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Updated: 6/21/2020

Austronesian Comparative Dictionary

Roots

b c C d g h k l m n N ñ ŋ p r R s t w z

*-t

-tak₁ -tak₂ (or *-taqak?) -taŋ (or *-taqaŋ?) -taq -tas -taw -tay -teb -teg -tek₁ -tek₂ -tem -teŋ₁ -teŋ₂ -teŋ₃ -teq -ter -tes -tik₁ -tik₂ -til -tiŋ -tir -tug -tuk₁ -tuk₂ (or *-tuquk?) -tuk₃ -tuk₄ -tuq -tus -tut

30091

*-tak₁ mud; earth, ground

PCEMP	*bitak	mud (replaces Manggarai bitak in ART)
PSS	*litak	earth, ground
PWMP	*lutak	earth, mud; muddy
PMP	*pitak	mud
Manggarai	bitak	mud
Kadazan Dusun	buntak	throw with mud
Toba Batak	bustak	deep mud
Malagasy	fotaka	mud, slime, bog
Sundanese	l+tak	mud, slime, mire
Gorontalo	lataʔo	mud

30092

*-tak₂ (or *-taqak?) sound of cracking, splitting, knocking

PAN	*betak	to split
PMP	*ketak	make noise
PWMP	*le(t)ak	split, crack
PWMP	*litak	click, clatter
PWMP	*pe(R)tak	knock; pop, burst
PWMP	*qe(n)(t)ak	knock
PWMP	*re(t)ak	burst, split
PMP	*tak	crack! clap!
PMP	*taktak	crash, clatter
Kankanaey	belták	to hit a top with a top
Bontok	dəlták	split a log without using wedges
Bikol	gaták	split, cracked
Cebuano	hagták	make a cracking or banging sound (of objects on colliding or falling)
Javanese	kluṭak	a clatter
Karo Batak	kurtak	make a clicking sound with the tongue to urge a horse forward
Toba Batak	latak	make a knocking sound (Also Sasak lantak 'clack the tongue; call dogs')
Maranao	letak	clapper used to frighten birds
Javanese	oṭak-aṭik	to ram, batter
Tagalog	palaták	clacking of tongue or smacking of lips
Kankanaey	pátak	to begin raining; the rain comes down in thick drops
Gorontalo	peletaʔo	sound of person being struck by flat object
Kankanaey	piták	to split, cleave (a cane, etc.)
Manggarai	rantak	to chatter (of teeth, because of cold)
Iban	satak	knock off or out (as a knife to get the handle off)
Kankanaey	segták	knock out, collide with, dash against, strike against (as two spinning tops)
Toba Batak	siltak	burst, split, crack
Ilokano	tarakátak	sound of heavy rain, of water falling from the eaves, etc.

30093

*-taŋ (or *-taqaŋ?) clanging sound

PWMP	*kulintaŋ	an ensemble of gongs, the gamelan
Isneg	bátaŋ	audible echo
Malay	dentaŋ	clang, e.g. of metal
Ngaju Dayak	garuntaŋ	scarecrow, noise-making device in the fields to frighten off pigs, deer, etc.
Javanese	grantaŋ	xylophone-like gamelan instrument (t for expected ṭ)
Malay	lentaŋ	clang
Malay	lentaŋ-lentoŋ	ding-dong
Kankanaey	litáaŋ	clang, clank, ring, clink
Malay	taŋ	a bang or clang; the sound of metal falling heavily
Bikol	taŋtáŋ	clang, the clanging sound of a bell

30094

*-taq mud; earth, ground

PWMP	*buRtaq	earth, ground, land
Amis	ditaʔ	clay
Puyuma	litaH	mud
Casiguran Dumagat	lúta	ground, dirt, earth
Itneg (Binongan)	píta	earth, ground
Amis	pota7	soil, soft mushy dirt
Amis	sotaʔ	earth, dirt; mud; land
BUNGKU	wita	earth, land

30095

*-tas sever, rip, cut through; short cut

PWMP	*bentas	cut open, cut through
PMP	*betas	tear, rip
PWMP	*bitas	tear, rip
PWMP	*bu(n)tas	cut through
PWMP	*ge(n)tas	break, break off
PMP	*ketas	cut (a knot, etc.)
PWMP	*pi(n)tas	cut off, break
PWMP	*retas	split (of a seam)
PMP	*Retas	rip
PWMP	*ri(n)tas	tear off, separate
PWMP	*Ri(n)tas	tear open, rip
PMP	*ru(n)tas	sever, tear
PWMP	*tas	crack, snap!
PWMP	*tastas	tear off
PCMP	*tetas	snap, break off
PWMP	*utas	sever, divide
Tagalog	agtás	an opening that is a possible path in dense forests
Tagalog	bagtás	passage or trail across wilderness
Cebuano	baktás	cut across (take a short cut)
Tagalog	bigtás	unstitched
Dairi-Pakpak Batak	burtas	break, of a dyke or dam
Manggarai	detas	cut something that is tied til it comes loose
Tiruray	fagutas	game in which contestants cut through a bundle of reeds with one stroke of a bolo
Kankanaey	kísat	sound of tearing up cloth
Kankanaey	lísat	to crack, as when tearing up cloth
Rejang	nitas	take a shortcut
Kankanaey	piŋsát	tear, rend, lacerate, rip up
Bikol	rugtás	pull or tear apart

Cebuano baktás may reflect earlier *bagtás, with voice assimilation.

30096

*-taw float

PWMP	*lantaw	to float
PWMP	*le(n)taw	to float
PWMP	*paletaw	to float
PWMP	*Rátaw	to float
Cebuano	hátaw	appear for a moment on a surface (Also Maranao atao 'float, drift')
Bare'e	nanto	to float, to raft
Pangasinan	patáw	buoy; to float
Maranao	taltao	buoyant
Ilokano	taŋgaltáw	buoy, float
Cebuano	utaw-útaw	to float

30097

*-tay suspension bridge

PWMP	*kitay	suspension bridge
PWMP	*lantay	bridge, floor
PCMP	*letay	bridge
PMP	*taytay	suspension bridge
PMP	*titay	suspension bridge
Itawis	balátay	bamboo bridge
Nias	ete	small bridge
Kambera	líndi	bridge
Mentawai	nitay	bridge
Ilokano	ontáy	hanging, suspended, dangling (being fastened at one end)
Ilokano	raŋtáy	bridge
Bontok	ʔalátəy	a bridge, usually a single log across a small stream
Molima	ʔitete	bridge

30098

*-teb prune; graze

PWMP	*tebteb	cut off, prune, cut down
Balinese	enteb	cut off, prune, to top (trees), poll
Maranao	gateb	gnaw, chew
Maranao	kiteb	grind, sharpen, gnash the teeth
Maranao	reteb	gnaw, nibble
Maranao	tateb	graze, browse, feed, eat, bite, gnaw
Bontok	ʔaŋtəb	to graze, of cattle

30099

*-teg hit, beat

Singhi Land Dayak	gatog	to tap
Ngaju Dayak	hentek	what is struck, be struck against
Kadazan Dusun	hontog	to shake (of floor); tap, knock, rap
Javanese	keteg	pulse
Balinese	panteg	hit, beat, smack, bang
Bontok	təgtə́g	hit sharply; pound; massage by striking with the edges of one's hands
Ilokano	teltég	knock, thump, strike, beat

30100

*-tek₁ clicking or light knocking sound

PWMP	*ketek	make a noise
PWMP	*patek	make a dull clicking sound
PWMP	*saletek	clicking sound
PWMP	*tek	a knock
PMP	*tektek	a knock; gecko (onom.)
Bare'e	dinto	pound rice
Sasak	entek	knock, pound
Ngaju Dayak	garetek	knocking, sound of knocking
Sundanese	geletek	sound of commotion
Ilokano	kiték	to tick (as clocks do)
Javanese	kluṭek	a clatter; to make continuous soft sounds (as a mouse gnawing in the kitchen)
Melanau (Mukah)	latek	to hammer (a nail, etc.)
Sasak	lintek	pounded fine
Bontok	palpatək	frog (onom.)
Javanese	perketek	cracking or crackling sound (/t/ for expected /ṭ/)
Malay	rentak	stamping the foot in anger or excitement
Ilokano	salték	the common house lizard; its cry is supposed to announce the arrival of visitors
Maranao	tentek	cluck, as hen calling chicks; make sound with tongue

30101

*-tek₂ mud

PWMP	*lutek	mud
PWMP	*pitek	mud
Kayan	atek	muddy or discolored -- of water, etc.
Old Javanese	itek	to live (play, wallow) in the mud
Old Javanese	latek	mud, bog
Karo Batak	litek	turbid, muddy, of water

Also Cebuano hútik 'be all mud; for an area to turn to mud', Maranao potik 'mud; paddy'.

30102

*-tem dark color

PMP	*qitem	black
Maranao	datem	dark cloud; darkness
Mongondow	kintom	dark brown
Toba Batak	lintom	pitch black
Maranao	rotem	dark, as clouds in stormy skies

30103

*-teŋ₁ hum, drone

PMP	*teŋ	buzz, hum
Isneg	battáŋ	to beat (said of the heart)
Ifugaw	getéŋ	rattling of metals that collide against each other
Dairi-Pakpak Batak	kerteŋ	hum made by a wasp when it comes to attack
Ilokano	kuteŋtéŋ	the sound of the guitar
Itbayaten	teŋteŋ-en	to strum, pluck the strings of musical instruments

Also Ilokano weŋweŋ 'a buzzing sound produced in the ear', yeŋyeŋ 'bothered, confused, bewildered, flurried (with noise)'.

30104

*-teŋ₂ stare, look fixedly

Hawu	ete	stare at something
Kadazan Dusun	intonŋ	stare at, observe
Maranao	pateŋ	stare
Maranao	tenteŋ	stare, look over carefully

Also Bontok téeŋ 'stare at'.

30105

*-teŋ₃ stretch; taut

PWMP	*benteŋ	stretch taut
Tagalog	bagtíŋ	taut
Maranao	binteŋ	stretch
Tagalog	igtíŋ	taut
Maranao	korinteŋ	stretch
Maranao	tagenteŋ	stretch
Makassarese	tantaŋ	stretched taut; steadfast

30106

*-teq sap, gummy secretion

PWMP	*geteq	tree sap
PWMP	*giteq	tree sap
PMP	*liteq	sap of a tree or plant
PWMP	*muteq	gummy secretion of the eyes
PAN	*Niteq	sap of a tree or plant
Tagalog	dagtáʔ	sap, resin
Rotinese	dite	sticky; sap, bird lime (Also Kambera ritu 'gum')
Tiruray	gataʔ	coconut milk
Tagalog	gitatáʔ	sticky with moist dirt
Maranao	kamontaʔ	sticky sap
Hanunóo	pútaʔ	stickiness, glutinousness
Sasak	tataʔ	tap latex for birdlime

30107

*-ter shiver, tremble

PWMP	*keter	tremble, vibrate
PAN	*terter	shiver, tremble
Manggarai	denter	quiver, tremble (of a wall)
Sundanese	geter	quake, tremble
Manggarai	ter	tremble violently

30108

*-tes tear, rip

PMP	*ge(n)tes	snap, break
PWMP	*re(n)tes	sever, cut
PMP	*tes	tear
PWMP	*testes	tear
Sasak	botes	broken; piece (of rope)
Dairi-Pakpak Batak	etes	hack a path by felling trees and bushes
Maranao	ketes	cutting
Sundanese	pites	snap, break; snap or break to pieces
Sasak	putes	break (of a rope)

30109

*-tik₁ spring up; flicking motion

PWMP	*bala(n)tik	spring-set spear trap
PMP	*bitik	jerk, spring up suddenly
PWMP	*pale(n)tik	spring-set spear trap
PWMP	*pilantik	spring-set spear trap
PMP	*pitik	fly off with a jerk
Fijian	beti	pluck fruits
Bontok	bulintik	a child's marble
Tetun	fetik	flick something away with the fingers
Iban	gitik	shivering, quivering (as with cold)
Dairi-Pakpak Batak	gutik	move momentarily, as a fishing line by the tug of a fish on the bait
Cebuano	hutík	for a fish to snap at the bait
Ilokano	kallátik	rebound; spring back on collision or impact
Balinese	ketik	strike fire, make a spark ( < *ketik 'make a noise'?)
Tiruray	latik	snap one's fingers sharply against someone's shin
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)	letik	flick something with the fingers
Sangir	lintiʔ	spring, spring loose
Ifugaw	pagtík	what is hurled away, what bounds away by itself as if it were exploding
Ifugaw	pátik	act of flying away, of being flung away; applied only to splinters
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)	petik	slingshot
Ifugaw	pultík	fillip, snap with the finger
Dairi-Pakpak Batak	putik	to pick, as a fruit
Kadazan Dusun	titik	strike a match

30110

*-tik₂ ticking sound

PWMP	*detik	throb, tick
PMP	*gi(n)tik	tap or beat lightly on
PMP	*ketik	make a noise
PWMP	*letik	sound of snapping or cracking
PWMP	*pa(n)tik	sound of ticking, flipping, light tapping
PAN	*peCik	clicking sound
PMP	*pi(n)tik	throb, beat
PWMP	*tik	sound of a click or tick
PMP	*tiktik	to click or tick
Malay	belaték	woodpecker (Sumatra)
Tetun	betik	click the fingers, fillip
Ilokano	bitík	palpitate, throb, flutter, pulsate violently
Ilokano	bulintík	play at marbles
Fijian	calidi	burst, explode, detonate
Balinese	eṭik	knock, tap, rap
Old Javanese	gaṭik	strike, clash
Balinese	getik	make a knocking sound (t for expected ṭ)
Cebuano	hagtík	sharp clicking sound
Ifugaw	hultík	marbles
Yamdena	itik	beating of heart or pulse
Kambera	katiku	rap, tap, knock
Dairi-Pakpak Batak	keritik	sound of sand ground between the teeth, oil sizzling in a frying pan
Malay	kerték	continuous ticking, the sound of a clock
Manam	kiti	knock, tick (of a clock)
Javanese	kluṭik	a metallic plink
Kadazan Dusun	koitik	to rap, to knock
Ilokano	labtík	pulsation, beat, throb (heart, arteries)
Bikol	lagatík	ticking sound
Tagalog	lagitík	creak, creaking (<*-tek₁?)
Tiruray	latik	snap the fingers
Fijian	lavidi	slight ticking, cracking of joints
Kankanaey	litík	click, tick
Bikol	lubtík	snap (rubber band, bowstring)
Chamorro	pantek	handslap
Gorontalo	polotiʔo	pulse; blow
Ifugaw	putík	sound produced by a boulder that bursts
Javanese	rekitik	light crackling sound, e.g. of paper burning (t for expected t.)
Maranao	satik	hit a marble (children's game)
Iban	setik	click
Kankanaey	simtík	smack lightly; smacking of tongue and lips
Kankanaey	sitík	chirp, chirrup
Ilokano	tarakítik	sound of drizzling rain, etc.
Cebuano	witík	strike something with a flick

30111

*-til small protruding part

PWMP	*i(n)til	clitoris
PWMP	*ku(n)til	wart
Itbayaten	atil	part of the female gonads
Sundanese	bentil	pimples
Malay	bintil	pustule; pimple; heat-spot; mosquito bite
Malay	pentil	sprout, rudimentary fruit
Malay	sentil	stick out so as to be partly visible, as a quid of betel from the mouth (Also Javanese sentil 'uvula, small soft protuberance')

Also Toba Batak binsil 'clitoris'.

30112

*-tiŋ clear ringing sound

PWMP	*tiŋ	clear ringing sound
PMP	*tiŋtiŋ	ring clearly
Hiligaynon	bágtiŋ	to ring a bell, to toll
Tiruray	bantiŋ	a bell
Subanen/Subanun	bastiŋ	bell
Maranao	betiŋ	bell, ring a bell
Malay	dentiŋ	to chink or clink -- of coin or thin metal
Aklanon	eantíŋ	high-pitched (voice)
Dairi-Pakpak Batak	kertiŋ	ringing sound, as of a coin
Malay	keruntiŋ	cattle-bell (of wood)
Malay	letiŋ	a tinkle such as the note of a mandoline or guitar
Manggarai	rentéŋ	tuneful, melodious (of the voice of a person or animal)
Bikol	sagtifŋ	soprano, high-pitched
Maranao	talintiŋ	shrill

30113

*-tir tremble, quiver

PWMP	*kitir	tremble, shake
PMP	*tirtir	shiver, tremble
Sika	betir	flutter (as the wings of a caged bird)
Manggarai	tetir	flutter, shake, shiver

30114

*-tug pound, hit

Ifugaw (Batad)	bitug	bump oneself as by hitting the head against a beam, by falling
Itawis	bitúg	slap on the back

30115

*-tuk₁ bend, curve

PWMP	*be(n)tuk	bend, curve
PWMP	*hu(n)tuk	bend, flex
PWMP	*lentuk	bend, flex
PWMP	*lituk	bend, twist
Maranao	balitok	bend
Tetun	bituk	make an edge or border; to fold, bend or double strips of palm leaf when weaving so that it is neat and tidy
Mansaka	botok	to bend down (as a tree limb)
Fijian	kodu	to bend a thing; arch, like the back of a cat
Bunun	latuk	bow-like musical instrument
Tiruray	lontuk	concavely curved
Hawu	ŋetu	bend, bow, curtsy
Fijian	rodu	bent, curved
Buruese	tutuk	to bow
Manggarai	wituk	swaying the body, posturing

30116

*-tuk₂ (or *-tuquk?) knock, pound, beat

PAN	*balalaCuk	woodpecker
PWMP	*belatuk	woodpecker
PWMP	*getuk	knock, pound on
PMP	*katuk	knock
PMP	*ketuk	knock, pound
PMP	*letuk	crashing, thudding or knocking sound
PMP	*pa(n)tuk	knock, strike against
PWMP	*petuk	knock, bump against
PWMP	*pituk	flick, tap
PMP	*retuk	sound of chopping, etc.
PWMP	*tuk	sound of knocking, pounding, beating
PMP	*tuktuk	knock, pound, beat
Sundanese	beletok	sound of an explosion, the crackling of fire, etc.
Mansaka	bontok	heavy hammer
Sasak	dantuk	kick against with the foot
Hawu	detu	knock, beat
Ifugaw	duntúk	blow of one's fist
Kelabit	etuk	heartbeat
Ngaju Dayak	garutok	sound of rudder striking against boat
Manggarai	gatuk	chatter of the teeth
Malay	gelatok	chatter of the teeth
Ilokano	gotók	palpitate, throb, flutter, pulsate violently
Cebuano	hagtúk	loud knocking sound
Tetun	hak-latuk	thresh maize
Balinese	intuk	stamp, grind, pulverize
Dairi-Pakpak Batak	kastuk	resound, of bamboo water containers that strike together when they are carried in fetching water
Old Javanese	kiṭuk	make a knocking sound
Tagalog	lagutók	short, sharp sound (as of end-bones -- carpal or tarsal -- snapping upon being stretched on hand or fingers)
Sangir	lentuʔ	explode, burst open with a bang (as chestnuts in hot ashes)
Kankanaey	litók	to crack, snap (as finger joints) (also Kankanaey litóok idem)
Toba Batak	lutuk	beat loudly
Puyuma	mu-palTuk	explode
Kambera	nútuku	knock, beat, tap on
Old Javanese	palatuk	woodpecker
Gorontalo	peletuʔa	sound of finger joints being cracked
Bikol	putók	explode
Javanese	rekutu:k	loud cracking sound
Ilokano	rittók	the crackling sound of the joints of the fingers
Fijian	rotu	beat at with fists or stick
Makassarese	runtuʔ	pounding of the heart (Also: Bare'e rutu 'sound of pounding or knocking')
Malay	santok	knocking or tripping up against
Ilokano	sintók	knock on the head
Aklanon	súntok	rap or hit with one's knuckles
Tetun	tanutuk	hammer
Iban	tatok	knock, tap, peck
Ngadha	vitu	stick for beating clothes in washing; to beat with such a stick
Fijian	vutu	pound with pestle and mortar
Komodo	wetoʔ	woodpecker
Manggarai	wetuk	hit with something

30117

*-tuk₃ nod

PWMP	*qatuk	nod
Pangasinan	toék	bow the head
Banggai	tutuk	nod the head
Banjarese	untuk	nod the head

Possibly identical to *-tuk₁.

30118

*-tuk₄ top, summit, crown

PMP	*tuktuk	top, summit, crown
Casiguran Dumagat	búntok	head; top of the head
Pazeh	ituk	top of the head
Ilokano	pantók	top, apex, summit (mountains, houses); tip of the nose (when long)
Ilokano	pátok	summit, apex, top, peak, crest
Sasak	potok	tip of the nose; nipple of the breast
Kapampangan	puntuk	carry on the head
Kavalan	tekituk	mountaintop
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)	utuk	carry on top of the head

30120

*-tuq fall

PWMP	*zatuq	fall
Bintulu	gatuʔ	fall
Malay	rentoh	toppling down, crashing down
Malay	runtoh	toppling down, crashing down
Berawan (Long Terawan)	sito	to fall, of fruit
Kelabit	tutuʔ	fall from a height

30121

*-tus break under tension

PWMP	*putus	break off
Sundanese	betus	tear, as an overfilled pillow under pressure
Tiruray	buntus	break a string or rope by putting too much tension on it
Tontemboan	éntos	to separate, of married persons
Ngaju Dayak	getus	what is broken or torn (string, strap, rattan)
Cebuano	hagtús	for a line or rope to break under tension
Tiruray	ketus	break a string or rope due to excess tension (< *-tes?)
Tiruray	kuntus	(of string or rope) to break because of excess tension
Bikol	lugtós	break or snap under pressure (as a string holding a kite or bird, a fishing line with a fish on the hook (< *-tes?)
Samoan	motu(-sia)	(of long things such as a rope or stick) break, snap
Balinese	tustus	break off, pluck
Nggela	utuh-i	break, be severed, of a rope
Nggela	utuutu	pull and break, as a string
Itbayaten	vitos	idea of being cut apart
Kadazan Dusun	vutus	to pluck up

30122

*-tut flatulence

PWMP	*ke(n)tut	flatulence
PAN	*qe(n)tut	flatulence
PMP	*u(n)tut	flatulence
Kankanaey	boŋtót	break wind
Simalur	fetud	flatus ventris
Sundanese	hitut	fart
Hanunóo	laŋtút	repulsive odor of long-standing water and the like
Ilokano	luŋtót	rotten, putrified, decomposed, spoiled, putrid
Maranao	tagtot	make wind due to stomach gas
Kankanaey	ubtút	stink, smell badly
Bontok	ʔuptút	have the smell or taste of old rice that has begun to go mouldy

b c C d g h k l m n N ñ ŋ p r R s t w z

Austronesian Comparative Dictionary, web edition
Robert Blust and Stephen Trussel
www.trussel2.com/ACD
2010: revision 6/21/2020
email: Blust (content) – Trussel (production)
Roots-Index-t