Updated: 6/21/2020
| Updated: 6/21/2020 |
Austronesian Comparative Dictionary
Cognate Sets
ha
26311 2613 PMP *ha₁ marker of a tag question
26310 *ha- adjectival prefix for adjectives of measure 2611 PMP *ha-₁ adjectival prefix for adjectives of measure
2612 POC *a- adjectival prefix
Note: Possibly also Fijian ca- ‘passive prefix’. The distributional distinction between *ma- and *ha- is unclear, although both occur in different attested languages as active or fossilized affixes on stems such as *zauq ‘far’. Semantically, the former appears to have been exclusively stative/adjectival, whereas the latter may have had a passive/adjectival sense. I am indebted to David Zorc for comments that led to improvements in this entry.
26402 *hábas tumor in the mouth of an animal 2759 PPh *hábas tumor in the mouth of an animal
Note: Also Tiruray abas ‘the measles’; abas-en ‘sick with the measles’. Possibly a Greater Central Philippines loan in Ilokano.
26258 *habed hindrance, obstacle 2540 PWMP *habed hindrance, obstacle
Note: Also Malay embat ‘to obstruct’.
26260 2542 2543 2544 PPh *maR-habél to weave, be weaving
2545 PPh *habel-án loom for weaving cloth
2546 Note: Malay hambal ‘rug, carpet’ appears to be distinct (cp. Malay (Jakarta) ambal ‘rug, carpet’, with last-syllable /a/, not /e/).
33442 *habhab to gulp, devour, eat like a pig 12150 PPh *habhab to gulp, devour, eat like a pig [doublet: *tabtab]
Note: Also Cebuano hakhák ‘to eat food greedily, and in a hasty, unrefined manner’.
26259 *habuk powdery substance, dust 2541 PMP *habuk powdery substance, dust [disjunct: *qabuk, etc.]
Note: With root *-buk₁ ‘decay, crumble; powder’.
33546 12279 PPh *hábuŋ temporary hut, shelter
Note: Also Ifugaw áboŋ ‘any sort of habitable hut built with light materials’ (probably from Ilokano). A version of this comparison was first noted schematically by Zorc (1986:163).
26261 2547 PWMP *hacuk enter, penetrate [disjunct: *hasuk]
26262 *hadas anise, aniseed, fennel: Foeniculum vulgare 2548 PWMP *hadas anise, aniseed, fennel: Foeniculum vulgare
Note: Also Toba Batak adas ‘anise, fennel’ (from Malay), Madurese addas ‘kind of plant’.
32692 11102 Note: Also Bontok dáwi ‘far, distant’. The semantic distinction beween this form and PPh *adayuq remains unclear.
26263 *hadiq no, not (probably negator of verbs and adjectives) 2549 PWMP *hadiq no, not (probably negator of verbs and adjectives) [doublet: *hediq]
Note: Also Itbayaten alih ‘not, none’, Kapampangan alíʔ ‘not’, pay-alíʔ ‘deny’.
33204 11707 PPh *hag(e)kes wrap around; hug
Note: With root *-kes ‘encircle; wrap firmly around’.
26264 2550 PWMP *hagetik sound of ticking
Note: With root *-tik₂ ‘ticking sound’.
26265 2551 PWMP *hagetuk sound of knocking
Note: With root *-tuk₂ ‘knock, pound, beat’.
26266 2552 PWMP *haguk deep throaty sound
Note: With root *-guk ‘deep, throaty sound’.
26267 2553 Note: With root *-kep₂ ‘seize, embrace’.
26268 *hakhak laugh loudly; loud or raucous laughter 2554 PWMP *hakhak laugh loudly; loud or raucous laughter [doublet: *hikhik]
26269 *hakut hakut kind of mason bee or wasp 2555 PWMP *hakut hakut kind of mason bee or wasp
Note: Also Bikol akót-akót ‘species of wasp nesting in wood’, Minangkabau aŋkup-aŋkup ‘mason bee’. Probably the same morpheme as *SakuC, from this insect's habit of frequently flying to and fro to transport materials to its nest.
26270 *halaw drive away (as animals) 2556 PWMP *halaw drive away (as animals)
26271 2557 Note: With root *-lem₁ ‘dark’. It is unclear whether *malem ‘night’ is an affixed form of *halem (*ma-halem), or simply another morpheme which shares the root *-lem and coincidentally contains an initial syllable that matches the stative/attributive prefix *ma-.
33683 *halhál to pant, as a dog with open mouth 12430 PPh *halhál to pant, as a dog with open mouth
Note: Also Manobo (Western Bukidnon) belhal-an ‘of a dog or carabao, to pant when tired’, Binukid balhal-en ‘to pant rapidly (from exertion or being overheated)’.
26272 2558 Note: Zorc (1985) posits "Proto-Hesperonesian-Formosan" *SaliN ‘move away, transfer’, but the cognation of the non-Philippine members of his comparison (Paiwan s-m-alilʸ ‘to isolate, put something off by itself’, ki-salilʸ ‘to isolate oneself’, Malay alin ‘to massage by magic art so as to extract a toxic foreign body from the human frame’) is questionable.
26273 2559 Note: Also Hanunóo halúʔ ‘monitor (Varanus salvator Laurenti), a large lizard’. Since PWMP *bayawak almost certainly meant ‘monitor lizard’, PWMP *halu probably referred to smaller lizards of similar body form. Tentatively I suggest ‘iguana’ as the most plausible gloss.
26274 *hamak mat 2560 PWMP *hamak mat [doublet: *lamak] [disjunct: *amak]
Note: Also Casiguran Dumagat makmak ‘leaves which are spread out on the ground to sit on or sleep on; spread out leaves on the ground to sit or sleep on’, Singhi Land Dayak omuk ‘mat’, Sundanese samak ‘mat; sitting mat of woven pandanus leaves’, Sundanese pandan samak ‘the type of pandanus used in making such sitting mats’.
26275 *hambej wrap around; band around something 2561 PWMP *hambej wrap around; band around something
Note: With root *-bej ‘wind around repeatedly’.
26276 *hambeŋ obstruct, block the way 2562 PWMP *hambeŋ obstruct, block the way [doublet: *ambaŋ, *ampeŋ] [disjunct: *qambeŋ]
Note: Also Old Javanese ambeg ‘stop flowing (of river that is dammed)’, Manggarai ambaŋ ‘obstruct, impede’.
26277 *hambin carry in the folds of the clothing 2563 PWMP *hambin carry in the folds of the clothing
Note: Evidently distinct from *qabin ‘hold or carry under the arm’.
26278 2564 PPh *hambúg proud, boastful [doublet: *ambuŋ]
26279 2565 Note: Also Ifugaw antak ‘a yellow variety of green gram: Phaseolus radiatus Linn.’, Bikol anták ‘long bean species’. The similarity of Old Javanese (h)atak to the other forms cited here may be a product of chance.
26280 2566 Note: With root *-pak₁ ‘slap, clap’.
26281 *hampaŋ easy, promiscuous (of women) 2567 PWMP *hampaŋ easy, promiscuous (of women)
Note: Also Malay gampaŋ ‘of little account; easy; light’, anak gampaŋ ‘child of doubtful paternity’, Malay jampaŋ ‘of little account (Selangor dialect)’, Sasak ampah ‘easy’, Sasak ampah-aŋ ‘understand something easily’. Reid (1982:207ff) maintains that medial prenasalization in Ilokano is indicative of borrowing from Malay, either directly, or indirectly through Tagalog or Sama-Bajaw. While this may be true in particular cases it is difficult to justify in the present instance, since Tagalog appears to lack a corresponding form, and although Malay has a cognate, its meaning is substantially different from that of Ilokano ampáŋ.
26282 2568 PMP *hampil go together [doublet: *hampir]
Note: Also Malay hampir ‘proximity; nearly; close by’, hampir-i ‘to draw near; to approach’. Tagalog hampil ‘near’, cited by Dempwolff (1938) but not in modern dictionaries, is assumed to be a Malay loanword.
26283 2569 PWMP *hampir near, close by [doublet: *hampil]
Note: Also Iban ampih ‘near, close’, Sundanese ampeuy ‘near by, in the vicinity’, Tae' ampiŋ ‘close by, near by, in rapid succession’, Bimanese ambi ‘ready; almost’. The evidence for PWMP *hampir is problematic. In addition to the Tagalog, Ngaju Dayak and Malay forms cited here, Dempwolff (1934-38) included proposed cognates in Malagasy, Javanese, Sa'a, Fijian, Tongan and Futunan, but these appear to be non-cognate. Moreover, it is possible that the Ilokano, Tagalog and Maranao forms are loanwords from Malay, although the semantic divergence of at least the last of these makes a hypothesis of borrowing unlikely.
26284 2570 26285 2571 Note: Also Old Javanese wūk ‘furious attack’, amūk ‘attack furiously’. These morphologically related forms in Old Javanese suggest that this comparison may have resulted from the borrowing of the affixed form amūk. Despite its initial appeal, this hypothesis fails to explain the initial /h/ in Tagalog, Banjarese or Soboyo.
24959 *handem think, understand 411 PMP *handem think, understand
8041 POC *adom think, understand
Note: With root *-dem ‘think, ponder, brood, remember’.
26286 2572 PWMP *hantaD visible, in full view
Note: Also Aklanon ántad ‘gap, distance, space’, Cebuano aŋtád ‘be in line of sight’.
26287 *hantatadu large stinging green caterpillar 2573 PWMP *hantatadu large stinging green caterpillar [doublet: *katadu] [disjunct: *antatadu]
26288 *hanunaŋ a tree: Cordia dichotoma 2574 PMP *hanunaŋ a tree: Cordia dichotoma [disjunct: *qaNuNaŋ]
33842 *háŋad to lift the head, raise the head 12653 PPh *háŋad to lift the head, raise the head
Note: Also Maranao aŋag ‘look up to imploringly, plead’.
26312 2614 PWMP *haŋak out of breath, gasping
12531 POC *aŋak out of breath, gasping
33693 *haŋes to breathe heavily or with difficulty 12441 PPh *haŋes to breathe heavily or with difficulty
33694 12442 26313 2615 PWMP *haŋga until, as far as [doublet: *hiŋa]
Note: Also Makassarese saŋga ‘go as far as one can’. I assume that the Tagalog and Hanunóo words contain a fosilized suffix *-an.
26314 *haŋin wind 2616 PMP *haŋin wind
2617 POC *aŋin wind
2618 PPh *ma-haŋin windy
2619 PMP *pa(ka)-haŋin expose to the wind
2620 POC *paka-aŋin cause the wind to blow
2621 PMP *pa(ka)-haŋin-haŋin go out for some fresh air
2622 POC *paka-aŋin-aŋin refresh oneself, go out for some fresh air
2623 PWMP *ka-haŋin-an struck by the wind
2624 PWMP *haŋin-an filled with air, bloated
2625 2626 PMP *haŋin-haŋin gust, draft, current of air; rumor
2627 POC *aŋin-aŋin gust, draft, current of air
Note: Also Casiguran Dumagat haŋín ‘winnow rice (by pouring it onto the ground from a height of about 6 feet, allowing the breeze to blow through it to blow away the chaff’ (Tagalog loan), Banjarese aŋin ‘wind’; Simalur aŋén ‘wind’, mal-aŋén ‘winnow by using the wind to separate chaff from grain’, Molima yagila ‘wind’ (apparently a Kilivila loan), Niue faka-aŋi-aŋi ‘up in the air’, ma-aŋi ‘open, well-lit; to relieve, a relief’. Dempwolff (1934-38) reconstructed doublets *aŋin and *haŋin, but Old Javanese (h)aŋin, and all diagnostic Philippine reflexes support *haŋin.
As noted by Dyen (1953:31ff) Malay orthography and speech commonly exhibit variants which differ only in the presence or absence of initial /h/-, and in some cases the expected variant with /h/- is absent. Somewhat more surprising is the absence of an initial /h/- in Banjarese and Sundanese, and this fact might be used to justify a disjunct *aŋin. Finally, the distribution of this form shows some striking discontinuities. While its absence from 26315 *haŋit anger 2628 PMP *haŋit anger
2629 POC *aŋit anger
Note: With root *-ŋiC ‘anger, irritation’.
26316 2630 2631 PWMP *haŋus-en sniffle
Note: Also Fijian ceŋu ‘the breath; to breathe, rest, spell, leave off work’. Despite their perfect correspondence, the resemblance between Toba Batak aŋus ‘cold, catarrh’, and Hawaiian anu ‘cool, cold; coolness, temperature; cold, influenze, have a cold’ appears to be a product of chance (cp. Maori anu, anuanu ‘cold’.
26317 2632 PMP *haŋus₂ odor of burnt food [doublet: *haŋut]
26319 2635 30643 8154 8155 PPh *hapáR-en be chased, pursued
26289 *hapejes smarting, stinging pain 2575 PMP *hapejes smarting, stinging pain [doublet: *hapejis, *Sapejiq]
Note: Also Kapampangan maplás ‘sting (e.g. a wound when medicine is applied)’, Sundanese pedes ‘the ordinary pepper (whether white or black); also, strongly seasoned with pepper, peppery, hot to the tongue’, Bimanese pili ‘sick’.
26290 *hapejis smarting, stinging pain 2576 PMP *hapejis smarting, stinging pain [doublet: *hapejes, *Sapejiq]
26293 2582 26291 2577 2578 2579 26295 2584 PPh *hap(e)rus rub, massage [disjunct: *hapRus]
Note: Also Itbayaten hapxot ‘idea of rubbing on’.
26292 *hapin liner, layer, insulation, padding; sleeping mat 2580 PMP *hapin liner, layer, insulation, padding; sleeping mat
8881 PPh *hapin-an to line, as a shelf or box, provide a lining for
2581 Note: Also Casiguran Dumagat lampen ‘diaper (or any clothing an infant is wrapped in)’, Tagalog sapín ‘pad, padding, cushion’, i-sapín ‘use something as an underlayer (especially for protection)’, Bikol sapín ‘lining, insulation, padding’, Tiruray amfen ‘pad of any sort used as a saddle on a riding animal; place an amfen on an animal’, Kelabit epin ‘sleeping mat’, Malay lampin ‘swathing band; wrapper wound round a very young child to prevent it injuring itself by rolling about’. Although *hapin evidently referred to any flat pad or lining used to separate surfaces that one did not wish to come into contact, its full range of referents remains somewhat unclear. The meaning ‘diaper, swaddling cloth’ is reflected only in Hiligaynon, Kadazan Dusun and a group of languages in western Indonesia which are either closely related (Malay, Iban) or in a known borrowing relationship (MALY<
/lg>, SIMB). It is possible that this meaning is secondary, but I follow the rules of distribution in primary subgroups to reconstruct it here.). It is possible that this meaning is secondary, but I follow the rules of distribution in primary subgroups to reconstruct it here.
26294 2583 PPh *hapRus rub, massage [disjunct: *haprus]
26296 *hapun dew 2585 PMP *hapun₁ dew [doublet: *ambun]
26297 *hápun to roost, of chickens; time of roosting 2586 PPh *hápun to roost, of chickens; time of roosting
9507 PPh *hapun-an perch, roosting place for chickens
Note: Also Itbayaten apon ‘place where chickens sleep at night (usually on a tree)’. The change *u > /o/ in the Itbayaten and Cordilleran reflexes of this form is puzzling, and may indicate borrowing from Greater Central Philippines languages.
32721 *haq(e)muq tame, docile, mild-mannered 11151 PPh *haq(e)muq tame, docile, mild-mannered
11152 PPh *ma-haq(e)muq tame, docile
11153 PPh *h<um>aq(e)muq to become tame or gentle
Note: Also Tagalog ámoʔ ‘tameness; coaxing, supplication’, ka-amu-an ‘meekness, mildness, gentleness; tameness; tame nature, as of an animal or bird’, ma-ámoʔ ‘tame; domestic; docile; obedient; meek; benign; mild; gentle’, um-ámoʔ ‘to become tame’
33732 *haq(e)was to climb down, dismount; unload 12488 PPh *haq(e)was to climb down, dismount; unload
33684 *hárab₁ for fish to prey on other fish 12431 PPh *hárab₁ for fish to prey on other fish
33685 *hárab₂ pasturage; grazing 12432 PPh *hárab₂ pasturage; grazing
33318 *haruqan mudfish 11856 PWMP *haruqan mudfish [doublet: *qaruqan]
24871 295 PMP *haRemaŋ kind of marine eel
26298 2587 PMP *haRezan notched log ladder
2588 PEMP *aRezan notched log ladder
2589 PMP *haRezan na batu stone stairs
Note: Also Bikol hagyán ‘stair, step’, Tiruray gedan ‘ladder or stairs’, Kelabit ədʰan ‘notched log ladder’, Kenyah (Long Anap) can ‘notched log ladder’, Kiput asiːn ‘notched log ladder’, Bintulu kejan ‘notched log ladder’, Cham lañan, Rhade eñan ‘ladder’, Tae' eran ‘steps, ladder’, Kisar rokon ‘steps, ladder’, Erai esa ‘ladder, post with steps cut in it’, Dobel lola ‘ladder’, Paulohi ilane ‘ladder’. Hendon (1964) posited *haReZan, a form which is identical in all essential respects to that reconstructed here (since I do not recognize the *z, Z distinction as a feature of PAn, PMP or PWMP).
26299 *hasaŋ gills 2590 PMP *hasaŋ gills
2591 PEMP *asaŋ₂ gills
2592 2593 PEMP *asaŋ-i gills of
Note: Also Casiguran Dumagat aháŋ ‘gills (of fish)’, Bikol ásaŋ ‘gills’, Hiligaynon ásaŋ ‘fish gill’, Tiruray asaŋ ‘gills of a fish’, Tontemboan aʔsaŋ ‘gills of a fish’, Mongondow asaŋ ‘gills of a fish’; in-asaŋ-an ‘furnish with gills’, Kambera ŋaha, ŋanja ‘gills’, Wetan aana ‘gills’, Bipi ase-n ‘inner gills (red substance)’, Sori ase-n ‘inner gills’, Ahus ase-n ‘inner gills’, Rennellese asaa ‘fish gills’.
Although widely distributed, this form is common only in the 26300 *haseg stuff or press in, be squeezed in 2594 PWMP *haseg stuff or press in, be squeezed in [doublet: *hasek₂]
26301 *hasek₁ dibble, plant seeds with a dibble stick 2595 PMP *hasek₁ dibble, plant seeds with a dibble stick
2597 POC *asok plant in holes in the ground
2596 PWMP *maŋ-hasek₁ to dibble, plant seeds with a dibble stick
Note: Also Itbayaten asek ‘put something in a hole’, asek-en ‘drip through holes or slits’, Casiguran Dumagat hasík ‘term for the several varieties of mountain rice; plant mountain rice with a dibble stick (in a swidden)’, Ma'anyan ehek ‘dibble stick’. With root *-sek₂ ‘insert, stick into a soft surface’.
This word is of some value for inferences about food-production in PMP society. Dibbling is a form of planting used only for seed crops, and only for dry, as opposed to wet rice. PMP *hasek thus forms one piece of evidence for slash-and-burn dry rice agriculture among Austronesian speakers, circa 3,000 B.C. In the Pacific, where grain crops were lost, this term has only a few questionable, and if valid, semantically altered reflexes (e.g. Sa'a, Arosi ato, ato-ato). POc *pasok ‘to plant (in general)’ does not appear to be an affixed form of *hasek, but probably contains the same root *-sek₂ ‘insert, stick into a soft surface’.
26302 2598 PMP *hasek₂ press in, cram, crowd [doublet: *haseg]
2599 PWMP *maŋ-hasek₂ press, cram in with force
2600 PWMP *hasek-i press, cram in with force
Note: Also Tiruray asek ‘press down, compact the contents of a container or hole’, asek-asek ‘tamp, shake down slightly’. With root *-sek₁ ‘cram, crowd’.
The gloss of Casiguran Dumagat asek, and Tiruray asek (a loan word, probably from a 26303 2601 PWMP *hasuk enter, penetrate, insert [disjunct: *hasek₂]
Note: With root *-suk ‘insert, penetrate, enter’.
26304 2602 PWMP *hataq raw, uncooked [doublet: *qetaq]
2603 7930 2604 PWMP *maŋ-hataq use while still ripe
Note: Also Iban mantaʔ, mataʔ ‘raw, uncooked, unripe, green’, Sangir tamataʔ ‘raw, unripe’, Lau maʔa ‘bright green; raw, unripe’, Kwaio maʔaa ‘raw, of food’. Malagasy manta ‘unripe, raw, crude, green’ probably is an early loan from Banjarese.
33733 *hátaR to divide into shares, give out portions 12489 PPh *hátaR to divide into shares, give out portions
26305 *hatay expression of warning: watch out! 2605 PWMP *hatay expression of warning: watch out!
Note: The forms in western Indonesia may reflect *qaCay ‘liver’. Some of these, as Ambai ati-ati ‘be careful’ and Simalungun Batak ati-ati ‘watch out!’ seem clearly to be borrowed from Malay, but this cannot be the case with Cebuano hatáy.
32703 *hátuŋ fuel for fire, anything used to start a fire 11120 PPh *hátuŋ fuel for fire, anything used to start a fire
Note: Also Tagalog gátoŋ ‘fuel (as firewood or coal fuel)’, i-gátoŋ ‘to feed a fire; to add wood or fuel to a fire; (fig.) to stimulate, to excite more activity’.
26306 *hawan atmosphere, space between earth and sky 2606 PWMP *hawan atmosphere, space between earth and sky
2607 PWMP *hawan hawan atmosphere, space between earth and sky
Note: Also Itbayaten ka-hawan ‘weather’. Most of the forms brought together under *hawan can be united through the notion ‘clear or unobstructed space’. However, specific applications of this idea to the atmosphere are sufficiently widespread to justify an inference that the etymon meant ‘atmosphere’ (space between earth and sky), or at least included this meaning among its referents. This inference probably is strengthened by the similar semantic range of reflexes of *awaŋ. Apparent reflexes of *hawan meaning ‘cloud’ may be chance resemblances, but are included as possible cognates through their connection with the atmosphere. Some of these, like Manggarai awaŋ ‘cloud’, almost certainly are Malay loans.
33420 *hawaw thirst 12124 PPh *hawaw thirst [doublet: *quSaw]
26307 *hayep animal 2608 PPh *hayep animal
Note: Also Kankanaey ayup ‘very tame, quiet, calm’.
26308 2609 PWMP *hayun shake, sway, swing
Note: Also Cebuano háyun ‘swing the arms in walking’. Sa'a äsuesu ‘move about, be loose, unstable; to wave, of trees; to shake’, which Dempwolff (1934-38) associated with some of the forms cited here, appears to be unrelated.
26309 2610 PWMP *hayup to blow [doublet: *Siup]
33680 *háyup animal 12427 PPh *háyup animal [doublet: *hayep]
he
26321 *hebás evaporate, dry up 2637 PPh *hebás evaporate, dry up
2638 PPh *maR-hebás to evaporate, cause to dry up
2639 PPh *h<um>ebás to subside, dry up
Note: Also Ilokano ebbás ‘subside, abate, decrease (rivers, brooks, etc.)’, Bikol hubás, ubás ‘low water level, low tide’.
26340 *he(m)bek sob, mumbled complaint 2668 PWMP *he(m)bek sob, mumbled complaint
Note: With root *-bek₁ ‘dull muffled sound’.
26320 2636 Note: With root *-bun ‘heap, cover with earth; collect, assemble’.
26322 2640 PMP *hedaw stop, cease, of rain
Note: Also Cebuano húlaw ‘drought’, Tolai oroi ‘to cease or stop, of rain; abate’.
26323 2641 PWMP *hediq no, not [doublet: *hadiq]
Note: Also Sasak endi(h) ‘isn't it so?’
26324 2642 PWMP *hekas release, loosen, untie
Note: With root *-kas₂ ‘loosen, undo, untie’.
26325 *helek sleep 2643 PPh *helek sleep
Note: Also Kankanaey ek ‘be asleep, fall asleep’.
26326 2644 Note: With root *-luŋ₂ ‘to shelter, shade’.
26327 2645 26328 2646 PMP *hemis sweet taste [disjunct: *emis₁]
2647 2648 PAN *ma-hemis sweet [doublet: *amis, *tamis]
2649 PCEMP *ma-emis sweet; insipid, as fresh water
2650 POC *mamis sweet, fresh (of water)
Note: Also Siraya mahami ‘sweet’, Isneg mit ‘sweet, tasty’, Malay manis ‘sweetness; (of colors) light’, Old Javanese manis ‘sweetness, kindness, gentleness, loveliness’, Simalur mes ‘sweetness’, ma-mes ‘sweet’, Marshallese māmet ‘fresh water; sweet coconut water; sweet, sweetish taste’. The morpheme boundary in PMP *ma-emis had evidently disappeared in POc (*mamis), but given the unaffixed reflexes in some CMP and South Halmahera-West New Guinea languages we must conclude that this was not the case in PCEMP, nor even in Proto-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian.
Although only the meaning ‘sweet’ can be attributed to PMP *hemis/emis, in PCEMP this form had evidently acquired the additional sense of ‘insipid, as fresh water in contrast to salt water’. For the association of sweetness with animal fat in a number of Oceanic languages (seen here in Selaru mami ‘animal fat’, Rennellese mami ‘fat, as fish or fowl)’ cf. Blust (1978:18).
26329 *henaq think, consider; thought, idea 2651 PPh *henaq think, consider; thought, idea
Note: Also Bikol húnaʔ ‘opinion, judgment, view’.
26330 2652 Note: Also Ilokano eddét ‘to moan’. With root *-dek₁ ‘hiccough, sob’.
26339 *heñat stretch 2667 PWMP *heñat stretch
Note: Hiligaynon únat ‘ductile, stretchable’ appears to reflect PPh *húñat, and Ifugaw onát ‘to draw, pull out something in order to use it’ evidently is a chance resemblance. With root *-ñat ‘stretch’.
26338 2666 PMP *heŋak out of breath [disjunct: *eŋap, etc.]
Note: Probably with root *-ŋak ‘screech, howl’.
33547 12280 Note: This comparison was first proposed schematically by Zorc (1986:163).
26331 2653 Note: Also Cebuano hupʔák ‘peel, flake off; cause something to do so’. With root *-pak₂ ‘break, crack, split’.
26333 *heqe yes; expression of agreement 2655 PMP *heqe yes; expression of agreement
2656 POC *oqo yes
Note: Also Paiwan eʔe ‘no!’, Tetun heʔe ‘yes, that is so’, Buruese ehe ‘yes, O.K.’, Kilivila o ‘yes’. PMP evidently distinguished "yes" as the affirmation of a statement (*au) from "yes" as an expression of agreement (*heqe). The latter item appears to have been shaped by expressive universals (cp. 26332 2654 PMP *heqeguk deep guttural sound
Note: Also Kayan guk ‘to bump one thing against another’. With root *-guk ‘deep throaty sound’.
26335 *heReŋ groan, moan, roar, growl 2660 PMP *heReŋ groan, moan, roar, growl [doublet: *huRuŋ 'rumble, groan, buzz, hum']
2661 2662 PWMP *maŋ-heReŋ to groan, moan, roar
Note: With root *-Reŋ ‘groan, moan, snore’. The penultimate accent in Tagalog hígiŋ and Cebuano húguŋ is unexpected, and may indicate that these forms belong elsewhere. Since no clear semantic agreement can be found between them, I assume that the reduplicated forms of *heReŋ in several languages are products of parallel evolution.
26336 *heRuŋ roar 2663 PWMP *heRuŋ roar
Note: With root *-Ruŋ ‘roar, rumble’.
26337 *hesek₁ to plant seeds by dibbling 2664 PPh *hesek₁ to plant seeds by dibbling
2665 PPh *hesek-án field made by dibbling
Note: With root *-sek₂ ‘insert, stick into a soft surface’.
33515 *hesek₂ drive in stakes or posts 12244 PAN *hesek₂ drive in stakes or posts
12245 PMP *esek₂ drive in stakes or posts
Note: With root *-sek₂ ‘insert, stick into a soft surface’.
hi
26341 2669 2670 Note: With root *-bun ‘heap, pile, cover with earth; collect, assemble’. Nggela ivu could, alternatively, be assigned to *qipun, *qimpun ‘heap, collection; to gather, heap up’.
26342 2671 PWMP *hidap suffer, bear hardships
Note: Also Bikol hídop ‘eat something necessary to keep one from starving’.
26343 *hidem keep something to oneself; silent, secret 2672 PWMP *hidem keep something to oneself; silent, secret
Note: Also Bikol hílom ‘in secret; clandestine, covert, furtive, surreptitious’, Sundanese sidem ‘keep to oneself, keep a secret’. Zorc (1982:125) compares Cebuano hílum with Malay (h)ilam-(h)ilam ‘dimly or intermittently visible, as the flight of a bird in the distance’ (< *hiːləm ‘secret, hidden’).
26344 2673 2674 26345 *hig(e)pít pinch or squeeze between two surfaces 2675 PPh *hig(e)pít pinch or squeeze between two surfaces
2676 PPh *hig(e)pít-en be pinched or squeezed by
Note: With root *-pit ‘press, squeeze together; narrow’.
33457 *higút to tie up, tighten a rope 12165 PPh *higút to tie up, tighten a rope
12166 PPh *higut-an (gloss uncertain)
33893 *hiket to weave a net, tie strings together 12719 PWMP *hiket to weave a net, tie strings together
26346 *hikhik snicker, giggle; high-pitched laughter 2677 PWMP *hikhik snicker, giggle; high-pitched laughter [doublet: *hakhak]
Note: Also Aklanon ilikʔik ‘to giggle, snicker’, h-il-iʔhiʔ ‘to snicker, cackle’. Dempwolff (1934-38) gives Javanese ikik which he must have found in Jansz (1913), but neither Pigeaud (1938) nor Horne (1974) lists the form.
26347 *hikñat stretch 2678 PPh *hikñat stretch
Note: Also Cebuano hiknít ‘pull slightly with the fingers as if stretching something’. With root *-ñat ‘stretch’.
33669 12416 Note: Possibly a Tagalog loan in Ayta Abellan.
26348 2679 Note: The Philippine forms may be loans from Malay. If so, however, the thematic *-h of Aklanon híla(h) is unexplained.
32597 10980 PPh *hilap₃ slice, cut (as meat)
10981 PPh *maŋ-hilap to cut or slice meat
10982 PPh *hilap-an (gloss uncertain)
10983 PPh *hilap-en to cut, slice (as meat)
26349 2680 PMP *hilat wide open, of the eyes
Note: With root *-lat₁ ‘open the eyes wide’.
26353 2685 Note: Possibly a Proto-Central Philippines innovation which has been borrowed into Sambal (Botolan) and Casiguran Dumagat.
32587 *hilek a sea fish, the rudderfish: Kyphosus cinerascens 10964 PPh *hilek a sea fish, the rudderfish: Kyphosus cinerascens
26403 2760 2761 PPh *ka-hili-an fellow villager
Note: On semantic grounds it is tempting to include Aklanon ilih-án ‘place, location’ in this set, but if so the zero reflex of *h- cannot be explained. Tentatively Aklanon ilih-án is associated with PMP *qilih ‘mountain, mountain range’, despite the problematic semantics.
26350 *hiliŋ see, examine, look at closely 2681 PWMP *hiliŋ see, examine, look at closely [disjunct: *iliŋ]
Note: Also Old Javanese mileŋ-mileŋ ‘run about, looking everywhere’, Sika ʔileŋ ‘to look; to resemble; to appear’.
26352 *hilít outskirts, edge of settlement 2684 PPh *hilít outskirts, edge of settlement
26351 *hilu poison 2682 PWMP *hilu poison
2683 PWMP *ma-hilu poisonous
Note: Also Aklanon hilóʔ, Hiligaynon hilúʔ ‘poison’.
26404 *hílut massaging, setting of bones 2762 PPh *hílut massaging, setting of bones
2763 PPh *hílut-en to massage, set bones
26354 2686 Note: Also Tagalog himatóŋ ‘giving of directions to find the way to a place’, Aklanon ináto(h) ‘notice, recognize; recall, pay attention’.
26405 *hínam crave, desire, intensely 2764 PPh *hínam crave, desire, intensely
Note: Also Manobo (Western Bukidnon) inam ‘be in suspense; expect anxiously’. Kankanaey inam may contain the root *-ñam ‘savory, tasty’, and hence not be cognate with the other forms cited here.
26355 2687 Note: Dempwolff (1934-38) included Javanese iṭi ‘take scrupulous care of ‘, but this appears to be non-cognate.
33584 *hinuR ripe, ripen, of fruit; reach a ‘ripe’ stage, of a head cold, a boil, etc. 12322 PPh *hinuR ripe, ripen, of fruit; reach a ‘ripe’ stage, of a head cold, a boil, etc.
12323 26356 *hinzam borrowing, lending 2688 PWMP *hinzam borrowing, lending [doublet: *Sezam]
2689 PWMP *maŋ-hinzam borrow
2690 PWMP *maR-hinzam lend, borrow (?)
2691 PAN *pa-hinzam lend
2692 PWMP *hinzam-an person or place from which something is borrowed
2693 PWMP *hinzam-en thing borrowed
2694 PWMP *hinzam-i borrow from (someone)
Note: Also Kayan ujam ‘a loan’, m-ujam ‘to borrow’, Sundanese injɨm ‘borrow, lend’, Ngadha idho ‘lend’. I take Kambera pinjaŋu ‘borrow, lend’ to be a loan from Malay.
26410 *híŋak sound of rushing water or air 2771 PPh *híŋak sound of rushing water or air
Note: Possibly with root *-ŋak ‘screech, howl’.
26357 *hipaR sibling-in-law (probably of the same sex only) 2695 PMP *hipaR₁ sibling-in-law (probably of the same sex only)
2696 POC *ipaR- sibling-in-law of the same sex
Note: Also Manobo (Western Bukidnon) ipag (expected **hipag) ‘BW (m.s.), ZH (w.s.), WZ, HB’, Old Javanese ipe (expected **ipa) ‘BIL, SIL’, Sangir ipageʔ (expected **ipaheʔ) ‘SIL and her consanguines of the same generation; also nephews and nieces’, Mongondow ipaʔ (expected **ipag) ‘BIL, SIL’, Buli ifo (expected **ifa) ‘BIL, SIL’, Mussau ie (expected **ia), ‘SIL’, Bwaidoga/Bwaidoka giva-na (expected **iva-na ‘BW (m.s.), HZ’, Roviana iva-na (expected **ivara-na) ‘BIL’.
Two semantic features of this kinship term appear to be beyond dispute: 1. it referred to affines, 2. these affines were of Ego's generation. However, the glosses in the more detailed dictionaries and in studies devoted specifically to kinship (as Elkins and Hendrickson 1984) show clearly that in most attested languages reflexes of PMP *hipaR are restricted to a specific subset of same generation affines. The challenge to semantic reconstruction with *hipaR, then, is to define this subset of kin on the basis of well-supported arguments.
Where the reflex of *hipaR is not simply glossed ‘BIL, ZIL’, it typically refers to a subset of same generation affines defined by relative sex. There are three fairly well-attested patterns: (1) in a number of the languages of Mindanao in the southern Philippines, and in Isneg of northern Luzon, reflexes of *hipaR mean ‘sibling-in-law of the opposite sex’, that is: BW > (m.s.), ZH (w.s.), WZ and HB; (2) in a number of the languages of Mindanao and in Gaddang of the northern Philippines reflexes of *hipaR mean ‘sibling-in-law’ of the opposite sex (any speaker) and sibling-in-law of the same sex (w.s.)’, that is: BW (m.s.), BW (w.s.), ZH (w.s.), WZ, HB, and HZ; (3) in western Subanen/Subanun of the southern Philippines and in a number of Oceanic languages including Lakalai, Eddystone/Mandegusu, Varisi, and Arosi, simple reflexes of PMP *hipaR mean ‘sibling-in-law of the same sex’, that is: BW (w.s.), ZH (w.s.), WB, and HZ; in Gedaged and Tanga a reflex of PMP *hipaR also means ‘sibling-in-law of the same sex’, except that further distinctions are made with other qualifying words.
The latter pattern is so predominant in the available data for OC systems that it seems fairly safe to infer that POc *ipaR meant ‘sibling-in-law of the same sex’, as was done by Milke (1958). Milke's POc reconstruction raises two questions: 1. What was the POc term for ‘sibling-in-law of the opposite sex’?, 2. can the meaning ‘sibling-in-law of the same sex’ be attributed to PMP *hipaR? Milke answered the first question by suggesting that ZH (w.s.) and HB were terminologically equated with the husband, and that BW (m.s.) and WZ were terminologically equated with the wife. Whether such a system can be attributed to PMP is unclear. The evidence suggests that relative sex played a crucial role in definition of PMP *hipaR (as it did in the system of PMP sibling terms). The distribution of reflexes over major MP subgroups further suggests that PMP *hipaR probably meant ‘sibling-in-law of the same sex’ rather than ‘sibling-in-law of the opposite sex’, but an adequate reconstruction for the latter meaning remains to be found.
26358 *hipaʔ lie in wait for, ambush 2697 PMP *hipaʔ lie in wait for, ambush
Note: Also Bikol (h)ipaɁ ‘wait for in hiding; ambush’.
33445 *hipes to fall silent; keep quiet about something; keep a secret 12153 PPh *hipes to fall silent; keep quiet about something; keep a secret
26359 *hipun₁ tiny sea fish that ascends rivers in huge numbers to spawn 2698 PMP *hipun₁ tiny sea fish that ascends rivers in huge numbers to spawn
2699 PEMP *ipun₁ tiny sea fish that ascends rivers in huge numbers to spawn
Note: Also Kambera ipiŋu (Anakalangu ipuŋu) ‘small sea fish which migrates from the sea upriver to spawn’. Tagalog hípon ‘shrimp’, Cebuano hípun ‘small shrimp’ apparently is distinct.
26406 2765 Note: The distribution of this form may be due to borrowing from Tagalog.
26360 2700 Note: Also Maranao ipo ‘caress with the hands, rub’.
26361 2701 PWMP *hiqepet tight, tightness
Note: Also Tagalog higpít ‘strictness, severity; rigor’. With root *-pet ‘plugged, stopped, closed off’.
34042 *hírap to slice off, cut a slice off 12896 PPh *hírap to slice off, cut a slice off [disjunct: *hilap]
26362 2702 26407 2766 Note: Also Mongondow eleg ‘slant, tilt, be askew’.
26408 2767 Note: Also Bontok ígod ‘scrape or rub, as with a stone when bathing; any object used for scraping the skin when bathing’, lodlod ‘rub one's body with the palm of the hand when bathing, in order to remove ingrained dirt’. With root *-rud ‘scratch, scrape’.
26363 *hiRét tighten; constriction 2703 PPh *hiRét tighten; constriction
2704 PPh *hiRet-an tighten
Note: Also Tboli hilet, Lun Dayeh giret ‘belt’, Iban sirat ‘man's waist- or loin-cloth’. Maranao igot ‘put on a belt; tighten’, igot-an ‘belt’, Manobo (Western Bukidnon) hiǥut-an ‘a string or cord belt which is sewed into the waist of a pair of trousers’, together with the forms in Bikol, Hanunóo, Aklanon, Hiligaynon and Cebuano point to earlier *higut, probably assignable no higher than PCPH. This item probably contains a root *-ReC ‘tighten; belt’.
26364 2705 PAN *hisep suck, inhale [doublet: *qiseq]
2706 Note: With root *-sep ‘sip, suck’.
26365 *hisuq clean oneself by scrubbing 2707 PMP *hisuq clean oneself by scrubbing
2708 PEMP *isug clean oneself by scrubbing
Note: Also Eddystone/Mandegusu iu ‘to wash, esp. the body’. With root *-suq ‘wash, scrub’.
26366 2709 Note: This comparison was provided courtesy of David Zorc.
26368 *hitu catfish 2711 PMP *hitu catfish [disjunct: *hituq]
Note: Also Cebuano ítu ‘general name for catfish’.
26367 *hituq catfish 2710 PMP *hituq catfish [disjunct: *hitu]
Note: Also Bimanese édu ‘fish sp.’, Komodo étu ‘catfish’. Chamorro itoʔ ‘type of fish: Clarias batrachus, freshwater catfish’ (with initial vowel for expected **gui-) appears to be a loan from a Philippine language.
26370 2713 26371 *hiwal shake or move from side to side 2714 PWMP *hiwal shake or move from side to side
Note: Also Amis siwar ‘move or change the position of (as a table); move (as the sun)’, Tagalog íwal ‘body movement to remove pressure upon wound on the part of the body that touches the seat or the back of the chair, or the like’.
26409 *híwaq cut, carve, slice (meat or fish) 2768 PPh *híwaq cut, carve, slice (meat or fish)
2769 PPh *hiwáq-an cut, carve, slice (meat or fish)
2770 PPh *hiwáq-en be cut, carved, sliced (meat or fish)
26372 *hiwiʔ crooked, twisted (of the mouth) 2715 PWMP *hiwiʔ crooked, twisted (of the mouth)
Note: Also Amis ŋiwit ‘crooked (of the mouth)’, Amis siwit ‘to slant, set at an angle’, Bontok iwin ‘bend side-ways’, Tagalog hiwíd ‘awry; out of line’, Tagalog hiwís ‘aslant, as a staircase’, Tagalog ŋiwíʔ ‘crooked-mouthed, wry-mouthed’, Aklanon kiwít ‘crooked, bent, off to one side; pull one's mouth to one side’, paŋ-iwít-kiwít ‘look wryly, show displeasure by pulling one's mouth to one side’.
26373 *hizaw fighting cock with greenish feathers on light background 2716 PWMP *hizaw fighting cock with greenish feathers on light background
Note: Also Ngaju Dayak hijau ‘green, unripe’, Malagasy ma-itsu ‘green’, Iban ijau ‘green, (of leaves) healthy deep green’, Acehnese ijo ‘blue’, Karo Batak (h)ijo ‘light blue (as the sky)’, Toba Batak ijo ‘green’, Simalur ijao-ijao ‘green’, Rejang ijo ‘green, blue (of sea, sky)’, Sundanese héjo, ijo ‘green’, Old Javanese hijo, ma-hijo ‘green, blue’, Javanese ijo ‘green’, Balinese ijo ‘green’, Sasak éjo, ijo ‘green’, Sangir ido ‘green’, Buginese ijo ‘green’, Makassarese ijo ‘green’, Manggarai ijo ‘green’. Dempwolff (1934-38) compared both Tagalog híraw (above) and hiláw ‘uncooked; green, unripe’ with Malay hijau and the related forms in Ngaju Dayak, Malagasy, and Javanese, but it is now clear that Tagalog hiláw reflects earlier *hilaw ‘raw, unripe’. However, the comparison of Tagalog híraw with the words for ‘green’ in other languages also presents difficulties (e.g. Old Javanese hijo points to PWMP *q-, whereas Tagalog híraw points to PWMP *h-). Although this comparison probably will continue to provoke debate in the future, it appears most likely to me that *hizaw underwent a semantic change in Malay and was then borrowed widely in the context of trading activities, replacing reflexes of PAn *mataq ‘green, blue’ over much of western Indonesia.
hu
26374 *huab vapor 2717 PWMP *huab₁ vapor
2718 PWMP *ma-huab₂ evaporate
26375 *huaR a vine: Flagellaria indica 2719 PMP *huaR a vine: Flagellaria indica
Note: Also Sundanese oar ‘kind of slender cane’, Sasak oar ‘kind of creeper’, Manggarai kuar ‘kind of ratten used for tying, weaving chicken coops, etc.: Flagellaria indica’.
26379 2724 2725 2726 PPh *hubád-en be untied, be unravelled
Note: It is tempting to analyze this form as containing the root *-baj ‘unravel, untie’. However, Isneg, Bontok, Kankanaey and Ifugaw all normally reflect *j as /g/ in final position.
26376 *hubun hubun fontanel 2720 PWMP *hubun hubun fontanel [doublet: *hubun₁]
26377 *hubun₁ fontanel 2721 PMP *hubun₁ fontanel [doublet: *hubun hubun]
Note: Also Kayan luvun ‘fontanelle’.
26378 *hubun₂ heap, pile, collection 2722 PMP *hubun₂ heap, pile, collection
2723 Note: With root *-bun ‘heap, pile, cover with earth; collect, assemble’.
33843 *hubuq move something to another place 12654 PPh *hubuq move something to another place
12655 PPh *hubuq-en move something to another place
26380 2727 2728 2729 Note: Also Hiligaynon hukʔáb ‘loosen and fall off’. With root *-kab ‘open, uncover’.
33493 12215 PPh *hukad to untie, unpack, undo
Note: Also Ayta Abellan uka ‘untie’.
26381 2730 Note: Also Iban ukaʔ ‘open, loose, untie’, Totoli uŋgaʔ ‘break open’. With root *-kaq₁ ‘open forcibly’.
26382 *hukas loosen, untie, undress; to separate 2731 PWMP *hukas loosen, untie, undress; to separate
2732 PWMP *maR-hukas to separate, untie
2733 PWMP *hukas-en be separated, untied
Note: Bikol ukás ‘remove or take off the clothes’ shows unexplained loss of the initial aspirate.
This word probably referred to loosening or untying in both literal and figurative senses. In the latter sense it may have referred to ritual precautions taken to ensure the separation of the living and the dead. With root *-kas₂ ‘loosen, undo, untie’.
26383 *hukay dig up something buried, disinter 2734 PWMP *hukay dig up something buried, disinter
2735 Note: Also Cebuano ugkáy ‘dig out something buried’.
26384 2736 PWMP *hukuq hunched, bent over [disjunct: *ukuq]
Note: With root *-ku(q) ‘bend, curve’.
33443 *hulas sweat, perspiration 12151 PPh *hulas sweat, perspiration
30299 7237 PAN *hulhul₁ to bark, of a dog
Note: Also Tagalog tahól ‘bark of a dog’, tahul-án ‘to bark at someone or something’
(observation courtesy of April Almarines).
30300 *hulhul₂ to come loose, as a belt 7238 PPh *hulhul₂ to come loose, as a belt
33856 *hulit lecture, sermon, harangue 12670 PPh *hulit lecture, sermon, harangue
26385 *humbak wave, billow, swell at sea 2737 PWMP *humbak wave, billow, swell at sea
2738 PWMP *humbak-humbak rise and fall like the swells at sea
2739 PWMP *ma-humbak full of waves, as a stormy sea
Note: Ngadha oba ‘wave, billow’, Buruese omba ‘waves’ are assumed to be Malay loans.
28313 *huna first, before, anterior in time 5409 PMP *huna first, before, anterior in time [disjunct: *(q)uNah]
5410 PMP *h<um>una to do or go first
Note: Also Bintulu məna ‘old, of things; in the past, ancient’.
33356 *hunus mercy killing; put someone out of their misery 11960 PWMP *hunus mercy killing; put someone out of their misery
Note: Also Bontok óŋos ‘to finish off, to kill’.
33357 *húnus a tithe, share given for help in harvesting the crops 11961 PPh *húnus a tithe, share given for help in harvesting the crops
26398 *huñat to stretch, straighten out 2755 PPh *huñat to stretch, straighten out [disjunct: *uñat]
Note: With root *-ñat ‘stretch’.
26399 2756 PWMP *huñaw wash the hands or face
Note: With root *-ñaw ‘wash, bathe, rinse’.
26400 2757 PMP *huñus to molt, shed the skin
2758 POC *uñus to molt, shed the skin
Note: Also Amis konoc ‘to pull out hair or feathers’, ma-konoc ‘to moult’, Manam nunu ‘to slough (snake)’, Arosi unusi ‘snake sp. ( = unus-i, from its frequent molting?)’. This item appears to be distinct from *Sunus ‘withdraw, pull out, extract’.
33358 *húŋut coconut shell bowl or water scoop 11962 PPh *húŋut coconut shell bowl or water scoop
26386 2740 Note: Also Cebuano hupʔák ‘peel, flake off, cause something to do so’. With root *-pak₂ ‘break, crack, split’.
26387 2741 Note: Also Aklanon húeom ‘to soak (in a liquid); marinate.
26388 *hurus slip or slide down or along 2742 PWMP *hurus slip or slide down or along
Note: Also Karo Batak orus ‘glide off, slide down’. With root *-rus₂ ‘slip or slide off’.
28668 *huRaC artery, blood vessel, blood vein; muscle; nerve; sinew; tendon 5840 PAN *huRaC artery, blood vessel, blood vein; muscle; nerve; sinew; tendon
5842 PMP *uRat artery, blood vessel, blood vein; muscle; nerve; sinew; tendon; fiber; vein of a leaf; grain of wood; strand (of thread, rope); fishing line; root
5843 POC *uRat artery, blood vessel, blood vein; muscle; sinew; tendon; ligament; fiber; tough, sinewy
5844 PWMP *uRat-en full of veins or tendons
5845 PMP *uRat uRat veins, sinews (collective)
5846 PWMP *uRat i daRaq artery, major blood vessel
5847 PMP *uRat i lima lines in the palm of the hand
Note: Also Kapampangan úgat ‘veins, arteries’, Kelabit uat ‘large root, taproot’, Sundanese urat ‘vein, vessel; muscle; sinew’, Sangir ihaʔ ‘blood vein, vessel; muscle’, Manggarai urak ‘blood vessel; vein of leaf or hand; fate, destiny’, Buli uit ‘tendon; sinew’.
Dempwolff (1934-38) reconstructed *uRat ‘sinew; tendon; vein’ ( = Sehne, Ader), but the range of meanings assignable to PMP and PWMP *uRat is actually much broader. It is possible that some of these are metaphorical and convergent (e.g. ‘strand’ in Hanunóo and Malay, ‘fishing line’ in Kayan and Chamorro, ‘root’ in Kalamian Tagbanwa and various languages of western Borneo), but it is equally probable that metaphorical extensions of the body-part referents were present from the beginning, and have been retained (or reported) only in some daughter languages.
In either case it is clear that by at least PWMP times *uRat was a key semantic category with numerous applications beyond the human body. In addition, Ilokano urát ‘penis (of quadrupeds)’, Cebuano ugát máyur ‘penis (humorous)’ (lit. ‘major vessel’), Balinese uat kenduŋ ‘blood-vessel of very heavy wood = penis’ suggest that PWMP *uRat also was used to refer to the penis in certain stylistic contexts.
26389 *huRuŋ roar of a current, crashing waves, etc.; moan, groan (as in pain or when near death) 2743 PMP *huRuŋ roar of a current, crashing waves, etc.; moan, groan (as in pain or when near death)
2744 Note: Also Ifugaw úŋug (< M) ‘roaring noise produced by the strong current of a river’, Pangasinan ógoŋ ‘to thunder (of any noise)’, Cheke Holo ulugru ‘growl, make noise (stomach)’, Bugotu uruŋu ‘speak loudly, make a noise’. With root *-Ruŋ ‘roar, rumble’.
33686 *húRut to pull on or out with the fingers 12433 PPh *húRut to pull on or out with the fingers
26390 2745 PMP *hutek brain; marrow [disjunct: *qutek]
Note: Also Yami uetek ‘brain’, Tagalog útak ‘brains; marrow; intellect, head’, ma-útak ‘brainy’, Sambal (Botolan) ɨtɨk ‘brain’. The initial consonant of this form is problematic. On the one hand Itbayaten and Bikol independently support the reconstruction of PMP *h-. On the other hand, *h- is contradicted by at least Aklanon, Cebuano, Manobo (Western Bukidnon) and Tausug (Hanunóo reflects PMP *h- sometimes as /h/, and sometimes as zero).
Based on the inclusion of Tongan ʔuto ‘brain’, Dyen (1953) reconstructed *qutek, but the initial consonant of his reconstruction is contradicted not only by Itbayaten, Bikol /h-/, but also by Kalamian Tagbanwa, Tboli, Moken initial zero (rather than **k-), and by Banjarese, Sundanese initial zero (rather than **h-). For these reasons I prefer to associate the Tongan form with POc *quto ‘pith of a tree’, and to assume a semantic innovation which produced a remarkable chance similarity with reflexes of PMP *hutek.
26391 2746 Note: With root *-tuk₁ ‘bend, curve’.
26395 *huy exclamation to express surprise, call to a friend, respond to a distant call, etc. 2750 PMP *huy exclamation to express surprise, call to a friend, respond to a distant call, etc.
2751 POC *ui exclamation
Note: Also Bikol uhoy ‘hey; a term used to call someone in the distance’.
26392 2747 PWMP *huyaŋ shake, sway, rock [doublet: *huyuŋ]
26396 2752 PPh *huyáp count, enumerate [doublet: *ihap]
26393 2748 PWMP *huyug shake, sway, stagger [disjunct: *uyeg, *uyug, *uyuR]
26394 *huyuŋ shake, sway, as the ground in an earthquake 2749 PMP *huyuŋ shake, sway, as the ground in an earthquake [doublet: *huyaŋ, *huyug]
Note: Also Mongondow uluŋ ‘shake’.
26397 *huzam borrowing 2753 PWMP *huzam borrowing [doublet: *hizam] [disjunct: *Sezam]
2754 a b c C d e g h i j k l m n N ñ ŋ o p q r R s S t u w y z
Austronesian Comparative Dictionary, web edition
*h
WMP Bontok
ʔa tag question, typically with a rising intonation
Tagalog
ha interrogative particle meaning: what is it? or what do you mean?; interrogative particle meaning: do you understand?; exclamatory interrogative particle with the element of surprise or reproach: is that so?
CMP Manggarai
-a postposed question marker
Leti
a emphatic particle used to indicate a question
WMP Ifugaw
a- kind of prepositional prefix which makes certain word-bases adjectival and descriptive, as if they were preceded by the preposition 'with'; in the Kiangan area an- is preferred to simple a- for some word-bases: a-tike/an-tike/ 'short (with shortness)'
Bikol
ha- adjectival affix prefixed to adjectives denoting height, length, and depth
Cebuano
ha- adjective forming affix added to adjective referring to degree. It has no meaning other than to give a formal flavor to the style: ha-taás 'tall', ha-láyuʔ 'far', ha-lapad 'broad'
Kadazan Dusun
a- adjectival prefix
Buludupi
a- adjectival prefix
Malagasy
a- a verbal prefix joined to roots and forming a passive verb. Thus from fafy, sowing, we get a-fafy, used of the seed sown, in correlation to the passive verb fafazana from the same root, used of the ground sown
Mentawai
a- prefix indicating the completion of an event e.g. bala 'come out', a-bala 'it is out'
Javanese
a- prefix, adjective and verb formative; having, characterized by: doh, a-doh 'far-off, distant'
Makassarese
a- prefix used before adjectives (mostly in 17th and 18th century texts)
OC Arosi
a- an adjectival prefix, showing condition, often a shortened form of the prefix ta or ma
WMP Ilokano
ábas kind of tumor or swelling that grows in the mouths of animals
Tagalog
hábas callosity in the mouth (of horses, etc.)
Cebuano
hábas growth which develops in horses' mouths which causes hardship in eating
Maranao
abas chicken pox
WMP Ilokano
abbéd obstacle, hindrance (mostly used for material obstruction)
Tagalog
habíd entangling obstacle
Bahasa Indonesia
hambat hold back, impede
Toba Batak
abot hindrance, impediment, obstacle
Old Javanese
(h)awer restrain, suppress, check, stop, prevent
WMP Ilokano
abél textile, (woven) cloth, web, texture, tissue, woven fabric
Bontok
ʔabə́l weave cloth
Ifugaw
aból weaving; whatever pertains to weaving
Pangasinan
abél cloth
Tagalog
hábi texture of fabric, woven pattern on fabric
Bikol
haból the weave of cloth
Hanunóo
hábul weaving of cloth
Aklanon
háboe blanket, use a blanket
habóe to weave
Palawan Batak
ʔabél clothing, garments
Cebuano
habúl weave with a hand loom
Mamanwa
habɨl blanket
Maranao
aol to weave
aol-aʔ loom for weaving
Subanon
m-abol to weave cloth
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
havel weave cloth
Tiruray
ʔawel weave cloth
Kalagan
abul blanket
Kadazan Dusun
avo spinning, weaving
Murut (Timugon)
awol weave; woven material
Mongondow
aboḷ to weave
Gorontalo
wawolo to weave
WMP Ilokano
maŋŋ-abél weaver
Kadazan Dusun
maŋ-avo to spin, to weave
WMP Ilokano
ag-abél to weave
Bikol
mag-haból weave cloth
Mongondow
mog-aboḷ to weave
WMP Ilokano
pag-abl-án loom
Tagalog
habih-án loom
Bikol
haból-an loom
Hanunóo
h-ar-abl-án backstrap loom for weaving cotton garments and blankets
Tiruray
ʔawel-on loom
WMP Bontok
ʔabl-ən what is woven
Tagalog
habih-ín things to be woven, orders for weaving
Bikol
habl-ón be woven; woven cloth
Cebuano
habl-ún blanket, sheet, or anything used as covering for sleeping; hand loom; cloth woven in a hand loom
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
hevel-en woven cloth on the loom which is not yet complete
Kadazan Dusun
ovoh-on what is spun or woven
WMP Ilokano
um-abʔáb to drink while kneeling (from a faucet); to drink from the palms of the hands; to drink without a cup
Ibaloy
abʔab-en to swill, gulp, drink copius draughts of a liquid, perhaps loudly (as water, gin); also can apply to a person who eats voraciously out of hunger
Tagalog
habháb noisy manner of eating and gobbling up large chunks (as by dog or pig)
Cebuano
habháb for pigs to eat; for people to eat (derogatory)
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
habhab of a person, to eat as an animal eats, without the use of hands (used only in a derogatory or joking sense); of a pig, to eat in its characteristic manner
WMP Cebuano
hábuk fertilize plants with compost
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
havuk-havuk the white powdery scale which forms on exposed parts of the body when a person does not often bathe; the powdery film on a mature squash or any white scale or powdery substance on something; to become covered with white scale or with a powdery film
Malay
(h)abok powdery stuff; dust; chaff
Sasak
awuk-awuk ash
WMP Ilokano
áboŋ hut
Isneg
ábuŋ hut
Bontok
ʔábuŋ a house; one’s residence
Kankanaey
paŋ-ábuŋ member of the family; cohabiting; husband and wife
sin-paŋ-ábuŋ one whole family; all those who inhabit one house
Ibaloy
aboŋ hut, shelter, house of poor construction
man-eboŋ to stay or live in a hut
Ilongot (Kakiduge:n)
abuŋ house
Pangasinan
abóŋ home, house, dwelling
Tagalog
háboŋ temporary shed or shelter made of leaves, grass, cloth or canvas; hovel; an open shed for sheltering cattle, etc.
WMP Cebuano
hasúk insert something into a hole or sheath
Kayan
asuk push in, push along, push away
Iban
acok thrust, pierce, poke
WMP Tagalog
háras Foeniculum vulgare: local name for anís (Eng. 'fennel'), the seeds of which are used for flavoring
Malay
adas fennel. Also (specifically) adas pedas or 'peppery adas' in contrast to adas manis ... 'sweet adas' or aniseed
Lampung
adas plant whose seed is used to produce an oil: Foeniculum vulgare
Old Javanese
hadas anise (Foeniculum vulgare)
Javanese
adas fennel
leŋa adas aromatic oil taken for stomach ache
Balinese
adas mint, a sort of herb used in medicine and cooking
adas manis aniseed
WMP Yami
arai far
arai-in to feel it is too far
Itbayaten
harawiʔ far, distant; distance
micha-harawi to be far from each other
h<om>arawi to keep away from, to go far away
Ivatan
ma-raiʔ far
Bontok
ʔadáwwi far, distant
Kankanaey
adawí far, far off, at a distance, remote
Ifugaw
adáwi ~ adawí far
WMP Atta (Pamplona)
ari no, not
Ifugaw
adi no, not
Binukid
hádiʔ no, not
Bisaya
andi no, not
Gondang
adéʔ no, not
WMP Ayta Abellan
akeh belt; a band to tie or buckle around the body (usually at the waist)
Bikol
hagkós belt; strap
mag-hagkós to tie a belt around
Hanunóo
hagkús a twilled rattan pocket belt worn by all adult men and women
Agutaynen
aʔket belt
mag-aʔket to wear a belt; to tie, fasten something around the waist
Maranao
akes boa, entangle by a boa; embrace, hug
WMP Cebuano
hagtík sharp clicking sound
Javanese
di-geṭik tap or flick finger against
WMP Cebuano
hagtúk loud knocking sound
Javanese
di-geṭok rapped on the knee or head
WMP Tagalog
hágok snore; sound of snoring
h<um>ágok to snore
Cebuano
háguk snore
Balinese
aguk shout
WMP Hiligaynon
hákup handful, fistful
Cebuano
hakúp scoop up with one hand; clasp something with one hand; embrace, seize or hold something by encircling it with the arms
Old Javanese
aŋkep embrace tightly
Javanese
akep put, hold between the lips
WMP Tagalog
h-al-akhák loud laughter
Balinese
akak laugh loudly
WMP Ilokano
akut-ákut kind of hymenopterous insect resembling a bumblebee but more slender, and very thin at the junction of the abdomen and the thorax
Pangasinan
ákot wasp
Bikol
hakót-hakót species of wasp nesting in wood
Hanunóo
ʔakut-ʔákut wasp
Aklanon
hákot-hákot bee-like insect building nests of mud
Malay
akut-aŋkut mason bee, ichneumon fly: Chalicodoma spp., or Eumenes gracilis
Rejang
akut-akut stinging wasp-like insect
WMP Bikol
haláw drive away (as annoying animals, people)
Malay
(h)alau driving before one; "chivvying". Of beaters driving elephants into a trap, herdsmen driving cattle, etc. Also (in modern Malaya) to drive away
Lampung
(h)alaw hunt (game)
WMP Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
halem-halem of someone or something far away or in the darkness, to be silhouetted; to be only an indistinct shadow
Kelabit
alem night
Berawan (Long Terawan)
lem-alem evening
Ngaju Dayak
alem night
alem malem last night, the previous night
Malagasy
álina night, darkness; pertaining to the night
fi-alèm-ana the last meal at night; night time
Banjarese
halam before, last night, yesterday
CMP Manggarai
alem quiet, still (as a pitch-black night)
WMP Itbayaten
ka-haxhax panting
h<om>axhax to gasp, to pant
Ilokano
alʔál to pant; breathe heavily
Isneg
maŋ-alʔāl to pant (said of dogs)
Pangasinan
álal tired
Bikol
mag-halhál to gasp, pant
Cebuano
halhál for animals to pant with their mouth open
Tausug
mag-halhal to protrude, hang out (as the tongue from exhaustion, heat, thirst)
WMP Hanunóo
hálin leaving, taking off, going
Aklanon
hálin transfer, move to another place
Hiligaynon
hálin transfer to another place
Cebuano
halín move away from a place permanently
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
halin transfer, move from one place to another; to change, as one's appearance
Proto-Sangiric
*alin to move, transfer
CMP Manggarai
aliŋ to move (a horse), transfer to another place; change; go out from inside
WMP Aklanon
haeó(h) large lizard which eats chickens
Cebuano
halú monitor lizard
Balinese
alu iguana
WMP Sambal (Botolan)
amak mat
Bikol
hamák mat
hamak-án spread a mat on
Ngaju Dayak
(h)amak mat (of rattan, reeds, etc.)
m-amak furnish with mats (a house)
Dairi-Pakpak Batak
a-r-mak mat that is not rolled up
Toba Batak
amak mat woven of (Binsen)
amah-amak straw that is scattered under the ears of rice after the stalks are trampled to separate the grain
amak podom-an sleeping mat
WMP Bikol
(h)ambód to wrap, to band; bandage
Malay
(h)ambat noose at the deck-end of a boat's stays
Balinese
ambed strap, girth (horse)
WMP Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
haveŋ block an opening or a path so that nothing can pass, as to block other possible avenues on each side of a pig trap; a constructed barrier
Old Javanese
(h)ambeŋ halted, restrained, prevented
Madurese
abeŋ obstruct, block
Balinese
ambeŋ keep watch to prevent people from passing; close a road
Mongondow
amboŋ dam, dyke, kind of obstacle or roping off
mog-amboŋ to dam up, put an obstacle in the way
WMP Casiguran Dumagat
abin fold (of the part of the g-string which is wrapped around the waist, and which men use to carry money, betel chew, etc.)
Cebuano
hambin carry something by folding up the front part of one's skirt or shirt and putting it in the folds
Ngaju Dayak
ambin what is carried on the back
Iban
ambin large wide basket with strap(s) for carrying padi
Malay
ambin strap-support; carrying in a loop of rope or band of cloth (of a child in the fold of a sarong slung from the mother's shoulder); straps or ropes passed round a load (ambinan) swung on a coolie's back, etc.
Rejang
ambin shawl for carrying infant on back or at waist
Sangir
maŋ-ambiŋ conceal something in the folds of the clothing
WMP Ilokano
ambúg proud, presumptuous, haughty, supercilious, arrogant, insolent
Tagalog
hambóg boastful, proud, vain
Bikol
hambóg boastful, conceited
Aklanon
hámbog proud, swell-headed, boastful
Palawano
ambug pride
Cebuano
hambúg big talk, most often not quite true; engage in big talk
Maranao
ambog arrogant, proud, boastful, showy
Manobo (Dibabawon)
hambug boasting, bluffing, pretending to be someone
Mansaka
ambog boast; proud
WMP Ilokano
amták a variety of cowpeas with very large seeds
Isneg
antáʔ the cowpea: Vigna sinensis (L.) Endl.
Bontok
ʔanták kind of cowpea, commonly cultivated: Vigna sesquipedalis L.; to gather this pea
Ifugaw
amták a yellow variety of green gram: Phaseolus radiatus Linn., universally known as mongos
Bikol
hamták long bean species
Aklanon
hámtak long bean: Vigna sesquipedalis
Old Javanese
(h)atak a certain legume
WMP Ilokano
ampák slap, cuff, buffet; spank
Bikol
hampák to lash, whip, flagellate
Hanunóo
hampák hit, strike; beating, whipping
Aklanon
hámpak to beat, belt, spank, slap
Hiligaynon
hámpak beat, whip, whack
Cebuano
hampák strike, slam with force making a noisy impact
WMP Ilokano
ampáŋ silly, foolish, wanton, loose (said of women)
Aklanon
hámpaŋ to play (a game)
Hiligaynon
hámpaŋ play, clown around, gamble
hampáŋ-an toy
Cebuano
hampáŋ have intercourse (euphemism)
hampáŋ play
Ngaju Dayak
anak ampaŋ illegitimate child
Iban
anak ampaŋ bastard, child with no known or recognized father; valueless, 'black sheep'
Malay
ampaŋ easy, light
Rejang
apaŋ illegitimate sexual union
anoʔ apaŋ bastard, child born out of wedlock
Sundanese
hampaŋ light, not heavy; easy
Javanese
ampaŋ light, without body
Balinese
ampaŋ light, easy, not heavy
WMP Bontok
ʔapíl be a twin
Kankanaey
apíl swing together, be two on the swing
Ifugaw
apíl twins
Kapampangan
man-ampíl to stack dishes
Cebuano
hampíl attach something to something solid, as a patch or sign; spread something on top of something else or between two objects as a protection; pile flat, flexible things one on top of the other
Maranao
ampil-aʔ ally
ampil-ampil side lightly with someone; sympathy for someone
Tiruray
ʔamfil come to the defense of someone or something
Old Javanese
um-ampil unite, join with
Mongondow
mog-ampil have constantly near one, care for or look after something (so that one doesn't lose it)
Banggai
maŋ-ampil-kon bring close to oneself
CMP Manggarai
ampil stay together
WMP Ilokano
um-ampír stay, come, etc. close to something
y-ampír place, etc. close to something
Tagalog
hampil approach, put near; place beside or against (Laktaw 1914)
Maranao
ampir shoreward, near, go side-by-side
ampir-aʔ wharf, landing platform, quay
Ngaju Dayak
ampir almost, nearly
Iban
ampir encroach, come foraging; approach threateningly or suspiciously
Malay
hampir proximity; nearly; close by
hampir-hampir almost
WMP Tagalog
hampól apex of the path of anything thrown upward; highest tip of a wave
Sundanese
ŋ-ampul heave upward (of a swell at sea)
ampul-ampul-an heave, dance (of swells at sea)
WMP Tagalog
hámok hand-to-hand fight
Cebuano
hámuk superhuman beings that harass people by frightening them. They usually assume the form of oversized animals if they show themselves, or may just indicate their presence without showing themselves. They may be found in any lonely place
Ngaju Dayak
amok furious, murderous attack
Banjarese
hamuk furious attack, charge
Iban
amok attack, run amuck; passion, enthusiasm, do with keenness, slave away at
Malay
amok furious attack; charge; amuck. Of desperate onslaughts in old romances
Sundanese
ŋ-amuk furiously attack and fight, fight like a madman
Javanese
amuk fury, violence
ŋ-amuk-(amuk) go on a rampage
amuk-amuk-an attack each other violently
Balinese
amuk rave, be furious; attack in fury
amuk-amuk tumult, great noise; furious, mad rage
Sasak
amuk attack without warning, murder
CMP Soboyo
hamoʔ rob
WMP Hiligaynon
hándum wish, desire, ambition
Javanese
arem to sit brooding
Sasak
arem think, understand
OC Nggela
ando think, understand
Sa'a
aro to brood (cited only in the English index)
WMP Tagalog
hantád exposed, in full view
Toba Batak
antar clearly recognizable, easy to see
Javanese
antar clearly audible
Tontemboan
atar open and spacious terrain
WMP Cebuano
hantatalú kind of green caterpillar, esp. fond of caladium and taro plants, and also found on citrus, turning into a butterfly
Lun Dayeh
tetaduh caterpillar
Melanau (Mukah)
tetadew caterpillar
Toba Batak
antatadu kind of large green caterpillar
Angkola-Mandailing Batak
antatadu rather large caterpillar that adheres to leaves
WMP Itbayaten
hanonaŋ Ficus tree, found in woodlands, and on slopes in grassland
Isneg
anúnaŋ a tree whose leaves are prepared for the reception of good spirits, at the time of a solemn sacrifice
Maranao
nonaŋ a tree: Cordia dichotoma
Minangkabau
nunaŋ tree with fruit producing a sticky sap used as gum
Mongondow
onunaŋ kind of tree which produces glue
CMP Manggarai
nunaŋ a tree: Cordia dichotoma
WMP Ilokano
i-áŋad to lift the head, raise the face
Bikol
mag-háŋad to lift the head to look at someone who is talking
Hiligaynon
haŋád to look up to, to honor, to admire, raise one’s eyes to
Cebuano
haŋád to look up, turn the head up; for something usually level to tilt upwards
Binukid
haŋad to look up at something
Tausug
mag-haŋad to look up (as into a tree)
WMP Cebuano
háŋak pant, be out of breath from exertion
Banjarese
aŋak aŋak (person) in a state of complete exhaustion
OC Bugotu
aŋa asthma
WMP Ilokano
áŋes breath; life
ag-áŋes to breathe, respire
Pangasinan
man-aŋés to breathe
Aklanon
háŋos to pant (from loss of breath); breathless
Cebuano
háŋus to breath heavily or with difficulty
WMP Itbayaten
ahŋet-en to gnaw, to bite
Bikol
mag-haŋót to eat s.t. tough by pulling at it with the teeth
Cebuano
haŋút to bite at, chew s.t. rubbery or sinewy
WMP Tagalog
haŋgá-n farthest limit or boundary
Hanunóo
haŋga-n even, even to, even including
Tae'
aŋga up to the end, as far as
Makassarese
aŋga boundary, limit placed on something which one must observe
WMP Itbayaten
hañin typhoon, storm, hurricane
Ilokano
áŋin wind, draft, current of air
Itawis
áŋin wind
Tagalog
háŋin air, wind, breeze
Bantuqanon
haŋin wind
Aklanon
háŋin air, wind
Hiligaynon
háŋin wind
Cebuano
háŋin air; wind; breath or air as necessary for the body, stamina; mere talk, idle words; force, agency that carries something along or influences something; become windy; be blown by the wind; get puffed up, conceited
Maranao
aŋin wind
Murut (Paluan)
aŋin wind
Murut (Timugon)
aŋin wind
Ngaju Dayak
aŋin wind (Malay loan)
Malagasy
ánina breeze, wind
Delang
aŋin wind
Iban
aŋin wind, breeze; report, rumor, lie
Maloh
so-aŋin wind
Tsat
ŋin³³ wind
Jarai
aŋin wind
Rhade
aŋin air, wind
Moken
aŋin wind
Malay
aŋin current of air; wind; (fig.) windy, of talk
ber-aŋin breezy, airy
meŋ-aŋin to winnow
makan aŋin take the air
Talaud
aŋinna wind
Acehnese
aŋèn wind, draft; also substitute term for taʔeun 'epidemic'
aŋèn-aŋèn charm consisting of a bit of paper with something written on it which is waved over the fire to compel a thief to return something stolen
Karo Batak
aŋin wind
ŋ-aŋin winnow rice by pouring it slowly from a height so that the chaff is blown away by the wind
r-aŋin-aŋin kind of water beetle
Dairi-Pakpak Batak
aŋin wind, breeze
i-aŋin winnow rice by exposing it to the wind so that the chaff is carried away
kendaŋ peŋ-aŋin-en winnowing basket used to winnow rice by exposing it to the wind
Toba Batak
aŋin wind
hata aŋin rumor
maŋ-aŋin-aŋin barita discontinue rumors
Nias
aŋi wind, air; rumor; epidemic, pestilence
mo-ʔaŋi windy
Mentawai
aŋin wind (Schefold, p.c.)
Rejang
aŋin wind, breeze, air
Lampung
aŋin wind
Sundanese
aŋin wind, breeze; air to blow, of wind
ŋ-aŋin-an carry away with the wind
Old Javanese
(h)aŋin wind
in-aŋin-aŋin fluttering in the wind
Javanese
aŋin wind; breeze, draft; air
ŋ-aŋin get some fresh air
ŋ-aŋin-(aŋin)-aké dry something in the wind
aŋin ḍuḍuk drop dead; have a heart attack (folk usage)
Madurese
aŋen wind
Balinese
aŋin wind
Sasak
aŋin wind
aŋin pusut whirlwind
Proto-Sangiric
*aŋin wind
Sangir
aŋiŋ wind
pueŋ u aŋiŋ point of the compass
mahu-aŋiŋ windy
Tae'
aŋin wind; air; climate
di-aŋin-i be dried in the wind
Mori Atas
aŋi wind
Padoe
aŋi wind
Buginese
aŋiŋ wind
mar-aŋiŋ get a breath of fresh air
Makassarese
aŋiŋ wind
amm-aŋiŋ hang in the wind to dry
pamm-aŋiŋ-aŋ something used to dry things in the wind, clothesline
CMP Bimanese
aŋi wind
Li'o
aŋi wind
Sika
aniŋ <M wind
Lamaholot
aŋin wind
Adonara
aŋi wind
Kédang
aŋin wind
Helong
aŋin wind
Atoni
anin wind
Tetun
anin wind
Vaikenu
anin wind
Galoli
anin wind
Erai
ani(n) wind; year (beginning with the rainy season)_
Talur
anin wind
Kisar
anne wind
East Damar
anin wind
West Damar
oño wind
Luang
anni wind
Wetan
anni wind
Ujir
anin wind
anin wind
Dobel
saŋin wind
W.Tarangan (Ngaibor)
enen wind
enen wind
Watubela
aŋin wind
Elat
anin wind
Masiwang
yakin wind
Paulohi
anine wind
Laha
aniŋ wind
Hitu
anin wind
Larike
aninu wind
Buruese
aŋin wind
Kayeli
anin wind
Sekar
yagin rain
OC Arop
yaŋen wind
Biliau
yaŋ wind
Wedau
lagina wind
Mailu
ani wind
Hula
aɣi breeze
Sinaugoro
aɣi wind
Motu
lai breeze; wind
Kilivila
yagila wind
Gilbertese
aŋ wind, breeze, air, gas; breath; climate; atmosphere; direction
Kosraean
eŋ wind; fart
eŋ-i break wind to, fart on (or at)
Marshallese
añ wind, breeze
Pohnpeian
ahŋ air, wind
Mokilese
eŋ air, breeze, wind
eŋ-la very light in weight
Chuukese
eni- (in compounds only) wind, blow
Puluwat
yááŋ wind, air
Woleaian
yaŋ(i) wind, blast, air in motion
Fijian
caŋi wind, air, atmosphere
caŋi-na be blown about by the wind
Tongan
aŋi (of the wind) to blow
aŋi-na be blown about by the wind
Niue
aŋi blow gently (of the wind); a gentle breeze
Samoan
aŋi blow (of the wind)
aŋi-aŋi-a flutter, wave gently
aŋi-na be unfurled by the wind, as a flag
Tuvaluan
aŋi blow, of wind
Kapingamarangi
aŋi-na blown away; blown in one direction (by wind)
Nukuoro
aŋi blow gently (of wind); a disturbance (of the water)
aŋi-a blow away, cause to move (in the water)
Rennellese
aŋi to blow, of wind; be breeze-swept, windy
aŋi-na blow, as wind; be breeze-swept, windy, blown upon; be blown away
Rarotongan
aŋi blow, waft, as the wind: to produce, as a current of air; movement, oscillation
Maori
aŋi-na blown about by the wind
Hawaiian
ani beckon, wave; blow softly, as a breeze
WMP Itbayaten
ma-hañin having a typhoon
Tagalog
ma-háŋin windy
Aklanon
ma-háŋin windy, stormy
WMP Aklanon
pa-háŋin let fresh air blow over something
Cebuano
pa-háŋin expose oneself to the wind, draft
Makassarese
p(a)-aŋiŋ hang up in the wind to dry, as laundry
OC Gilbertese
ka-aŋ-a wait for the wind; let the wind blow (fig. = fervor, ardor, zeal)
Niue
faka-aŋi cause to blow (as wind)
Rarotongan
aka-aŋi cause to blow air upon or into
Hawaiian
hoʔ-āni beckon, wave, signal; let wind
WMP Aklanon
pa-háŋin-háŋin go out for some fresh air
OC Fijian
vaka-caŋi-caŋi go somewhere for health's sake; take a holiday
Niue
faka-ma-aŋi-aŋi refresh oneself in the open air
WMP Cebuano
ka-háŋin-an atmosphere, air space
Minangkabau
ka-aŋin-an to have suffered from the wind, be under the influence of the wind
Sundanese
ka-aŋin-an carried away by the wind, caught by the wind
Old Javanese
k-āŋin-an moved (driven) by the wind; in the wind
Javanese
k-aŋin-an exposed to or affected by wind
WMP Cebuano
haŋin-án kind of sea cucumber that shrinks greatly when taken out of the water
Javanese
aŋin-an paid political official
[aŋin-aŋin-an behave erratically]
Balinese
aŋin-an be bloated with wind
[aŋin-aŋin-an empty-headed]
Tae'
aŋin-aŋin-an be troubled with wind in the bowels; sickness of chickens in which the skin is said to be swollen as a result of air accumulating between the flesh and the skin
WMP Ilokano
aŋín-en suffer a stroke, e.g. when the heart is affected
Aklanon
haŋín-on pretentious, boastful; crazy, foolish
Cebuano
háŋin-un crackpot, characterized by silly and impractical ideas
Javanese
aŋin-en flatulent
WMP Maranao
aŋin-aŋin aim, purpose, preoccupation
Malay
aŋin-aŋin toy windmill
Dairi-Pakpak Batak
aŋin-aŋin rumor
Rejang
aŋin-aŋin a rumor
Old Javanese
(h)aŋin-aŋin a gust, draught, waft, current of wind caused by a swift movement, wing-beat, breathing, etc.)
Javanese
aŋin-aŋin(-an) be/get in a draft; expose oneself to too much air
Balinese
aŋin-aŋin fan
Makassarese
aŋiŋ-aŋiŋ wild rumor
CMP Erai
ani-ani(n) rumor
OC Gilbertese
aŋ-aŋ it is windy, the wind is blowing
Tongan
aŋi-aŋi (of the wind) begin to spring up, or to blow continuously
Samoan
aŋi-aŋi blow (of the wind)
Kapingamarangi
aŋi-aŋi windy
Nukuoro
aŋi-aŋi blow with increasing force (wind); blow continuously (wind); fan
Rennellese
aŋi-aŋi to blow, of wind; to stir; breezy or windy spot
Rarotongan
aŋi-aŋi blow or waft mildly, in a continuous manner, blow in a gentle manner, as the wind; pulsation, the act of throbbing or oscillating
Maori
aŋi-aŋi light, gentle breeze
WMP Ilokano
áŋit the wailing cry of a baby
aŋ-áŋit a crybaby
Bontok
ʔáŋit scold, shout at
Kankanaey
áŋit provoke; be provoking; to challenge; defy; bid defiance to one
Ifugaw
áŋit to challenge, summon somebody to a fight
Ifugaw (Batad)
āŋit call another to come and fight as in play, or when in earnest as of a drunk person; one who is extremely angry
aŋīt-on the one called to come and fight
Hanunóo
háŋit anguish, regret, torment; anger
Aklanon
háŋit irritated, provoked, angry
ma-haŋít-on irritable
Cebuano
haŋít get irked or irritated to the point of anger
Subanun (Sindangan)
gaŋit anger
Tingalan (West)
m-aŋit angry
Melanau (Mukah)
aŋit anger
m-aŋit provoke, make angry
OC Pohnpeian
eŋieŋ angry (honorific)
aŋiaŋi-h be angry at, scold
WMP Kapampangan
áŋus eat by sucking (sugarcane)
Tagalog
háŋos out of breath due to hurry or excitement
Bikol
háŋos inhale or exhale; breathe, sigh
haŋós-haŋós pant, be out of breath, be winded
Aklanon
háŋos pant (from loss of breath); breathless
Hiligaynon
háŋus gasp for breath, pant, breathe fast and with difficulty
Cebuano
háŋus breathe heavily or with difficulty; heavy breathing
Mansaka
aŋus exhale forcefully
Toba Batak
aŋus cold, catarrh
WMP Bikol
haŋús-on take in a breath of air
Toba Batak
aŋus-on have a cold
WMP Malay
haŋus destruction by fire. In contrast to being on fire or being cooked or baked
Old Javanese
haŋus covered with soot, fire-blackened
Javanese
aŋus soot
Balinese
aŋus smell like burnt rice
Sasak
aŋus burned (in cooking)
CMP Manggarai
aŋos burnt to a crisp (of burnt corn)
WMP Bontok
ʔaŋút chew on; gnaw on, as a bone or corn
Bikol
haŋót eat something tough by pulling at it with the teeth
Cebuano
haŋút bite at, chew something rubbery or sinewy
Mansaka
aŋut cut with the teeth
WMP Bontok
ʔ<um>ápal to chase away (as a dog chasing a cat)
Ifugaw (Batad)
um-āpal for someone to chase someone, something with the intention of catching or driving him or it away; to chase a thief, a pig
Bikol
mag-hápag to pursue, chase
WMP Bontok
ʔapál-ən be chased, pursued
Bikol
hapág-on be chased, pursued
WMP Ilokano
apgés to smart; cause a sharp, acute, smart, pungent pain (said of irritants, etc.)
Kankanaey
pegés acute, sharp, violent
pegs-én to make an effort, to exert one’s self, to strain, to strive; (to work, etc.) hard
Casiguran Dumagat
apdəs sting, smart (as of alcohol when put on a cut)
Pangasinan
ápges smarting pain
Kapampangan
parás hot, spicy, sharp-tasting
Bikol
hapdós pain
Hanunóo
ʔapdús blister, especially one caused by friction
Aklanon
hápdos hurt a little, be painful
Cebuano
hapdús stinging, burning pain in a wound, pangs of hunger; for words to be stinging
Maranao
pedes pain, smart (feeling)
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
pezes sour; descriptive of any liquid which stings an open wound
Mansaka
apdus painful, smarting (as a wound)
Kadazan Dusun
opodos smarting (of pain); pungent; poisonous (of snakes, etc.)
Tingalan (West)
o-podos spicy
Murik
perah sick; painful
Kayan
perah ill, sick; painful, sore; have pain
Bintulu
pəɗəs sick, seriously ill
Ngaju Dayak
peres sickness
Iban
pedas pungent, hot (to taste); hot (not cold)
Malay
pedas peppery; hot to the taste
se-pedas ginger
Dairi-Pakpak Batak
peges poor, miserable
Toba Batak
pogos poor
Minangkabau
si-padas gambier
Rejang
pedeus ginger
Sundanese
pɨrɨs pain, such as one feels when a hair is pulled
Old Javanese
peDes hot (of taste), biting (of words)
Javanese
peDes hot, peppery; to sting, feel a stinging sensation
Sasak
pedes experience bad luck; feel pain (at the extraction of a hair, the last of a whip, etc.)
Balantak
ma-polos painful
CMP Hawu
peDa sick; sickness, pain
WMP Kalinga
na-ʔapgis sting pain (McFarland 1977)
Gaddang
ma-ʔaːget stinging pain
Iban
pedis painful, aching, hurt, sore, be in pain
Maloh
padis sick
Sasak
pedis sour
Proto-Sangiric
*pədis sting, smart
Sangir
pədisəʔ hot sunshine
Bare'e
podi sour, acid; tamarind
Tae'
paʔdiʔ pain, painful
Proto-South Sulawesi
*pɨ(dz)is burning sensation; sick
Buginese
pɨsseʔ sharp or sour taste; ginger
Makassarese
paʔrisiʔ painful, smarting, laborious, difficult; pain
CMP Rotinese
hedi(s) pain, sickness; painful
WMP Ilokano
aplít to whip (a top); to flap (as the horse does with its tail); to whip, to lash
Tagalog
haplít stroke with a lash or whip
Aklanon
háplit to whip, lash
Hiligaynon
háplit to blow, to strike, to hit
WMP Hanunóo
hapún fishline, frequently of two-ply home-grown cotton thread
Agutaynen
apen large monofilament line usually used for catching large fish (said to be ‘archaic’)
Cebuano
hapún fishing line
Manobo (Dibabawon)
hapon fishline
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
hapen fishline
Kadazan Dusun
t-apon fishing-angle, fishhook
Paitan
apon rod-and-line
Karo Batak
ŋ-ampen tie something with a slipknot, as a fishhook to the fishline
peŋ-ampen the separate string with which the fishhook is tied to the fishline
Dairi-Pakpak Batak
ampen fishline
SHWNG Buli
yafan line used in harpooning sea turtles
Numfor
yàfen harpoon for spearing fish and turtles
OC Gilbertese
ao fibre of coconut husk, fishline, twine
Kosraean
ah string, fishing line, rope, thread, cord
Marshallese
eo line, fishline
Mokilese
o fishing line
Chuukese
óó fishline
Woleaian
yoa fishing line, string used for carrying baskets; band (as of a watch)
Sonsorol-Tobi
jao fishing line (cited only in the English index sub line)
Fijian
cavo to fish with a rod
Tongan
afo cord; fishing line
Niue
afo fishing line
Samoan
afo fishing line
Tuvaluan
afo fishing rod cord
Nukuoro
aho fishing line of the sort used for adu fishing
Rennellese
aho cord, line, thong, string; be on a line or string, as fish; to troll or fish with line on the reef
Rarotongan
aʔo fishing line, cord, string
Maori
aho string, line
Hawaiian
aho line, cord, lashing, fishing line, kite string
WMP Ilokano
aprús rub softly, gently
Bontok
ʔaplús to massage, as a tired back, using a salve such as coconut oil
Ifugaw
aplú(h) act of rubbing something (e.g. a broken bone), massage
Hiligaynon
háplus rub with ointment, smear
Maranao
peros slide the palm on, rub off
WMP Itbayaten
hapin woven mat, sleeping mat
Ivatan
apin mat
Ibatan
apin a sleeping mat (woven of pandanus)
Ilokano
ápin any kind of leaf (usually a piece of banana leaf) spread over the bottom of an earthen pot, at the inside, before the rice that has to be cooked is poured into it
Isneg
ápin layer which is placed inside the báŋa (cooking jar) before the rice is poured in: usually a section of the banana leaf
Itawis
appín diaper
Bontok
ʔápin sleeping mat; banana leaf or other such object upon which food may be placed when eating out of doors
Kankanaey
ápin pad, as a leaf spread inside the pot in which rice is boiled, straw spread in openwork basket used for nests, etc.
Ifugaw
ápin leaf, or part of a big leaf which is spread over the bottom of containers, such as jars or baskets
Ifugaw (Batad)
āpin temporary garbage container woven from the inner stripping of bamboo
Bikol
hápin lining; insulation, padding; layer, ply, veneer; (fig.) eat or drink something to line the stomach before drinking liquor
Aklanon
hápin put something underneath (to protect the bottom surface from heat, dirt or the like)
hapín cover, covering, placemat
Hiligaynon
hapín diaper, lining, cover
Cebuano
hapín something that is laid over or under something; food taken along with drinks as a digestive buffer; lay something over something
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
hapin pad something to avoid injury
Mansaka
apín protective pad between two things; use as a protective covering
Kadazan Dusun
t-apin swaddling clothes
Murut (Tagol)
apin floor mat
Iban
ampin baby's napkin, nappy
Malay
ampin swaddling-band for infant
Simalungun Batak
ampin swaddling cloth
CMP Yamdena
afin cover with a towel, mat, etc. to make a place to sit or to set something down
Kayeli
ápine mat
WMP Ilokano
apin-an to place the ápin [lining] at the bottom of a pot
Bikol
hapín-an to line (as shelves, boxes); to pad, insulate
WMP Itbayaten
hapin-en weave mats and the like; to weave
Cebuano
hapin-ún be lined by
WMP Ilokano
aprús rub softly, gently
Bontok
ʔaplús to massage, as a tired back, using a salve such as coconut oil
Tagalog
hagpós <M gentle rubbing with the hand
Bikol
hapgós rub something off
WMP Itbayaten
hapon dew
Makassarese
apuŋ dew that has not yet condensed, but which still appears as a mist
CMP Bimanese
apu cloud, fog, obscuring mist
Ngadha
apu dew
Li'o
ae apu fog, mist, dew
Sika
apuŋ dew, land wind that blows in the evening
Lamaholot
apun fog, mist, dew
Tetun
rai ahu fog
WMP Itbayaten
om-apon to alight, to perch, to roost
Ibatan
apon to roost at sunset (birds, chickens)
Ilokano
ápon stable, pen, enclosure, coop
Isneg
ápon cause to roost
Casiguran Dumagat
apon late afternoon, evening
Kapampangan
ápun yesterday
Tagalog
hápon afternoon; roosting of fowls
Bikol
hápon afternoon
Aklanon
hápon afternoon; to roost, go to roost, settle down (birds)
Palawan Batak
ʔapón yesterday
Cebuano
hápun afternoon, early evening
Maranao
apon perch, stay
Mansaka
apon perch, alight, roost
Manobo (Sarangani)
apon afternoon, evening
WMP Itbayaten
apon-an place where chickens sleep at night (usually on a tree); place on which to step
Ibatan
apon-an the place where a bird normally
Casiguran Dumagat
apon-an roosting place for chickens; to land (of a bird, bug or fly)
Tagalog
hapun-an supper, dinner
Aklanon
hapón-an perching rod or twig, roost
WMP Yami
amo ashamed, embarrassed
Itbayaten
haʔmo fear, fright
ka-haʔmo state of being afraid; fear
ha-haʔmo-an to frighten
Ibatan
amo afraid
Ilokano
amo civilized people
na-ámo tame; gentle; domesticated
y-amo to reconcile people
pa-amu-en to tame; domesticate; temper; subdue
pag-amu-en to make enemies friends as before, make people reconcile
Isneg
na-ámo tame, domesticated, gentle
tagi-ámo love charms which boys place in their pouch when they go to court the girls
Bontok
na-ámu to be tame, of a domesticated animal
pa-ámu a working water buffalo; a water buffalo which has been broken in
Kankanaey
na-ámo tame, domesticated; quiet, calm, still; docile; submissive; gentle
Ifugaw
ámo concept of tameness
na-ámo tame, as a dog
Casiguran Dumagat
ámo tame, domesticated, docile, submissive (referring to animals)
pa-amo-én to tame, to domesticate, to break (a horse)
ámo-ámo to speak softly and gently to someone with a reluctant attitude in order to win him over to your side; to act apologetically to someone with whom you have had a misunderstanding; to persuade, to induce, to win over to one’s side
Ibaloy
emo-en to tame, break, train an animal (as carabao for plowing)
amo-an to make someone or something obey
Sambal (Tina)
pa-amo-on to tame
WMP Pangasinan
ma-ámo tame (refers only to animals)
WMP Isneg
um-ámo to become tame, etc.
WMP Ibaloy
on-awas to get out (as from house, bus)
Ayta Abellan
awah to bring out of some kind of container; to get out of a container
Bikol
mag-haʔwás to come out of the water; to fish or pull something out of the water
Aklanon
háwʔas to take out (from container)
Waray-Waray
hawʔás to alight; get down; disembark from; unload
Hiligaynon
mag-háwʔas to take out of, to remove from inside
Binukid
hawʔas to get off (a vehicle); to dismount (a riding animal); to unload, take something off (a vehicle or an animal)
Mansaka
awas to get off (as from a bus); to unload (as in taking off a pack)
WMP Cebuano
hálab for a fish to strike at another fish that is hooked
Mansaka
arab to bite (as a shark)
Tiruray
ʔarab (of fish) to eat one’s own young, or another fish
WMP Ilokano
ag-árab to graze, pasture
pag-aráb-an pasture, grazing land
Isneg
max-árab to pasture, to graze
Kankanaey
men-álab to graze; to browse
pa-aláb-an to drive to pasture
Hanunóo
hárab pasturage, grass, and other fodder
Aklanon
háeab to graze, eat grass
Hiligaynon
mag-hálab to feed like animals on grass, to pasture, to graze
WMP Bikol
haruʔán freshwater fish sp.,
Cebuano
haluan snakehead, edible freshwater fish: Ophiocephalus spp.
Banjarese
haruan a murrel
WMP Itbayaten
haymaŋ sea eel which stays in holes under the sea; big eel (black, spotted): Anguilla japonica Temminck, etc. (includes painted morays)
Ilokano
ar(a)máŋ kind of small, edible, marine shrimp
Casiguran Dumagat
ágmaŋ type of ocean fish (Headland and Headland (1974)), kind of marine eel (Reid (1971:186))
Cebuano
agmáŋ kind of eel
Sasak
amaŋ marine eel
Sangir
hemmaŋ marine eel
CMP Buruese
hema marine eel
WMP Ilokano
agdán ladder; stairs, staircase; flight of stairs, steps
Ibanag
addan stairway, ladder
Isneg
agdān ladder
Itawis
áddan stairs, ladder
Itneg (Binongan)
aldan stairway, ladder
Bontok
ʔagdán wooden steps leading to the door of a house with raised floor
Casiguran Dumagat
agdén ladder; make a makeshift ladder so you can climb a tree
Sambal (Botolan)
ayran stairway, ladder
Ayta Abellan
aydan stairs
Tagalog
hagdán stairs, ladder
Bikol
hagdán stair, step
Hanunóo
ʔagdán any single, inclined means of entering a typical Hanuno'o pile dwelling from the ground, especially a log or bamboo pole used in this manner. Note: Runged ladders, common elsewhere in the Philippines, are not used by the Hanuno'o
Aklanon
hágdan stair(s), step(s)
Hiligaynon
hágdan stairs, ladder
Cebuano
hagdán stairs, ladder; ladder made of a bamboo pole with projections left at the nodes used as the footholds; something by which one climbs or improves; climb a ladder; make into, put a stair or ladder somewhere
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
heɣezan ladder; stairway
Mansaka
agdan ladder; stair
Klata
adda ladder
Buludupi
godtan notched log ladder
Supan
gədtan notched log ladder
Ngaju Dayak
hejan notched log ladder
Katingan
honjan ladder
Jarai
rəñan steps, ladder
Acehnese
reuñeun steps, ladder
Simalur
aeran ladder
Karo Batak
redan steps, ladder (usually a notched log or pole)
Nias
ora ladder, stairs
Mentawai
orat ladder, stairs
Balinese
ejan ladder
Proto-Minahasan
*ahdan ladder, stairs
Tondano (Kakas)
aharan ladder, stairs
Boano
elane ladder
Uma
oda rung of a ladder
Bare'e
eja steps, ladder, generally made of a notched log
Wolio
oda ladder, stairway
CMP Manggarai
redaŋ ladder
Rotinese
eda something used to climb up something else (Jonker 1908); ladder of house (Fox 1993)
eda-k steps, ladder; clamps on a tree to make it easier to climb
Leti
retna steps, ladder
Wetan
retna climbing-pole, ladder, stairs
Selaru
aresa-re steps, ladder
Dobel
lola ladder
Kamarian
elan ladder
Manipa
lane stairs
SHWNG Kowiai/Koiwai
roran ladder, stairs
WMP Sambal (Tina)
ayran stairs, ladder
SHWNG Buli
olan ladder
WMP Tagalog
hagdáŋ bató stone steps, stone stairs
Tae'
eran batu stone stairs; also a place name
eran bala batu stairs made of stones stacked upon one another
CMP Wetan
retan wati stairs of stone
WMP Ilokano
ásaŋ gill, branchia; glands at the inside of the throat; the pin of a lock that fits in the socket of a key
Isneg
ásaŋ the gills of fishes
Itawis
ásaŋ gill
Gaddang
átaŋ gills (McFarland 1977)
Pangasinan
asáŋ gills
nan-asáŋ gilled, having gills
Sambal (Botolan)
áhaŋ gills
Ayta Abellan
ahaŋ gills
Ayta Maganchi
ahaŋ gills
Kapampangan
ásaŋ gills
Tagalog
hásaŋ gills
Abaknon
asaŋ gills
Aklanon
hásaŋ gill (of fish)
Cebuano
hásaŋ gills
hásaŋ-hásaŋ an outlet on the side of a ship's hull to let the bilge water out
Maranao
asaŋ gill
Mansaka
asaŋ gill
Kenyah (Long Wat)
asaŋ gills
Bintulu
asaŋ gills
Melanau (Mukah)
asaŋ gills
Iban
ansaŋ gills of fish
Malay
asaŋ gills of fish (Brunei, Sarawak)
Simalur
asaŋ cheek
Sundanese
asaŋ gills
Javanese
aŋsaŋ gill (fish's breathing apparatus); grate for holding coals in a brazier
Balinese
aŋsaŋ gills of fish
Sasak
aŋsaŋ gills
Proto-Sangiric
*asaŋ gills
Sangir
asaŋ gill; membrane around the seed of a mango
Proto-Minahasan
*asaŋ gills
Tondano
ansaŋ gills
Tontemboan
asaŋ gills of a fish
asaŋ-en seized by the gills
Kaidipang
anjaŋo gills
Makassarese
assaŋ gills
Wolio
anca gill (of fish)
ancaŋ-i remove gills from (fish)
Chamorro
guasaŋ gill (of fish)
CMP Kisar
ahanne uvula
Roma
ahanna gills
Leti
asna gills of a fish
Wetan
aana gills
Kamarian
asa gills
Asilulu
asa gills
Buruese
asa-n gills
SHWNG Numfor
asen gills
OC Pak
asa-n inner gills
Papitalai
asa-n inner gills (red substance)
Seimat
axa-n gills
Wuvulu
axa gills
Aua
ara-na gills
Gitua
asa-n gills
iga asa-n fish gills
Motu
lada gills
Roviana
asaŋa-na gills of a fish
Eddystone/Mandegusu
asaŋa gills of a fish
Rennellese
asa fish gills
WMP Cebuano
hasáŋ-an having gills
Kadazan Dusun
asaŋ-an the fish from which the gill is being taken out
Sundanese
asaŋ-an have gills
Balinese
aŋsaŋ-an gills of fish
CMP Paulohi
asa-i its gills
OC Mussau
asaŋ-e inner gills (< pre-Mussau *asaŋa-i 'gills of')
Pohnpeian
ede gills
WMP Cebuano
hasúg push something into a container and tamp it down to fill it tight (as in filling a sack with copra)
Sundanese
aŋseg approach, press in on something; also: pant, gasp for breath; oppress, stifle (as a person who is surrounded by other people, a city surrounded by an army, etc.)
Javanese
aŋseg feeling stuffed from overeating
ŋ-aŋseg press forward
WMP Tagalog
hasík sowing
Bikol
hasók plant rice or corn seeds by placing them in a hole made by a pole; referring only to upland field cultivation carried out at present primarily by minority groups
Cebuano
hasúk make a hole to sow seeds in; insert something into a hole or sheath; drive in stakes or pegs; dibble stick; hole dibbled in the ground to sow seeds in; action of making a hole; peg, stake
Tiruray
ʔohok to plant in general, specifically to dibble; dibble stick
Mapun
um-asok to enter; go inside (a place); to allow or have someone enter
asok-un to insert something into something else; to put something inside a place (as a machete in its sheath)
Taboyan
asek dibble stick
Dusun Deyah
asok dibble stick
Banjarese
asak hole made with a dibble stick for planting rice
Malay
asak stuffing; insertion by force or pressure (of stuffing food into the mouth, beating stones into a roadway, hammering earth to fill up interstices)
Sundanese
asɨk dibble stick
Sumbawanese
asak dibble stick
Proto-Sangiric
*asik to dibble; plant rice
Sangir
asiʔ plant rice, more particularly the first step in the process: dibble holes in the ground
la-asiʔ the thick, pointed dibble stick of heavy wood used to make holes for planting
Mongondow
atok plant rice seed by dibbling
Gorontalo
wantoʔo insert, put in (as money into a fold of the clothing)
CMP Manggarai
acek fence post, stake; drive in a stake or post
Selaru
asa hole made in dibbling
Yamdena
yasak press into the ground
OC Sa'a
ato, ato-ato throw, cast
ato taha throw the first yam set into the hole, of priest
Ulawa
ato-ato up and down dividing sticks in a yam garden
ato-ni waʔa throw the yams into the holes
Arosi
ato, ato-ato distribute food at feasts, yams in holes for planting
WMP Kadazan Dusun
maŋ-asok make holes for seeds in the nursery
Taboyan
ŋ-asek to dibble
Dusun Deyah
ŋ-asok to dibble
Sundanese
ŋ-asɨk make a hole or holes in the ground for planting; to plant
Sangir
maŋ-asiʔ plant rice, more particularly the first step in the process: dibble holes in the ground
maŋa-ŋ-asiʔ the people who make the dibble holes for planting (they walk together while singing verses connected with the planting of the rice, followed by the women, who plant the seeds
Mongondow
moŋ-atok plant rice seed by dibbling
WMP Casiguran Dumagat
asək put something inside of something else
Cebuano
hasúk pack inside tight by compacting or tamping it down (as copra in a sack); compressed and well-packed inside a container
Maranao
asek press (as in pressing down the contents of a sack)
asek-asek press hard, confine strongly and in an overcrowded condition
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
hasek press down on something
Bintulu
anəw n-asək clothing (lit. ‘thing that is squeezed into’)
Iban
ansak press back, drive back (as enemy in battle)
Malay
(h)asak stuffing; insertion by force or pressure (of stuffing food into the mouth, beating stones into a roadway, hammering earth to fill up interstices
peŋ-asak ramrod
ber-asak-asak crushed together (of people in a crowd
penoh ber-asak chockfull
Karo Batak
asek asthma?
asek-en oppressive feeling in the chest, shortness of breath
Madurese
aŋsek be crowded out of place by another person; nudge, jostle
Balinese
aŋsek throng, be close together, push on each other
aŋsek-aŋ be pushed close together
Makassarese
assaʔ press against something, push or press something in, cram in with force
CMP Bimanese
asi press, squeeze
asi ana press, squeeze, as in giving birth
WMP Bahasa Indonesia
meŋ-asak cram something in so that it is compact or full
Makassarese
aŋŋ-assaʔ press against something, push or press something in, cram in with force
WMP Bahasa Indonesia
meŋ-asak-i push or press against
Makassarese
assakk-i press against something
Wolio
asak-i press, suppress (desires)
WMP Cebuano
hasúk insert something into a hole or sheath
Kayan
asuk push in, push along, push away
Karo Batak
asuk understand; enter
Javanese
aŋsuk enter (as a house)
Balinese
asuk go in, enter
hasuk-in be made to go in, be put in
WMP Itbayaten
hata uncooked, raw (of cereal), green, immature (of fruits), food subject to cooking, unripe
na-hata raw (of viand)
Kankanaey
áta green; raw; not mature; not dry
Ifugaw
áta green, applied to grass, leaves, unripe fruit, natural color of vegetation in general
Casiguran Dumagat
áta unripe, green; uncooked
Tiruray
ʔataʔ the small trees on a swidden, cut first in order to serve as kindling beneath the larger trees when the swidden in burned; raw; immature, not yet ripe, used only of fruits
Kayan
ata unripe, raw
Kayan (Uma Juman)
ata raw, unripe
Bidayuh (Bukar-Sadong)
ata uncooked, unripe
Karo Batak
atah fresh, green, raw, unripe
Sundanese
atah raw, unripe, not cooked; untanned
Balinese
atah young, unripe (fruit); green (leaves); not fully cooked
WMP Itbayaten
ma-hata uncooked, raw (of cereal), green, immature (of fruits)
Ivatan
maːtaʔ unripe, raw (McFarland 1977)
Ifugaw
ma-áta it will be green
Gaddang
ma-ʔaːta unripe, raw (McFarland 1977)
Kelabit
mataʔ raw, unripe, uncooked
Kenyah
mataʔ raw, unripe
Kenyah (Long Wat)
m-ataʔ raw
Karo Batak
m-atah raw, green, unripe
Mentawai
mata raw, uncooked, unripe
Balinese
m-atah unripe, raw, uncooked; be green, young (leaves, fruit)
Sasak
mataʔ raw, unripe, uncooked
Proto-Minahasan
*mataʔ green; unripe; raw
Tontemboan
mataʔ green (also the color of the cloudless sky); unripe, raw, uncooked; small thin green snake
Uma
mataʔ raw
Bare'e
mata raw, unripe, still green, uncooked, living
Tae'
ma-mata unripe (of fruits), raw, fresh, still green, unripe, living
Makassarese
mata raw, unripe, uncooked
Chamorro
mataʔ raw, uncooked
CMP Bimanese
mada raw, not cooked
Komodo
mataʔ raw (of fruit, rice); underdone, unripe
Kambera
mata raw, unripe (rice, maize, etc.)
Atoni
mate green
Tetun
mata-k green, still growing, immature; raw (not cooked), new, fresh (not stale); inexperienced
Kisar
maka-maka raw, not cooked
Leti
mat-mata raw, not cooked
Selaru
mat raw, uncooked, unripe
Yamdena
mate unripe, uncooked; not yet completely dry, of wood
Fordata
mata raw, uncooked, unripe
OC Takuu
mata raw, uncooked
Rotuman
mafa raw, uncooked; green, undried
Tongan
mata (of fruit), green, unripe, or raw; (of copra) undried); (of timber) unseasoned, or not thoroughly seasoned (hence a newly made canoe is sometimes said to be kei mata 'still unseasoned')
Samoan
mata raw, unripe
Anuta
mata raw; green
OC Lou
pa-mat uncooked
Lenkau
pa-pa-mat raw, unripe
Pak
pa-mar uncooked, raw
Nali
mam-mat raw
Wuvulu
a-maʔa raw, unripe
Anejom
mat raw
Rotuman
mafa raw, uncooked; green, undried
Tongan
mata (of fruit) green, unripe or raw; (of timber) unseasoned, or not thoroughly seasoned (hence a newly made canoe is sometimes said to be kei mata, still unseasoned)
Niue
mata unripe; raw, uncooked; new, fresh
Futunan
mata raw, uncooked (meat or fish); immature, as a young coconut not ready to be used
Samoan
mata raw, uncooked, as taro
faʔa-mata-mata be half-cooked, not cooked properly; be simple, naive (people)
Tuvaluan
mata raw, half-cooked
Kapingamarangi
mada raw, not cooked; ripe (of coconuts)
Nukuoro
mada uncooked, raw
Rennellese
haa-mata ~ baa-mata to be partially cooked; raw
Anuta
mata raw
Maori
mata raw, uncooked; unripe, of fruit; fresh, green, of foliage not dried or withered; fresh, as water
Hawaiian
maka raw, as fish; uncooked; green, unripe, as fruit; fersh as distinct from salted provisions
kā-maka-maka fresh, alive, as of leaves or fresh fish; to lay green leaves on an oven
hoʔo-kā-maka-maka to ask forgiveness, to seek restoration of friendship
WMP Kayan (Uma Juman)
ŋ-ataʔ pick fruit before it is ripe
Ngaju Dayak
maŋ-anta pluck while unripe
Karo Batak
ŋ-atah eat raw flesh
Toba Batak
maŋ-ata eat raw flesh, or flesh that has been only lightly cooked
WMP Itbayaten
hatay share (in general)
hata-hatay-en to distribute, to give equally
Bontok
ʔin-átal to divide into the appropriate number of piles, as in the distribution or sharing of meat or fish
Ifugaw
átal act of distributing, imparting small things (e.g. betel nuts) by tossing them in different directions to those sitting around together
Aklanon
hátag to give (something)
Hiligaynon
hátag gift, donation
mag-hátag to give, to make a gift, to bestow, to assign, to award
Cebuano
hátag to give
Mansaka
atag to give
WMP Bontok
ʔatáy expression of pleased surprise
Cebuano
hatáy expression preceding a phrase warning someone against doing something foolish: watch out
Malay
(h)ati-(h)ati be careful; look out; be watchful
Bahasa Indonesia
hati-hati watch out! take care!
Sundanese
ati-ati pay attention, watch out
Old Javanese
ati-ati give one's full (undivided) attention
WMP Yami
atoŋ blow (on) to help ignite
ipi-ato-atoŋ tools for starting fires, such as paper or dried reeds
Itbayaten
man-hatoŋ to build a fire
Ibatan
atoŋ blow on a piece of burning wood to make it flame
Ilokano
átoŋ firebrand (for burning)
atoŋ-an to leave a firebrand burning; arouse, incite
Bontok
ʔatuŋ to have a burn (as a burned hand)
Ibaloy
ʔatuŋ burned, scalded skin, eyes, or other body part (as by fire, boiling water)
WMP Casiguran Dumagat
áwan clear (of underbrush, e.g. a cleared trail)
Tagalog
háwan clearing (in a forest), or produced by the removal of a crowd; or, in the sky, by disappearance of clouds
hawán cleared
Aklanon
háwan clear up, clean up, make open
ma-háwan clear, having no obstructions, expansive
Hiligaynon
háwan to clear, clean from obstruction, clear a crowded area
Cebuano
háwan clear an area; for an area to become clear
hawan-án living room; floorspace or anything enclosed
Maranao
awan clean graves
Manobo (Dibabawon)
(h)awan-an cleared area
aw-awan-an air, atmosphere between ground and sky
Mansaka
awan weed rice for first time
awan-an sky
Kadazan Dusun
t-avan sky, firmament, heavens, expanse
Melanau (Mukah)
awan cloud
Malagasy
avana rainbow
Iban
awan cloud
Malay
awan cloud
Acehnese
awan cloud
Dairi-Pakpak Batak
aban atmosphere, the firmament
Lampung
awan cloud
Balinese
awan clouds
WMP Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
hawan-hawan space between heaven and earth
Karo Batak
awan-awan atmosphere, space between earth and sky
WMP Yami
awaw thirsty
Itbayaten
ahwaw <M thirst
m-ahwaw thirsty
Ilokano
awáw thirst
Bontok
ʔə́wəw thirsty; thirst
WMP Sambal (Bolinaw)
ayep animal
Pangasinan
áyep animal
Bikol
háyop animal; beast, creature
Hanunóo
háyup animal, especially a mammal; also by extension and colloquial usage, any object that moves, animate or inanimate
Aklanon
háyop mammals, cattle
Hiligaynon
háyup animal
Palawan Batak
ʔáyep insect; animal
Cebuano
háyup domestic animal; a person with base instincts and desires
Mansaka
ayup pet (as a bird); plaything; toy; wife
WMP Kapampangan
ayún earthquake
Cebuano
hayún swing the arms in walking
Iban
ayun swing (as for a child)
Malay
(h)ayun swaying; swinging
ayun-an hammock-cradle; swing
Acehnese
ayōn cradle (generally an oblong basket of plaited rattan filled with cushions)
Toba Batak
aun to swing, rock, sway
Sundanese
ayun to swing, sway, rock
Old Javanese
(h)ayun moving to and fro, swinging, dangling
Javanese
ayun children's swing
ayun-an to swing (on a swing, hanging tree roots, etc.)
ŋ-ayun to swing something
Balinese
ayun to rock, swing
ayun-an a swinging cot for a baby; cradle; a swing
WMP Bontok
ʔayúp to blow on, as a fire to make it flame
Bikol
hayóp blow something away
Proto-Chamic
*ʔayup to blow
WMP Ilokano
áyup animal, beast
Agta (Eastern)
háyup animal, creature, spirit (generic for any non-human creature, especially mammals, whether natural or supernatural; includes fairies, elves, goblins, etc.)
Ayta Abellan
ayop animal
Tagalog
háyop animal; a beast
WMP Ilokano
ebbés subside, abate, decrease (rivers, brooks, etc.)
Isneg
abbāt boil salt water, in the manufacture of salt
Casiguran Dumagat
ebEs for water to go down again after a flood
Tagalog
hibás reduced in intensity (said of fever or storm), low tide
Hanunóo
hubás evaporation, drying up, as of mountain streams in the dry season
Aklanon
hubás low tide
Hiligaynon
hubás evaporate, dry up
Cebuano
hubás dry up or drain liquids out
Binukid
hebas for water to recede; for a well or spring to dry up
WMP Isneg
max-abbāt boil salt water, in the manufacture of salt
Hiligaynon
mag-hubás evaporate, dry up
WMP Ilokano
um-bás subside, abate, decrease (rivers, brooks, etc.)
Hanunóo
h-um-ubás dry up
WMP Kankanaey
ebék cry and gibber; weep and jabber; weep and grumble
Tagalog
hibík pleading, supplication; sob
Maranao
mbek give a whacking or thudding sound
Bintulu
əmbək hit, as a dog with a stick
Old Javanese
aŋ-embek-embek stifle one's sobs
WMP Hiligaynon
hubún group
OC Nggela
ovu crowd, heap, pile
Lau
ofu pile up, amass; bunch, group of people
WMP Aklanon
húeaw stop raining, "let up" (rain only)
Cebuano
huláw drought, prolonged period without rain
Sangir
edo stop, cease, end
OC Duke of York
oro finished, of rain
WMP Ilokano
di adverb of negation
Isneg
addí not
um-addí to refuse, not to like
Tagalog
hindíʔ no, not
Maranao
diʔ no, not
Subanun (Sindangan)
ndiʔ no, not
Penudjaq
ndéʔ no, not
Mamben
ndéʔ no, not
WMP Hanunóo
hukás unloading or dismounting from an animal
Kayan
kah release something, let go from hool, set free; spread out, e.g. a mat
Tontemboan
eŋkas unfold, develop; loosen, undo, untie, release
WMP Kankanaey
elék sleep with somebody
Ifugaw
olók sleep
Tagalog
hilík snore, snoring
Kalamian Tagbanwa
elek sleep
Palawan Batak
ʔélek sleepy
WMP Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
heluŋ seek shelter from rain or sun
Sangir
elluŋ shadow
maŋ-elluŋ seek shelter in the shade
Tae'
allun covered, as the sun with clouds, shadowed, as the sunlight blocked by trees
Mandar
alluŋ cloud
Buginese
elluŋ cloud
WMP Tagalog
himíl idle tapping with the point of the fingers, doodling
Maranao
mel touch
Bintulu
mən hold
məŋ-əmən hold, catch
p-əmən wrestling
WMP Bikol
hamís sweet
Maranao
mis sweetness
Tiruray
ʔeméh sugar; sweet
Tboli
mi(h) sweet
Kadazan Dusun
omis sweet
Kenyah
mE sweet
Kayan (Uma Juman)
mi sweet
mi heñaʔ salty
Lampung
mis sweet
Proto-Sangiric
*emis sweet
Proto-Minahasan
*emis sweet
CMP Palu'e
mi sweet
Li'o
mi sweet
Sika
mi sweet, insipid
SHWNG Buli
mis-mis sweet
Formosan Hoanya
mami sweet
WMP Agta (Central Cagayan)
mamit sweet
Gaddang
maːmit sweet
Maranao
mamis sweet, cake, dessert
Manobo (Ata)
moʔomis sweet
Manobo (Kalamansig Cotabato)
mɨʔɨmɨs sweet
Samal
mamis sweet
Malagasy
mamy sweet, delicious
Rhade
ḿmih sweet
Toba Batak
mamis sweet
Banggai
mamis sweet
Chamorro
mames sweet
CMP Rotinese
mami insipid, sweetish, tasteless (as water)
Selaru
mami animal fat
OC Tolai
mami very sweet yam variety: Dioscorea rubicosa, coconut with a sweet husk which is chewed by sick persons, rather like barley-sugar
Lakalai
mami a yam: Dioscorea alata
Mailu
mami fresh water
Motu
mami flavor of food
Cheke Holo
mamhi be sweet tasting
Bugotu
mami sweet, agreeable, pleasant to the taste
Nggela
mami fresh, not salt
Kwaio
memi normal tasting; neither sweet nor sour
maa-mami-la brackish water
'Āre'āre
mami-ʔa sweet
Sa'a
mami to taste
Arosi
mami fresh, good drink, water; mixed with fresh water, as the sea water near a river mouth; sweetened, freshened, as ahuhu (yam sp.) put in fresh water and its salt flavor removed
Gilbertese
mam fresh water (as opposed to salt water)
Pohnpeian
mem sweet
Puluwat
mem sweet
Woleaian
mam(i) sweet, sugary
Rotuman
mami sweet (opposite taviri 'sour'); of water, fresh; non-intoxicating
Futunan
mami have a good taste (as sweet fruits); be tasteless, insipid (from lack of salt)
Nukuoro
mami the taste of something
Rennellese
mami fat, as fish or fowl
WMP Aklanon
húnaʔ-húnaʔ speculate, think of, consider; speculation, idea, thought
Hiligaynon
hunáʔ-hunáʔ thoughts, ideas, opinion
mag-hunáʔ-hunáʔ think, have the idea, consider
Cebuano
húnaʔ-húnaʔ think about something; think of doing something; think of something or someone; consider, think something over, ponder
Mapun
honaʔ-honaʔ common sense
Sangir
enna thought
maŋ-enna think
WMP Ilokano
eddék to moan (when evacuating the bowels, giving birth, etc.)
Tagalog
hindík continuous and agonizing hard breathing; last agonizing breath of the dying
WMP Sasak
ñat stretch, spring up
Lolak
onat stretch
Mandar
enneʔ stretch, as rubber, spring, etc.
WMP Cebuano
huŋák-huŋák breathe deeply and rapidly
OC Nggela
oŋa out of breath
WMP Itbayaten
ahñit laughter
i-hñit to laugh at somebody
h<om>ñit to laugh
Ilongot (Kakiduge:n)
ɨŋit to laugh
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
eŋit to laugh aloud
Manobo (Ilianen)
ɨŋit to laugh
WMP Cebuano
hupák develop a crack such that the separated pieces are no longer in contact
Kelabit
epak what is split
ŋ-epak to split
Kenyah (Long Wat)
pak split
Kayan
pak the fallen sheath from palm fronds or bamboo; husk of sugarcane
Malagasy
èfaka anything branching like a fork
man-èfaka branching, forked, as trees, etc.
Karo Batak
empak wood chips, wood shavings
Dairi-Pakpak Batak
empak cut, sever
Toba Batak
ompak splinter
Balinese
empak break, break off of itself (as a branch)
Sasak
empak cracks in the lips (from fever)
empak-empak channels or cracks in the ground
WMP Bontok
ʔə́ʔə yes; an expression of agreement
Aklanon
húʔo yes. Used quite differently than the
Hiligaynon
húʔu yes, affirmative particle
Palawan Batak
ʔeʔe yes
Sundanese
hɨɨh <M yes, right, correct
Mongondow
oʔo expression of agreement; yes, good, it is good
Gorontalo
oːo yes, true
Uma
oo interjection
Bare'e
oʔo sound that one makes to apologize or to show agreement
CMP Manggarai
eʔe yes, good, agreed!
Rembong
e sound indicating agreement
OC Gitua
oo yo! (reply)
Mono-Alu
o yes
WMP Bikol
haʔgók take deep breaths, as one tired or ill with asthma; to gasp
Sundanese
eŋguk-eŋguk onomatopoetic for the sound of the turtledove
CMP Manggarai
guk sound of water going down the throat
WMP Tagalog
hígiŋ tone, cue to start singing; something heard vaguely and not well understood
Aklanon
hugóŋ-húgoŋ rumors
Cebuano
húguŋ produce a steady humming sound
Kelabit
ereŋ a groan, a growl
Malay
(h)eraŋ moan, cry of pain
Karo Batak
ereŋ to bark
m-ereŋ to bark
Toba Batak
oroŋ to bark (dogs)
m-oroŋ-oroŋ grumble, complain about
Sundanese
hereŋ the purring of a cat
Old Javanese
hreŋ deep persistent sound; rumbling, grumbling, growling, humming
hreŋ hreŋ to rumble
Javanese
ereŋ keep roaring, keep moaning with pain
Makassarese
k-arraŋ cry out, shout
m-arraŋ to cry (deer), to bark (dogs), to moo, bellow (cattle)
Chamorro
ugoŋ moan, groan, lament, mourn, utter in lamentation
OC Tolai
oro to call, shout
Mbula
oro-oro noise, commotion
Rotuman
ō make a rumbling, rushing or roaring noise
WMP Kelabit
ŋ-ereŋ to groan (as a sick person or a ghost), to growl (dogs)
Malay
meŋ-eraŋ to groan in pain
Toba Batak
maŋ-oroŋ to bark (dogs)
paŋ-oroŋ a dog
WMP Cebuano
húguŋ to produce a steady humming sound
Malagasy
érona a growl, a roar
man-èrona growl at, snarl at; murmur, grumble
Proto-South Sulawesi
*ɨrruŋ drone, roar
Buginese
m-erruŋ low droning noise
Makassarese
arruŋ dull roar (of wind, approaching rain, rushing of river current, etc.)
WMP Bontok
ʔəsə́k seed kept for planting; to plant, of vegetables
Ifugaw
ohók put seeds in little pits
Ifugaw (Batad)
ohóʔ plants seeds such as corn with a dibble stick
Bikol
hasók plant rice or corn seeds by placing them in a hole made by a pole
WMP Bontok
ʔəsk-án to plant, of vegetables
Bikol
hasok-ánhask-án upland rice or corn fields
Formosan Amis
hcek post, wooden pillar
pa-hcek put stakes of wood in the ground, as when staking claims
WMP Aklanon
usók pole of a fence, fencepole
Cebuano
úsuk drive stakes into the ground
Narum
cak housepost
WMP Cebuano
híbun for a depression to get filled up or covered
Bare'e
iwu cover; cover over an opening in the ground; keep secret
OC Nggela
ivu loosen earth with a stick; make mounds or rows in a garden; plough; a mound
WMP Pangasinan
írap hardships, torment; be difficult; suffer
ma-írap difficult, hard (emotionally)
Tagalog
hírap difficulty, suffering
hiráp tired, weary; up against much difficulty
Iban
idap (of illness) be subject or liable to; have a relapse or recurrence of
Malay
(h)idap protraction (of illness, sorrow or fasting).
meŋ-idap perut to have been long without a meal
meŋ-idap-kan rayu to nurse one's grief
WMP Cebuano
hílum silent, quiet; secret, not overt (as secret love); keep something secret, hush something up
Iban
diau <M still, silent; stop, sooth
Malay
diam <M quiet, still; be silent
Malay (Java)
diem <M quiet, silent
Sundanese
idem keep secret, give no sign of
WMP Ilokano
iddá lie down, stretch, be prostrate, stretched out
Isneg
iddā lie down
Itawis
ídda place to lie down
Tagalog
higáʔ lying down; fallen flat on the back
Bikol
higdáʔ <M lie down, repose
Cebuano
higdáʔ <M lie down
Maranao
igaʔ lie down
Manobo (Ata)
hidogoʔ sleep
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
hizeɣaʔ lie down
Tiruray
ʔiroʔ lie down
WMP Isneg
max-iddā lie down
Bikol
mag-higdáʔ lie down
WMP Bontok
ʔigpit hold something between one's arm and the trunk of one's body, or between one's fingers
Pangasinan
igpít tighten something
Ayta Abellan
igpit to not give freedom, and be strict with
Kapampangan
igpit-an to tighten something
Tagalog
higpít tightness; strictness, severity; restriction, limitation
Bikol
higpít strict, tight (as regulations); drastic, harsh, rigid, stringent
Hanunóo
higpít tightness, seriousness, gravity
Aklanon
ígpit to clip, catch, hold between two things
Cebuano
higpít narrow, for something to be small such that it restricts motion, causes difficulty
WMP Bontok
ʔigpít-ən be held between one's arm and the trunk of one's body
Bikol
higpít-on be enforced (as regulations), be tightened (as restrictions)
WMP Casiguran Dumagat
igút rope, line (anything used for tying)
Bikol
higót taut, tight, tense
mag-higót to pull taut or tight; to tighten
Aklanon
higót string (for tying)
hígot to tie up
Waray-Waray
higót the act of tying up, fastening or binding; anything used in tying up purposes; string; cord
Maranao
igot to pull on belt; tighten
Mansaka
igot to tighten; to pull tight (as rope); to stretch tight
WMP Casiguran Dumagat
igut-an to tie (as a rope around a dog’s neck)
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
higut-an a string or cord belt which is sewed into the waist of a pair of trousers
WMP Ilokano
ikét net
ag-ikét to weave a net
Isneg
ikát net (general name)
Bontok
ʔíkət dog collar
Kankanaey
ikt-en to fasten a rope to, attach a cord to, fasten a line to; to strap, to leash
Bikol
híkot net, now primarily used for fishing, but in the past used for hunting as well
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
hiket to tie up; to commit suicide
Malay
ikat tying up, fastening; binding with string, thread, or rope
Old Javanese
ikət band, tie
Sasak
ikət tie securely with a rope
Proto-Sangiric
*ikit to bind, tie up
Proto-Minahasan
*ikət to hang up on a rope
WMP Tagalog
h-al-ikhík outburst of pent-up laughter (cp. h-al-akhak)
Nias
iki laugh at, ridicule
Javanese
ikik titter, giggle, snigger
Balinese
ikik laugh loudly (not so loudly as akak)
WMP Bontok
ʔiknát stretch oneself, as when tired
Cebuano
hiknát pull slightly with the fingers as if stretching something
WMP Ayta Abellan
ilab pain; to experience pain
ma-ilab painful
Tagalog
hílab spasm; a convulsive action causing pain in the abdomen
Cebuano
hílab empty or smarting sensation in the stomach, caused by hunger, fear, or acidity
Mansaka
ilab itch-causing agent
WMP Tagalog
híla pull; drag; tow, towing; the thing pulled; a cartload or carload as a unit of measure; attraction, invitation
Bikol
híla a work song sung when pulling or hauling
mag-hila to pull or haul while singing
Aklanon
híla(h) to pull
Malay
héla dragging after oneself; hauling or lugging along
WMP Yami
ilap cut pieces, cut chunks
n-ilap cut pieces
ka-ilap-an thickness of the slabs of meat
Ibatan
idap a slice
Ilokano
ílap a slice
Bikol
mag-hílap to slice meat
Agutaynen
ilap-en to fillet fish or meat
Aborlan Tagbanwa
ilap-ilap to slice thin (as meat)
WMP Yami
maŋ-ilap to cut meat
Itbayaten
mañ-ilap to cut finger or toenails, to cut one’s nails off
Ibatan
maŋ-idap to slice meat, cut into slices
Pangasinan
man-iláp to cut finely
WMP Yami
ilap-an reason for cutting into pieces
Ilokano
iláp-an to cut a slice from something
WMP Yami
ilap-en to cut
Ibatan
idap-en to slice meat, cut into slices
Ilokano
iláp-en to slice
Bikol
hiláp-on to slice meat
WMP Tagalog
hílat stretching of an opening (as by pulling down the eyelid)
Makassarese
illaʔ be wide open, of the eyes
CMP Bimanese
ila open the eyes
WMP Casiguran Dumagat
iláw eat raw food (e.g. fish, vegetables); eat green fruit
Sambal (Botolan)
na-ʔilo unripe, raw
Tagalog
hilaw uncooked; green, unripe; raw
Bikol
hiláw raw, half-cooked (meat, vegetables); immature (fruits, vegetables)
Aklanon
hiláw raw, uncooked; unripe
Cebuano
hiláw uncooked, raw; unripe, green
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
hilew unripe, uncooked
Mongondow
ilow young, green, unripe (plants and fruits), raw (flesh)
WMP Yami
ilek type of fish: snubnose rudderfish (considered the best type of fish)
Itbayaten
hilek blackish or smoke-colored fish: Kyphosus cinerascens, Lutianus erythropterus Forskal
Ilokano
ílek kind of large spotted marine fish with tasty meat, rudder fish, Kyphosus sp.
WMP Yami
ili village
i-paŋ-ilili used to visiting other villages
mi-ili the village one lives in
ka-ili-an villagers
Itbayaten
hili town proper, habitual living place; point of departure
Ilokano
íli town
um-ili to live, reside in a town; inhabitants, citizens, residents
maŋ-íli to visit another town
Isneg
íli village, town, country; birthplace, residence
eliy-an neighbor, fellow citizen
Itawis
ilí town
Bontok
ʔíli village; town
maŋ-íli stranger, foreigner; someone from another village
Kankanaey
íli town, city, village, hamlet, borough; country, fatherland, any person living outside of one's village
Ifugaw
íli village not one's own; foreign village
um-ili to visit, enter a village not one's own
Ibaloy
ili town; sometimes esp. the municipio town center as opposed to the barrios/barangays; (also any geopolitical unit, as province or country, e.g. ili ni hapon ‘the country of the Japanese’)
CMP Erai
ili-(n) village
ili-hun skirt of the village
ili-ralan village population
la ili eha in another village
Talur
ili village
Tugun
ili village
WMP Itbayaten
ka-hili-an townmate, fellow man
Ilokano
ka-ili-án fellow citizen; of the lower classes
Bontok
ka-ʔili-yán someone from the same village as oneself; fellow villager
WMP Bikol
hilíŋ a look; look at, look over, admire
Hanunóo
híliŋ looking at something, usually near by
Cebuano
hilíŋ examine something carefully, touching it to see what is there; examine one's health
Tiruray
ʔiliŋ-ʔiliŋ look around, scan
Old Javanese
iliŋ look at (regard, observe) with attention (affection, love)
Balinese
iliŋ see, look
WMP Bontok
ʔilít outskirts of the village, uninhabited areas outside the village
Kankanaey
ilít outside of the town; fields; out of the group of houses, but still on the grounds of the town
Aklanon
hilít corner, side
Cebuano
hilít secluded, isolated in location (as a place with no near neighbors)
WMP Casiguran Dumagat
iló sorcerer, witch; bewitch, make someone sick through witchcraft; to poison, be poison
Tagalog
hílo dizziness, giddiness, vertigo
ka-hiluh-an dizziness, giddiness, vertigo
hiluh-ín to make someone dizzy
Bikol
hílo poison
Cebuano
hilú poison ingested; poison something or someone
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
hilu to poison; poison
Lun Dayeh
iluh a poisoning
in-iluh sickened due to food poisoning
m-iluh be poisoned by something eaten
Kelabit
m-iluh eat something poisonous so as to become sick and vomit
Iban
ilaŋ-ilu tree with poisonous fruits
Sangir
ilu become poisonous
WMP Bikol
ma-hílo be poisoned
Sangir
m-ilu poisonous
WMP Ilokano
ílut massage
i-pa-ílut to have someone give a massage
ilút-en to massage; rub; knead
Isneg
ílot massagist
Itawis
ílut midwife, masseur, native chiropractor
Bontok
ʔílut to massage, as a sprained ankle
Kankanaey
ílut to rub, apply massage to any injured part of the body
Pangasinan
ilót massage or rub gently
Kapampangan
ílut, hílut a curer (specialist in massage, sprains, bone setting)
Tagalog
hílot midwife; massaging
Hanunóo
hílut massage
Aklanon
hílot restore a broken bone; massage
Agutaynen
ilot to massage muscles, joints; to set a fracture
Hiligaynon
hílut midwife; to massage, rub
Cebuano
hílut massage, pull the bones for medicinal purposes
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
hilut to massage a part of the body
WMP Kankanaey
ílut-en apply massage
Kapampangan
ílut-an cure, massage
Hiligaynon
hílut-un to massage, rub
WMP Ilokano
imatón care for, look after, attend to, heed, mark, observe, notice
Isneg
imatón sign; something by which the seasons are announced (for planting, weeding, etc.); a mark, a reminder for remembering a certain place
Kankanaey
imáton find out about; notice; discern; know; recognize; distinguish
Ifugaw
imáton sign at which someone is recognized
Pangasinan
imatón observe, see, witness, test with the senses
Tagalog
himatón giving of directions to find the way to a place; information, news, or instructions sent over
WMP Ilokano
ka-inám-an become fond of, start relishing, acquire a taste for
Kankanaey
ínam palatable; tasteful; savory
Pangasinan
inám crave for food, drink, clothing, etc.
Cebuano
hínam eager, intensely desirous (as to eat)
Maranao
inam expectation, prospect, hope for something
Tiruray
ʔinam a hopeful expectation; to hopefully expect something
WMP Tagalog
hintáy wait!
Iban
intai wait or watch for (opportunity)
Malay
hintai prying; watching secretly
Toba Batak
inte wait, await, expect
Old Javanese
inte, intay keep constantly in view, keep a watch on, watch narrowly, peer at
Balinese
inte watch over, chaperone, spy on
Sasak
inte spy on, stalk
WMP Yami (Imorod)
inoy ripe
Itbayaten
ja-hinoy not ripe, unripe
Tagalog
hinóg ripe (usually said of fruits)
Bikol
hinóg ripe, mature
mag-hinóg to ripen
Cebuano
hinúg ripe (as bananas); for a cold to be at a late stage, when the mucus gets thick; for acne or a small pimple to come to a head
Subanon
ginug ripeness
Binukid
hinug ripe (fruit, etc.); for fruit, etc. to be ripe; to let fruit ripen; for a boil to be ready to burst
Tausug
hinug (of fruit) ripe
WMP Itbayaten
ma-hinoy ripen (fruit, infected wounds, etc.); to be ripe
Tagalog
ma-hinóg to ripen; become ripe; to mature; to mellow
Subanon
minug ripe
Tausug
ma-hinug to become ripe; (of a cold) at the stage at which mucus comes out freely when the nose is blown
WMP Kapampangan
indám borrow, lend
Tagalog
hirám borrowing
Remontado
hidám borrow
Bikol
hidám to borrow
Ngaju Dayak
injam borrow, lend
Malagasy
índrana borrowed
Banjarese
injam borrow
Iban
injau borrowing, borrow
Karo Batak
injam borrow, lend
Toba Batak
injam borrow, lend
Sangir
iraŋ lend, borrow
Bare'e
inda debt
indaŋ-i debt; money that is lent
Tae'
indan lend, borrow
Mandar
indaŋ borrow, lend
Makassarese
inraŋ debt, money that has been lent to someone
WMP Toba Batak
maŋ-injam lend, borrow
[Sundanese
ŋ-injɨm borrow]
Tae'
maŋ-indan borrow
WMP Bikol
mag-pa-hidám to lend
Toba Batak
mar-injam a model for a sarong; a sarong that one borrows for an offering feast
Formosan [Paiwan
pa-sedjam to lend, loan]
WMP Tagalog
pa-hirám thing lent
pa-hiram-ín lend something to someone
Bikol
i-pa-hidám to lend
[Aklanon
pa-hueám lend]
[Cebuano
pa-hulám lend]
Malay
p-injam borrowing
Makassarese
pa-inraŋ lend
WMP Tagalog
híram-an person from whom or place from which one may borrow something
Malagasy
indràm-ana used of the person from whom something is borrowed
Malay
p-injam-an thing borrowed or lent; debt
WMP Tagalog
hiram-ín to borrow (a thing)
Malagasy
indràm-ina used of the thing which is to be borrowed
WMP Malay
me-minjam-i borrow from
Tae'
pa-indan-i lend to
WMP Ifugaw
íŋak noise made by running water
Cebuano
híŋak breathe deeply and rapidly
WMP Ilokano
ípag sister-in-law
Isneg
ípag BW (m.s.), ZH (w.s.), WZ, HB
Itawis
ípag sister-in-law
Pangasinan
ípag sister-in-law
Tagalog
hípag sister-in-law
Bikol
hípag, ípag sister-in-law
Aklanon
hípag sister-in-law
Hiligaynon
hípag sister-in-law, brother-in-law
Maranao
ipag sister-in-law, brother-in-law
Iban
ipar brother-in-law, sister-in-law, relation by marriage of the same generation
Malay
ipar brotherhood or sisterhood by marriage. Loosely, of a brother-in-law or even cousin-in-law, but usually defined more closely by the use of other words with meanings that vary locally
Balinese
ipah WB, HB, WZ, HBW
Sasak
ipar brother-in-law, sister-in-law
Proto-Minahasan
*ipag brother-in-law, sister-in-law
Bare'e
ipa companion, comrade
Makassarese
iparaʔ HB, HZ, WB, WZ
CMP Manggarai
ipar BW, HZ, HZH, MBD (ref.)
Rembong
ipar HZ
Ngadha
ipa WZ (and all her female consanguines of the same generation), BW
Ende
ipa FZD, MBD (w.s.)
Li'o
ipa sister-in-law
Sika
ʔipar nephew or niece
Yamdena
ifar ZH (m.s.), BW (w.s.), FBDH (m.s.), FZDH (m.s.), MBS (m.s.), MZDH (m.s.), FBSW (w.s.), FZD (w.s.), MBSW (w.s.), MBD (w.s.), MZSW (w.s.)
Fordata
ifar ZH (m.s.), BW (w.s.)
OC Tanga
ifaː-kalik WB, ZH (m.s.), MBS (m.s.), FZS (m.s)
ifa-ŋ HZ, BW (w.s.), FZD (w.s.)
Lakalai
iva- BW (w.s.), ZH (m.s.), WB, HZ
Gedaged
iwa-n ZH (m.s.)
iwa-n pain BW (w.s.), HZ
Mbula
iwa- BIL, SIL
Numbami
iwa cousin-in-law; spouse’s (usually wife’s) cross-sex classificatory siblings
Motu
iha- BIL, SIL or cousin's wife
Mono-Alu
ifa- BIL, SIL, etc.
Cheke Holo
iva- BIL, SIL
Varisi
iva- BW (w.s.), ZH (m.s.), WB, HZ
Eddystone/Mandegusu
iva- BW (w.s.), ZH (m.s.), WB, HZ
Bugotu
iva- BIL, SIL
Nggela
iva- a relative by marriage
Kwaio
ifa- ZH (w.s), ZH (m.s.), WB, HB
Sa'a
ihe- WZ, WB, HB, HZ
Arosi
iha- BW (m.s.), ZH (m.s.), WB, HZ
WMP Bikol
hípaʔ wait for in hiding; ambush, waylay, spring upon, set upon; to lurk, skulk, slink, sneak
Ngaju Dayak
impa lie in wait for, ambush
Banjarese
impa watch out for, beware
Iban
ipaʔ lie in wait for, ambush
Dairi-Pakpak Batak
ipa pay close heed to someone
Toba Batak
ipa keep a lookout, watch sharply
WMP Hanunóo
hípus quality of being gentle, reserved, quiet
ma-hípus quiet, calm, reserved
Aklanon
hípos to keep silence, be quiet; to keep secret
ka-hípos silence, quietude
ma-hípos silent, quiet
Agutaynen
mag-ipes to quiet down, stop laughing, talking or crying; to keep quiet about a secret
Hiligaynon
ma-hípus quiet, silent, still
Maranao
ipes silence, keep still
Tausug
mag-hipus to be or become quiet (implies an end, cessation or discontinuance of noisy activities, as of household chores, traffic, quarrel or fight, or cannonade)
WMP Ilokano
ípon a fish which, after having been hatched in sea water, ascends rivers, where it grows and spawns. From August or September to January, about nine days after the new moon, it appears in exceedingly numerous shoals... Its meat is very much esteemed... It rarely exceeds an inch in length, and when it has grown larger, it is known by some other name
Isneg
ípon a fish which, after having been hatched in sea water, ascends rivers, where it grows and spawns
Ifugaw
ípun very small fishes living in rivers
Pangasinan
ipón very small fish often made into inasin (a relish made from salting fish or shrimp and leaving to age)
Cebuano
hípun small anchovy which comes seasonally in great abundance, most common eaten preserved in salt
Maranao
ipon goby
Iban
anak impun small fry, small fish that swim in shoals
Javanese
(h)impun small edible fishes that collect in huge compact masses at sea
Balinese
impun sp. of small sea fish
CMP Manggarai
impuŋ fingerling of the ikan mua that begins swimming upriver from the sea in February-March
Rembong
ipun fingerling of the ikan mua (eel sp.)
Ngadha
ipu fish spawn
Sika
ʔipuŋ fishes the size of a match-stick
Tetun
ihun a little fish which is crushed to make a type of pickle
SHWNG Buli
ifiŋ very small fish that sometimes swims upriver in huge schools
WMP Yami
ipon river shrimp
Itbayaten
hipon shrimp (largest)
Ibatan
ipon lobster, shrimp
Itawis
ífun small shrimp
Tagalog
hípon shrimp
hípon shrimp
Aklanon
hípon small shrimp
Cebuano
hípun tiny shrimp
WMP Tagalog
hípoʔ touch, palpation
Sangir
ipo feel, taste, have sexual desire
WMP Kankanaey
ipét tight, taut
Ifugaw
ipót what is too tight (of clothes)
Pangasinan
ipét tightness; become tight
Cebuano
hipʔút <M narrow space or passageway; tight in financial situation, mode of living; for clothes to be tight
Sasak
impet lock, shut, close
WMP Ilokano
írap to cut, slice
Cebuano
hílap to cut a wide slice off s.t.
Binukid
hilap to cut a slice off (something)
WMP Tagalog
hílas cutting off of palm leaf-blades from rib, or of banana stem segments from trunk
Ngaju Dayak
haris <M cut, slice
Tae'
iraʔ mince, cut, chop to pieces
Proto-South Sulawesi
*iras cut, slice
CMP Sika
ira cut, carve
Wetan
ira tear up, rend, tear off
WMP Itbayaten
hilig inclination
ma-hilig fond of, inclined to
Ilokano
írig incline, lean, bend (of trees, houses, etc.)
Sambal (Botolan)
ílig lean on
Tagalog
hílig inclination, leaning position; propensity, tendency
hilíg inclined
Aklanon
hílig fond of, inclined to, having a liking for; hobby
Cebuano
hílig leaning, tilted to one side; develop a tendency, inclination
WMP Ilokano
írud trim off rough edges (of a board)
Isneg
ilúd to pare, peel (cooked yams, taro rhizomes, etc.)
Bontok
ʔílud rub one's body with the palm of the hand when bathing, in order to remove ingrained dirt
Tagalog
hílod scrubbing of skin to remove dirt
WMP Isneg
ixát tighten
Itawis
ígat tightness
Bontok
ʔilə́t bind, tighten, make taut
Bikol
higót taut, tight; tense
Hanunóo
higút tie, tying
Aklanon
hígot tie up
Hiligaynon
higút rope, string
mag-higut to bind, tie, secure, fasten with a string or a rope
Cebuano
higút tie something up; tie something to something
WMP Isneg
igt-án tighten
Bikol
higót-an tighten a part of something
Formosan Amis
hicep to slurp water
WMP Karo Batak
incep to drink (of animals); suck, slurp
Nias
isõ smoke a pipe
OC Label
isop to drink
WMP Ilokano
íso wipe, clean by rubbing
Ifugaw
íhu washing of one's face (and hands)
Ifugaw (Batad)
íhu wash one or all of the following: the face, the hands and arms, the feet and legs
Tagalog
hísoʔ cleaning of teeth by rubbing
Bikol
hísoʔ rub dirt off the body with a stone while bathing
Kadazan Dusun
isu rub with something, as for instance in washing
Old Javanese
isuh-isuh washing
um-isuh-i to wash
in-isuh-an to wash
Javanese
isuh wash hands or feet
CMP Kambera
ihu bathe
SHWNG Numfor
is scour, scrub
OC Tolai
iu bathe
WMP Tagalog
hítaʔ thigh
Bikol
hítaʔ groin
Hanunóo
hítaʔ crotch, groin
Aklanon
hítaʔ crotch, groin
Kalamian Tagbanwa
itak groin
Agutaynen
itak inner/upper thigh, groin area
Hiligaynon
hítaʔ thigh, crotch
Central Tagbanwa
itak thigh
WMP Pangasinan
ito small catfish
Hanunóo
hítu edible freshwater catfish (Clarias batrachus Linn.) found in swamps, ponds and ditches
Maranao
ito catfish
CMP Komodo
itu catfish: Macrones gulio and Plotosus canius (inflicts poisonous wounds with the serrated spines of its dorsal and pectoral fins)
WMP Pangasinan
íto small catfish
Kapampangan
ítuʔ catfish or carp
Tagalog
hítoʔ a species of edible freshwater catfish
Bikol
hítoʔ freshwater catfish sp.
Aklanon
hítoʔ fish sp.
CMP Komodo
itu catfish: Macrones gulio and Plotosus canius (inflicts poisonous wounds with the serrated spines of its dorsal and pectoral fins)
Kambera
itu marine fish with poisonous fins
WMP Cebuano
híus for air to leak out; be deflated; leaky, letting air or gas out
Balinese
ius exhalation
WMP Ifugaw (Batad)
īwal make a space between an object planted firmly in a base (as the ground) and that around it which holds it in place (as the soil), by moving the object back and forth, as for the wind to make a space between the foundation post of a house and the soil around it by shaking the house; to wiggle a tooth to loosen it from the gum
Cebuano
hiwal-híwal writhe, wriggle (as a worm)
Nias
iwa waver, vacillate, sway, totter
maŋ-iwa move, be unsteady, waver
WMP Ilokano
saŋka-íwa one cut (of meat or fish)
Isneg
íwa cut, carve, dissect (meat, fish)
Tagalog
híwaʔ cut, incision; slice (of fish, meat, cake, etc.); wound (caused by a cutting instrument)
Bikol
híwaʔ to slice meat
Hiligaynon
híwaʔ chunk, sliced piece, one slice
Cebuano
híwaʔ cut something into smaller pieces or slices
WMP Ilokano
iwá-an cut, carve
Bikol
hiwáʔ-an slice meat
Cebuano
hiwaʔ-án-an cutting board
WMP Ilokano
iwá-en cut open, dissect
Bikol
hiwáʔ-on be sliced, of meat
WMP Aklanon
híwiʔ uneven, askance, off to one side
Cebuano
híwiʔ crooked, winding or twisting, slanting to one side or askew; crooked, dishonest; deformed; become crooked, make something crooked; make a face at someone
Javanese
iwi-iwi ridicule out of disdain; malicious pleasure, shown by twisting the mouth at an angle (Pigeaud 1938)
iwi grimace
ŋ-iwi to grimace at (Horne 1974)
WMP Tagalog
híraw white-feathered rooster with green or greenish spots or edgings
Iban
ijau dark colors on yellow or white (of fighting cocks)
Malay
hijau dark-colored; a name given to greens and blues, as the prevailing color in the jungle and the sea
WMP Malay
(h)uap vapor
Toba Batak
uap steam, vapor; odor
Old Javanese
uwab vapor?
Javanese
uwab steam, water vapor
ŋ-uwab boil off, evaporate
WMP Toba Batak
m-uap smell, be fragrant; rising up of vapor or odor
Chamorro
ma-gap evaporate (expected **magwap)
WMP Cebuano
huwág(huwág) slender vine, the split stems of which are used for tying purposes: Flagellaria indica
Tiruray
ʔuwar a vine, Flagellaria indica Linn.
Kelabit
uar kind of vine
Banjarese
uar kind of plant the bark of which is used to tan skins or to steep clothes
ma-uar redden something with uar
Karo Batak
uar-uar plant sp.
Dairi-Pakpak Batak
uar-puar kind of plant that is woven into rope
Sasak
uar kind of creeper; when it is young it is used to make food hangers, and when it is old it is used to make walking sticks
CMP Manggarai
uar kind of rattan which grows to a length of ten to twenty meters
WMP Isneg
ubād untie, unbind, let loose
Bontok
ʔúbad unbind; undo; untie; undress, that is, to untie and remove one's loincloth or waist belt
Kankanaey
úbad unravel, untwist, untwine, disentangle, separate, unfold, open, untie, unfurl, unbind, loosen
Ifugaw
úbad loosen, detach, unleash something; open a knot
Tagalog
hubád undressed from the waist up
Bikol
hubád undo a knot; untie, unfasten; disentangle, untangle
Aklanon
húbad unravel, untie, unwind
Cebuano
húbad break out of a hold in wrestling or in judo; translate into another language
Tausug
hubad untie, unlash
Proto-Minahasan
*ubad untie, unravel
WMP Isneg
max-ubād to untie, to unbind, to let loose
Bikol
mag-hubád to undo a knot; to untie, unfasten, disentangle
WMP Isneg
ubad-ān untied
Bontok
ʔubád-ən be unbound
Kankanaey
ubád-en be unravelled
Ifugaw
ubád-on be loosened
Ibaloy
obar-en to untie something (as a knot)
Bikol
hubád-on be loosened
Agutaynen
obad-en to untie or unwrap something
WMP Cebuano
hubún-hubún fontanel, the soft, boneless areas in the skull of a baby or young animal which are later closed by the formation of bone
Maranao
ombon-ombon-an fontanel
Malay
ubun-ubun crown of the head, fontanel
Wolio
uwu-uwu fontanel
WMP Cebuano
hubún fontanel, the soft, boneless areas in the skull of a baby or young animal which are later closed by the formation of bone
Maranao
ombon fontanel
Kayan
uvun the fontanelle in an infant's head
Iban
ubun-aji fontanelle, esp. of infant
Makassarese
ubuŋ fontanel, crown of the head
CMP Sika
uwuŋ part of the head between the crown and the forehead, brain pan, brains
WMP Bontok
ʔubún to be grouped together, of a crowd of people
Kankanaey
ubón assemble, gather together, congregate, meet, collect
Hiligaynon
hubún group
Sasak
ombon heap up earth
CMP Bimanese
umbu heap or pile up
Manggarai
umbuŋ to heap, pile up (grass, etc.)
OC Nggela
uvu a pile of things
WMP Ilokano
ubó to carry something somewhere
Bikol
mag-húboʔ to move to a new place; to move or transfer something to a new place
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
huvuʔ to go and borrow fire from a neighbor
WMP Ilokano
ubó-en to carry something somewhere
Bikol
hubóʔ-on to move or transfer something to a new place
WMP Bontok
ʔukáb the cover of the topil or akob baskets
Kankanaey
okáb skinned; flayed; barked; peeled
Kalamian Tagbanwa
ukab become detached from
Cebuano
hukáb open, remove a cover through forceful or nonhuman action
Maranao
okab open
Tausug
ukab to be open or about to open
Kadazan Dusun
ukab to open (of boxes), to uncover
Berawan (Long Terawan)
ukam egg that is ready to hatch
Banjarese
uŋkap to open
Toba Batak
uŋkap open, to open
Simalungun Batak
uŋkab to open
Old Javanese
uŋkab (the act of) opening
Javanese
uŋkab gaping open
Balinese
uŋkab to open, lift the lid of a box, untie a bandage
Sangir
uŋkab take everything out (in searching for something)
WMP Kelabit
ŋ-ukab to open, as a door
Toba Batak
maŋ-uŋkab to open
Javanese
ŋ-uŋkab to uncover, open
WMP Kadazan Dusun
ukab-on was opened by
Balinese
uŋkab-in be opened
WMP Casiguran Dumagat
ukád to untie (as a betel nut bag)
Cebuano
húkad to take something out of a container by lifting it out
Mansaka
okad to unpack; to open; to unwrap (as a package)
Formosan Amis
hokaʔ loosen something that was tight, as a belt
WMP Tiruray
ʔuŋkaʔ open something
Tausug
ma-hukaʔ loose, not tight
hukaʔ-an loosen something, as of tie or knots, bracelet, lid, tourniquet, or wound dressing
Tontemboan
ukaʔ open, be open
Mongondow
uŋkaʔ come loose, as a fingernail or a frond from a palm tree
CMP Manggarai
uka lever up; to open, as an animal trap; search for small acquatic animals by lifting stones
WMP Ilokano
úkas loosen, untie, unbind, unfasten, undo, disentangle, untwine
Isneg
úkas loose, loosened, free from taboo (of objects, formerly tabooed, that may be used again by living beings)
Bontok
ʔúkas undo and remove rice from the basket in which it has been packed and tied
Ifugaw
úka(h) to unloose, to remove what is covering something
Ibaloy
okas to untie, undo, unbind, unclasp something (as a knot)
Hanunóo
hukás unloading or dismounting from an animal
Aklanon
húkas take off, unstitch
Kalamian Tagbanwa
ukas remove a cover
Agutaynen
mag-okas to take something off, remove an item such as shoes, a ring; for something to unintentially come off or fall off
Cebuano
húkas take clothing off of the top part of the body; expose a secret
Maranao
okas cut, trigger
Tausug
hukas undress
Kadazan Dusun
ukas drive away the soul of a dead person on the seventh day after his death
Kayan
ukah loosen a knot
Malay
oŋkas to slip off (as a sarong)
WMP Bikol
mag-ukás remove or take off the clothes
Kadazan Dusun
mog-ukas drive away the soul of a dead person on the seventh day after his death
WMP Ilokano
ukás-en be loosened, untied, unbound
Bikol
ukas-on be removed or taken off, of clothes
Kadazan Dusun
ukas-on be driven away, of the soul of a dead person on the seventh day after his death
WMP Ilokano
ukáy loosening the earth or seedbeds (obsolete)
Tagalog
hukáy excavation; grave in the ground
hukay-ín dig or excavate a certain place, dig out (something buried)
Bikol
hukáy dig something up
Miri
ukay to dig
Ngaju Dayak
ukei what is unpacked, opened
Malagasy
óhy dug open, used of a re-opened tomb; be scraped
Malay
uŋkai to unloose; to take off clothes; to take to pieces
Toba Batak
uke disinter, dig or scrape out of the earth
WMP Bikol
hukáy-an dig into
Malagasy
ohàz-ana be dug, be scraped
WMP Cebuano
húkuʔ-húkuʔ be doubled over
Balinese
uŋkuh walk in a bent posture
WMP Kalamian Tagbanwa
ulas sweat
Manobo (Dibabawon)
huas sweat
Subanun (Sindangan)
gulas sweat
Tausug
hulas perspiration, sweat
Proto-East Gorontalic
*(w)ulaso sweat, perspiration
Formosan Thao
hurhur to bark, of a dog
WMP Itbayaten
holhol sound of barking dog
h<om>olhol to bark, of a dog
Cebuano
hulhúl to bark; to shout halt; barking; shout to halt
WMP Ifugaw
ulúl to unbuckle, unfasten, detach (as a belt or girdle)
Binukid
hulhul to lower (one’s trousers); for one’s trousers to fall, slip down
WMP Ibaloy
odit-en to say, tell, relate something, esp. of something said repeatedly (as in scolding)
Bikol
húlit homily
i-húlit to preach about
WMP Tagalog
humbák hollow, concave (of cheeks, stomach or the like)
Hanunóo
humbák wave(s) at sea, ocean waves
Aklanon
húmbak wave, crest
Maranao
ombak artesian well; water pump
Iban
umbak wave
Malay
ombak wave; billow; (in art) wavy pattern. Esp. of broken or foaming waves, in contrast to rollers (gelombaŋ) or ground-swell (alun)
Toba Batak
umbak wave
Rejang
umboʔ wave
Sundanese
ombak wave, swell (of sea)
Old Javanese
umbak wave
Javanese
ombak a wave
Madurese
ombaʔ wave, swell, billow
Balinese
umbak wave, surf
Sasak
umbak wave, billow
Wolio
umba swell (of sea)
WMP Maranao
ombak-ombak artesian well; water pump
Toba Batak
umbah-umbah the piston which is moved up and down in the bamboo tube of a traditional bellows
WMP Aklanon
ma-húmbak wavy, stormy, rough (sea)
Old Javanese
m-ombak with waves, undulating, surging
m-ombak-ombak-an undulating, surging, in waves
WMP Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
huna go or be first; be first in relation to someone else
Narum
unéh ancient times
Kayan
unaʔ go ahead, go first; start first; formerly, before
WMP Mongondow
m-una first, ancient
OC Tolai
m-un first, firstly, formerly; go first, lead
WMP Bontok
ʔúnus to finish off; to put an end to life, as to kill an injured water buffalo
Cebuano
húnus to take a human life (as in killing a slave)
Kadazan Dusun
unus to die out, finish, end
WMP Ilokano
únos remuneration, share
unós-an to give a share to someone who helped in harvesting rice, etc.
Casiguran Dumagat
hunós tithe, share, commission (as in helping to harvest someone’s rice, and getting to keep a certain percentage of what you harvest)
Tagalog
hunós tithe; share of the crop being harvested
h<um>unós to get a share of the crop being harvested
mag-pa-hunós to give a share of the crop to those harvesting
Bikol (Camarines Sur)
húnos tithe, often paid in gold
WMP Ilokano
unnát stretch, strain, make tense, draw tight, extend, straighten out, lay out at full length; draw out, distend
Bontok
ʔúnat draw out, stretch, pull, as cotton from a reel or string from a ball
Pangasinan
onát spread out (a mat); stretch
Kapampangan
uñat stretch; yawn
Bikol
hunát stretch something; straighten something out
Hanunóo
húnat stretching of something that will snap back when released, as of a rubber band
WMP Cebuano
hunáw wash the hands
Mansaka
onaw wash off, remove by means of water; wash the hands
Kalagan
unaw wash the hands
Manobo (Sarangani)
onaw wash the hands
Murik
m-uño wash the hands, arms or face
Proto-Sangiric
*unaw dip, plunge in water; melt
WMP Tagalog
hunós skin peelings, molt, as of reptiles
OC Bugotu
uñu cast skin of snake
Tongan
unu to slough, shed its skin (as snakes do), or its shell (as crabs, etc. do); skin or shell which has been shed, slough
Niue
unu to shed (as a shell); to peel, to bark (as a shrub)
Rennellese
unu to shed, as snake skin
WMP Ilokano
úŋot scoop, made of a coconut shell
sa-ŋa úŋot one coconut scoopful
Bontok
ʔúŋut a coconut shell bowl; a piece of coconut shell; to place in such a container
Ibaloy
oŋot bowl made from a half coconut shell (today the oŋot bowl is mainly used ceremonially, in rituals)
Tagalog
huŋót coconut shell used as a dipper or container for drinking water (not common)
Cebuano
húŋut bowl made out of three-quarters of a coconut shell
WMP Ibaloy
opak the layers (compact leaves) that comprise the trunk (stem) of the banana tree; also outer leaves of such as cabbage or lettuce
Cebuano
hupák develop a crack such that the separated pieces are no longer in contact
Maranao
opak split, break
Mansaka
opak strips peeled off trunk of an abaca or banana tree
Tiruray
ʔufak split lengthwise by driving a blade along the grain
Malagasy
ófaka scaling off, peeling off, as blistered skin
WMP Bikol
húʔom to soak something
Melanau (Mukah)
uʔem to soak
WMP Bontok
ʔúlus slide down a slope
Bikol
hurós slip or slide down (of something that has been tied or fastened)
Aklanon
hurós slip (off), become loose
Cebuano
hulús lower something attached on a string which passes through a pulley
Maranao
oros slide up and down
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
hurus to grip something, as in the hands or fingers, and allowing it to slip through, as letting a rope slip through the hand; slip something off something, as a ring off the finger; of a person, to be forced to slide down a tree trunk
Tausug
hurus slipped down, slid down
Kadazan Dusun
uhus to glide down
Sasak
oros train (of garments); drag its rear end along the ground (of a dog)
Gorontalo
wuluto to launch (a boat)
Formosan Saisiyat
ka-wLas vein
Proto-Atayalic
*ʔugac vein, sinew
Seediq
ulat muscle, nerve, vein, artery
Pazeh
huhas vein, blood vessel
Amis
olat tendons; blood vessels
Tsou
vrocə blood vessel
Kanakanabu
urácə blood vessel
Proto-Rukai
*ʔoac sinew, artery
Puyuma (Tamalakaw)
uRaT blood vessel, vein
Paiwan
uats vein, blood vessel; sinew
WMP Itbayaten
in-oyat vein, blood vessel
Ilokano
urát vein; artery; nerve; sinew; tendon; penis (of quadrupeds); fiber; vein, streak (of wood); nerve, vein (of a leaf, etc.)
Isneg
uxāt vein, artery, nerve, sinew, tendon
Arta
urat vein
Bontok
ʔulát vein; artery; tendon
Kankanaey
uát vein, artery; nerve, sinew, tendon
Ifugaw
ulát artery, vein, sinew
Umiray Dumaget
uget vein
Pangasinan
olát vein
Ayta Maganchi
uyat muscle, tendon, blood vessel
Kapampangan
úyat veins, blood vessels
Tagalog
ugát root; artery; vein; origin
Remontado
uyát vein, tendon
Bikol
ugát artery, vein; nerve
Hanunóo
ʔugát strand, as of thread
Aklanon
ugát blood vein; tendon
Kalamian Tagbanwa
ulat small root; vein
Cebuano
ugát vein, blood vessel; for the veins to come out from exertion or anger
paŋ-ugát be angry
ka-ugát-un blood vessels
Maranao
ogat blood vessel, lymphatic vessel; nerve
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
uɣat vein, of blood
Tiruray
ʔurat blood vessel
Tboli
ulat vein of body
Tausug
ugat vein, nerve, artery, tendon
Kadazan Dusun
t-uat sinew
Kujau
tuhat vein
Minokok
tuat vein
Murut (Tagol)
uat vein
Basap
orat vein
Kelabit
urat vein, vessel; tendon
Sa'ban
roət vein, tendon
Kenyah
uat blood vessel; nerve; sinew; fibre; muscle
Murik
uat vein, tendon
Kayan
uhat arteries or veins; sinews; nerve fibres; the spine; nylon fishing line
Bintulu
uat vein, blood vessel
Melanau (Mukah)
uat vein; tendon
Melanau Dalat (Kampung Teh)
wat vein
Ngaju Dayak
uhat root; vein; sinew; tendon
Malagasy
ózatra sinew; vein, artery; muscle
Iban
urat sinew; vein; root
Maloh
urat root; vein
Tsat
zaʔ²⁴ vein, vessel, tendon
Roglai (Northern)
uraʔ vein, vessel
Moken
olat string; vein
Malay
urat nerve; vein; sinew; gland; strand (of rope); numeral coefficient for rattans and tenuous rope-like objects
urat ketiŋ Achille's tendon
Toba Batak
urat root; blood vein; nerve
Nias
uo blood vein, vessel
Balinese
uat sinew; muscle; vein
Sasak
urat nerve; sinew; tendon; vein, artery; grain (of wood, marble)
Sangir
uhaʔ blood vein, vessel; muscle
Lolak
ugat vein
Mongondow
ugat muscle; tendon; sinew
Petapa Taje
uati vein
Uma
uaʔ root
Bare'e
ua muscle; tendon; sinew; vein, vessel
Tae'
uraʔ muscle; tendon; sinew; vein; nerve of a leaf, grain of wood
Mandar
uraʔ vein, vessel; tendon
Makassarese
uraʔ muscle; tendon, sinew; lines in the hand; fiber; blood vein
Wolio
ua vein; tendon; muscle; nerve
Muna
ue blood vein, vessel; tendon
Palauan
ŋurd vein, artery
Chamorro
gugat vein; muscle; tendon; artery; fishing line
CMP Komodo
uraʔ vein, artery; sinew
Rembong
urat vein, vessel
Ngadha
ura vein; sinew; tendon; fiber; veins in leaves
Li'o
ura vein, vessel
Kambera
ura lines in the palm of the hand; lot, fate, destiny
uratu lines in the palm of the hand; read the palm to foretell one's future
Rotinese
ua vein; tendon; sinew; muscle; metaphorically also: fate, destiny, lot
Tetun
uat vein, artery; nerve; tendon
Erai
urak tendon; sinew
Leti
urta vein; sinew; muscle; the fibers of a lontar palm
Wetan
orta tendon; sinew; fibre; muscle; vein
Selaru
urat tendon; sinew; muscle; vein
Yamdena
urat vein; sinew; muscle
Fordata
urat vein; sinew; tendon; muscle
Kei
urat vein; tendon; sinew; muscle
Dobel
kwura vein, artery; ligaments
Buruese
uhat sinew; blood vessel
Soboyo
uha vein, vessel; muscle
SHWNG Kowiai/Koiwai
urat vein; tendon
Numfor
urek vein, vessel
Pom
ura-rua vein
Ansus
ura-rua vein
OC Mussau
ueta vein, vessel; tendon
Tolai
urat coconut-fibre; gristle; ligament; sinew; tendon; tough, of flesh
Bali (Uneapa)
urata vein
Bugotu
ula tendon; sinew; vein
Nggela
ula vein
ula-kau tendon
Kwaio
ula blood vessel, vein
Lingarak
na-ua vein
Fijian
ua vein; muscle
ua ni niu raised rib on coconut-shell
Rennellese
ua artery; pulse
Maori
ua sinew; vein, artery
WMP Cebuano
ugát-un full of prominent veins
Malagasy
ozàt-ina muscular, strong, athletic, tough, hard; stringy (of meat)
WMP Hanunóo
ʔugat-úgat small surface veins
Cebuano
ugat-úgat leaves having lots of veins; for leaves to be veined
Old Javanese
ot-wat, ot-ot muscle
OC Mbula
ke ura-n ura-n roots
'Āre'āre
ura-ura bone marrow; vein
Sa'a
ule-ule sinew; tendon
Ulawa
ula-ula sinew; tendon
Tongan
uo-ua sinew; tendon; muscle or ligament
Samoan
ua-ua thews and sinews; vein, artery; pulse
Tuvaluan
ua-ua artery, vein; sinew; tendon
Rarotongan
ua-ua sinews; tendons; muscles; ligaments; rubber
Hawaiian
ua-ua tough, sinewy, glutinous, viscid; not easily broken, as cord
WMP Kadazan Dusun
t-uat do zaa artery, vein
Malay
urat darah artery
WMP Sasak
uat lima lines in the palm of the hand
Boano
ugat lima lines in the palm of the hand
Dampelas
uat lima lines in the palm of the hand
[Tae'
uraʔ palaʔ lines in the palm of the hand]
CMP Komodo
uraʔ lima lines in the palm of the hand
Ngadha
ura lima lines in the palm of the hand
[Rotinese
lima ula-k lines in the palm of the hand]
Erai
lima urak lines in the palm of the hand
WMP Ilokano
úŋor <M moan with closed mouth (when hurt or dying); sound of swollen streams, rough breakers, etc.
Ifugaw
úŋul <M roaring noise produced by the strong current of a river
Casiguran Dumagat
úguŋ loud roar, hum, resonance (of an airplane, wind, sea, etc.); to hum, to roar
Pangasinan
oŋól <M roar (of sea, wind, water, a crowd); to roar
Tagalog
hugóŋ humming in the ear
Aklanon
hugóŋ-hugóŋ rumors
Cebuano
húguŋ produce a steady humming sound
Tae'
urruŋ buzzing of bees, growling of an angry dog
Chamorro
ugoŋ moan, groan, lament, mourn, utter in lamentation
OC Tolai
uruŋ make a loud noise or a rough sound; to roar; murmur, rumble
Motu
uru deep groaning; stertorous breathing, as when near death
Tongan
ū make a big (but soft) bumping noise, to thud
Samoan
ū make a hollow sound, such as is made by waves, hornets, pigeons, engines, etc.
Maori
ū interjection representing an inarticulate sound
WMP Yami
oyot to pull out
Itbayaten
hoyot idea of being pulled out
Ilokano
urút-en to pull the hair of someone while delousing; pull grass without uprooting; pull out weeds
Bikol
mag-hugót to remove something with the fingers (as lice from the hair, or grains of rice from the stalk)
Cebuano
húgut to pull in rope or the like; pick nits from a strand of hair
Mongondow
mog-ugut to pull, tug at something; snatch away from
WMP Itbayaten
hotek brain
Ivatan (Isamorong)
otek brain
Ilokano
útek brain
Isneg
otáʔ brain; marrow
Itawis
útak brain
Arta
uta brain
Bontok
ʔútək brains
Kankanaey
útek brain
Ifugaw
útok brains
Yogad
utek brain
Casiguran Dumagat
uték brain
Pangasinan
oték brain, brains
Kapampangan
útak brains; marrow
Remontado
uták brain
Bikol
hútok brain
Hanunóo
ʔútuk brain(s)
butʔúl marrow
Aklanon
útok brain
Kalamian Tagbanwa
utuk brain
Cebuano
útuk brain; intelligence, mental ability
Maranao
otek brain; mind
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
utek brain
Tiruray
ʔutek brain
ʔutek bukal marrow
Kalagan
utuk brain
Tboli
utek brain; bone marrow
Tausug
utuk brain
Rungus Dusun
utoːk smart, intelligent
Bisaya (Lotud)
utok brain
Kadazan Dusun
t-utok marrow; brain
Tatana
utok brain
Murut (Paluan)
utok brain
Abai Sembuak
utok brain
Murut (Tagol)
utok brain
Tingalan (West)
utok brain
Bisaya (Lotud)
utok brain
Basap
otək brain
Kelabit
utek brain
Murik
utək brain
Gaai
tok brain
Kelai
tok brain
Mei Lan Modang
tao̯k brain
Woq Helaq Modang
tao̯k brain
Long Gelat Modang
tak brain
Melanau (Mukah)
utek brain; marrow
Bukat
utok head
Bekatan
utok brain
Kejaman
utək brain
Seru
utok head
Ngaju Dayak
untek brain
untek tulaŋ marrow
m-untek remove the marrow from bones
Banjarese
utak brain
Iban
untak brain
Moken
otak head
Malay
otak brain (considered anatomically, and not as the seat of intelligence); spinal marrow
Simalur
utaʔ brain; bone marrow
Toba Batak
utoh-utok brain; bone marrow
Sundanese
utɨk brain
Old Javanese
utek brains
Javanese
utek brain; brains, intelligence
Balinese
utek brain
Sasak
otak head
Gorontalo
wutoʔo brain
Pendau
utoʔ brain
Boano
utok brain
Balantak
utok brain
Tae'
utak brain; marrow
Kulisusu
unto brain
CMP Komodo
uteʔ brain
Manggarai
utek brain; marrow
Ngadha
ote brain
Li'o
ote brain
Sika
otek brains
Yamdena
otak, utak marrow of bones; brains
Proto-Ambon
*ute- pith, marrow, brain
WMP Casiguran Dumagat
hútuk bend a limb; be bent over (of a tree limb)
Tagalog
hutók bending by force of weight; flexion
hutuk-ín to flex (a branch or stick)
Balinese
uṇṭuk make a deep bow, hang the head
WMP Ilokano
oy an interjection: calling or attracting attention
Bontok
ʔuy expression of surprise; expression used to attract someone's attention
Kankanaey
uy ho! hoa! whoa! Interjection used for calling
Casiguran Dumagat
oy exclamation of surprise, exclamation made when calling to get someone's attention, answering someone's call, disagreeing with a statement made
Pangasinan
oy hey! (exclamation to attract attention of distant person)
Tagalog
hoy interjection: an answer to a call; an exclamation of warning or calling attention
Bikol
hoy hey; an exclamation of warning or a call for attention; a response when one is called
Aklanon
hoe cry to stop a carabao
hoy expression used to call the attention of another; term used to drive a dog away or stop it from barking or biting another
Cebuano
huy exclamation used upon greeting someone with whom one is intimate; exclamation to attract immediate attention; exclamation uttered upon being provoked
Ngaju Dayak
hoi exclamation with which one calls someone
Malay
hoi hey there! An interjection to call attention
Karo Batak
oé hey! hey there!
Tontemboan
oi answer to someone who calls one's name
Bare'e
ui cry commonly given in answer when one is called from a distance
Makassarese
oé cry with which one hails someone else
CMP Manggarai
oé reply which is less courteous than apa, less refined than oi: yes? what?; answer of a woman (as when called by her husband)
Ngadha
oé answer to a distant call
ué grunting of large pigs
ui call to a friend; to set dogs against, as in hunting wild pigs
Rotinese
wé, wi exclamation
OC Nggela
ui exclamation of surprise
Tongan
ui call, call out, call out to
Niue
ui call, invite
WMP Hanunóo
húyaŋ physical weakness, debility, feebleness, unsteadiness
Aklanon
húyaŋ shake, rattle
ma-huyáŋ shaky
Hiligaynon
húyaŋ rickety, shaky
Cebuano
húyaŋ rickety, shaky; lacking in firmness, resolve, or will power
Old Javanese
(h)uyaŋ heat, being heated, feeling hot (also of the heart)
a-huyaŋ hot, heated, hot and bothered, restless
aŋ-huyaŋ-huyaŋ-an toss and turn feverishly
Balinese
uyaŋ turn from side to side on a bed; be unable to sleep
WMP Ifugaw
uyáp act of counting, reckoning, computing
Aklanon
huyáp to count, enumerate
WMP Casiguran Dumagat
huyóg-hugóg sway back and forth (as a house during an earthquake, or a drunk person staggering along)
Javanese
uyug unsteady (as someone who staggers along)
WMP Aklanon
húyoŋ shake, rattle
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
huyuŋ shake something back and forth, as to shake a tree to make the fruit fall, or as an earthquake shakes a house
Ngaju Dayak
huyoŋ aslant, tilted, as a house that has been battered by a storm
Malay
(h)uyoŋ rocking; swaying; crank
Karo Batak
m-uyuŋ-uyuŋ shake strongly, as the ground in a earthquake
CMP Sika
ojoŋ shake, rock, roll
Soboyo
huyu to shake, wake someone (by shaking)
ka-huyu moveable, loose
mo-huyu earthquake
WMP Hanunóo
ʔudám borrowing; lending
Cebuano
hulám borrow something; adopt, take over as one's own
Kayan
ujam borrow; a loan
WMP Hanunóo
ʔum-udam borrow
Kayan
m-ujam borrow
Robert Blust and Stephen Trussel
www.trussel2.com/ACD
2010: revision 6/21/2020
email: Blust (content) –
Trussel (production)
CognateSets-Index-h