it evidently included birds of the genus Alcippe (thrushes), and its cultural significance apparently was to give warning of the possible negative consequences of engaging in some planned activity.
31161 *Siwa nine 9164 PAN *Siwa nine
9165 PMP *siwa nine
9166 PWMP *in-siwa (gloss uncertain)
9167 9168 PAN *Sika-Siwa ninth
9169 PMP *ika-siwa ninth
9170 Note: Also Long Semadoh liwaʔ, Tring siwaʔ, Kelabit iwaʔ, Sa'ban ewaʔ, Taboyan, Lawangan sie, Ma'anyan suey, Siang suoy, Gayō, Karo Batak siwah, Sasak siwaʔ ‘nine’, Muna siua ‘nine (form used in counting and prefixed to nouns)’, Rembong siwaʔ, Atoni seɔʔ, Nggela hiua ‘nine’.
The appearance of an unexplained final glottal stop in a few widely-scattered languages raises questions about a possible doublet, and the appearance of –iua rather than –iwa in Muna and Nggela raises other questions that are difficult to answer on the basis of available evidence.
For an explanation of the basis for the irregular change from PAn *S to PMP *s in this word cf. Blust (1995).
28273 5331 5332 Note: Also Tagalog hiwís ‘aslant, as a staircase’, Cebuano hiwíʔ ‘crooked, winding or twisting; slanting to one side, or askew’. The final consonant correspondence may be irregular, but there is little evidence to decide the matter. For PAn *d- > Amis t-, cf. *duSa > tosa ‘two’.
Su
32236 *Su- take off, remove (+ noun) 10522 PAN *Su- take off, remove (+ noun)
Note: This comparison was first brought to my attention by Victoria Chen.
28293 *Suab yawn 5359 PAN *Suab yawn
5360 PMP *huab₂ yawn
5361 5362 PMP *ma-huab₁ to yawn, yawning
5363 5364 5365 5366 5367 Note: Also Bintulu teñe-bab ‘a yawn’, Melanau (Mukah) tuab ‘ a yawn’, Malay kuap ‘yawn’, Chamorro magap ‘yawn’, Yamdena n-maup ‘to yawn’, Mussau mamama ‘to yawn’, Tolai mauviap ‘to yawn’, Mota mamaova ‘to gape, yawn’, Tongan mamao ‘to yawn’, Niue māmao ‘to yawn’, Samoan māvava ‘yawn’, Rennellese mababa ‘to yawn; to open or be open, as a Tridacna’, Nukuoro maava ‘yawn, belch’.
Irregular reflexes of *Suab are quite common, particularly in the OC languages. The cognation of such OC forms as Seimat maw (where only -/w/ remains from the original stem) with WMP forms such as Kelabit uab is clear from the fairly abundant intermediate forms that reflect PAn *ma-Suab ( > ma-huab > ma-uab > mawab).
A perfect parallel is seen in PAn *ma-Seyaq, POc *mayaq ‘shy, ashamed’. In both cases the boundary between the stative prefix *ma- and the stem has been lost in all CEMP witnesses. The only non-CEMP language in which a similar loss of morpheme boundary has taken place is Chamorro (with magap, for expected **magwap ‘yawn’). Following the reanalysis of *ma-uab as *mawab a number of CEMP languages have either introduced a new stative marker, or have reduplicated the first syllable of the new stem. It remains unclear how many of these added syllables (if any) are the result of convergent developments.
28294 5368 5369 PMP *huaji younger sibling of the same sex; younger parallel cousin of the same sex
5370 PCEMP *waji younger sibling of the same sex; younger parallel cousin of the same sex
5371 PWMP *maR-huaji be in a sibling relationship
5372 PWMP *paR-huaji younger sibling of the same sex; younger parallel cousin of the same sex
5373 PWMP *si huaji nickname for youngest child
5374 PMP *ta-huaji younger sibling of the same sex; younger parallel cousin of the same sex
5375 POC *taci younger sibling of the same sex; younger parallel cousin of the same sex
5376 PAN *Suaji-an called or regarded as siblings (?)
5377 PWMP *huaji-ŋ younger sibling of the same sex (vocative); younger parallel cousin of the same sex (vocative)
6971 PMP *huaji-q younger sibling of the same sex (vocative); younger parallel cousin of the same sex (vocative)
Note: Also Manggarai asé ‘younger sibling of the same sex’; friend’, Nali nali ‘sibling of the same sex’, Lau sāsi ( = sa asiʔ) ‘younger sibling of the same sex’. Dempwolff (1934-38) reconstructed doublets *a(ŋ)ji ‘sibling, consanguine (generally younger)’ and *qa(ŋ)ji ‘sibling, consanguine (generally of the opposite sex)’. The far richer evidence now available supports a trisyllabic etymon, but recurrent, mutually corroboratory irregularities leave open the possibility that we should reconstruct both *Suaji and *Saji. As evidence for the latter, disyllabic variant, we can cite Proto-Rukai *agi, Ifugaw agí, Balangaw agí, Kallahan (Kayapa) agí, Pangasinan agí, Sambal (Botolan) ali, Kalamian Tagbanwa ariʔ, ATA hari, Manobo (Western Bukidnon) hazi, Maranao ari and various forms in western Indonesia (some of which -- like Malay adé-k -- can regularly reflect either variant). The presence of *-u- is, however, clearly supported by all Formosan reflexes noted to date apart from Proto-Rukai *agi, by many reflexes in the northern Philippines, by Tunjung gari-n, by Mentawai bagi, and by a number of reflexes in CMP languages.
Because no Formosan reflex is known to make us of a relative sex distinction, PAn *Suaji must be reconstructed with the meaning ‘younger sibling’. However, agreement between at least Manobo (Ata), Tboli and Toba Batak suggest that PMP *huaji meant ‘younger sibling of the same sex’. It is clear that PMP had four sibling terms: *betaw ‘sister’ (man speaking)’, *ñaRa ‘brother (woman speaking)’, *huaji and *kaka. Whether a relative sex distinction was or was not made in the terms *huaji and *kaka, there can be no doubt that the former referred to younger and the latter to elder siblings. In both Ngaju Dayak and Southern Toraja relative sex is used in the definition of cross-sibling terms, yet reflexes of *huaji and *kaka evidently apply to siblings of either sex regardless of sex of speaker.
It is possible that PMP possessed a similar system, and that the more specific references to younger or elder siblings of the same sex evolved independently in WMP and CEMP languages as a result of a tendency to divide up semantic space into mutually exclusive categories. I find this scenario less convincing than the hypothesis that PMP *kaka and *huaji contained a relative sex component which became otiose and disappeared in those societies that lost descent groups (with which relative sex has an established positive correlation cross-culturally). In addition to its literal sibling referents both PAn *Suaji and PMP *huaji evidently referred to relatives in general, a fact noted as early as 1933 by F.A.E. van Wouden, who proposed an explanation for it (van Wouden 1968 [1935]:120). Finally, it appears likely from agreements in such widely scattered languages as Karo Batak, Balinese, Sasak and Gedaged that PMP *huaji could refer in certain contexts to the afterbirth or placenta (also cp. Numfor naʔik ‘sibling of the same sex; afterbirth, placenta’, where the same semantic association is found with a morpheme that does not reflect *huaji).
30001 *Suaw yawn 6694 PAN *Suaw yawn [doublet: *Suab]
6695 Note: Also Bunun su-sua ‘to yawn’. Unlike the doublet *Suab, which occurs as an unaffixed base in many languages, to date reflexes of *Suaw have been found only in affixed forms. I have supplied the base form in square brackets to show that the PAn word almost certainly was *Suaw.
28303 *SulaR snake 5386 PAN *SulaR snake
5387 PMP *hulaR snake
Note: Also Puyuma (Tamalakaw) unan ‘snake’, Kankanaey úeg ‘snake, either venomous or not, but often applied more exclusively to the venomous ones’, Sundanese oray ‘snake’, Balinese ula ‘snake’.
28306 5390 5391 5392 5393 Note: With root *-lem₁ ‘dark’.
28308 5395 PAN *Sulij lie or sleep next to
5396 PMP *hulij lie or sleep next to
5397 PWMP *ka-hulij one who lies next to another
30313 *SulSul to masturbate 7264 PAN *SulSul to masturbate
Note: For another example of the development of medial geminates in Kavalan from earlier heterorganic consonant clusters in reduplicated monosyllables cf. PAn *tastas > Kavalan tattas ‘rent, ripped’.
28309 *SuluR lower or let down, as on a rope 5398 PAN *SuluR lower or let down, as on a rope
5399 PMP *huluR lower or let down, as on a rope; pay out fishline; launch a boat
5400 5401 5402 PWMP *maŋ-huluR lower something, pay out rope
5403 5404 PWMP *h<um>uluR descend, go down
5405 PWMP *huluR-an what is given to someone
Note: Also Manobo (Western Bukidnon) ulug ‘drop something, cause something to fall’, Melanau (Mukah) ulur ‘pay out rope’, Javanese ulur ‘extend, get let out (e.g. rope); act of letting out (rope, etc.)’, Balinese ulur ‘hang loose, be slack, grow slack’.
28317 *Suni chirping of birds; noise, sound 5415 PAN *Suni chirping of birds; noise, sound
5416 PMP *huni chirp, tweet, crow, produce sound (of birds)
11891 5417 PWMP *pa-huni make a sound or noise
5418 PAN *S<um>uni to chirp, to crow, to sound off (birds)
11892 PMP *h<um>uni to chirp, to crow, to sound off (birds)
5419 PWMP *huni huni musical instrument
Note: Also Malay buñi ‘sound; melody; impression made by sound; meaning’; ber-buñi ‘give out sound’. I assume that the palatal nasal in Maloh and Balinese is a product of assimilation to the following high front vowel.
28318 *SuNus withdraw, pull out, extract 5420 PAN *SuNus withdraw, pull out, extract
5421 PMP *hunus withdraw, pull out, extract
5422 POC *unus withdraw, pull out, extract
5423 POC *unus-i withdraw, pull out, extract
Note: Also Amis hodoc ‘pull out, draw, as a sword’, Chuukese wútti ‘pull out, draw out, extract (nails, splinters, etc.)’, Rarotongan unuʔi ‘pull out or draw out with force’. This term appears to have applied prototypically to the drawing of a knife or sword from its sheath.
28314 5411 5412 PMP *hupiq flower spathe of areca palm
Note: Dempwolff (1934-38) included Fijian ubi ‘to cover; a cover, cloak’, which I exclude. The WMP cognates cited here clearly support a reconstruction meaning ‘flower spathe of areca palm’. The meaning of PAn *Supiq is less clear, and it is possible that the Paiwan form is not cognate with the others cited here.
28324 5429 PAN *SuqSuq drip or drain out [disjunct: *SuSuq]
5430 28328 *SuRas wash body parts, cooking or eating utensils 5434 PAN *SuRas wash body parts, cooking or eating utensils (but not clothes)
5435 PMP *huRas wash body parts, cooking or eating utensils (but not clothes)
5436 PEMP *uRas wash body parts, cooking or eating utensils (but not clothes)
5437 5438 5439 PWMP *paŋ-huRas instrument for washing
5440 5441 5442 PWMP *huRas-i wash (imper.)
Note: Also Itbayaten oyas ‘idea of washing’, Pangasinan orás ‘wash, clean by washing’, Kapampangan os ‘wash (dishes, feet), wash an object’, Kalamian Tagbanwa uwas ‘rinse off’, Toba Batak urgas ‘wash, purify’, Sasak oas ‘to clean, wash (objects, not clothes)’, Bare'e ma-ugas-i ‘bathe wounds’. Several languages show an unexplained loss of *R in this form. These include Bontok owás, Kankanaey úas (both of these languages, however, show loss of *R in at least one other morpheme), Kapampangan os, Kalamian Tagbanwa uwas and Sasak oas. Li (1978:176) gives Saisiyat S-om-olʸaS ‘rub rusty metal with force, grate’ as a reflex of *SuRas, but this association is dubious on semantic grounds.
33553 *SuRay to pass, of time; to pass time idly 12286 PAN *SuRay to pass, of time; to pass time idly
12287 PMP *huRay to wait, be patient
Note: This comparison was first noted schematically by Zorc (1986:163), who posited PPh *húRay ‘stop; wait’.
29926 *SuReNa snow 6601 PAN *SuReNa snow
Note: Also Pazeh hahela ‘snow’. Given the origin of the Austronesian languages on Taiwan it is clear that speakers of PAn experienced snow and ice and so had a term to designate these referents. On leaving Taiwan and moving ever further into the tropics and then eastward into the Pacific snow and ice were not encountered again until speakers of Eastern Polynesian languages reached New Zealand and Hawaii many centuries later, at which time new terms had to be innovated.
28329 *SuRSuR drawstring; to thread a drawstring 5443 PAN *SuRSuR drawstring; to thread a drawstring
5444 PMP *huRhuR drawstring; to thread a drawstring
28331 5446 5447 PAN *SuRut-en be pulled or drawn
Note: In PPh this form appears to have referred to removal by pulling, as in stripping grain from the stalk by drawing it through the hand. On present evidence only the more diffuse meaning ‘pull, draw’ is assignable to PAn.
28332 5448 PAN *SuSuq drip or drain out [disjunct: *SuqSuq]
5449 28335 5452 PAN *Suyeʔab to yawn [doublet: *Suab]
5453 28345 *Suʔu 2sg. agent/possessor 5463 PAN *Suʔu 2sg. agent/possessor
5464 PMP *huʔu 2sg. subject pronoun
5465 a b c C d e g h i j k l m n N ñ ŋ o p q r R s S t u w y z
Austronesian Comparative Dictionary, web edition
*S
Formosan Paiwan
sa clause-linking particle: and, and then
WMP Pangasinan
a linking particle, uniting adjectives or descriptive phrases with verbs and nouns, relative sentences to main sentences, etc.
OC Label
a a binding particle between nouns; genitive particle
Formosan Puyuma
a- stative prefix
a-dawil far
u-dawil Go away!
dawil-aw be far from
WMP Bikol
ha- affix prefixed to adjectives denoting height, length and depth
Cebuano
ha- affix added to adjectives referring to degree
lapad flat, level surface
ha-lapad wide, broad
Formosan Atayal
sa particle of subjugation, and particle with various prepositional and demonstrative usages; at, in, on, to, by; that; there
WMP Malagasy
a- a prefix used like an-, am-, and i-, to make a noun into a preposition; e.g. morona '(the) edge', amorona 'at the edge'; nosy 'an island', anosy 'on an island'
Tontemboan
a- (followed or not followed by a nasal), prefix that expresses the dative or locative: to, in, at, on, toward, with, over
Mongondow
a- prefixed marker of location; a monik 'above, on top', a monag 'below, underneath'
OC Tolai
a preposition: to, in, of, at
Chuukese
a- locative prefix, at
Mota
a- simple preposition, locative; at; before infinitive verb, to; used before the names of places; forms compound preposition, avune 'on', etc.
Samoan
a- particle occurring in certain nominal constructions, especially with locatives
Maori
a- particle used before names of places and local nouns when they (a) stand as subject in a sentence, (b) are repeated by way of explanation
Formosan Pazeh
sa- instrumental focus; something used to..., tools
Amis
sa- instrument to accompish a task (asik ‘to sweep’, sa-asik ‘broom’)
WMP Malagasy
a- a verbal prefix joined to roots andforming a passive verb (thus from fafi ‘sowing’ we get a-fafi, used of the seed sown, in correlation to the passive verb fafazana from the same root, used of the ground sown
Formosan Puyuma (Tamalakaw)
aval a cover and the belt for carrying a baby on the back
WMP Itbayaten
ahban cloth for carrying a baby, cloth or blanket used for carrying an infant
ahban-en carry an infant in a piggyback manner
Bontok
ʔabán blanket or length of cloth used for carrying children; carry a child using a carrying blanket
Gaddang
abban carry a child in a blanket
Bikol
mag-habán carry something cradled in cloth high on the back near the shoulders (as one might carry a small child)
Formosan Kavalan
balat east wind
sbalat east wind
Amis
safalat south wind
WMP Itbayaten
havayat west wind (blows from late July to September)
Casiguran Dumagat
abágat southwest monsoon winds
Tagalog
habágat west or southwest wind; monsoon
Bikol
habágat south wind
Hanunóo
ʔabágat southwest monsoon; or, indefinitely, any very strong wind; year
Aklanon
habágat south wind
Hiligaynon
bagat-nan south
Cebuano
habágat strong wind that hits Cebu from the southwest, common from June to September
habagat-an southwest
Maranao
abagat southwest monsoon
pag-abagat-an south
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
evaɣat the strongest wind, the Northeast monsoon
Tiruray
barat the rainy season
Ngaju Dayak
barat west; west wind; storm
Paku
barat wind
Malagasy
avaratra north
varatra thunder, thunderbolt
Iban
barat west, western, westerly
Malay
barat West; etym. associated with ribut, i.e. strong Westerly winds
Acehnese
barat west, westerly
Karo Batak
barat west, western
Toba Batak
barat west
Sundanese
barat west
Old Javanese
barat strong wind, storm; west
Javanese
barat strong wind occurring usually during the rainy season
Sasak
barat storm; to storm
baret west
Tae'
baraʔ big, terrific, violent, of rain and wind
Makassarese
baraʔ west wind, west monsoon
Palauan
ŋəbárd west, west wind
CMP Manggarai
warat rainy season (primarily in January and February); violent storm
Rembong
warat west monsoon
Ngadha
vara wind, storm; stormy
Kambera
waratu west, west wind
Hawu
wa west, the island of Sumba
Rotinese
fa-k seawind, west wind
Erai
harak west, western
Leti
warta west, west wind
Selaru
harat west, westward
Yamdena
barat west, western, west monsoon; also used for 'year'
Kei
barat, warat west, west monsoon, rainy season
Dobel
fara west
Kamarian
halat west
Asilulu
halat west, west wind, west monsoon
Buruese
fahat west monsoon
Tifu
fahat west
SHWNG Buli
pāt west, west wind
Numfor
barek west
wam-barek west wind, west monsoon
OC Ere
ahay wind, northwest monsoon
Likum
yahay west wind
Wuvulu
afaa northwest wind
Aua
afaa storm wind
Mussau
apae strong wind, storm wind
Mendak
avat typhoon, gale
Bali (Uneapa)
lavarata strong wind and rain
Kairiru
yavar wind type
Manam
awara northwest wind
Gitua
yavara Northwest wind; blows from December-March, brings rain to Gitua
Keapara
yabara northwest wind
Mailu
avara northwest monsoon
Motu
lahara northwest wind, and season
Kilivila
yavata north (wind)
Tawala
yawalata rain (light) from southwest during dry season
Molima
yavalata northwest wind
Fijian
cavā a hurricane, storm of wind
Tongan
afā hurricane, gale or very severe storm
Samoan
afā storm, gale, hurricane
Rennellese
ahaa storm
Maori
āwhā gale, storm; rain
Formosan Paiwan
savid things without exception, identical (as children born at the same time and all of same sex)
OC Roviana
avisi twins, when of same sex
'Āre'āre
rapi a twin; two stones in one fruit
Formosan Amis
safit long cloth used as a band to tie a baby on one's back; cloth used as a belt; cloth used as a headdress; cloth wrapped around the feet to help climb betel nut tree
WMP Ifugaw (Batad)
abit wedge anything between waistband of loincloth and body
Bidayuh (Bukar-Sadong)
abit plaited rattan carrying strap
Karo Batak
abit the long cloth that is fixed under the armpits by women
Dairi-Pakpak Batak
abit sarong
Toba Batak
ambit carry a child in the arms
Nias
awi girdle, belt (for women)
Formosan Amis
salili <A post (Chen 1982:141)
WMP Ilokano
adígi post; pillar. Any of the principal posts on which the whole frame or skeleton of the house is built; any of the four posts that support the frame of a loom
Isneg
adíxi any of the seven principal posts on which the whole frame or skeleton of the house is built
Itawis
aríhi post
Umiray Dumaget
aregi housepost
Tagalog
halígi post, pillar
Bikol
harígi post, pillar, column
Aklanon
halígi(h) column, post, mainstay, support (of house)
Hiligaynon
halígi post, pillar
Cebuano
halígi post; pillar or strong member of an organization; head, mainstay on which a group rests; outstanding person in a specific field of endeavor; penis (humorous); use as a post
Mansaka
arigi post (of a house)
Tiruray
liley the main posts in house construction
Murut (Paluan)
alii pillar, post
Bisaya (Limbang)
rigi house post
Berawan (Long Terawan)
dəkkIh house post
Berawan (Long Jegan)
dəkkəy house post
Kayan
jiheʔ post or support of house
Kayan (Uma Juman)
jihiʔ house post
Melanau (Mukah)
dii house post
Lawangan
ori post
Ma'anyan
ari post
Malagasy
andry pillar, post
Iban
diri stand, uphold, erect, cause to stand
Malay
diri an erect attitude
ber-diri standing
Acehnese
diri ridge post, used to support the ridge pole of a house
Mentawai
arigi posts upon which a house rests; posts that support the veranda of a house; posts under a sleeping platform
Sangir
dihi post, leg (as of a table)
dihi-m bale house post
Tontemboan
ariʔi house post
Mongondow
oʔigi post under a house or bridge, pillar
Totoli
olii house post
Dampelas
elii house post
Balantak
oriiʔ pole, post
Tae'
aʔriri center post of a house
Wolio
arii post, stake, pile (standing)
CMP Bimanese
riʔi post
riʔi uma house post
Manggarai
siri housepost
Rembong
diri housepost
Solorese
rii housepost
Kédang
lili house post
Rotinese
di post, pole, pillar, upright (for supporting a house)
Atoni
ni pillar
ni ainaf maternal pillar
ni monef masculine pillar
Tetun
rii column, pillar, post, pier, or stake
ema rii-n an upright person, tall and straight
Leti
riri house post
Wetan
riri post, mast
Yamdena
diri post, pillar
na-m-dir stand, stand up
Fordata
n-diri stand, stand up
Kei
dir stand up straight
Teluti
hili post
Paulohi
riri house post
Saparua
riri post
Asilulu
lili post, pillar
lili tema the northernmost house post (which is considered sacred)
Boano₂
lili post
Wakasihu
lile post
Batu Merah
lili post
SHWNG Buli
li post, pillar, corner post
li pupuŋ-an main post, center post
Numfor
rir post, pile, pillar
Waropen
ri pile, post under a house
OC Manam
ariri pillar
ariri moane male post (long)
ariri aine female post (short)
Numbami
alili pillar, housepost
Lau
lili side posts
Sa'a
lili door posts
CMP Yamdena
didiŕ buŋ-an center post, main housepost
SHWNG Buli
li pupuŋ-an center post, main housepost
Formosan Puyuma
saɖu many (objects, animals; but not human beings)
Puyuma (Tamalakaw)
sazu many, much (of non-human) (Tsuchida 1980)
WMP Yami
aro many; much
aro-aro more
Itbayaten
aro many, plenty, abundant, numerous
Ilokano
adú many, much, plenty
ad-adú more
ag-adú to augment, increase
um-adú to augment, increase
ka-adú total number, quantity
man-ag-adú multiplying; a variety of mushroom
sagg-adú many for each
ka-adú-an majority
Atta (Pamplona)
aru many
Agta (Central Cagayan)
addu many
Isneg
adú many, much, plenty
Itawis
arú many
Bontok
maŋ-adú increase in volume, of a river in flood
Kankanaey
adú many; much; a great many; a great deal; plenty of; numerous
maŋ-in-adú rain heavily, pour with rain (used only in tales)
Ifugaw
adú many, much
Casiguran Dumagat
ádu a great amount; crowd; to increase, become many; many, a lot, much
Narum
adew much, many
Kiput
adəw much, many
Dohoi
aroʔ many
CMP Erai
aru much, many
OC Arosi
aru many; of men, islands, etc.
Formosan Saisiyat
s-om-azek to smell
Atayal
sok to smell
Proto-Atayalic
*sauk to smell
Pazeh
sa-sazek to smell, perceive odor
Sakizaya
mi-sanək to sniff, smell
Amis
sanek a bad odor, smell
Amis (Central)
sanek to sniff, smell something
WMP Itbayaten
harek idea of kissing hard for respect
Ilokano
agék to kiss
Sambal (Botolan)
alek to kiss
Ayta Abellan
alek to kiss
Tagalog
halík to kiss
Bikol
hadók a kiss
Hanunóo
ʔáruk kiss, kissing, i.e., with the nose, sniffing lightly against the nose or cheek of another
Aklanon
haeók to kiss
Hiligaynon
halúk kiss, peck on the cheek
Cebuano
halúk kiss, sniff, putting the nose next to the person kissed; to kiss
Maranao
arek kiss
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
hazek to smell, to kiss
Tiruray
ʔarek to kiss
Bonggi
adek sniff, smell
Murut (Timugon)
alok sniff, smell
Bisaya
arek sniff, kiss
Belait
n-adaʔ to sniff, smell
Berawan (Long Terawan)
m-areʔ to sniff, kiss
Narum
adak sniff, smell, kiss
Sebop
m-arek to sniff, smell
Kenyah (Long Anap)
m-adek sniff, smell
Kayan
arek a kiss, to kiss
Kiput
adək sniff, smell, kiss
Melanau (Mukah)
adek sniff, smell, kiss
Bukat
m-arək to smell
Tunjung
k-arak sniff, smell
Old Javanese
arek kiss
Balinese
adek smell, be smelt, follow a scent
Proto-Sangiric
*adik to kiss
Mongondow
ayok kiss
CMP Soboyo
hayoʔ to sniff, smell
SHWNG Numfor
yās native manner of kissing, by sniffing the face
OC Seimat
aso-i to sniff, smell
Wuvulu
ato to sniff, smell
Lakalai
aso to sniff, smell (something)
Ali
las to sniff, smell
Molima
yaso to smell (something)
Gilbertese
aro-boi smell, scent, the sense of smell
arok-i to smell or scent an odor
Rotuman
aso to kiss
WMP Ida'an Begak
meŋ-arok sniff, smell
Melanau (Mukah)
meŋ-adek sniff, smell
Lahanan
ŋ-arek sniff, smell
Balinese
ŋ-adek to smell (something)
Mongondow
moŋ-ayok to kiss
Banggai
moŋ-oyok-i <A to kiss
WMP Itbayaten
harek-an to kiss
Ilokano
agk-án to kiss
Tagalog
halik-án kiss someone
Bikol
hadók-an to kiss
Hanunóo
ʔaruk-án kissing
Cebuano
hagk-án-an go somewhere to kiss something as part of tradition
Formosan Saisiyat
sazek-en to smell
WMP Balinese
adek-in smell this!
Formosan Kavalan
saqut transport something
Puyuma
akuT transport
Paiwan
sakuts route over which things are moved
s-m-akuts move objects from one place to another; move objects over same route more than one trip
ma-sakuts be moved
pa-sakuts cause things to be moved
pa-sakuts-an place to which things will be moved
WMP Itbayaten
hakot idea of transporting
Casiguran Dumagat
akot transport something from one place to another
Ayta Maganchi
akot to haul, carry, bring along
Tagalog
hákot load, loading (in quantity); act of carrying or loading away, or transporting away
Bikol
hákot to transport, usually by carrying
Hanunóo
ʔákut packing, carrying on one's back, of slung over one's back
mag-ʔákut transport goods in this manner
Aklanon
hákot get, gather, bundle up
Hiligaynon
hákut carry to another place, bring in successive loads, transport
Cebuano
hákut carry or haul something in several trips
hakut-an-an place where something one hauls is obtained; place where things are hauled; something used in hauling things
Maranao
akot carry, transport
Binukid
hakut carry, ahul (something) in several trips
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
hakut haul a quantity of something which requires more than one trip
Mansaka
akot carry repeatedly in order to move something from one place to another (this activity does not mean carrying a lot at once, but rather repeated trips until all is carried as planned)
Banjarese
hangkut to move (as house), transport
Iban
aŋkut carry in many loads or continuously, shift, remove, esp. of bringing in the harvest
Maloh
aŋkut take away
Malay
aŋkut carrying away piecemeal. Of loading and unloading cargo, transporting water a pail at a time, a mason-bee bringing mud for its nest
Mongondow
mog-akut go back and forth repeatedly in order to bring or carry something, put something down, or into something else, as rice, corn, firewood, etc.
Kaidipang
akuto to carry piecemeal
Wolio
aŋku bring, take somebody somewhere, accompany, conduct, render the last sad office to a dying person
WMP Singhi Land Dayak
ŋ-akot carry a child in a cloth
Malay
meŋ-aŋkut carry away piecemeal, transport
Formosan Puyuma (Tamalakaw)
ar-aras forest
WMP Itbayaten
axas forest-to-be
Ifugaw
ála(h) communal forest
Cebuano
i-hálas of the jungle; ignorant; become wild, ignorant
bábuy-ŋ i-hálas wild pigs
Modang (Long Glat)
las forest, jungle
Lawangan
alas woods
Malagasy
ala a forest, a wood
Samihim
taun alah woods
Malay
alas jungle, forest (used in Java)
Old Javanese
alas wood, forest; also: quantity of flowers or plants growing in a thick cluster
Javanese
alas forest; jungle; non-irrigated agricultural land
Madurese
alas alas jungle
Balinese
alas uninhabited land, jungle, forest; desert, wilderness; wild
Totoli
alas jungle
Tae'
alaʔ bush, forest, jungle
Buginese
aleʔ forest
aleʔ aleʔ bushes, weeds (as in an overgrown garden)
Makassarese (Salayar)
alasaʔ forest, jungle
CMP Bimanese
ara forest, jungle
Rembong
alas forest, jungle
Kambera
alahu dark woods
Tetun
alas forest, woods, thicket of scrub
Talur
alas forest
Kisar
alha forest, jungle
Wetan
ala large forest, wilderness
Selaru
alas forest, jungle
Yamdena
alas forest, jungle
WMP Itbayaten
ka-axas-an forest, woods
Ifugaw
k-alláh-an private forest
Maranao
k-alas-an forest, woods
Binukid
k-alas-an forest, jungle, woods
Old Javanese
k-ālas-an overgrown by the forest
WMP Ifugaw
aláh-an forested zone
Malay
oraŋ hutan alas-an a forest dweller
Javanese
alas-an uncultivated, uncivilized
woŋ alas-an forest-dweller; boor
Balinese
alas-an wilderness, inaccessible wild area
WMP Malagasy
ála maízina dense forest (lit. 'dark forest')
CMP Kambera
na alahu kapàtaŋu impenetrable forest (lit. 'dark forest')
WMP Malagasy
ala be a great or thick forest (lit. 'big forest')
Madurese
alas rajā primeval forest; virgin jungle (lit. 'big forest') (Formosan only)
Formosan Kavalan
sami common sow thistle: Sonchus oleraceus Linn.
Pazeh
sama a plant: Sonchus oleraceus Linn.
sama binayu a plant, Lactuca indica, used to reduce fever (binayu = ‘mountain, forest’)
Amis
samaʔ tender edible greens which look somewhat like dandelions
Thao
shamaq low-lying plant with purple berries and long soft leaves that are boiled and eaten for their antifebrile properties: Lactuca indica
Bunun (Takituduh)
samaq a plant, Lactuca indica
Kanakanabu
samaʔə plant sp.: Lactuca indica
Rukai (Budai)
sama plant sp.: Lactuca indica
Paiwan
samaq an herb: Lactuca indica
Formosan Tsou
mici a plant: Solanum nigrum
Paiwan
sametsi a plant: Solanum nigrum
WMP Isneg
amsí the nightshade, Solanum nigrum L. Its young leaves are used for vegetables; eating these cooked young leaves cures the it-itól disease of the eyes
Bontok
ʔamtí a tall herb used for pig food, and cultivated as a vegetable substitute: Solanum nigrum L. (Solanaceae)
Kankanaey
amtí nightshade: Solanum nigrum Linn.; a common solanaceous weed with white flowers and small black berries
Ifugaw
amtí nightshade: Solanum nigrum Linn.; a common solanaceous weed with white flowers and small black berries
Ifugaw (Batad)
amtí black nightshade: a broad-leafed plant, Solanum nigrum [Sol.] planted in upland fields … or on mounds … along a pondfield dyke. The leaves and young shoots are boiled and eaten as a side dish (Formosan only)
Formosan Kavalan
samuz sesame: Sesamum indicum
Saisiyat
ʃamor sesame: Sesamum indicum (Formosan only)
Formosan Kavalan
sani otter
Thao
shanaq river otter
Paiwan
sanaq otter
Formosan Paiwan
saŋutj to sniff; rub noses
s<m>aŋutj to rub noses (in affection); to kiss
WMP Yami
aŋot stinky
m-aŋot very stinky
Itbayaten
haŋot smell, odor
haŋot-en to smell
Ibatan
aŋot the odor, smell of something
Ilokano
áŋot odor, smell
na-áŋot stinking, ill-smelling
Isneg
aŋ-aŋót-an to smell; to seek or find in the manner of dogs
Bikol
háŋot the smell of green wood; the smell of certain unidentifiable odors in the air; the taste of certain vegetables like celery, carrots
ma-háŋot the smell of green wood; the smell of certain unidentifiable odors in the air; the taste of certain vegetables, like celery or carrots
Tae'
aŋoʔ pungent odor of putrid things, or of something that is burned, as cat feces, odor of urine that has dried in clothing
WMP Itbayaten
haŋot-en to smell
Ilokano
aŋót-en to smell
Formosan Kavalan
s-m-apaR to lay mats (Li 1982:490)
Seediq
s-m-apaw spread a mat (Li 1982a:176)
spag-i spread the mat!
Paiwan
s-m-apa spread out (on ground); put pad of leaves between burden and one's back
WMP Sambal (Tina)
apáy mat
Ngaju Dayak
ampar what is spread out (mats, carpets, etc.)
Malagasy
ámpatra stretched out, as the legs, or a corpse immediately after death
Banjarese
hampar spread out a mat
Iban
ampar spread (as a cloth on a table)
Malay
(h)ampar spreading out horizontally (of bedrock, outspread carpets, pitching tents, opening out mats, spreading wings)
Acehnese
hampa to spread out; to be spread out, as a stone that from above appears stretched out and flat
Karo Batak
ampar lie on the ground
apar-apar a little mat in a bird cage; an old pad under a new sitting or sleeping mat
Toba Batak
ampar-an a broad mat
Lampung
apay mat
Sundanese
ŋ-ampar to spread out (as a mat)
sa-ampar samak as far as the mat stretches ( = to border on)
Javanese
ampar floor
ampar-an mat to sit on
Sasak
apah anything used to sit on (mat, cushion, etc.)
Tae'
ampaʔ spread out; mat
ampaʔ-i spread out on, over, cover with
ti-ampaʔ spread out, as a mat; dispersed, as a multitude of people
Proto-South Sulawesi
*a(m)pa(r) unroll, spread out
Buginese
appaʔ layer, mat
Makassarese
aparaʔ spread out (as a carpet)
Formosan Kavalan
s-m-apaR to lay mats (Li 1982b:490)
Seediq
s-m-apaw spread a mat (Li 1982a:176)
Paiwan
s-m-apa spread out (on ground); put pad of leaves between burden and one's back
WMP Toba Batak
m-ampar be scattered, of cattle, things people, hamlets, etc.
Buginese
m-appaʔ use a protective lining or mat
WMP Toba Batak
ampar-an a broad mat
Javanese
ampar-an mat to sit on
Formosan Paiwan
sapediq be tender-footed; feet hurt (cited as sa-pediq)
WMP Itbayaten
hapdi hairy appendages of plant leaf
ma-hapdi itching caused by riceplant, corn, caterpillar
Ibanag
na-feggi stinging pain
Sambal (Tina)
aplíʔ pain
Sambal (Botolan)
ma-ʔapliʔ stinging pain
Tagalog
hapdíʔ smarting, excruciating pain
Bikol
hapdíʔ smarting or burning of the eyes
Aklanon
hápdiʔ cause pain, smart, hurt a lot; be in pain, feel a smarting pain
Hiligaynon
hápdiʔ painful, smarting pain; pain sting
Maranao
pediʔ longing for particular food, hunger for something particular; appetite
Subanon
ompodiʔ sting
Tiruray
fedéʔ (of a wound) smarting; (of the stomach) feeling hunger pangs
Tboli
hedék sting; smart (as salt in an open wound)
Kadazan Dusun
opodi smarting (of pain)
Kelabit
pedʰiʔ salty
Berawan (Long Terawan)
peci stinging, smarting (as a wound in contact with salt)
Narum
pətiʔ painful (of a wound)
Bintulu
pəɗiʔ hot (of the sun, water)
Malay
pedéh smart, ache (of an eye hurt by glare, of by the intrusion of smoke, or by the gases of a volcanic eruption
Karo Batak
pegih unenjoyable, as bitter medicine, sour spices
pegih ukur very painful, suffer agony
Sundanese
pɨrih stinging of the eyes, shooting pain, as in the intestines; sharp, smarting pain
Javanese
perih hurt, sting
Balinese
perih painful
Sasak
pedih sad, mournful; stingy
Bare'e
poi smarting
Formosan Thao
ma-shapiq slightly flattened on the sides, of roundish objects (as a citrus fruit that has been pressed in on the sides)
min-shapiq become flattened, of a round or other three-dimensional object
WMP Cebuano
hápiʔ for plants to bend flat to the ground (as corn bent flat by a strong wind)
Formosan Paiwan
sapitj book
s-m-apitj put in a pile (papers, etc.)
pa-sapitj put between others (as papers); put in a book
WMP Tagalog
hápit pressing tight between two hard objects
hapít tight-fitting (said of dresses or the like); taut, tense
Hanunóo
hápit pressing tightly against something
Iban
apit squeeze, press; next in order
Maloh
apit pinch, nip
Malay
(h)apit pressure between two disconnected surfaces (as in a copying press or printing-press); torture by pressure
Karo Batak
apit clip; trap
Simalungun Batak
apit pinched, squeezed
Sundanese
hapit part of the native loom (that against which the galeger sits pressed, and that the weaver wears)
Old Javanese
(h)apit enclosed, squeezed, pressed; "inserted", name of the 11th and 12th months
Balinese
apit place between two things, shut in on both sides; be between
Sasak
apit squeezed in
apit baŋke the middle child
apit part of the loom
Gorontalo
wapito touch, be touched
Banggai
ampit what is folded
Tae'
apiʔ part of the loom consisting of two wooden slats between which the thread is pinched. It is located in front of the weaver and is bound to the hip yoke with thongs of buffalo hide
CMP Buruese
api-h pinch, squeeze; pick up or hold with tongs
OC Nggela
avi pick up a stone from the oven with tongs
WMP Karo Batak
ŋ-apit pinch or squeeze something; lie between
Old Javanese
aŋ-apit enclose on both sides, flank; grip, clamp
Balinese
ŋ-apit place between two things, shut in on both sides
Sasak
ŋ-apit squeeze in
Banggai
maŋ-ampit to fold
WMP Bahasa Indonesia
peŋ-apit two people who stand on the right and left of the bride or groom
Karo Batak
peŋ-apit bamboo laths between which one presses something
Makassarese
paŋŋ-apiʔ young women who flank the bride; young men who flank the groom
WMP Tagalog
hapit-án pressing or tensing apparatus or machine
Balinese
apit-an a trap; a bet, wager; a sort of claw with which women fasten the warp in the loom
WMP Karo Batak
apit-apit the two lowest laths of the loom, between which the warp is pressed
Javanese
apit-apit on both sides
Balinese
apit-apit a split bamboo into which the ribs of the roof run
Formosan Amis
sapsap feel with one's hands; figuratively feel: find out
Thao
sh<m>apshap feel for something without seeing it; grope
WMP Maranao
apap grope, touch, feel
apap-ʔapap touch gently, rub lightly, fondle
Formosan Puyuma (Tamalakaw)
apuap grope (in a bag, or in the dark)
WMP Ifugaw
apúap act of feeling, groping, fumbling
Ifugaw (Batad)
apūap rub any part of the body with the open palm, as to rub an insect bite, an area that has been bumped
Aklanon
hapuháp feel around, feel for (something -- as when searching a thief for something stolen or for a weapon)
Cebuano
hapúhap stroke gently back and forth with little pressure
Maranao
apoʔap fumble, grope
Manobo (Dibabawon)
(h)apu(h)ap stroke with palm of hand
Formosan Saisiyat
hapoy fire
Proto-Atayalic
*hapu-niq, hapuy fire
Pazeh
hapwi, hapuy fire
Thao
apuy fire
Bunun
sapuđ fire
Hoanya
dzapu fire
Tsou
puzu fire
Kanakanabu
apúlu fire
Siraya (Gravius)
apuy fire
Proto-Rukai
*apoy fire
Puyuma (Tamalakaw)
apuy fire
Paiwan
sapuy a fire; artificial light
WMP Itbayaten
hapoy fire
Ilokano
apúy fire
Isneg
apúy fire
Itawis
afí fire, light
Malaweg
apúy fire
Kalinga (Guinaang)
apúy fire
Bontok
ʔapúy fire
Ifugaw
apúy fire
Ifugaw (Batad)
apúy set fire to something, revive a fire from coals
Casiguran Dumagat
apóy fire, firewood
Pangasinan
apóy fire; start a fire
Sambal (Tina)
apóy fire
Ayta Abellan
apoy fire
Tagalog
apóy fire, flame
Hanunóo
ʔapúy fire
Palawan Batak
ʔapóy fire
Maranao
apoy fire; work rapidly like fire; stimulate one to fever pitch
Manobo (Ata)
hapuy fire
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
hapuy fire
Maguindanao
ápuy fire
Tiruray
ʔafey fire
Klata
opuy fire
Molbog
apuy fire
Tboli
ofi fire
Dumpas
apuy fire
Kadazan Dusun
t-apuy fire
Tatana
apuy fire
Murut (Paluan)
apuy fire
Abai Sembuak
afuy fire
Kujau
tapuy fire
Minokok
tapuy fire
Lun Dayeh (Long Semado)
apuy fire
Tabun
apoy fire
Kelabit
apuy fire
Kenyah
apuy fire
Murik
api fire
Kayan
apuy fire, a light
Kayan (Long Atip)
apuy fire
Melanau (Mukah)
apuy fire
Melanau Dalat (Kampung Teh)
apuy fire
Bukat
apuy fire
Bekatan
apoy fire
Kejaman
apuy fire
Lahanan
apuy fire
Melanau (Matu)
apuy fire
Kanowit
apoy fire
Ngaju Dayak
apuy fire
Paku
apuy fire
Ma'anyan
apuy fire
Malagasy
afo fire; calamity (fig.)
Dusun Witu
apuy fire
Iban
api fire, light, lamp, spark
Maloh
api fire
Bidayuh (Bukar-Sadong)
apuy fire
Singhi Land Dayak
opuy fire
Proto-Chamic
*apuy fire
Tsat
puy³³ fire
Roglai (Northern)
apuy fire
Moken
apuy fire
Malay
api fire; flame; light (of lighthouse); fiery
Acehnese
apuy fire
Simalur
axoe fire
Karo Batak
api fire
Toba Batak
api fire
Mentawai
api fire
Lampung
apuy fire
Sundanese
apuy fire (archaic)
Old Javanese
apuy, apwi fire
Javanese
api steam; warm oneself by the fire
Madurese
apoy fire
Balinese
api fire
Sasak
api fire
Proto-Minahasan
*api fire
Tonsea
api fire
Tontemboan
api fire
Totoli
(h)api fire
Petapa Taje
api fire
Ampibabo-Lauje
api fire
Balantak
apu fire
Bare'e
apu fire
Tae'
api fire
Mori Atas
apui fire
Bungku
api fire
Koroni
api fire
Moronene
api fire
Proto-South Sulawesi
*api fire
Mandar
api fire
Makassarese
api fire
Bonerate
api fire
Popalia
api fire
Palauan
ŋáu fire
ŋuí-l labor pains
Chamorro
guafi fire, combustion, conflagration, burning mass of material; to anger, to vex
CMP Bimanese
afi fire
Komodo
api fire
Manggarai
api fire
Ngadha
api fire; burn
Keo
api fire
Riung
api fire
Li'o
api fire
Sika
api fire
Adonara
ape fire
Kodi
api fire
Waiyewa
api fire
Anakalangu
api fire
Kambera
epi fire
Hawu
ài fire
Dhao/Ndao
ai fire
Helong
ai fire
Tetun
ahi fire
Vaikenu
ai fire
Erai
ai fire
East Damar
ai fire
Moa
ai fire
Luang
ai fire
Wetan
ai fire (used in compounds only)
Selaru
ai fire
Fordata
yafu fire
Kei
yaf fire
Kola
ef fire
Watubela
afi fire
Elat
au fire
Bonfia
yāf fire
Teluti
yafo fire
Paulohi
afu fire
Gah
aif fire
Proto-Ambon
*apu(y) fire
Laha
au fire
Hitu
au fire
Seit
au fire
Asilulu
au fire
Manipa
au fire
Boano₂
au fire
Batu Merah
aow fire
Morella
aow fire
Amblau
afu fire
SHWNG Kowiai/Koiwai
laf fire
Buli
yap fire
Misool (Coast)
lap fire
Mayá
ꞌla¹²p fire
As
yap fire
Minyaifuin
yap fire
Arguni
yaf fire
OC Ahus
yah fire
Kele
yih fire
Likum
jeh fire
Ponam
jaf fire
Sori
jap fire
Seimat
ah fire
Wuvulu
afi fire
Kaniet
afi fire
Lihir
yeh fire
Tanga
if fire
Arop
yai fire
Tarpia
yap fire
Gedaged
ya fire, conflagration, combustion, ignition
Gitua
yap fire
Yabem
ja fire
Numbami
yawi fire
Adzera
zaf fire
Motu
lahi fire
Bwaidoga/Bwaidoka
ai fire
Takuu
ahi fire
Luangiua
ahi fire
Sikaiana
ahi fire
Gilbertese
ai fire; (fig.) fervor, passion, ardor; get red, glow
Kosraean
e fire
Pohnpeian
ahi fire
Mokilese
oai fire
Chuukese
ááf fire
Woleaian
yaf fire, flame, blaze
Lehalurup
ep fire
Motlav
n-ep fire
Mota
av fire
Vatrata
n-ev fire
Lakona
ev fire
Merig
av fire
Nokuku
ɔvi fire
Peterara
avi fire
Northeast Ambae
afi fire
Leviamp
n-ap̋ fire
Makatea
afi fire
Tongan
afi fire (in general)
mata afi fire (single fire, not fire in general)
Samoan
afi fire; light (to light a fire with, i.e. smouldering stick etc.), brand
Kapingamarangi
ahi fire
Rennellese
ahi fire
Anuta
api fire
Rarotongan
aʔi fire, light: that which burns or sheds a light or heat
Maori
ahi fire
Hawaiian
ahi fire, match, lightning; burn in a fire, destroy by fire
WMP Tagalog
ma-apóy fiery
Acehnese
meu-ʔapuy burning, sending off sparks
Tontemboan
ma-api catch flame, burn; warm oneself by a fire
WMP Ifugaw (Batad)
maN-apuy set fire to; revive a fire
Pangasinan
maN-apoy start a fire
Kadazan Dusun
maŋ-apui to spark, to sparkle
Iban
ŋ-api make a fire flare up; cook with a fire
Malay
meŋ-api make mischief (proverbial)
Bahasa Indonesia
meŋ-api like fire, resembling fire, becoming fire
Old Javanese
aŋ-api purify by fire
aŋ-apuy be on fire, to flame, blaze; set on fire, inflame, burn
Tontemboan
meŋ-api spew out fire, of volcanoes
Bare'e
meŋ-apu begin to cook with a new fire
WMP Toba Batak
maŋ-api-i lay wood on the fire
Old Javanese
aŋ-apuy-i set fire to; inflame, rouse to anger
Madurese
ŋ-apoy-e apply fire to, heat with fire
WMP Ilokano
ag-apúy cook rice
Isneg
max-apúy build a fire
mag-apúy cook rice
Casiguran Dumagat
meg-apoy to collect firewood
Malay
ber-api containing fire; producing fire
Toba Batak
mar-api have fire, be fiery
Balinese
mah-api be fiery, be on fire
Tae'
maʔ-api-api play with fire
WMP Itbayaten
pa-hapoy-an something with which you build a fire
Tontemboan
pa-api-an piece of firewood; what one uses to start a fire
OC Gilbertese
aia firewood, fuel
Woleaian
fafiy(a) firewood
Tongan
fefie firewood, fuel
Samoan
fafie firewood
Anuta
papie firewood
Rarotongan
vaʔie firewood
Maori
wahie firewood
Hawaiian
wahie fuel, firewood; to serve as firewood
WMP Ifugaw (Batad)
paN-apuy what is used to make a fire
Old Javanese
paŋ-apuy set on fire
WMP Maranao
pag-apoi-an fireplace
Malay
per-api-an fireplace, hearth
Toba Batak
par-api-an hearth, fireplace
Javanese
pr-apè-n fireplace; place for an open fire, e.g. a blacksmith's forge
WMP Ilokano
in-apúy cooked rice
Isneg
in-apúy cooked rice
Old Javanese
in-api, in-apuy be on fire
Formosan Paiwan
s-m-apuy carry a torch or light
WMP Ifugaw (Batad)
um-apuy that with which something is burned, i.e. a fire
Casiguran Dumagat
um-apoy start a fire
WMP Ifugaw (Batad)
apuy-an that burned, as wood; that revived, i.e. coals
Tagalog
ápuy-an stove, fireplace; matchbox, tinderbox; lighter
Melanau (Mukah)
puy-an hearth
Tontemboan
api-an bring fire to, apply fire to
WMP Karo Batak
api api firefly
Seko
ampi-api firefly (Mills 1975:621)
WMP Malagasy (Sakalava)
afi-afy a tree
Iban
api a tree: Calophyllum obliquinervium Merr.
Malay
api api a mangrove-class (Loranthaceae); Avicenna sp., esp. Avicenna officinalis, very bright-colored, almost fiery amid darker neighbors
Karo Batak
api api tree sp.
Toba Batak
api api tree with reddish wood that yields good timber
Nias
afiʔafi kind of wood
Sasak
api api plant with dark red flowers and finger-shaped leaves
Bare'e
api tree sp.
Makassarese
api api tree that grows on swampy ground and riverbanks, used as firewood
2) Kapampangan mam-apiʔ ‘is sparking, is on fire’, Ngaju Dayak mam-apuy ‘roast (fish, etc.) over a fire’; Mandar me-api-aŋ ‘cooking place, hearth’,
3) Itbayaten mapa-hapoy ‘to produce fire’, Tontemboan mapa-api ‘warm oneself, stay by a fire’,
4) Paiwan pe-sapuy ‘catch on fire’, Isneg pag-apúy ‘allow (somebody) to cook rice’, Ngaju Dayak p-api ‘what is roasted in the fire’;
5) Paiwan pu-sapuy-an ‘fireplace’, Ifugaw pun-apuy-án ‘fireplace, hearth’.
Formosan Puyuma (Tamalakaw)
h-əm-aruŋ snore (Ting 1978)
WMP Bikol
hagúŋ-húŋ to hum (something), to buzz
Aklanon
hágoŋ groan, moan (due to severe pain or sickness)
hagóŋ in death throes due to disease
Cebuano
háguŋ continuous humming, high-pitched sound
Malay
meŋ-aroŋ growl, of a dog
Formosan Bunun
sasak cooking, boiling
WMP Kadazan Dusun
ansak cook, ripen (intr.)
Bidayuh (Bukar-Sadong)
asak ripe; cooked
Simalur
ancaʔ cook, make ripe
Sundanese
asak ripe; cooked
Formosan Bunun
ma-sasak cook, boil; bear fruits, ripen; mature (of a woman)
WMP Malagasy
másaka ripe, cooked; agreed upon; matured, of thoughts or intentions
Malay
masak ripe (fruit or grain), cooked (food)
Simalur
m-ancaʔ cooked, ripe
Palauan
márək ripe (i.e. ready to eat); cooked
Chamorro
masa ripe, cooked
CMP Kamarian
masa-e cooked, ripe
Alune
masa cooked, done; ripe, mature
SHWNG Buli
masa cooked, ripe, complete
OC Lou
mwas cooked
'Āre'āre
mata ripe, of fruit
Formosan Bunun
sasaq whet; rub; grind; sharpen
Paiwan
t-m-ataq <A to whet (on large stone)
WMP Ilokano
ása whet, hone, grind; polish, burnish; to gall, to chafe, to fret
Ayta Abellan
aha sharpen with a whetstone
Tagalog
hásaʔ whetting, sharpening
Hanunóo
ʔásaʔ whetting, sharpening
Kadazan Dusun
asa whetting, sharpening
Kayan
asa use a whetstone, sharpen a tool by abrasion
Bintulu
asəʔ to whet, sharpen
Melanau (Mukah)
asaʔ whetting, sharpening
m-asaʔ whet, sharpen
n-asaʔ be sharpened
batew asaʔ whetstone
Ngaju Dayak
asa whetting, sharpening, grinding
Malagasy
asa whetting, sharpening
vàto asàna stone used for grinding knives, etc., a grindstone
Banjarese
asah whetting, sharpening
Iban
ansah grind, sharpen
Maloh
ansaʔ grind, sharpen
Malay
asah grinding down; whetting; tooth-filing (the first rough filing is daboŋ; asah is the final smoothing with the point of the whetstone)
Acehnese
asah whet, sharpen, file off (teeth)
Simalur
asa sharpen, whet
Karo Batak
asah whet, sharpen
Dairi-Pakpak Batak
asah whet, sharpen something on a heavy whetstone or touchstone; stone used to test the purity of gold
Toba Batak
asa whet, sharpen
Simalungun Batak
asah whet, sharpen
Mentawai
asa whet, sharpen
Rejang
aseaʔ sharpen
butew aseaʔ grindstone (for chillies); whetstone
Sundanese
asah (of a smith) work tools through forging and whetting; in general, whetting, sharpening
Old Javanese
asah file, grind, scour
Javanese
asah-asah wash (dishes)
Sasak
asaʔ whetstone
Sumbawanese
asa whet, sharpen
Sangir
asa whetting, sharpening
Proto-Minahasan
*asaʔ whet, grind sharp
Mongondow
ataʔ whetting, sharpening
mog-ataʔ whet, sharpen
pot-ataʔ-an whetstone
Dampelas
asa whetting, sharpening
Uma
-ahaʔ whet, sharpen
watu poʔ-ahaaʔ whetstone
Bare'e
asa whetting, sharpening
Tae'
asa grind, whet, sharpen
Mori Bawah
mo-aha to sharpen
Buginese
asa whet, sharpen
aŋ-asa-ŋ place where sharpening is done
Chamorro
guasaʔ sharpen, make sharp
CMP Kambera
aha grind (rice)
Watubela
ahak sharpen
Paulohi
asa-e whet, sharpen
Asilulu
hasa sharpen by continuously rubbing one side of the blade on a whetstone
Buruese
asa-k sharpen, as a knife
asa-n cutting edge, as of a knife
Soboyo
hasa whet, sharpen
SHWNG Numfor
yās whet, sharpen
OC Kairiru
yas sharpen something
Manam
ara sharpen
Roviana
asa-ia to grind, as an axe if very blunt; grate, like luzu (sweet yam or potato), taro, etc.
Eddystone/Mandegusu
asa grate or rub, as nuts, etc.; pudding made by grating
Bugotu
a-aha grate, rub down on a stone (as taro) sharpen by rubbing
Lau
sata rub, rub down, sharpen by rubbing
Sa'a
sata-aʔi chafe, rub
Arosi
ata scrape, rub, sharpen with rubbing
Mota
asa rub, wash with rubbing
asa-g rub something
asa-ŋ rub hard, rub into shreds
Fijian
yaca grate, grind, file, rub eyes with cika (conjunctivitis)
i yaca grater, grindstone
WMP Sambal (Bolinaw)
maŋ-ásaʔ sharpen
Kadazan Dusun
maŋ-asa sharpen, whet
Ngaju Dayak
maŋ-asa rub, grate, grind against one another (as two knives)
Malagasy
man-àsa sharpen, whet, grind, put a point on
Singhi Land Dayak
ŋ-asah sharpen
Malay
meŋ-asah dawat rub up ink on a palette
Simalur
maŋ-asa sharpen, whet
Karo Batak
ŋ-asah whet, sharpen
Toba Batak
maŋ-asa whet, sharpen
Sundanese
ŋ-asah whet, sharpen
Old Javanese
aŋ-asah file, grind, scour
Javanese
ŋ-asah sharpen, hone
Sasak
ŋ-asaʔ whet, sharpen
Sangir
maŋ-asa whet, sharpen
Dampelas
maŋ-asa whet, sharpen
Bare'e
maŋ-asa whet, sharpen
WMP Malay
tukaŋ peŋ-asah expert at tooth-filing
Old Javanese
paŋ-asah one who grinds or sharpens
Bare'e
watu mpaŋasa ndapaŋasaka labu whetstone used to sharpen a bush knife
Tae'
paŋ-asa that which is sharpened
WMP Ilokano
paŋ-asá-an whetstone, oilstone, hone
Bahasa Indonesia
peŋ-asah-an manner or action of whetting or sharpening
Formosan Bunun
sasaq-an grindstone
Paiwan
tataq-an large whetstone
WMP Bontok
ʔasá-ʔan whetstone, especially one used for putting a fine edge on a blade
Tagalog
hasaʔ-án whetstone
Hanunóo
ʔasaʔ-án whetstone
Bahasa Indonesia
asah-an instrument used to whet or sharpen
Simalur
(batu) asa-n whetstone
Simalungun Batak
asah-an whetstone
Mentawai
asa-an whetstone
Sundanese
batu asah-an whetstone
Old Javanese
asah-an grindings
Javanese
asah-an whetstone
Tae'
asa-n whetstone
Makassarese (Salayar)
asa-aŋ whetstone
WMP Ilokano
asá-en whet, hone, grind
Kadazan Dusun
asa-on be sharpened
Malagasy
asa-ìna be sharpened, be whetted, be pointed
Bahasa Indonesia
asah-an what has been sharpened
Chamorro
guasaʔ-on sharpener (for metal tools), grindstone, whetstone
OC Manam
ara-i sharpen
Sa'a
sat-e rub down, grind, sharpen on a stone
Arosi
ata-i scrape, rub, sharpen with rubbing
ata-ata a rasp, scraper
Bauro
rata-i scrape, rub, sharpen with rubbing
Pohnpeian
ede sharpen, put an edge on something (transitive)
adahd sharpen, put an edge on something (intransitive)
Formosan Puyuma
ʔatəɖ send, deliver
Paiwan
satjez return something; object which is being returned
WMP Bontok
ʔatəd share something with somebody
Sambal (Botolan)
atel escort
Kapampangan
atád escort away from home to another place
Tagalog
hatíd conduction, accompaniment; person conducting or convoying or taking something or someone to a destination
Bikol
hatód to escort, conduct; to convoy; convey or deliver; bring or accompany to a particular place
Aklanon
hatód to escort, take, deliver safely, conduct
Hiligaynon
hatúd deliver personally, carry a message
Cebuano
hatúd take something somewhere; make something reach a certain distance in time or space; something delivered
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
hated deliver
Mansaka
atud deliver, escort, bring, carry
Tboli
eted deliver
Kayan
aten convey, take to
im aten bua meduŋ men sepui please take some papaya fruit to our grandfather
Kayan (Uma Juman)
ater convey, take to a place
Bintulu
atəd command, order
Malagasy
atitra presented, conducted, conveyed, sent, returned
Banjarese
atar conduct, escort, convey
ba-atar-an convey an engagement gift
Maloh
antat accompany, escort
Rhade
atăt to accompany, escort, guide
Malay
(h)antar conducting, escorting; bearing along; conveying; (Bazaar Malay) to send
meŋ-hantar the processional conveyance of bridal gifts at a wedding
Malay (Jakarta)
(h)anter conducting, escorting
Acehnese
antat escort, accompany, convey, bring, transfer
Lampung
atot carry (rice)
Sundanese
antɨr escort, accompany; escort a corpse to the grave; futher; give in, give full rein to one's passions
Old Javanese
ater accompany, escort, take someone somewhere; bring, carry
Javanese
ater carry, take; take, accompany
ater-ater foods for a ritual meal; take such foods to neighbors
Madurese
ater escort, accompany
ter-ater contribution or gift which is taken to the home of the recipient (usually consists of food)
Balinese
ateh lead away, follow, accompany, escort (Low Bal.)
Sasak
ater bring food to someone who is working outside of the house
Sumbawanese
antat escort, accompany
Proto-Minahasan
*atəd transport, convey
Mongondow
atod escort, conduct, bring, take, carry
pokog-atod time of the bringing of something (used in a fixed expression uttered at the time the marriage dowry is brought)
antod take away, lead away
Bare'e
ata bring or escort someone to his destination
Tae'
antaʔ escort, accompany, take someone to his destination
Buginese
antaraʔ escort (as a bride to her wedding)
Makassarese
antaraʔ give presents at the end of the fasting month, and on Chinese and European New Year's Day; what one has brought back from a trip (fruits, etc.) to give as presents to the neighbors
Palauan
ŋádər gift of food accompanying bride when she is brought to prospective husband's family
mərádər send/see person off; return; send back; bring (bride) to prospective husband's family
SHWNG Numfor
yaker escort, show a person out (as a rule this is festive)
yaker bin escort a bride to her bridegroom; also the preparations connected with this: to wit, the bringing of bridewealth
Formosan Bunun
ma-satu take, carry (as a letter to someone)
Puyuma
ma-ʔatəɖ accompany someone to a destination (as in taking a child to school, or delivering goods)
Puyuma (Tamalakaw)
m-a-ʔatez escort a sick person or a drunk home
WMP Kayan
m-aten convey, take to; escort
tei teloʔ maten hawaʔ let us go to escort the bride
Bare'e
ma-ata take or escort to a destination
ma-ata mania-ña of a woman, to accompany her parents-in-law a distance as they return home after the wedding feast at which they have taken their son to the home of the bride
WMP Tarakan
ŋ-atad send
Bahasa Indonesia
meŋ-antar-(kan) send or accompany a person on his way
antar-meŋ-antar accompany one another, send to one another (as gifts of food)
Old Javanese
aŋ-ater accompany, escort, take someone somewhere; bring, carry
Tae'
maŋ-antaʔ name of an offering to the gods (also called massuraʔ tallaŋ by which a pig is sacrificed at an offering place using bamboo poles with figures carved in them
Makassarese
aŋŋ-antaraʔ give presents at the end of the fasting month, and on Chinese and European New Year; offer to one's neighbors what one has brought back from a trip (as fruits or other things)
Formosan Puyuma
pa-ʔatəɖ to send (as a letter)
Puyuma (Tamalakaw)
pa-ʔatez send
Paiwan
pa-satjez cause something to be returned
WMP Bikol
pa-hatód that which is given by the parents of the bridegroom to the parents of the bride as a sign that the marriage contract has been fulfilled
WMP Bahasa Indonesia
peŋ-antar person who leads or escorts another; means of leading or escorting
Buginese
paŋ-antaraʔ person who leads or escorts another
Makassarese
paŋŋ-antaraʔ exchange presents at the end of the fasting month, or at Chinese or European New Year
WMP Bintulu
n-atəd be ordered
Old Javanese
in-ater was escorted, was brought
Mongondow
in-atod what has been brought; was brought, was escorted
Formosan Puyuma
ʔ<əm>atəɖ to deliver something to someone
Paiwan
s-m-atjez return something; send off a visitor
WMP Kayan
m-aten convey, take to; escort
Old Javanese
um-ater accompany, escort, take someone somewhere; bring, carry
Formosan Puyuma (Tamalakaw)
atez-an escort a sick person or a drunk home (imperative)
WMP Aklanon
hátd-an imáw escort him (imperative)
Cebuano
hatd-án bring
Ngaju Dayak
hanter-an lead, guide, deliver
Malagasy
atèr-ana used of the person to whom anything is sent, etc.
Bahasa Indonesia
antar-an money, etc. given by the groom's family to his future parents-in-law; goods which are taken or sent on request; person who escorts or accompanies
Balinese
ateh-an export
WMP Hiligaynon
hatd-un be delivered personally; what is delivered personally
hatd-un be delivered personally; what is delivered personally
Malagasy
atèr-ina be offered, be presented, be sent, be returned
Formosan Atayal
soni today (up till this moment, opposite of kira 'the rest of today') (Egerod 1980)
saoni a little while ago; today (Tsuchida 1976)
Amis
anu-sauni after, later (Tsuchida 1976)
Tsou
ósni immediately
Kanakanabu
saúni today
nuu-saúni in a little while
mii-saúni a little while ago
Paiwan
sawni a short while
nu-sawni in a little while, later today
ka-sawni earlier today; a little while ago (today)
WMP Bontok
ʔawní wait; make something last; some unspecified time in the future; soon; later
Kankanaey
auní stay! hold! wait!
auní auní et indicates the future with verbs
auní si maauauní by and by; soon; anon; ere long; in a moment; in a minute
Ifugaw (Batad)
awni exclamation roughly equivalent to 'wait!', 'later!'
Formosan Amis
saw question particle indicating that the speaker expects the answer to be obvious
WMP Hanunóo
ʔáw interrogative particle
Cebuano
aw particle preceding a statement made to correct oneself; particle preceding an afterthought; particle preceding a statement or question meaning 'is that so?' and shows surprise; particle preceding a predetermined answer
Tiruray
ʔaw appears first in questions, and formally marks the following as a query
Formosan Kavalan
sawaq waist, back of the waist
Thao
awak an area of the body corresponding roughly to the waist; vulnerable areas of the side and back between the rib cage and the pelvic bone
WMP Itawis
áwak waist
Bontok
ʔáwak body
Kankanaey
áwak body
Ifugaw
áwak loins, or waist
Pangasinan
áwak waist
Sambal (Tina)
awak waist
Bikol
háwak body, torso, physique; stalk of plants; shaft of an arrow
mani-háwak take the form of something
Hanunóo
háwak back of the waist (NOTE: No general term for waist)
Aklanon
háwak waist
Hiligaynon
háwak waistline
Cebuano
háwak waist
hawak-un tend to suffer from backaches
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
hawak waist of a person; by extension, waist of a garment; hold someone around the waist
Mansaka
awak waist
Kadazan Dusun
t-avak waist, hips, loins
Tingalan (West)
awak waist
Malay
awak body; trunk of body; self; -- whence it is used as a pronoun (I, we, -- connoting a certain kindly superiority or authority; you -- as a pronoun in familiar use; sometimes in kindly speech)
Talaud
avaʔa body
Acehnese
awaʔ body; person; crew
Simalur
awaʔ body, trunk, stem
Karo Batak
awak loins
Dairi-Pakpak Batak
abak waist, hips
Toba Batak
ak hips, loins
Simalungun Batak
awak waist
Rejang
awoʔ body, abdomen, trunk
Sundanese
awak body; reflexive pronoun
paŋ-awak be, exist
Old Javanese
awak body, embodiment, self, own self, own (special) form of being, nature, kind
m-āwak have or assume a body, be an embodiment of
Javanese
awak body; you ( to someone one speaks Ngoko to, but does not know well)
Balinese
awak body; life; the self
Sasak
awak body
Mongondow
awak body; sometimes also 'self'
Gorontalo
wawaʔo body
Uma
aak waist
Bare'e
awa body; waist
Proto-South Sulawesi
*awak waist
Muna
aa waist
CMP Manggarai
awak hips, waist
Rembong
awak waist
Proto-Ambon
*awa- loins, hips
Buruese
awa-n waist (anatomical)
Kayeli
awa-i waist
OC Rotuman
ao(k) body, torso (of man or animal); person, self
WMP Bahasa Indonesia
per-awak-an posture, shape or condition of the body
Sasak
per-awak-an body shape, body build
Gorontalo
pohu-wawaʔo posture, shape or condition of the body
WMP Kapampangan
awák-an waist
Cebuano
hawák-an waistline (Formosan only)
Formosan Thao
shawiki the betel palm, Areca catechu; the nut of this palm, commonly chewed as a refreshment
Bunun
saviki areca palm and nut; betel nut
Hoanya
abiki areca nut
Rukai (Mantauran)
saviki areca palm and nut; betel nut
Paiwan
saviki Areca catechu (tree and nut)
pu-saviki engaged to be married, betrothed (Western dialect)
Formosan Amis
sawsaw generic word for wash
WMP Tagalog
hawháw rinsing (said of clothes)
Formosan Thao
ayaz termite
Puyuma
ayan termite
Paiwan
sa-sayalʸ termite
Formosan Kavalan
seban long binding cloth for carrying a child on the back
Pazeh
mu-suban to carry a baby in front of one’s body by straps
Paiwan
sevalʸ carry someone on the back
ki-sevalʸ ask to be carried on someone's back; copulate (animals)
WMP Itbayaten
ahban cloth or blanket for carrying a baby or an infant, hanging down from mother’s neck in order to tuck it up, usually in the side (a child is carried in front of the mother when it is very young, on the side when it is at the stage of crawling, and on the back when it is taken for a long journey)
Itawis
ábban hold a baby
Kankanaey
ebán blanket used to carry children on the back
Ifugaw
obán special blanket in which babies and little children are carried on the back of somebody
Bikol
habán carry something cradled in cloth high on the back near the shoulders (as one might carry a small child)
Hanunóo
ʔubán tumpline or shoulder strap used in carrying heavy packs
Malay
emban band going around the body. Of the bands supporting a porter's knapsack; also of a horse's belly-band
Toba Batak
oban carry, bring
Old Javanese
(h)emban that which carries or encloses
Balinese
emban carry a child; rear, bring up (a child)
CMP Ngadha
eba carrying strap or cloth for small children; carry children on the side or in the arms with such a strap or cloth
Formosan Paiwan
s-in-evalʸ someone carried on someone else's back
WMP Old Javanese
h-in-emban carry on both arms or in a carrying shawl; hold on one's lap; to nurse, be the guardian of
Formosan Paiwan
sevuts remove grain stalks from field after harvest
WMP Berawan (Long Terawan)
keuʔ to pull, as weeds
Malagasy
évotra plucked up, retracted; be withdrawn, recanted
Banjarese
ambut pull off the husk of a coconut
Balinese
ebut pull up (weeds), draw out
Sangir
ebuʔ pluck, pull out (plants, hair, etc.)
Formosan Amis
skak the crow of a rooster; to crow
WMP Isneg
akkáʔ to cackle, of fowls
Ngaju Dayak
kak raven
Iban
kak a crow, Corvus sp. (onom.)
Malay
eŋkak a crow, Corvus enca
Javanese
eŋkak var. of small crow (Formosan only)
Formosan Pazeh
mu-seket to rest, to stop
ta-seked-i na! Let’s rest
Paiwan
s<m>ekez to stop, rest
sa-sekez-an a resting place beside a trail
Paiwan (Western)
pa-sekez to cause to stop (as automobile); to cause to rest
Formosan Puyuma
sekuʈ bend (knee, elbow), flex
WMP Tagalog
hukót stooped; round-shouldered
Formosan Paiwan
selem the dark; the world of the dead
pa-selem to shade; cut off sun
WMP Pendau
olom dark
Dampelas
olom dark
Formosan Saisiyat
kæ-hma tongue
Proto-Atayalic
*həmaʔ tongue
Seediq
hema tongue
Sakizaya
səmaʔ tongue
Amis
sema tongue
pa-sema stick out the tongue
Paiwan
sema tongue
s<m>ema stick out the tongue (Western dialect)
CMP Sika
ma-ŋ tongue
Rotinese
ma tongue
Atoni
ma-k tongue
Vaikenu
ma-f tongue
Selaru
mā tongue
Buruese
maa-n tongue
Formosan Kavalan
mːay cooked rice (Tsuchida 1971)
Pazeh
sumay cooked rice
Amis
hmay cooked rice
WMP Atta (Pamplona)
ammay rice on the stalk
Isneg
ammáy rice, Oryza sativa L. Paddy, rice in the husk, unhusked rice, whether growing or not
Itawis
ammáy rice plant
Bikol
húmay prepare a dish eaten on festive occasions in which seasoned meat or fish and rice are cooked in a segment of bamboo
h-in-úmay the dish prepared in this way}
Aklanon
humáy cooked rice
Hiligaynon
humáy rice plant
Cebuano
humáy general term for rice
Manobo (Ata)
homoy cooked rice
Subanun (Sindangan)
gɨmai cooked rice
Manobo (Tigwa)
hɨmɨy cooked rice
Manobo (Ilianen)
ɨmɨy cooked rice
Kalagan
umay unhusked rice
Talaud
amme riceplant, rice in the field
Toba Batak
ome rice in the husk, rice plant
Proto-Sangiric
*emay rice in the field
Sangir
ĕmme rice in the field, unhusked rice; food (in general)
WMP Isneg
k-ammay-ān rice field
Cebuano
ka-humáy-an rice field
Formosan Saisiyat
panə-ʃəmət-ən smothered
Paiwan
semutj smothering, choking
ma-semutj to be smothered
s<m>emutj to smother someone
WMP Ivatan
amut suffocate
Agta (Eastern)
amót to clamp one’s hand over one’s own or someone else’s mouth to prevent talking or breathing; hold one’s nostrils so no air enters
amot-án to pinch one’s nostrils so water doesn’t enter
Isneg
ammót cover the mouth with the hand
ammot-án to cover the mouth with the hand
Casiguran Dumagat
emót to suffocate (as for a person under a blanket to not be able to breathe)
Formosan Pazeh
mə-sənaw wash utensils
Rukai (Mantauran)
ʔəna-ʔənau wash clothing
WMP Bikol
hanáw wash the hands or feet
Cebuano
hunáw wash the hands (Formosan only)
Formosan Basai
suŋa-suŋal to breathe
Kavalan
seŋaz to breathe
Puyuma
əŋad breathe
Formosan Puyuma
m-əŋad to breathe
Formosan Thao
shnaw heart, breath; character
ma-shnaw hold the breath
mak-shnaw to breathe; mean something sincerely, speak ‘from the heart’
mak-shna-shnaw breathe; fontanelle; temple
WMP Cebuano
huŋáw for wind to blow; for air to leak out; for the ground to exude a stench after rain; for body heat to escape, lending relief
h<in>uŋáw gas or air exuded
huŋaw-an-án hole where air or gases leak
Formosan Luilang
suva four
Taokas
shupa four
Kavalan
ʔu-spat four
Proto-Atayalic
*ma-sepat eight
Seediq (Truku)
spat four
Papora
na-pat four
Pazeh
sepat four
Amis
spat four
Bunun
pat four
Proto-Rukai
*sepate four
Puyuma (Tamalakaw)
pat four (cardinal)
Paiwan
sepatj four
WMP Isneg
appát four
Itawis
appát four
Bontok
ʔəpát four
Ifugaw
opát four
Casiguran Dumagat
epát four
Bikol
apát four
Buhid
ufát four
Hanunóo
ʔúpat four, a cardinal number
Kalamian Tagbanwa
epat four
Palawan Batak
ʔepat four
Cebuano
upát four
Maranao
pat four
Binukid
ha-epat four
Mansaka
opat four
Tiruray
ʔefot four
Kalagan
upat four
Molbog
opat four
Tboli
fat four
Murut (Paluan)
apat four
Minokok
apat four
Murut (Tagol)
apat four
Kelabit
epat four
Kenyah
pat four
Penan (Long Lamai)
pat four
Kayan (Uma Juman)
pat four
Bintulu
pat four
Melanau (Mukah)
pat four
Melanau Dalat (Kampung Teh)
pat four
Bukat
apat four
Bekatan
apat four
Lahanan
pat four
Siang
opat four
Malagasy
éfatra four
Iban
empat four
Maloh
ampat four
Salako
ampat four
Malay
empat four
Talaud
appata four
Simalur
at four (in combination)
Karo Batak
empat four
Toba Batak
opat four
Nias
õfa four
Lampung
paʔ four
Old Javanese
pat four
Javanese
pat four
Madurese
empaʔ four
Balinese
empat four
Sasak
empat four
Proto-Sangiric
*epat four
Sangir
epaʔ four
Tontemboan
epat four
Tonsawang
əpac four
Lolak
opat four
Mongondow
opat four
Gorontalo
opato four (in serial counting)
Buol
opat four
Petapa Taje
apati four
Uma
opoʔ <A four
Bare'e
opo <A four
Mandar
appeʔ four
Makassarese
appaʔ four
Wolio
apa four
Muna
paa four
CMP Bimanese
upa four
Donggo
upa four
Komodo
paʔ four
Manggarai
pat four
Rembong
pat four
Lamaholot
pat four
Adonara
pat four
Solorese
pat four
Lamboya
pata four
Anakalangu
patu four
Kambera
patu four
Hawu
epa four
Rotinese
ha four
Tetun (Dili)
hát four
Vaikenu
ha four
Idate
aat four
Erai
ak four
Talur
in-haʔat four
Tugun
aat four
Leti
wo-ata four
Selaru
at four
Yamdena
fat(e) four
Bonfia
fāt four
Gah
faat four
Proto-Ambon
*pat four
Saparua
haa four
Laha
ata four
Amblau
faa four
Buruese
pa four
Sekar
fat four
SHWNG Kowiai/Koiwai
fat four
Taba
p-hot four
Buli
fat four
Misool (Coast)
fut four
Biga
fat four
As
fa four
Minyaifuin
pi-fat four
Arguni
fat four
Ron
fak four
Numfor
fiak four
Waropen
ako four
Marau₁
ati four
Papuma
bo-a four
Kurudu
bo-at four
OC Ahus
ha-hu four
Ponam
fa:-f four
Wuvulu
fa four
Mussau
ata four
Mendak
wI:t four
Numbami
wat(a) four
Dobuan
ata four
Papapana
tau-vasi four
Haku
to-hats four
Uruava
vasi four
Ririo
véc four
Gilbertese
a four
Kosraean
ah-ŋ four
Pohnpeian
pah- four
Woleaian
faa- four
Ulithian
faay four
Amblong
mo-vat four
Apma
ka-vet four
Rano
a-vets four
Avava
i-vat four
Southeast Ambrym
hat four
Toak
hat four
Pwele
pati four
Sie
ndə-vat four
Fijian
vā four
Tongan
fā four
Samoan
fā four
Kapingamarangi
haa four
Rennellese
haa four
Anuta
pa four
Rarotongan
ā four
Maori
whā four; elliptically, the fourth month
Hawaiian
hā four, fourth (commonly preceded by the numeral-marking prefixes, as ʔehā keiki, four children)
WMP [Kadazan Dusun
iŋg-apat four times]
Malagasy
in-èfatra four times
Mongondow
iŋg-opat the fourth
WMP Itbayaten
ichápat fourth
Ifugaw
m-ika-pʔát fourth
Casiguran Dumagat
ika-epat fourth
[Tagalog
ika-ápat fourth]
[Hiligaynon
ika-ápat fourth]
Cebuano
ika-upát fourth
WMP Bontok
ka-pʔát divide into four, to quarter
Pangasinan
k-ápat that which makes four, fourth
Cebuano
ka-upát four times
Kadazan Dusun
ka-ʔapat fourth
Iban
ka-empat fourth
Malay
ke-empat fourth
ke-empat-empat all four
Enggano
ʔa-opa four
Lampung
ka-paʔ all four
[Sundanese
ka-opat fourth]
Old Javanese
ka-pat four altogether; as fourth; the fourth month
Javanese
ka-pat fourth in a series
Madurese
ka-empaʔ be four, number four
Sasak
ke-empat fourth
Sangir
ka-epa-e fourth
Mongondow
ko-opat four times; the fourth
OC Fijian
ka-vā the fourth
WMP [Itbayaten
k-ápat-an fourth month, January (old calendar)]
Bikol
ka-apát-an fourths
[Hiligaynon
ka-ápat-an forty]
[Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
k-epat-an forty]
Malay
ke-empat-an the fourth
Formosan Seediq (Truku)
ma-spat eight
Paiwan
ma-sepatj four (persons)
WMP Madurese
ma-empaʔ divide into four
Tontemboan
me-epat divide into four; make a square
Gorontalo
ma-opato already four in quantity
Buginese
ma-eppaʔ the fourth
CMP Kambera
ma-patu four (stative; cf. tau ma-patu 'the four men')
Formosan Puyuma (Tamalakaw)
maka-pt-el forty
Paiwan
maka-sim-atj-elʸ four times
WMP Bikol
maka-apát to have four
Cebuano
maka-upát four times
Balinese
maka-pat-pat all four, four each
Makassarese
maka-appaʔ fourth
maka-appaʔ-na the fourth
WMP [Kapampangan
mag-ápat-a bánwa spend four years]
Bikol
mag-apát become four
Malagasy
mi-èfatra divide into four parts, be in four
Malay
ber-empat in a quartet (i.e. with three others)
Karo Batak
raja mer-empat the four chief princes of the Karo
Toba Batak
mar-opat-opat four at a time, four each
Old Javanese
mar-pat separate into four parts
Sasak
ber-empat the four of them
WMP Malagasy
fah-èfatra the fourth; four fathoms
Toba Batak
si-paha-opat the fourth month
Chamorro
faha-fad four times
OC [Arosi
haʔa-hai four times]
Fijian
vaka-vā four times
Rennellese
haka-haa do four times; second and sixteenth nights of the month
WMP Malay
sa-per-empat a fourth
Karo Batak
raja per-empat the four chief princes of the Karo
Toba Batak
di-par-opat divided into four parts
sa-par-opat a fourth
Old Javanese
par(e)pat formation, arrangement
Makassarese
parapaʔ one fourth
Wolio
par-apa fourth part, quarter
WMP Malay
per-empat-an one quarter of something divided; cross-roads
Old Javanese
par-pat-an a fourth part, quarter
Madurese
par-apad-an one quarter of something divided; cross-roads
Sasak
per-empat-an cross-roads
Tontemboan
pa-epat-an rectangle, square; rectangular measure
Formosan Puyuma (Tamalakaw)
paR-pat-en do four times
WMP Bikol
pag-apát-on divide into four; send four at a time
Formosan Amis
sa-spat four (animals and humans)
Kanakanabu
sa-supate four (humans)
Puyuma (Tamalakaw)
a-apat four (humans)
WMP Itbayaten
aʔ-pat four (serial counting and reference to inanimates)
haʔ-pat four (animals and humans)
Pangasinan
a-pát four
Kapampangan
á-pat four
Tagalog
á-pat four
Aklanon
á-pʔat four
Hiligaynon
ápat four
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
heʔe-pat four
Dampelas
h-apat <A four
Bare'e
a-opo four (independent numeral)
WMP Cebuano
tag-upát four apiece; odds of four to three in betting
Buginese
tar-eppaʔ every four, all four
WMP Tagalog
ápat-án four by four
Sundanese
opat-an the four, set of four
Balinese
empat-an fourth, quarter
WMP Bontok
ʔəpat-ən be divided into four
Malagasy
efàr-ina be divided into four
WMP Tagalog
ápat-ápat four at a time
Bikol
apát-ápat only four
apát-apát send four at a time
Old Javanese
pat-pat four?; or in groups of four?
Javanese
pat-pat by fours
Balinese
pat-pat four
Sasak
empat-empat-na all four
Mongondow
opat-opat four by four, four at a time; all four
Makassarese
appaʔ appaʔ four at a time
CMP Kambera
pa-patu by fours, in groups of four
Selaru
r-at r-at four by four, four at a time
Yamdena
fate-fate four by four, four at a time
OC [Manam
wati-wati four each, four at a time]
[Cheke Holo
fa-fati fourth]
[Nggela
vati-vati four each]
Fijian
vā-vā all four
Formosan Puyuma (Tamalakaw)
pa-pat-a four (animals and objects)
WMP Chamorro
fat-a four days
CMP Watubela
fat-a four
Seit
ata four
Batu Merah
at-a four
Morella
hat-a four
WMP Old Javanese
pat-aŋ four
Javanese
pat-aŋ four (combination form in 40, 400, 4,000)
Balinese
pat-aŋ four (in 40, and in counting units of time or distance)
Sasak
pet-aŋ four (in 40, 4,000)
Bare'e
pat-a four (in 40, 400, 4,000, counting units of time)
Tae'
pat-aŋ four (in 40, 4,000 (NOT in 400), counting units of time)
Mandar
pat-ap-pulo forty
pat-a(ŋ)-allo four days
Makassarese
pat-aN four (in 40, 400, 4,000)
Wolio
pat-a four (junction form of apa in 40, etc.)
Muna
fat-o four (before classifiers, measure nouns, units of time)
CMP Teluti
fai four
Wahai
ati four
SHWNG Gimán
p-fot four
Dusner
(p)ati four
Munggui
bo-ati four
OC Marau₂
hai four
Manam
wati four
Yabem
àc-lê four
Ubir
bat four
Suau
hasi four
Magori
vati four
Kilivila
-vasi four
Saliba
hasi four
Piva
e-vati four
Banoni
to-atsi four
Torau
e-wati four
Mono-Alu
e hati four
Nggela
vati four
Lau
fai four
'Āre'āre
hai four
Sa'a
hai four
Arosi
hai four
Haununu
hai four
Sakao
yeð four
Nokuku
vati four
Malmariv
vati four
Lametin
vat four
Mafea
v"ati four
Raga
fasi four
Lingarak
i-vas four
Leviamp
i-va̋ four
Axamb
a-vac four
Maxbaxo
ŋo-vač four
Nakanamanga
pati four
2. Bontok maŋ-apát (< meŋ-kapʔát ‘to make four, add a fourth, do four times’, Nias maŋ-õfa ‘divide into four’,
3. Bikol mag-pag-apát ‘divide into four, send four at a time’, Old Javanese ma-par-epat ‘consist of four parts (divisions, formations)’,
4. Pangasinan mi-kapát ‘fourth’, Malagasy mi-èfatra (< *maR-epat) ‘divide into four parts, be in four’.
Formosan Proto-Atayalic
*sepi dream; to dream
Paiwan
mi-sepi to dream
CMP Tetun
m-ehi to dream
Formosan Thao
pia-lhic tighten a binding, etc., make tighter
shu-lhic pull something that is slack until it becomes tight
WMP Bontok
ʔələt to bind; to tighten; to make taut
Pangasinan
elét rigor, firmness
Hanunóo
húgut pulling up, as of a loincloth; tightening, as of a binding
h<ur>ugut-án-an getting married, “tied together”, “hitched”
Romblomanon
hugut something, as a roll of buri (palm leaf) strips, a jar lid, a piece of clothing on the body, a weaving is firm or tight
Masbatenyo
mag-húgot to pull, haul, tow
hugut-án screw tightly
Aklanon
hugót to tighten, make firm
Waray-Waray
hugót the act of stretching or drawing tightly, as of string, cord, rope or the like; drawn tightly, stretched
hugot-á to draw tightly
Agutaynen
ma-elet tight; tightly; firm
Hiligaynon
hugút tight
Cebuano
hugút firmly tied, attached, closed; taut, holding tight; firm in belief, purpose, feeling
húgut pull in rope or the like
Maranao
get to lose or choke out breath
Binukid
heget tight, taut; firm
heget-a tighten it!
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
heǥet to tighten something; in tying or wrapping something, to pull it tight; to twist tight the lid of a bottle or jar; figuratively, to make a final settlement
Mansaka
ugut to tighten
Mapun
hallot tightness; tight
mag-ka-hallot-an to seal (an agreement); to guarantee; to pledge (in order to seal an agreement)
Tausug
hugut tightness (as of a knot, tie, lid, door); firmness
Kadazan Dusun
ogot tight, firmly held together
moŋ-ogot to tighten, hold it firmly
agat-ai to tighten
Lun Dayeh
eret a piece of cloth or talun (tree bark) tied around the waist, normally worn by elderly women
Kelabit
ərət man’s belt
ŋ-ərət to tighten by constriction, as a belt
Iban
rat tight, firm; tighten; confirm
Malay
(h)erat constriction; pressure from every side
meŋ-erat kain to fasten the sarong tightly around the waist
Bahasa Indonesia
erat-erat firmly, tightly, of binding
Sundanese
hɨrɨt small, narrow (as a hat)
Old Javanese
höt narrowness, etc.
Sasak
rət bind firmly
Mongondow
ogot-an waist, middle of the body
Tae'
arraʔ tight, firm, tightly bound
Proto-South Sulawesi
*ɨrrɨrt tight
Buginese
erreʔ tying up, fastening
Makassarese
arreʔ firm, firmly tightened
CMP Manggarai
eret firm, tight (of a binding)
Formosan Thao
ma-lhic tight, constricting, as a belt; firmly in place
WMP Pangasinan
ma-lét strong, well founded
Tausug
ma-hugut firm, fast, tight, tightly closed; (of one’s faith) strong; (of one’s inner being) not overly emotional or unstable, calm
WMP Kadazan Dusun
moŋ-ogot tie up tightly
Kelabit
ŋ-ərət tighten by constriction, as a belt
Malay
meŋ-erat fasten (a sarong) tightly around the waist
Buginese
maŋ-erreʔ narrow
Makassarese
aŋŋ-arreʔ tighten firmly
Formosan Tsou
s<m>orəcə tie tightly
WMP Bontok
ʔ<um>lət to bind; to tighten; to make taut
Tagalog
h<um>igít pull until taut or tight
Mapun
h<um>allot tighten up something, as when tying up rope
Tausug
h<um>ugut to become tight or tighter
WMP Bontok
ʔəlt-ən be tied up tightly
Tagalog
higit-ín be pulled until taut or tight
Kadazan Dusun
ogot-on be tied up tightly
Formosan Kavalan
esi meat, flesh
Paiwan
seti meat
WMP Kenyah
si-n contents; flesh
Kayan
si-n flesh, meat
Melanau (Mukah)
sey flesh
Nias
ösi contents; flesh
Proto-Sangiric
*esi meat
Tontemboan
esi gums, flesh of the teeth
Proto-South Sulawesi
*ɨ(n)si contents
Makassarese
assi contents
OC Tigak
si-n meat
Formosan Amis
stek to literally cut, sever
Puyuma (Tamalakaw)
ʔetek cut down a tree or bamboo with a bolo
WMP Kenyah (Long Wat)
tek pieces that have already been cut (as in cutting sugarcane)
Melanau (Mukah)
tek piece made by cutting
Nias
õtõ chop to pieces, chop up
Makassarese
attaʔ to notch; underside of the glans penis
atteʔ notch in a post or stick, notch in a coconut tree used for climbing
CMP Hawu
eta cut, cut off
eta due tap a lontar palm for palm wine
Kamarian
ete piece, lump
OC Motu
oto slice or strip
Formosan Paiwan
siaq shyness, embarrassment
WMP Tagalog
hiyáʔ, híyaʔ shame
Hanunóo
ʔúyaʔ shame, modesty
Aklanon
huyáʔ face, pride; shame; be disgraced, be shamed
Kalamian Tagbanwa
ɨyak ashamed
Hiligaynon
huyáʔ shame, disgrace
Palawan Batak
ʔɨyaʔ ashamed
Samal
iaʔ feeling of shame
Mongondow
oyaʔ shyness, shame
Uma
eaʔ shame
Bare'e
ea shame, shyness
WMP Hanunóo
ka-uyáʔ-an virtue, honor
Maranao
kayaʔ shame; shyness
Mongondow
ko-oyaʔ shyness
Uma
ka-eaʔ shame
Bare'e
ka-ea shame, shyness
Formosan Paiwan
ma-siaq shy, polite, embarrassed
WMP Maguindanao
mayá shy, ashamed
Tboli
meyak shy, ashamed
m-yak ashamed
Bintulu
məzaʔ shy, ashamed
Melanau (Mukah)
miaʔ shy, ashamed
Kanowit
miaʔ ashamed
Sangir
mea shame
ma-mea ashamed, shy
Mongondow
mo-oyaʔ shy, ashamed
Banggai
maa shame
ma-maa shy, ashamed
Uma
me-ʔeaʔ ashamed
Bare'e
ma-ea ashamed, shy
Wolio
maea shy, bashful, embarrassed, ashamed, modest
OC Labu
maya shame
Hula
ma ashamed
CMP Bimanese
maja shy, ashamed
Manggarai
maja shy, ashamed
Ngadha
mea shame, bashfulness, shyness
Li'o
mea ashamed
Sika
mea-ŋ shy, ashamed
Lamaholot
miaʔ shy, ashamed
Rotinese
mae ashamed, to feel shamed; bashful
Selaru
mai ashamed
Elat
mo-mai shy, ashamed
Masiwang
maya-n shy, ashamed
SHWNG Kowiai/Koiwai
ma-mala shy, ashamed
Buli
mai ashamed; shame, disgrace
Numfor
ma shy, ashamed
ma-ma shame
OC Duke of York
mai-mai shame; ashamed
Manam
maia, maya, maya-maya ashamed
Gedaged
ma-mai shame; embarrassment, confoundedness, abashment
Numbami
me-meya shy, ashamed
Ubir
ma-mai shy, ashamed
Dobuan
o-maya-maya shame, ashamed
Molima
wo-maya-maya shame
Nggela
maa ashamed; feel reverence
Sa'a
masa, masa-masa shy, ashamed, respectful
masa-na shame, confusion, shyness
Arosi
masa ashamed
Gilbertese
maa-ma shame, timidity, shyness, bashfulness
ma-maa-ma be ashamed, shy, confused
Woleaian
maa, ma ashamed; disgraceful; feel shameful
Tongan
mā feel shame, be ashamed
Samoan
mā ashamed, embarrassed
Maori
mā shame, abasement; shy, ashamed
Formosan Kavalan
s-m-iup to blow (with breath)
Seediq
iup, yup to blow (as on a fire)
Thao
m-iup to blow (with breath)
Puyuma (Tamalakaw)
iup to blow with breath
Paiwan
siup suck in air
WMP Sambal (Botolan)
ɨyɨp to blow
Bikol
hayóp blow something away; blow on something
Aklanon
huyóp to blow (air) on
Kalamian Tagbanwa
ɨyɨp to blow
Hiligaynon
huyúp blast, blow, breath
Cebuano
huyúp blow air, blow something away; treat an ailment by huyúp
Mamanwa
hoyop to blow, as a fire
Maranao
iop blow, esp. with the mouth
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
hiup blow on or at something; blow a musical instrument
Mansaka
uyup to blow, as a fire
Tiruray
ʔiuf to blow
Tboli
m-eyuf to blow, as with one's breath
Kelabit
iup blowing
Sa'ban
yop thing used for blowing (as a bamboo tube used to blow on the fire)
Jarai
ayup to blow
Rhade
ayuʔ to blow across (musical instrument, as a flute)
Simalur
iub blow on, fan something
Toba Batak
iup blowing on
Mongondow
irup to blow, blowing (person, wind); to fan; blow away
WMP Subanon
moŋ-oyup to blow, as a fire
Kelabit
ŋ-iup blow, blow on
Sa'ban
n-yop blow, blow on
Simalur
maŋ-iup blow, blow on
Toba Batak
maŋ-iup blow
WMP Bikol
mag-hayóp blow something away, blow on
Hiligaynon
mag-huyúp blow, breathe upon, expel breath
Malay
ber-tiup to blow (as the wind)
Formosan Seediq
yup-an place of blowing (as where a fire is being started)
WMP Bikol
hayop-an place of blowing
Palawan Batak
ʔuip-an <M to blow, as a fire (Reid 1971)
Maranao
iop-an mouthpiece
WMP Bikol
hayop-ón blow something away, blow on
Subanun (Sindangan)
iup-ɨn to blow, as a fire
Malagasy
tsìofina be blown
WMP Ifugaw
yup-yúp blow-pipe, used to increase the fire burning in the hearth
Casiguran Dumagat
yop-yóp to blow on something (as to blow out a candle, or to blow on coals to get them to flare up)
Simalur
iuf-iub hollow cane or tube for blowing on the fire
Karo Batak
iup-iup bellows
Toba Batak
iup-iup ni sarune mouthpiece of a clarinet
Formosan Kavalan
s-m-iup to blow (with breath)
Saisiyat
h<œm>iop to blow (with breath)/whistle
Thao
m-yup to blow (with breath)
WMP [Sangir
t-um-iuʔ to blow, of the wind]
Formosan Paiwan
sedjam something borrowed
WMP Casiguran Dumagat
edEm borrow
Kapampangan
andám borrow, lend
Tagalog
hirám borrowed; adapted
Bikol
hadám borrow
Hanunóo
ʔudám borrowing, lending
Aklanon
hueám borrow
Hiligaynon
hulám borrow
Cebuano
hulám borrow something; adopt, take over as one's own
Tboli
m-edom borrow
Singhi Land Dayak
nyam borrow, lend
Sangir
edaŋ borrow from someone, of objects that must themselves be returned, as opposed to objects (e.g. money) that can be returned in kind
Proto-Minahasan
*edam lease land, rent
Tontemboan
eram rent
Wolio
ada borrow
WMP Tagalog
ipa-hirám to lend (something)
Tontemboan
ipa-eram will be rented
WMP Tagalog
ma-hirám able to borrow (something)
Tontemboan
ma-eram to rent
WMP Tagalog
maŋ-hirám borrow
Sangir
maŋ-edaŋ borrow from, lend to (of objects that must themselves be returned)
Formosan Paiwan
pa-sedjam to lend, loan
WMP Tagalog
pa-hirám thing lent
Aklanon
pa-hueóm to lend
Cebuano
pa-hulám to lend
[Makassarese
pa-inraŋ to lend]
Wolio
pa-ada lend to (a person)
WMP Tagalog
pa-hir(a)m-ín to lend something to (someone)
Bikol
pa-hadam-ón to lend
Tontemboan
pa-eram-en be rented
WMP Casiguran Dumagat
edim-en to borrow
Tagalog
hir(a)m-ín to borrow (a thing)
Bikol
hadam-on to borrow
Aklanon
hueom-ón to borrow
Hiligaynon
hulam-un to borrow
Tontemboan
eram-en for rent
Formosan Atayal
s- marker of instrumental passive
Atayal (Mayrinax)
si- instrumental prefix
Bunun
is- <M prefix - instrumental
Paiwan
si- be the instrument or cause of
WMP Tagalog
i- marker of instrumental focus verbs (formed by prefixing i- to an instrumental adjective: Schachter and Otanes 1972: 319)
Bikol
i- verbal affix, instrumental, infinitive-command form
Aklanon
i- prefix for future and command verb forms in the instrumental focus
Hiligaynon
i- general proposed action instrumental affix
Cebuano
i- instrumental passive verb affix, future
OC Motu
i- instrumental prefix (daro-a 'sweep', i-daro 'broom', budu-a 'bore a hole', i-budu 'boring instrument', etc.)
Bugotu
i- instrumental prefix to nouns
Lau
i- instrumental prefix
Sa'a
i- instrumental prefix forming noun from verb
Arosi
i- instrumental prefix
Mota
i- instrumental prefix
Fijian
i- a noun preformative added to verbal roots, sometimes with reduplications. It indicates (1) the instrument of an action; (2) the scene of the action, (3) the result of an action, (4) the method of an action, (5) the actor, (6) the person or thing acted on
Rennellese
i- causative, instrumental, locative, ablative, and temporal preposition, and causative conjunction
Formosan Paiwan
ka-si- to originate from, come from
WMP Bontok
ʔi- a derivational prefix generally attached to locational words and meaning a person from that location
Kankanaey
i- prefix with a few adverbs of time, and with names of towns or countries to indicate the people whose town or country of origin they are
Ifugaw
i- prefix of names of places. Indicates the person or the people who inhabit the village, the site, the region, the zone which bears a name known by all those who live there
Malagasy
i- a prefix used before names of places, tribes
Old Javanese
i- particle with a prepositional function before nouns, often combined with the definite particle ŋ to iŋ. Occurs before nouns which in the sentence function as grammatical object (esp. before place-names)
OC Gilbertese
i- prefix to names of places or categories. It designates persons originating or living in those places, or members of these categories
Formosan Kavalan
si-rukuh to wear a bamboo hat
Saisiyat
ʃi-potœh to wear shorts
Seediq
se-lukus to dress up
Rukai (Tanan)
si-kiʔiŋ to wear clothes (Formosan only)
Formosan Basai
sili goat
Kavalan
sizi goat
Saisiyat
ʃiri wild goat, serow
Amis
siri goat
Thao
sisi native wild goat, the Formosan serow: Capricornis crispus swinhoei Gray; domesticated goat
Bunun
sidi goat
Puyuma
siri goat
Paiwan
sizi native wild goat, the Formosan serow: Capricornis crispus swinhoei Gray (Formosan only)
Formosan Kavalan
sinap broom
Puyuma
idap broom (Ting 1978)
Formosan Paiwan
si-ka- prefix for ordinal numbers
WMP Itbayaten
icha- prefix for ordinal numbers
Kankanaey
ika- a prefix added to cardinal numbers to form ordinal ones
Tagalog
ika- prefix for ordinal numerals
Hanunóo
ʔika- prefix for ordinal numerals
Cebuano
ika- prefix for ordinal numerals
Maranao
ika- prefix for ordinal numerals
Tombonuwo
ko ordinal prefix to numerals
Ida'an Begak
kə- ordinal prefix to numerals in non-future contexts
Iban
ke- ordinal prefix to numerals
Malay
kə- ordinal prefix to numerals
OC Gilbertese
ka- prefix for ordinal numerals (always with the article te, hence tenua ‘three’, te ka-tenua ‘third’)
Woleaian
ga- prefix for ordinal numerals
Fijian
ka- prefix for ordinal numerals (Formosan only)
Formosan Kavalan
sikaz shy, ashamed
paq-sikaz cause to be ashamed, shy or bashful
qaq-sikaz easily ashamed, shy or bashful
Pazeh
sikat ashamed, shy
Formosan Kavalan
m-sikaz polite; shy
Pazeh
ma-sikat ashamed; shy; reserved, modest
Formosan Kanakanabu
sikámə mat woven with wild ginger leaves
Saaroa
sikamə mat woven with wild ginger leaves
WMP Manobo (Dibabawon)
hikam mat
Formosan Bunun (Takituduh)
kaːn fish
Bunun (Takbanuad)
iskan <M fish
Hoanya
sikan fish
WMP Ilokano
ikán fish
Isneg
ikán fish (generic)
Arta
ian fish
Kankanaey
ikán fish
Ifugaw
ikán any kind of fish that is greater than mudfishes; may be applied to fishes in general
Casiguran Dumagat
ikán fish; go on a fishing trip
Maranao
ikan legendary fish-like animal
Iban
ikan fish
Tsat
ka:n³³ fish
Roglai (Northern)
ika:t fish
Malay
ikan fish (generic)
Karo Batak
ikan dried or salted fish
Toba Batak
ihan a large fish
Old Javanese
(h)ikan fish
Koroni
ika fish
Wawonii
ika fish
Moronene
ika ~ ica fish
Palauan
ŋíkəl fish
Chamorro
guihan fish (generic)
CMP Komodo
ihaŋ fish
Manggarai
ikaŋ fish
Ngadha
ika fish
Keo
ika fish
Riung
ikan fish
Lamaholot
ikan fish
Kodi
igha fish
Waiyewa
ia fish
Dhao/Ndao
iʔa fish
Rotinese
iʔa(k) fish
Tetun
ikan fish
Vaikenu
ika fish
Galoli
iʔan fish
Talur
iʔan fish
Tugun
ika fish
West Damar
jeño fish
Wetan
īna fish
Fordata
ia(n) fish
Kola
ika fish
Ujir
ika fish
Dobel
siʔa fish
Watubela
ikan fish
Teluti
yano fish
Kamarian
ika raw pounded fish with vegetables
Gah
ikan fish
Alune
iane fish
Wahai
ian fish
Proto-Ambon
*ikan fish
Saparua
ian fish
Laha
iaŋ fish
Hitu
ian fish
Asilulu
iʔan fish
Manipa
iha fish
Larike
iʔanu fish
Batu Merah
iani fish
Morella
ian fish
Buruese
ikan fish
Tifu
ikan fish
SHWNG Taba
yan fish
Gimán
ian fish
Sawai
in fish
Buli
ian fish
Minyaifuin
in fish
Dusner
in fish
Ron
in fish
Numfor
in fish
OC Tigak
ien fish
Nalik
ien fish
Tabar
ia fish
Duke of York
ian fish
Bali (Uneapa)
ighaŋa fish
Arop
yi fish
Lusi
iha fish
Kove
iha fish
Lakalai
la-ia fish (generic)
Manam
ika fish
Gitua
iga fish
Numbami
iya fish
Bunama
ʔiana fish
Dobuan
iana fish
Papapana
na-iana fish
Haku
a-yana fish
Tinputz
ìàn fish
Uruava
iana fish
Torau
ia-la fish
Takuu
ika fish
Mono-Alu
iana fish
Hoava
iγana fish
Roviana
igana fish (generic)
Nggela
iga a creature of the sea: fish, mollusc, crayfish, whale, squid, sea anemone, etc.
Marau₂
iʔa fish
'Āre'āre
iʔa fish (generic)
Sa'a
iʔe fish
Arosi
iʔa fish
Sikaiana
ika fish
Proto-Micronesian
*ika fish (generic)
Gilbertese
ika fish (generic)
Woleaian
ig(a), igal(a) fish
Pileni
ika fish
Mota
iga fish
Raga
ixe fish
Apma
ik fish
Axamb
na-ix fish
Nakanamanga
na-ika fish
Pwele
na-ika fish
Lelepa
ne-ik fish
Efate (South)
na-ik fish
Rotuman
iʔa fish: including also turtles, whales, alligators, etc., but not crabs, shellfish, etc.
Fijian
ika fish
Tongan
ika fish, incl. also turtles (fonu) and whales (tofuaʔa), but not eels, cuttle-fish or jelly-fish
Samoan
iʔa fish (incl. turtles and whales)
Rennellese
ika fish, turtle
Rarotongan
ika fish (generic)
Maori
ika fish
Rapanui
ika fish
Hawaiian
iʔa fish or any marine animal, as eel, oyster, crab, whale; meat or any flesh food
Formosan Amis
siket be attached, joined to
WMP Itbayaten
hichet idea of winding
Ilokano
ikét general name for all kinds of nets
Isneg
ikát net
Bontok
ʔíkət dog collar
Kankanaey
iket fasten a rope to, attach a cord to, fasten a line to; to strap, to leash
Pangasinan
ikét net
Kapampangan
íkat braid
Bikol
híkot net, now primarily used for fishing, but in the past used for hunting as well
Cebuano
hikút tie something up; tie something to something
Maranao
iket tie
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
hiket tie up; commit suicide
Tiruray
ʔiket a tie; to tie (loan)
Bintulu
ikət tying
Lahanan
m-ikət to tie
Iban
ikat tie, tie together
Malay
ikat tying up, fastening; (in Java) head-band, head-cloth
Karo Batak
iket tied up, of prisoners
Toba Batak
ihot rope, band, fetter
Lampung
ikoʔ tie something
Old Javanese
iket band, tie
Javanese
iket plaited batik head cloth which the wearer dons by winding it around his head
Balinese
iket tie, bind; kind of expensive cloth in which the threads of the warp or the weft are tied off at various places, so that they can be dyed in different colors
Sasak
iket bind with a rope
Sangir
ikiʔ tie, bind
CMP Ngadha
iké tie, bind, fetter
Hawu
ĕki <M tie, bind
WMP Iban
ŋ-ikat tie something together
Malay
meŋ-ikat bind, tie together with rope
Karo Batak
ŋ-iket tie up, take prisoner
Balinese
ŋ-iket tie, bind
Sasak
ŋ-iket bind with a rope
Sangir
maŋ-ikiʔ bind, tie up
WMP Bikol
mag-híkot to make a net from
Malay
ber-ikat tied, tied up
WMP Kapampangan
m-ikat to braid
Bintulu
m-ikət to tie
Old Javanese
um-iket to bind, tie, bind together
WMP Kankanaey
ikt-én be fastened or attached to
Bikol
hikót-on be made into a net from
Malay
ikat-an what is already tied; way of tying; bundle
Formosan Kavalan
simaR fat, grease
Saisiyat
SimaL fat, grease
Amis
simal oil, grease, fat; gasoline
Bunun
simal (animal) oil
Tsou
símro grease, fat (Duhtu)
Saaroa
ʔimarə grease, fat
Siraya
gimach fat, oil, salve
Proto-Rukai
*simaʔa fat, grease
Puyuma (Tamalakaw)
imaR grease, fat
Paiwan
sima raw animal fat (after cooking or rendering into oil it is qalev)
WMP Cebuano
hímag oil with magical healing properties obtained from a special kind of leech
Formosan Atayal
simu primary and nominalized pronoun II plus III; you and he or she
WMP Itbayaten
imo you
Aklanon
ímo your (sg.), you
Hiligaynon
ímu your, yours (second person sg. pre-position source pronoun)
Cebuano
ímu you (sg.)
CMP Tetun
imi you (pl.)
imi-nia your
Wetan
imi you (pl.)
Kei
im you (pl.)
Kamarian
imi you (pl.)
Paulohi
imi you (pl.)
OC Gilbertese
im thy, thee, thou
imi you (pl.)
Formosan Bunun
sin- gerund prefix (like "-ing" in English)
WMP Ifugaw
-in- infix denoting the frequency or intensity of an action
Tagalog
hin- prefix indicating removal, cleaning or the like
Bikol
hin- prefix which conveys the meaning of removing something
Cebuano
hiN- prefix forming verbs which mean 1. be almost (such-and-such) a state, time of day, 2. referring to an intense action, 3. added to nouns to form a verb meaning 'get the (noun) out', 4. added to a few verb bases to form nouns referring to an accidental or involuntary action (Formosan only)
Formosan Saisiyat (Taai)
ʃinaɁ a plant: Erechtites spp.
Atayal (Mayrinax)
sina a plant: Erechtites spp.
Rukai (Budai)
la-sia-sina a plant: Erechtites spp.
Formosan Saisiyat
shilœ beads
Thao
ma-shizuq wear something around the neck, as when money is put in a garland around the neck of a sick person
shizuq-an put something around the neck; necklace
Tsou
skuu necklace
Kanakanabu
sinúʔu necklace
Saaroa
ilhuʔu necklace
Rukai (Budai)
silo beads
WMP Murik
inu beads
Kayan
inu beads
Mentawai
inu beads
CMP Hawu
inu put around the neck (beads, chain, string, etc.)
Rotinese
inu inu hang together in great quantities, in clusters (as fruits that are tied together)
Atoni
inu leko fine coral beads
Formosan Seediq (Truku)
sinao to wash (vessels, surfaces, solid objects)
Pazeh
si-sinaw wash utensils
Thao
sh-m-inaw to wash
Bunun
ma-sinav wash (spades, bowls)
Kanakanabu
m-ari-sináu wash utensils
Proto-Rukai
*sinaw wash (clothes)
WMP Ilokano
innáw do the dishes; wash, rinse, cleanse plates, glasses, jars, etc.
Tagalog
hináw washing of hands or feet
Hiligaynon
hináw wash hands or feet
Cebuano
hináw wash the hands
Formosan Seediq (Truku)
snag-an place where one washes
Thao
shinaw-an wash objects other than clothing
WMP Tagalog
hínaw-an wash-bowl
Cebuano
hinaw-an wash basin
Formosan Paiwan
siŋus to sniff
WMP Cebuano
híŋus sniffle, draw the snot up into the nose
híŋus-híŋus kind of peppery dish made from chicken intestines
Malay
(h)iŋus snot; mucus from the nose
Sundanese
iŋus have the sniffles
Formosan Paiwan
s<m>iŋus to sniff
WMP Masbatenyo
mag-híŋos sniffle, inhale through the nose, smell, snuffle; refers especially to play as in teasing a baby
Cebuano
híŋus sniffle, draw the snot up into the nose
Mansaka
iŋos to sniffle; to snuff up
Malay
iŋus snot; mucus from the nose
buaŋ iŋus blow the nose
ñiur iŋus-an coconut at the stage when the interior is beginning to soften
Formosan Bunun
sipal opposite (in spatial location)
Kanakanabu
m-u-a-sipárə walk across the river
Saaroa
m-u-u-siparə walk across the river
i-siparə the opposite side of the river
WMP Tiruray
ʔifar cross over to the other side (as of a river or street)
Toba Batak
ipar the opposite shore
CMP Bimanese
ipa across, on the opposite side
WMP Ayta Abellan
lipay the other side of a body of water; to cross a body of water
Tiruray
difar the other side, in the sense of the side facing the speaker
Abai Sembuak
lifag opposite bank
Kelabit
d-ipar opposite side (as of a river)
Kayan (Uma Juman)
d-ipah either of the sides of a river, etc.
Melanau (Mukah)
d-ipah opposite bank of a river
Toba Batak
di ipar yonder, on the opposite side
Formosan Kavalan
sipes cockroach
Saisiyat
hipih small cockroach
WMP Itbayaten
ipes cockroach
Ilokano
ípes cockroach
Casiguran Dumagat
ípes cockroach; be swarming with cockroaches
Kapampangan
ípas cockroach
ma-ʔípas cockroach-infested
Tagalog
ípis cockroach
Hanunóo
ípus cockroach
Cebuano
ípus small cockroach
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
ipes cockroach
Tiruray
ʔifes small tan cockroach
Wahau
pəs cockroach
Mei Lan Modang
pao̯s cockroach
Woq Helaq Modang
pao̯s cockroach
Long Gelat Modang
poe̯h cockroach
Karo Batak
ipes the brown cockroach
Toba Batak
ipos cockroach
Proto-Minahasan
*ipes cockroach
Tonsawang
iwəs cockroach
OC Nauna
ih cockroach
Nali
yih cockroach
Formosan Pazeh
pi-sipi, pai-sipi dream
Sakizaya
simpiʔ to dream
Proto-Rukai
*sipi dream
WMP Kadazan Dusun
ipi dream
Toba Batak
ipi dream
Nias
ifi dream
Sundanese
impi dream
Old Javanese
ipi dream
Javanese
impi, ipi a dream
Balinese
impi, ipi a dream
Sasak
impi, ipi a dream
Sangir
ipi dream
Proto-Minahasan
*ipi dream
Bare'e
ipi a dream
Tae'
impi a dream
Mori
moʔ-ipi dream
Padoe
mo-ipi to dream
Koroni
mo-ʔipi to dream
Chamorro
guifi a dream
WMP Toba Batak
maŋ-ipi to dream
Nias
maŋ-ifi to dream
Lampung
ŋ-ipey to dream
Sundanese
ŋ-impi to dream
Javanese
ŋ-impi to dream
Sasak
ŋ-ipi to dream
Bare'e
maŋ-ipi to dream
Tae'
maŋ-ipi to dream
Chamorro
maŋ-guifi to dream
CMP Hitu
mani dream
WMP Sundanese
paŋ-impi-an a dream
Old Javanese
paŋ-ipy-an state of dreaming; dream-vision
Javanese
paŋ-impè-n a dream
Bare'e
paŋ-ipi a dream
Tae'
paŋ-impi a dream
Wolio
poŋ-ipi to dream; a dream
WMP Bisaya (Lotud)
inipi dream
Berawan (Long Terawan)
ŋe-nipéh to dream
Gayō
mu-nipi to dream
Toba Batak
mar-nipi to dream (said by Warneck 1977 [1906] to be from ni + ipi 'to dream')
Old Javanese
in-ipi dream
Buginese
nippi dream
Muna
mo-nifi to dream
Chamorro
gu-in-ifi dream
OC Bunama
nihi dream
CMP Bimanese
nifi dream
Manggarai
nipi dream
Hawu
ni to dream
Masiwang
m-nif to dream
Paulohi
mi-ni-nifi to dream
Proto-Ambon
*(ma-)nipi to dream
Tifu
nipi dream
OC Nali
nihi-nih dream
Leipon
ni-nih dream
Numbami
ni-niwi dream
Magori
nivi dream
Hula
nivi dream
Motu
nihi dream
Roro
nibi dream
Mekeo (East)
nipi dream
Molima
nivi dream
WMP Malay
m-impi dream
Sangir
mi-ipi dream
CMP Sika
m-ipi-n dream
Tetun
m-ihi-n dream
OC Andra
mihi-mih to dream
Ahus
mihi-mih dream
Kuruti
mihi-mih dream
Levei
im-mih dream
Ponam
mif dream
Cheke Holo
mifi dream
Nauruan
mi dream
Gilbertese
mi dream (Formosan only)
Formosan Thao
shupilh <M to count; read, study, learn
Bunun
ma-sipul to count; study, learn
Paiwan
supu sum, amount, number
ki-supu to read
s<m>upu <A to count, reckon
Formosan Kavalan
siRup to eat soup
WMP Ilokano
ígup one draught, one swallow (of water, etc.)
Isneg
íxop, íxup sip, drink
Bontok
ʔígup viand; that which is eaten with rice (of vegetables, meat or snails). It is usually served in a bowl containing the broth in which the viand was cooked; to drink the broth from the viand bowl; to drink wine
Kankanaey
ígup suck in, drink, absorb
Ifugaw
igúp Lagawe word for drinking which is used in hudhud chant in the sense of "sip" rice wine; it is usually reduplicated
Casiguran Dumagat
igúp sip a hot drink
Pangasinan
ilóp to sip
Tagalog
hígop sip
Bikol
hígop to siphon, sip
Aklanon
hígop inhale, sip
Hiligaynon
hígup sip, suck up, slurp, as a soup
Cebuano
hígup sip, take in liquid by sucking it up with air; take in air in the same manner
Maranao
igop drink
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
hiɣup sip a liquid by sucking it in with the breath
Tiruray
ʔirof sip, suck in a liquid
Kelabit
irup what is drunk; way of drinking
Ngaju Dayak
ihop what is drunk; be drunk by someone
Iban
irup drink, fit for drinking
Malay
(h)irup lapping or sucking up (liquid)
Sasak
irup drink noisily, slurp, sip
Tae'
iruʔ drink; also absorb, as a cloth that is immersed in water
Makassarese
iruʔ sip, slurp
CMP Komodo
iruʔ to suck up
Manggarai
irup drink slowly (as from a soup bowl)
OC Nggela
ilu to drink cabbage soup
iluv-i (trans. form)
ilu-ilu to drink medicine
Lau
ilu drink with a spoon, sup, drink soup
iluf-i (trans.)
iluf-ia (passive)
'Āre'āre
iruh-ia drink slowly
Ulawa
ilu to sup (as yam soup)
iluh-i (trans.)
Arosi
iru yam soup; to sip yam soup
iruh-i (trans.)
WMP Isneg
maŋ-íxup to sip, to drink
Kelabit
ŋ-irup to drink
Iban
ŋ-irup to drink
Tae'
maŋ-iruʔ to drink, be drinking
WMP Isneg
ixúp-an drink
Tagalog
hígup-an sipping tube
Cebuano
higup-án, higup-ánan something from which one sips a liquid
Kelabit
rup-an watering hole for animals in the jungle
[Tae'
irus-an partake of while drinking, as to partake of baked yam tubers while drinking palm wine]
WMP Ilokano
igúp-en be sipped by
Bikol
hígop-on be siphoned, sipped by
Kelabit
rup-en is sipped by, will be sipped by (Formosan only)
Formosan Kavalan
sisin hwamei, bird sp., Garrulax canours
Saisiyat
ʃiʃil omen bird (gives bad omens)
Seediq (Truku)
sisil petite bird relied on by the Taroko people to foretell luck or misfortune by its flight or its call in all activities that require travel (Pecoraro 1977); it is an omen of bad luck if it flies horizontally in front of people who are on the way to work or hunt, and they will consequently return home. However, if it flies vertically ---especially on the right hand side, they can proceed on their way (Apay Tang, p.c.)
Pazeh
sisil omen bird, Gray-eyed Nun Babbler, Alcippe morrisonia
Paiwan (Western)
sisilʸ Gould’s Quaker-Thrush, Alcippe brunnea brunnea Gould; an important omen bird. Flying from right to left means taboo; heard with tjiḍir [small brown omen bird] it means ‘you will eat pork’.
Formosan Kavalan
siwa nine
kin-siwa nine (people)
saʔa-siwa ninth
Papora
(me)-siya nine
Amis
siwa nine
saka-siwa ninth
Bunun
siva nine
Bunun (Isbukun)
sivaʔ nine
Hoanya
(a)-sia nine
Tsou
sio ~ sizo nine
Puyuma
iwa nine
kara-iwa nine objects each
Paiwan
siva nine
maɬe-siva nine (persons)
WMP Sangil
siaw <M nine
Lingkabau
siwə-y nine
Dumpas
siwo-y nine
Kinabatangan
siwo-y nine
Ida'an Begak
siwa-y nine
Belait
siwa nine (Ray 1913)
Malagasy
sivi nine
faha-sivi the ninth; the ancestors; the spirits of the ancestors
mi-sivi to divide into nine parts, to be in nine
Simalur
siwa nine (in certain combinations, and in women’s speech)
Toba Batak
sia nine
pa-sia-hon ninth
si-paha-sia the ninth month
Nias
siwa nine
me-ziwa nine times (also as an expression of completeness)
Mentawai
siba nine
Lampung
siwa nine
Proto-Sangiric
*siaw <M nine
Sangir
sio <M nine
ka-sio-ne ninth
Bantik
siow <M nine
Proto-Minahasan
*siow <M nine
Tondano
siow <M nine
Tontemboan
siow <M nine
Mongondow
siow <M nine
in-siow ninth
ko-siow nine times; the ninth
Totoli
sio <M nine
Pendau
se-sio <M nine
Dampelas
se-sio <M nine
Balaesang
se-sio <M nine
Banggai
sio <M? nine
Uma
sio <M? nine
Bare'e
sio <M? nine
Proto-Bungku-Tolaki
*sio <M? nine (bound numeral)
Mori Atas
o-sio nine
Moronene
o-sio nine
Wolio
sio <M? nine
Palauan
i-tíw nine (units of time)
i-tíw nine (when counting in sequence)
kl-tíw nine (animals, things)
tə-tíw nine (people)
Chamorro
sigwa nine
CMP Bimanese
civi nine
Komodo
siwa nine
Palu'e
hiwa nine
Lamaholot
hiwa nine
Solorese
hiwa nine
Tetun
sia nine
Tetun (Dili)
sia nine
Vaikenu
sio nine
Tugun
siə nine
East Damar
wo-si nine
Leti
wo-sia ~ wo-siwa nine
Moa
wo-siewa nine
Luang
wo-sjewa nine
Wetan
wo-siwa nine
Selaru
siu nine
Yamdena
siu nine
na-ŋ-siwe ninth
Teluti
siwa nine
Kamarian
siwa nine
Gah
sia nine
Alune
sikwa nine
Wahai
sia nine
Saparua
siwa nine
Asilulu
siwa nine
Batu Merah
siwa nine
Soboyo
ta-sia nine
SHWNG Taba
p-sio nine
Misool (Coast)
si nine
Ron
siw nine
Numfor
siw nine
Pom
siu nine
Marau₁
siw nine
Munggui
siu nine
Woi
siw nine
OC Mendak
sik nine
Sursurunga
a-siw nine
Tanga
k-siu nine
Haku
to-si nine
Petats
to-sie nine
Selau
sia nine
Piva
sia nine
Torau
sia nine
Luangiua
sivo nine
Ririo
zia nine
Babatana
zia nine
Roviana
sia nine
Eddystone/Mandegusu
sia nine
Bugotu
hia nine
hia-ña ninth
Kwaio
sikwa nine
Marau₂
siwa nine
Lau
sikwa nine
sikwa-na ninth
Toqabaqita
sikwa nine
sikwa-na ninth
'Āre'āre
siwa nine
siwā-na ninth
Sa'a
siwe nine
siwa-na ninth, for the ninth time
Arosi
siwa nine
siwa-na ninth
Ulithian
diwa nine
Haununu
siwa nine
Nokuku
tsiwa nine
Tasmate
tsiwa nine
Aore
a sua nine
Wailengi
siwo nine
Raga
sifo nine
Atchin
e-siw nine
Uripiv
e-siw nine
Makatea
siβa nine
Rotuman
siva nine
Wayan
ciwa nine
Fijian
ciwa nine
Tongan
hiva nine
Niue
hiva nine; ninth
WMP Malagasy
in-tsivi nine times
Mongondow
in-siow <M ninth
OC Arosi
haʔa-siwa nine times
Wayan
vaka-ciwa nine times
Fijian
vaka-ciwa nine times
Formosan Kavalan
siʔa-siwa nine times
Puyuma
ka-iwa ninth
OC Fijian
i ka-ciwa ninth
Formosan Kavalan
u-siwa nine (things)
Kanakanabu
u-sía nine
Saaroa
u-sia nine
Formosan Amis
siwit slant, set at an angle, off course
WMP Tagalog
hiwíd awry, out of line
Formosan Kavalan
su- to remove (+ noun); lislis ‘scales’, su-lislis ‘to remove scales’ rubuŋ’skin, peeling’, su-rubuŋ ‘to skin, peel something’
Paiwan
su- to take off; kava ‘clothes’, su-kava ‘to take off clothes’, tjaLupun ‘hat’, su-tjaLupun ‘take off a hat’
Formosan Amis
sowaf to yawn
WMP Itbayaten
a-hwab breath emitting while yawning; yawn
h-om-wab to yawn
ka-hwab act of yawning
Itawis
úwab yawn
Bontok
ʔuwáb yawn
Kankanaey
uáb yawn
Ifugaw
úwab yawn; act of gaping involuntarily
Pangasinan
oáb yawn
Kadazan Dusun
uvab yawn
Bisaya (Limbang)
g-uab a yawn
Kelabit
uab a yawn
Kayan
uham a yawn
Kayan (Long Atip)
huam a yawn
Kayan (Uma Juman)
huav a yawn
Rhade
həap yawn
Malay
uap yawn
Mentawai
ōap yawn
Old Javanese
hwab, ob yawn
Balinese
uab yawn, gape
Sasak
uap yawn, gape
Mongondow
uab gape, yawn
Formosan Sakizaya
ma-suab to yawn
Proto-Rukai
*ma-swab to yawn
WMP Itawis
m-ówab to yawn
Berawan (Long Jegan)
m-uam to yawn
Kayan
m-uham to yawn
Kayan (Uma Juman)
m-uhav to yawn
Balinese
m-uwab yawning, gaping wide
Mori Bawah
mo-maa to yawn
CMP Masiwang
ma-mawa yawn
CMP Bimanese
ma-wa yawn
Li'o
m-oa to yawn
Sika
m-oa yawn
Kédang
m-oa yawn
Alune
ma-kwa yawn
Buruese
ma-wa yawn
Soboyo
bala-m-oa yawn
SHWNG Numfor
ma-bab yawn; in general, open the mouth
OC Loniu
yeli-ma-w yawn
Seimat
ma-w yawn
Bebeli
ma-mawa to yawn
Wogeo
mwawa yawn
Manam
mawa yawn
Sio
mowa to yawn
Dobuan
mwa-wa yawn
Roviana
ma-va to yawn, breathe upon (*mawava > maava > mava)
Sa'a
ähi-ma-wa yawn
Chuukese
mma-w yawn
Fijian
lā-ma-wa to yawn, gape
WMP Pangasinan
man-óab to yawn
Kelabit
ŋ-uab to yawn
Malay
meng-uap to yawn
Old Javanese
maŋ-hwab, maŋ-ob to yawn
CMP Masiwang
ma-ma-wa yawn
SHWNG [Buli
ma-ma-ip gape, yawn]
OC Nauna
ma-ma-w yawn
Wuvulu
ma-ma-wa yawn
Eddystone/Mandegusu
ma-ma-va to yawn
Formosan Kavalan
suani younger sibling
Atayal
suagiʔ wife’s younger sister; husband’s younger brother; man’s younger brother’s wife; woman’s younger sister’s husband
Proto-Atayalic
*suwaiʔ younger sibling
Seediq (Truku)
swai younger, junior
mn-swai brothers and sisters (without distinction of relative age) -- all near relatives, esp. cousins
Pazeh
suadi, suazi younger sibling
Thao
sa-suadi younger sibling
Hoanya
suazi younger sister
Proto-Rukai
*agi younger sibling
Puyuma (Tamalakaw)
wadi younger sibling, younger cousin (ref.)
WMP Yami
wari younger sibling
Itbayaten
wari younger sibling (add.); next-born child
Atta (Pamplona)
wagi sibling (without respect to relative age)
Isneg
waxí brother, sister; relative
Itawis
wahí sibling
Balangaw
agi related people of same generation; a "sibling" word
Keley-i
agi brother, sister, cousin
Ifugaw
agí brother, sister, cousin
Gaddang
wayyi distant relatives, second cousins and beyond
Casiguran Dumagat
wadí younger sibling (ref.)
Umiray Dumaget
wele younger sibling
Pangasinan
agí younger sibling or other person of same generation
Sambal (Botolan)
ali younger sibling, younger cousin, younger sibling-in-law
Ayta Abellan
ali younger sibling
Ayta Maganchi
ali younger sibling
Kalamian Tagbanwa
ariʔ younger sibling
Maranao
ari younger person, younger relation
Manobo (Ata)
hari younger sibling of the same sex
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
hazi younger sibling; a younger person of one's own generation, whether related or not
Supan
ari younger sibling
Bukat
ari-n younger sibling
Tunjung
gari-n younger sibling
Ngaju Dayak
andi younger sibling; also: affectionate term for a younger person generally
Singhi Land Dayak
m-adis near relatives
Tsat
thai¹¹ younger sibling
Simalur
axi younger sibling
Karo Batak
agi younger sibling; placenta
Toba Batak
aŋgi younger sibling of the same sex
Nias
axi younger sibling
Mentawai
bagi younger sibling
Javanese
aḍi younger sibling
Balinese
adi younger sibling; afterbirth, placenta
Mongondow
ai-ai younger sibling
Mori
uai younger sibling
Mori Atas
andi younger sibling
Wolio
andi younger sibling
CMP Bimanese
ari younger sibling
Donggo
ari younger sibling
Komodo
ari younger sibling of the same sex
Ngadha
azi younger sibling of the same sex
Adonara
ari younger sibling
Lamboya
ali younger sibling (probably parallel)
Kambera
eri younger sibling of the same sex
Dhao/Ndao
ari younger sibling
Rotinese
fadi younger sibling of the same sex
Helong
padi younger sibling
Vaikenu
ɔli-f younger brother
Erai
ali-n younger sibling of the same sex
Tugun
ali younger sibling
Yamdena
wai younger sibling of the same sex
Fordata
wari younger sibling of the same sex
Dobel
kwali younger sibling
Paulohi
wari younger sibling of the same sex
Alune
kwali sibling of the same sex
Asilulu
wali- younger sibling of the same sex
Boano₂
ani-a sibling
Larike
wale younger sibling
OC Keapara
ari younger same sex sibling
WMP Itawis
mag-wahí sibling relationship between two persons
Malay
adi-k ber-adi-k be in a sibling relationship
[Toba Batak
mar-haha-mar-aŋgi be in a sibling relationship]
WMP Maranao
pag-ari brother, sister
pagari-aʔ friend, chum, pal
pagari-n give birth to another child
Kenyah
p-ade-ʔ sibling
Kayan
p-ari-n, peh-ari-n all relatives and close friends
Ngaju Dayak
pah-ari sibling of the same sex
WMP Samal
si-ali younger sibling
Nias
si axi youngest child
[Tae'
si-(po)-adi be in a relationship of elder and younger sibling]
WMP Tiruray
t-uwarey younger sibling, youngest child
Tboli
t-woli younger sibling, relative, friend of the same sex
Bilaan (Sarangani)
t-wali younger sibling, younger cousin
Kadazan Dusun
t-adi younger sibling
Miri
t-adih younger sibling
Kiput
t-adəy younger sibling
Bintulu
t-arəy younger sibling
Melanau (Mukah)
t-adey younger sibling
Siang
t-ari younger sibling
Proto-Sangiric
*t-uadi younger sibling
Sangir
t-uaḷi younger sibling
Tontemboan
t-uari younger sibling
me-tuari brothers, relatives
pe-tuari-an brotherhood
OC Nauna
t-ali-n sibling of the same sex
Wuvulu
axi- sibling
Tolai
t-ai- sibling of the opposite sex
Manam
t-ari- younger sibling of the same sex
Gedaged
t-ai- younger sibling of the same sex; placenta
Gitua
t-azi- younger sibling or cousin of the same sex
Watut
race- younger parallel sibling
Adzera
rai-n brother
Motu
t-adi- younger sibling of the same sex
Dobuan
t-asi- sibling of the same sex
Molima
t-asi- younger sibling of the same sex
Nehan
tahi- brother, sibling
Cheke Holo
t-ahi- younger sibling of the same sex; younger parallel cousin of the same sex
Eddystone/Mandegusu
t-ahi younger sibling of the same sex
Nggela
tahi younger sibling of the same sex
Kwaio
asi-na younger brother; younger consanguineal male kin of own generation
asi-na geni younger sister; younger female consanguineal kin of own generation
Sa'a
asi- sibling of the same sex
Arosi
asi- sibling of the opposite sex
Gilbertese
t-ari sibling of the same sex
Marshallese
j-ati- younger sibling; younger parallel cousin
Mota
t-asi younger sibling of the same sex
Fijian
t-aci younger sibling of the same sex
Tongan
t-ehi-na younger sibling of the same sex, younger cousin of the same sex
Nukuoro
d-ai-na sibling, cousin
Anuta
t-ai-na "sibling" of the same sex, "sibling-in-law" of opposite sex
Maori
t-ai-na younger sibling of the same sex
Hawaiian
k-ai-k-ai-na younger sibling or cousin of the same sex
Formosan Puyuma (Tamalakaw)
wadi-yan younger sibling, younger cousin (ref.)
WMP Isneg
mag-wa-waxi-yān be brothers
Balinese
adi-yaŋ be regarded as or called 'younger brother'
CMP Dobel
kwali-s-an sibling of the same sex
WMP Casiguran Dumagat
wadÉ-ŋ younger sibling (vocative)
Katingan
ari-ŋ younger sibling
Malay
adi-ŋ younger sibling (vocative)
WMP Palawan Batak
ʔari-ʔ younger sibling
Gana
adi-ʔ younger sibling
Paku
adi-ʔ younger sibling
Lundu
adi-ʔ younger sibling
Malay
adé-k younger sibling. Loosely, any young near relative such as a cousin; (affectionately) to a wife by her husband
Sasak
adi-ʔ younger sibling
adiʔ-adiʔ afterbirth, placenta
CMP Kédang
ariʔ younger sibling (Formosan only)
Formosan [Pazeh
suaw yawn]
[Thao
shuaw yawn]
[Paiwan
suaw yawn]
Formosan Pazeh
ma-suaw to yawn
Thao
ma-shua-shuaw to yawn
Paiwan
me-suaw to yawn
Formosan Proto-Rukai
*soLaʔa snake
WMP Ifugaw
úlal small brownish snake which is not dangerous. It lives among the rice fields, behind or between the stones of retaining walls
Casiguran Dumagat
ulág snake
Ibaloy
olal small water snake
Hanunóo
ʔúlay general term for snake (loan)
Tiruray
ʔurar snake
Tboli
ulal general term for snake
Malagasy
ólatra snake
Iban
ular snake
Maloh
urar snake
Jarai
ala snake
Roglai (Northern)
ula snake
Moken
olan snake
Malay
ular snake; serpent; generic for Ophidia and also for dragons (ular naga)
Simalur
ular snake
Nias
ulo snake
Old Javanese
ulā snake
Javanese
ula snake
Madurese
olar snake
Sasak
ulah, ular snake
Sangir
ulaheʔ kind of snake, the egg-thief
Proto-Minahasan
*ulah snake
Tontemboan
ulaʔ snake
ma-ulaʔ become a snake
Mongondow
ulag snake
Ponosakan
ulah snake
Tialo
ulagE snake
Lauje
ulag snake
Tae'
ulaʔ snake
Mori Atas
ule snake
Padoe
ule snake
Bungku
ule snake
Wawonii
ule snake
Moronene
ule snake
Mandar
ular snake
Makassarese
ularaʔ snake
ulaʔ-ularaʔ kind of child's toy that looks like a snake
Palauan
ŋuis Palau tree snake: Dendrelaphis lineolatus
CMP Komodo
ulah rat snake: Elaphe subradiata
Manggarai
ular rat snake: Ptyas korros
Rembong
ular generic for non-venomous snakes
ular isiʔ rat snake
Sika
ular snake
Lamaholot
ulaʔ snake
Adonara
ula snake
Kédang
ular snake
Kambera
ularu snake
Helong
ula snake
Erai
ula poisonous snake
Formosan Thao
urum cloud
Paiwan
sulem darkness; twilight
WMP Old Javanese
ulem shining (only) palely, dim, wan, languishing, faded
Formosan Paiwan
ma-sulen darkness falls; to be twilight
WMP Old Javanese
(m)-olem shining (only) palely, dim, wan, languishing, faded
Formosan Saisiyat (Taai)
s<om>oLiz brood on eggs
Paiwan
ma-sulid sleep together
ki-sulid share someone's bed
WMP Bontok
ʔúlig to put a child to sleep in order that the person watching it can perform other duties
Kankanaey
úlig to lull to sleep, to rock
Ifugaw
úlig to hush a baby to sleep; to sink, fall into sleep
Bikol
húlid lie someone down to sleep (as a child); lie down beside
Hanunóo
ʔúlid beside, at the side of, near; the state of being or lying side-by-side
Aklanon
húlid sleep with, share a bed with, be in bed with
Hiligaynon
húlid lie alongside, lie together
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
hulid lie down next to someone; have sexual relations with someone; the person one lies next to
Ngaju Dayak
ulir, urir lie next to a child in sleep
Karo Batak
si-uliŋ-uliŋ-en sleep in one another's arms
Simalungun Batak
ulig embrace while sleeping
Mongondow
ulid laying down of small children and the sick
WMP Aklanon
ka-hulid bedmate, bed partner
Ngaju Dayak
ka-uri-urir constantly next to one another (Formosan only)
Formosan Kavalan
sussur to masturbate
s<m>ussur to masturbate
Pazeh
pa-surusur to masturbate
Formosan Amis
solol slide down (as a log down a hill)
Paiwan
surur <A a taut-stretched line
sa-surur-an pulley
WMP Ilokano
úlog descend, go down, climb down; leave, come down, come out (leaving a house)
Isneg
úlug go or climb down, descend (a tree, ladder, etc.; not a mountain)
Tagalog
húlog fall; failure in examinations; capture; installment payment
Bikol
húlog drop something; fall
Hanunóo
húlug fall, falling
pa-hulug-húlug kind of monkey trap
Aklanon
húeog to drop (something); mail (a letter); to fall, get dropped
Hiligaynon
húlug fall down, tumble
Cebuano
húlug drop, fall freely, cause something to do so
Maranao
olog fall, drop, abort (intentional)
Tausug
hulug fall or drop, as from a height
Kelabit
urur act of lowering something
Kayan
uloh cause an object to descend a slope, with or without control by a rope; lower a person down
Ngaju Dayak
(h)uloh lower or let down, as on a rope
Iban
ulur let down, pay out (rope), launch (a boat), cast (fishing line)
Malay
hulur letting go; slacking or paying out (a line)
Sangir
uluheʔ let down, lower (objects by rope), pay out (fish line); sometimes also: launch a boat
Banggai
ulul fish with line let out from the hand
Uma
ulu pay out (rope), lower
Bare'e
uyu lower something
Tae'
uluʔ lower something
Makassarese
uloroʔ let drop or slip down, as with a pulley; pay out (rope)
CMP Manggarai
ulur to lower, let oneself down, lower by rope; descend
WMP Ilokano
y-úlog bring, etc. down, out of the house; to translate
Bikol
i-húlog to drop (something)
Cebuano
i-húlug throw something down
WMP Bikol
ma-húlog to fall
Hiligaynon
ma-húlug fall down, tumble
Cebuano
ma-húlug turn into something worse; fall into sin or disgrace
Maranao
ma-olog to drop
Bare'e
me-uyu descend, as something that is lowered from above
WMP Kelabit
ŋ-urur lower something slowly by rope
Kayan
ŋ-uloh cause an object to descend a slope, with or without control by a rope; lower a person down
[Old Javanese
aŋ-ulur loosen, release; lower on a rope; let go]
Banggai
moŋ-ulul pay out rope
Makassarese
aŋŋ-oloroʔ let slide through the hand, pay out (rope)
WMP Ilokano
ag-úlog decline, decrease in value; fail, languish, sink
Bikol
mag-húlog to drop (something)
WMP Ilokano
um-úlog descend, go down, climb down; come out (leaving a house)
Isneg
um-úlug go or climb down, descend (tree, ladder, etc.; not a mountain). Also: leave a house, come down or out
Kayan
m-uloh slip from hold, slip down; fall or slip down from its place; slide down lengthwise by itself
WMP Bikol
hulog-án installment
Cebuano
hulúg-an give money to
Malay
hulur-an what is extended to someone (gift, help, etc.)
Makassarese
olor-aŋ fishing pole
Formosan Kavalan
suni sound (as of a clock), chirping (of birds)
s-em-uni to chirp
Pazeh
mo-honi to chirp, to crow (roosters)
Amis
honi, soni noise, sound
WMP Itbayaten
honi idea of crowing; crowing of chickens; noise, bustle
Ilokano
úni sound, voice, noise, cry (of animals), song (of birds)
ag-uni utter a sound, make a noise, to cry (animals), to sing (birds), to speak (men)
Isneg
úni sound, noise, voice, speech, cry (of animals), song (of birds)
Pangasinan
úni bird song; to sing (birds only)
Tagalog
húni chirping or hooting of birds or fowls; song, murmur
Bikol
húni call, sing (birds); twitter, warble
an h-in-uni the call or song of a bird
Hanunóo
ʔúni general term for sounds produced vocally by any and all species of fauna, as of the chirping of birds
Aklanon
huní(h) chirp, sing (like birds or crickets); to blow (said of whistle or siren)
Hiligaynon
huní sound, chirp, whine
Cebuano
húni song, musical sounds
ma-huní-un melodious
pan-úni quality of singing, intonation and pitch; tone of voice
Maranao
oni sound
Tboli
uni noise
Rungus Dusun
uni tone, sound, note
Kadazan Dusun
t-uni sound; bleating, neighing, etc.
moŋ-uni to make music, to sound, to produce sound, to chirp, to bleat, to neigh, to strike (of clock)
Kelabit
unih sound
Maloh
uñi sound, noise
Old Javanese
uni sound, voice; contents of a letter ("what it says")
Javanese
uni sound, noise, what someone says
Balinese
uni, uñi sound, make a sound
Sasak
uni sound, noise
ber-uni make a sound
Tae'
oni sound, noise
oni manuk cry of a cock
CMP Leti
oni crow of a cock
OC Kwaio
uni-uni-a make a big ruckus, noise in play (esp. used derisively)
WMP Sasak
p-uniʔ make a sound or noise, play something (music)
Tae'
pa-oni make a sound or noise, produce a sound
Formosan Kavalan
s-m-uni to chirp
WMP Itbayaten
h-om-oni to crow (of a rooster)
WMP Old Javanese
uny-an uny-an, une-n une-n musical instruments
Tae'
oni oni flute made of a split rice straw
Formosan Amis
sodoc pull out, draw, as a sword
WMP Tagalog
húnos skin peeling; molt or molting, as of reptiles
mag-húnos to molt; to shed skin, as a snake
Aklanon
húnos to pull (out); draw (gun)
húnos-húnos jerk back and forth, push and pull
Hiligaynon
húnus draw out, pull out, as a drawer
hunús shelf, drawer
Cebuano
húnus drawer; pull a drawer out
Tiruray
ʔunuh take off one's clothing
Malay
hunus drawing off (of unsheathing weapons, drawing a ring off the finger)
pedaŋ hunus a drawn sword
Old Javanese
unus to draw, take out, extract
Javanese
unus draw a weapon from its sheath
Madurese
onos to withdraw, draw out
Sasak
unus drawing something from a sheath
ŋ-unus to draw something from a sheath
Chamorro
gunos wean, accustom (a child or other young animal) to loss of mother's milk
OC Roviana
unusu pull out, as a tooth, a nail, a post
Arosi
unu take out of
Chuukese
wúnú drawn out, extracted
Woleaian
iuliul (iuliulu) pull, draw, pull something from a group
Tongan
unu pull out, draw out
Rennellese
unu take off, remove, pull out, peel
Maori
unu pull off, put off, doff; draw out, pull out, withdraw
OC Arosi
unus-i take body out of shirt, i.e. take off shirt; fall out of
Tongan
uhuh-i pull out, draw out, e.g. a sword from its sheath, or a tooth
Nukuoro
unus-i pull out (e.g. a sword from its scabbard)
Anuta
unu-i pull out
Hawaiian
unuh-i take out, withdraw, as money from a bank, or a drawer from a desk; unsheath; take off, as a ring; translate, interpret
Formosan Paiwan
supiq longest leaf-shoot of taro (edible)
WMP Iban
upih spathe of palm blossom (mayang), esp. areca (pinang), yielding tough waterproof material for e.g. bailers
Malay
upéh spathe; sheath of spadix of the unexpanded fruit of certain palms, esp. of the areca-nut palm. These spathes supply broad, thin wrappers from which temporary buckets are made
Simalungun Batak
upih frond of areca palm
Rejang
upiaʔ base of the areca leaf used for wrapping rice, and as a cover for dishes of cooked food
Sundanese
upih flower-sheath of the areca palm
Old Javanese
upih spathe, sheath of the spadix of the unexpanded fruit of certain palms (used to make leathery water-proof wrappers)
Balinese
upih the calyx of a banana-flower; the sheath surrounding the spring of leaves of the palm (used as a container)
Sasak
upéʔ leathery sheath at the base of the leaf-stalk of the areca palm
Formosan Amis
soʔsoʔ to drip, drain water off
WMP Cebuano
húʔhuʔ empty a container of its contents by turning it upside down and agitating it.
Formosan Puyuma (Tamalakaw)
-uRas wash one's hands or feet
WMP Ilokano
úgas a shrub whose leaves are used for scouring purposes
Isneg
úxāt to clean, wash, rinse, do the dishes
Bontok
ʔuwás to wash, as dishes
Kankanaey
úas wash, clean, cleanse, rinse
Ifugaw
úla(h) wash one's hand or face, not applicable to the act of taking a bath
Casiguran Dumagat
ugés wash, rinse off (a part of the body, or kitchen utensils, but not clothes)
Ayta Abellan
oyah to wash or clean something
Tagalog
húgas washing
Bikol
húgas to wash (as dishes, a car; not applicable to the face, hands or clothes)
Hanunóo
ʔúgas washing of hands, utensils, etc., but not of face, body or clothes
Aklanon
húgas rinse, wash off
Hiligaynon
húgas wash hands and other objects except clothes
Cebuano
húgas wash anything but clothes
h-in-úgas dishwasher
Tiruray
ʔurah wash something
Malagasy
oza washing some part of one's body
Malay
(h)uras besprinkle; throw water on the ground so as to moisten the ground
Talaud
užasa to wash hands
Karo Batak
uras purification (of weapons, etc.) with lemon juice
Toba Batak
uras purify someone by sprinkling with citric acid and flowers
Sasak
oras to clean, wash (of objects, not of clothes)
Sangir
uhaseʔ wash off, wash (body parts, dishes, but not clothes)
Gorontalo
huheto wash
Lauje
ugas to wash (dishes, spoons, etc.)
CMP Soboyo
hula washing off (of dishes)
SHWNG Taba
was to wash
Buli
uas wash oneself, wash the face, dishes, pans, etc.
WMP [Itbayaten
maŋ-oyas to wash utensils]
Hanunóo
maŋ-ʔúgas wash hands, coconut shell vessels, etc.
Malagasy
man-òza to wash, to cleanse
Toba Batak
maŋ-uras purify something by sprinkling with lime juice and flowers
Sasak
ŋ-oras to clean, to wash (of objects, not of clothes)
Mongondow
maŋ-ugat wash the anus with water
WMP Isneg
max-úxāt to clean, to wash, to rinse, to do (the dishes)
Bikol
mag-húgas to wash (as dishes, a car; not applied to the face, hands or clothes)
WMP Cebuano
paŋ-húgas wash oneself
Toba Batak
paŋ-uras-on what is used to wash something
WMP [Itbayaten
oyas-an to wash utensils; washing of plates, wounds, boils, hair, feet, boards]
Ilokano
ugás-an wash, scour, clean, rinse, to do (the dishes)
Tagalog
hugás-an wash something
hugas-án washing tub or basin
Cebuano
hugás-an place for washing
Malagasy
ozà-na be washed, be cleansed
WMP Bikol
hugás-on be washed off
Cebuano
hugás-un dishes to be washed
Sasak
oras-in be cleaned, washed (of objects, not of clothes)
WMP Cebuano
hugás-i wash (imper.)
Malagasy
oza-y wash (imper.)
Formosan Paiwan
ki-suay to pass time idly
pa-suay to postpone; procrastinate
s<m>uay to pass (as time passes)
WMP Ilokano
ag-úray to wait
uray-en to wait for, await
ur-úray hopeless, useless; empty; idle
Bontok
ʔúlay never mind
ʔúlay mu even if, even though
Ifugaw
uláy ~ ulé slowness in moving, walking, laziness; meekness, gentleness, mildness of character
Ifugaw (Batad)
ulay for someone to calmly tolerate something; for someone or something to do something slowly, gently with something
Casiguran Dumagat
uhay to wait
Ayta Abellan
olay to allow or tolerate something (a situation or condition)
pa-olay-an moyna never mind (Formosan only)
Formosan Kavalan
suRna snow, ice, frost
s<m>uRna to snow
Thao
ulhza snow, ice, frost
Puyuma
urla snow
Puyuma (Tamalakaw)
uRla snow
Paiwan
sulʸa ice, snow
s<m>ulʸa to freeze; to snow
Formosan Amis
solsol to thread through holes and draw, as to run a drawn string through holes; to string together
WMP Cebuano
hughúg, h-al-ughúg drawstring in the waistline of clothing to hold it up; put a drawstring at the waist; pass a thread in and out loosely through the edge of cloth in shirring or basting
Formosan Amis
solot to pull; draw something literally; attract, exert influence on
WMP Bontok
ʔúlut remove grain from rice panicles by pulling them through one's hands
Tagalog
hugót pulling or withdrawing (from); unsheathing
Bikol
hugót remove something with the fingers (as lice from the hair, grains of rice from the stalk)
Hanunóo
húgut pulling, up as of a loincloth; tightening, as of a binding
Cebuano
húgut pull in rope or the like; pick nits from a strand of hair
Formosan Amis
solot-en pull (imper.)
WMP Bikol
hugút-on remove with the fingers
Formosan Amis
sosoʔ to let drip out, to drain
Paiwan
ma-susuq enter a small hole or crack
Paiwan (Western)
ma-susuq enter a small hole and fall; to leak down
WMP Tagalog
huhóʔ flowing off of grains or pieces of things
Formosan Atayal (Squliq)
m-suyap to yawn
WMP Kapampangan
uyáb yawn, belch
Aklanon
húyʔab to yawn
Hiligaynon
húyʔab yawn, to yawn
Cebuano
huyʔáb yawn
Lauje
oyab yawn
Bare'e
uae <M gape, yawn
Formosan Saisiyat
shoʔo you (sg.)
Bunun
suu you
Tsou
suu thou
Proto-Rukai
*ko-so, *mo-so thou
Paiwan
su you, your (sg.)
WMP Sangir
u 2sg. possessive pronoun
Wolio
u 2sg. and 2pl. actor prefix to verbs
SHWNG Numfor
u 2sg. subject marker on verbs
OC Tolai
u thou, you, thee, 2sg. nominative and accusative
Gedaged
u verbal prefix indicating that the actor is 2sg.
Gitua
u you (sg.), thou
Bwaidoga/Bwaidoka
u thou (2sg. conjunctive pronoun)
Robert Blust and Stephen Trussel
www.trussel2.com/ACD
2010: revision 6/21/2020
email: Blust (content) –
Trussel (production)
CognateSets-Index-S