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Updated: 6/21/2020

Austronesian Comparative Dictionary

Noise

a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w y z

l

le li lo

(Dempwolff: *tumbak ‘crab claw, lance’ )

lance: crab claw, lance

WMP
Ngaju Dayak	tumbak	lance
Malay	tombak	spear, lance
Old Javanese	tumbak	lance
Javanese	tumbak	spear, lance
OC
Tongan	tupa	kind of land crab
Niue	tupa	a crab; a slave
Futunan	tupa	kind of land crab
Samoan	tupa	beach crab, Cardisoma sp.
Kapingamarangi	dube	land crab

This is one of the most remarkably speculative of all Dempwolff etymologies. The forms in western Indonesia refer exclusively to spears or lances, and those in Polynesian languages to land crabs, but here he has tried to force a connection by assuming that the primary reference in the latter case is to the claw of the crab, imagined as somehow believed to be lance-like (rather than pincer-like, which is far more likely). Dempwolff (1938) reconstructed ‘Uraustronesisch’ *tumbak ‘crab claw, lance’ (Krebsschere, Lanze).

late

WMP
Isneg	abát	to be late
Aklanon	ábot	a late-comer to dinner (or any meal)

laugh

WMP
Ifugaw	kíki	manner of laughing, applied to women and children (onomatopoetic)
Ifugaw (Batad)	kiki	a laugh
Kayan	kikik	a shout or yell (of pleasure)

(Dempwolff: *eneb 'settle, clear, of liquids')

layer, stratum

WMP
Isneg	annāp	layer, stratum, bed (e.g. the leaves that cover the bottom of the hearth, etc.)
Malay	enap	tailings, alluvial deposit
Old Javanese	eneb	that which has settled on the bottom

TOP le li lo

leaf: pulpy leaf

WMP
Tagalog	balábaʔ	pulpy leaf or joint of plants such as the banana
Tae'	balaʔbaʔ	frond of the sugar palm the leaves of which are twisted together

Chance. Although this item might be considered a doublet of *palacipaq, Tae' balaʔbaʔ appears to derive from an infixed form of *bejbej (cf. Tae' baʔbaʔ).

lean-to

OC
Kwaio	ofa	large lean-to, temporary shelter
Kosraean	ohp	lean-to roof

TOP le li lo

lie above

WMP
Toba Batak	lindi	to add, annex
Javanese	kə-lindih	overcome, defeated

Best treated as a chance resemblance. Dempwolff (1938) reconstructed Uraustronesisch *lindiq ‘lie above’ (obenliegen).

light: day, sun, light

WMP
Simalur	balal, falal	day, sun
Nias	bala	day
Mongondow	bayag	light, radiance
OC
Molima	vala	sun(light), day(light)

Chance. Kähler (1961) cites this comparison, but Mongondow y can only reflect *d, *r, or *y, none of which are regular sources of Simalur, Nias -l-.

lightning: to flash, of lightning

CMP
PAmb	iti	to lighten; flash, of lightning
OC
Gilbertese	iti	lightning, thunderbolt, electricity, light
Tuvaluan	iti	electricity

Ranby (1980) gives NANU iti as a borrowing from English, but Gilbertese iti would appear to be a more likely source. The resemblance of these forms to Proto-Ambon *iti is regarded as a product of chance.

lining, mat

WMP
Bikol	hápin	lining; insulation, padding; layer, ply, veneer; to line (as shelves, boxes)
Kelabit	epin	sleeping mat

liquid: fluid, liquid

WMP
Bikol	antáʔ	juice of fruits of the citrus family
Hanunóo	ʔántaʔ	juice, as from citrus fruits
Aklanon	átaʔ	fluid, potion, liquids, semen
Cebuano	átaʔ	ink of squids and similar creatures
Mansaka	ataʔ	fluid ejected by octopus/squid
Kayan	ataʔ	water

TOP le li lo

lock of hair

OC
Tolai	ip	a curl of the head, lock of hair
Maori	iho	lock of hair

(Dempwolff: *buntu)

lock up

WMP
Malay	buntu	blocked; not admitting further ingress (of a cave walled up, a drain choked, a blind alley, etc.)
Sundanese	buntu	not permitting egress, dead-end (of a road, etc.), not able to continue through or move forward; something (such as a commercial transaction) which because of a hindrance cannot be carried out
Old Javanese	wuntu	full, blocked, clogged
Javanese	buntu	stopped at one end; clogged; fig. bogged down
Javanese	jalan buntu	dead-end road
Sasak	buntu	stopped, plugged up, of anything that is tube-shaped
Bare'e	buntu	unable to go further; leave behind (as a travelling companion),
OC
Fijian	butu-ya	enclose in a net, as fish; bring things together to meet, as of the thatch on the roof of a house

(Dempwolff: *piŋgaŋ ‘loins’)

loins

WMP
Malagasy	fiŋgana	a trip up, a stroke by which a person is tripped up
Malay	piŋgaŋ	waist; loins
Javanese	piŋgaŋ	loins

Based on this comparison Dempwolff (1938) posited Uraustronesisch *piŋgaŋ ‘loins’. The Javanese word probably is a Malay loan, and the Malagasy word, which Dempwolff glossed ‘move the legs’ (Bein stellen) is best ignored.

(Dempwolff: *lawas ‘long duration’)

long duration

WMP
Ngaju Dayak	lawas	internode, the part between two joints or knuckles (of fingers, sugarcane, bamboo, rattan, etc.)
Malagasy	lava	long, tall; without interruption
Malay	lawas	clear; open; unobstructed (of an open field, a coconut palm stripped of its coconuts, a comfortable feeling after the stomach has been rid of a heavy meal
Toba Batak	laos	continue, walk on; go around
Old Javanese	lawas	length of time, duration

Based on the first four members of this comparison Dempwolff (1938) proposed Uraustronesisch *lawas ‘long duration’ (lange Dauer). However, there is little semantic coherence in this comparison, and it is best treated as a product of chance until better evidence can be found to support it.

(Dempwolff: *luga(r) ‘sparse, not dense’)

loose sparse roomy

WMP
Malay	loŋgar	loose-fitting; loose and shaking (of a that needs a wedge to prevent its wobbling, a kris too small for its scabbard, of breaking up earth
Javanese	loŋgar	having enough room, having leeway
OC
Fijian	loŋga	sparse, not dense

A product of chance. Dempwolff (1938) posited ‘Uraustronesisch’ *luga(r) ‘sparse, not dense’ (undicht).

lose: to lose

WMP
Maranao	ilap	to lose
Old Javanese	ilep	to lose

lose consciousness

WMP
Mansaka	ayab	afraid of heights
Ngaju Dayak	hayap	fainting spell
Bidayuh (Bukar-Sadong)	ayab	confused, muddled up, wandering of the mind

(Dempwolff: *upaw)

lose hair or feathers

WMP
Tagalog	úpaw	bald
Bikol	úpaw	bald, shaved to baldness
Aklanon	úpaw	fall out (said of hair)
Cebuano	upáw	bald, lacking hair on the head; devoid of vegetation; infertile
Maranao	opaw	shave hair; bald head
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)	upew	bald
Tiruray	ʔufaw	a bald head
Malagasy	ofo	scaling off
Malagasy	mi-ofo	to scale off, to cast the skin or slough

Tiruray ufaw is assumed to be a GCPh loan; the relationship of Malagasy ofo to the Philippine forms is attributed to chance.

low: to low, moo

WMP
Ilokano	úga	to low, to moo (cows); the cry of the deer
Tagalog	uŋáʔ	lowing of cattle
Bikol	úŋaʔ	mooing, lowing of a cow
Cebuano	úŋaʔ	lowing, mooing sound of cows and buffalos; low, moo, bawl as if mooing
OC
Rarotongan	uŋō	to low, as cattle, to bray, as an ass

The resemblance of Ilokano úga and of Rarotongan uŋō/ to the other forms and to one another is attributed to chance.

low rumble

WMP
Malay	leram	(onom.) low rumble
OC
Tolai	lor	to bark, of a dog; to grunt, of a pig

a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w y z

Austronesian Comparative Dictionary, web edition
Robert Blust and Stephen Trussel
www.trussel2.com/ACD
2010: revision 6/21/2020
email: Blust (content) – Trussel (production)
D:\Users\Stephen\Documents\Visual Studio 2008\Projects\prjACD\prjACD\bin\Debug\acd-n_l.htm

Austronesian Comparative Dictionary, web edition
Robert Blust and Stephen Trussel
www.trussel2.com/ACD
2010: revision 6/21/2020
email: Blust (content) – Trussel (production)
Noise-Index-l