Updated: 6/21/2020
| Updated: 6/21/2020 |
Austronesian Comparative Dictionary
Cognate Sets
Ca
25868 1935 Note: Also Balinese tebteb ‘stamp with the feet and move forward a little (in order to make crickets come out into the open, so that they can be caught)’. Dempwolff (1934-38) posited *tabtab ‘knock, pound, beat’, but cited reflexes only from western Indonesia.
29953 6635 6636 25869 1936 Note: Also Hanunóo alintawu (< tawu ‘person’) ‘pupil of the eye’. This item seems clearly to be a reduplication of *Cau ‘person, human being’, with a probable morphophonemic alternation of *-u and *-w. Semantic parallels are found in many other Austronesian languages, as with Maranao tao ‘person, people’, tao a mata ‘pupil of the eye’, Tiruray etew ‘person, people’, etew moto ‘pupil of the eye’, Malay oraŋ ‘person’, oraŋ-oraŋ-an mata ‘image in the pupil of the eye’, Tae' tau ‘person’, mata tau ‘pupil of the eye’. For the relation between ‘pupil’ and ‘child’ as a semantic universal, cf. Greenberg (1966:239).
25870 *Cakaw steal 1937 PAN *Cakaw steal [doublet: *nakaw]
1938 PMP *takaw₁ steal
1939 1940 1941 PMP *ma-takaw stolen
1942 PWMP *ma-nakaw steal
1943 PWMP *mana-nakaw thief
1944 PMP *pa-nakaw steal
1945 POC *panako steal
1946 POC *painako steal
1947 POC *penako steal
1948 PAN *C<in>akaw what is stolen, stolen goods; was stolen (past tense of direct passive)
1949 PWMP *t<in>akaw stolen; stolen goods
1950 PAN *Cakaw-an (gloss uncertain)
1951 PWMP *takaw-an stolen goods (?)
1952 1953 PWMP *paŋ-takaw-an the place where something is stolen (nonpast local passive)
1954 PWMP *paŋ-takaw-en be stolen (nonpast direct passive)
Note: Also Bontok ákew ‘steal from a house when the residents are out’, Kankanaey ákew ‘steal’, Ifugaw áko, ákaw ‘steal’, Ifugaw (Batad) ákaw ‘steal, esp. of valuable items; do something surreptitiously’, Maranao panekeo ‘steal’, Melanau (Mukah) tikaw ‘theft’, menikaw ‘steal’, t-en-ikaw ‘was stolen by’, Maori whánako, whēnako ‘steal; theft; thief; thievish’. This exceptionally complicated comparison requires extensive comment. The following numbered points concerning first the shape, then the morphology and finally the meaning of *Cakaw and its derivatives should cover the major issues:
(1) All Formosan reflexes of *Cakaw which distinguish *C from *t point unambiguously to *C in this form. Outside Taiwan, PMP *t- (the outcome of the merger of PAn *C and *t) is widely reflected as the stem-initial consonant, but there are a number of irregularities, including the unexplained loss of *t- in some of the languages of northern Luzon and the widespread nasal replacement of *t in other languages. The latter irregularities will be treated below under morphology. Although both Samal (southern Philippines) on the one hand, and the Batak languages and Nias (northern Sumatra) on the other hand, reflect a form with medial prenasalization, I take the prenasalization of *k in this word to be a product of two independent changes.
(2) Milke (1968:149) proposed a doublet *nakaw next to Dempwolff's *ta(ŋ)kaw ‘steal’. Although forms compatible with *nakaw occur in forms such as Kayan nakau ‘steal’, Singhi Land Dayak noku ‘steal’, and Karo Batak naŋko ‘steal’, these items are synchronically derived form stems with initial t. The same cannot, however, be said of Kapampangan náko, Tagalog nákaw ‘steal’ and of widespread reflexes of *nakaw in the Lesser Sundas and central Moluccas. A doublet *nakaw thus seems unavoidable, despite the fact that in some languages forms of the same shape are regual morphological derivatives of a reflex of *takaw.
(3) Although Aklanon panákaw ‘theft’, Ngaju Dayak panakau ‘thievish, stealing inveterately’ and Toba Batak panaŋko ‘thief’ are derived synchronically from underlying disyllables with initial t, Itbayaten panakaw, Manobo (Kalamansig Cotabato) penakaw, Tiruray fenakwa, Kadazan Dusun panakau and reflexes of POc *panako ‘steal’ are independent lexical entries. We might, therefore, posit a third PMP doublet *panakaw next to *takaw and *nakaw, an interpretation which appears to be supported by the reconstructions *panakaw-an and *panakaw-en. However, the evidence for a doublet *panakaw differs from the evidence for a doublet *nakaw in one crucial respect: PMP clearly had a prefix *paŋ- which, among other things, derived agentive nouns, whereas there is little reason to believe that active verbs were derived by simple homorganic nasal substitution (as opposed to prefixation with *maŋ-). The patterning of PMP morphology thus suggests that *panakaw is a morphological derivative of *takaw. Despite this conclusion two serious problems remain: 1. *panakaw presumably meant ‘thief’, yet of the available reflexes only Toba Batak panaŋko supports this interpretation, most languages reflecting *panakaw as a verb or as a non-agentive noun which itself can be affixed to form a verb, 2. reflexes of *panakaw have become independent lexical items in a number of widely distributed languages, yet this has not happened to other morphological derivatives of PMP *takaw.
(4) The morphology of some reflexes of *Cakaw appears superficially to be cognate, but does not stand up to closer inspection. Thus, Tetun hanaʔo ‘rob, steal’ appears at first to reflect *panakaw, but on closer examination appears instead to contain the Tetun causative prefex ha- plus a reflex of *nakaw. Similarly, Paiwan ma-tsakaw ‘be, become stolen’ and Pazeh ma-sakaw ‘steal, rob’ appear at first to be cognate with Sangir ma-tako ‘thievish’, Mongondow mo-takow ‘thievish in nature’, but the Sulawesian forms clearly contain a reflex of *ma- ‘stative’, whereas the Formosan forms do not. Likewise, the similarity of Rotinese manako (ma-nako) and of Kapampangan, Bare'e menako ‘steal’ to the Paiwan and Pazeh forms, or to Isneg mag-tákaw ‘steal’, appears to be a product of convergent innovations in languages that in any case share a common ancestral morphology.
(5) Most challenging of all is the task of interrelating the affixed forms of PAn *Cakaw and PMP *takaw. Wolff (1973) has proposed a convincing system of verbal affixation in PAn which distinguishes independent from future-general action dependent subjunctive modes. The independent mode of verbs includes active, direct passive (DP), local passive (LP) and instrumental passive (IP) voices in both nonpast (-um-, -en, -an, i- respectively), and past tense forms (-inum-, -in-, -in-...-an, i-...-an). At the PAn level the direct available evidence permits us to reconstruct *Cakaw and *C-in-akaw. The former was the stem for verb forms meaning ‘steal’, but when unaffixed probably meant ‘theft’. The latter clearly meant ‘what is stolen, stolen goods’. However, more generally PAn *-in- had two functions: (1) it was a common nominalizer (as in *C-in-akaw); (2) it marked the past tense of all four verbal voices, for the active, LP, and IP in combination with other affixes, but for the DP it occurred with a zero allomorph of the DP suffix *-en, thus acquiring a ‘portmanteau’ function. The forms which have been reconstructed above are only a fragment of what must have been a fuller paradigm, pieces of which are preserved either in the available Formosan evidence or the available MP evidence, but not in both. Taking into account the morphological evidence form other cognate sets we can tentatively posit the following PAn paradigm for *Cakaw:
The active nonpast form *C-um-akaw is reflected in Paiwan ts-m-akaw ‘steal; do secretly’ and the irregular Ifugaw um-áko-áko ‘steal frequently, be a thief’. No reflexes of *C-inum-akaw (Wolff's past active) are known. The nonpast direct passive *Cakaw-en is recorded only from Philippine languages, but must have been present in PAn if *C-in-akaw functioned both as a noun and as the past tense form of the direct passive. Reflexes of *Cakaw-an are known only in WMP languages, where they do not clearly reflect a local passive meaning. This meaning is, however, clearly reflected in Kadazan Dusun panaka-an ‘the place where one steals’ and Mongondow ponakaw-an ‘place where something was stolen or will be stolen’. No past tense form of the local passive, nor any form of the instrumental voice or the future-general action dependent subjunctive mode is known for this form.
(6) The principal changes which the foregoing paradigm underwent in PMP were the innovation of *manakaw and *panakaw. Both *t-um-akaw and *manakaw must have coexisted for some time as markers of the nonpast active voice in PMP, but the latter appears to have dominated the former. It is unclear whether PWMP *mananakaw derives from a form prefixed with *manaŋ-, or from a form prefixed with *maŋ- followed by reduplication of the first stem syllable.
(7) The focal meaning of PAn *Cakaw, PMP *takaw was ‘steal’. In addition to this gloss, however, *Cakaw, *takaw evidently included the meaning ‘do secretly’, as such a sense is reflected in Paiwan, Ngaju Dayak, Rotuman, and perhaps Karo Batak and Motu (in both of which the notion of clandestine or illicit sexual relations is also expressed).
25871 1955 PAN *Caki feces, excreta [doublet: *Caqi]
1956 PMP *taki feces, excreta [doublet: *taqi]
1957 PAN *C<um>aki defecate
Note: Also Isneg tukiʔ ‘dung, excrement (of birds)’, Sambal (Bolinaw) takli ‘excrement’, Sambal (Botolan) taka ‘excrement’, Chamorro takeʔ ‘feces, droppings, manure, excrement, dung, muck’, takeʔ lulok ‘rust’.
29941 *Cali cultivated taro: Colocasia esculenta 6621 PAN *Cali cultivated taro: Colocasia esculenta
Note: Also Rukai (Tona) tai ‘taro’ (probably a loan from Bunun ). PAn *Cali was replaced by PMP *tales. This comparison was first noted by Li (1994).
25874 *Caliŋa ear; various types of bracket fungi 1973 PAN *Caliŋa ear [doublet: *Caŋila]
1974 PMP *taliŋa ear; kind of tree fungus [doublet: *taŋila]
10684 POC *taliŋa ear; various types of bracket fungi; pectoral fins of a fish
1975 PAN *Caliŋa nu kaSiw wood ear, semicircular edible fungus which grows on tree trunks
1976 PMP *taliŋa nu kahiw wood ear, semicircular edible fungus which grows on tree trunks
Note: Also Thao lharina ‘ear’, Paiwan ka-tsaluŋa ‘half-moon-shaped tree-fungus (grows in tiers)’, Kankanaey íŋa ‘ear, shell of the ear; handle, lug’ (also = kind of fungus), Tiruray keliŋo ‘ear’; keliŋoʔ mal ‘a mushroom, Auricularia auricula-judae Linn.’, Tboli keliŋu ‘ear’, Dali' liŋa ‘ear’, Melanau (Mukah) liŋa ‘ear’, Penan (Long Labid) keliŋe-n ‘ear’, Kenyah (Long Dunin) keliŋe ‘ear’, Taboyan keliŋoʔ ‘ear’, Iban keliŋa ‘ear, e.g. on a jar (poetic for pendiŋ)’, Chamorro talaŋa ‘ear’, hayu ‘stick, wood’, talaŋa hayu ‘type of fungus, dark brownish and quite slippery when wet, usually attaches to decayed wood and looks just like the ear of people’.
This item clearly is identical with Dempwolff's (1934-38) *taliŋa ‘ear’, but various compounds probably existed in PMP which indicated the widespread association of at least some types of mushrooms with ghosts on the one hand, and with thunder or lightning on the other (see, for example, Lévi-Strauss 1976 or Blust 2000). The meaning ‘pectoral fins’ in connection with this term was added to POc by Osmond (2011:133).
25873 *CaliS rope, cord, twine, string 1959 PAN *CaliS rope, cord, twine, string
1960 PMP *talih rope, cord, twine, string
1961 1962 PMP *ta-talih cordage (?)
1963 PWMP *talih-an mooring place, place where a boat is tied
1964 PWMP *talih-en to be manufactured, of string or rope
1965 PAN *C<in>aliS was made into rope; what was made into rope
1966 PMP *t<in>alih was made into rope; what was made into rope
1967 PAN *C<um>aliS to tie with rope, fasten with rope
1968 PMP *t<um>alih to twist into rope (?)
1969 PWMP *ma-nalih make a rope or string, make something into rope or string
1970 PWMP *pa-nalih material used to make rope
1971 PWMP *pa-talih twine together, as strands of rope
1972 PWMP *talih pusej umbilicus, navel cord
Note: Also Tagalog táliʔ ‘twine, anything used for tying’, Bikol mag-táliʔ ‘to thread a needle’, Cebuano táliʔ ‘tie, bind’, Simalur taliʔ ‘kindred, lineage’, Sasak taliʔ ‘to tie, specifically of binding smaller bundles of rice stalks into larger ones’, Sa'a ʔäli ‘cord’, Lonwolwol tali ‘rope handle of- (suffix-taking)’.
It seems clear that the fundamental sense of PAn *CaliS and its reflexes was ‘rope, twine, string’ --- that is, manufactured cordage as opposed to natural tying materials. Nonetheless, this word often is replaced by a reflex of *waRej ‘vine’ in OC languages, presumably because in POc society vines had become a major material for ropes (cp. Nauna of the eastern Admiralties, where way < *waRoj can mean either ‘vine’ or ‘rope’, but tIl < POc *tali can mean only ‘rope’, never ‘vine’). The reference to pig nets or a rope to hold up a pig net in Tontemboan of northern Sulawesi and Tawala of southeastern Papua may be a result of convergence, but it seems at least as likely that PMP *talih was part of the name for some type of trap for ensnaring wild pigs. Similarly, the reference to entangling snakes in Ilokano and Karo Batak may reflect a metaphorical or high frequency phrasal usage of PWMP *talih.
25875 *CaluN fallow land; secondary forest 1977 PAN *CaluN fallow land; secondary forest
1978 PMP *talun₁ fallow land; secondary forest
1979 PPh *talun-an clear land for cultivation
10439 PPh *talun₂ wild fowl, jungle fowl
Note: Probably from *talun₁ ‘fallow land’ by reduction of an earlier construction *manuk talun ‘jungle fowl’, or the like. 10739 PPh *ka-talun-an (gloss uncertain)
30378 7437 7438 PMP *tanem grave; to bury; to plant
7439 7440 PPh *i-tanem to bury, to plant
7441 PWMP *ma-tanem able to plant or bury
7442 PWMP *ma-nanem to bury; to plant
7443 PWMP *maR-tanem to bury, to plant
7444 PWMP *pa-nanem (gloss uncertain)
7446 PWMP *taR-tanem (gloss uncertain)
7447 PAN *ka-tanem-an area that is planted(?)
7448 PWMP *t<in>anem what has been planted (?)
7449 7450 PAN *tanem-an area that is planted(?)
7451 PAN *CaNem-en what is buried or planted
7452 PMP *tanem-i to plant on or in
Note: Also Isneg mag-tamán ‘to inter, to bury’, Lun Dayeh tinem-en ‘will be buried’. As a concrete noun *CaNem seems to have meant ‘grave’, as shown by reflexes in Kavalan, Ilokano, Itawis, Lun Dayeh, Kelabit, Kayan, Murik, and Balinese (morphological derivatives in Toba Batak and Tuvaluan suggest that the base alone is now primarily a verb or abstract noun in these languages). As a verb both ‘to plant’ and ‘to bury’ are widespread in Malayo-Polynesian languages, and evidently co-occurred in PMP. However, it should be noted that PMP *mula also meant ‘to plant’. Although this observation might be taken as evidence to favor the gloss ‘to bury’ for PMP *tanem, the glosses of reflexes suggest that this form referred especially to the planting (and transplanting) of rice, while PMP *mula referred to the planting of other cultigens.
All Cristobal-Malaitan forms cited here are listed under ano ‘earth’ (< PMP *taneq) in the individual dictionaries, but the thematic consonant –m strongly suggests that they derive from *tanem; in a number of other Oceanic languages it is unclear whether bases of the shape tano reflect *taneq ‘earth, soil’, or *tanem ‘to bury, plant’, and it is likely that the two forms became derivationally related in the thinking of many speakers. Proto-Oceanic *tanom underwent an irregular change to Proto-Polynesian *tanu, with the innovative vowel then passed on to its descendants. A similar irregular change is seen in Muna tanu ‘bury’, but this agreement is treated as a convergent irregularity rather than evidence for a doublet *tanum.
30380 7454 7455 Note: It is hard to know what to do with this comparison, as the Ngaju Dayak form is given as an allomorph of danum, while Paiwan (Western) tsalʸum is given as a dialect variant of standard Paiwan zalʸum. This may simply be a product of convergence.
32388 *Caŋelaj elephant grass, miscanthus grass: Themeda gigantea 10710 PAN *Caŋelaj elephant grass, miscanthus grass: Themeda gigantea
10768 PMP *taŋelaj elephant grass, miscanthus grass: Themeda gigantea
Note: The *a > o change in Subanon, points to an earlier schwa that would have developed only in prepenultimate position, and so confirms that this word remained a trisyllable long after the break-up of PAn, PMP and PPh, despite the operation of medial schwa syncope in all languages cited here.
25886 *Caŋila ear 2037 PAN *Caŋila ear [doublet: *Caliŋa]
2038 PMP *taŋila ear
Note: Also Atayal (Mayrinax) caŋia ‘ear’, Amis taŋiŋa ‘ear, ears’.
25887 *Caŋis weep, cry; mourn; to beseech 2039 PAN *Caŋis weep, cry; mourn; to beseech
2040 2041 PAN *ma-Caŋis tearful, crying easily
2042 PMP *ma-taŋis tearful, crying easily
2043 2044 PAN *pa-Caŋis to make someone cry; to let someone cry
7770 PMP *pa-taŋis to make someone cry; to let someone cry
7771 PMP *paka-taŋis to make someone cry; to let someone cry
7772 PWMP *pa-naŋis (gloss uncertain)
7773 PAN *C<um>aŋis to weep, cry, mourn
7774 PAN *Caŋis-an to cry over something or someone
7775 PMP *taŋis-an to cry over something or someone
7776 PWMP *taŋis-en to cry over something or someone (?)
7777 PMP *taŋis-i to cry for, cry over, mourn, bewail, weep for the dead
7778 POC *taŋis-ia to cry for someone or something
7779 PMP *taŋis-taŋis to weep continuously or incessantly
7780 POC *taŋi-taŋis cry continually, weep a lot
Note: Also Murut (Timugon) taŋiʔ ‘weeping; crying’, Tombonuwo t 25876 *Capa to smoke fish or meat for preservation 1981 PAN *Capa to smoke fish or meat for preservation
1982 PMP *tapa₁ to smoke fish or meat for preservation
1983 PWMP *man-tapa to smoke fish or meat for preservation
1984 PWMP *tapa-an place where fish or meat are smoked
1985 PPh *tapa-en be smoked by someone, of meat or fish
1986 PAN *C<in>apa smoked fish or meat
1987 PMP *t<in>apa smoked fish or meat
Note: Also Itbayaten taapa ‘dried meat, jerky’, Cebuano tapʔ-an ‘broil fish not close to the embers’, Tiruray tafah ‘to dry meat, make jerky’. Ere taha-su, Loniu taha-su-e, Sori tap-oh and similar forms in other languages of the eastern Admiralty Islands, all meaning ‘to dry or smoke over a fire (as fish)’ may be a pleonastic phrase reflecting earlier *tapa ‘dry or smoke over a fire’ + kasu ‘smoke’. If so, these are the only known reflexes of PAn *Capa in OC languages. This item clearly referred to the practice of drying or smoking fish, meat and perhaps some other food substances (copra presumably is late) to enhance the chances of their preservation.
25877 *Capaŋ a patch, as on clothing 1988 PAN *Capaŋ a patch, as on clothing
1989 PMP *tapaŋ₁ a patch, as on clothing
Note: Also Thao tapʔan ‘patch, repair by patching’, Mansaka tapak ‘to patch’, Bidayuh (Bukar-Sadong) tapuŋ ‘patch, piece of cloth, etc. put on to mend a rent; patchwork’.
25878 1990 PAN *Capel a patch; to patch [doublet: *tapal]
1991 PMP *tapel a patch, as on clothing
Note: Proposed as *[Ct]a(n)pel ‘poultice’ in Blust (1970) where, however, only WMP witnesses were cited.
29897 *Capuh sweep 6562 PAN *Capuh sweep
6563 PAN *Ca-Capuh broom
9609 Note: Strikingly similar forms like SANG ma-napu ‘sweep’ : sa-sapu ‘brush, broom’ in Malayo-Polynesian languages appear to be distinct, since they cannot be reconciled with Formosan forms that uniformly point to initial *C.
25881 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 PWMP *taqi nu bituqen shooting star
7974 PWMP *taqi nu Caliŋa ear wax, cerumen
7975 PMP *taqi nu haŋin wind-driven fragments of cloud, light scudding clouds
Note: Also cf. Fijian dē ni laŋi ‘light scudding clouds’, from the PMP doublet *taqay nu haŋin. 7976 PWMP *taqi nu kuku dirt under the nails
7977 10535 Note: Also Kavalan tal ‘feces, excrement’, t<n>al ‘guts, intestines (large and small)’, Waray-Waray taʔíʔ ‘rust, corrosion’, Mapun tayiʔ ‘excrement; dung; feces’, Tiruray téʔék ‘feces; defecate’, téʔék keliŋoʔ ‘earwax’, Tboli ké ‘fecal matter’, me-ké ‘defecate’, Kadazan Dusun taiʔ ‘filth, dung’, taiʔ do amas ‘gold dust’, taiʔ do buhavan ‘meteor’, Kelabit taéʔ ‘feces’, naéʔ ‘defecate’, Berawan (Long Terawan) taʔiʔ ‘feces’, Murik, Kayan (Uma Juman) taʔíʔ ‘feces, excrement’, Bintulu taʔiʔ ‘feces’, Iban taiʔ ‘excrement, dregs, discharge’, Maloh taiʔi, tahi ‘excrement’, Sundanese taiʔ ‘filth; feces; rust; sawdust; scum; slag (of metal)’.
Although the great majority of Oceanic languages unambiguously reflect PMP *taqay, a few appear to have regular unambiguous reflexes of PAn *Caqi, and so are assigned to this variant. A number of languages have reflexes with an unexplained final glottal stop, and these may point to yet another doublet, although this option is not chosen here. In addition it should be noted that many languages have non-cognate expressions for various plants that use this morpheme as a component element, but because of their number and wide variety only a few of these are cited here.
25880 1997 1998 1999 PAN *Ca-CaqiS thread used for sewing (?)
2000 2001 2002 2003 PAN *C<in>aqiS work produced by sewing or stitching
Note: Also Kapampangan tayíʔ ‘to sew’, Kalamian Tagbanwa tik ‘sew’.
30546 *Caqu to know how, be able to, be skilled at 7838 PAN *Caqu to know how, be able to, be skilled at [doublet: *tuqu]
7839 PMP *taqu₂ to know how, be able to, be skilled at
7873 PWMP *ka-taqu₁ ability, skill, knowledge how to do something
7840 PWMP *ka-taqu-an skilled, knowing how (to do something)
7841 PAN *ma-Caqu to be capable, able, knowledgeable
7842 PMP *ma-taqu₁ to be capable, able, knowledgeable
7843 PAN *Caqu-an (gloss uncertain)
7844 Note: Also Tagalog tahóʔ, pagka-tahóʔ ‘comprehension, understanding; knowledge, information’ (< Malay), Berawan (Long Terawan) tauʔ, Bintulu taʔuʔ, ‘to know’, Palauan dáʔelbai ‘skillful (in doing things with the hands); clever’ (=dáʔ-elbai?). Glosses in several languages make it clear that the basic sense of this term was not so much ‘to know facts’, as ‘to know how (to do something)’, a distinction that is hardly surprising in a traditional society where abstract knowledge had no value if it was not manifested in practical consequences. In addition, it was clearly distinct from *kilala ‘to know (a person), be acquainted with someone’.
25882 2011 2012 2013 PAN *ka-CaSaw-an (gloss uncertain)
25883 2014 2015 2016 PAN *ka-Cau-an (gloss uncertain)
2017 PMP *ka-tau-an (gloss uncertain)
2018 PAN *k<in>a-Cau-an nature, character
2019 PMP *k<in>a-tau-an nature, character
2020 PPh *ma-tau crowded with people
2021 PAN *Cau Cau (gloss uncertain)
2022 PMP *tau tau human effigy; pupil of the eye
Note: Also Maranao tao a mata ‘pupil of the eye’. 10132 PMP *tau-mata person, human being
Note: Also Kei umat, Kairiru ramat, Wogeo ramata, Molima tomotau, Proto-Micronesian *aramata ‘person, human being’. Dempwolff (1938) posited *tau-mataq ‘(unripe = not yet dead) living person’, citing an earlier publication by Adriani for the interpretation that the second morphological element in this word is identical to PAn *ma-qetaq ‘raw, unripe, green (fruit), uncooked’. However, no known reflex of this form preserves final consonants, leaving this interpretation uncertain. Whatever this added element was, it contributed nothing discernible to the semantics of the base, as both Sangir and Proto-Oceanic have reflexes of PAn *Cau next to the longer form with no difference of meaning. Note: Also Bontok tágo ‘person’, Bikol táo, táho ‘person, human being’, Kalamian Tagbanwa taʔaw ‘person, human being’.
25884 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 2031 Note: Also Bikol ma-tatáwaʔ ‘laugh at’; mapa-tatáwaʔ ‘feel like laughing’; ma-tatáwaʔ-on ‘describing someone who easily smiles or laughs; pleasant, agreeable’; ka-tatáwaʔ-an/ ‘laughable, funny’.
29898 *CawiN year 6564 PAN *CawiN year
Note: This comparison was first noted by Tsuchida (1976:145).
25885 *Cazem sharp (of point or blade) 2032 PAN *Cazem sharp (of point or blade)
2033 PMP *tazem sharpened blade or point
2034 PWMP *ka-tazem sharpness
2035 PWMP *ma-tazem sharp (of blade or point)
2036 PWMP *pa-tazem (gloss uncertain)
7164 PWMP *t<in>azem sharpened
7165 PAN *t<um>azem sharpen
Note: Also Pangasinan ma-kdem ‘sharp’.
Ce
25891 2048 PAN *Cebak smack against [doublet: *debak, lebak 'pound, thud']
2049 PMP *tebak fall with a loud smack
Note: Probably identical to Dempwolff's (1934-38) *te(m)bak ‘shoot’. With root *-bak₂ ‘sound of a heavy smack’.
33419 *Cebej spring of water, spring water 12122 PAN *Cebej spring of water, spring water [doublet: *Cebuj]
12123 29879 *Cebiq split, divide, break off 6538 PAN *Cebiq split, divide, break off
6539 PMP *tebiq split, divide, break off; section of a betel nut
6540 POC *topiq split, divide, break off
Note: Also Hawaiian kōhi ‘to break off neatly, as taro corm from the stalk; to split, as breadfruit’. Note: Also Mongondow tobi ‘crumbling off, erosion, collapsing, landslide; break up or collapse, of the ground in a flood’.
25892 *Cebuj natural spring, fresh water spring 2050 PAN *Cebuj natural spring, fresh water spring [doublet: *tebuR]
2051 POC *topuc natural spring, fresh water spring
Note: Also Saisiyat ka-sbəz ‘spring (of water), Bidayuh (Bukar-Sadong) tubuŋ ‘a swell of water’.
25893 *Cebuk thud 2052 PAN *Cebuk thud
2053 PMP *tebuk₂ fall with a dull thud
Note: With root *-buk₂ ‘pound, thud, heavy splash’. PAn *-b- normally became Paiwan v; the retention in this case may be for reasons of onomatopoeia.
29954 *CebuN smoke 6637 PAN *CebuN smoke
30243 7116 PAN *Cebuŋ to meet, come together
Note: This comparison was first proposed by Tsuchida (1976:215) who, however, attributed it to ‘Proto-Southern Formosan’ despite including the Saisiyat form.
25894 *CebuS sugarcane: Saccharum officinarum 2054 PAN *CebuS sugarcane: Saccharum officinarum [doublet: *tebuS]
2055 PMP *tebuh₂ sugarcane: Saccharum officinarum
Note: Also Bunun sibus ‘sugarcane’.
25895 2056 2057 PMP *tegteg knock, pound, beat
Note: With root *-Ceg ‘hit, beat’. Zorc (n.d.:105) gives PPh *teGteG ‘chop up’.
28341 5459 PAN *CegCeg to beat, pound on [doublet: *su(ŋ)kud]
25897 2059 2060 PMP *tektek₂ pierce, penetrate
Note: Kankanaey tek ‘pricker; pipe cleaner. Either metal or wood, mostly used to prick the tobacco in the pipe, to clean the pipe, etc.’.
33187 *Ceked to rest, take a break from work or other activity 11688 PAN *Ceked to rest, take a break from work or other activity
29942 *CekeS kind of very slender bamboo 6622 PAN *CekeS kind of very slender bamboo
Note: As noted in Blust (1995) Thao shkish is one of a number of forms that show ‘sibilant assimilation’.
25900 2063 PAN *Celaq crack, split, fissure
2064 PMP *telaq₁ split, crack, fissure
Note: With root *-laq ‘split’. Apparently distinct from Dempwolff's (1934-38) *tela ‘split off’.
25901 2065 29899 6565 PAN *Cemel grass, herbs; medicine
6566 PAN *Ceme-Cemel uncultivated land
25905 *Cenek thorn 2069 PAN *Cenek thorn
Note: Based on the Tagalog and Fijian forms, Dempwolff (1934-38) reconstructed *(t)e(n)ek ‘point, peak’.
25908 *CeRab a belch 2072 PAN *CeRab a belch
2073 PMP *teRab a belch
2074 POC *toRap belch
Note: Also Isneg tarìgāb ‘to eructate. If a person eructates immediately after drinking water at the end of a meal, he loses all feeling of satiety and is not aware of having eaten anything at all’, Casiguran Dumagat tehëb ‘to belch, to burp’, Bontok tegʔéb ‘to belch’, Kankanaey tegʔáb ‘to eructate, to belch’, Tagalog tikáb ‘weak gasp of one dying’, Bikol tiʔgáb ‘belch, burp’, Palawan Batak tirʔáb ‘belch’, Hanunóo tígʔab ‘eructation, belch, belching’, Cebuano tigʔáb ‘make a jerky gasp for breath’, dugʔáb ‘belch’, Manobo (Western Bukidnon) tirʔab ‘to belch’, Mansaka tigaʔ ‘to belch’, Tboli telyob ‘to belch’, Toba Batak terap-on ‘to belch’, Javanese an-tob ‘a belch; to belch’, Balinese tahag ‘a belch’, ma-tahag ‘to belch’, Mongondow uriab ‘to belch’, Yamdena terak ‘to belch’. Reflexes of PAn *CeRab are relatively few and far between, although they are widely scattered, and permit a secure and unambiguous reconstruction. For reasons that remain unclear almost all Philippine reflexes are phonologically irregular, and in a variety of different ways.
25911 *Cesek insert, pierce, penetrate 2077 PAN *Cesek insert, pierce, penetrate
2078 Note: Also Hiligaynon túsluk ‘pierce, prick with a pointed end’, Cebuano tuslúk ‘prick or poke something by driving something pointed into it; plug into a socket’. With root *-sek₂ ‘insert, stick into a soft surface’.
25916 2083 PAN *Cidu spoon, ladle, dipper
2084 25918 2088 Note: Possibly identical to *tikel (q.v.).
25925 *CiŋaS food particles caught between the teeth 2098 PAN *CiŋaS food particles caught between the teeth
2099 PMP *tiŋah food particles caught between the teeth
Note: Also Amis tiŋal ‘have food caught in one's teeth’, Bidayuh (Bukar-Sadong) tiŋun ‘anything stuck between teeth during meal (meat, food)’. Although reflexes of *CiŋaS are common in Taiwan and the Philippines they are rare in other geographical areas, being attested so far in a single language of Borneo (Iban) and a single non-Philippine language of Sulawesi (Ampana). This word referred to particles of food (probably meat fibers in particular) that become lodged between the teeth in eating. It is likely that morphologically derived forms of the same word meant ‘toothpick’ (*Ca-CiŋaS?) and ‘to pick the teeth after eating’.
25923 *Ciqaw fish sp. 2094 PAN *Ciqaw fish sp.
2095 PMP *tiqaw₂ goatfish, family Mullidae
2096 POC *tiqo goatfish, family Mullidae
Note: Also Palauan dech ‘golden-banded goatfish: Mulloidichthys auriflamma’. Tsuchida (1976:165) posited "Proto-South Formosan" *Ciq₁au ‘fish’. Zorc (1981) extended this to "Proto-Hesperonesian-Formosan" *Ciqaw ‘fish’, but cited no supporting evidence. It seems clear that PMP *tiqaw referred to the goatfish, a member of the mullet family, and hence a saltwater fish. Paiwan tsiqaw is given as a generic term for ‘fish’, and the unidentified fish in the Tsouic languages must be freshwater species. In view of these observations it is impossible to determine the meaning of PAn *Ciqaw on present evidence. Alternatively, the Formosan and extra-Formosan forms may simply not be cognate.
Cu
25946 *-Cu 2pl deixis and spatio-temporal reference: that; there, then 2168 PAN *-Cu 2pl deixis and spatio-temporal reference: that; there, then
2169 PWMP *-tu this
2170 PMP *a-tu away, outward, forward, onward; towards the hearer [disjunct: *wa-tu]
2171 2172 2173 2174 PMP *wa-tu away, outward, forward, onward; towards the hearer
Note: Also Tsou sico ‘that’, Wuvulu wau ‘postverbal particle: away from speaker’, Nggela ŋgatu ‘away, hence’. Balangaw yato ‘this’ is assumed to reflect *ia-tu, and the agreement of the initial syllable of Samal ma-itu ‘here’, Muna ma-itu ‘that’, the initial consonant of SUBC k-ituʔ ‘that (3p remote)’, Manggarai hitu ‘that’, and the final glottal stop of SUBC -ituʔ ‘that; there (3p remote)’, Blaan (Koronadal) d-ituʔ ‘there (3p)’, Malay (Sarawak)) toʔ ‘this’, si-toʔ ‘here’, and Sebop tuʔ ‘here’, i-tuʔ ‘this’ is attributed to convergence.
25930 2106 PAN *Cubuq plant sprout [disjunct: *tubuʔ]
2107 PMP *tubuq, tumbuq grow, germinate, sprout
8783 POC *tubuq, tupuq to grow, spring up
8784 POC *paka-tupuq make something grow
2108 PAN *C<um>ubuq to sprout, to grow
2109 PMP *t<um>ubuq to sprout, to grow
2110 PPh *pa-tubuq let something grow, make something grow
2111 PWMP *pa-tubuq-en let something grow, make something grow
2112 PWMP *tubuq-an place where something grows or is added
Note: Also Kalamian Tagbanwa tubuʔ ‘grow’, Iban tubuʔ ‘young edible shoot of bamboo’, Bidayuh (Bukar-Sadong) timbu ‘sprout up (plants, hair, teeth, seeds)’. Apparently distinct from *tu(m)buq ‘grow, thrive; swell’ (cp. Iban tumboh ‘shoot up, grow, arise’, Motu tubu ‘grow; ferment; swell’), Fijian tubu ‘grow, increase, spring up (of plants)’).
25931 *CugCug₁ hit something against something else 2113 PAN *CugCug₁ hit something against something else [doublet: *tigtig 'glancing blow, chop']
2114 PMP *tugtug₂ beat, pound; sound of rhythmic pounding
Note: Also Mansaka titig ‘strike with a hard object’. Tsuchida (1976:149) posits Proto-South Formosan *C₁ugC₁ug ‘bumped on head’.
30566 *CugCug₂ knock or bump the head 7931 PAN *CugCug₂ knock or bump the head [doublet: *tuktuk 'knock, pound, beat']
7932 PMP *tugtug₁ knock or bump the head [doublet: *tuktuk 'knock, pound, beat']
7933 PAN *C<um>ugCug knock or bump the head [doublet: *tuktuk 'knock, pound, beat']
7934 PMP *t<um>ugtug knock or bump the head [doublet: *tuktuk 'knock, pound, beat']
28578 5706 PAN *Cukul huddle, bow the head
Note: With root *-kul₁ ‘curl, bend’.
30161 *Culi deaf 6917 PAN *Culi deaf
8577 6918 POC *tuli₁ deaf; earwax [doublet: *tule]
Note: Also Mbula tiili ‘earwax’, Nggela taliŋa ni kuli ‘wax in the ear’, kuli ‘ear’ (with irregular *t > k, and reanalysis of original taliŋa ‘ear’ as ‘cerumen, earwax’. This form seems clearly to have meant ‘cerumen, earwax’ in PMP, as it is in competition with better candidates for the meaning ‘deaf’ (as *beŋel). The shift from ‘cerumen’ to ‘deaf’ appears to have occurred more than once, presumably because of a cultural belief that deafness may be caused by an excess accumulation of earwax.
29900 6567 PAN *Cumay Formosan black bear
Note: Also Seediq kumay ‘the Formosan black bear’. This word is almost universal among the Formosan languages, being absent only from Atayal (ŋarux), Pazeh (taŋadex) and Taokas (gussin, ŋalo). There can be little doubt that *Cumay was found in PAn, but it was lost when Austronesian speakers moved into the Philippines, which has no bears. Centuries later on reaching Borneo they encountered the Malayan sun bear (Ursus malayanus) and innovated a new term, *baRuaŋ/biRuaŋ for this closely related but distinct animal. The history of Atayal ŋarux, Taokas ŋalo, which appear to be related, is unclear.
25934 *Cumek pulverize; crumble 2118 PAN *Cumek pulverize; crumble
Note: With root *-mek ‘crush, pulverize; powder’.
25935 *CumeS clothes louse; body louse 2119 PAN *CumeS clothes louse; body louse
2120 PMP *tumah clothes louse; body louse
2121 PCEMP *tuma clothes louse; body louse
Note: Also Pazeh umah ‘body louse’, Thao tumbush ‘clothes louse’, Bunun tumbus ‘body louse’, Maranao tom ‘human body louse’, Sasak ke-tuma ‘kind of red clothes louse’, Tetun ka-tuma ‘white mite which attacks clothes’, Kedayan tumoʔ ‘clothes louse’, Wetan toma ‘louse’, Selaru tum-lef ‘wall louse’, Kei tuman ‘small louse’, Buruese tuman ‘flea, an insect that infests clothing’, Buli tun ‘clothes louse.
This important term provides one of the key pieces of evidence that PAn *-aS and *-eS merged as PMP *-ah. Although reflexes of *CumeS are widespread they are not nearly as common as those of *kuCu ‘head louse’, thus suggesting that the latter term had greater psychological salience than the former. This observation is perhaps related to the fact that delousing as a socially significant grooming activity almost invariably involves the removal of head lice rather than body lice --- a behavioral trait which appears to be shared with other primates (as chimpanzees), and which therefore probably has pre-human origins. In the absence of other evidence for a prefix *ka- which could be added to animal names I tentatively assume that the initial elements in Sasak ke-tuma and Tetun ka-tuma are products of historically unrelated morphological processes.
25936 2122 PAN *CuNuh roast food over a fire
2123 PMP *tunu roast food over a fire
2125 PAN *C<in>uNuh be roasted (by someone)
2126 PMP *t<in>unuh be roasted (by someone)
2127 PAN *C<um>uNuh to roast (intr.)
2128 PMP *t<um>unuh to roast (intr.)
2129 2130 2131 PAN *ki-CuNuh (gloss uncertain)
2132 PAN *ki-tunuh (gloss uncertain)
2133 PAN *ma-CuNuh roasted
2134 PAN *ma-tunuh roasted
2135 2136 2137 PPh *tunuh-en be roasted by someone
2138 POC *tunu tunu roast food over a fire
Note: Also Ngaju Dayak tino ‘what is singed, singed off (hair, feathers); what is roasted on hot coals’; ma-nino ‘to singe off hair or feathers, roast on hot coals’, Laha kunu-r ‘to bake’, Lou nunun ‘roast over hot coals’. The basic sense of this term seems to have been ‘to roast (tubers, meat, fish, etc.)’, with reference either to an open fire or to a bed of embers --- in other words, to cook without water or fat by direct exposure to heat. Reflexes in Wolio and Motu suggest that PMP *tunu also applied to the firing of clay pots, a concept which is in every sense similar to that of roasting except that the object is inorganic. In many of the available sources a reflex of *CuNuh is additionally given as the translation equivalent of ‘to set on fire, to kindle, to ignite (as a lamp)’ and ‘to burn (something)’.
Reflexes in Kambera, Tetun and Palauan suggest that this verb was applied to the burning of calcium carbonate to make quicklime, but it is not entirely clear whether it could be applied to any type of object. In addition the agreement of Paiwan and several languages of central and southern Sulawesi in supporting the meaning ‘to sacrifice animals’ suggests that *CuNuh referred to burnt offerings, presumably as a part of funeral ceremonies. One other recurrent semantic reflex --- that of the firing of a weapon (Nias, many CMP languages) is assumed to be a convergent innovation following the introduction of firearms. Finally, in parts of the central Solomons the ritualistic practice among young males of raising cicatrices on the skin through burning evidently led to a semantic shift to ‘mark left by burning’, and then just ‘dot, spot, blot’ (Nggela).
The Formosan part of this comparison was first recognized in print by Tsuchida (1976:133).
32265 10559 PAN *CuŋCuŋ make a booming sound
Note: Also Thao tumtum ‘beating of a drum, sound of a drumbeat’. With root *-Cuŋ ‘deep resounding sound’.
25940 *CuqelaN condylar bone; bone of fauna exclusive of fish 2143 PAN *CuqelaN condylar bone; bone of fauna exclusive of fish [doublet: *tuqelaŋ]
2144 PMP *tuqelan condylar bone; bone of fauna exclusive of fish
Note: Also Bunun tuqnađ ‘bone’. Moken regularly lost the prepenultimate syllable if it began with *q; cp. *baqeRu > keloi ‘new’, *buqaya > gaya (expected **kaya) ‘crocodile’, *RuqaNay > kanai ‘male’. The Palauan reflex of this form was first pointed out by Smith (n.d.).
33899 *CuquR a tree: Bischofia javanica 12726 PAN *CuquR a tree: Bischofia javanica
12727 PMP *tuquR₂ a tree: Bischofia javanica
Note: Madulid (2001) reports additional cognates in Tagalog, Bikol, Panay Bisayan and Batangan Mangyan, but these could not be confirmed from independent sources.
25942 2146 2147 Note: With root *-ris₂ ‘scratch a line’.
25944 *CuSuR string together, as beads 2149 PAN *CuSuR string together, as beads
2150 PMP *tuhuR stringing of beads, skewering of fish, etc.
2151 POC *tuRi₁ to string (beads, fish, etc.); to skewer (candlenuts, etc.)
2152 PAN *CuSuR-en be strung, be skewered
2153 PAN *C<um>uSuR to string beads, etc.
Note: Also Itbayaten ni-tohey ‘held together by passing an instrument (as tatari) through the things to be cooked’, tohey-en ‘pass through a hole (as a needle)’, Casiguran Dumagat tuhók ‘to string together, to thread on a string; pierce through, put a spit through pieces of meat (as to string fish on a line, or beads on thread)’, Sangir tuheʔ ‘string together’, Mongondow tuog ‘bead, beadwork’, mo-tuog ‘to string, as beads on a thread’, Bare'e tua ‘string on a line (as beads), skewer on a stick (as fish)’.
Zorc (n.d.) proposed PPh *tuheR ‘pass through a hole; string (beads); spit (meat)’. The fundamental idea expressed by PAn *CuSuR and its typical reflexes is that of connecting a series of similar objects by stringing or skewering. The prototypical object for stringing was beads, which were strung into necklaces, while that for skewering probably was fish, which were skewered for roasting. The loss of the medial consonant of this form through regular sound change produced a canonically anomalous monosyllabic content word in some languages, and it was perhaps in response to this situation that the POc transitive suffix *-i was reanalyzed as part of the stem.
32266 10560 PAN *Cuzuq index finger [disjunct: *tuzuq₁]
10561 PMP *tuzuq₂ to point out, instruct
a b c C d e g h i j k l m n N ñ ŋ o p q r R s S t u w y z
Austronesian Comparative Dictionary, web edition
*C
Formosan Paiwan
ts-m-abtsab clap hands
ma-tsabtsab be beaten repeatedly with open hand (person, wall, etc.)
WMP Bontok
tabtab chop, trim with a bolo
Kapampangan
tabtab cutting (sugarcane)
tabtab-an chop off
Tagalog
tabtab hew, trim, chip off by hewer or chipping tool (of wood, stone or the like)
Cebuano
tabtab hack something off with several blows
Bisaya
nantab cut grass
Old Javanese
tatab knock on
Javanese
tatab pound, beat on something
tatab-an box one another
CMP Manggarai
tatap stamp or press down, force into a small space
Ngadha
tata hack to pieces, beat, kill
Rotinese
tata split, chop (wood) (Formosan only)
Formosan Kavalan
tabu wrapping, binding (as on a wound)
sa-tabu-an cloth to wrap with
Saisiyat
sabo wrap
Atayal
sabuʔ to wrap
Amis
tafo to wrap up, to make a bundle
Paiwan
tsavu a wrapping; fingerless gloves for work in fields
Formosan Kavalan
t<m>abu to wrap, dress a wound
Saisiyat
s<um>abo to wrap
Proto-Atayalic
*c<um>abu to wrap
Paiwan
t<m>avu to package, wrap
Formosan Puyuma (Tamalakaw)
muR-TaTaw eyeball
WMP Bikol
(k)alin-tataw pupil of the eye
Formosan Pazeh
ma-sakaw steal, rob
ta-sakaw thief
Amis
takaw steal
Thao
cakaw greed; you are greedy!
ma-cakaw greedy for food, gluttonous; tending to take things without permission; to steal
Puyuma (Tamalakaw)
T-em-a-Takaw steal
Paiwan
tsakaw steal; do secretly
WMP Itbayaten
takaw theft, idea of stealing
Ilokano
ag-tákaw steal, pilfer, purloin, rob, plunder, pillage, loot, harry (-an, manaN-)
Isneg
tákaw steal
Casiguran Dumagat
takö steal, burglarize
Pangasinan
takéw steal
Kapampangan
ka-takaw-an greed
Tagalog
tákaw greediness
Hanunóo
tákaw theft, stealing
Aklanon
tákaw steal, take (without permission)
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
takew steal, acquire by theft
Mansaka
takaw steal
Samal
taŋkaw steal
Murik
tako theft
Kayan
takau stealing
Ngaju Dayak
takau theft; thing stolen
Singhi Land Dayak
toku steal
Alas
taŋkow to steal
Karo Batak
taŋko steal; fig. illicit, have clandestine sexual relations
Toba Batak
taŋko steal
Nias
tagõ steal
Mentawai
-takow to steal
Sangir
tako theft
Mongondow
takow steal, go out to steal
CMP Manggarai
tako steal
Kola
fanagaw to steal
OC Fijian
bu-tako steal or rob
Formosan Pazeh
ma-sakaw to steal
Paiwan
ma-tsakaw be or become stolen
WMP Kapampangan
ma-takaw, ma-tako greedy
Mansaka
ma-takaw thief
WMP Itbayaten
ma-nakaw steal, rob; robber, stealer, thief
Pangasinan
ma-nakéw steal
Aklanon
ma-nákaw thief
Tboli
me-nagaw steal
Murik
nako steal
Kayan
nakaw to steal
Ngaju Dayak
me-nakau steal, steal from; clandestine
Toba Batak
ma-naŋko steal
Sangir
ma-nako steal
Mongondow
mo-nakow steal
WMP Ilokano
mana-nákaw thief, stealer, pilferer, robber
Ngaju Dayak
mana-nakau steal a little
Mongondow
mono-nakow thief; one who customarily steals
WMP Itbayaten
pa-nakaw steal
Aklanon
pa-nakáw theft
Manobo (Kalamansig Cotabato)
pe-nakaw steal
Tiruray
fe-nakaw steal
Kadazan Dusun
pa-nakau steal
Kelabit
peno theft; way of stealing
meno to steal
Ngaju Dayak
pa-nakau thievish, stealing inveterately
Toba Batak
pa-naŋko thief
Uma
pa-nako steal
OC Proto-Admiralty
*pa-panako steal
Papitalai
pena thief; to steal
Kove
panaho to steal
Manam
anako thief; steal
Bauro
hanago steal
Nakanamanga
panako steal
Rotuman
hanaʔo steal; cheat (at school); do surreptitiously; by stealth, without permission, surreptitiously
OC Mussau
ainao steal
Gabadi
vainao steal
Roro
veinao steal
Muyuw
veinau steal
OC Loniu
pa-hena (< *pa-penako) steal
Nalik
vinau to steal
Motu
henao-a steal
henao-henao steal again and again; constant theft; illicit intercourse; fornication
Formosan Paiwan
ts-in-akaw stolen objects
WMP Isneg
s-in-akaw was stolen (past)
Karo Batak
t-in-anko what is stolen, stolen goods
Nias
s-in-ago stolen goods
Mongondow
s-in-okow stolen (past); what is stolen
Formosan Puyuma
Takaw-an imperative of the instrumental focus: help to steal
WMP Ilokano
takaw-an rob, steal rom, plunder, pillage
Isneg
takaw-an steal
Toba Batak
taŋko-an what is stolen, loot
WMP Itbayaten
takaw-en to steal a thing
Ilokano
takáw-en steal, pilfer, filch, purloin, embezzle
Isneg
takaw-an to steal
Hanunóo
takáw-un be stolen
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
tekaw-en a thief
WMP Itbayaten
pa-nakaw-an steal from
Kadazan Dusun
pa-naka-an the place where one steals
Mongondow
po-nakaw-an place where something was stolen or will be stolen
WMP Itbayaten
pa-nakaw-en let one steal
Kadazan Dusun
pa-naka-on be stolen *Cakaw ‘theft’ active DP LP IP NonPast C-um-akaw Cakaw-en Cakaw-an ? Past ? C-in-akaw ? ?
Formosan Pazeh
saik <M excreta
masi-saik defecate
Bunun
taki feces
mu-taki to defecate
Rukai
caki excrement (Tona)
ckee excrement (Maga)
WMP Itbayaten
tachi excreta, dung, manure
t-n-achi excreta still left in the last stomach, a type of side-dish with wine
Ilokano
takkí stool, feces, fecal matter, excrement, ordure; dung; rust, verdigris
ta-takki-án anus, cloaca
Isneg
takkí stool, feces, excrement, dung
Bontok
takkí feces
Kankanaey
takkí stool; relief of the bowels; excrement; feces; dung
Ifugaw
takkí stool relief of the bowels; excrement, feces
Kalamian Tagbanwa
takkiʔ intestines, guts
Bidayuh (Bukar-Sadong)
taki feces, excrement; relieve oneself; wax in the ear; scum from the preparation of coconut oil
Singhi Land Dayak
toki feces
OC Tolai
taki- feces, excrement
Formosan [Saisiyat
s-om-aʔi defecate]
Rukai
mo-caki defecate (Tona)
mu-ckee defecate (Maga)
WMP Ilokano
t-um-akkí defecate, void excrement, evacuate the bowels
Isneg
t-um-akkí defecate, evacuate the bowels (Formosan only)
Formosan Seediq
sali taro (edible)
Amis
tali taro
Thao
lhari taro: Colocasia esculenta
Bunun
tai taro
Formosan Taokas
sanina ear
Favorlang/Babuza
charina ear
Bunun
taiŋa ear
Saaroa
caliŋa ear
Rukai (Budai)
caliŋa ear
Rukai (Mantauran)
caliŋa ear
Puyuma
Taŋila-ŋila-yan the Jew's ear fungus, Auricularia-Auricula Judae
Paiwan
tsaliŋa ear
tsaliŋa nua djaum eye of a needle
tsaliŋa-liŋa Coleus scutellarioides; Iresine herbstii
WMP Itbayaten
taliña outer ear, earlobe, auricle, ear; edible tree fungus, the Jew's ear: Auricularia auricula-judae L.
kayuh tree, wood
taliña nu kayuh sp. of fungus
Ivatan (Isamorong)
tadiña ear
Ilokano
talíŋa ear; handle; pierced ear (ta- -an)
Isneg
talíŋa ear
talíŋa danāg kind of bracket fungus that resembles the xaŋgarát, but is usually much larger
talíŋa lamán (lit. 'boar's ear'). A common herb, some four inches tall, with dark-colored leaves
danāg thin and filthy spirits. Those who inhabit a balísi (Ficus indica) tree affect with fever or deafness anybody who dares throw stones at their abode
Kalinga (Guinaang)
íŋa ear
Casiguran Dumagat
taliŋa ear
Palauan
diŋ ear
Tagalog
taʔíŋa ear, ears
ma-naʔíŋa listen
Bikol
talíŋa ear
Buhid
talíŋa ear
Inati
taliŋeʔ ear
Kalamian Tagbanwa
talíŋa ear
Palawan Batak
talíŋa ear
Cebuano
talíŋa ear; notice, pay heed
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
teliŋa ear; gills of a fish
Mansaka
tariŋa ear
Samal
taliŋa ear
Kadazan Dusun
tohiŋo ear
Bisaya
teliŋo ear
Miri
teliŋah ear
Kenyah (Long Anap)
teliŋa ear
Kenyah (Long Dunin)
teliŋe ear
Murik
teliŋaʔ ear
Bintulu
təliŋa ear
Siang
tolyiŋa ear
Ngaju Dayak
taliŋa shell of the ear
Malagasy
tadíny the foramen of the ear
Maloh
taliŋa ear
Lundu
tariñekŋ ear
Rhade
kŋa ear
Malay
teliŋa ear (parts of the ear, various plants)
Nias
taliŋa ear
oro name of a spirit
taliŋa-oro kind of mushroom
Mentawai
taliŋa ear
Tonsea
t<um>adiŋa to hear
Tonsawang
taliŋa ear
Tae'
taliŋa balao (lit. 'rat's ear') kind of fungus that grows on the underside of a decayed bamboo betuŋ
CMP Kisar
kelin-na ear
Roma
tlin- ear
Wetan
tlina ear
Selaru
tlia ear
Watubela
telŋa- ear
Geser
tiliŋa ear
Bobot
talikan ear
Masiwang
talika-n ear
Nuaulu
tanina ear
Hitu
tarina ear
Batu Merah
telina-wa ear
Morella
telina ear
Sekar
taniga-n ear
SHWNG As
tana ear
Irarutu
təŋgəra <M ear
Dusner
tna ear
Ron
kna ear
OC Nauna
taliŋ ear
Lou
teliŋa- ear
Penchal
reliŋa- ear
Loniu
teleŋa- ear
Nali
daiŋa- ear
Ahus
heliŋa- ear
Papitalai
deliŋa- ear
Ponam
haliŋe- ear
Seimat
taxiŋ ear
paxi malevolent bush spirit with visible, humanlike body
taxiŋ i paxi mushroom
taxiŋa- ear
Wuvulu
alia ear
Kaniet
kaxiña- ear
Mussau
taliŋa- ear
Arop
taŋla <M ear
Biliau
talaŋa- ear
Amara
telŋe- ear
Kove
taliŋa ear
Bebeli
talaŋa ear
Lakalai
la-taliŋa small edible fungus
Kaulong
kiŋa ear
Sengseng
kliŋa ear
Tarpia
tarni- ear
Wogeo
talŋa- ear
Sio
taaŋa ear
Yabem
taŋa ear
Watut
riŋa ear
Adzera
riŋa-n ear
Motu
taia ear; gill fins of fish
Gabadi
kaina ear
Mekeo (East)
aina ear
Nehan
taliŋa- ear
Haku
taliŋa ear
Tinputz
tè.nà-n ear
Uruava
tarina- ear
Zabana
taliŋa ear
Nggela
taliŋa fungus, mushrooms on mbiluma tree
Sa'a
äliŋe large fungi, some edible, growing on logs
Sikaiana
talina ear
Chuukese
seniŋe-n soomá any of a large number of fungi ("ghost's or spirit's ear") such as Auricularia, Ganoderma tropicum, etc.
Puluwat
háliŋ ear, earlobe
hoomá ghost, bad ghost of the dead; malevolent spirit (feared, as they are believed to devour humans)
háliŋá-n hoomá tree fungus, mushroom
Woleaian
taliŋ ear
pach thunder, lightning
taliŋe-li-pach mushroom
Haununu
kariŋa- ear
Pileni
taliŋa ear
Motlav
dele pectoral fins
Vatrata
ndelŋo- ear
Piamatsina
nraliŋa ear
Apma
daliŋa- ear
Lingarak
ne-ndeliŋa ear
Leviamp
ndrina ear
Maxbaxo
tarŋa- ear
Ura
ndeliŋe- ear
Sie
telŋu- ear
Rotuman
faliŋa pectoral fins
faliaŋ ne ʔatua toadstool of fungus, lit. "ghost's ear"
Wayan
taliŋa generic for various kinds of fungi, e.g. mushrooms, bracket fungi
Fijian
daliŋa ear
Tongan
teliŋa ear
Samoan
taliŋa ear; name given to several types of fungus, including jew's-ear,
taliŋa-ʔimoa (lit. "rat's ear") sp. fungus
Rennellese
tagiŋa ear; side fins of fish, whale flippers; to hear, lend ear, listen
Formosan [Pazeh
kahoy saŋira species of flat, thin, black mushroom (lit. 'wood ear')]
WMP Itbayaten
taliña no kayoh a species of fungus
[Hanunóo
taliŋa-bátaŋ a poisonous saprophytic tree fungus]
Formosan Pazeh
saris rope, cord, string; bowstring
Tsou
tresi rope
Kanakanabu
talísi rope
Siraya
tarix rope
Rukai
cálisi rope (Budai)
Puyuma
Tali line of the gardener (used to measure garden plots)
Paiwan
tsalis a hemp cord
WMP Ilokano
talí rope, cable, cord
Isneg
talí rope, cable
Bontok
talí rope
Kankanaey
talí cord; rope; line
Ifugaw
talí rope, cable, anything that serves to bind, attach, wind, etc.' (said to be from Ilokano)
Kapampangan
talíʔ tie, bind
Maranao
tali rope, cord, string, twine
tali-aʔ rope-making machine
Subanon
tali rope
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
tali a small rope
Tiruray
taley rope, string; to wrap and tie
Bonggi
tali rope
Bilaan (Sarangani)
tali rope
Kadazan Dusun
tahi rope
Murut (Timugon)
tali rope
Abai Sembuak
tali rope
Bisaya
tali rope
Belait
talay rope
Berawan (Long Terawan)
talleh rope
Kenyah
tali cord, rope
Kenyah (Long Anap)
tali rope
Murik
taliʔ string, cord, rope
Kayan (Uma Juman)
taliʔ rope, string
Kiput
talay rope
Bintulu
taləy rope
Melanau Dalat (Kampung Teh)
tələy rope
Kejaman
taləy rope
Lahanan
taləy rope
Tunjung
tali rope
Ngaju Dayak
tali generic for any type of rope, twine or cordage
Paku
tadi rope
Taboyan
tali rope
Ma'anyan
tadi rope
Malagasy
tádi cord, rope
voa-tádi made into cord
tadí-na twisted into a cord or rope; bind with cords
Iban
tali rope, cord, string, line; tali is made from bark, palm fiber, etc. by laying the fibers together and rolling with palm on thigh or other handy surface
Maloh
tali rope, cord
Singhi Land Dayak
taris string, rope
Jarai
teley rope, string
Rhade
kley rope
Malay
tali rope; cord; string; line; anything of cord-like appearance, including (i) ropes, strings and cords of different materials, (ii) articles of clothing suggesting cords (bandolier, girdle, etc.), (iii) harness-straps, (iv) ropes in ship's rigging, (v) miscellaneous cords and ropes (for woman in labor, spinning top, fishing line, cat's cradle, tendon below tongue, viscera, dried banana strips, navel cord, carpenter's line)
tali puteri a plant, Cassytha filiformis, the basis of a Malay hairwash
akar tali climbers, Gnetum spp.
Acehnese
taloe rope, line, string, cord
Simalur
tali binding, rope, cord, string
Karo Batak
tali rope
Toba Batak
tali rope, cable, thread, string, twine
Nias
tali rope, cord, string
Mentawai
tali rope, string, cord
Lampung
tali rope
Sundanese
tali band, cord, rope, line, and in general anything that can be used to tie; also the cordage of a ship
Old Javanese
tali rope, cord, string; bond, tie
Javanese
tali string, rope
Madurese
tale rope
a-tale tied with rope
Balinese
tali string, cord, rope; one thousand (primarily a cord with 1000 képéŋs strung on it, but used in Low Balinese for 1000)
Sasak
tali rope
tali-n ambet slender cord around the abdomen (worn as an amulet)
Tonsea
tadi rope
Tontemboan
tali net used to catch wild pigs
Tonsawang
tali rope, string
Gorontalo
tali string, cord, rope
Uma
tali headband
Bare'e
tali headcloth, headband
Tae'
tali headband used to hold the hair in place
tali-i put on a headband
Makassarese
tali (in combination forms) cord, string
Wolio
tali string
CMP Bimanese
tari rope (for bit or bridle of horse)
Komodo
tali cord, rope
Manggarai
tali rope, cord (as of rattan)
Rembong
tali rope (for a horse)
Ngadha
tali large rope, cord
Sika
tali rope
ai tali talisman worn around the neck
tali-ŋ fibrous, of wood and tubers
Adonara
tale rope
Hawu
dari rope (sometimes made from the midrib of the lontar palm)
Dhao/Ndao
dari rope
Rotinese
tali rope (different types are distinguished by the material from which they are made)
Atoni
tani rope
Tetun
tali rope, cord, string
tali-k of or like rope; to coil around or entwine
tali-n rope, cord, string; yoked together, paired
Galoli
tali-n rope
Tugun
tali string, rope
Kisar
kali rope, cord
Roma
tali rope
Leti
tali rope
lare tal-li rope of a sail
Luang
tali rope
Wetan
tali rope
Yamdena
tali rope
Ujir
tel rope
Watubela
tali rope
Geser
tali rope
OC Nauna
təl string, rope
Lou
tel string, rope
Penchal
rīl string, rope
Seimat
tal string, rope
Yapese
tael rope; string; twist tobacco
Gedaged
tali to bend (straight or round)
Gitua
tal to coil, put around
Motu
tai a tree the inner bark of which is used for rope-making: Hibiscus tiliaceus
Tawala
tali rope to hold pig net up
Varisi
tali rope
Eddystone/Mandegusu
tali fishing line
Nggela
tali rope
Nggeri
tai rope
Kwaio
ali plait
Lau
ali twine round, encircle; surround; coil a rope, wind a line; coil up like a dog; curled, tangled, of hair; make a loop, bend string or rope; strand of a rope
Sa'a
äli lie curled up as a dog or a snake
Arosi
ari to plait; rope; wind up, make a noose; lie curled up (dog or snake)
Pohnpeian
sahl rope, cord, line, string
sal gather rope, haul in a line
Chuukese
sään rope, coil of rope, heavy duty sennit
Woleaian
tal(i) rope, line, be tangled up with ropes
Ulithian
tale length of rope
Mota
tali rope, cord, made of plaited or twisted lines
Malmariv
tali- guts
Avava
a-tal rope, string
Lonwolwol
tEl rope
Bonkovia
teli rope
Namakir
na-tal rope
Nakanamanga
na-tali rope
Fijian
dali kind of pandanus from which ropes are made: Agave sisalana Amaryllidaceae; hence in common use, a rope. In Kadavu also a species of vine
Nukuoro
dali fibers of the coconut leaf rachi
Rennellese
-tagi sennit noose for snaring sharks
Anuta
tari sennit cord used for lashing canoes
Maori
tari a mode of plaiting with several strands; noose for catching birds, etc; ensnare
WMP Ngaju Dayak
ta-tali like a rope, i.e. long and slender
Sundanese
ta-tali ropes, cordage
Old Javanese
ta-tali rope, band, girdle
Sangir
ta-taḷi carpenter's rope used to snap down to make a line
CMP Rotinese
ta-tali to make rope by rolling fibers together on a flat surface, esp. the thigh
WMP Ilokano
tali-án to rope, to bind, tie or fasten with a rope or cord; connect or fasten together with a rope; to clench, grip, clutch, hold or grasp firmly (clinching); to entwist, entwine, twist or wreath around (snakes)
Ngaju Dayak
tali-an place where a boat is moored
Toba Batak
tali-an an alloted piece of land
Sundanese
nali-an to tie, bind
Old Javanese
taly-an bound
Makassarese
tali-tali-aŋ moor a large boat by tying in various places (as at prow and stern), esp. during the west monsoon; fig. restrain a furious person from every side
WMP Ilokano
tali-én to braid, twist into a rope
Kadazan Dusun
tohiz-on be made into string
Javanese
tali-n act or way of tying; a tied bundle, esp. of harvested rice
Formosan Saisiyat
S-in-aLiS <A rope, cord
WMP Ilokano
t-in-alí rope consisting of two or more strands, for instance, a plain-laid rope, etc.
Malagasy
t-in-adi was made into rope by twisting
Karo Batak
t-in-ali rope
Nias
s-in-ali rope, string, line
Old Javanese
t-in-ali gajah with garlands hung crosswise?
t-in-ali tali made into a string, in continuous succession
Sangir
pa-poroŋ t-in-ali twisted headcloth worn by men
Formosan Saisiyat
S-om-aLiS to fasten, tie
Puyuma
T-em-ali prepare a field (by measuring off)
Paiwan
ts-m-alis to manufacture hemp cord
WMP Ilokano
t-um-alí to rope, be formed into rope, twist in the shape of a rope, draw out or extend into a filament or thread
Malay
tali t-em-ali cordage generally
Old Javanese
t-um-alī to tie, bind, string
WMP Kadazan Dusun
ma-nahi to make string
Ngaju Dayak
ma-nali make a string or rope, as for attaching a fishhook
Malagasy
ma-nadi to twist, make a rope by twisting; bind with cords
Iban
nali twist into rope, prepare fibre for rope; continue the line, inherit bilik and share of property
Toba Batak
ma-nali to bind or tie
Nias
ma-nali make something into a rope
Javanese
nali tie for someone; tie something
Sangir
ma-nali work with a measuring line, make a line by using a string that has been dipped in paint or coated with charcoal and snapping it down against the wood being marked (carpenter's term)
WMP Kapampangan
pa-nalíʔ something to tie with
Ngaju Dayak
pa-nali what is often used to make rope
Malay
p-en-ali tying material
WMP Acehnese
peu-taloe tie with a rope or string
Karo Batak
pe-tali to copulate, of snakes
Nias
fa-tali twist around one another
WMP Malagasy
tadi-m poítra the navel string
Malay
tali pusat umbilicus, navel cord
Acehnese
talòë pusat navel string
Formosan Amis
talod all kinds of grass, weeds (generic term)
Puyuma
Taƚun grass; waste
T-in-a-Taƚun-an luxuriant vegetation
Taƚu-Taƚun forest, woods
Taƚun i ƚaƚiaban edible seaweed (T)
WMP Ilokano
tálon rice field
ag-tálon to work a rice field; farm
ma-tálon to be suitable for farming, arable
ta-talón-en arable, suitable for farming
Isneg
tálon the small patch of ground, about a square yard, that is cleared on the first day, when a farmer begins to clear the ground for a new rice field
Bontok
tálon forest
Casiguran Dumagat
talón jungle, forest
i-talon wild chicken, Gallus gallus; scrutinize an area of forest (to see if it is suitable for making a swidden)
Buhid
tálon forest
Hanunóo
tálun jungle, forest; an extensive, continuous, forested area
Aklanon
táeon field; underdeveloped or overgrown land
Agutaynen
talon forest, woods, jungle (some people believe that evil spirits and elves live in places like this)
Palawan Batak
tálon woods, forest
Subanen/Subanun
talon wild
baboy talon wild boar
Tiruray
talun forest
t-en-alun swidden site planted in grain
Kadazan Dusun
tahun jungle, wilderness
Kayan (Busang)
talun brushwood, bushes, new growth on land that has served as a swidden (but is now fallow)
Tunjung
talun woods
Iban
talun turn up soil, dig, till
Bidayuh (Bukar-Sadong)
tarun a place inland, etc., a wood; dwelling site, place
Singhi Land Dayak
torun forest
Simalur
talon spot, place, locale
Karo Batak
talun a bit of wilderness where one can secure rights of ownership through cultivation; a place with sugar palms which are tapped for wine
Toba Batak
talun fallow land
ma-nalun-i to cultivate land
Sundanese
talun newly reclaimed swidden land
dukuh talun newly settled areas resulting from the expansion of a village, farm, house with farmland; also a piece of land planted in fruit trees, orchard
sawah-talun ricefields and gardens
Old Javanese
talun outer gardens (on the edge of the wood, not long opened up)
anawuŋ talun live in the woods
ayam talun wood-fowl
Javanese
talun field which has no irrigation system, and hence is planted only during the wet season
pa-talun-an a mountain plain
Madurese
talon fallow swidden land
Sasak
talun cultivated land
Proto-Minahasan
*talun forest
Tonsea
tadun forest
Mongondow
talun mo-nalun clear or work a piece of land, removing the native growth, planting
Banggai
man-talun to weed
pan-talun weeding implement
ta-talun knife for cutting weeds
mon-tolun-i to weed, of multiple objects
Bare'e
talu abandoned piece of ground, cultivated field which has gone to weeds
mon-talu let a field go to weeds, let land go fallow
Makassarese
taluŋ past the time of bearing (of fruits); bear no more fruit
OC Nggela
talu forest, but not virgin forest, where the land has been cultivated
Kwaio
alu garden, of second or third crop, or having been opened for harvest
alu siisii an old garden plot returning to secondary growth, beginning to be overgrown
lala-alu early secondary bush from old garden
Lau
alu garden ground, last year's garden
'Āre'āre
ʔāru masiu abandoned, overgrown; last year's garden
Sa'a
älu last year's yam garden; bananas and pawpaws and oha planted there
Arosi
aru a dug garden; an overgrown garden, land formerly used for a garden
Niue
talu-ē fallow, unproductive
talu-melie productive (soil), fertile
talu-talu land out of cultivation
talu-ŋa plants remaining on an old plantation
talu-tūvao thick bushland
Samoan
talu-talu fresh growth of weeds; growth, development (of feature, phenomenon, etc.); young trees grown up where there had been a plantation (Pratt 1984)
Rarotongan
taru-taru weeds that have been cut down and laid about on the ground
Maori
taru, taru-taru herbage, small vegetation, grass
WMP Isneg
talón-an clear a patch of ground for cultivation
Mongondow
talun-an remove the growth from land, clear land for planting
WMP Casiguran Dumagat
i-talón wild chicken: Gallus gallus
Bikol
tálon wild fowl
Hanunóo
tálun manúk wild jungle fowl, wild chicken: Gallus gallus gallus Linn.
WMP Ilokano
ka-talón-an tenant farmer
Aklanon
ka-taeón-an rural areas
Agutaynen
ka-talon-an forest, woods, jungle
Formosan Kavalan
tanem grave
Amis
tadem grave, tomb
Saaroa
c<um>a-calhəmə to cover with earth
WMP Ilokano
taném tomb, grave
Itawis
tanám grave
mat-tanám to bury, to inter
Bontok
tanəm a cutting, as of sugarcane
Ifugaw
tanóm act of planting what must grow; transplanting (e.g. rice seedlings); tanóm is not applied to putting seeds in the earth, only to rice, trees, bushes
mun-tanóm to plant a plant crown, cutting, rhizome, seed, shoot, vine into soil
Ifugaw (Batad)
tanóm seed rice, selected during main-crop rice harvest for planting main-crop rice
Umiray Dumaget
tanom to plant
Pangasinan
taném to plant, sow
panag-taném planting season
Tagalog
taním plant
Bikol
tanóm plant, bush, shrub
Hanunóo
tanúm planting
Masbatenyo
tanóm a plant
tánom rice seedling
Aklanon
tánom rice seedling, rice shoot
tanóm to plant
ka-tamn-an orchard, plantation
Waray-Waray
tanóm to plant something; raise crops
Hiligaynon
tanúm plant
Cebuano
tanúm to plant, grow plants; implant, nurture in the mind
t<al>amn-án-an area prepared for planting
Mansaka
tanum to plant
Mapun
tanom to plant something
Yakan
mag-tanem to plant something
nanem to plant something
Tausug
tanum to plant (something); to bury (something)
Kadazan Dusun
tanom plant, crop
ta-tanom dibble for planting
Ida'an Begak
tanom bury
Lun Dayeh
tanem a grave, a tomb
Kelabit
tanem grave; sunken, as a stick pounded into the ground
Murik
tanəm grave
nanəm to bury
Kayan
tanəm buried; a grave; covered with earth; to plant
nanəm to bury; to plant
Kayan (Uma Juman)
tanəm bury
nanəm to bury; to become submerged
Malay
tanam planting, burying in soil
Simalur
tanəm to plant, to bury
ma-nanəm to plant, to bury
tanəm-tanəm plants, growing things
tanəm-ən what is planted = seedling
Karo Batak
tanem to bury
nanem to plant
nanem-ken bury a corpse; plant a tree
Toba Batak
ma-nanom to bury
tar-tanom be buried
tanom-an grave
Lampung
tanom to plant something
Old Javanese
tanem being planted in something, having gone in and stuck fast
tanem-tanem-an that which has been planted, plants, crops
Javanese
tanem to plant
Balinese
tanem bury in the ground (seeds, plants, a corpse); grave
Tonsea
t<um>anem to plant
Tontemboan
tanem to plant
Totoli
tanom to plant
Dampelas
tanoŋ to bury
Balaesang
tanoŋ to bury
Banggai
man-tanom to bury
ba-tanom dig oneself in
Uma
mo-tana to bury
Bare'e
tónom-i to plant a crop because the seeds or pits are too large to broadcast
Tae'
tanan to plant; also to put, place, erect
man-tanan to plant, especially rice
tanan-an what is planted
tanan-ni to plant with
Mori Bawah
mon-tano to bury
Buginese
taneŋ plant
mat-taneŋ to plant
taneŋ-eŋ plantation
Makassarese
an-nanaŋ planting of young seedlings in the rice paddy (after they have been pulled up from the seedbed)
ase tanaŋ recently transplanted rice seedlings
Muna
tanu to bury
Palauan
mə-láləm to plant
Chamorro
tanom to plant seeds or seedlings
CMP Kédang
taneŋ to bury, cover with earth
Kambera
taniŋu to bury
Hawu
dane ~ dana to bury
Rotinese
tane to plant
Kisar
kaman <M to plant
Leti
tomna to plant; to bury
Wetan
tamna to bury
Yamdena
n-tanam dibbling for maize, rice, peanuts, beans, seeds
Kamarian
tane to plant
Buruese
tane-h to plant (object is either thing or area planted)
tane-k to implant (object is thing planted)
Soboyo
tanoŋ to plant, plant in
t<an>anoŋ what is planted, crop
SHWNG Kowiai/Koiwai
tanom land, soil
Gimán
tonam to plant
Wandamen
tanam to plant
OC Biliau
-tan to plant
Manam
tano to plant
tano-mi to plant something
tano-tano to plant
Tawala
tano garden; clearing around house
Tubetube
tano garden
Kwaio
ano-a bury; camouflage a foot trap with dirt
ano-mia to plant, bury
Lau
ano to bury
ano-mi dig heel in ground
ano-mi-la burying
Toqabaqita
ano-a plant a seed, tuber; plant by covering with soil or piling up soil around
ano-mia bury in the ground (impolite to use for burying a person)
'Āre'āre
ano-a to bury, fill a grave with sand, to fill a hole, cover with earth
ano-mia to bury
Sa'a
ano-ano to bury
ano-mi to cover with earth, to inter
Arosi
ano-i to bury
ano-mi to hide, conceal
Tongan
tano place of burial, cemetery (obsolescent)
WMP Ilokano
i-taném to bury, entomb
ma-i-taném be buried, be forgotten
Agta (Dupaningan)
i-tánam to bury
Isneg
i-tanám to carry to the grave
Bontok
ʔi-tanəm to plant a cutting, as of sugarcane
Tagalog
i-taním to plant, to put in the ground to grow; to implant (morally), to inculcate
Bikol
i-tanóm to plant, to raise plants
Masbatenyo
i-tanóm to plant, sow, place in the ground, transplant
Cebuano
i-tanúm to plant; implant, nurture in the mind
WMP Tagalog
ma-taním to be engrafted; to be implanted; to be instilled, to be put in little by little; well-planted, covered with plants, having plenty of plants growing
ma-tamn-án to be able to be planted in
Lun Dayeh
me-tanem able to bury
WMP Kadazan Dusun
ma-nanom to plant
Ida'an Begak
mə-nanom to bury
Lun Dayeh
nanem to bury someone
Malay
me-nanam to plant; to implant (as common sense)
Totoli
ma-nanom to plant
Dampelas
ma-nanoŋ to bury
Balaesang
ma-nanoŋ to bury
Tae'
man-tanan to plant, especially to plant rice
WMP Isneg
mag-tanám to inter, to bury
Bikol
mag-tanóm to plant, to raise plants; to plant in
Hanunóo
mag-tanúm to plant, will plant
Masbatenyo
mag-tanóm to plant, sow, place in the ground, transplant
Hiligaynon
mag-tanúm to plant, to allow to grow
Tausug
mag-tanum to plant (something), as vegetables
Bahasa Indonesia
ber-tanam to plant, engage in the work of planting
WMP Tagalog
pa-naním referring to seeds or seedlings used for planting and for propagation
Cebuano
pa-nanúm planting, farming, agriculture
Tausug
pa-nanum plants, that which has been planted, a crop
Malay
pe-nanam person who plants
Tae'
pan-tanan what is planted; riceplants that have already been transplanted into the paddy
WMP Tagalog
tag-taním planting season
Bahasa Indonesia
ter-tanam already planted
Toba Batak
tar-tanom become buried
Formosan Kavalan
qa-tanm-an graveyard, cemetery
WMP Aklanon
ka-támn-an orchard; plantation
Mapun
ka-tanom-an to be able to be used for planting (as land that is available)
Tausug
ka-tanum-an to be planted on (a plot of land)
Kadazan Dusun
ka-tanam-an act of planting
Old Javanese
ka-tanem-an to plant with, to make something enter into and stick
WMP Masbatenyo
t<in>anóm a plant
Mapun
t<in>anom anything planted, a crop
Yakan
t<in>anem what has been planted, the plant, seed, seedling, etc.
Lun Dayeh
t<in>anem buried by someone
Kelabit
s<in>anem was buried by someone
Old Javanese
t<in>anem to plant
Palauan
d<əl>áləm planted
Formosan Kavalan
t<m>anem to bury
WMP Tausug
t<um>anum to plant something
Old Javanese
t<um>anem to enter into and stick fast, to be deeply implanted
Tontemboan
t<um>anem to plant
Formosan Kavalan
tanm-an buried
WMP Tagalog
taním-an place for planting, plantation
tamn-án to plant in (emphasis on place); to have a place planted with
Bikol
tanom-án arable, suitable for planting or farming
Masbatenyo
tanom-an to plant in a place
Aklanon
t<ae>ámn-an field [for planting]
Mapun
tanom-an to plant something
Tausug
tanum-an to plant something
Kadazan Dusun
tanam-an to plant
Toba Batak
tanom-an grave
Old Javanese
tanem-an that which has been planted, plants, crops
Tontemboan
t<in>anem-an plantation, area that has been planted with crops
Formosan Amis
tadem-en to bury
WMP Waray-Waray
tanom-on plants to be planted; something to be planted
Hiligaynon
tanum-un to plant, to allow to grow
Mapun
tanom-un to plant something
Kadazan Dusun
tonom-on to be planted
Malay
tanam-an a thing planted
Simalur
tanəm-ən what is planted, seedling
Nias
tanõmõ seed, seedling
WMP Waray-Waray
tanom-í to plant on something
Malay
me-nanam-i to plant something in
Tae'
tanan-ni to plant (with)
SHWNG Moor
ʔanami to plant, grow
Formosan Paiwan (Western)
tsalʸum to carry water
WMP Ngaju Dayak
tanum fill it with water! (imperative of danum)
Formosan Paiwan
tsaŋlad miscanthus grass
WMP Itbayaten
taŋxad a plant of the reed family: Themeda gigtantea Hack.
Ibatan
taŋhad kind of sharp-bladed grass that grows in higher elevations
Ilokano
taŋlág elephant grass
Ifugaw
taŋlág kind of grass which has long and sharp leaves, and so cannot be used to cover roofs: Themeda gigtantea
Bikol
taŋlád lemon grass, a plant possessing a root which is pounded and used as a seasoning: Andropogon citratus
Aklanon
táŋead lemon grass (used for seasoning): Andropogon citratus DC
Agutaynen
taŋlad lemon grass, used in flavoring dishes, and also as one of the leaves in the pamegat bath water (medicinal wine or bath water, for preventing a relapse)
Cebuano
taŋlád lemon grass, kind of tall grass that smells of lemon and is used as a spice: Andropogon citratus
Subanon
toŋlad lemon grass
Binukid
taŋlad lemon grass
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
taŋlad lemon grass, Andropogon citratus, used in flavoring meat, and as a poultice
Formosan Pazeh
saŋira ear
Sakizaya
taŋilaʔ ear
Amis
taŋila ear, ears
Bunun
taŋia ear
Bunun (Isbukun)
taŋiaʔ ear
Hoanya
saŋila ear
Siraya
taŋira ear
Rukai
cŋira ear (Maga)
Puyuma
Taŋiƚa ear
Taŋiƚa-ŋiƚa-yan Jew's ear fungus
WMP Ifugaw
taŋíla hudhúd word for 'ear', instead of íŋa
OC Papapana
taŋina-na ear
Piva
tagina- ear
Formosan Amis
taŋic cry; expressed or unexpressed grief
Thao
canit to cry
kun-canit to suddenly burst into tears
Bunun
taŋis to cry
Puyuma
Taŋis weep
WMP Itbayaten
tañis crying; weep
ka-tañis act of crying
Ilokano
sáŋit crying; cry
ag-sáŋit to cry, weep
maka-saŋ-saŋít to feel like crying
Agta (Dupaningan)
saŋet cry, weep
mag-saŋet to cry, to weep
Isneg
sáŋit weep, cry
mag-sáŋit to weep, to cry, to shed tears
pag-saŋ-saŋit-tán to cause weeping
Itawis
táŋit crying
mat-táŋit to cry
Casiguran Dumagat
saŋét to cry, to wail, to weep
Umiray Dumaget
taŋos to weep, cry
Tagalog
táŋis weeping, crying; mourning, lamenting
i-táŋis to weep over, to mourn
Bikol
táŋis cry
mag-táŋis to cry
Aklanon
táŋis to cry, bawl (tears)
Waray-Waray
taŋís to cry, weep, shed tears
Kalamian Tagbanwa
taŋit cry
Hiligaynon
táŋis a cry, a lament
mag-taŋís to cry, to lament
Palawan Batak
taŋís cry, shout, moan, cry out
Cebuano
taŋís to cry, weep; a cry, weeping
Central Tagbanwa
taŋit grief, weeping, crying
Mapun
taŋis crying
Yakan
mag-taŋis to cry, weep (audibly, or inaudibly with tears)
Tausug
mag-taŋis to cry or weep, shed tears
Berawan (Long Terawan)
taŋeh crying, weeping
bə-taŋeh be prone to crying, cry a lot
Miri
taŋay crying, weeping
Kenyah (Long Dunin)
taŋe crying, weeping
Murik
taŋih weeping, crying
Kayan
taŋih crying, weeping
Kayan (Long Atip)
naŋih to weep, cry
Kayan (Uma Juman)
taŋi weep, cry; a cry
Kiput
taŋay cry, weep
Melanau (Mukah)
taŋih a cry; crying
t<ən>aŋih was wept over
Ngaju Dayak
taŋis weeping, crying
ta-taŋis choking up, of the voice of someone about to cry
Malagasy
tani crying, tears, lamentation
fara-tani the close of funeral ceremonies (fara = ‘last’)
Malay
taŋis weeping, in contrast to cries (raung) or lamentations (ratap)
Gayō
taŋis crying, weeping
pe-naŋis-en regret, regrets
Karo Batak
taŋis to weep, to cry
Toba Batak
taŋis to weep, to cry
Old Javanese
taŋis weeping, tears
a-taŋis tearful; addressing (imploring, etc.) with tears
Javanese
taŋis crying, weeping
Balinese
taŋis weeping
Sasak
taŋis weeping, crying
Sangir
saŋiʔ weeping, crying
Tae'
taŋiʔ weeping, crying; lamentation, funeral dirge
si-taŋir-an weep for one another
Chamorro
taŋes a cry, a sob
CMP Lamaholot
tani to weep, cry; to complain
Solorese
kani weep, cry
Rotinese
tani to cry, whine
Tetun
tanis to cry, to weep tears
Tetun (Dili)
tanis to cry
Kola
tan to cry
Ujir
tani to cry
W.Tarangan (Ngaibor)
ten to cry
Bobot
rakit weep, cry
Masiwang
takit to cry
Alune
dani ~ rani to weep, cry
Hitu
ta-tani to weep, cry
Asilulu
tani to cry
tani pak-anitu to wail and keen (on the death of a loved one)
Manipa
kani to cry, weep
Tifu
taŋi to weep, cry
Soboyo
taŋi ~ daŋi to weep, to cry
Sekar
táŋis to weep
SHWNG Gimán
taŋis to weep, cry
Buli
taŋis to weep, cry; howl
Biga
tinis to weep, cry
As
tanis cry
Minyaifuin
tenis to cry, weep
Irarutu
taŋg to cry
Dusner
an to cry
Numfor
kanəs to weep, cry; howl
kanəs weep
OC Lou
teŋ to weep, cry
Penchal
tɨŋ to weep, cry
Loniu
taŋ to weep, cry
Titan
taŋ to weep, cry
Andra
deŋ to cry
Leipon
teŋ to weep, cry
Ahus
a-teŋ to weep, cry
Kuruti
taŋ to weep, cry
Lele
yiy i-reŋ s/he is crying
Levei
e-tæŋ to weep, cry
Bipi
tak to weep, cry
Seimat
taŋ to weep, cry
Wuvulu
ʔai to weep, cry
Kaniet
taŋei to cry
Mendak
tI:ŋ to weep, cry, mourn
Tanga
taŋ to weep, cry
Label
taŋis to weep, cry
Tolai
taŋi to cry, weep, wail; make a noise, as of water shaken in a bottle, also of water about to boil; to sing, of birds and musical instruments; sound
Bali (Uneapa)
taŋichi to mourn for the dead
Vitu
taŋi to cry
Arop
a-taŋ to weep, cry
Lusi
-taŋi to cry
Kove
taŋi weep, cry
Sengseng
tiŋis to cry (with tears)
Sobei
e-tan to cry
Ali
tiəŋ to cry
Wogeo
taŋ to weep, cry
Manam
taŋ to weep, cry
Yabem
-taŋ to cry
Numbami
taŋi cry, sing, sound
Labu
-la-laŋi to cry, weep
Watut
-raŋ to weep, cry
Suau
tani to cry
Hula
aɣi to weep, cry
Sinaugoro
taɣi to weep, cry
Motu
tai to cry, to howl (of dogs)
Piva
tanisi to cry
Uruava
tani to weep, cry
Torau
ma tanisi to weep, cry
Mono-Alu
tai to cry
Cheke Holo
tanhi to cry, shed tears, whine
Bugotu
taŋi to cry, cry aloud, lament, wail; crying, lamentation
taŋi mate to wail (for the dead)
Nggela
taŋi to sound, make a sound; a sound; to pronounce a word, be pronounced; to cry
te taŋi na tavuli the sound of the conch shell trumpet
Kwaio
aŋi-aŋi-ʔa sorrowful
Lau
āŋi to cry, produce a sound, e.g. bird singing, trumpet, thunder
Toqabaqita
aŋi to cry; to produce a sound (as cicadas, musical instrument)
Arosi
aŋi to cry; to sound, of bell, gong, panpipes, trumpet; to sing, of birds; to shout; indeed, almost any sound, as the swish of water or the whistle of a steamer
Gilbertese
taŋi complain, sigh, lament
Kosraean
tʌŋ to cry
Marshallese
jaŋ to cry; to play music on radio or phonograph; to lament, mourn, weep; wail
Pohnpeian
seŋ to cry, to weep, to moan
Mokilese
joaŋ to cry
Puluwat
háŋ to cry, weep
Woleaian
taŋ(i) to weep, cry, sob
Buma
e-teŋi to cry
Mota
taŋi to weep, cry, with reference both to tears and sounds; to cry, of birds, animals; sound of musical instruments; to weep, as a tree when chopped
taŋi-va crying, grief
Mosina
teŋ to cry
Mafea
taŋi to cry
Fortsenal
tani to cry
Amblong
tan to cry
Axamb
raŋ-(is) to weep, cry
Visina
-taŋi to cry
Makatea
taŋi to cry
Efate (South)
tag to cry, weep
Rotuman
fạŋi to cry aloud; to announce what is going to happen
Wayan
taŋi to cry, wail, weep (usually refers to audible weeping but may refer to silent flow of tears); of birds and some animals, make the sound, call or cry characteristic of a species
vaka-taŋi-taŋi pretend to cry, put on a crying act
i-vaka-taŋi instrument for making a sound, musical instrument
Fijian
taŋi to give out sound: of humans, to cry, weep, lament; of animals, to cry, mew, crow, etc.; of clocks and musical instruments, to give out their sounds; to give an alarm (as of war)
taŋi-ca to cry for (in order to get a thing); to chime in, of a meke or song
taŋi-caka to cry on account of, to lament the dead
Tongan
taŋi to cry, weep; (of horses) to neigh or whinny, (of dogs) to howl, (of cats) to mew; to ask or appeal or make a petition
Niue
taŋi to weep, cry; a wake over the dead
Futunan
taŋi to weep; to take a complaint to the chief
Samoan
taŋi to cry, weep; to make a noise, utter a cry characteristic of a given animal (birds, crickets, cicadas); ask for, beg for, request
Tuvaluan
taŋi to weep, cry; to sound (as an instrument); the sound of weeping or an instrument
Kapingamarangi
daŋi to cry, to wail; to apologize
Rennellese
taŋi to cry, weep, sound, ring, bark; tears
Anuta
taŋi to cry, to moan
Rarotongan
taŋi any noise or sound, peculiar quality of tone, report, empty or meaningless noise; any sound or noise, such as crying in grief or pain; a fit of weeping; the particular cry or call uttered by birds or beasts; to cry, to lament, to weep, to bawl; to sympathize with
Maori
taŋi sound, give forth a sound, cry, of things animate or inanimate; weep, utter a plaintive cry, sing a dirge; fret, cry; salute, weep over; resound; mourn; cry for; lamentation, mourning, dirge
ta-taŋi to jingle, rattle; gurgle
Hawaiian
kani sound of any kind; pitch in music; to sound, cry out, ring, peal, tinkle, roar, rumble, crow; to strike, of a clock; voiced
Formosan Puyuma
ma-Taŋis to weep
WMP Bikol
ma-táŋis(-on) describing someone who cries a lot
Sangir
ma-saŋiʔ tearful, crying easily
WMP Ibaloy
naŋis weeping, crying
Tagalog
ma-náŋis to lament; to wail; to cry loud and long because of grief or pain
Yakan
naŋis to cry, weep
Berawan (Long Terawan)
naŋeh to cry, to weep
Tring
naŋi to cry
Narum
naŋay to cry, to weep
Miri
naŋay to cry, to weep
Kenyah (Long Wat)
naŋe to cry, to weep
Kenyah (Long Anap)
mə-naŋe to cry, to weep
Kenyah (Long Dunin)
naŋe to cry, to weep
Murik
naŋih to weep, to cry
Kayan
naŋih to cry, to weep
Kayan (Uma Juman)
naŋi to weep, to cry
Kiput
naŋay to cry, to weep
Melanau (Mukah)
mə-naŋih to cry, to weep
Bukat
naŋi to weep, cry
Lahanan
naŋih to weep, cry
Melanau (Matu)
mə-naŋis to cry, to weep
Tunjung
naŋi to cry
Ba'amang
ma-naŋis to cry
Taboyan
naŋis to cry
Malay
mə-naŋis to weep
Sundanese
naŋis to cry, to weep
Old Javanese
a-naŋis to weep, cry
Balinese
naŋis to cry, to weep
Sasak
naŋis to cry, to weep
CMP Bimanese
naŋi to weep, cry
Komodo
naŋih to cry
Lamaholot
nani loū to shed tears
Formosan Amis
pa-taŋic-en to beseech, try to force someone to comply
Thao
pa-canit to make someone cry; let someone continue crying
Puyuma
pa-Taŋis to make someone cry
WMP Ngaju Dayak
(mam)-pa-taŋis to make someone cry
Bare'e
mam-pa-pa-taŋi to make someone cry, bring someone to tears
Tae'
pa-taŋiʔ to make someone cry
WMP Kayan (Uma Juman)
pə-taŋi to make someone cry
OC Gilbertese
ka-taŋi-taŋ to make music, to play an instrument; to make (someone) cry
Mokilese
ka-joaŋ-e to make someone cry
Wayan
vaka-taŋi to cause tears, be the cause of sorrow
Tongan
faka-taŋi having a doleful sound, sounding like a lament; to appeal to someone after one’s request has been rejected by someone else
Tuvaluan
faka-taŋi to entreat
Rennellese
haka-taŋi to complain; to feel bitter, peeved, or angry; to tease, torment; a type of chant or lament, formerly popular
Maori
whaka-taŋi cause to sound
whaka-taŋi-taŋi applied to the largest and final wedge used in splitting a tree; cajole, appeal to sympathy of
Hawaiian
hoʔo-kani to play a musical instrument, to cause to sound; to crack, as a whip; to ring up on the telephone
WMP Tagalog
pa-náŋis a wail; a long cry of grief or pain, or a similar sound
Mapun
pa-naŋis-an what is cried over, thing that induces crying
Ngaju Dayak
pa-naŋis prone to crying; one who cries easily
Old Javanese
pa-naŋis to weep, cry
Formosan Saisiyat
h<œm>aŋih <A to weep, cry
Amis
t<om>aŋic to cry, weep
Thao
c<m>anit to cry, to mourn
Tsou
m-oŋsi to cry, weep
Kanakanabu
t<um>-á-taŋi to cry, weep
Saaroa
t<um>-a-taŋi-i to cry, weep
Paiwan (Western)
ts<m>aŋitj <A to wail
WMP Itbayaten
t<om>añis to cry; to cry involuntarily
Isneg
s<um>áŋit to weep, to cry, to shed tears
Tagalog
t<um>áŋis to mourn; to weep; to grieve
Central Tagbanwa
t<um>aŋit to weep or cry
Yakan
t<um>aŋis to cry, weep
Tausug
t<um>aŋis to cry or weep, shed tears
Malagasy
t<om>ani to cry, to weep, to lament, to complain
Toba Batak
t<um>a-taŋis to weep, to cry
Sangir
s<um>aŋiʔ to weep, to cry
Dampelas
t<um>aŋis to weep, to cry
Balaesang
s<um>aŋit to weep, to cry
Bare'e
mo-t<um>aŋi to weep, to cry
Tae'
t<um>aŋiʔ to weep, to cry
Chamorro
t<um>a-taŋes to be crying
Formosan Thao
canit-an be mourned, be wept over
WMP Ilokano
saŋit-an to lament
Ibaloy
neŋis-an to cry over, about something
Tagalog
taŋis-an to weep over, to mourn, to lament; to bemoan, to express grief by moaning
Bikol
taŋis-an to cry over
Mapun
taŋís-an to cry over something or someone
Malagasy
tanì-ana to be cried for
Sundanese
silih taŋís-an to cry on one another’s shoulders
Javanese
taŋis-an things cried over
Sasak
taŋis-aŋ to cry over something, mourn something or someone
Sangir
sa-saŋit-aŋ place where one weeps
WMP Ilokano
arin-saŋít-en on the verge of tears
Hiligaynon
taŋis-un to cry, to lament
Mapun
taŋis-un to cry over something or someone
Malay
taŋis-an buroŋ plant-name (variously identified, but lit. ‘wept over by a bird?)
Karo Batak
taŋis-en kak a vine with hard, round, bitter fruits that are used as marbles (lit. ‘wept over by a crow’?)
Dairi-Pakpak Batak
mer-taŋis-en to weep, of many people at once
Sundanese
pi-taŋis-ɨn weeping, crying, tears
Balinese
taŋis-in be wept over
saliŋ taŋis-in to weep over one another
WMP Karo Batak
naŋis-i weep for the dead, mourn the dead
Dairi-Pakpak Batak
me-naŋis-i to cry over someone or something
Toba Batak
ma-na-naŋis-i to cry over someone or something
ta-taŋis-i to cry over someone or something
Old Javanese
t<um>aŋis-i to address (entreat, etc.) with tears
Javanese
naŋis-i to weep over, mourn for (as someone who has died)
Bare'e
man-taŋis-i to mourn, weep for someone
Tae'
taŋiʔ-i to cry over, initiate a lamentation for the dead
CMP Kisar
kanih-i to lament
OC Tolai
taŋi-e to mourn, bewail
Bugotu
taŋi-hi to desire, want; to bewail
Nggela
taŋi-hi to cry for
taŋi-hagi to make someone cry
Lau
āŋi-si to cry for; follow about, as a woman a man
Arosi
aŋi-hi ~ aŋi-si to cry for
Kosraean
tʌŋ-i to be sorry for
Marshallese
jaŋi-t to cry for someone
Mokilese
jaŋi-d to cry for
Mota
taŋis to cry for
Wayan
taŋi-ci cry for something, ask for help in something, plead or cry for assistance; lament something, bewail something
Tongan
faka-taŋi-hi to cause to cry
OC Vitu
taŋi-zia to cry for
Toqabaqita
aŋi-sia to cry for someone or something
Arosi
aŋi-sia cried for
Tongan
teŋi-hia to weep for
Hawaiian
kani-hia to be sounded, cried out
WMP Karo Batak
taŋis-taŋis to weep continuously or incessantly
Toba Batak
taŋis-taŋis to weep, to cry
OC Seimat
taŋi-taŋ weeping, crying
Lau
āŋi-āŋi to cry
Toqabaqita
aŋi-ŋi-a wailing, lamentation for a dead person
Arosi
aŋi-aŋi cry or sound long continued
Gilbertese
taŋi-taŋ complaints, sighs, lamentations, claims, sobbing; to complain, to whine, to moan, to cry, to grieve; song of birds, music, playing musical instrument
Kosraean
tʌŋ-tʌŋ to cry continuously
Woleaian
taŋi-teŋ to cry a lot, weep frequently
Motlav
teŋ-teŋ to cry
Wayan
taŋi-taŋi cry and cry, keep crying, cry a lot
Futunan
taŋi-taŋi to whimper, whine, snivel
Samoan
taŋi-taŋi to jingle, as coins in pocket; be high-pitched, shrill
Kapingamarangi
daŋi-daŋi to beg, to ask forgiveness
Nukuoro
daŋi-daŋi to cry a lot; beg; apologize; a type of aboriginal chant
daŋi taliŋa tinnitus, a ringing sound in the ear [an omen]
Rennellese
taŋi-taŋi to sound empty (as a coconut that has no liquid); to cry, weep (especially of children)
Rarotongan
taŋi-taŋi to cry, to lament, weep or bawl in a continuous manner, etc.
Hawaiian
kani-kani to shout loudly; jackknife, from the sound of opening and shutting
Formosan Kavalan
tapa firewood storage shelf (above the hearth)
Puyuma
Tapa roast from a distance, roast gently (as meat over a fire)
Paiwan
tsapa dried meat or fish
WMP Itbayaten
tapa jerky
Ilokano
tápa thin slices of meat, salted, occasionally dipped in vinegar, and dried in the sun
Isneg
tápa to dry (venison) over the fire
Itawis
tápa dried meat
Ifugaw
tapá meat or fish which has been laid to dry in the sun, or held over the fire
Ifugaw (Batad)
tapa for someone to smoke meat over a fire (as beef, catfish, venison, eel, frog, mudfish)
Casiguran Dumagat
tápa dried meat; to dry meat in the sun
Tagalog
tápa jerked beef or pork
tapá smoked, exposed to smoke
Bikol
tápa smoked beef
mag-tápa to cut thin for the purpose of smoking; to smoke (beef, fish)
Hanunóo
tapá smoked fish
Aklanon
tapá(h) to dry out
tápa dried meat
Cebuano
tapá to smoke fish; broil fish not close to the embers; kiln-dry copra
tápa make jerked meat
Maranao
tapa dry by smoking
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
tapa smoke something over the fire
Mansaka
tapa to roast (as fish)
Tiruray
tofo cook fish or meat over a very smoky fire; dry something over a fire
Malay
tapa-tapa pieces of fish sliced very thin, spiced, salted and dried in the sun
dagiŋ tapa-tapa meat treated in the same way
te-tapa thin slices of pineapple treated with sugar
Sangir
tapa to smoke, prepare by smoking
Gorontalo
tapo to smoke something over a fire
mo-lapo to smoke something over a fire
Uma
-tapa dry by a fire
Bare'e
masapi nda-tapa smoked eel
Tae'
tapa-i hang up to smoke, leave to dry over a fire, of meat, fish, paddy
Mandar
tapa to roast, to dry, as copra over a fire
Buginese
tapa slow roasting, as of fish over a fire
Wolio
tapa-i to smoke (fish, etc.)
CMP Manggarai
tapa burn, roast
Rembong
tapa to roast (a pig), to burn (a field)
Soboyo
tapa smoking of meat and fish
WMP [Itbayaten
man-taapa make jerky]
Banggai
man-tapa place something on a (drying) rack
Bare'e
mon-tapa hang up to smoke, of meat, salt, etc. so as to prevent it from spoiling
Tae'
man-tapa dry something over a fire
WMP Isneg
tap-ān to dry venison over the fire
Kankanaey
tapa-án an arrangement consisting of canes of bamboo grass interwoven with rattan; used to store up palay, etc.; it covers the hearth and the sóba, below the ceiling
Bikol
tapa-an smokehouse
Aklanon
tapah-án drying rack
Cebuano
tapah-án copra kiln-drier; grate for broiling
Gorontalo
to-tapo-wa place where something is smoked
Banggai
tapa-an rack on which something is dried
Tae'
tapa-n place where anything is dried over a fire, in particular the rack over the hearth where the firewood is stored
WMP [Itbayaten
taapa-en make jerky, make into jerky]
Gorontalo
tapoː-lo be smoked by someone, as copra
Formosan Puyuma
T-in-apa what is grilled or roasted; smoked millet (used against hemorrhages for women in childbirth)
WMP Ifugaw
t-in-apá meat or fish which is already dry
Ifugaw (Batad)
t-in-apa smoked meat
Pangasinan
t-in-apá smoked fish
Tagalog
t-in-apá smoked, exposed to smoke; exposed to embers; smoked fish
Bikol
t-in-apá smoked fish
Cebuano
t-in-ápa jerked meat; canned fish
Maranao
t-in-apa anchovies; any food preserved by smoking
Binukid
t-in-apa fish packed in a small cylindrical can; sardines
Sangir
kinaʔ t-in-apa smoked meat, smoked fish
Formosan Proto-Atayalic
*c-um-apaŋ to patch
Puyuma
Tapaŋ patchwork; to patch up
WMP Itbayaten
tapaŋ continuation, addition
pi-tapaŋ-en connect two together
tapaŋ-an make a continuation of (building, story, acting, etc.)
Formosan Paiwan
tsapel a cloth patch
WMP Tagalog
tápal mending patch (of cloth); poultice, plaster
Bikol
tapól to close up an opening; obstruct, stand in a doorway where others want to pass
Hanunóo
tampúl plaster, poultice
Aklanon
támpoe medicinal leaf used as plaster
Agutaynen
mag-tampel to cover up a hole in something; plug something so that the contents will not spill out; put a patch on something (as a patch of oregano on the head to cure headache)
Kayan
tapen patched, repaired; a patch; things folded up
Iban
tapal poultice
Maloh
tampal to stick, attach to
Malay
tampal pasting up; patching, plastering
Sundanese
tapel stick, stick to (as leeches to the skin)
Old Javanese
tapel closely linked, joined; close together
Javanese
tapel poultice of herbs used for babies
Balinese
tampel to cover up, plaster (a wound), patch (a hole), plaster something and make it watertight; plaster, a covering
Wolio
tampo whole, intact, repaired, patched
tampol-i to mend (clothes), patch, repair
tampo-tampo to repair, fix (something broken off), keep in good state of repair, be careful with (one’s clothes)
Muna
tampo to dress a wound, cover with leaves, etc.
ka-tampo bandage, dressing, covering
CMP Manggarai
tampel to stick on (as a paper on the wall)
Selaru
tabal to stick, paste, glue, adhere to
Fordata
tafal adhere to; to stick, paste, glue (Formosan only)
Formosan Saisiyat
sapœh sweep
Formosan Atayal (Mayrinax)
ca-capuh broom (women’s speech)
Pazeh
sa-sapuh broom
Thao
ca-capu broom made of bamboo
Formosan Atayal (Mayrinax)
c<um>apuh to sweep (women’s speech)
Pazeh
mu-sapuh sweep
Thao
c<m>apu sweep
Formosan Saisiyat
sæʔi excrement
Thao
caqi feces, excrement
Puyuma
Taʔi feces, excrement
Paiwan
tsaqi excrement, feces
WMP Bontok
táʔi feces
tat-taʔi kind of vine having an unpleasant smell (Asclepiad)
Kankanaey
tái stool relief of the bowels; excrement; feces; dung; crotel; treadle; rust, rustiness
tái di gáyaŋ a variety of taro with dark-colored shoots (lit. ‘crow feces’)
Ifugaw
taʔí stool relief of the bowels, excrement, feces
Ibaloy
tai fecal excrement, dung, crap, poop; waste material
man-tai to move one’s bowels, defecate
tai-an to defecate on something (as a child on his shirt)
Pangasinan
taí excrement
man-taí defecate
Tagalog
taʔe ~ taʔi excrement; waste matter expelled from the body
mag-taʔé to have loose bowels, to have diarrhea
pag-táʔe the act of moving one’s bowels
Masbatenyo
tai feces, excrement
Aklanon
tái stool, feces; to defecate
Waray-Waray
táʔi human or animal excreta or waste
Agutaynen
taki feces, manure
man-taki to defecate
mag-taki-taki to have diarrhea
Cebuano
táʔi feces of people and animals; dross from molten metal
Maranao
taʔi feces, stool
Binukid
tai feces (of people and animals), excrement; manure
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
taʔi fecal matter
Mansaka
tai excrement, feces
Kalagan
tay excrement
Bisaya (Lotud)
taʔiʔ feces
Kadazan Dusun
tai dung
buhavan gold dust
Tombonuwo
to-tai feces
Kelabit
taʔih feces
Bintulu
taʔəy rust, rusty
Melanau (Balingian)
taʔəy feces
Malagasy
tai dung, excrement, refuse
tai-m-bi iron slag, scoria
tai nifi the scurf on the teeth
Bidayuh (Bukar-Sadong)
tai-n stomach; womb; belly; lower part of human body that contains the stomach and bowels
Malay
tahi dregs; lees; sediment; dirt of any sort; ordure
tahi besi rust
tahi lalat mole-freckle (lit. ‘fly dropping’)
tahi ulat (= tulat) three or four days after tomorrow
mabok tahi teliŋa dazed by talk or nagging; talked down’ (lit. ‘drunk with waste in the ear’)
Gayō
tai feces; dirt, waste product
Simalur
tai feces, excrement
man-tai to defecate
Toba Batak
te dirt, filth, feces
te ni hudon soot on a cooking pot
Nias
ta excrement, feces; slag; lightning
Enggano
e-kai feces, excrement
Old Javanese
tahi excrement, dropping; rust
ma-tahi-tahi rusty
Javanese
tai feces; rust; sawdust
Balinese
tahi dirt; rust; scale (metal); dung
Sasak
tai feces; filth
Sangir
tai dregs, filth; feces; sediment
Tontemboan
taʔi filth, excrement
tan-taʔi beetle that rummages in horse and pig feces
Tonsawang
taʔi feces; dregs
Totoli
ta-tai excrement, feces
Balaesang
tai excrement, feces
Uma
taʔi feces, excrement
Bare'e
taʔi the waste produced by something; feces; dregs, sediment; also belly, stomach
mo-to-taʔi to defecate
tan-taʔi buttocks, bottom, base of something
Tae'
tai the waste produced by something; feces; dregs, sediment
tai tuak sediment of palm wine
tai uay green duckweed on the surface of water
kat-tai ~ tit-tai to defecate
Proto-Bungku-Tolaki
*taqi feces
Mori Atas
taʔi excrement
Wawonii
taʔi excrement
Kulisusu
taʔi feces
Moronene
taʔi laŋi cloud (feces of the sky)
Mandar
tai feces
tit-tai to defecate
Buginese
tai feces; to defecate
Makassarese
tai waste, dregs; feces; rust
tat-tai to defecate
Wolio
taʔi excrement, filth, residue; rust
Muna
taghi belly
Palauan
daʔ excrement, shit; residue; secretion
CMP Bimanese
taʔi to defecate; feces, filth
taʔi garagaji sawdust
Komodo
tai feces, droppings
Manggarai
taʔi to defecate; feces; filth
Rembong
taʔi feces, filth
Ngadha
taʔi feces, excrement; to defecate
taʔi kaba kind of mushroom
Li'o
taʔi feces; to defecate
Kambera
tai feces, excrement, filth; accretion
tai bàhi rust
Tetun
te to defecate (a vulgar word)
Waima'a
naʔi belly
Erai
te feces
Tugun
tei feces
Kisar
koi excrement; rust
East Damar
tɛ- feces
Leti
tei feces; rust
Wetan
tee excreta (of all kinds)
Laha
tei feces
Asilulu
tai feces, excreta, filth
roko tai cigarette ashes
Manipa
kai-a feces
Boano₂
tai-a feces
Larike
tei feces
Buruese
tai feces, excrement, dung
SHWNG Kowiai/Koiwai
tai feces
Irarutu
ta feces
OC Labu
ta excrement
Watut
ragi- feces
Gapapaiwa
tai- feces, excrement
Gabadi
sinae belly
Nehan
tai feces, excrement
Motlav
na-ta excrement
Lakona
sene guts
Merig
te- feces
Malmariv
te- excrement
Mafea
tai- excrement
tai excrement
Marino
te- feces
Northeast Ambae
tai- excrement
tai- excrement
Atchin
ne-te- feces
Formosan Amis
tinaɁi intestines
Puyuma
T<in>aʔi intestines
WMP Itbayaten
tinayi intestines
hi-tinay-an remove intestines
Isneg
sináy belly or abdomen; bowels, guts, entrails, intestines; the abdominal and pelvic viscera
Itawis
sináy stomach; intestine
Masbatenyo
tináʔi intestines
Waray-Waray
tenaʔiʔ abdomen; intestine
Palawan Batak
tináʔi belly, intestines, stomach
Cebuano
tináʔi intestines
Mansaka
tinai intestines; umbilical cord
Paitan
tinai stomach
Kelabit
sinaʔih intestines, guts
Kenyah
tenaʔi intestines
Murik
tenaʔi-n large intestine, of humans
tenaʔiʔ intestines of animals
Melanau Dalat (Kampung Teh)
naʔəy ~ nəʔəy abdomen, belly
Tonsea
tinaʔi intestines
Palauan
dəlaʔ intestines, bowels
dələʔi-l his/her intestines
CMP Lamboya
tanai guts
Kambera
tanai intestines
SHWNG Dusner
sne abdomen, belly
Moor
sine stomach, liver
Ron
sena abdomen, belly
OC Nali
drina- intestines
Ere
dine- intestines
Kuruti
drine- abdomen
Lindrou
drine- abdomen
Suau
sinae intestines
Hula
inaɣe bowels
Mekeo (East)
inae belly
Saliba
sinae intestines
Ghari
tinae- guts
tinae- guts
Talise
tinae- guts
Merig
tinae- guts
Merlav
tinae- guts
Aore
tine- guts
Peterara
tinae- guts
Raga
sine- guts
Apma
cine guts
Makatea
tinae guts
Mele-Fila
sinae guts
Formosan Saisiyat
s<om>aʔi to defecate
Hoanya
s<um>ai to defecate (glossed ‘feces’ in Tsuchida 1982)
Puyuma
mu-Taʔi to defecate
WMP Bontok
t<um>áʔi to defecate
Ifugaw
t<um>aʔí to defecate
Tagalog
t<um>áʔe to move the bowels
Bisaya (Lotud)
t<um>aʔiʔ to defecate
WMP [Tagalog
taʔe naŋ bituʔín shooting star; meteor]
[Malagasy
tai-n kintana a meteor, a shooting star]
[Malay
tahi bintaŋ shooting stars; small bright yellow caterpillars]
[Toba Batak
te ni bintaŋ shooting star]
Makassarese
tai bintuŋ shooting star
WMP [Bontok
táʔi-n si kúləŋ ear wax]
[Kelabit
taʔih lalid ear wax]
Malagasy
tai-n-tadini the wax from the ear
WMP Malay
tahi aŋin light clouds driven before the wind
Sasak
tai-n aŋin kind of lichen, Lichen capillaris
CMP Bimanese
taʔi aŋi type of cloud
Komodo
tai aŋiŋ kind of clouds
WMP Malagasy
tai-n-kuhu dirt under the nails
[Sundanese
taiʔ kuku dirt under the nails]
WMP [Mapun
tayiʔ laŋaw mole on one’s skin]
Malay
tahi lalat mole-freckle (lit. ‘fly speck’)
Sangir
tai lalarəʔ specks of dirt on the laundry
Tae'
tai laliʔ wart (lit. ‘fly speck’)
CMP [Bimanese
taʔi laru mole, beauty spot]
Manggarai
taʔi lali mole, beauty spot (lit. ‘fly speck’)
Formosan Thao
pu-caqi to defecate
Puyuma
pu-Taqi to spread manure on the fields
Paiwan
pu-tsaqi to defecate
Formosan Kavalan
tais sewing
tais-i sew it!
Amis (Kiwit)
mi-taqis to sew
Thao
shaqish sew
Bunun
taqis sew and mend
ma-taqis embroider
Puyuma
Taʔi mend, repair, darn, sew
Paiwan
tsaqis make clothes by sewing; sew (-en)
WMP Sambal (Botolan)
tayiʔ to sew
Kapampangan
tahíʔ to sew
ma-nahíʔ dressmaker
Tagalog
tahíʔ sewing, stitch; cloth to be sewn (manaN-, paN- -an)
Bikol
mag-tahíʔ to sew, tailor; to mend (i-, magpa-, ipa-, ka- -an)
Hanunóo
tahíʔ sewing
Aklanon
tahíʔ to sew (manaN-, paN-)
Hiligaynon
tahíʔ sewing, stitch (mag-, -un)
Cebuano
táhiʔ sew, stitch
tahiʔ-an-an dress, tailor shop (maN-REDUP, -un-un)
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
tahiʔ to sew
Mansaka
taì to sew
Formosan Saisiyat
Sʌ-SʌʔiS thread for sewing
Paiwan
tsa-tsaqis-en clothes being made by sewing
Formosan Paiwan
ts-in-aqis-an sewn seam
WMP Tagalog
tahíʔ-an tailoring shop or millinery
Formosan Kavalan
t-em-ais to sew
Saisiyat
ʃ<om>ʌʔiʃ <A to sew
Pazeh
mu-sais to sew
Thao
sh<m>aqish to sew
Siraya
t<m>ahi to sew
Paiwan
ts-m-aqis sew, make clothes by sewing
Formosan Thao
sh<in>aqish was sewn by someone
Bunun
t-in-aqis piece of embroidery
Puyuma (Tamalakaw)
T-in-aHi-yan a seam
Formosan Paiwan
tsaqu to be able to
ki-tsaqu-an to practice, learn skill
pa-ki-tsaqu-an to cause to learn skill
WMP Bikol
ta-taʔó proficient, knowledgeable; to know, fathom; to have the knack of
Hanunóo
táʔu knowledge of a fact; denying knowledge of a fact; in a verbal sense, not to know (something)
Agutaynen
tako to know a fact; to know how to do something; to learn something
ipa-tako to make known
pa-tako-on to make known
Maranao
taʔo knowledge
Binukid
tatau clever, wise, skilled; intelligent
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
eɣ-ke-taʔu to know how
Mapun
tau to know something
maki-tau to make something known to someone; to inform
paki-tau-un to make something known to someone; to inform
Yakan
taʔu to know how to do something; to be able to do something
magin-taʔu, pagintaʔu to make something known
Samal
taʔu to know something
Melanau (Mukah)
taʔəw to know
Melanau Dalat (Kampung Teh)
taʔəw ~ təʔəw to know
Ngaju Dayak
tau capable, able; to know, understand
ta-tau to know, understand
Iban
tauʔ be able, can, may, know how
Salako
tahu to know
Cham
thau to know
Jarai
thəw to know
Rhade
thəw to know
Malay
tahu to know; knowledge
tahu-kan to be aware of
Bahasa Indonesia
tahu understand after seeing (witnessing, experiencing, etc.); familiar with; clever, capable; aware; already
Acehnese
thɛə to know, have knowledge of something, be able
Toba Batak
tau skilled
pa-tauh-on to make skilled
Old Javanese
tahu skilled, practiced, trained, used (to)
t<um>ahu to think that one should know or be familiar with (being still uncertain)
Balinese
tahu know, perceive
Proto-Minahasan
*taʔu know
Proto-Bungku-Tolaki
*taqu clever
OC Uruava
ma-tau-i to know
Hawaiian
m-ā-kau(-kau) able, competent, capable, efficient, adept, skilled, expert, qualified; prepared, ready; competence, proficiency; to know how, to to well
WMP Binukid
ka-tatau ability, skill; wisdom, knowledge
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
ke-taʔu ability, skill, wisdom
Yakan
ka-taʔu knowledge (especially of supernatural things)
Ngaju Dayak
ka-tau knowledge
Tontemboan
ma-ka-taʔu to give knowledge of, inform
WMP Tiruray
getuwan knowing something
Yakan
ka-taʔuh-an to know something
Salako
ka-tahu-an-an discovered, found out
Bahasa Indonesia
ke-tahu-an knowledge, what is already known
Old Javanese
ka-tahw-an skilled, used (to), familiar (with)
Formosan Paiwan
ma-tsaqu to be able to; capable, skilled, knowledgeable
ma-ma-tsaqu-an to be very skilled
WMP Maranao
ma-taʔo to have knowledge, know how (as in knowing how to act in a given situation)
Binukid
ma-tatau clever, wise, skilled; intelligent
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
me-taʔu skilled, clever, wise
OC Papapana
matau to know
Rarotongan
matau accustomed, customary, habitual, familiar practice; formed or acquired by frequent use; to have a knowledge of, to know how a thing is done, observed or performed, etc.
Formosan Paiwan (Western)
tsaqu-an skill
WMP Palawan Batak
taw-an to know
Mapun
toon to know something or someone
ka-toon-an to know something or someone
Balinese
tawaŋ (tahu-aŋ) to see, perceive, know
Formosan Paiwan
tsasaw outdoors, outside
i tsasaw be outdoors
WMP Itbayaten
tahaw the sea as salt water, sea water as material of the sea or ocean
Ilokano
taáw sea, ocean
Pangasinan
taéw middle of river; ocean, deep sea
Tagalog
táhaw clearing in a forest; open-air; exposed to view
Formosan Paiwan
ka-tsasav-an courtyard (in front of house)
WMP Itbayaten
ka-tahaw-an cause something to be wet with salt water
Formosan Papora
sō person, human being
Pazeh
saw person, human being
Thao
caw person, human being
Hoanya
sau person
Tsou
cou person, human being
Puyuma
Taw to be human
T-in-u-Ta-Taw statue, mannequin, scarecrow
WMP Itbayaten
tawo person (kap-, ka-, manta-, mapay-, mat-, micha-, mi-)
Ilokano
táo man, person, human being, individual; people (i-REDUP, ka-REDUP)
Isneg
táo man, human being, people
Pangasinan
táo people, persons (ka-)
Tagalog
táʔo human being, person
taʔó mortal (maka-, mag-pa-ka-, ma- -an, pag-REDUP, paN-, paN- -an, paN- -in, -an, -in, -um-)
Bikol
táwo man, individual, person, human being, people, a creature (human) (REDUP -um-)
Hanunóo
táwu man, person; human being, not man in the sense of male opposed to female
táwu dágat sea supernaturals in human form
táwu danúm water spirit
táwu sa tálun forest spirit(s)
Bantuqanon
tawo person, human being
Aklanon
táwo person, people; man
Kalamian Tagbanwa
tao person, human being
Hiligaynon
táwu man
Palawan Batak
táo person
Cebuano
táwu man, person; follower; face card; someone left to watch the house; visitor; to stay and watch the house; be born; prepare for guests on special occasions; attend an affair or special occasion; pay a visit (pa-, paka-, hi/ha-, -an, -an-un, pagka-, k-in-a-)
Klata
ottow person
Blaan (Koronadal)
to person
Maloh
tau(tu) person
Tonsea
tou person, human being
Dampelas
too person
Balaesang
too person
Ampibabo-Lauje
too person
Uma
tau headhunter; (sometimes) human being
Bare'e
tau person, human being
Tae'
tau person, human being
Proto-South Sulawesi
*tau person
CMP Donggo
dou person, human being
Komodo
tou person; each other
Anakalangu
tau person
OC Lakalai
tau man, person (used only in connection with sib and village affiliation and in expressions showing relations between two or more persons; in both cases it is in apposition to a pronoun, usually expresssed)
Yabem
tau person, human being
Suau
tau man, male
Sinaugoro
tau person, human being
Motu
tau the body; a man
tau-bada an elder
tau-hau a youth
Mekeo (East)
au person, human being
Kilivila
tau man
Saliba
tau man, male
Sudest
tau people
Proto-Micronesian
*tau person
Formosan Paiwan
ka-tsau-an the world (of living beings); what is actual, existent, not dead
WMP Itbayaten
ka-taw-an pupil of the eye
Tagalog
ka-tauh-an personality
Aklanon
ka-tawóh-an humanity
Cebuano
ka-tawh-an people, masses
Formosan Paiwan
k<in>a-tsau-tsau-an character; humanity; body
WMP Cebuano
k<in>a-táwu nature, inborn character or inherent tendencies of a person
WMP Itbayaten
ma-tawo peopled, crowded (of persons)
Tagalog
ma-táʔo crowded with people
Hiligaynon
ma-táwu to be born
Formosan Paiwan
tsau tsau person, human being; (in some contexts) living being (as embryo found in egg, or bee as opposed to the nest)
WMP Ilokano
tao-táo pupil, apple of the eye
Tagalog
taú-tauh-an effigy, marionette, mannikin
balin-tatáo pupil of the eye
Bikol
ta-táwo wooden figures or statues made in honor of the dead (17th century Bikol)
alin-tatáw center of the eye containing the iris and the pupil
Agutaynen
tawtaw pupil of the eye
Cebuano
tawu-táwu something like a person, e.g. scarecrow or the like; figurehead; pupil and iris of the eye
t-in-awu-táwu comic strips
WMP Sangir
taumata person, human being
CMP Kola
tamata person, human being
Ujir
tamata person, human being
W.Tarangan (Ngaibor)
tamata person, human being
Alune
tamata person
Saparua
tumata man
OC Lou
ramat person, human being
Loniu
amat person, human being
Nali
damat person, human being
Ere
dimat person, human being
Likum
camak person, human being
Ponam
hamat person, human being
Wuvulu
kamaʔa person, human being
Mussau
taumata person, human being
Manam
tamwata person, human being
Kilivila
tommota people
Dobuan
tomota person, human being
Nehan
tamat person, human, man
Wayan
tamata person, human being
Fijian
tamata person, human being
Tongan
taŋata man (human being), man (not woman), man (not boy)
Niue
taŋata man, person, mankind
Samoan
taŋata human being; native (of a place)
Tuvaluan
taŋata man; person; human; male
Kapingamarangi
daŋada person
Nukuoro
daŋada person, human being; relative (when preceded by a possessive pronoun)
Rennellese
taŋata man, male, person; to be a man, male or person
Anuta
taŋata man, person; male
Rarotongan
taŋata general name for mankind
aka-taŋata assume human shape or form, to attain adult age; to act like a man; to be or become manly
Maori
taŋata man, human being; serf, slave
whaka-taŋata assume human shape; become adult
Hawaiian
kanaka human being, man, human, mankind, person, individual
Formosan Kavalan
m-tawa to laugh
m-taw-tawa to laugh repeatedly
Saisiyat
sawa laugh
s-om-awa to laugh
Amis
tawa generic for laugh with positive and negative meanings
ma-tawa to laugh
paka-tawa-en make someone laugh
Siraya
mat-tawa to laugh
WMP Tagalog
táwa laughter (ka-REDUP)
Cebuano
tawá jovial of face or visage (hika/haka-, hinga-, ka-tawʔ-an-an)
Berawan (Long Terawan)
tabeh to laugh
Berawan (Long Teru)
tava to laugh
Kenyah
tawa laughter
Bintulu
taba laughing
bə-taba to laugh
Melanau Dalat (Kampung Teh)
tətawa to laugh
Bidayuh (Bukar-Sadong)
tawuh laughter, a laugh; to laugh, scoff at
Singhi Land Dayak
tawix laugh
Moronene
mo-to-taa to laugh
Proto-South Sulawesi
*tawa to laugh
CMP Manggarai
tawa to laugh, laugh at
Rembong
tawa to laugh, laugh at
Ngadha
tawa rejoice, be glad, laugh
Keo
tawa to laugh
Riung
tawa to laugh
Palu'e
tawa to laugh
Li'o
tawa to laugh
Kédang
tawe to laugh, laugh at
Formosan Thao
ca-cawa laugh
ma-cacawa to laugh
pa-cacawa to smile
Tsou
co-cvo laugh; to laugh
Rukai
ma-ca-cava to laugh (Tona)
WMP Ifugaw
ta-táwa laughter; to laugh conveys a passive meaning, since the duplicated word-base takes the prefix ma- or na-, never the prefix mun- or maŋ-
Tagalog
ka-ta-tawa-n-an something humorous, laughable
Melanau (Mukah)
te-tawa to laugh
Ngaju Dayak
ta-tawE laughing; to laugh
Maloh
ta-tawa to laugh
WMP Cebuano
ka-tawá to laugh
Mamanwa
ka-tawa to laugh
Iban
ketawaʔ laughter, laugh
Bahasa Indonesia
kətawa to laugh
Formosan Sakizaya
ma-tawaʔ to laugh
Amis
ma-tawa to laugh
Saaroa
ma-caa-caa to laugh
Siraya
ma-tawa to laugh
WMP Cebuano
ma-tawa jovial face or visage
WMP Gaddang
maka-tawa to laugh
Subanon
moko-tawa to laugh
WMP Agta (Central Cagayan)
meg-ke-tewe to laugh
Tausug
mag-ka-tawa to laugh (Formosan only)
Formosan Bunun
ka-tavin last year
Kanakanabu
cain-án-a year
Saaroa
cailhi year
Siraya
tawil year
Proto-Rukai
*cavili year
Paiwan
tsavilʸ year
Formosan Saisiyat
saLem sharp
s-om-aLem sharpen, make sharp
WMP Yami
ma-narem to sharpen
tarem-en to sharpen
Itbayaten
tarem sharpened edge, sharpened part, cutting edge
ma-narem to sharpen, to whet
Ilokano
tadém edge, the cutting side of the blade of a knife, an axe, a saw, etc.
Isneg
na-tadám sharp, keen (knives, etc.)
Itawis
tarám sharpness
na-tarám sharp
Bontok
tadə́m sharp, of a blade
Kankanaey
men-tadém sharp; cutting; edged
Ifugaw
tadóm sharpness of the blade of a knife, a spear, an axe, etc.; it is also applied to the balíga, i.e. the sword among the weaving rods
Casiguran Dumagat
tadem sharp (of a knife or axe); fish-hook
Pangasinan
tarém blade, edge
Kapampangan
ma-tarám sharp
Tagalog
talím sharpness of edge; blade; steel edging; penpoint
Bikol
taróm a point (as on a knife); spike or spire; blade or cutting edge
mag-taróm to sharpen
Hanunóo
tarúm blade of a knife, bolo or other cutting instrument
Aklanon
taeóm sharp-edged, razor-sharp
Kalamian Tagbanwa
tarem sharp
Binukid
talem sharpen the point of something
Mansaka
tarum sharp (as a blade)
Molbog
tadom sharp
Bonggi
tadabm sharp
Dumpas
a-tarom sharp (edge)
Tombonuwo
o-tarom sharp
Minokok
a-tarəm sharp (edge)
Bisaya (Lotud)
a-tarom sharp
Bulungan
tajom sharp (edge)
Lun Dayeh
tadem sharpness of a blade
Kelabit
tadem sharp, of a blade
nadem to sharpen
Iban
tajam sharp, keen-pointed (as a knife); excitable, excite, incite
tajam mata (fig.) sharp-eyed
Malay
tajam sharp, as a weapon; (fig.) sharp mentally
tajam mulut caustic, sharp-tongued
Toba Batak
tajom sharp, of knives and the like; cutting, of words
me-najom-i sharpen something
Rejang
tajeum sharp
Lampung
tajom sharp
Old Javanese
tajem sharp
Javanese
tajem sharp, cutting
najem to sharpen, hone
Sasak
tajem sharp, pointed
Tonsea
tadem sharp
Tontemboan
tarəm sharp, of a pointed tool or weapon, as a nail, pin, etc.; kind of fieldmouse with a sharp snout
Ponosakan
tahom sharp
Uma
taja-hi sharpen
taja sharp
Bare'e
ka-taja sharpness
Proto-Bungku-Tolaki
*tasoN sharp
Makassarese
taraŋ sharp (of something pointed); sharp, of taste, sight, or understanding
taraŋŋi to sharpen
taraŋ mata sharp-sighted, sharp-eyed
Palauan
kə-dórəm sharp
WMP Itbayaten
ka-tarem state of being sharp
Hiligaynon
ka-talúm sharpness
WMP Itbayaten
ma-tarem sharp (as a knife), can sharpen
Pangasinan
ma-kdém sharp
Kapampangan
ma-tarám sharp
Tagalog
ma-talím sharp
Bikol
ma-taróm sharp, keen, pointed
Aklanon
ma-taeóm sharp-edged, razor-sharp
Hiligaynon
ma-talúm sharp, as of knives and blades
Binukid
ma-talem sharp-pointed
Mansaka
ma-tarum sharp (as a blade)
Lun Dayeh
me-tadem sharp
Karo Batak
me-tajem sharp; ‘on target’ (of someone’s words)
Uma
mo-taja sharp
Bare'e
ma-taja sharp, as a knife
Tae'
ma-taran sharp
ma-taran mata have a sharp expression
WMP Bontok
pa-tadə́m a leader; one who initiates action, who encourages or inspires
Tagalog
pa-talím sharp cutting instruments
WMP Itbayaten
t<n>arem sharpened; that which is sharpened
Lun Dayeh
t<in>adem a blade that has been sharpened by someone
Tae'
t<in>aran dart of a blowpipe; blowpipe
Palauan
d<əl>órəm sharpened
Formosan Saisiyat
s-om-aLem sharpen, make sharp
WMP Tontemboan
t<um>arem to sharpen
Formosan Paiwan
ts-alʸ-ebak make the sound of one object falling (as stone, book)
WMP Sundanese
tebak collide with force (as in running or being blown against something); pound against with force (as waves against the rocks)
Formosan Saisiyat
ka-sbəz spring (of water)
WMP Yami
atbed spring water
Formosan Paiwan
tseviq a portion of something left after shares have been taken
p<n>e-tseviq divide something; break in pieces
WMP Isneg
tabbí section of a betel nut
Casiguran Dumagat
tebi cut a betel nut in half
Maranao
tebiʔ break off a piece, split
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
teviʔ piece which is split off; split something in pieces
Tiruray
tebéʔ to chip
Balinese
nebih break s.t. into pieces; the natural divisions of a betel nut; section, quarter, piece, slice
tebih break in pieces; the natural divisions of a betel nut, section, quarter, piece, slice
Proto-Minahasan
*tebiʔ break off (piece of something)
Mongondow
tobi breaking off, collapse, landslide
mo-nobi collapse of the ground from floodwaters or a heavy rain
CMP Tetun
tohi chip off little pieces
tohi ahi strike a spark (with a flint)
OC Tongan
tofi cut, cut up, cut off
tofi-ŋa piece cut off, esp. from a yam
tofiʔ-a inheritance, patrimony
Niue
tofi chisel; cut into strips
to-tofi break up
Samoan
tofi split, cleave, divide (as section of a breadfruit); a chisel
Tuvaluan
tohi instrument for dividing pandanus leaves into fine strips for weaving
tohi-tohi divide pandanus leaves into fine strips
tofi a chisel
Nukuoro
dohi-dohi divide up
Rennellese
tohi to hew, as a sounding board; divisions within a single garden
tohi-tohi break into pieces, as sticks or bones
tohi gua to break in two
Maori
tohi cut, divide, separate
Formosan Amis
tfon a well, a source of water
Amis (Kiwit)
tevun well (water source)
Paiwan
tsevud spring-water; water from a natural source
WMP Isneg
tabbúg well; a pit or hole sunk into the earth (-um-)
Aklanon
tubód flow out, gush, well up (said of liquids)
tubor-án spring, well
t-ue-úbd-an spout, place where water flows out
Hiligaynon
tubúd leak, drop, flow
mag-tubúd to leak, flow in small drops
Cebuano
tubúd flow in a steady stream; for liquid to leak out of a container or boat; water spring; leak
tubur-án spring; source of something that gushes in abundance
t-in-ubd-án source, origin
Mansaka
tobod spring (i.e. source of water)
Kadazan Dusun
tovud a fountain, spring
Chamorro
tupoʔ well, pit sunk into the earth to reach a supply of water
OC Mota
tov spring below high water mark; the brackish water of such a spring
Fijian
tobu a pool in a river, bathing hole; a well; a deep hole in a reef or inside it, but surrounded by shallower water
Formosan Paiwan
tsebuk make a "bong" sound
WMP Balinese
tebuk pound rice to dehusk it; thresh (Formosan only)
Formosan Saisiyat
ka-sbol smoke
Paiwan
tsevulʸ smoke
ts<m>evulʸ be smoky; perform type of ritual action
ma-tsevulʸ bothered by smoke, smoke-filled (Formosan only)
Formosan Saisiyat
sa-seboŋ meet
Tsou
tro-cfuŋ-a confluence of rivers
Kanakanabu
cuvúŋ-unu confluence of rivers
Saaroa
taru-cuvuŋu-a confluence of rivers
taru-a-cuvuŋu to meet
Puyuma
a-Tebuŋ to find
ki-Tebuŋ to meet; to welcome
kir-Tebuŋ to meet with one person
mar-Tebuŋ two people meet
mar-Tebuŋ-an meetings
mar-Tebuŋ-Tebuŋ several people meet
p<in>ar-Tebuŋ be reunited
Paiwan
tsevuŋ to meet; something held in common (as field jointly owned)
ki-tsevuŋ go to meet someone; to fete someone returning home
me-tsevuŋ to meet (as two persons, or two ends of necklace)
Formosan Hoanya
sibus sugarcane
Rukai (Tona)
coboso sugarcane
WMP Tagalog
tubó sugarcane
Murik
tebuʔ sugarcane
Malay
tebu sugarcane: Saccharum officinarum
SHWNG Ansus
tobu sugarcane
OC Sudest
ro sugarcane
Lametin
tov sugarcane
Formosan Paiwan
tsegtseg a nail
ts-m-egtseg drive a nail into something
pa-tsegtseg nail something onto something else
WMP Ilokano
tegteg-én to mince, to hash, to chop
t-in-egtég mincemeat, minced meat, hash
Bontok
təgtəg hit sharply; pound; massage by striking with the edges of one's hands; kill a chicken by chopping off the head (in-, -en)
Kankanaey
tegteg-én to chop, chop up, hew, cut to pieces; break to pieces; crush; beat to pieces; bruise; squash
Ifugaw
togtóg onomatopoetic word imitating the sound produced by carving statues, handles of knives, spoons, ladles, wooden plates, wooden cups and other things
Ifugaw (Batad)
togtog for someone to pound something in a downward motion with something, as a stone to crush another stone; a heavy piece of wood or stone to tamp soil; for someone to use something for pounding as described above
Pangasinan
tegtég sever or divide with a sharp instrument
Formosan Paiwan (Western)
tsegtseg a nail
ts<m>egsteg to drive a nail into something
pa-tsegtseg to nail something onto something else
WMP Bontok
təgtəg to hit sharply; to pound; to massage by striking with the edges of one’s hands; to kill a chicken by chopping off the head
Ifugaw
togtog for someone to pound something in a downward motion with something, as a stone to crush another stone, a heavy piece of wood or stone to tamp soil, etc.
Lun Dayeh
teteg beating of something, a knock
teteg tawak something used to beat a gong
Formosan Paiwan
tsektsek a stake, pointed stick
WMP Ilokano
tekték peg, pin (of the gagan-áyan or warping frame)
Bontok
təktək make a hole in wood, as in order to ascertain whether it is resinous or not
Ifugaw
toktók bore (as in boring a hole in a plank), drill; prick (as a thorn pricking the finger)
Binukid
t<al>ektek to put stakes around (something); to enclose an area with stakes (Formosan only)
Formosan Kavalan
tqez to stop, to rest for awhile when walking
Pazeh
mu-seket to rest, to stop
seked-i Take a rest!
Pazeh (Kahabu)
mə-səkəd to rest
sə-səkəd to be resting (Formosan only)
Formosan Amis
tkes small species of bamboo
Thao
shkish the slenderest type of bamboo, sometimes used as a buffalo whip, or with hook attached as a fruiting pole
Rukai (Mantauran)
cekeʔe thin bamboo sp.
Paiwan
tsekes thin bamboo (used for pipe stems, arrow shafts); a pipestem
Formosan Paiwan
tselaq a crack or split (e.g., in wood, foot, fruit)
WMP Kayan
tela widely opened -- of the hull of a dugout canoe
CMP Manggarai
tela crack marking; to split, show a crack; thwart (in boat)
Ngadha
tela split, crack
Buruese
tela to part; gap; in a parting manner; sit between
Formosan Paiwan
tseltsel pound in a nail
WMP Kankanaey
teltél chop, chop up, hew, cut to pieces, beat to pieces, bruise (Formosan only)
Formosan Pazeh
semer grass (just beginning to grow)
Thao
lhmir grass, weeds, herbs; medicine
Paiwan
tsemel plants (generic, excluding trees); medicine (including now pills and injections)
pu-tsemel treat with medicine; a doctor
Formosan Pazeh
seme-semer grassland
Paiwan
tseme-tsemel uncultivated land
Paiwan (Western)
tse-tsemel a grass field
Formosan Proto-Rukai
*cənəkə thorn
WMP Tagalog
tiník thorn, spine
Bikol
tunók thorn
Maranao
tenek thorn, spine
Tausug
tunuk a thorn, spine (of plants and fish)
OC Fijian
tono, tono-ka pierce, probe, poke
Formosan Saisiyat
seLab a belch
s-om-Lab to belch (as after drinking soda)
Puyuma
Terab a belch
T-em-erab to belch
WMP Tagalog
tigáb weak gasp of one dying
Maloh
tan-tarap to belch
Sundanese
teurab to belch
Javanese
a-tob a belch; to belch
Sasak
(ken)-terap a belch, to belch
Makassarese
teraʔ belching, a belch; to belch
Chamorro
tugap burp, belch, eruct
CMP Komodo
teraʔ a belch; to belch
Manggarai
terap to belch
Alune
ma-tora to belch (Ludeking 1868:217)
SHWNG Kowiai/Koiwai
na-toraf to belch
OC Sa'a
ora lulu belch
Formosan Amis
tsek pierce, stab
Paiwan
tsetek have an injection
WMP Mansaka
tosok to stick through (as a needle through cloth)
Miri
tasak amin housepost
Kiput
təsək enter the ground (as a javelin when it lands)
Formosan Paiwan
tsiru large dipper
CMP Manggarai (West)
tisu spoon
Formosan Paiwan
ts-m-ikel to return (somewhere)
tsikel-u come back!
WMP Iban
tikal turn back, go back
Formosan Saisiyat
shiŋash <A food particles caught between the teeth
Saisiyat (Tungho)
ʃiŋaʃ food particles caught between the teeth
Pazeh
siŋas-en a lepeŋ to get in (of food particles) between the teeth
Amis
tiŋas have food caught in one's teeth
Bunun
tiŋas-an nipun irritated by food fibers (of the teeth)
man-tiŋas nipus clean the teeth
Bunun (Isbukun)
ciŋas food particles caught between the teeth
Saaroa
lhi-u-tiŋa-a food particles caught between the teeth
Rukai
mua-cíŋasə food particles caught between the teeth (Budai)
Puyuma
Tiŋa food particles stuck between teeth
Paiwan
tsiŋas food particles between teeth
WMP Itbayaten
tiñah food particles inserted in between the teeth
Casiguran Dumagat
tiŋa for meat or particles of food to be stuck between the teeth
Kapampangan
tiŋaʔ particles of food which adhere to teeth
pa-niŋaʔ toothpick
Tagalog
tiŋá foreign matter lodged between the teeth
Bikol
tiŋá particles of food caught between the teeth
maka-tiŋá get stuck between the teeth (particles of food)
Hanunóo
tiŋá food particle stuck between the teeth
hi-niŋá picking of one's teeth
Aklanon
tiŋá food particles caught between teeth
hi-níŋa(h) take out food particles between one's teeth
Cebuano
tiŋá food particle lodged between the teeth; have food particles lodged in the teeth
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
tiŋa food which is stuck between a person's teeth, generally meat; a toothpick; to pick the teeth
Mansaka
tiŋa food between the teeth
Ida'an Begak
tiŋo food rests between the teeth
Iban
tiŋaʔ shred, splinter, esp. food stuck between teeth
tiŋaʔ kayu wood splinter
tiŋaʔ pelandok hangnail
Proto-Minahasan
*tiŋa food caught between teeth; pick the teeth
Ampana
tiŋa food or other matter between the teeth (Adriani 1928)
Formosan Tsou
czou kind of tasty river fish
Kanakanabu
ciʔáu kind of tasty river fish
Paiwan
tsiqaw fish (generic)
WMP Aklanon
tiáw a delicious soft-boned fish
Cebuano
tiaw kind of goatfish
Chamorro
tiʔao goatfishes: Upeneus vittatus (family Mullidae)
CMP Rotinese
tio kind of small, but ritually important fish
OC Loniu
tiw the Samoan goatfish: Mulloidichthys samoensis
Seimat
tio-ti barbelled fish 4-5 feet in length
Motu
sio fish sp.
Nehan
tio yellowstripe goatfish: Mulloidichthys flavolineatus
Mota
tio a fish with barbels, like mullet
Formosan Paiwan
tu-tsu now
WMP Ilongot
(i)tu this
Berawan (Long Jegan)
taw this
Berawan (Batu Belah)
tuh this
Kenyah (Long Wat)
tew here
Seru
toh this/that
Siang
tuh this
WMP Berawan (Long Jegan)
ataw here
Chamorro
guatu there -- in that direction (away from speaker and addressee)
OC Roviana
atu an expletive implying movement away of speaker or those addressed
atu-atu go on!
Bugotu
atu go away, go forth; forth, out, onward
Mota
at of direction from the speaker, outward, forward
Tangoa
atu hither
Rotuman
afu away, hence (Pawley 1972)
Tongan
atu hence, away from here, out, forth, outwards, onwards, to or towards you; thither to the place aimed at or journeyed towards; onward in time
Niue
atu directive particle, away form the speaker, towards the person addressed
Samoan
atu away, out (generally denotes a literal or figurative movement away from a particular position where the speaker is and in the direction of the person addressed)
Nukuoro
adu toward the hearer
Rennellese
atu common directional particle indicating distance away from
Maori
atu correlative to mai, used with verbs, etc., to indicate a direction or motion onwards, or away from the speaker in reference to either time or space
Hawaiian
aku particle expressing direction away from the speaker, and time either past (with nei) or future
WMP Tagalog
d-itó here
Subanun (Sindangan)
d-ituʔ there (3p, remote)
Blaan (Koronadal)
d-ituʔ there (3p)
Melanau (Balingian)
d-itew here
Formosan Thao
c-icu 3sg; he, she, it
Paiwan
a-i-tsu this, this one
WMP Yami
u-itu that
Tagalog
ito this
Bikol
ito that (3p)
Palawan Batak
ʔitu here
Aborlan Tagbanwa
itu that (2p)
Samal
itu this
Narum
itaw this
Kenyah (Long Wat)
itew this
Kenyah (Long San)
itu this
Melanau (Balingian)
itew this
Dusun Deyah
itu this
Malagasy
íto this
Muna
itu that (2p)
CMP Manggarai
h-itu that
WMP Ifugaw
hitú here; this
Aborlan Tagbanwa
s-itu there (2p)
Kenyah (Long San)
s-itew here
Malay
situ position over there
WMP Muna
watu there (far, neutral)
Chamorro
guatu there -- in that direction (away from speaker and addressee)
OC Lau
kou away
Kwara'ae
kwau away
Sa'a
wau adverb of place; there
Arosi
wou away from, there, yonder
Proto-Micronesian
*watu directional suffix: towards addressee
Formosan Kanakanabu
cuvuʔu bamboo shoot
Saaroa
cuvuʔu bamboo shoot
Paiwan
tsuvuq a free-standing sprout; bamboo sprout
WMP Itbayaten
tovo shoot (as of bamboo), growth, shoot
Ilokano
túbo sprout, shoot (from a seed)
Isneg
mag-túbo to sprout, to shoot, to germinate
Itawis
túhu sprout
mat-túhu to grow (of plants)
Bontok
túbu to sprout leaves; to grow; a leaf
Kankanaey
túbo leaf
Ifugaw
túbu leaves of trees, shrubs, and plants in general; not applied to leaves which serve for special purposes, such as chewing leaves or banana leaves
Ifugaw (Batad)
tūbu new growth, of a plant, weed, grass, tree growing from a seed; of a branch or plant stalk; of a fingernail, hair, tooth (also refers to new growth issuing from a pit, nut or fruit such as coconut
Pangasinan
tobó growth; to sprout, grow, increase
Kapampangan
túbuʔ grow; gain, profit
Tagalog
túboʔ a sprout; a shoot of a plant; growth; what has grown or is growing
Bikol
túbuʔ interest (as on money in a bank)
mag-t'uboʔ germinate, sprout; to grow or mature (plants); gain or accrue interest (money)
Hanunóo
túbuʔ growth, growing
Aklanon
túboʔ to grow, sprout, develop; increase; interest on loan, growth
Hiligaynon
pag-túbuʔ growth
mag-túbuʔ to grow, germinate, sprout
Cebuano
túbuʔ grow, become larger; earn interest; develop feelings; for water, dough or land to rise; growth; interest on a loan; leavening agent; wall stud of bamboo
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
tuvuʔ of a seed or plant, to sprout or grow
Mansaka
toboʔ to grow (as plants)
Kayan (Uma Juman)
tubu to grow (intr.); thing grown; rising, of the sun
mata-n do tubu direction of the rising sun
nubu to grow (trans.)
tuvu to grow (intr.)
Iban
tumboh shoot up, grow, arise; begin, broach (subject); call together; organize; form (group or society)
Malay
tumboh plant-growth; sprouting up; eruption (of plants springing up out of the ground, and pustules on the skin)
peñakit ke-tumboh-an skin eruption; smallpox
tumboh-tumboh-an things that grow; plants; crops; eruptions
Toba Batak
tubu to arise, be born, grow; child; sprout
Old Javanese
tuwuh growth, growing; life, age, span of life; condition of life, lot; body
Javanese
tuwuh outgrowth, sprout; fig., descendant; to come into existence, grow
Balinese
tubuh a young coconut palm which is about to fruit
tumbuh the first shoot of a plant; to grow, sprout, come up, emerge (of teeth); be born
tubuh a young coconut palm which is about to fruit
Proto-Sangiric
*tubo to grow
Sangir
tuwo young, still unfurled palm leaves; to grow
Mongondow
tubuʔ young or new leaves in general
Bonerate
tumbu to grow
Palauan
dubəʔ coconut sprouting on ground
CMP Kola
tuf to grow
SHWNG Gimán
tub to grow
OC Tolai
tubu to grow, of men or animals but not plants
Kove
tuvu to grow
Yabem
tôp to grow
Suau
tubu to grow
Hula
upu to grow
Motu
tubu grow; ferment; swell
tuhu-tuhu young shoot
Piva
tubu to swell
Arosi
subu to begin to grow; to burst, of seed
Rotuman
fupu to grow, to increase; growth, increase; interest (on money lent, etc.); persons of the same or about the same age
fup-ʔaki to cause to spring up or grow; to originate or create; to propose, move (a resolution)
Fijian
tubu grow, increase, spring up (of plants)
tuvu shoot up, of a tree
tuvu-ka-na the top of a tree
Tongan
tupu to grow up, spring up or come into existence, originate; to grow, increase in size, etc. (of cake, rice, etc.) to rise or swell; to bring in profit; growing, bringing in profit; and more, and one or more over; coming into existence, originating; origin, growing, growth, etc.
Niue
tupu to grow, spring up; to be descended from
tupu noa by chance, to grow by itself
Futunan
tupu to grow, increase, sprout, spring up; bud; to reveal; more (in counting)
Samoan
tupu grow; arise, break out; happen, occur; growth
Tuvaluan
tupu shoot (of a plant); grow; happen; be exceeded (of numbers; tekau tupu ‘more than twenty’)
Nukuoro
dubu exceed (the amount required), too (e.g. many)
Rennellese
tupu sprout, as of yams, panna, coconuts; life principle and growth, of children; to sprout, grow; to rise, as a boil, cooked rice or a tidal wave; to sprout forth
Anuta
tupu to grow
Rarotongan
tupu growth of any kind; a growth, a gradual increase; progress or development; a product, as of the earth; a sprout or growing shoot, a germ inception, a beginning, etc.; occurrence, that which happens, etc.; to grow, to become enlarged by natural process, to advance towards maturity; to produce, as the earth; to sprout forth or to germinate; to occur or to happen
Maori
tupu grow, increase; spring, issue, begin; shoot, bud; growth; social position; genuine, own
Hawaiian
kupu sprout, growth; offspring; upstart, as one rising suddenly and conspicuously to high position; to sprout, grow, increase; to occur
OC Arosi
haʔa-subu to beget
Rennellese
haka-tupu to make a sprout or life principle thrive
Hawaiian
hoʔo-kupu to cause growth, sprouting; to sprout
Formosan Paiwan
ts-m-uvuq to sprout
WMP Itbayaten
t-om-ovo grow up, germinate, sprout
Ilokano
t-um-úbo to sprout, to shoot, to germinate
Bontok
t<um>úbu sprout leaves, grow
Kankanaey
t-um-úbo to shoot, to spring up, to sprout, sprout forth, to bud, grow
Ifugaw (Batad)
t-um-ūbu for something to issue new growth
Kapampangan
t-um-úbuʔ to grow, to gain
Hanunóo
t-um-úbuʔ grow
Sundanese
t<um>umbuh to shoot up, of plants
Old Javanese
t<um>uwuh to grow, live; come out, arise (feelings); that which grows or lives, living creature
Sangir
t<um>uwo to grow
WMP Isneg
pa-túbo a coconut used for seeds
Aklanon
pa-túboʔ to let grow; lend with/on interest
WMP Itbayaten
pa-tovo-en to let grow
Bikol
pa-tuboʔ-on invest money so that it gains interest
WMP Itbayaten
tovo-an ends (of cloth, rope, etc.
Tagalog
tubúʔ-an to be overgrown; to grow on or over something; to sprout or grow out from; to put forth
Bikol
tubóʔ-an add interest to
Toba Batak
tubu-an give birth, beget
Old Javanese
tuwuh-an place of growing
tuwu-tuwuh-an plants
Javanese
tuwuh-an ceremonial decoration for weddings symbolizing prosperity and fertility
Formosan Paiwan
ts-m-ugtsug hit something against something else
ma-tsugtsug be hit (as on the head) by something
WMP Ilokano
ag-togtóg to knock (on a door, etc.)
togtóg-en to beat (a drum); to knock (on a door, etc.), to rap upon for admittance
Bontok
tugtúg crush by beating, as with a stone or a piece of wood
Kankanaey
tugtúg hit, run, knocked, struck against; run afoul of; come into collision
Ifugaw (Batad)
tugtug bullfrog
Casiguran Dumagat
togtog rhythm (of music, or of a rhythmic beat); to beat out a rhythm, to play music
Pangasinan
tógtog play a musical instrument
Tagalog
tugtóg sound of music; playing on a musical instrument; ringing (of bells or alarm clocks); stroke of the hour
Bikol
tugtóg music
mag-tugtóg play a musical instrument, beat a drum
Cebuano
tugtúg play a piece of music or an instrument
Maranao
totog knock, hit, sounding board
Melanau (Mukah)
tutug to pound
Bidayuh (Bukar-Sadong)
tutog a knock (as on a door)
Formosan Saaroa
m-utu-tukutuku bump the head
Rukai (Maga)
me-tgútgu bump the head
Paiwan
ma-tsugtsug to be hit (as on head) by something
ma-pa-tsa-tsugtsug to bump together (as two persons’ heads)
se-tsugtsug to bump one’s head against something
WMP Itbayaten
togtog music; knocking or knock
ma-nogtog to knock
togtog-en to knock at
Ilokano
ag-tugtóg to knock
tugtog-en to knock on something, beat on a drum
Bontok
tugtug to crush by beating, as with a stone or a piece of wood
Ibaloy
ma-nogtog to bump heads
may-togtog to bump one’s head
me-nogtog to knock, using repeated raps with the knuckles (as in asking to be received at a house)
Bikol
mag-tugtóg to play a musical instrument; to beat a drum
Maranao
totog knock, hit; knock-kneed, bowlegged; sounding board
Melanau Dalat (Kampung Teh)
tutug to pound food substances; knock someone’s head
Old Javanese
tutug to strike (knock, bump) against, hit
Formosan Paiwan
ts<m>ugtsug to hit something against something else; to knock on (door)
WMP Old Javanese
t<um>utug to strike (knock, bump) against, hit
Formosan Puyuma
ʈukul hunchbacked; bent
WMP Ifugaw
túkol huddling position of a chicken or a bird which neither moves nor gives a sign of life
Old Javanese
tuŋkul bending down, bowing the head
Balinese
tuŋkul bow the head, be subject to
Formosan Papora
suli deaf
Thao
ma-lhuri hard of hearing, deaf
kun-lhuri be suddenly deafened, as by a very loud noise
WMP Itbayaten
tilo <M earwax, cerumen
Ivatan (Isamorong)
tido <M earwax
Tagalog
tu-tulí earwax
Bikol
tulí ear wax
hiŋ-tuli-ón to clean wax from the ears
Hanunóo
túli ear
Masbatenyo
tulí earwax
Aklanon
tulí ear wax; ear drainage
pa-nulí to clean one’s ears (of ear wax)
Agutaynen
toli-toli earwax
toli-toli-en to clean the earwax out of the ears
Hiligaynon
a-tu-túli earwax
Cebuano
a-tulí earwax; materials like earwax; a yellow paste, tobacco tars; yellow, hardened grease sticking in corners of machinery
hin-a-tulí instrument for getting earwax out
Maranao
toli-toli earwax
Binukid
tuli earwax
pa-nuli remove wax from one’s ears
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
tuli cerumen
tuliy-en have a running ear infection
Iban
tuliʔ deaf; ear-wax
Malay
tuli deaf; usually (but not invariably) stone-deaf, in contrast to pekak (hard of hearing)
Gayō
mu-tuli deaf
Old Javanese
tuli deaf
tuli-tuli pretend not to hear?
kapa-tuli be deafened (temporarily) by a loud noise
Sasak
tuliʔ ear-wax
Mongondow
tuli ear wax
tuli-an to have ear wax
Dampelas
an-tuliʔ earwax
Ampibabo-Lauje
tai nu tuliʔ earwax
Tae'
ka-tuli-ŋ earwax
Proto-Bungku-Tolaki
*tuli earwax
Kulisusu
culi earwax
Muna
tuli clean out (ear, nose), scratch in
ka-tuli something used to clean out one’s ears or nose
Popalia
tuli ear
CMP Li'o
tuli ear wax
Wetan
tili deaf
OC Kilivila
tuli deaf
Eddystone/Mandegusu
tuli wax in the ear
Mota
tul wax in the ear
Rotuman
fuli to be deaf
Tongan
tuli deaf
teʔe-tuli wax in the ear (teʔe = taʔe ‘excrement’, in compounds)
Niue
teliŋa tuli deaf
Futunan
tuli ~ tulituli deaf
Samoan
tu-tuli deaf
faʔa-taliŋa tuli turn a deaf ear
Tuvaluan
tuli deaf
Kapingamarangi
loŋo duli deaf (lit. ‘hearing deaf’)
Rennellese
tugi be deaf, hard of hearing
tugi-aŋa deafness
Anuta
tu-turi deaf
Rarotongan
turi deafness, the state or condition of being deaf; deaf, dull of hearing or unable to hear at all
tariŋa turi the condition of being deaf or hard of hearing; obstinacy, stubbornness
Maori
turi deaf; obstinate
whaka-tu-turi turn a deaf ear to, be obstinate, be unyielding
turi-turi noisy
Hawaiian
kuli deafness, deaf person; deaf; noisy
hoʔo-kuli deaf; to feign deafness; (fig.) disobey, be disobedient (Formosan only)
Formosan Kavalan
tumay the Formosan bear
mRa-tumay to transform into a bear
Saisiyat
somay the Formosan black bear
Seediq
sumay the Formosan black bear
Amis
tomay the Formosan black bear; be fierce, violent
Favorlang/Babuza
choma the Formosan black bear
Thao
cumay the Formosan black bear: Selenarctos thibetanus formosanus (Swinhoe)
Bunun
tumaz the Formosan black bear
Tsou
cmoi the Formosan black bear
Kanakanabu
cumái the Formosan black bear
Saaroa
cumiʔi the Formosan black bear
Siraya
tumey the Formosan black bear
Proto-Rukai
comay the Formosan black bear
Puyuma
Tumay the Formosan black bear
Paiwan
tsumay the Formosan black bear
Formosan Puyuma (Tamalakaw)
ma-Tumek (of trees and bamboos) crumbling, falling to pieces
WMP Bontok
tumə́k crush, as stone; break into small pieces, as lumps of rice
Kankanaey
tumék (be pounded, etc.) to pieces, fine; crushed, pulverized
Formosan Kavalan
tumes clothes louse
Saisiyat
somæh body louse
Amis (Kiwit)
tumus head louse
WMP Itbayaten
tomah kind of tick or flea, small lice-like insect on clothes
Ilokano
túma body louse
Bontok
túma kind of louse found in clothes and bedding
Kankanaey
túma body louse
Ifugaw
túma body louse
Ifugaw (Batad)
tūma a small white blood sucking clothing louse which infests soiled clothing; rascal! a jocular expletive
Pangasinan
tomá body louse
Ayta Abellan
tomah tiny insect like a louse found on dirty clothes
Kapampangan
tuma clothes louse
Tagalog
túma clothes louse
Bikol
túma clothes louse
tumá-on be infested with clothes lice
Hanunóo
túma itch mites or immature lice; tiny, almost invisible insects on clothes, fabrics, or the human body
Kalamian Tagbanwa
tumaʔ clothes louse
Cebuano
túma body louse, similar to the head louse (kútu) in appearance and habits, but found in clothing
tumáh-un infested with body lice
Binukid
tuma body, head louse that inhabits humans
tumah-en be infested with lice
Mansaka
toma to have lice (in the clothes)
Kelabit
tumeh small white clothes louse
Sa'ban
hmah clothes louse
Punan Tuvu'
tumoh louse
Ngaju Dayak
tume clothes louse, body louse
Iban
tumaʔ parasitic insect, esp. louse (kutu) or nits
Bidayuh (Bukar-Sadong)
tumuh flea
Malay
tuma insect-parasite; louse. The insect that coolies are sometimes seen picking out of each other's hair
Karo Batak
tuma clothes louse
Dairi-Pakpak Batak
tuma clothes louse
Toba Batak
tuma dragonfly larva
Rejang
tumey a bug, found usually in unclean clothes
Sundanese
tuma clothes louse
Old Javanese
tuma louse
Javanese
tuma hair louse
Madurese
tuma louse
Balinese
tuma clothes louse
Sasak
tuma kind of red clothes louse
Proto-Sangiric
*tuma clothes louse
Sangir
tuma clothes louse
Tontemboan
tuma clothes louse
Mongondow
tuma clothes louse
Gorontalo
tumo clothes louse
Totoli
tuma clothes louse
Dampelas
tuma clothes louse
Bare'e
tuma clothes louse
Tae'
tuma clothes louse
tuma-n have clothes lice
maʔpe-tuma search for lice in the clothes
Mandar
tuma clothes louse
Buginese
tuma clothes louse
Makassarese
gan-tuma clothes louse
Wolio
tuma louse
CMP Komodo
tuma clothes louse
Manggarai
tuma clothes louse: Pediculus vestimenti
Ngadha
tuma clothes louse
Rotinese
tuma clothes louse
Tetun
tuma white mite which attacks clothes
Leti
tuma clothes louse
Yamdena
tume kind of louse
Soboyo
tuma head louse
tuma gofola wall louse
tuma-n tolu nit
asu-n-tuma flea on a dog
OC Lusi
tuma louse
Kove
tuma louse
Lakalai
la-tuma flea, house louse, bedbug
Yabem
tôm louse
Gapapaiwa
tuma kind of large louse
Suau
tuma louse
Magori
tuma louse
Mailu
tuma louse, bug
Saliba
tuma louse
Tubetube
tuma louse
Nggela
tuma a moth that gets into clothes and destroys them
Wala
ne-tum louse
Tongan
tuma kind of louse
Niue
tuma clothes louse
Futunan
tuma clothes louse
Formosan Saisiyat
solœh roast over a slow fire
Amis
todoh to burn (generic); to roast, barbecue
todoh-en to burn something
Bunun
ma-tunuh to roast right on the fire
Tsou
c<m>uhu to roast right on the fire
Kanakanabu
c<um>á-cunu to roast right on the fire
Saaroa
c<um>a-cuɬu to roast right on the fire
Rukai (Budai)
ua-cuɬu to roast right on the fire
Paiwan
tsulʸu to roast something
WMP Isneg
túno to roast
Casiguran Dumagat
tunó roast in or over a fire (of meat, fish, bananas, root foods)
Kelabit
tunuh burning, roasting
Murik
tunuʔ roasting
Malagasy
tóno roast, grilled
Iban
tunu burn up, consume by fire; to roast, toast (as fish)
Malay
tunu consume by fire, burn up. Of the destruction of forest by fire when clearing land for cultivation; of burning incense; of slaying one's enemies by burning; of the walls of a house being burnt
Old Javanese
a-tunu on fire, ablaze; seek death by fire, throw oneself into the fire
pa-nunw-an cremation place, pile, pyre
Javanese
tunu a small fire
di-tunu put in the fire, burn; roasted (over a fire, in the ashes)
Madurese
tono to burn
ka-tono-n burned
Balinese
tunu roast on a fire, bake on glowing coals; cremate
Proto-Sangiric
*tunu to bake, roast
Sangir
tunu scorch, singe
ta-tunu the instrument or means (hot water, etc.) by which something is scorched or singed
Proto-Minahasan
*tunu burn, bake, roast
Tontemboan
tunu to burn, bake, roast
Gorontalo
tulu fire
Balantak
tunu to burn
Uma
-tunu to burn
Tae'
tunu to burn, roast, broil, bake; slaughter animals
tunu kuliʔ roast over a fire in the skin, as tubers
man-tunu to burn, bake; slaughter (sacrificial) animals for one who has died
Mandar
tunu to roast; roasted (as fish)
Buginese
tunu to roast (as fish)
Makassarese
tunu to burn, lay in the ashes; light (a lamp), bake in an oven, roast over a fire; lay in a fire (of golden ornaments, as one of the operations needed to make them beautiful; to heat up (stones); slaughter (of buffalos, goats
at-tunu roti to bake bread
pat-tunu-aŋ offering feast; place where burnt offerings are made
Wolio
tunu to light (lamp, fire), set afire, burn, heat up, roast, bake (also pottery)
Bonerate
tunu to burn
Chamorro
tunu burn, barbecue, scald, broil
CMP Komodo
tunu to burn (a field), to roast (meat, corn)
Manggarai
tunu to roast (young corn in the husk, unpeeled manioc)
Rembong
tunu to roast (young corn) in the husk
Ngadha
tunu to burn, burn off
tunu ŋana singe off the bristles of a sacrificial pig, an oath
Kodi
tunu to burn
Anakalangu
tunu burn
Kambera
tunu set on fire (as a house); burn (as lime), roast, bake (as a chicken or young corn
Hawu
tunu burn; fry, grill, roast (as a chicken); to light, ignite (as a lamp)
Dhao/Ndao
tunu to burn
Rotinese
tunu roast, bake, cook without fat (meat, fish, corn, etc.); singe off the fur of a pig, goat, etc. in making a sacrificial offering
Tetun
tunu to roast, to bake (in an oven or over a fire)
tunu fahi singe a pig (to scrape off hair and skin)
tunu ahu make quicklime
tunu-n baked in an oven
Erai
tunu to roast
Talur
tunu to burn
Tugun
tunu to burn, roast
Kisar
kunu burn, roast, bake
Leti
tunu set on fire, burn, roast or bake; shoot a firearm
Luang
n-tunu to burn
Wetan
tuni burn, roast, often combined with naja, to cook: ra-tuni ra-naja they roasted and cooked, they prepared food
Selaru
tun shoot with a firearm; burn, roast on the fire; ignite, set on fire
Yamdena
tunu to fry, to bake, to roast in the fire; shooting of firearms; shining, scorching of the sun
in tu-tunu fish baked in the fire
Fordata
tunu roast in a fire; shooting of a firearm
(tan)tunu-n roasted in the fire
Kei
en-tun roast or stew in the fire, to bake; shoot off firearms
Dobel
tun stove
Paulohi
tunu roast, burn; shoot with a weapon', tunu 'to burn; to shoot
Proto-Ambon
*tunu to burn, to shoot
Hitu
tunu to burn
Asilulu
tunu to burn; to roast or bake; to shoot
ta-tunu something roasted or burned
ai ta-tunu firewood
katihu ta-tunu roasted shrimp
Wakasihu
tunu to burn
Buruese
tunu-h heat the midsection of (cylinder, rod, or tube) in a flame
Sula
donu to burn
Soboyo
tunu to burn, singe off hair, feathers, etc. over a fire: roast
SHWNG Numfor
kun to fry
kun burn, fry, roast; ignite a fire or lamp
kun to fry
Serui-Laut
tunu to cook
OC Nali
tun-tun to burn, roast
Titan
tunu-tun to burn, roast
Wuvulu
unu cook, roast
unu-m-ia cook it!, roast it!
Tigak
tun cook
Label
tun cook, burn
Tolai
tun to burn, cook, roast, broil; burn down the grass on a new plantation
Kove
tunu to burn
Lakalai
tulu-lu to burn (of a burn); be burned
e-tulu-lu hot taro
Wogeo
tunu roast, burn; cook it!
Gedaged
tun-i cause to burn, light (a fire so it burns well), set fire
Gitua
tun burn, hot
Motu
tunu-a to bake pottery
Tawala
tunu-ya shine a light, light up
Tubetube
tun to burn down, as a house or garden
Torau
ta-tunu to burn
Takuu
tunu to cook on hot coals, to roast
Cheke Holo
tunu burn with fire
thunu be burned (living being)
Roviana
tunu burn scars on the arm, as is often done by young boys
Bugotu
tunu mark, blot, cicatrix caused by burning
Kwaio
unu native torch; to light, illuminate; divine a thief using a magical torch, unu-a cook vegetables (or edible insects) by steaming in a leaf-plugged bamboo tube on an open fire
Lau
ūnu a torch of dried coconut leaves tied together
'Āre'āre
ūnu torch made from dry coconut leaf; go fishing at night with this torch
haneia ūnu ordeal, judgement by hot stones, trial by fire
Arosi
unu raise cicatrices on the body with a burning brand
Mota
tun to roast on embers, toast
Lonwolwol
tUnu to light, set fire to
Rotuman
fun- to cook (esp. by boiling)
Fijian
tunu warm food up again
Tongan
tunu cook over an open fire, to roast, grill or toast; roasted, grilled, toasted; roasting, etc.; what is roasted or being roasted, etc.; fire for roasting, etc.
Niue
tunu to boil, broil, roast (as yam over the fire)
Futunan
tunu roast over a fire (as breadfruit)
Samoan
tunu broil; boil; (of hot drink) make; to roast, to toast, to broil, to fry, to boil (Pratt 1984)
Tuvaluan
tunu cook
Kapingamarangi
dunu cook over an open fire, boil
Nukuoro
dunu cook, heat up, boil (water)
Rennellese
tunu to cook, roast on hot coals
tunu kapekape cook directly on a fire, as fish, birds; barbecue
Anuta
tunu roast something over an open fire; roasted
Rarotongan
tunu to cook as in cooking food; to boil, as in boiling a kettle of water; to roast or bake
tunu paka to roast on fire embers
Maori
tunu to roast, to broil; inspire with fear
Hawaiian
kunu broil on coals, as meat or fish
Formosan Paiwan
ts-in-ulʸu be burnt, slaughtered
WMP Ilokano
t-in-úno broiled or roasted meat, fish, etc., toasted bread, etc. It is stuck on a piece of bamboo or wire and held over live coals
Isneg
s-in-úno roasted
Itawis
s-in-únu roasted, that which is to be roasted
Old Javanese
t-in-unu be burned, burned up, burned down, set fire to, be put in the fire, heated; cremated
Sangir
ni-tunu be singed by someone
Palauan
dəlúl broiled; roasted; sunburned
Formosan Paiwan
ts-m-ulʸu to roast meat; burn something or someone; kill a pig or chicken
WMP Old Javanese
t-um-unu to burn, burn up, burn down, set fire to, put in the fire, heat; cremate
Tontemboan
t-um-unu to roast, as corn on a fire
Palauan
d-m-ul to broil, to roast
Formosan Paiwan
tsulʸu-an heat
WMP Isneg
tuno-án to roast
Old Javanese
tunw-an, tuno-n what is burnt down, burnt remains; pile, pyre
Tontemboan
tunu-an that on which something is burned, the fire; place where something is burned
tu-tunu, i-tunu material used for burning something
Makassarese
tunu-aŋ what can or will be offered in sacrifice (as a burnt offering); to sacrifice something for someone
tedoŋ tunu-aŋ buffalo fattened for sacrifice
Formosan Paiwan
ki-tsulʸu burn oneself; join in a sacrificial feast
WMP Palauan
kə-dúl burn each other
Formosan Paiwan
ma-tsulʸu to be hot
WMP Itawis
ma-túnu that which is to be roasted
Old Javanese
ma-tunw-a-tunw-an to set everything on fire
Tontemboan
me-tunu to burn, bake, roast
Tae'
ma-tunu cooked thoroughly, well-cooked
Buginese
ma-tunu cooked well
SHWNG Irarutu
ma-tun to fry
WMP Isneg
ma-núno to roast
Kelabit
nunuh to burn, to roast
Murik
nunuʔ to roast over a fire, as meat
Nias
ma-nunu light, kindle, ignite; roast in a fire; burn; to shoot, fire a weapon
Balinese
nunu roast on a fire, bake on glowing coals; cremate
Sangir
ma-nunu scorch, singe; burn, pour hot water over a pig to facilitate scraping off the bristles
Gorontalo
mo-lulu roast in hot ashes (as cassava)
Palauan
mə-lúl to broil, roast; get oneself sunburned
mə-lúl a ʔad cremate
mə-lúl a ʔaus make lime from coral
SHWNG Serui-Laut
nunu to cook
WMP Isneg
mag-túno to roast
Itawis
mat-túnu to roast
Malagasy
mi-tóno to roast
Mandar
mat-tunu to ignite, light (as a lamp); to roast (as a fish)
Buginese
mat-tunu to roast (as fish)
WMP Ilokano
tuno-én to roast, to broil, to toast; to singe, to scorch, to sear
Gorontalo
tulu-wolo roasted, as cassava in hot ashes
OC Titan
tunu-tun to burn
Tanga
tun-tun hot (water, weather)
Label
tun-tun to cook, to burn
Gitua
tun-tun hot
Motu
tunu-tunu bake pottery (collective)
Cheke Holo
tu-tunu make small fires in a garden area to remove the debris which has been cut down to clear the ground
Nggela
tunu-tunu dot, spot, blot
tunu-tunu-ga spots all over; brand with fire, touch or prick with burning brand
tu-tunu branding
Sa'a
u-unu, u-unu-unu burn in the fire, roast flesh on the embers; raise cicatrices on the body by burning
u-unu-unu young men's game played on sand, two sides each with its oven (umu); the game is to wrest one of the opposite side and put him into the oven
u-unu-hi to burn
Mota
tun-tun a roasted, toasted yam
tu-tun hot; dear (as a friend)
Fijian
tunu-tunu hot
Kapingamarangi
dunu-dunu cook over an open fire, boil
Nukuoro
dunu-dunu cook, heat up, boil (water)
Maori
tunu-tunu to roast; faint-hearted, afraid
Formosan Amis
toŋtoŋ the sound of drums
Puyuma (Tamalakaw)
pa-Tu<a>ŋTuŋ-an drum
pa-TuŋTuŋ-i to beat a drum
WMP Malay
tontoŋ bamboo gong
Toba Batak
tuŋtuŋ a wooden bell
Javanese
ṭoŋṭoŋ-an slitgong (Pigeaud 1938 )
Sangir
tuntuŋ sound of a type of large drum
Chamorro
toŋtoŋ pound, beat, batter, bang against, strike heavily or repeatedly with fist
Formosan Tsou
cərhə bone
Kanakanabu
cuʔúanə bone
Saaroa
culalhə bone
Rukai (Budai)
cooɭale bone
Paiwan
tsuqelalʸ bone
tsuqelalʸ nua kasiw heartwood
ts-m-uqelalʸ be bony, have prominent bones
WMP Inati
tolan bone
Hiligaynon
túlʔan bone
Cebuano
tulʔán knee joint of human being or large animals; legs or lower limbs of man or animals
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
tulan bone
Manobo (Kalamansig Cotabato)
tuʔelan bone
Maguindanao
tulán bone
Manobo (Sarangani)
toʔlan bone
Basap
tulaŋ bone
Moken
kelan bone
kelan bone
Karo Batak
tulan bone
Mentawai
tōlat bone
Proto-Lampungic
*tuhelan bone
Old Javanese
tahulan <M bone, fish bone
kayu tahulan tree stump?; leafless tree?
Mongondow
tuḷan bone
Ponosakan
tulan bone
Gorontalo
tulalo bone
Palauan
dəʔóyl spine; backbone
Formosan Puyuma
tuʔur a tree used to make pigs’ troughs and to build houses, the Java cedar: Bischofia javanica, and Formosa acacia: Acacia confusa
WMP Hanunóo
túʔug a tree (probably Bischofia javanica Blm.); shavings from the bark are rubbed on fishing lines to become dark, smooth, and more durable
Formosan Kavalan
turis lines, stripes, pattern (Li and Tsuchida 2006); line (that you draw); marks on snake skin; tattoo (Blust, fieldnotes)
sa-turis colorful
t<m>uris to draw
turis na rima lines in the palm of the hand; fortune
Amis
toris, tosir a line on paper or a line of planted rice plants
Paiwan
tsuris a scratch, gash (wound); a line
WMP Maranao
toris etch a line on
toris-an striped
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
turis mark out a design, a boundary, or a pattern
Malay
turis skin-deep slash; long but shallow cut
CMP Ngadha
turi dash, stroke, line; draw a line; lined, striped
Tetun
tui to scratch a line; to scratch with a fingernail or any similar object
tui-k a line, scratch, score, or mark
Formosan Kavalan
tusuR threading of beads, etc.
Bunun
ma-tusul to string together, as flowers
Paiwan
tsusu a cord for stringing something on (as beads, millet)
WMP Itbayaten
too-tohoy running stitch
Tagalog
túhog a stringing together of things, piercing through them to hold them
Bikol
túhog to string (as beads); to skewer, place on a stick; to impale
Hanunóo
túhug stringing of beads or similar objects
pa-nuhúg-an beads, literally 'that which is used for being strung'
Aklanon
túhog pierce, pass or cut through, penetrate
t-in-uhog-an pierced ears (for earrings)
Cebuano
túhug pierce through with a string (as pearls for a necklace), a stake (as a fish impaled on a harpoon), or something else, hang something on something long
Maranao
tog pass something through a hole
Tboli
tool thread on which beads are strung; to string beads into a necklace
Tausug
mag-tuhug to string (something, as fish or beads)
Sangir
tuheʔ string things together
CMP Manggarai
tur to string, as beads on a thread; to stitch (a mat); to pile up (stones)
Rembong
tur to string beads
Ngadha
tu to put in, insert (as firewood in a fire); pierce; to thread (a needle)
Tetun
tuu the spike of a fish's dorsal fin, any sharp object capable of pricking the skin; to prod, to poke, to touch with the point of a finger, or any other object for prodding
SHWNG Numfor
kur to string (as beads)
OC Tolai
tur to pierce, as a spear or arrow; to perforate, bore through
Magori
turi to thread, sew
Motu
turi-a plait an armlet; sew; string fish together
Rotuman
fui single piece of Rotuman necklace or garland
fui-ʔaki to string together, make a necklace or garland
Fijian
tui lift up with a string
tui-tui vaka string together
Tongan
tui put in, insert, e.g. hand into pocket, or thread into needle; to thread (needle, beads, etc.); make by threading (as a necklace); to stab, pierce, gore; thing for threading with, such as the small forked stick used for threading sennit when reeding a house; put on, wear (clothes)
Niue
tui to sew; to pierce (with a needle or other sharp point); to wear, to put on clothes
Samoan
tui stab, jab; prick, pick (with a fork, etc.); (of insect, etc.) sting; (of horse) spur; given an injection, inject; thread something through (as thread through a needle)
Tuvaluan
tui thread on string (as fish); stab; pierce
Kapingamarangi
dui to sew; to patch; pierce with an object; skewer; to spill; to insert an extra leaflet in mat plaiting
Nukuoro
dui stab with a sharp object, pierce with a sharp object, sew, string (flowers or fish, etc.); straight course (of a canoe)
Rennellese
tui bone, as of whale; awl or stick used as an awl; to string together, as fish, beads, coconuts; to sew, as a bugho seine or baghu mat; eat with a coconut-leaf midrib; fork; to be sharp; to insert, stick in or through
Rarotongan
tui to sew, join or fasten together with a needle or thread; thread a wreath; thread shells into a neck or head ornament; thread or join up candlenut kernels on the mid-rib of the coconut frond; to pierce
Maori
tui pierce; thread on a string; lace, fasten by passing a cord through holes; sew; put the hand or arm through a loop, pass the arm through another person's arm; string on which anything is threaded
Hawaiian
kui to string pierced objects, as flowers in a lei, or fish; to thread, as beads; needle, pin, spike, nail, screw, any pointed instrument of wood or metal; to sting
Formosan Bunun
tusul-un to string
WMP Itbayaten
tohoy-en pierce or prick through something
tohy-en to needle the stems of the leaves of tobacco to dry
Bikol
tuhóg-on be strung (as beads), skewered, placed on a stick, impaled
Formosan Kavalan
t-m-usuR to thread beads, etc.
Paiwan
ts-m-usu to string (beads)
Formosan Paiwan
ts<aly>udjuq-an finger
WMP Yami
t<an>oro finger
Ilokano
tudó pointer, indicator
Bontok
tudu to reveal; to make known; to show; to point out
Tagalog
túroʔ instruction; teaching; education
i-túroʔ to instruct; to teach (emphasis on subject taught)
i-pa-túroʔ to order the teaching of a particular subject
mag-túroʔ to teach
Hanunóo
túruʔ pointing; direction
Malay
tudoh accusation, esp. slanderous accusation; pointing out a person guilty of some heinous act
Toba Batak
ma-nudu to point at something
Sundanese
tuduh pointing out
Old Javanese
tuduh instruction, direction, directive, order, guidance
a-tuduh to give directions, give guidance, point out, give orders
Javanese
tuduh-tuduh to point to; to point out, advise
Balinese
nuduh to command, set a task, give instructions
Tae'
turo point out, show, demonstrate
CMP Tetun
tudu to indicate, designate or nominate
tudu liman ba to point the finger at
ha-tudu to show, to indicate, to point out, to direct
Robert Blust and Stephen Trussel
www.trussel2.com/ACD
2010: revision 6/21/2020
email: Blust (content) –
Trussel (production)
CognateSets-Index-C