Updated: 6/21/2020
| Updated: 6/21/2020 |
Austronesian Comparative Dictionary
Cognate Sets
ta
32041 *-ta 1pl. incl. genitive suffix 10272 PAN *-ta 1pl. incl. genitive suffix
10273 POC *-da₂ 1pl. incl. possessive suffix
Note: This is clearly a clitic form of *kita ‘we (incl.)’, but must be cited independently, given its separate identity in many languages.
32040 *ta-₁ 1pl. incl. nominative and hortative pronoun 10270 PAN *ta-₁ 1pl. incl. nominative and hortative pronoun
10271 POC *-da₁ 1pl. incl. nominative and hortative pronoun
Note: This is clearly a clitic form of *kita ‘we (incl.)’, but must be cited independently, given its separate identity in many languages.
32334 *ta₁ preposition with locative and possessive functions 10638 PCEMP *ta₁ preposition with locative and possessive functions
Note: This comparison was first proposed by Pawley (1973:148), and later expanded by Ross (1988:105).
32050 *ta-₂ prefix marking spontaneous or involuntary action 10284 PMP *ta-₂ prefix marking spontaneous or involuntary action [doublet: *taR-]
32075 10311 Note: Possibly a chance resemblance.
30138 6881 Note: Possibly a chance resemblance.
32095 10339 32389 10711 PMP *taba₃ cut with a knife [disjunct: *tabad]
10712 POC *tapa cut off with a knife
Note: This comparison was first proposed by Mills (1975:843).
32222 *tabad to cut, make an incision 10499 PMP *tabad to cut, make an incision
10500 POC *tapar to cut, make an incision
32043 *tabák sword or sword-like appendage 10275 PPh *tabák sword or sword-like appendage
Note: Possibly a Tagalog loan in Pangasinan.
32056 *tabak knock, pound, as with a hammer 10290 PWMP *tabak₁ knock, pound, as with a hammer
Note: With root *-bak₂ ‘sound of a heavy smack’.
32490 10829 Note: A version of this comparison was first proposed by Osmond and Ross (2016a:117).
30273 *tabaN head trophy, trophy taken in headhunting (?) 7176 PAN *tabaN head trophy, trophy taken in headhunting (?)
7177 PMP *taban booty, war captive; what is taken in war; elopement, captured bride
7178 PWMP *ma-naban to carry off, kidnap, loot a place
7179 PWMP *maR-taban to carry off, kidnap, loot a place
7180 PWMP *t<in>aban be carried off, as loot or a captive in war; what is carried off
7181 PWMP *taban-an (gloss uncertain)
7182 PWMP *taban-en be kidnapped or abducted
Note: Also Ngaju Dayak taban-an ‘what is captured (prisoners in war, a crocodile, a snake)’. The meaning of PMP *taban seems clearly to have been ‘booty, loot; what is taken by force, as in war, or elopement’. This is consistent with the more specific meaning ‘head trophy’ (trophy taken in headhunting), which is reflected in the two known Formosan reflexes (both members of the East Formosan subgroup), but it is unclear whether the meaning in PAn was as narrowly restricted as this.
28353 5471 Note: Also Kadazan Dusun tambaɁ ‘to help’.
32044 *tabaR tasteless, insipid; powerless; antidote, as against snakebite 10276 PWMP *tabaR tasteless, insipid; powerless; antidote, as against snakebite [disjunct: *tambar]
Note: Also Sundanese tawar ‘brackish, as river water near the sea’, Sasak tawah ‘tasteless; brackish, of river water’.
28352 *tabas₁ machete, bolo; chop with a machete 10269 PWMP *tabas machete, bolo; chop with a machete
Note: Also Ifugaw) tabas ‘a sickle bolo, a bolo with the tip curved forward, for cutting grass and other small vegetation’ (< Ilokano), Iban tawas (expected **tabas) ‘cleared, not overgrown’, Minangkabau tabas (expected **tawas) ‘cutting down small plants; in contrast to felling timber (təbaŋ)’. Evidently distinct from PWMP *tabas ‘to cut out, as a pattern’.
32046 *tabas₂ to cut out, as a pattern 10278 PWMP *tabas₂ to cut out, as a pattern
32076 *tabayaR kind of edible squash or gourd: Lagenaria leucantha 10312 PPh *tabayaR kind of edible squash or gourd: Lagenaria leucantha
Note: Also Isneg tabáyad ‘a small, white variety of bottle gourd with a very narrow neck; it is extensively cultivated and used for storing lime, and sometimes for storing rice.
30037 *tabe hold tightly or firmly; carry close to oneself 6735 POC *tabe hold tightly or firmly
Note: Tongan tape may be a borrowing of Fijian i-tabe.
28410 5529 PWMP *ta(m)beŋ block, obstruct
Note: With root *-beŋ₂ ‘block, stop, dam’.
32207 *tabeŋ to screen, conceal, cover 10481 PWMP *tabeŋ to screen, conceal, cover
Note: Fijian tabo ‘to hide, conceal from sight’, included with the above forms in Blust (1972a), probably is a chance resemblance.
32049 10281 PWMP *tabeq fat, grease; tasty
10282 PWMP *ka-tabeq-an corpulence, obesity
10283 Note: Also Casiguran Dumagat tabí ‘fat, chubby; to get fat’.
32111 *tabi plough 10356 PAN *tabi plough
Note: Possibly a loan distribution, as ploughing by Formosan aborigines probably was first acquired after contact with the Chinese. However, a loan source is yet to be identified, and Kavalan and Seediq, although geographically not distant from one another, had very little known contact during historical times.
28411 5530 32057 10291 Note: Also Bontok tibid ‘to join two threads by winding them together’.
32058 *tabiŋ sheltering cover 10292 PWMP *tabiŋ sheltering cover
Note: Also Malay tebiŋ ~ tebeŋ ‘spreading out, of the wide brim of a native sun hat, the hangings of a window, etc.’, Javanese tebeŋ ‘structure acting as a protective shelter against the elements’. Originally proposed in Blust (1970) as *(Ct)ebiŋ ‘screen’, but with an erroneous citation of Malay tebeŋ ~ tebiŋ as təbiŋ.
31133 9117 Note: This comparison was proposed by Osmond and Ross (1998:72). However, most of the forms that they cite as support are phonologically irregular.
32059 *tabtab₁ to hack, chop off, trim with a bolo; pound, beat, knock on 10293 PWMP *tabtab₁ to hack, chop off, trim with a bolo; pound, beat, knock on
10294 PPh *tabtab-an to cut, to slash
32094 *tabtab₂ slurp up food or water; eat like a pig or dog; gulp down 10336 PAN *tabtab₂ slurp up food or water; eat like a pig or dog; gulp down [doublet: *sabsab]
28354 5472 PWMP *tabuD strew, scatter [disjunct: *tabuR]
32077 *tabukul casting net for fishing 10313 PAN *tabukul casting net for fishing
Note: Also Amis tafokod ‘a draw net used in deep sea fishing’.
32060 *tabun₁ kind of bird that buries its eggs deep in the sand 10295 PPh *tabun₁ kind of bird that buries its eggs deep in the sand
Note: Probably the same base as *tabun₂ ‘to cover with earth’, but the distinct meaning here favors distinguishing the two.
32061 *tabun₂ to cover with earth, sand, etc. 10296 PMP *tabun₂ to cover with earth, sand, etc.
10337 POC *tapun₂ to cover with earth
10297 PPh *tabún-an to cover with earth, dam up
Note: Motu tahuni-a is assumed to be a reanalysis of tahu-nia. With root *-bun ‘heap, pile; cover with earth; collect, assemble’.
32102 *tabuna dehortative: don’t! 10346 POC *tabuna dehortative: don’t!
Note: Also Lau abu ‘don’t --- to a child or animal’, 'Āre'āre āpu ‘sacred, forbidden, taboo; used also as a prohibitive, dehortative to children’, āpu-na ‘taboo (n.)’. As the latter example indicates, it is likely that this word shares the same base with POc *tabu ‘forbidden, taboo’, but the morphological and semantic distinctness of the forms merits separate reconstructions.
30537 *tabuni₁ placenta, afterbirth 7820 PMP *tabuni₁ placenta, afterbirth
7821 POC *tapuni placenta, afterbirth
Note: Also Mapun tamuni ‘placenta (the placenta should be placed in a hollowed-out coconut shell and then buried by the midwife at a place where a road forks)’, Yakan temuni ‘placenta’, Tausug tamuniŋ ‘placenta; something worthless or of very little value’, Pendau tauni- ‘afterbirth’. The relationship between *tabun ‘to bury’ and *tabuni ‘placenta, afterbirth’ remains unclear’. Over much of the Austronesian world the placenta is/was regarded as the younger sibling of the newborn child, and was buried after the birth, hence the possibility that *tabuni may derive from *tabun-i 'to bury (something)'. This possibility is somewhat strengthened by the recognition that in many languages the name for the placenta is a descriptive term, as with Bontok baley ‘home; shelter; living place; any place which gives protection, as a bird nest, spider web, rat hole, water buffalo pasture or the sheath of a bolo; placenta’, Dampelas banua ŋanaʔ ‘afterbirth’ (lit. ‘house of the child’), Maranao dalem a kandaŋ ‘placenta’ (lit. ‘inside the womb’), or Pohnpeian ieŋen seri ‘placenta’ (lit. ‘companion of the child’), suggesting that there was no monomorphemic word that corresponded to the meaning of the English gloss.
32662 11062 32096 10340 PWMP *tabuŋ a plant: Ixora sp.
32062 *tabuq scoop up water; water scoop or dipper 10298 PMP *tabuq scoop up water; water scoop or dipper
10685 Note: Also Javanese di-tawu ‘bailed out, scooped up, of water, as from a pond in order to catch the fish’ (Pigeaud), tawu ‘to deplete water by removing containerfuls of it’ (Horne).
32064 *tabuqan yellowjacket wasp 10300 PMP *tabuqan yellowjacket wasp
Note: Also Bare'e tambuya ‘kind of large wasp (or fly); according to folk belief, in earlier times this insect was given the instruction to ask for fire from the gods
32063 *tabuR₁ to strew, scatter, as seed 10299 PMP *tabuR₁ to strew, scatter, as seed
10357 POC *tabuR₁ to strew, scatter, as seed
Note: Also Ngaju Dayak tawor ‘seed, what is sown; be strewed or sown’ (probably < Javanese). With root *-buR₂ ‘strew, sow, sprinkle’.
32417 *tabuR₂ to drive away, shoo off 10742 PPh *tabuR₂ to drive away, shoo off
30567 7935 PMP *tabuRi conch shell trumpet [doublet: *tabuRiq]
7936 POC *tapuRi conch shell trumpet
Note: Also Cebuano tambúli ~ tambúliʔ ‘melongena, kind of conch; horn made from the horn of a water buffalo or a conch’, Malay buri ‘a trumpet’, Sangir tambuhi-ŋ ‘conch shell trumpet, blown as a signal of the departure or arrival of large boats’, Aua tauru ‘conch shell trumpet’ (expected **afui), Mbula twiiri ‘trumpet shell, Triton, a large sea shell which is blown as a horn for signalling’, Gilbertese tau ‘Triton conch, trumpet shell’, Mota tauwe ‘conch shell used as a trumpet’.
The conch shell trumpet is well-known in the Pacific, where it played an important traditional role in the launching of voyaging canoes, the calling of members of the village to ceremonies, providing an alert to imminent danger, etc. However, this reconstruction presents special problems, since its PMP status depends crucially on Tiruray (and the indirect support provided by the Palauan evidence for the doublet *tabuRiq). In addition, a number of languages in the Philippines reflect a word with irregular *R > l, as with the Cebuano form just cited or similar forms in other languages of the Philippines (see Note to *tabuRiq). These appear to be loanwords, although the usual appeal to Malay as a source language does not work well here. Given the limited set of forms that he compared, Dempwolff (1938) erroneously reconstructed *tam-buri ‘triton shell trumpet’. It is now clear that the rhotic in this form was *R, and that there is no comparative evidence for prenasalization of the medial stop. Both of these observations were first made for Proto-Oceanic *tapuRi by Ross (1988:147).
The limited pattern of survival of this form in both the Philippines and Indonesia suggests that it either disappeared among groups that moved inland to a montane environment where the conch was not easily obtained, or was replaced among lowlanders through contact-induced culture change. All in all the pattern of distribution for reflexes of PMP *tabuRi (and its doublet form *tabuRiq) suggests that survival was most strongly favored in areas of cultural conservatism, and disfavored where traditional practices either competed or conflicted with those introduced from outside, as among hispanized Filipinos, where the use of animal horns apparently came to be favored over shell trumpets, or among the peoples of western Indonesia, where overlays of Indian and Islamic cultural influence have altered many aspects of the traditional cultures of lowland groups.
28378 5496 PMP *tabuRiq conch shell trumpet [doublet: *tabuRi]
7928 POC *tapuRiq conch shell trumpet
Note: Also Tagalog tambúliʔ ‘a native horn, bugle or trumpet made of horn’, Mapun tabuliʔ ‘a kind of horn made from any large seashell or horn of an animal’; nabuliʔ ~ tabuliʔ-an ‘to blow a shell-type horn (as to warn or summon someone)’, Yakan tabuliʔ ‘triton, a big sea shell (used as a signal instrument in old times)’, Tausug tambuliʔ ‘chambered nautilus; a trumpet made of this shell’.
32372 *tabwa coconut growth stage 12: sprouted 10694 POC *tabwa coconut growth stage 12: sprouted
Note: This comparison, in a somewhat more extended form, was first proposed by Ross (2008:366).
28355 5473 PMP *tada natural cockspur (cf *tazi, artificial cockspur) [disjunct: *tara]
Note: This comparison was first recognized in print by H. Kähler (1961). Mills (1973:894) tries unconvincingly to connect Buginese tara-manuʔ ‘cockspur’ with *taRaq ‘to hew, chop (wood)’.
30724 *tadal to look upward; face upward 8328 POC *tadal to look upward; face upward
30283 7195 PAN *tadaw kind of large knife
33628 12369 Note: Given distinctive differences in the reflexes, I assume that PWMP *sayaw ‘to jump, leap, dance’, which has reflexes in a number of Philippine languages, referred to a men’s dance that traditionally was connected with war, and that *tadék was a folk dance that included both sexes.
28414 *ta(n)dem remember 5533 PWMP *ta(n)dem remember
Note: With root *-dem₂ ‘think, ponder, brood, remember’.
32491 10830 Note: A very similar form of this comparison was first proposed by Osmond and Pawley (2016a:494). They propose POc *ta(d,dr)aq ‘look, look up’, but the final *q is not justified by any of the languages they cite (Arosi Ɂ reflects *k, but comparative evidence supporting a final consonant is not yet available. I favor the shape *tadra on the grounds that this is one of a number of doublet forms with the meaning ‘look upward’, and in others that contain a medial stop, as *taŋada or *tiŋadaq, this stop is *d.
31067 9020 9021 PPh *t<in>adtád dish made of chopped meat or vegetables
9022 PPh *tadtad-án chopping block, cutting board
9023 PPh *tadtad-én be chopped up or minced
Note: Also Binukid getad ‘to cut, chop up (something into pieces).
32189 *tadu beeswax 10460 PWMP *tadu beeswax
Note: The form and gloss of the Cebuano word suggests borrowing, but this cannot be from Spanish, and the form and gloss in other languages suggests tht this is a native term.
32135 *taduŋ sun hat, used to provide shade 10389 PPh *taduŋ sun hat, used to provide shade
Note: With root *-duŋ ‘to shelter, protect’.
28356 5474 Note: Zorc (n.d.) gives PPh *ta( )eb ‘high tide; flood’.
31323 *taga- prefix indicating place of origin (for ethnic groups) 9397 PPh *taga- prefix indicating place of origin (for ethnic groups)
Note: Possibly a Tagalog loan distribution.
32284 *tagal duration of time, time period 10584 PWMP *tagal duration of time, time period
32085 10321 Note: With root *-taw ‘to float’.
31128 *tágay a toast (in drinking); to offer a toast 9106 PPh *tágay a toast (in drinking); to offer a toast
12767 PPh *i-tágay to offer a drink, drink
Note: Possibly a Tagalog loan distribution.
32161 *tag(e)bák rotten, turned rancid or mildewed 10424 PPh *tag(e)bák rotten, turned rancid or mildewed
32285 *tag(e)búq meet, encounter, happen upon 10585 PPh *tag(e)búq meet, encounter, happen upon
Note: Also Tagalog maká-tagpóɁ ‘to happen to find or discover; to come upon by chance; to come across’.
33627 12368 32415 *tag(e)kés wrap around tightly 10741 PPh *tag(e)kés wrap around tightly
Note: Also Cebuano takgús (< M) ‘fasten something to something with a knotted cord’. With root *-kes ‘encircle, wrap firmly around’.
26888 3350 Note: Also Ilokano tigpás-en ‘to chop off’. Possibly a Tagalog loan distribution.
29876 *tageRaŋ ribcage 6535 PAN *tageRaŋ ribcage
Note: Also Isneg taʔgāŋ ‘ribs’, Aborlan Tagbanwa takgaŋ ‘hard ribs’ (saŋgaŋɨn ‘soft ribs’), Tombonuwo tikogaŋ, Labuk-Kinabatangan Eastern Kadazan tikagaŋ, Kelabit segeraŋ ‘ribs’. The last three forms imply an etymon *tigeRaŋ, with prepenultimate *i, but this is otherwise unknown.
32337 *tagiktik sound of ticking, rain drops falling 10641 PPh *tagiktik sound of ticking, rain drops falling
Note: Possibly a Tagalog loan distribution. With root *-tik₂ ‘ticking sound’.
32160 *tagtág to distribute, pass out shares of food 10423 PPh *tagtág to distribute, pass out shares of food
32416 *tagtag to be jolted or knocked around on a rough ride 10743 PPh *tagtag to be jolted or knocked around on a rough ride
10744 PPh *ma-tagtág to be shaken (as from having a rough ride in transport)
28357 5475 Note: For details of the development of this morphologically complex form in the languages of the central Philippines cf. Zorc (1977). It is worth noting that Sasak tampiʔ shows both secondary prenasalization and a secondary final glottal stop. Dempwolff (1934-38) reconstructed *tapi ‘separate chaff from grain (= winnow)’, but there are various problems with his proposed cognate set.
32141 10395 PPh *tahúl to howl, of a dog [disjunct: *taqúl]
30148 6892 POC *tai ñamuk mosquito net [doublet: *tau ñamuk]
Note: Also Pohnpeian tein amwise, Mokilese sei, Samoan taʔinamu ‘mosquito net’.
30150 *tail tree with fiber used to make fish nets 6894 POC *tail tree with fiber used to make fish nets
Note: Possibly a chance resemblance.
32477 10814 10815 Note: Also Malay betina ‘female (an insulting term when used of human beings; of animals it is correct always’). This sparsely but widely reflected term almost certainly derives from PAn *ta-ina ‘mother (ref.)’, but the two usages are semantically distinct in such diverse languages that we must assume they were treated as essentially unrelated words even in PAn.
32390 *tájip to peel, pare, as fruit or yam; to cut into slices 10713 PPh *tájip to peel, pare, as fruit or yam; to cut into slices
10714 Note: Also Mansaka tallip ‘to peel’.
32267 *tak bang! 10562 PMP *tak bang!
Note: Despite the restriction of this cognate set to languages of western Indonesia it is not likely to be a loanword, and the parallelism with PWMP *tik ‘sound of a click, tick, or light tap’, and PWMP *tuk ‘sound of a knock’ strengthens the case for including it in the onomatopoetic vocabulary of PWMP. Dempwolff (1938) also included Tongan tā ‘to hit, strike, beat’, Futunan tā ‘to hit, strike (with a stick)’, Samoan tā ‘(of blow), strike, hit’ in this comparison, but together with other Polynesian forms such as Niue tā ‘to strike; to kill; to adze’, and Rennellese taa ‘to hit, strike, cut, kill, murder, tattoo; to carve or make, as a canoe’ these can more plausibly be attributed to PAn *taRaq ‘hewing with an adze’.
32190 *taka hesitate, not able to act 10461 PPh *taka hesitate, not able to act
32162 *takad step on; leave footprint 10425 PPh *takad step on; leave footprint
32163 10426 PPh *takál₁ marine mollusc sp.
33594 *takál₂ stud animal; to mate, of animals 12334 PPh *takál₂ stud animal; to mate, of animals
31114 9088 Note: Also Mansaka taklaŋ ‘to step onto a ladder’. With root *-kaŋ₁ ‘spread apart, as the legs’.
28418 *ta(ŋ)kas₁ agile, quick, swift, energetic 5537 PMP *ta(ŋ)kas agile, quick, swift, energetic
Note: With root *-kas₃ ‘swift, agile, energetic’.
32191 *takaw to retreat, run from battle 10462 PWMP *takaw₂ to retreat, run from battle
32492 10831 POC *take₂ feces, excrement [doublet: *taki, *taqe, *taqi]
28419 *ta(ŋ)keb₁ cover, overlapping part 5538 PWMP *ta(ŋ)keb cover, overlapping part
Note: With root *-keb₁ ‘cover’.
32315 *tak(e)bá embrace from behind, copulate by mounting from behind (of animals, or coarsely of humans) 10617 PPh *tak(e)bá embrace from behind, copulate by mounting from behind (of animals, or coarsely of humans)
32762 *takebas cut down small plants to clear a way 11201 PWMP *takebas cut down small plants to clear a way
32164 *takéd tie down, fasten by binding 10427 PPh *takéd tie down, fasten by binding
10428 PPh *i-takéd to bind, to fasten tightly by tying
28358 5476 Note: Also Rungus Dusun hakod ‘leg’, Bisaya (Limbang) akod ‘back part of heel’. Cf. Zorc (n.d.) PPh *taked, *tiNked ‘heel’.
28359 *taked₂ climb 5477 PWMP *taked₂ climb
Note: Also Bontok tíkid ‘climb a trail’. Zorc (1971) posits PPh *taked ‘climb a hill’.
32763 *takelap cover with something flat 11202 PWMP *takelap cover with something flat
32418 *tak(e)laq click with the tongue 10745 PPh *tak(e)laq click with the tongue
32764 11203 Note: Also Casiguran Dumagat takləb ‘cover (of a pot lid, cover of a box, etc.); to cover, put the cover on something’.
32165 10429 Note: Also Bikol mag-takdóm ‘to cap, close tightly’, Cebuano takɁúm ‘close the mouth or lips’.
28360 12768 PAN *takep to lay something on top of another
5478 PMP *ta(ŋ)kep₁ to fold over, double
Note: With root *-kep₁ ‘fold, double over’.
32296 10596 Note: With root *-kep₂ ‘seize, grasp, embrace’.
32335 *takere a bird, the fantail: Rhipidura sp. 10639 POC *takere a bird, the fantail: Rhipidura sp.
Note: A much larger version of this comparison with many phonologically irregular forms was proposed by Clark (2011:343).
32136 *takes₁ to wrap around; embrace, hug 10390 PAN *takes₁ to wrap around; embrace, hug
Note: With root *-kes ‘encircle, wrap firmly around’. Possibly a convergent innovation.
33595 *takes₂ measurement; to measure 12335 PPh *takes₂ measurement; to measure
28420 5539 PWMP *ta(ŋ)ket adhere, stick to
Note: With root *-keC ‘adhesive, sticky’.
28402 5521 Note: Also Ibaloy i-taɁkip ‘to insert, enclose something into something else (as money in a book)’.
30341 *takis sword 7325 PAN *takis sword
Note: Taokas material in Tsuchida (1982) is drawn from several sources, each of which is carefully labeled. The form takish was recorded by the pioneering Formosanist Naoyoshi Ogawa in 1901. Since the few relevant examples from the same source suggest that Taokas reflects *s as h before a vowel and as zero word-finally (*susu > huhu ‘breast’, *timus > timu ‘salt’), the implied change *-s > -sh in this form may indicate that it is a loan distribution, although the languages in which it is found have not been in contact within the historical period and the transfer between languages would have to have taken place before *s > -t in Paiwan.
32166 *taktak₁ to fall, of many things at once; to dislodge the contents of a container by knocking it against something 10430 PAN *taktak₁ to fall, of many things at once; to dislodge the contents of a container by knocking it against something
32238 10524 Note: Chamorro taktak is assumed to show onomatopoetic retention of *k. With root *-tak₂ ‘sound of cracking, splitting, knocking’.
32223 10501 Note: Possibly a chance resemblance.
32336 *taku₂ dipper, scoop; to scoop, ladle up 10640 PAN *taku₂ dipper, scoop; to scoop, ladle up
32373 *takua yellowfin tuna: Thunnus albacares 10695 POC *takua yellowfin tuna: Thunnus albacares
Note: A somewhat longer version of this comparison was first proposed by Osmond (2011:115). The alternative meaning ‘dolphin’ in some languages probably derives from the similar habit of leaping out of the water while swimming, or alternatively from the tendency of the yellowfin tuna to swim with schools of dolphins.
31162 9171 PMP *takub thin covering, eyelid
9172 PWMP *takub-an (gloss uncertain)
9173 PMP *takub-takub eyelid
Note: Also Binukid taklub ‘cover something with a lid’. Dempwolff (1938) also included Fijian taku ‘the hawksbill turtle and its shell’, Futunan takū ‘flat scutes of the carapace of a turtle’. However, the Fijian term appears to refer primarily to the animal, and the Futunan term has unexplained length in the last vowel. The agreement of Bikol takób-takób with Fijian daku-daku ni mata may be a product of convergence. With root *-kub₁ ‘cover’.
32247 *ta(ŋ)kub to close or cover up 10536 PMP *ta(ŋ)kub to close or cover up
10537 POC *takup₂ covering structure
Note: Also Ilokano akkúb ‘cover (usually temporary); wrapper, pillowcase. With root *-kub₁ ‘cover’.
28421 5540 Note: Also Cebuano takɁúp ‘to close; be closed’. With root *-kup ‘enclose, cover’.
32316 *takuRu back (anat.) 10618 POC *takuRu back (anat.)
Note: This comparison was proposed by Ross (2003:253).
30377 *takut fear 7425 PAN *takut fear
7426 PMP *ka-takut (gloss uncertain)
Note: Bimanese ka-dahu may reflect *paka-takut, and it is possible that the prefixed element in the other forms cited together here actually has disparate sources. 7427 7428 POC *matakut fear; fearful, afraid
7429 PWMP *ma-nakut (gloss uncertain)
7430 PMP *pa-takut to frighten, make afraid
Note: This form of the causative prefix with *takut is clearly in competition with the causative of stative verbs, *paka-. It is possible that the Kelabit and Sasak forms given here are historically secondary reformations from *paka-takut. 7431 PMP *paka-takut to frighten, cause to fear
7432 PWMP *pa-nakut provoke fear (?)
7433 PWMP *ka-takut-an be struck by fear; a state of fear or worry
Note: The Tae' form shows that some of these constructions may have been innovated in the separate histories of the languages in which they are found, since in at least this case the circumfixation of ka- -an took place only after prefixation with ma-. 7434 7435 PWMP *takut-an easily frightened, cowardly
7436 PWMP *takut-en to frighten someone
Note: Also Saisiyat tikot ‘fear’, Ibaloy taʔkot ‘fear’, me-taʔkot-an ‘to equip a ricefield with scare devices’, Sasak takut-aŋ ‘be afraid of something’, Buli tjait ‘fear’, am-tjait ‘to fear’, Manam matakur ‘to fear, be afraid of’.
Siraya takot is given here as a probable base, given the attested form matakot ‘fear’, and the clear evidence for *ma-takut in many other languages. It is clear that the morpheme boundary in *ma-takut had already been lost in POc, and perhaps earlier, as suggested by nearly all known reflexes in eastern Indonesia. This raises questions about the position of Bimanese and Yapese, both of which reflect *takut as an independent base.
31423 *talabá kind of shellfish, probably oyster 9528 PPh *talabá kind of shellfish, probably oyster
32286 *talagá truly, surely, really, in fact 10586 PPh *talagá truly, surely, really, in fact
Note: Possibly a Tagalog loan distribution.
32137 *talakituk kind of marine fish 10391 PPh *talakituk kind of marine fish
Note: Also Chamorro talakitu ‘kind of marine fish’ (data courtesy Brant Songsong).
25331 *talaŋ₁ a tree: Diospyros spp. 947 PPh *talaŋ₁ a tree: Diospyros spp. [doublet: *tileŋ]
Note: Most of the material for this comparison was taken from Madulid (2001:1:695).
32287 *talaŋ₂ toss up, throw into the air 10587 PWMP *talaŋ₂ toss up, throw into the air
30785 *talaŋ-talaŋ a marine fish: probably the horse mackerel 8516 PWMP *talaŋ-talaŋ a marine fish: probably the horse mackerel
Note: Some languages support the reconstruction of a simple base *talaŋ, and others the reduplicated base *talaŋ-talaŋ. I assume that the latter was original, and has been shortened in languages that reflect the simple base.
28361 *talaq₁ the morning (evening) star: Venus 5479 PMP *talaq₁ the morning (evening) star: Venus [doublet: *mantalaq]
Note: Also Ifugaw talló ‘bright morning or evening star; the planet Venus’, Ngaju Dayak panala ‘moon’. Dempwolff (1934-38) gives *(t)ala(q) ‘star’, but his cognate set is weak.
32419 10746 28362 5480 32420 *talátal to sway, stagger, turn this way and that 10747 PPh *talátal to sway, stagger, turn this way and that
28363 5481 PAN *talaw timid, fearful; coward
7421 PAN *ma-talaw fearful, cowardly
Note: Mills (1975:848) assigns Mongondow talow to PAn *talu ‘defeated, overcome’. While *talu can be attributed to PMP (Tagalog tálo ‘surpassed, defeated’, Karo Batak, Old Javanese talu ‘defeated’, Kambera talu ‘defeat’) it evidently was distinct -- both phonologically and semantically -- from *talaw.
30390 *tales taro: Colocasia esculenta 7486 PMP *tales taro: Colocasia esculenta
7487 POC *talos taro: Colocasia esculenta
Note: Also Tontemboan taleʔ ‘Colocasia antiquorum, used as pig fodder’, Roviana talo ‘taro: Colocasia antiquorum’ (one of the staple foods of the Roviana people, with at least 18 varieties), Rotuman tar-kura ‘kind of taro’, tar-tea ‘kind of taro’ (< Polynesian). This form has a very wide, but thin distribution, being richly attested in Sumatra and Java, the southeast Solomons, central and southern Vanuaut, and Central Pacific languages, but it is rare elsewhere. Although Colocasia species are of central importance in the diet of Polynesian peoples, it is clear that this tuber is of only marginal dietary significance in AN-speaking societies that cultivate rice. It therefore seems likely that it was also a minor food item in Proto-Malayo-Polynesian society that came to achieve greater importance in some areas once rice cultivation was lost. The Roviana form is regarded as irregular, since this language normally retains final consonants, and we would therefore expect **taloso; at the same time this raises the question whether the POc form should be *talos or *talo.
32421 10748 PPh *tal(e)sík splash, spatter
Note: With root *-cik ‘fly out, splash, spatter’.
32224 *tali to bend, coil or wind up 10502 POC *tali₂ to bend, coil or wind up
28364 *tali tali plant sp. 5482 PWMP *tali tali plant sp.
32422 *talínum plant with leaves used as a vegetable: Talinum paniculatum or Talinum triangulare 10749 PPh *talínum plant with leaves used as a vegetable: Talinum paniculatum or Talinum triangulare
Note: Also Romblomanon talínuŋ ‘shrub with leaves that are sometimes boiled and eaten as a vegetable similar to spinach: Talinum triangulare. Madulid (2001) lists this only for Tagalog, but it is considerably more widespread in Philippine languages.
33596 *taliŋu to cheat, lead astray, get someone into trouble 12336 PPh *taliŋu to cheat, lead astray, get someone into trouble
32175 *talisay a shore tree with edible nuts: Terminalia catappa 10441 PMP *talisay a shore tree with edible nuts: Terminalia catappa
10442 POC *talise₁ a shore tree with edible nuts: Terminalia catappa
Note: This comparison has an unusual distribution, being found widely in the central and southern Philippines, in Chamorro, and in Oceanic languages, but without known reflexes in insular Southeast Asia south of the Philippines. It is also noteworthy in the relatively large number of languages that show metathesis, whether of *t and *s (Wogeo, Mota), *l and *s (Vitu), or *l and *i (Manam).
32188 *talise crab sp. 10459 POC *talise₂ crab sp.
Note: This comparison seems clearly to be the same form as PMP *talisay, POc *talise₁ ‘a shore tree with edible nuts: Terminalia catappa’. However, its distinct meaning justified a separate lexical entry.
28365 5483 Note: This item may contain a fossilized prefix *ta-.
32391 *taliwájaq middle, middling, average 10715 PPh *taliwájaq middle, middling, average
28367 5485 PWMP *taltal₁ loosen by pounding
32248 *taltal₂ quarrel 10538 PWMP *taltal₂ quarrel
Note: Possibly a chance resemblance. Dempwolff (1938) reconstructed ‘Uraustronesisch’ *taltal ‘quarrel’ (Wortstreit).
32193 10464 32249 10539 PMP *talu₂ to lose, be defeated
Note: Dempwolff (1938) compared the Tagalog and Toba Batak forms given here with Samoan talusā ‘to bring trouble or bad luck’, but the latter form is more convincingly treated as unrelated to this cognate set.
32288 *talúbuq grow rapidly, thrive, be healthy 10588 PPh *talúbuq grow rapidly, thrive, be healthy
28369 5487 PMP *taluk young plant shoot [doublet: *taruk]
32142 *talukaeb eyelid 10396 PPh *talukaeb eyelid
Note: Also Pangasinan talókap ‘eyelid’.
28368 *taluki kind of fabric (silk?) 5486 PMP *taluki kind of fabric (silk?)
Note: Also Sangir talukeʔ ‘kind of weaving motif’. This item may be a 32194 *taluktuk hummock, small rise of land 10465 PPh *taluktuk hummock, small rise of land
Note: Ilokano shows an excrescent medial vowel which bears the primary stress, as in PWMP *tawtaw ‘lost, astray’, but Ilokano mai-tawátaw ‘be lost, stray, wander’.
33104 *taluluŋ a vine with red flower clusters, the Chinese honeysuckle, Quisqualis indica 11595 PPh *taluluŋ a vine with red flower clusters, the Chinese honeysuckle, Quisqualis indica
Note: This comparison was first cited by Madulid (2001). For Ilokano, however, Rubino (2000) gives talúloŋ ‘a shrub: Cudrania javanensis’.
32423 10750 Note: Possibly an Ilokano loan in Sambal (Botolan).
28373 *tama₁ appropriate, suitable, right; fit together; hit the mark 5491 PAN *tama₁ appropriate, suitable, right; fit together; hit the mark [disjunct: *tamaq₁]
31028 *tama₂ enter, penetrate; bold, of persons 8961 PMP *tama₂ enter, penetrate; bold, of persons [disjunct: *tamaq₂]
8962 PWMP *ka-tama-an (gloss uncertain)
Note: Also Sasak tamaʔ ‘greedy, grasping’.
32392 10716 10717 PPh *tamad-an be lazy, feel lazy
Note: Also Sambal (Botolan) tamlád ‘lazy, to be lazy’. Possibly a Tagalog loan distribution.
28370 *tamadaw kind of wild ruminant 5488 PWMP *tamadaw kind of wild ruminant
Note: Also Malay tembadau ‘the Borneo wild ox (a variant of Bos sondaicus); in some outlying dialects Bos mindorensis’. Kelabit temedhur, Bintulu temeɗu and similar forms that refer to the native rhinoceros in various of the indigenous languages of Borneo appear to be distinct.
32338 *tamaji provisions, food for a journey 10642 POC *tamaji provisions, food for a journey
Note: This comparison was first proposed by Ross (2008:43), who reconstructed POc *tamaji ‘additional ingredients to accompany starchy food’. However, meanings resembling the latter are reported only from languages in the Guadalcanal-Nggelic and Cristobal-Malaitan subgroups of Southeast Solomonic, while the gloss adopted here is supported by languages in three proposed primary branches of Oceanic, namely North New Guinea, Papuan Tip, and Mesomelanesian.
32456 10786 32250 *tamanaŋ sterile, barren, childless 10540 PWMP *tamanaŋ sterile, barren, childless
28371 *tamanu a tree: Calophyllum inophyllum 5489 POC *tamanu a tree: Calophyllum inophyllum
Note: In POc this term evidently contrasted with *pitaquR ‘Calophyllum inophyllum’. The difference of meaning remains unclear, but may have concerned interior and coastal varieties of the tree, as reflected in Mussau.
28372 *tamaq₁ appropriate, suitable; fit together; hit the mark 5490 PMP *tamaq₁ appropriate, suitable; fit together; hit the mark [disjunct: *tama₁]
Note: Also Amis tama ‘to find; to be right; to hit on target’.
31029 *tamaq₂ enter, penetrate; bold, of persons 8963 PMP *tamaq₂ enter, penetrate; bold, of persons [disjunct: *tama₂]
Note: Also Iban tamaʔ ‘enter, go in’, namaʔ ka bilik ‘take up residence in bilik (single-family room in longhouse) and become one of the family, especially by marrying into it’, Erai tamo ‘to enter’. Zorc (n.d.) gives PPh *tama ‘penetrate; hit the mark; correct, straight’, which appears to conflate distinct cognate sets.
28374 5492 Note: With root *-bak₂ ‘sound of a heavy smack’.
30817 *tambak₂ dam, dyke, embankment; to fill a hole with earth; to heap up 8570 PMP *tambak₂ dam, dyke, embankment; to fill a hole with earth; to heap up
10338 POC *tabak₂ dam, dyke, embankment
8571 PWMP *ma-tambak heaped up, as an obstruction
8572 PWMP *ka-tambak-an (gloss uncertain)
8573 PWMP *t<um>ambak to pile up earth or rocks, heap up so as to obstruct
8574 PWMP *tambak-an (gloss uncertain)
Note: Also Manggarai tamba ‘fishpond’.
32051 10285 Note: Also Ngaju Dayak tambal ‘a patch’ (< Banjarese).
33597 *tambal₂ to treat with medicine 12337 PPh *tambal₂ to treat with medicine
Note: Also Manobo (Western Bukidnon) tambar ‘medicine; to treat somene with medicine’.
28375 5493 PWMP *tamban a fish: sardine spp.
32457 *tambáŋ ambush, surprise attack 10787 PPh *tambáŋ ambush, surprise attack
10788 PPh *tambaŋ-an to lie in wait for an enemy or wild game
Note: The Bikol form (given as a base tambáŋan) is assumed to have a fossilized suffix, since it may occur with both an actor voice prefix (mag-tambáŋan) and a locative voice suffix (tambáŋan-an). The Ilokano form may be a loan from Tagalog, but this appears unlikely for Ibaloy, which has very few demonstrable loanwords from Tagalog.
30799 *tambaŋuŋu large catfish that lives in river estuaries: genus Arius 8543 PWMP *tambaŋuŋu large catfish that lives in river estuaries: genus Arius
Note: I assume that Makassarese tambanunu shows irregular replacement of the rarer and more marked velar nasal with its alveolar counterpart.
32047 *tambaq add to, increase; addition, supplement 10279 PWMP *tambaq add to, increase; addition, supplement
Note: Also Mapun tamba-manamba ‘to increase more and more (as with wealth, possessions)’ (< Malay)
32045 *tambar antidote (as for snakebite) 10277 PMP *tambar antidote (as for snakebite)
Note: Also Kadazan Dusun tavaɁ ‘antidote (against poison)’, Iban tawar ‘remedy, cure’, Old Javanese tawar ‘to make powerless, to be an antidote against’ (< Malagasyy),
Balinese tamba ‘medicine (a religious word)’, tamba-nipun ‘the cure for it’.
33617 *tambaR to advise, help someone with a problem 12358 PPh *tambaR to advise, help someone with a problem
33582 12320 32048 10280 PWMP *tambej tie up, bind tightly
Note: Also Tiruray tabed ‘to wind something around something else’. With root *-bej ‘wind around repeatedly’.
32440 10769 PWMP *tambel to patch [doublet: *Capel]
10770 32374 *tambelaŋ kind of slender bamboo 10696 Note: Also Kadazan Dusun tamahaŋ, Central Dusun tamalaŋ ‘a type of bamboo’, Tombonuwo tumbalaŋ ‘kind of small bamboo’, Proto-Sangiric *timbəlaŋ ‘thin bamboo species’, Soboyo tomolaŋ ‘kind of bamboo that is used only as a water container and to cook’. A version of this comparison was first noted by Sneddon (1978:177).
32317 *tambeŋ dam, obstruction of flow 10619 PWMP *tambeŋ dam, obstruction of flow
Note: With root *-beŋ₂ ‘to block, stop, dam’.
32458 *tambiluk sea worm that attacks wood 10789 PWMP *tambiluk sea worm that attacks wood [doublet: *tamiluk]
30099 *tambu forbidden, taboo 6819 PCEMP *tambu forbidden, taboo
6820 POC *tabu forbidden, taboo
6821 POC *paka-tabu to forbid, make taboo
6822 POC *tabu-na taboo
6823 6824 POC *tapu-tapu strictly forbidden
Note: Also Numfor kābus ‘taboo; tree branch or anything else placed on fruit tree or other object by its owner in order to make others afraid to approach the marked object lest ill fortune befall them’, Arosi puna ‘sacred, taboo’, puna apuro ‘a place taboo (puna) to the avenger of blood to which he comes decked in his ornaments; anyone else going there is puna from returning (apuro) alive, and is killed’. Since *t > k is regular the Numfor word initially appears to support Proto-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian *tambus, but the long vowel is unexplained, and the final consonant fails to agree with the absence of a final consonant in the Yamdena and Fordata words.
This is one of the key cultural terms in the POc lexicon, designating a type of social control that was enforced by supernatural sanctions. Because of the nature of the sanctions the term itself often came to mean ‘sacred’ or ‘holy’. However, it evidently was also used either alone or in suffixed form as a general dehortative. It is unclear how POc *tabu differed in meaning from POc *pali, which continued PAn *paliSi ‘taboo, ritual restriction; purifying rite’.
32424 10751 PPh *tambúg splash in the water
32393 *tambuk bulging, as the stomach 10718 PWMP *tambuk bulging, as the stomach
Note: The essential core of this comparison was first proposed by Mills (1981).
28376 *tambuluk puffy area around the throat of some birds 5494 PWMP *tambuluk puffy area around the throat of some birds
28379 5497 PMP *tamiaŋ kind of bamboo [doublet: *amiaŋ 'generic for plants with stinging hairs or hairs that cause itchiness']
Note: Also Malay tembiaŋ idem. This comparison was first recognized in print by Verheijen (1984).
32459 *tamiluk teredo, sea worm that attacks wood 10790 PWMP *tamiluk teredo, sea worm that attacks wood [doublet: *tambiluk]
28381 5499 Note: Also Kadazan Dusun tamin shield (Gossens 1924), Sundanese taméŋ, Old Javanese tamyaŋ, Javanese tamèŋ, Balinese, Sasak tamiaŋ ‘round shield, buckler’, Sangir tameŋ large war shield, big enough for a man to hide behind. Round and oblong shields are distinguished terminologically in many Austronesian languages, and it seems likely from the Manobo (Western Bukidnon) and Subanen/Subanun glosses, together with the glosses of the Javanese, Balinese, and Sasak variants, that *tamiŋ referred exclusively to round shields.
31381 9471 PMP *tamiq to taste, try [disjunct: *tamis]
28380 5498 PMP *tamis to taste, try [disjunct: *tamiq]
Note: For an earlier discussion of this comparison see (Blust 1978a:24).
29877 6536 PWMP *tampar₁ flatfish, flounder
32097 *tampar₂ slap, clap on the ear 10341 PWMP *tampar₂ slap, clap on the ear
32290 *tampay to see at a distance (?) 10590 PWMP *tampay to see at a distance (?)
Note: In his gloss for the Iban form Scott (1956) adds that the active verb nampay is usually used in songs. As noted in Blust (1973), since both the Maranao and Iban words appear to be part of a special vocabulary, this comparison raises the interesting possibility that such a vocabulary was present at an earlier time.
32339 *tampek slap, hit with open hand 10643 PMP *tampek slap, hit with open hand
Note: Possibly a chance resemblance.
28382 5500 Note: With root *-peŋ ‘plug up, dam; cover’.
28383 5501 PWMP *tampil attach, connect, join [doublet: *tampir]
30890 *tampipiq telescoping basket, double basket 8719 PPh *tampipiq telescoping basket, double basket
Note: Also Maranao tampipi ‘double, telescoping basket’. Possibly a product of borrowing from Tagalog, Ilokano, or both.
28384 5502 PWMP *tampir attach, connect, join [doublet: *tampil]
28385 5503 PMP *tampuk₁ clap, thud [disjunct: *tampun]
Note: With root *-puk₁ ‘throb, thud, clap, break’’.
32115 10363 Note: Possibly a chance resemblance.
32116 *tampuk₃ stem, stalk of a plant 10364 PWMP *tampuk₃ stem, stalk of a plant
28386 5504 Note: With root *-puŋ ‘assemble, collect, gather’.
32167 10431 PPh *tampuq sulk; feel remorse
Note: Also Tagalog tampó ‘sulkiness; huff; peevishness; displeasure; slight anger; complaint against someone for their lack of attention’, mag-tampó ‘to sulk; to be sulky’. Possibly a Tagalog loan in Casiguran Dumagat.
28387 5505 Note: Also Maranao taʔam ‘taste, as of food’, Manobo (Western Bukidnon) taʔam ‘taste s.t.’, Nggela tata chewed pulp. Earlier reconstructed as *(CtT)aqam (CtT)aqam ‘taste, flavor’ (Blust 1978a:24).
30149 *tamu₁ smack the lips while eating 6893 PCEMP *tamu₁ smack the lips while eating
Note: Also Iban (Scott 1956) tamuʔ ‘feed up, fatten (usually animals)’.
32251 *tamu₂ turmeric: Curcuma zedoaria 10541 PWMP *tamu₂ turmeric: Curcuma zedoaria [disjunct: *temu]
Note: Dempwolff (1938) also included Fijian damu ‘red, brown’, but the cognation of this form is doubtful.
33950 12788 PAN *tamuhuŋ a hat, head covering
Note: Possibly a loan distribution, but if so it is unclear whether this began in Amis or Bunun.
32394 *tanan all 10719 PPh *tanan all
Note: LOTU na-tanan ‘all’ is assumed to be a loan from a Greater Central Philippines source.
32138 *tanaŋaw malodorous insect that damages rice plants 10392 PWMP *tanaŋaw malodorous insect that damages rice plants
Note: Also Malay cenaŋaw ‘a foul-smelling flying bug that preys on rice’.
30003 *tanaq a plant: Aralia decaisneana (Hance) 6697 PAN *tanaq a plant: Aralia decaisneana (Hance)
Note: Also Atayal (Mayrinax), Bunun (Takituduh) tanaʔ ‘a plant: Aralia decaisneana (Hance)’. This comparison was first noted by Li (1994).
32291 *tanaRa to stare, look fixedly at something 10591 PCMP *tanaRa to stare, look fixedly at something
30284 *tanayan bamboo sp. 7196 PAN *tanayan bamboo sp.
32205 10478 PWMP *tandak to stamp the feet
Note: Possibly a chance resemblance.
33629 *tandaq having a good memory; intelligent 12370 PPh *tandaq having a good memory; intelligent
12371 PPh *ma-tanda-an to remember, recall
Note: Some aspects of this comparison suggest that it is cognate with, or a borrowing of, Malay tanda ‘sign; token; emblem’. If so, the absence of a final -h in the Malay form is unexplained. Moreover, Ilokano distinguishes the two words as tánda ‘memory’, and tandá ‘sign, signal, quality’, with different affixation potentials, suggesting that they have distinct histories that have become entangled in some languages.
32292 *tandes state explicitly, stipulate 10592 PWMP *tandes state explicitly, stipulate
32293 10593 PWMP *tandiŋ compare two things
Note: Also Iban bandiŋ ‘comparison, analogy; compare, contrast’, Malay bandiŋ ‘comparing; matching; juxtaposition for comparison’.
28388 *tanduk tanduk plant sp. 5506 PWMP *tanduk tanduk plant sp.
Note: This reconstruction may contain Dempwolff's (1934-38) *tanduk ‘horn’.
30607 8059 8060 POC *tanoq earth, soil, land; down; westward
8061 PPh *t<um>aneq go overland, hike
8062 PMP *taneq pulut clay, sticky earth
8063 POC *tanoq pulut clay, sticky earth
8064 PMP *taneq tumbuq anthill, termite mound (lit, ‘growing earth’)
8065 POC *tanoq tubuq anthill, termite mound (lit, ‘growing earth’)
8066 POC *tanoq tanoq dusty, full of dust or dirt
Note: Also Tiruray tunaʔ ‘earth, ground, soil’, Sundanese tanah ‘land, district, estate’, Leti, Wetan tani ‘earth, ground, soil’, Kayeli tain ‘ground, earth, soil, sand’. Dempwolff (1938) posited doublets *tanah and *tanəh ‘earth, land’, assigning Ngaju Dayak tana ‘rice field’ to the first of these, and tanah ‘a land’ as in tanah Jawa ‘the land of Java’ or tanah belanda ‘Holland’ to the second. However, the basis for this distinction is shaky. Ngaju Dayak tana is a native term, while tanah is clearly a borrowing of Banjarese tanah. Many languages have merged PAn *a and *e before the reflex of word-final *q, usually after it became a glottal stop. It is the neutralization of this phonemic distinction before glottal stop that has given rise to the impression that there was a variant *tanaq, which probably never existed.
In addition to the subentries cited above the recurrent pattern of a reflex of *taneq + a place name suggests that the expression *taneq + place name existed in PMP times.
Finally, in some Oceanic languages, where final consonants have been lost, the reflexes of POc *tanoq ‘earth, soil’ and *tanom ‘to plant, bury’ can be difficult to distinguish, and in fact are often combined by lexicographers or comparativists, as with Keesing (1975), who gives Kwaio ano ‘land, ground’, a clear reflex of POc *tanoq, but the subentry anom-ia ‘plant, bury’, which is just as clearly a reflex of POc *tanom, or Fox (1974), who gives Lau ano ‘earth, land’, but the subentry ano-mila ‘burying’, which exemplifies the same problem. Similarly, Bender et al (2003) posit proto-Micronesian *tano ‘ground, low’, but refer additionally to e.g. Tongan tano ‘place of burial, cemetery’, which clearly reflects POc *tanom.
32318 10620 Note: First proposed by Pawley (1972:88), and more recently by Ross (2003:282).
32349 *tani₂ here 10658 PMP *tani₂ here
Note: Possibly a convergent development based on *-ni ‘proximal spatio-temporal deixis: this, here, now’.
32396 *taniq alone, in isolation, independent 10721 PWMP *taniq alone, in isolation, independent
32143 *tantán lose interest in doing something (?) 10397 PPh *tantán lose interest in doing something (?)
32319 *tánud guard, sentinel; to stand guard 10621 PPh *tánud guard, sentinel; to stand guard
32650 11048 Note: Also Ifugaw tanut ‘needle made of a bamboo splinter (without eye)’, Masbatenyo mag-tánog ‘to thread a needle’, tanug-án ‘object used for threading a needle’, Waray-Waray tánog ‘the act of threading a needle’, tanóg ‘the thread that is passed through the needle’s eye’, tanog-i ‘to thread a needle’, Maranao tanor ‘thread, twine’, Manobo (Western Bukidnon)) tanur ‘thread for a needle; to thread a needle’, Binukid tanúl ‘sewing thread; to thread a needle’, Tiruray tanul ‘a thread’. Mapun tanud ‘the thread that has been already threaded through the eye of a needle’, nanud ‘to thread (a needle or sewing machine)’, tanud-an ‘to thread (a needle or sewing machine’, although completely regular, is assumed to be a loan from a Greater Central Philippines source.
32368 10687 POC *tanum₂ to plant, bury [doublet: *tanom]
32651 *tanúR loud sound; volume, loudness 11049 PPh *tanúR loud sound; volume, loudness
Note: Also Mapun tanug ‘the distance that sound travels’.
32652 *tánus straight, as tree limbs 11050 PPh *tánus straight, as tree limbs
Note: Also Yakan tanus ‘straight and free from knots (of a length of wood)’, assumed to be a loanword from a Greater Central Philippines language, although a source is yet to be identified.
28389 *tanzak stamp the feet; step, leap 5507 PWMP *tanzak stamp the feet; step, leap
Note: With root *-zak ‘step, tread’.
31353 *taNah red 9434 PAN *taNah red
Note: Possibly an Atayalic loanword in the now extinct Taokas. Weighing against this interpretation is the observation that Atayalic languages seem to have been moving northward from central Taiwan (present Nantou county) during the past several centuries, indicating that there probably was greater distance between them and the Taokas during the time period when borrowing might have occurred.
30646 *taNaS village; place of residence 8159 PAN *taNaS village; place of residence
8160 PMP *tahan abode, place of residence
Note: With the recurrent *S metathesis that distinguishes Formosan from Malayo-Polynesian cognates that originally ended in *S (Blust 1993a). This comparison was first proposed by Tsuchida (1976:216).
30347 *taNek to cook anything but rice 7331 PAN *taNek to cook anything but rice
7332 7333 PWMP *ma-nanek to boil, to cook
7334 PWMP *maR-tanek to boil, to cook
7335 PAN *t<in>aNek boiled foods other than rice?
7336 PMP *t<in>anek boiled foods other than rice
7337 PAN *t<um>aNek to cook anything but rice
7338 PMP *t<um>anek to cook anything but rice
7339 7340 30306 *taNiud mulberry tree and fruit: Morus formosensis (Hotta) 7254 PAN *taNiud mulberry tree and fruit: Morus formosensis (Hotta)
Note: This comparison was first noted by Tsuchida (1976:141).
28403 5522 Note: Also Puyuma (Tamalakaw) pa-a-talam ‘to try’, Kavalan talam ‘taste’, t 32294 10594 Note: Polynesian forms such as Samoan tanifa ‘kind of large man-eating shark’ are formally comparable, but appear to be unrelated.
32295 10595 PMP *taŋ sound of a clang or bang
30016 6710 10479 PMP *taŋa to gape stupidly, gawk
6711 Note: Also Lun Dayeh taŋaɁ ‘a door, doorway’. With root *-ŋa(q) ‘gape, open the mouth wide’.
32195 10466 POC *taŋa₂ netbag, sack, pocket
32320 *taŋa₃ a shrub with edible figs: Ficus tinctoria 10622 POC *taŋa₃ a shrub with edible figs: Ficus tinctoria
Note: This comparison was proposed by Ross (2008:308-309).
32397 10722 Note: Apparently distinct from POc *taŋa₃ ‘a shrub with edible figs: Ficus tinctoria’. This comparison is taken from Madulid (2001).
32168 10432 PMP *taŋad look upward [doublet: *tiŋadaq]
10686 Note: Also Itbayaten taŋar ‘of acclivity’, i-taŋar ‘to transport by going up an acclivity’, t 32340 10644 PMP *taŋada to look upward [doublet: *tiŋadaq]
Note: Also Hiligaynon mag-taŋláɁ ‘to look up’, Tetun tanaat ‘to look up at (anything on a higher elevation); to look closely at someone, expecting to be given something’. Probably *taŋadaq, with final *q like its doublet *tiŋadaq, but none of the languages cited here preserves this segment.
32699 *taŋah stupid, silly, ignorant 11111 PPh *taŋah stupid, silly, ignorant [doublet: *taŋaq₁]
28404 5523 10521 Note: Dempwolff (1934-38) reconstructed *taŋan ‘hand’, but forms with this or clearly related meanings are confined to WMP languages. His inclusion of Fijian taŋa ‘sack’ and similar forms in other Oceanic languages (e.g., Gedaged taŋ ‘net bag used by women’) appears to confuse distinct cognate sets.
32460 *taŋan-taŋan the castor oil plant: Ricinis communis 10791 PWMP *taŋan-taŋan the castor oil plant: Ricinis communis
Note: Also Ibaloy taŋan ‘kind of tree, probably purging nut: Jatropha curcas; its parts are traditionally used medicinally’.
32461 *taŋaŋaq open the mouth wide, gape 10792 PWMP *taŋaŋaq open the mouth wide, gape
Note: With root *-ŋa(q) ‘gape, open the mouth wide’.
32375 *taŋapa wrasse, Cheilinus spp. 10697 POC *taŋapa wrasse, Cheilinus spp.
Note: A variant of this comparison was first proposed by Osmond (2011:93).
32139 *taŋaq₁ incapable, incompetent 10393 PPh *taŋaq₁ incapable, incompetent
Note: Apparently distinct from PPh *taŋah ‘stupid, silly, ignorant’, as both the Ayta Abellan and Tagalog reflexes of this form are inconsistent with *taŋaq.
32209 10483 PWMP *taŋaq₂ look upward [doublet: *taŋád]
32252 *taŋaq₃ destructive insect 10542 PWMP *taŋaq₃ destructive insect
Note: Also Cebuano táŋa ‘scorpion; cockroach’.
32462 10793 PWMP *taŋaq₄ middle, center [doublet: *teŋaq]
30791 *taŋaR to seize property and run off with it; to elope with a single woman 8524 PPh *taŋaR to seize property and run off with it; to elope with a single woman
Note: PPh evidently made a lexical distinction between ‘to elope with a single woman’ and ‘to elope with a married woman’, since both Tiruray and Mongondow specify the former sense in connection with this term. A reconstruction for the latter sense does not yet exist.
32398 *taŋaR to seize with the teeth, hold by biting 10723 PMP *taŋaR to seize with the teeth, hold by biting
Note: Also Ilokano taŋál ‘to carry in the teeth’, Ibaloy i-taŋal ‘put something in the mouth so that a part of it protrudes (as pencil, large sweet potato, thermometer)’, Tausug mag-taŋaɁ ‘to carry (something) with the mouth, dangling from the mouth (as a cat carrying a dead rat)’, Kadazan Dusun taŋaw ‘to seize and carry off in the mouth (as a dog, bird)’.
32399 10724 PPh *taŋay₁ to look upward [doublet: *taŋad, *taŋada, *tiŋadaq]
34003 *taŋay₂ be carried away by someone or something 12850 PPh *taŋay₂ be carried away by someone or something [doublet: *taŋaR]
12851 28405 5524 10635 PWMP *ma-naŋeb to close, as a door; cover
28417 *taŋ(e)buq₁ kind of coarse grass 5536 PPh *taŋ(e)buq₁ kind of coarse grass
Note: Also Maranao tamboʔo ‘a herb: Hyptis brevipes Poir.’. Possibly a Tagalog loan distribution.
33616 12357 32140 *taŋ(e)dan payment for services 10394 PPh *taŋ(e)dan payment for services [doublet: *tendan]
Note: There is no basis for considering this a loanword, and it is therefore most plausible to interpret it as a term that preceded the existence of a money economy. Under these earlier conditions payment was made in goods for services done, as by a midwife or a shaman, as reflected in the glosses for the Yami and Hanunóo forms.
33416 *taŋén wedge, piece used to stabilize surfaces 12108 PPh *taŋén wedge, piece used to stabilize surfaces
32400 *taŋ(e)paq to pay for in advance 10725 PPh *taŋ(e)paq to pay for in advance
32765 11204 PWMP *taŋepi edge, bank, shore
32208 *taŋga₁ rung of a ladder; runged ladder 10482 PMP *taŋga₁ rung of a ladder; runged ladder
Note: Dempwolff (1938) included Ngaju Dayak taŋga ‘steps, ladder’, and Fijian taŋga ‘to lay one thing on top of another’, but the first of these appears to be a Banjarese loan, and the second seems far-fetched. Given PMP *haRezan ‘notched log ladder’ as an extremely well-supported reconstruction, it appears most likely that *taŋga referred instead to a runged ladder, or more particularly to the rungs on a runged ladder.
33518 *taŋga₂ the Indian cork tree: Millingtonia hortensis 12248 PMP *taŋga₂ the Indian cork tree: Millingtonia hortensis
Note: This comparison was first pointed out by Verheijen (1990).
32225 *taŋgal unfastened, detached 10503 PWMP *taŋgal unfastened, detached
28406 5525 Note: Possibly equivalent to Dempwolff's (1934-38) *taŋgap ‘seize, hold firmly’.
31150 *taŋgiRi Spanish mackerel, kingfish: Scomberomorus spp. 9142 PWMP *taŋgiRi Spanish mackerel, kingfish: Scomberomorus spp. [doublet: *taŋiRi]
Note: Tagalog taŋgíŋgi is unusual in showing secondary prenasalization of *R after its change to a voiced velar stop.
32210 *taŋgul defend oneself, parry a blow 10484 PWMP *taŋgul defend oneself, parry a blow
31488 *taŋguŋ carry on a shoulder pole 9602 PWMP *taŋguŋ carry on a shoulder pole
9603 PWMP *ka-taŋguŋ bearable, able to be carried
Note: Also Dampelas taŋkuaŋ, Tanampedagi Taje taŋguaŋ ‘carry on the shoulder with a stick’. These forms raise the possibility that the reconstruction was *taŋguaŋ, with reduction of the vowel sequence in all languages outside the Tomini-Tolitoli group.
32169 *taŋíl wedge 10433 PPh *taŋíl wedge
33649 *taŋíliq a tree: Shorea polysperma 12392 PPh *taŋíliq a tree: Shorea polysperma
Note: Madulid (2001:1:708) gives both tangile and tangili (many languages) ‘Shorea polysperma (Blco.) Merr. Dipterocarpaceae’, but he explicitly mentions only Central Philippine languages, leaving the remaining “many languages” unspecified. I have been able to find the data cited here in primary sources, but none of these indicate that the referent is the Shorea polysperma, although the tree popularly known as the ‘Philippine mahogany’ is said to be in the Shorea genus’.
31149 *taŋiRi Spanish mackerel, kingfish: Scomberomorini spp. 9141 PMP *taŋiRi Spanish mackerel, kingfish: Scomberomorini spp. [doublet: *taŋgiRi]
Note: Also Tagalog tanigiʔ ‘Spanish mackerel’, Yakan taŋīʔ ~ taŋiŋiʔ ‘Spanish mackerel, family Scombridae’, Javanese teŋiri ‘a certain ocean fish’ (< Malay). Lou, , Penchal taŋini, Titan taŋili, Wuvulu tanixi ‘Spanish mackerel’, Sa'a aaŋili ‘kingfish’. All reflexes of this word in the Admiralty islands appear to be loans from a still unidentified source distinct from Tok Pisin taŋir.
32463 *taŋkal coop, as for chickens; pen, as for pigs 10794 PPh *taŋkal coop, as for chickens; pen, as for pigs
Note: Also Chamorro taŋkat ‘cage (used only for small animals, such as birds)’, almost
certainly a Tagalog loan stemming from the Spanish colonial era in both the Philippines and
the Marianas Islands.
28408 5527 PMP *taŋkas loosen, untie [doublet: *beŋkas, *ka(s)kas]
10558 POC *takas loosen, untie, set free
Note: Also Palauan meŋe-dóked ‘untie, unfasten’. This item is assumed to contain a root *-kas₂ ‘loosen, undo, untie’.
32196 *taŋkay stem of a plant, stalk 10467 PMP *taŋkay stem of a plant, stalk
10557 POC *take₁ stem of a plant, stalk
28409 5528 PWMP *taŋkeb fall face downward
Note: With root *-keb₂ ‘face downward’. Adelaar (1981) maintains that Northern Batak reflects final voiced stops as the homorganic nasal, while Southern Batak reflects them as the homorganic voiceless stop. Although this is normally true, both Karo Batak and Dairi-Pakpak Batak occasionally exhibit a voiceless final stop from an earlier voiced stop, as with *ruqag ‘wide, spacious’ > Karo Batak ruhak ‘spacious, wide, of an opening’ (Blust 1983-1984).
32197 10468 PMP *taŋkep catch, as by covering
Note: With root *-kep₁ ‘cover, fold over’.
32297 *taŋkir addition, annex to a building 10597 PWMP *taŋkir addition, annex to a building
30792 *taŋkis to parry, turn an attack or accusation aside 8525 PWMP *taŋkis to parry, turn an attack or accusation aside
Note: Also Sasak taŋklis ‘to ward off, parry’. Much of this distribution may be due to borrowing from Malay.
33724 *taŋkuŋ an edible plant, swamp cabbage: Ipomoea aquatica 12477 PPh *taŋkuŋ an edible plant, swamp cabbage: Ipomoea aquatica [doublet: *kaŋkuŋ]
32495 *taŋop take hold of, grasp, touch with the hand 10834 POC *taŋop take hold of, grasp, touch with the hand
Note: A variant of this comparison was first noted by Osmond and Pawley (2016a:514-515).
32198 *taŋtáŋ₁ clanging sound; to clang, as in beating metals 10469 PPh *taŋtáŋ₁ clanging sound; to clang, as in beating metals
10470 33862 12680 PPh *taŋtáŋ₂ to remove, take off
Note: Also Mapun tantaŋ ‘to be naked; take someone’s clothes off; to undress someone; to take off one’s own clothes’, ka-tantaŋ-an ‘for one’s clothes to accidentally fall down or come off’, Yakan tantaŋ ‘to have come apart (of things), parts of something having come loose’, mag-tantaŋ ‘to take something apart, disassemble something; for someone to go naked’ mag-tantaŋ-an ‘to take off someone’s clothes’.
32675 *taŋuq to nod the head, as in agreement 11076 PPh *taŋuq to nod the head, as in agreement
32425 *táŋus pointed or prominent, of the nose 10752 PPh *táŋus pointed or prominent, of the nose
30740 8383 PWMP *taŋuy to swim [doublet: *laŋuy, *naŋuy₂]
Note: Possibly a back-formation from a prefixed form in which n- was assumed to result from nasal substitution.
32099 *tapa₁ incise, make an incision in flesh 10343 POC *tapa₂ incise, make an incision in flesh
Note: Possibly a chance resemblance.
32376 *tapa₂ to soar, glide, hover, as birds of prey 10698 POC *tapa₃ to soar, glide, hover, as birds of prey
Note: This comparison was first proposed by Clark (2011:281), who proposed POc *tap(ʷ)a ‘glide, soar’.
28412 *ta(m)pak slap, strike with the hand 5531 PWMP *ta(m)pak slap, strike with the hand
Note: Also Bontok tadpák ‘to slap’. With root *-pak₁ ‘slap, clap’.
32100 *tapak₁ palm of the hand, sole of the foot 10344 PWMP *tapak₁ palm of the hand, sole of the foot
Note: PMP *palaj₁ is firmly reconstructible in the meaning ‘palm of hand, sole of foot’, and the semantic distinction between it and *tapak remains to be worked out. Overall, reflexes of *tapak appear to refer more consistently to the sole of the foot, and it is possible that *palaj was ‘palm of the hand’ and *tapak ‘sole of the foot’, although both meanings appear with reflexes of both forms.
32114 *tapak₂ visible 10362 PMP *tapak₂ visible
Note: Possibly a chance resemblance.
28390 *tapal a patch, as on clothing; poultice, as over a wound 5508 PWMP *tapal a patch, as on clothing [doublet: *Capel]
32170 10434 Note: Possibly a Tagalog loan distribution.
32289 10589 PWMP *ta(m)pas lop off, cut off
32104 *tapay rice wine; yeast; fermented rice; fermented rice cake 10348 PWMP *tapay rice wine; yeast; fermented rice; fermented rice cake
10349 PWMP *tapay-an large jar used to store rice wine
30891 8720 POC *tape₁ to flow, run, of water
8721 POC *tape-a be carried away by water
8722 Note: Also Tolai tavit ‘to run, of water; to flow, as blood from a cut or wound’.
25879 *tapeS winnow 1992 PAN *tapeS winnow
1993 PMP *tahep winnow
1994 PMP *tahep-an winnowing basket
1995 1996 PMP *tahep-i₂ winnow
Note: Also Bontok t-in-ap-i ‘a wide, flat basket, used as a drying tray’, Aklanon taeáph-an ‘sifter’, Iban chapan ‘winnowing basket’.
32105 10350 PMP *tapi to winnow [doublet: *tapeS]
32103 10347 10358 32106 *tapiq₁ board, lumber, beam in house construction 10351 PPh *tapiq₁ board, lumber, beam in house construction
32107 10352 Note: Also Cebuano tapí ‘piece of cloth wrapped around the waist or upper body as a skirt’.
28391 *tapis₁ loincloth (?) 5509 PAN *tapis₁ loincloth (?) [doublet: *tapiq]
30204 *tapis₂ to skim over the surface 7037 PMP *tapis₂ to skim over the surface
Note: Possibly a chance resemblance.
32108 10353 PWMP *tapis₃ to strain, filter
32101 10345 32865 *tapola wide 11319 POC *tapola wide
Note: A somewhat longer version of this comparison was proposed by Ross (2003c:201), who considered it a prefixed form of PMP *belaj ‘expose to the sun, dry in the sun’. I find his proposed morphological connection unconvincing, and the remaining comparison cited here barely sufficient to support the proposed reconstruction.
33654 *taptap to move the lips or tongue in chewing or lapping up 12397 PPh *taptap to move the lips or tongue in chewing or lapping up
32109 10354 32426 10753 28392 5510 Note: With root *-puk₃ ‘gather, flock together’.
32110 *tapuk₂ dust in the air, stir up dust 10355 PPh *tapuk₂ dust in the air, stir up dust
Note: With root *-puk₂ ‘dust’.
32117 10365 28413 5532 PAN *tapun gather, assemble [disjunct: *tampuk]
Note: With root *-pun ‘assemble, collect, gather’.
32465 10796 Note: Also Binukid tapɁuŋ ‘white ashes’, Mapun tappuŋ ‘rice flour’, tappuŋ-an ‘to pound rice into flour’, Iban tepoŋ ‘flour, esp. of rice, meal, paste’, Malay təpoŋ ‘flour; meal (usually rice flour)’.
28393 5511 PAN *tapus end, complete, finish
Note: With root *-pus₁ ‘end, finish’. Mills (1975:850, 895) posits Proto-South Sulawesi *ta(m)pus ‘disappear; all gone’.
32042 *taq₁ because 10274 PPh *taq₁ because
32065 *taq₂ particle used to soften questions or turn statements into rhetorical questions 10301 PPh *taq₂ particle used to soften questions or turn statements into rhetorical questions
Note: The meaning of this form is challenging. It was clearly an interrogative particle, but evidently not a simple marker of questions. Rather, the glosses of the Tiruray and Tausug forms, both of which are likely to be native, suggest that this was a particle used to soften questions that might otherwise be felt as challenging, or to convert commands into an interrogative form of the type ‘I wonder if you might not mind doing....?’.
30486 *taq₃ negative marker: no, not 7691 PMP *taq₃ negative marker: no, not
Note: I assume that Malay taɁ resisted sound change and was reinterpreted as /k/, much like the vocative markers in adik ‘younger sibling’, kakak ‘elder sibling’, etc., and for much the same reason: in both negatives and vocatives a forceful vocalization is required, and where sound change has altered the final segment to -h this is seriously compromised.
28394 *taqan₁ snare trap; set a snare trap 5513 PAN *taqan₁ snare trap; set a snare trap [doublet: *taqen]
32253 *taqan₂ to hold back, keep in reserve 10543 PWMP *taqan₂ to hold back, keep in reserve
30586 7978 PMP *taqay feces, excrement [doublet: *taqi, *taki]
7979 7980 PMP *t<in>aqay intestines
7981 POC *tinaqe intestines
Note: Rather than reflecting the more widely-distributed form that ends with *-i, nearly all Oceanic languages appear to continue the PMP variant *taqay. Some of the languages of Vanuatu have a reflex with final high vowel, as with Lolomatui, Lolsiwoi, Mafea tai- ‘excrement’, but this is assumed to be a secondary development from POc *taqe.
30587 7982 28395 *taq(e)baŋ tasteless, insipid 5514 PWMP *taq(e)baŋ tasteless, insipid
Note: Also Proto-Sangiric *təbaŋ ‘flavorless’.
32321 *taq(e)kip include with something else 10623 PPh *taq(e)kip include with something else
32254 *taq(e)mis sweet 10544 PMP *taq(e)mis sweet [doublet: *ma-hemis]
Note: Based on the Tagalog form given here, together with Toba Batak ta 30865 8688 8689 Note: Also Cebuano taʔán ‘set a trap of any sort’ (as a bubu fish trap). This term evidently referred to the setting of a trap so that the hunter had then only to wait for the prey to fall victim to it. Recurrent references to the bubu fish trap in the Philippines and western Indonesia, suggest that this was one specific referent that the verb *taqen applied to, but the agreement of Malay and Lakalai in point to setting up a snare suggest that it applied as well to land-based traps in which the prey was caught by a noose.
32395 *taq(e)náw to see or look at something far away 10720 PPh *taq(e)náw to see or look at something far away
10785 PPh *tanɁaw-én to see or look at something far away
32466 *taq(e)nay a sheaf or bundle of rice stalks 10797 PPh *taq(e)nay a sheaf or bundle of rice stalks
32467 *taq(e)paw top surface of something 10798 PPh *taq(e)paw top surface of something
10799 PPh *i-taq(e)paw put something on top of something else
10800 PPh *taq(e)paw-an put something on top of something else
32468 *taq(e)pil in layers, adjacent to one another 10801 PMP *taq(e)pil in layers, adjacent to one another
30480 7683 Note: Also Hawaiian kāō (length unexpl.) ‘to bake in the oven without leaf wrapping, as taro, breadfruit’.
30547 7845 PMP *taqu₁ right side [doublet: *tuqu]
10231 PMP *ka-taqu₂ right hand, right side
7846 Note: Also Sebop taʔuʔ, Penan (Long Labid) naʔauʔ, Long Merigam Penan nauʔ ‘right side’, Roviana matao-na ‘right (opposite of left)’. It is very likely that this comparison is identical to PMP *taqu, *ma-taqu ‘to know how, be able to, be skilled at’, given the universal association of the right hand with skill, aptitude, correctness and the like.
31068 9024 PPh *taqul to howl, of a dog [disjunct: *tahúl]
Note: Also Ifugaw taól ‘yelping of a dog’.
30921 8767 Note: Also Isneg tawán ‘year’ (<Ilokano), Ibaloy tawʔen ‘year’, Yakan tahun ‘year’ (< Malay), Tausug tahun ‘a year’ (< Malay), tahun-tahun ‘every, or each year’, Mongondow taoŋ ‘year’.
Although the terms ‘year’ and ‘season’ occur in a number of the glosses cited here, it is clear that these must be connected more with the growing cycle of food plants and with greater or lesser rainfall than with vegetative changes in the natural environment of the kind associated with the seasons in temperate climates. In some specific locations the association may be with annually cycling events of other kinds, as the runs of flying fish in Rennell, but the most common recurrent theme appears to be the cycle of planting and harvesting yams. In this connection note that in some of the languages of the Solomons the word for ‘year’ (and hence ‘season’) appears to reflect PMP *qubi ‘yam’, as with Poleo, Malagheti, Tolo, Malango uvi ‘yam; year’, and in many of the languages of Vanuatu innovative terms for ‘yam’ and ‘year’ are homophones, as with Peterara ndamu, Apma ndam, Paamese ouh (possibly < *qubi), Letemboi nə-dam, Unua no-rom, Ranon rem, Toak huram, Faulili auh or Imreang ne-aku ‘yam; year’.
28398 *tara cockspur 5517 PMP *tara cockspur [disjunct: *tada]
32377 *taragau fish eagle, fish hawk 10699 POC *taragau fish eagle, fish hawk
Note: This comparison was first proposed by Clark (2011:296).
32350 10659 PPh *taraquk crowing of a rooster
Note: Also Ibaloy kakaok ‘crowing of a rooster’, Tagalog tiláɁok ‘crow or crowing of a rooster’, tílauk-an ‘simultaneous crowing of roosters’, Bikol tuk-turáɁok ‘cock-a-doodle-doo, the crowing of a rooster’, mag-tuk-turáɁok ‘to crow (roosters)’.
34048 12902 32441 *taraytay put in a straight line 10771 PPh *taraytay put in a straight line
Note: Possibly from *taytay ‘single log bridge’, but if so the distinct meaning of this form merits separate treatment.
32496 *tari to wait, wait for someone 10835 POC *tari to wait, wait for someone
Note: A variant of this comparison was first proposed by Ross (2016b:484-485).
32427 *tariktik₁ drizzle, light rain 10754 PPh *tariktik₁ drizzle, light rain [doublet: *taRihtih, *taRiktik]
Note: The Maranao form is assumed to show secondary prenasalization after reduction of the medial cluster (*tariktik > *taritik > tarintik). Sneddon (1984:107) cites the Proto-Minahasan form without supporting evidence in his Proto-Sangiric reconstruction, but it does not appear where one would expect it in Sneddon (1978).
33890 *tariktik₂ woodpecker 12713 PPh *tariktik₂ woodpecker
Note: Probably onomatopoetic, from the sound of pecking on wood. With root *-tik₂ ‘ticking sound’.
29884 *tariŋ bamboo sp. 6546 PWMP *tariŋ bamboo sp. [doublet: *periŋ, *teriŋ]
32401 10726 Note: With root *-ris₂ ‘scratch a line’.
32199 10471 PWMP *taruk plant shoot, sprout
Note: Also Tae' taruɁ ‘sprout from a tree or plant, shoot, bud’.
32351 *tarus continue doing something, proceed without stopping 10660 PWMP *tarus continue doing something, proceed without stopping
Note: Also Malay tərus ‘right through; in the direct line through’, Bahasa Indonesia tərus ‘proceed directly, continue doing something’, Old Javanese trus ‘penetrating’, a-tərus-an ‘to continue straight on’, t 34055 *tarús to understand, grasp something intellectually 12909 PPh *tarús to understand, grasp something intellectually
Note: Possibly identical to PWMP *tarus ‘continue doing something, proceed without stopping’. The two meanings are combined in some dictionaries, as Rubino (2000) for Ilokano, but separated in others, as in Ayta Maganchi. Given its rather distinct semantics, which have so far not been found in any language outside the Philippines, I posit this entry as independent from PWMP *tarus.
32052 *taR- prefix marking spontaneous or involuntary action 10286 PAN *taR- prefix marking spontaneous or involuntary action [doublet: *ta-]
32378 *taRa short snouted unicornfish: Naso spp. 10700 POC *taRa short snouted unicornfish: Naso spp.
Note: A somewhat larger version of this comparison was first noted by Osmond (2011:102), who reconstructed POc *taRat ‘Naso spp., unicornfish’.
28396 *taRabas plant sp. 5515 PWMP *taRabas plant sp.
33554 12288 12289 PPh *taRad-an (gloss uncertain)
Note: Both Tiruray and Tboli show irregular *R > g, which implies borrowing from a Manobo or Danaw language. This comparison was first noted schematically by Zorc (1986:165).
29990 6679 6681 Note: PAn *taRah ‘to wait’ is intriguing for several reasons. First, it is one of the few cognate sets which appears to provide evidence of homorganic nasal substitution in Formosan languages. Second, reflexes of *ma-naRah vs. *t 32428 *taRak to distribute an inheritance (?) 10755 PPh *taRak to distribute an inheritance (?)
Note: Possibly a chance resemblance.
32352 *taRamwi allow, agree, accept, permit 10661 POC *taRamwi allow, agree, accept, permit
Note: This comparison was first proposed by Geraghty (1990:73), who posited *taRama, *taRa-mi ‘answer call’. However, the data suggests a complex history of reanalysis that raises questions about the correctness of these reconstructions.
The forms cited above point clearly to a trisyllable ending in *i. According to Lanyon-Orgill (1962) Tolai (Raluana) tarami is both a transitive and an intransitive verb. It thus carries no morphological marking for transitivity. However, most trisyllabic words in POc that ended with *-i would have been disyllabic bases with the transitive suffix *-i. In a monomorphemic base of this shape that was additionally a verb there would have been strong canonical pressure to reanalyze *taRamʷi as *taRamʷ-i, and in languages that had already lost final consonants it is likely that this reanalysis would further treat the nasal as a thematic consonant, yielding an innovated base *taRa. This seems to have been what happened in e.g. Nggela tala ‘to allow, permit; to agree, be willing; to nod in assent; to answer’, from a reanalyzed form *taRa(m)-i, which then allowed the attachment of the applicative suffix *-aki to yield tala(m)-agi ‘to agree to, make an agreement; to allow; to obey’. A similar process evidently affected all Southeast Solomonic languages, as seen in Kwaio ala faafia ‘agree on’ (< *taRa), alamia ‘permit, allow’ (< *taRa(m)-ia, or Lau ala-lā ‘an agreement’ (< *taRa), ala-mai ‘answer, obey, allow, take notice of’ (< *taRa), alami ‘to answer, assent to; suit, fit, be worthy of’ (< *taRa(m)-i. By contrast, Toqabaqita alamania/alamatania ‘allow someone to do something; let someone do something’, and Mota taram ‘to suit, be becoming to, match’, tarama ‘to answer a call’, taramag ‘to answer another’ appear to reflect a base *taRama, which may have arisen by back-formation from *taRa(m)-aki, where the latter was interpreted as *taRama-aki, with coalescence of two identical vowels.
Without some such history of misanalyzed base forms and reinterpretation it would appear necessary to reconstruct doublets *taRama and *taRamʷi or *taRama and *taRa, as Geraghty did, since there is no clear morphological precedent for analyzing the first of these forms as *taRa-ma.
30636 8137 PAN *taRaq₁ hewing with an adze
8138 PWMP *ma-naRaq to hew with an adze
8139 PWMP *t<in>aRaq (gloss uncertain)
8140 PAN *t<um>aRaq to adze wood, hew wood with an adze
8141 PWMP *taRaq-en (gloss uncertain)
8142 PAN *taRaq-i Adze it!, Hew it!
Note: Also Iban taras ‘trim, shape, plane, esp. hew with adze or axe’, Selau tarsa ‘shape a plank, hew, plane’, Rotuman tā ‘to cut or chop down (tree or branch)’. The central sense of this term evidently was ‘to shape wood by adzing’, and it presumably would have applied primarily to the shaping of timbers in house construction, and of tree trunks into the hulls of canoes. Given its meaning it implies the use of adzes as distinct from axes, machetes, and knives, and therefore the existence of a PAn term for ‘adze’ which is yet to be reconstructed. Working with an adze involves a striking motion toward the actor, a semantic feature of this term that crops up in other senses, as in Asilulu ta-tala ‘coconut rasp’, Arosi ara ‘to hoe’, or the Tongan and Rennellese forms that refer to scooping up sand or small fish. In Fijian and the Polynesian languages, on the other hand, the original sense of movement toward the actor in adzing wood evolved into a generalized notion of hitting, chopping, cutting, bailing water (by ‘striking’ at it with a paddle or bailer), or more abstractly, of killing.
32353 *taRaq₂ unicorn fish: Acanthurus unicornis 10662 PMP *taRaq₂ unicorn fish: Acanthurus unicornis
Note: This comparison was proposed by Geraghty (1990:73).
28397 *taRaqan squirrelfish: Holocentrus spp. 5516 PMP *taRaqan squirrelfish: Holocentrus spp.
Note: Yami normally reflects *R as y, but other examples of *R > l are known (*kaRaŋ > kalaŋ ‘crab’, *(d)aRaq > ralaʔ ‘blood’). Nuclear Micronesian reflexes confirm the indications of Palauan and Tongan that this form was trisyllabic, as an original disyllable would be reflected without final vowel.
32493 *taRaquk to crow, of a rooster 10832 PPh *taRaquk to crow, of a rooster [doublet: *taraquk]
Note: Also Punan Tuvu’ teraɁu ‘sound of a cock’s crow’.
32342 *taRenek sandfly 10646 PPh *taRenek sandfly
Note: Although most reflexes of this term are glossed 'mosquito', PMP *ñamuk is a far stronger candidate for this meaning, suggesting that *taRenek had a different meaning. The qualifications or extensions to 'mosquito' in the Tiruray and Tombonuwo glosses also suggest that *taRenek probably referred to a pest that was similar to, but not the same as a mosquito.
32429 10756 PPh *taRihtih drizzle, light rain [doublet: *tariktik, *taRiktik]
Note: Also Tagalog tagistís ‘dripping or leaking of a liquid; sound made by dripping or leaking of a liquid’, Masbatenyo tarítiɁ ‘drizzle, light rain shower’, Hiligaynon talíthiɁ ‘drizzle, shower’, Aklanon talíthi ‘shower, sprinkle, light rain, drizzle’, Cebuano talíthi ~ talíthiɁ ‘very fine drizzle’.
32430 *taRiktík sound of rain on roof 10757 PPh *taRiktík sound of rain on roof [doublet: *tariktik, *taRihtih]
32354 10663 Note: This comparison was proposed by Geraghty (1990:74). Since it is unknown elsewhere in the Philippines, the resemblance of Hanunóo tágin to the Oceanic forms may be due to chance, and the Oceanic forms alone provide insufficient evidence for a POc reconstruction.
28416 *ta(R)kes wrap around, encircle 5535 PAN *ta(R)kes wrap around, encircle
Note: With root *-kes ‘encircle, wrap firmly around’.
28399 *taRpis thinness, fineness of texture 5518 PWMP *taRpis thinness, fineness of texture
Note: With root *-pis₂ ‘thin, fine, of texture’.
32355 *taRu to cover, as with a cloth or mat 10664 POC *taRu to cover, as with a cloth or mat
Note: This comparison was proposed by Geraghty (1990:74).
30595 *taRum indigo plant and dye: Indigofera suffruticosa (Mill.) and Indigofera tinctoria L. 7996 PMP *taRum indigo plant and dye: Indigofera suffruticosa (Mill.) and Indigofera tinctoria L.
Note: Also Ilokano táyum ‘Indigofera suffruticosa, the indigo plant’, táyum-táyum ‘Indigo hirsuta, herb with reddish-brown stems covered with purplish hairs’ (< Tagalog, ultimately from Kapampangan), Tagalog táyom ‘indigo plant; indigo blue, mag-táyom, tayúm-in ‘to stain or tinge with indigo’, tayúm-an ‘indigo plantation’, tayum-án ‘place where clothes are dyed’ (< Kapampangan), Sundanese tarum ‘name of the nila, or indigo plant’ (< Malay), Mongondow alom ‘indigo plant’.
30965 *taRuq to store, put away for safekeeping, hide valuables; to place a bet in gambling; lay an egg 8850 PMP *taRuq to store, put away for safekeeping, hide valuables; to place a bet in gambling; lay an egg
8851 PWMP *ma-naRuq (gloss uncertain)
8852 PWMP *maR-taRuq to lay down, put down, put away
8853 PMP *pa-taRuq something given to another for safekeeping (?)
8854 PWMP *t<in>aRuq what is laid, placed or put down
8855 PWMP *t<um>aRuq (gloss uncertain)
8856 PWMP *taRuq-an (gloss uncertain)
8857 PWMP *taRuq taRuq (gloss uncertain)
Note: Also Hanunóo tayáʔ ‘bet, wager, stake’, Ida’an Begak taru ‘put’ (< Malay), Iban tegoh ‘secret, hidden; keep secure’. The basic sense of this term appears to have been to put something of value aside for future use, hence its connection with hiding in some languages. In a number of languages in western Indonesia it is associated with placing a bet in gambling, evidently a sense that developed in Malay and then spread to other languages through contact.
30004 *taRuqan field hut; temporary shelter used when working for extended periods in fields far from the village 6698 PAN *taRuqan field hut; temporary shelter used when working for extended periods in fields far from the village
Note: Also Amis talokan ‘a chicken coop’. Throughout that part of the Austronesian world in which grain crops are grown it is common for workers to sleep overnight in fieldhuts when engaged in agricultural work at some distance from the home village. No equivalent of this term has been found in Malayo-Polynesian languages, although the practice of using field huts is common in areas such as Borneo or Sumatra.
32356 10665 PMP *taRus to reach, extend to
30855 8671 PMP *taRutum porcupine fish [doublet: *taRutuŋ]
28400 *taRutuŋ porcupine fish, puffer fish, Diodon sp. 5519 PMP *taRutuŋ porcupine fish, puffer fish, Diodon sp. [doublet: *taRutum]
Note: Also Kenyah (Long Anap) setuŋ, Kayan ketuŋ ‘porcupine’. This remarkable comparison is of special interest for at least two reasons. First, it is customarily assumed that *R > r immediately preceding a dental consonant in Palauan (*uRat > ŋurd ‘vein, artery’), but otherwise became s (*(d)aRaq > rásech ‘blood’, *zaRum > rasm ‘needle’). However, derúdm suggests that *R > r in Palauan if the following syllable began with a dental consonant, even if the intervening vowel was not lost.
The second noteworthy feature of this cognate set is its range of semantic reflexes. Subgrouping considerations make it all but certain that the word referred originally to the puffer fish or porcupine fish, as this meaning is reflected both in Oceanic and in WMP languages. Among Austronesian speakers that became reoriented to a primarily inland environment the meaning was shifted to cover other roundish, spiny biota (porcupine, durian). A parallel semantic extension is seen in Pohnpeian sei, where the reference to the soursop could hardly be original, as the plant is said to be a native of tropical America (Merrill 1954:152). For the conditions governing the split *t > s or Ø in Pohnpeian see Rehg (1984). Both Gilbertese and Pohnpeian evidently reflect earlier *tauti (see Blust 1970a).
32357 10666 Note: This comparison was first noted by Pawley (1972:52).
32211 *tasak ripe 10485 PMP *tasak ripe
10486 33662 *tasek insert(ed) vertically in the ground 12407 PWMP *tasek insert(ed) vertically in the ground
Note: With root *-sek₂ ‘insert, stick into a soft surface’.
30922 8768 Note: Also Jarai rəsiʔ ‘sea, ocean’, Erai cahi sea, sea-shore, Mbula tai ‘ocean, sea’, Woleaian tat(i) ‘sea, sea water’. While this term clearly mean ‘sea, saltwater’ in PMP, it has undergone various semantic changes in the daughter languages. In Proto-Philippines it was replaced by a reflex of PMP *daRat ‘littoral sea’ as the general term for ‘sea’, retaining only its sense of ‘saltwater’, and in Polynesian and some other Oceanic languages it acquired an additional sense of ‘tide’.
32322 *tasim sharp 10624 PMP *tasim sharp [disjunct: *tazim]
11084 32379 *tasiwa sea perch: Lutjanus sp. 10701 POC *tasiwa sea perch: Lutjanus sp.
Note: A longer version of this comparison was first proposed by Osmond (2011:77).
32226 *tastas sever, cut through, rip out stitches 10504 PAN *tastas sever, cut through, rip out stitches
10505 PWMP *ma-nastas to rip out stitches
10506 PWMP *t<um>astas cut or tear open stitches
10507 PPh *tastas-en to undo stitches, pull out tying material
Note: Also Amis tastas (< *taStaS) ‘to be torn apart, parts disengaged from each other’, Ilokano tastás ‘to rip, tear up, unstitch’ (probably a Tagalog loan). With root *-tas ‘cut through, sever; rip’.
32237 *tata₁ collateral consanguine of the first ascending generation 10523 PAN *tata₁ collateral consanguine of the first ascending generation
30058 *tata₂ near 6759 POC *tata₂ near
28401 *tatadu large green hairless stinging caterpillar 5520 PWMP *tatadu large green hairless stinging caterpillar [doublet: *katadu]
Note: Also Kankanaey atatádo ‘bluish white caterpillar living on the taro plant’, Malay ulat centadu, ulat sentadu, Minangkabau sintadu, tintadu, (Negri Sembilan) mentadu ‘large green hairy caterpillar, believed by Malays to develop into a squirrel’, Mongondow tantaduʔ, tontaduʔ ‘large caterpillar sp.’.
30005 *tatak hoe 6699 PAN *tatak hoe
Note: Kavalan normally reflects *k as /q/, but Li and Tsuchida (2006:7) observe that *k sometimes became /k/ in words that do not appear to be borrowed, as in *likud ‘back’ > ku-rikuz ‘follow’ or *siku > siku ‘elbow’.
32171 10435 Note: Dempwolff also included Fijian i tātā ‘chips’, but this is more likely to be a nominalization of tā ‘to chop with knife or axe’ < *taRaq ‘hewing with an axe’.
32431 *tataq inlay of gold or silver 10758 PWMP *tataq inlay of gold or silver
Note: Possibly a Malay loan distribution.
32298 10598 PMP *tatuqu true, real [doublet: *tuqu]
Note: Possibly an affixed form of *tuqu, but if so the nature of the affixation remains obscure, hence its treatment here as a doublet base form.
32676 *tatus coconut crab: Birgus latro 11077 PPh *tatus coconut crab: Birgus latro
Note: Also Ilokano sasús ‘kind of large black crustacean’. Mapun tatus ‘a very large hermit crab’ is assumed to be a loanword from a Greater Central Philippines language, although a source is yet to be identified. The alternative, to posit PWMP *tatus based solely on Philippine languages and a Sama-Bajaw language spoken in the Philippines, depends too critically on genetically disparate languages that are in a potential borrowing relationship.
32227 10508 Note: Also Manam saur-aki ‘to hang something up’. A variant of this comparison was first proposed by Ross (2016a:382), who reconstructs POc *tau(r). However support for the final consonant is confined to a single language, and until comparative evidence is available the reconstruction is best treated as ending with a vowel.
30147 6891 POC *tau ñamuk mosquito net [doublet: *tai ñamuk]
Note: Also Nggela taonamu, Toqabaqita taunamo, Arosi tao namu ~ tau namu, Wayan tau namo ‘mosquito net’, all of which appear to be loans from one or more undetermined sources.
32497 10836 Note: A version of this comparison that contains a number of irregular forms was first proposed by Ross (2016b:468-469).
32066 *tawa a large tree in the mahogany family: Dysoxylum sp. 10302 PWMP *tawa₂ a large tree in the mahogany family: Dysoxylum sp.
Note: Also Tagalog tawawa ‘a tree: Dysoxylum sp., Meliaceae’ (Madulid).
30991 *tawaD to bargain, haggle over the price 8893 PWMP *tawaD to bargain, haggle over the price
Note: Also Ibaloy tabal ‘to bargain with someone for a better price’, Makassarese tawaraʔ ‘haggle over the price of something’ (< Malay).
33655 12398 Note: Some sources treat this as a secondary sense of ‘discount’, and so combine it with a reflex of PWMP *tawaD ‘to bargain, haggle over the price’.
30225 *tawan kind of fruit tree: Pometia pinnata 7083 PMP *tawan kind of fruit tree: Pometia pinnata
Note: The Oceanic reflexes of this term are extensively doumented in Ross (2008:343-344).
32053 *tawaŋ open space, empty of obstruction 10287 PWMP *tawaŋ open space, empty of obstruction
Note: With root *-waŋ ‘wide open space’.
30992 *tawaR₁ tasteless; neutralize something efficacious, as an antidote for poison 8894 PWMP *tawaR₁ tasteless; neutralize something efficacious, as an antidote for poison
Note: Iban tabar ‘tasteless, insipid, unseasoned; ineffective, innocuous; neutralize’ supports Proto-Malayic *tabaR, which in turn implies that the Tboli form given here may be a loan from Malay.
30993 *tawaR₂ to call, summon; chant to call the spirits 8895 PWMP *tawaR₂ to call, summon; chant to call the spirits
Note: Also Itbayaten tawag ‘idea of calling’ (< Tagalog), Ilokano táwag ‘phone call; calling on the phone’, t 32323 *tawasi a tree: Rhus taitensis 10625 POC *tawasi a tree: Rhus taitensis
Note: This comparison was first noted by Ross (2008c:247).
32079 *taway try the taste of something 10315 PWMP *taway try the taste of something
32080 *tawtaw lost, as in a crowd or in an unfamilar place 10316 PWMP *tawtaw lost, as in a crowd or in an unfamilar place
32144 *tayáq stakes in gambling, wager, bet 10398 PPh *tayáq stakes in gambling, wager, bet [doublet: *tahúl]
10399 Note: Also Agutaynen t 32469 *tayaw traditional dance form 10802 PPh *tayaw traditional dance form [disjunct: *sayaw]
32172 *tayeŋ sea urchin with long black spines 10436 PPh *tayeŋ sea urchin with long black spines
Note: Also Bikol táyom ‘sea urchin’, Mapun tayum ‘black sea urchin with long spines’, Yakan tayum ‘a species of edible sea urchin with long black spines’.
30744 8390 PMP *taytay single log bridge (?)
8391 POC *tete single log bridge; stairs, ladder
8392 PWMP *ma-naytay walk over a plank or log bridge
8393 PWMP *taytay-an log or plank bridge
10556 Note: Also Bikol mag-tuytóy ‘to cross a river by means of a bridge; to ford a river’. This term appears to have referred primarily to single log or plank bridges of a type commonly improvised in traveling when there is a need to cross a narrow water obstacle or ravine. It may have also been used in an expression that described certain narrow beams that form part of the roof support, where rats were commonly seen running (cf. Simalur and Palauan).
33491 12213 Note: Possibly identical to PMP *taytay ‘single log bridge’, with which it is identified in some dictionaries (as Wolff 1971).
32299 10599 32118 *tayun swing 10366 PWMP *tayun swing
28415 *ta(n)zeg stand 5534 PWMP *ta(n)zeg stand
Note: Also Palawan Batak (Reid 1971) tindɨg, Manobo (Western Bukidnon) hi-tindeg ‘stand up’, Karo Batak tandek ‘stand, standing, as a bottle on a table’, Manggarai tedek ‘stand erect’. This item is assumed to contain a root *-zeg ‘stand erect’ (cf. Dempwolff (1934-38) *zegzeg ‘firm foothold’).
32300 10600 Note: Also Javanese tanjak ‘a certain leaping move in the classical dance’, nanjak ‘to rise sharply (as a road)’.
32212 10487 PMP *tazim sharp point; to whet, [doublet: *tazem]
10488 Note: Also Chuukese seyim-i ‘to sharpen, whet’, Puluwat háyim-i ‘to sharpen’, Woleaian taim-i ‘Sharpen it! Make it sharper!’, Gilbertese taima ‘to sharpen, whet’. Dempwolff (1938) also included Tagalog talím ‘blade; the cutting part of anything like a knife, sword or machete’; ma-talím ‘sharp’, but this almost certainly reflects *tazem, as no other Philippine language has an unambiguous reflex of *tazim.
32341 10645 PWMP *tazuk stick into the ground
te
32083 *tebág crumbling, eroded; landslide, cave-in 10319 PPh *tebág crumbling, eroded; landslide, cave-in
32081 10317 PMP *tebaŋ to fell trees [doublet: *tebeŋ]
Note: Possibly a Malay loan distribution.
32082 *tebáq to cut down a stalk of bananas 10318 PPh *tebáq to cut down a stalk of bananas
Note: Also Iban tebaɁ ‘cut small plant through (esp. bamboo)’.
28422 *tebaR loud, sonorous, booming 5541 PWMP *tebaR loud, sonorous, booming
31101 9072 9073 PPh *ma-nebaR to answer, as in answering a question
Note: Also Bikol simbág ‘acknowledgement, answer, response, reply’, mag-simbág ‘to answer or respond to someone’, Maranao sembag ‘to answer, reply, respond’, Mongondow tubag ‘answer; give an answer’.
32067 10303 PWMP *tebas₁ close the harvest
32402 *tebas₂ cut down, clear away scrub 10727 PWMP *tebas₂ cut down, clear away scrub [doublet: *tebaS]
Note: Apparently distinct from PWMP *tebas₁ ‘close the harvest’.
28423 *tebaS to cut, clear vegetation 5542 PAN *tebaS to cut, clear vegetation
10955 PMP *tebah to cut, clear vegetation
Note: Based on Toba Batak toba ‘name of the country around Lake Toba’, Javanese teba ‘gathering place for birds, animals; scope, territory’, Malagasy tevy (see above). Fijian tova ‘a flat piece of land, formerly planted with yams’, Dempwolff (1934-38) reconstructed *teba ‘land appropriated by clearing of forest’.
28424 5543 5544 PWMP *tebek-en be pierced, be stabbed
5545 PWMP *t<in>ebek was pierced, was stabbed
5546 PAN *t<um>ebek to pierce, to stab
5547 PWMP *maŋ-tebek to pierce, to stab
Note: Also Cebuano tubúk ‘poke at a point; put a period or dot’, Ngaju Dayak tewek ‘be stabbed (with a knife or dagger; with a lance: puno)’, Karo Batak tebak ‘to pierce with a knife’, Tae' tibok ‘stab with a knife or kris’, tobok ‘stab with a knife or kris’, Makassarese toboʔ ‘kris’, Wolio tobo ‘kris’, tobok-i ‘stab with a kris’, Bimanese tuɓa ‘to lance, pierce with a lance or similar sharp weapon; stab’, Rembong tewak ‘stab into the earth; dig up tubers with a hoe’, Lamaholot tubak ‘stab’. Dempwolff's (1934-38) inclusion of Fijian teve ‘circumcise’, Tongan tefe ‘circumcise’, Samoan tefe ‘circumcise’ is unconvincing, and cognates in Oceanic languages are still unknown. This morpheme evidently referred to piercing with a sharp, pointed implement which made only a dot-like perforation as opposed to a longitudinal incision. It applied to soft or pliant surfaces (apparently not to boring through wood or other hard material), and included e.g. the piercing of ear-lobes and soft tubers, the skewering of materials to be strung stitching with a needle, perforating with an awl, stabbing into flesh, and dibbling in soft soil.
28468 5592 Note: With root *-bek ‘sound of breaking, etc.’.
29880 *tebel₁ constipated 6541 PPh *tebel₁ constipated
Note: Also Bontok na-tóbel ‘to be constipated’.
32084 *tebel₂ thick, of objects; dense, of crowds 10320 PMP *tebel₂ thick, of objects; dense, of crowds
Note: Also Toba Batak tobal ‘dense, crowded (as rain or a herd of cattle)’ (< Malay) Old Javanese təbəŋ ‘thick, crowding, gathering’.
31163 *tebeŋ felling of trees, as in preparing a swidden 9174 PWMP *tebeŋ felling of trees, as in preparing a swidden
9175 PWMP *ma-nebeŋ to fell trees, as in preparing a swidden
Note: Also Javanese tebaŋ-an ‘field from which the crop has been harvested’, nebaŋ to harvest plants, especially sugarcane’ (probably < Malay).
32268 10563 32068 10304 Note: With root *-bir ‘rim, edge’.
28425 5548 10440 Note: Thanks to Andrew Pick for pointing out the Bashiic members of this comparison, and of several others scattered throughout the dictionary.
34056 *tebug mud puddle, wallow for wild pig or carabao 12910 PPh *tebug mud puddle, wallow for wild pig or carabao
28426 5549 PWMP *tebuk₁ to pound, as rice
Note: With root *-buk₂ ‘pound, thud, splash’.
28427 *tebuR natural spring, fresh water spring 5550 PMP *tebuR natural spring, fresh water spring [doublet: *Cebuj] [disjunct: *tubuR]
5551 POC *topuR natural spring, fresh water spring
32086 10322 Note: Also Sambal (Botolan) tebéh ‘to pay a price for, a ransom’, Bikol mag-tubós ‘to redeem; to ransom’.
30573 *tebuS sugarcane: Saccharum officinarum 7952 PAN *tebuS sugarcane: Saccharum officinarum [doublet: *CebuS]
7953 PMP *tebuh₁ sugarcane: Saccharum officinarum
7954 POC *na topu sugarcane
Note: Also Tetun touhu, Mbula teu ‘sugarcane, (Saccharum officinarum). The high vowel reflex of POc *o in a number of the languages of New Ireland and nearly all languages of the Admiralty Islands is unexplained, but may indicate a POc doublet *na tupu.
28428 5552 PAN *teda leftover, remainder [doublet: *tida]
Note: Also Bikol tadáɁ ‘something left over, remainder’, Iban tedaɁ ‘leavings, remnant, left-overs’.
32213 *tedák stick with a pin, pierce 10489 PPh *tedák stick with a pin, pierce
28471 *te(n)dem recall, recollect, remember 5595 PWMP *te(n)dem recall, recollect, remember
Note: With root *-dem₂ ‘think, ponder; brood; remember’.
32176 *tedes crush lice between the thumbnails 10443 PWMP *tedes crush lice between the thumbnails [doublet: *tedis]
Note: Also Malay tindas ‘cracking a flea or louse on the fingernail’, Tae' tiɁdeɁ ‘seek lice in the hair and crush them dead between the nails’, Chamorro tugot ‘crush a flea or louse with fingers’. Based on the Tagalog and Toba Batak forms given here, together with Malagasy teri ‘pressed, being in a great strait; distressed’, mi-teri ‘to milk’, and Javanese tərəs ‘to peel the bark from a tree that is to be cut, in order to season the timber’ Dempwolff (1938) reconstructed *tedes ‘to press, kill by pressing’. Given the wide semantic latitude he allowed his comparison is far from convincing. I have retained the Toba Batak form, but with reservations.
28429 *tedis crush with the thumbnail (as a louse) 5553 PWMP *tedis crush with the thumbnail (as a louse) [disjunct: *tedes]
28472 *te(n)duk skewer; to skewer (as meat) 5596 PWMP *te(n)duk skewer; to skewer (as meat)
Note: Cf. Zorc (n.d.) PPh *tu(d)ek ‘prick, pierce’.
28430 *teduŋ₁ take shelter, cover the head 5554 PMP *teduŋ₁ take shelter, cover the head [doublet: *tuduŋ 'head covering']
Note: With root *-duŋ ‘shelter, protect’. Part of this comparison was first noted in print by van der Veen (1940).
32177 *teduŋ₂ kind of snake, possibly cobra 10444 PWMP *teduŋ₂ kind of snake, possibly cobra
Note: Also Lun Dayeh teduŋ ‘a variety of snake’. Probably the same morpheme as teduŋ₁ ‘take shelter, cover the head’, although the distinctive semantics in this case merits a separate entry.
28432 *tegaŋ dry, dehydrated 5556 PMP *tegaŋ dry, dehydrated
Note: With root *-gaŋ ‘dry, dehydrated’.
28431 *tegas clear, straightforward 5555 PMP *tegas clear, straightforward
32178 10445 Note: Also Palawan Batak tagək ‘blood’.
28433 *tegel unyielding, obstinate, inflexible, stubborn 5557 PMP *tegel unyielding, obstinate, inflexible, stubborn [doublet: *te(ŋ)ger]
28434 *teger unyielding, obstinate, inflexible, stubborn 5558 PMP *teger unyielding, obstinate, inflexible, stubborn [doublet: *tegel]
32179 *teguk to gulp, swallow all at once 10446 PMP *teguk to gulp, swallow all at once
Note: With root *-guk ‘deep throaty sound’.
28435 5559 Note: With root *-guŋ ‘deep resounding sound’.
32239 *tek thump! 10525 PMP *tek thump!
10526 POC *tok thump!
30574 *teka₁ to come, arrive; reach as far as; reach a destination; to complete 7955 PMP *teka₁ to come, arrive; reach as far as; reach a destination; to complete
7956 Note: Also Berawan (Long Terawan) təka ‘to meet’. The relation of Kenyah təka to the other forms cited here might be questioned, but the semantic relationship of this form to the rest is supported by the extended meaning of Mapun (ka)-takka-han, which incorporates both the notion of a personal arrival and of the ‘arrival’ of an emotional or physical state that settles on one. Dempwolff (1938) reconstructed this form on the basis of data from Javanese, Sa'a and Fijian. However, the words in the latter two languages appear to be better placed with PMP *tekas ‘come to rest in a definite place, settle down’.
30725 *teka₂ elder sibling of the same sex 8329 PMP *teka₂ elder sibling of the same sex
8330 POC *toka elder sibling of the same sex
Note: Also Long Jegan toka, Melanau Dalat tika ‘elder sibling’. The lack of an initial consonant in Siang oŋka raises the question whether this reconstruction is bimorphemic, in parallel with *ama : *t-ama ‘father’, *ina : *tina ‘mother’, *empu : *tempu ‘grandparent’, and other kinship terms in which the referential form is distinguished by an initial *t- (cf. Blust 1979). However, this would imply a base form *eka for which comparative support is currently unknown. However this issue is resolved, the morphological and semantic relationship of *teka to the much better-supported *kaka ‘elder sibling of the same sex’ remains obscure.
31127 9105 Note: With root *-kak₁ ‘cackle, laugh loudly’.
31115 9089 Note: With root *-kaŋ₁ ‘spread apart, as the legs’.
28436 *tekas come to rest in a definite place, settle down, as birds on a tree 5560 PMP *tekas come to rest in a definite place, settle down, as birds on a tree
7927 POC *toka₃ sit, squat; come to rest; stay in a place; settle down, as birds on a tree
Note: Also Tontemboan təkaʔ ‘arrival at a place; to settle down, of birds on a branch’. Although this reconstruction is firmly established on the POc level, the PMP form is far less certain, and its possible relationship to PMP *teka ‘to come, arrive; reach as far as; reach a destination; to complete’ remains an open question. Whereas PMP *teka seems clearly to be a verb of motion, referring to coming, arrival and the like, PMP *tekas has a much more static sense, as of something for which motion or agitation has ceased.
The breadth of linked meanings across reflexes of this form is remarkable, ranging from the notion of birds settling down from flight on the branches of a tree (Proto-Bungku-Tolaki, Sa'a, Arosi, Nukuoro), to sitting (many), to boats running aground (Wayan, Tongan), to general calmness (Tongan, Futunan, Samoan, Rennellese), to congealment (hence
cessation of flowing motion) in Rarotongan, to rock (as in ‘firm as a rock’) in Anuta, Rarotongan, Maori and possibly Hawaiian."
32173 10437 Note: With root *-keb₁ ‘cover’.
33630 *tekeb₂ to attack, as an animal attacking its prey 12372 PPh *tekeb₂ to attack, as an animal attacking its prey
28437 5561 Note: With root *-ked ‘prop, support’. Ngadha deke presumably reflects *nteked.
28438 5562 Note: With root *-kek ‘shriek, creak, cluck, chuckle’.
31225 *teken downward pressure; bamboo punting pole 9266 PMP *teken downward pressure; bamboo punting pole
9267 POC *tokon bamboo punting pole; to pole a boat in shallow water
9268 PWMP *teken-en be poled forward, of a boat in shallow water
9269 PMP *teken-teken (gloss uncertain)
9270 POC *tokon-tokon (gloss uncertain)
Note: Some of the forms assigned to this set in the meaning ‘prop, support’ may reflect PMP *teked ‘prop, support’, as the two forms have merged in nearly all Oceanic languages.
32200 *tekep a cover; to cover with a flat surface 10472 PAN *tekep a cover; to cover with a flat surface
Note: With root *-kep₁ ‘cover, fold over’.
28439 5563 Note: With root *-kes ‘encircle, wrap firmly around’.
28440 *tekik high-pitched sound 5564 PWMP *tekik high-pitched sound
Note: With root *-kik ‘shrill throaty sound’.
28441 *tekiq high-pitched sound; chirp of a gecko 5565 PAN *tekiq high-pitched sound; chirp of a gecko
Note: With probable root *-kiq ‘high-pitched throaty sound’. Cf. *leŋkiq.
31002 *tektek₁ chopping to pieces, cutting up, as meat or vegetables 8913 PAN *tektek₁ chopping to pieces, cutting up, as meat or vegetables
8914 POC *totok chop, hack, mince, cut up
8915 PWMP *ma-nektek chop or hack into pieces
8916 PAN *t<in>ektek was chopped up
8917 PAN *t<um>əktək to chop, hack, cut off
8918 PAN *tektek-en be chopped into pieces, be minced, as meat or vegetables; what is chopped up or minced
Note: Also Kavalan t 28442 *tektek₂ gecko, house lizard (onom.) 5566 PAN *tektek₂ gecko, house lizard (onom.) [doublet: *cekcek]
Note: Also Tagalog tukóʔ, Cebuano tikíʔ, tukúʔ ‘gecko’, Maranao tekoʔ ‘large house lizard’, Rotinese teke ‘gecko; cry of the gecko’. This form probably derives from the similarity of the gecko’s staccato chirp to the sound of a cleaver striking a cutting board. Buli tektek (expected **tota) is taken to be an onomatopoetic retention.
32301 10601 10688 Note: With root *-kub₁ ‘to cover’.
28443 *tekuk₁ bend or pull down (as a branch) 5567 PMP *tekuk₁ bend or pull down (as a branch) [doublet: *teku, *tekuq]
Note: With root *-kuk₁ ‘bent, crooked’.
32464 10795 PPh *tekuk₂ to sound off, cry out
Note: With root *-kuk₂ ‘sound of a sob, cackle, etc.’
28445 5569 Note: With root *-kuŋ ‘bend, curve’.
32432 *tekuŋ₂ to rap, knock, make a booming sound 10759 PAN *tekuŋ₂ to rap, knock, make a booming sound
Note: With root *-kuŋ₂ ‘deep resounding sound’. Possibly a convergent innovation.
28444 5568 PMP *tekuq bend, hook [doublet: *teku, *tekuk]
Note: Also Iban tekuɁ ‘curved; bend round. With root *-ku(q) ‘bend, curve’.
28446 5570 Note: Also Old Javanese telā, with unexplained long vowel. This item may contain a variant of the root *-laq ‘split’.
28447 *telaŋ bamboo sp. 5571 PWMP *telaŋ bamboo sp.
Note: Mills (1975:854) proposes PAn *tɨlaŋ ‘bamboo or rattan sp.’. However, he fails to cite adequate supporting evidence, giving e.g., Malay buŋa telaŋ ‘a dark-blue flower of pea-flower shape growing on Clitorea ternatea’, but missing buloh telaŋ.
32358 *telaq sexual heat, sexual excitement 10667 PMP *telaq₂ sexual heat, sexual excitement
10668 POC *tolaq sexual heat, sexual excitement
28448 *teleb sink, vanish from sight 5572 PMP *teleb sink, vanish from sight
Note: With root *-leb ‘sink, disappear’.
28449 *telem sink, disappear under water 5573 PMP *telem sink, disappear under water [doublet: *teleŋ]
Note: Mills (1975:854) gives Proto-South Sulawesi *tɨlliŋ ‘to sink’, suggesting a possible connection with PAn *telen ‘to swallow’. The core of this comparison was first recognized in print by Verheijen (1967-70).
32145 10400 10401 PWMP *telen-an throat
Note: Also Bikol mag-hálon ‘to swallow’, halón-an ‘throat’. The second lateral in Hanunóo tulúln-an ‘throat’ is unexplained.
28450 *teleŋ sink, disappear under water 5574 PWMP *teleŋ sink, disappear under water [doublet: *telem]
28451 5575 PMP *teli female genitalia [doublet: *tila, *tilay]
Note: Also Ifugaw tiːli ‘vagina’, Tagalog tilin, Soboyo teli ‘clitoris’.
33618 12359 PPh *teltel to dip food in sauce
30753 *telu three 8414 PAN *telu three
8415 PEMP *tolu three
8416 PMP *telu-ŋa-puluq thirty
8417 POC *tolu-ŋa-puluq thirty
8418 PMP *i-telu (gloss uncertain)
8419 8420 PAN *ka-telu (gloss uncertain)
8421 PMP *ka-telu all three, three together, three in total
8422 POC *ka-tolu (gloss uncertain)
8423 PWMP *ma-nelu twist together rope out of three strands
8424 PAN *ma-telu (gloss uncertain)
8425 POC *ma-tolu (gloss uncertain)
8426 PWMP *maka-telu (gloss uncertain)
8427 PWMP *maR-telu to divide into three parts
8428 PMP *pa-telu (gloss uncertain)
8429 POC *pa-tolu (gloss uncertain)
8430 PMP *paka-telu to triple, multiply by three
8431 POC *paka-tolu to triple, multiply by three
8432 PWMP *paR-telu-en (gloss uncertain)
8433 8434 PAN *Sika-telu third
8435 PMP *ika-telu third
8436 POC *ika-tolu third
8437 PAN *ta-telu three (of humans)
8438 POC *ta-tolu three (of people)
8439 PWMP *ka-telu-an (gloss uncertain)
8440 PWMP *ka-telu-en (gloss uncertain)
8441 PPh *t<in>elu made of three parts, as triple-strand rope
8442 PPh *t<um>elu (gloss uncertain)
8443 PWMP *telu-an to join with to make three
8444 PWMP *telu-en be divided into three (?)
8445 PPh *telu-gan three (in children’s games)
8446 PMP *telu-telu three each, three by three
8447 POC *tolu-tolu three each, three by three
Note: Also Bintulu ləw, Sundanese tilu ‘three’, ka-tilu ‘third’. Although this basic reference of this term was to the numeral ‘three’, several languages also point to the use of an affixed form in PWMP that cannot yet be reconstructed meaning ‘to twist three strands together in making rope’, and others include a reflex of *telu in the name for Orion’s belt. Moreover, since *telu-gan is not likely a product of chance or borrowing, it appears necessary to infer that there were special numeral forms used in children’s counting games, at least in Proto-Philippines (the suffix in Hanunóo does not correspond perfectly to the similar form in Cordilleran languages, but seems clearly to indicate a historical relationship). Finally, for unknown reasons many Oceanic languages show the wrong penultimate vowel in this form, sometimes reflecting *a, *e, or *u.
32201 10473 PWMP *teluk curved, as a shoreline
Note: With root *-luk ‘bend, curve’.
28452 5576 Note: With root *-pak₂ ‘split, crack, break’.
32442 *temtem to burn something in a bonfire 10772 PPh *temtem to burn something in a bonfire
Note: Also Tboli tem ‘burning of a field; to burn a cleared field in readiness for planting; to start a fire and burn something up’, Bilaan (Sarangani) ntam ‘to burn’. A version of this comparison was first proposed without supporting evidence by Zorc (1986:165), who posited PPh *təm+təm ‘to burn’, based on Ilokano, Manobo and Blaan data; the Batanic and Danaw evidence has been added here.
28454 *temu₁ all around, surrounding 5578 PMP *temu₁ all around, surrounding
Note: Part of this comparison was first noted in print by Verheijen (1967-70).
32255 *temu₂ to meet, receive; greet a guest 10545 PWMP *temu₂ to meet, receive; greet a guest
32256 *temu₃ root plant in the ginger family 10546 PWMP *temu₃ root plant in the ginger family [doublet: *tamu]
Note: Also Tagalog tamo ‘Curcuma zedoaria (Berg.)’. The Philippine forms in this comparison are cited in Madulid (2001).
28453 5577 Note: Also Hiligaynon kúmud ‘grumble, murmur, sulk’.
32120 *tenaw clear, of liquid free of impurities 10368 PPh *tenaw clear, of liquid free of impurities
28455 5579 Note: Also Isneg taŋdān ‘wages, salary, fee’, Hanunóo táŋdan ‘direct payment of beads to a seer ... for his services’, Sangir tendéŋ ‘payment for work, especially to smiths’. The Isneg and Hanunóo forms suggest an etymon *taŋ(e)dan, but the first syllable vowel is difficult to reconcile with that in the other forms. Melanau (Mukah) tidan is assumed to be an i-ablaut form of an unrecorded base **tedan.
32380 10702 PPh *tendek₁ post, stake, pillar
32403 *tendek₂ fence, barrier; enclosure 10728 PWMP *tendek₂ fence, barrier; enclosure
Note: Also Proto-Sangiric *təndak ‘fence’.
32404 10729 Note: With root *-dem₂ ‘think, ponder, brood; remember’
33417 *teneb to immerse, put under water 12109 PAN *teneb to immerse, put under water
Note: With root *-ñeb ‘dive, sink, disappear under water’.
32443 *tenek thorn, spine, as on a fish 10773 PPh *tenek thorn, spine, as on a fish
10774 30006 6700 Note: This term was replaced in PMP by *tasik ‘sea, saltwater’.
32180 *teneŋ calm, still, as the surface of water 10447 PWMP *teneŋ calm, still, as the surface of water
10581 PWMP *ka-teneŋ-an calmness, tranquillity
Note: Also Ilokano tánaŋ ‘cool, composed, calm’, Karo Batak neŋneŋ ‘calm, stillstanding, of water’.
32119 10367 Note: Also Isneg tannúg ‘sound of musical instruments’, Agutaynen tonog ‘the sound of a radio, musical instrument, engine, a person’s whistle, etc.’, t 30901 8734 PAN *tenun to weave (cloth) [doublet: *tinun]
Note: Also Wetan tienni ‘to weave’. 8735 PAN *ta-tenun-an loom
8736 PAN *t<in>enun was woven by someone; what was woven
8737 Note: Also Pazeh tuʔun ‘to weave (cloth); to weave (a mat)’, saa-tuʔun ‘weaving instruments in general’, ta-tuʔun-an ‘a weaving machine’, Tialo toun ‘to weave cloth’. 8738 PAN *tenun-an loom
8739 8742 PAN *tenun-en to be woven by someone
Note: Malagasy tenom-ina may be a hypercorrection, since *-m > -n, but the alveolar nasal then alternates with its labial source before a suffix. Note: Also Bare'e tanu ‘to weave (< Buginese; only known by the Muslim population in the coastal regions’), Manggarai tenu ‘to weave’, Rotinese tenu ‘to weave’, te-tenu-k ‘weaving, the practice of weaving; loom’, Kisar kenna ‘to weave’.
Along with PAn *baRija, PMP *balija ‘batten of the loom’ this comparison provides solid evidence that the simple backstrap loom was used during the initial Neolithic settlement of Taiwan by speakers of Proto-Austronesian. The use of bark cloth evidently existed side-by-side with loom weaving of textiles, and when loom weaving was lost in some areas, as in interior Sulawesi, and much of the Pacific, bark cloth became the sole material used for clothing.
Weaving among Oceanic-speaking peoples is confined to a few villages on the north coast of New Guinea, the Caroline islands of Micronesia, and the Banks and Torres Islands of northern Vanuatu. Since cognate linguistic forms have not been found it is unclear whether this tradition represents a continuation of the practice from PAn, or is an independent invention after it had first been lost.
28456 5580 PMP *tenzeg, te(n)dek upright, erect
Note: Possibly with a variant of the root *-zeg ‘stand erect’.
28465 5589 PAN *teñeb submerge
Note: Also Puyuma (Tamalakaw) tenep ‘submerge’, Ilokano táneb ‘submerge partly, immerse in part’, ma-tnéb ‘to sink’. With root *-ñeb ‘dive, submerge’.
28466 5590 Note: With root *-ñej ‘submerge, sink, drown’.
32470 10803 10804 Note: Also Dobuan tonena, Roviana onolo ‘to swallow’. For other variants in this richly complex set cf. Lynch (2001).
28475 5599 Note: Also Paiwan teŋ ‘moan (as person), whine (as dog)’.
32121 10369 PMP *teŋaq middle, center; half
10370 PWMP *ma-teŋaq (gloss uncertain)
Note: Dempwolff (1938) also included Samoan taulo-toŋa ‘middle’. Milner (1966) gives only taulotoaɁiŋa ‘middle, half-way point’, but the earlier dictionary of Pratt (1984/1893) gives both this form and taulo-toŋa ‘the middle, the half-way’. However, the morpheme division assumed here is arbitrary, and there is no certainty that the Samoan word has any connection with those in the Philippines and Indonesia.
32478 10816 PPh *teŋel nape, back of the neck [doublet: *teŋuq]
29881 *teŋeR kind of mangrove, Ceriops spp., with bark used for dyeing 6542 PMP *teŋeR kind of mangrove, Ceriops spp., with bark used for dyeing
Note: Also Kadazan Dusun toŋo ‘mangrove’, ka-taŋa-an ‘mangrove swamp’, Simalur teŋəl ‘mangrove’, Makassarese taŋŋereʔ ‘a tree: Ceriops candolleana; it yields good timber, and its bark is used in tanning and to add a bitter taste to rice wine’, Nukuoro doŋa ‘oriental mangrove (Bruguiera gymnorhiza (L.) Lam.)’.
28467 5591 Note: With root *-ŋiC ‘anger, irritation’.
32324 10626 PWMP *teŋkuk nape of the neck [doublet: *teŋuq]
28473 5597 PAN *teŋteŋ₁ drone, droning tone
Note: With root *-teŋ₁ ‘hum, drone’.
32302 *teŋteŋ₂ stare, look fixedly at something 10602 PWMP *teŋteŋ₂ stare, look fixedly at something
Note: With root *-teŋ₂ ‘stare, look fixedly’.
28474 5598 PMP *teŋuq nape of the neck [doublet: *teŋkuk]
28457 5581 PWMP *tepa woven material; mat
Note: Also Samal tepo ‘mat’.
31151 9143 9144 PWMP *tepak-tepak sound of rhythmic pattering
Note: Also Amis tpaɁ ‘to slap on the face’, Kankanaey tépag ‘to knock on, to rap’. Dempwolff included Samoan tofa ‘stick used to spread the stones of an oven when they are hot’, but there appears to be no compelling reason to accept this etymology, as forms in nearly all other languages are clearly onomatopoetic. With root *-pak₁ ‘slap, clap’.
32214 10490 PPh *tepak₂ sound of footfalls
Note: Possibly the same as PMP *tepak₁ ‘to slap’. With root *-pak₁‘slap, clap’.
32122 *tepap bring down the flat of the hand on something 10371 PWMP *tepap bring down the flat of the hand on something
Note: With root *-pap ‘flattened’.
29883 6545 10654 32444 *tepeŋ₂ equal in height or length 10775 PPh *tepeŋ₂ equal in height or length
33418 *tepeŋ₃ to measure quantities, as amounts of grain 12110 PAN *tepeŋ₃ to measure quantities, as amounts of grain
28458 5582 PWMP *tepes squeeze, press down
32257 10547 33631 *tepet₂ a question; to ask a question 12373 PPh *tepet₂ a question; to ask a question
33942 12779 Note: Also Ayta Abellan tapik-pik ‘to pat’, Tagalog tapík ‘light tap with the hand or just the fingers’. With root *-pik ‘pat, light slap’.
28459 *tepiR mat 5583 PMP *tepiR mat
Note: Also Makassarese tappereʔ ‘mat’. Bimanese dipi was earlier assigned to (2) *depen ‘mat’ (Blust 1980), a reconstruction which now appears to have been proposed in error. If the Sangiric and Minahasan languages form a larger subgroup, as Sneddon (1984:11-12) tentatively suggests, the order of reconstructed vowels in *tepiR is arbitrary on present evidence.
32004 *teptep firefly 10228 PMP *teptep firefly
10229 POC *totop firefly
Note: The Oceanic members of this comparison were supplied by Osmond (2011a:399).
28469 *tepuk hit, sound of hitting, clapping, thumping 5593 PAN *tepuk hit, sound of hitting, clapping, thumping
Note: With root *-puk₁ ‘throb, thud, clap, break’.
28460 *tepuq brittle 5584 PWMP *tepuq brittle
Note: With root *-puq ‘brittle’.
28470 *te(m)pus end, conclude, finish 5594 PMP *te(m)pus end, conclude, finish
Note: With root *-pus₁ ‘end, finish’.
34057 12911 Note: Possibly a Malay loan distribution.
28461 5585 Note: Also Buruese tara ‘swift, rapid (as the flow of a stream)’.
29885 *teriŋ bamboo sp. 6547 PMP *teriŋ bamboo sp. [doublet: *periŋ, *tariŋ]
Note: Also Manobo (Western Bukidnon), Tiruray keriŋ ‘Bambusa vulgaris’.
28462 5586 PAN *terter shiver, tremble [doublet: *tirtir₁]
Note: Also Malay gemetar, gentar, getar ‘trembling, quivering’, Sundanese geter ‘quake, tremble’, Old Javanese keter ‘trembling, shaking’.
32258 *terus go right through, penetrate through and through 10548 PWMP *terus go right through, penetrate through and through
Note: The meaning of this form is challenging. Whereas reflexes of *terus have the general sense of ‘continue, keep going without stopping’, the specific agreement to penetrating cold in Ngaju Dayak and Toba Batak suggests that the original sense (or a main component of it) was a reference to cold that penetrates through layer after layer of clothing. Dempwolff (1938) included Tagalog tílos ‘sharp point’, ma-tiíos ‘sharp-pointed’, a form that I cannot find in either Panganiban (1966) nor English (1986), but which in any case is better assigned to PWMP *tirus ‘tapering, attenuating to a point’.
31069 *teRan strain while defecating or in childbirth 9025 PWMP *teRan strain while defecating or in childbirth
30880 *teRas heartwood of a tree, hard, durable core of wood; ironwood tree 8705 PMP *teRas heartwood of a tree, hard, durable core of wood; ironwood tree
8706 POC *toRas various hardwood trees; heartwood of a tree
8707 8708 Note: Also Agutaynen ma-tegat ‘hard (food, wood); tough (food, meat); matured, aged (wood, fruit)’, t 32181 *teReb soaked, saturated, full of liquid; crowded or filled to overflowing 10448 PMP *teReb soaked, saturated, full of liquid; crowded or filled to overflowing
10449 POC *toRop soaked, saturated, full of liquid
Note: Dempwolff (1938) also included Tongan, Samoan mano ‘myriad, ten thousand’, but on both phonological and semantic grounds this is best set aside.
33971 *teRebeS a tree: Zelkova Formosana 12811 PAN *teRebeS a tree: Zelkova Formosana
Note: This comparison was first noted by Tsuchida (1976:152), who posited ‘Proto-Southern Formosan’ *təRbəS. However, since no credible evidence for such a subgroup has ever been proposed, and since the forms compared show regular sound correspondences that involve a considerable amount of change, it is also difficult to attribute the forms shared here to borrowing. The default interpretation, then, is that this form was found in PAn, and was retained --- so far as can presently be determined --- only in geographically adjacent languages.
30523 *teRel impose one’s will, force or compel someone to do something 7765 PWMP *teRel impose one’s will, force or compel someone to do something
31610 *teRep tree with fruit similar to breadfruit 9754 PWMP *teRep tree with fruit similar to breadfruit
9755 PWMP *si teRep tree with fruit similar to breadfruit
Note: The form *si teRep, which is reflected in both Iban and Toba Batak, appears to contain the case marker *si, used for personal names and things that are personified. If so, this tree evidently had a culturally-defined role that marked it as very familiar.
29886 6548 Note: Also Balinese teri ‘sp. of fish’ (probably < Malay).
33915 12746 PAN *teRteR to tremble, shiver [doublet: *tiRtiR] [disjunct: *terter]
32123 10372 PWMP *testes to rip, tear, shred
Note: With root *-tes ‘tear, rip’.
28463 5587 Note: With root *-tas ‘cut through, sever; rip’.
30487 7692 32303 *tetun promontory (?) 10603 PCMP *tetun coastal plain, promontory (?)
30052 *təlu thick 6784 PCEMP *təlu thick
6752 POC *matolu thick
6753 POC *matolu-tolu very thick, really thick
Note: Also Futunan mātotolu ‘thick, as a carpet’, Anuta matatoru ‘thick’.
ti
28508 *ti 1p deixis and spatial reference: this; here 12310 PAN *ti 1p deixis and spatial reference: this; here
5635 PAN *i-ti 1p deixis and spatial reference: this; here
11841 30534 7815 30533 7812 7813 7814 PMP *tian-an pregnant (lit. ‘in the belly')
Note: Also Palauan dióll pregnant. Note: Also Chamorro tuyan ‘stomach, belly, abdomen’. Both Saisiyat and Thao distinguish the upper abdomen (above the navel) from the lower abdomen (below the navel), and a similar distinction is made in some Philippine languages, as Ibaloy. While a reflex of *tiaN refers to the upper abdomen in both Saisiyat and Thao, and probably had a similar sense in PAn, a corresponding term for ‘lower abdomen’ has not yet been reconstructed. Roviana and Eddystone/Mandegusu regularly preserve final consonants through the addition of an echo vowel, and in body-part terms that ended in POc *n this gave rise to an ambiguity as to whether the final syllable –na was part of the base or was the 3rd person singular possessive suffix, which was required with such nouns. While we would expect **tiana, **tiana-na in these languages, then, they each (or their immediate common ancestor) reanalyzed tiana as tia-na. Finally, PMP *tian-an seems clearly to have carried the locative suffix *-an, the conceptual representation of pregnancy being something like ‘in the belly’.
28513 *ti(m)bak clap, make a clapping sound 5640 PWMP *ti(m)bak clap, make a clapping sound
Note: With root *-bak ‘pound, thud’. Dempwolff (1934-38) assigned the Malay and Javanese reflexes to *tembak ‘to shoot’, but both languages contain a mid-front vowel in the penult.
30488 7693 Note: Also Tetun tihal ~ tihar ‘tambourine’.
33656 *tíbay durable, long-lasting 12399 PPh *tíbay durable, long-lasting
Note: Possibly a Tagalog loan in Casiguran Dumagat.
30489 *tibu pool, deep place in water; swamp 7694 PCMP *tibu₁ pool, deep place in water; swamp
33533 12265 Note: Also Agutaynen tibor ‘earthware jars of various sizes, usually with handles and a narrow neck and stopper, used to store liquids such as vinegar or water’.
28476 5600 Note: With root *-buk₂ ‘pound, thud’.
32228 10509 PMP *tida leftover, remainder [doublet: *teda] [disjunct: *tidaq]
10510 32229 10511 PMP *tidaq leftover, remainder [disjunct: *tida]
10512 28477 5601 PMP *tidem dark, obscure; black
Note: With root *-dem₁ ‘dark; overcast’. Dempwolff (1934-38) proposed *tiDem ‘dark’, based only on the Ngaju Dayak and Javanese cognates. For the semantics of Sasak tidem, cf. note to *qi(n)dem.
32584 *tiduŋ to cover, shelter, protect 10952 PWMP *tiduŋ to cover, shelter, protect
Note: With root *-duŋ ‘shelter, protect’. Possibly a convergent innovation due to a common monosyllabic root.
30732 8354 PMP *tiduR to sleep [doublet: *tuduR]
8355 PMP *ma-tiduR sleeping; to sleep [doublet: *ma-tuduR]
8356 Note: Also Sasak tindoʔ ‘to sleep’; to thicken, as coconut oil that has been left to stand overnight’, tindoʔ-aŋ ‘to lie down’, Proto-South Sulawesi *tindo ‘to sleep’.
28478 5602 PWMP *tidus spoon, ladle [doublet: *qidus]
Note: Bintulu tiɗus (with implosive ɗ rather than r) apparently is a loan, though the source is unknown.
32471 10805 POC *tige hop on one leg, limp
Note: This comparison was first proposed by Ross (2016:398).
28479 5603 PWMP *tigtig glancing blow; chop
25920 *tik sound of tapping or flicking (of finger, small implement, etc.) against something 2090 PAN *tik₁ sound of tapping or flicking (of finger, small implement, etc.) against something
2091 PMP *tik₁ sound of tapping or flicking (of finger, small implement, etc.)
Note: With root *-tik₂ ‘ticking sound’.
32343 *tika game played with thrown reeds 10647 POC *tika game played with thrown reeds
Note: Also Rarotongan teka ‘dart thrown for amusement in dart-throwing game’, Maori teka ‘dart thrown for amusement’, Hawaiian keɁa ‘bow, dart; to shoot with bow and arrow’. This form and the game it represents appears to be absent in western Melanesia, and it threfore remains unclear whether it was present in POc and disappeared west of the central Solomons, or whether it was innovated at a later date after Austronesian speakers had left the POc homeland in the Bismarck archipelago.
32734 *tíkal bruised or cramping, of feet after too much walking 11169 PPh *tíkal bruised or cramping, of feet after too much walking
31116 *tikaŋ be spread apart, as the legs 9090 PWMP *tikaŋ be spread apart, as the legs
Note: With root *-kaŋ₁ ‘spread apart, as the legs’.
31126 9104 PMP *ti(ŋ)kas swift, energetic
Note: With root *-kas₃ ‘swift, agile; energetic’.
32344 *tikas lift off a cover, be lifted off 10648 PMP *tikas lift off a cover, be lifted off
Note: With root *-kas₂ ‘loosen, undo, untie’.
32498 10837 POC *tike to squat [doublet: *tiko]
Note: This comparison was first proposed by Ross (2016a:380).
28518 5645 Note: With root *-keb₁ ‘cover’.
33598 12338 PPh *tik(e)buq to spill, pour out
28480 *tiked heel 5604 PMP *tiked heel [doublet: *taked₁ 'back of the leg']
28481 5605 Note: With root *-kek ‘shriek, creak, cluck, chuckle’.
28482 *tikel bend 5606 PAN *tikel bend [doublet: *tikur]
32269 10564 Note: Possibly a Tagalog loan in Casiguran Dumagat.
28483 5607 PWMP *tikep catch, seize [disjunct: *sikep]
Note: With root *-kep₂ ‘seize, grasp, embrace’.
28519 *ti(ŋ)kes wind around, encircle 5646 PWMP *ti(ŋ)kes wind around, encircle
Note: With root *-kes ‘encircle, wrap firmly around’.
32270 10565 Note: The essential part of this comparison was first proposed by Osmond and Ross (1998:82).
30581 7964 PPh *tikiq small lizard (gecko?)
33599 *tikís on purpose, intentionally 12339 PPh *tikís on purpose, intentionally
32215 *tiko to squat, sit on one’s heels 10491 POC *tiko to squat, sit on one’s heels
Note: Also Kambera tika ‘to kneel, squat’.
25917 *tiktik₁ to tap, strike lightly on a hard surface 2085 PAN *tiktik₁ to tap, strike lightly on a hard surface
2086 PMP *tiktik₁ to tap, strike lightly on a hard surface
10374 POC *titik₂ to tap, strike lightly on a hard surface
10457 PWMP *ma-niktik to tap lightly on a hard surface
10458 PWMP *tiktik-an (gloss uncertain)
Note: Also Proto-South Sulawesi *te(q)tek ‘to tick, make a clicking noise’, Tolai tektek ‘a ticking sound, as in breaking the shell of an almond, or the ticking of a clock’. With root *-tik₂ ‘ticking sound’.
28506 5631 PMP *tiktik₂ drip, leak [doublet: *titis]
Note: Also Maranao titik ‘diacritical marking’, Tausug titik ‘dot (esp. the dots over and under certain letters in Arabic writing), diacritical markings on certain (Arabic) consonants, Kadazan Dusun titik ‘spot, dot, point’, all of which appear to have been borrowed from Malay in the context of writing with the Jawi (Arabic) script.
32146 *tiktík₃ to spy, inform on someone 10402 PPh *tiktík₃ to spy, inform on someone
33610 *tiktik₄ to separate grain from chaff 12350 PPh *tiktik₄ to separate grain from chaff
33611 12351 12352 PAN *t<um>iktik to tattoo someone
32304 10604 PWMP *tikug bend, bent, curved
32345 *tikul curved, warped, as a board 10649 PWMP *tikul curved, warped, as a board
Note: With root *-kul₁ ‘curl, bend’.
32305 10605 PWMP *tikuŋ curved, crooked, bent
Note: With root *-kuŋ ‘bend, curve’.
32433 10767 PWMP *tikup close, shut; enclose
Note: With root *-kup ‘enclose, cover’.
32124 10373 Note: Also Ibaloy tiɁko ‘curving path--- of trails, roads, rivers, walls, etc.’, man-tiɁko ‘to curve (as a snake in moving)’, Kayan pe-tikoɁ ‘an indirect route, a devious path; a long distance due to the river or a path twisting frequently’, Iban tikuɁ ‘bend sharply, e.g. at elbow’, Tae' tiku ‘round about, all around’, tiku-i ‘ to surround’. With root *-kuq ‘bend, curve’.
32216 *tikuq₂ bird sp. 10492 PPh *tikuq₂ bird sp.
Note: Possibly a chance resemblance.
28484 5608 PWMP *tikur bend, curve [doublet: *tikug]
Note: Also Puyuma (Tamalakaw) tekur, tiker ‘to bend’.
30013 *tikuRas a bird: the Formosan bamboo partridge 6707 PAN *tikuRas a bird: the Formosan bamboo partridge
Note: Also Amis tikokay ‘a quail, bamboo partridge’, Proto-Rukai *tikoray ‘pheasant’, Paiwan tjikuray ‘the Formosan bamboo partridge: Bambusicola thoracica sonorivox Gould’
28485 5609 28488 5612 PMP *tila vulva, vagina [doublet: *tilay]
Note: Also Ifugaw (Reid 1971) tiːli, Kiput se-telaiʔ, Gorontalo tele ‘vagina’.
28486 *tilanzaŋ naked 5610 PWMP *tilanzaŋ naked
Note: Also Karo Batak kelanjaŋ ‘naked’.
28487 5611 PWMP *tilay vulva, vagina [doublet: *tila]
28489 5613 Note: With root *-lem₁ ‘dark’. Probably a convergent innovation facilitated by sharing a common monosyllabic root.
32405 10730 PWMP *tilem₂ to dive, submerge
28490 5614 PMP *tilen to swallow [doublet: *telen]
32406 10731 28491 5615 Note: A reflex of PMP *Rebek ‘to fly’ appears in several PWMP languages, including Chamorro (gupu) and Palauan (-sebk). The term must, therefore, have been retained in PWMP. PWMP *tilib, by contrast, may have meant ‘fly away’.
28492 5616 Note: Also Binukid teliŋ ‘for one’s ears to be irritated by loud sounds; to be deafened by loud noise’. With root *-liŋ₁ ‘clear ringing sound’.
32359 10669 PPh *tiltil rap or tap lightly
28493 *tilu earwax 5617 PMP *tilu earwax [doublet: *tuli]
Note: Also Puyuma (Tamalakaw) Tiruk ‘earwax’.
32087 *timba vessel for fetching water from a well, objects from a pit, etc 10323 PMP *timba vessel for fetching water from a well, objects from a pit, etc
Note: Also Tagalog timbáɁ ‘bucket; pail’, timbaɁ-án ‘to fill a large container with water by bailing from an open well’, timbaɁ-ín ‘to scoop out with a pail or the like’, Bikol timbáɁ ‘a container for bailing out water from a boat; pail or bucket’, mag-timbáɁ ‘to bail out water’, Aklanon tímbaɁ ‘pail, large can’, Cebuano tímbaɁ ‘fetch something by dipping from a well, scooping from a pit, or the like’. This is a puzzling comparison that looks suspiciously like a loan distribution, given the phonological discrepancy between the final segment in Central Philippine languages and those in western Indonesia. However, so far it has not been possible to trace it to any obvious source. Rubino (2000) attributes Ilokano tímba to Spanish timbal ‘kettle drum’, but this seems doubtful, and cannot account for the occurrence of the word in Old Javanese.
32259 *timbalaŋ carrying vessel made from folded palm leaf sheath 10549 PWMP *timbalaŋ carrying vessel made from folded palm leaf sheath
Note: This comparison was first noted by Kähler (1961).
32088 *timbaŋ balanced, as a person in walking, or two weights opposite one another 10324 PWMP *timbaŋ balanced, as a person in walking, or two weights opposite one another
10325 PWMP *ka-timbaŋ (gloss uncertain)
10326 PWMP *ma-nimbaŋ to balance, be in good balance
10327 PWMP *t<um>imbaŋ (gloss uncertain)
10328 PWMP *timbaŋ-an balance scales
10329 PWMP *timbaŋ-en to weigh something
Note: Also Ilokano tímbaŋ ‘equal in weight, balanced’ (< Tagalog), ag-timbéŋ ‘to be balanced, equal, proportionate’, ka-timbéŋ ‘equivalent, proportionate’, timbeŋ-án ‘balance, scales; to balance, do temperately, sparingly; weigh; stop something from moving’, Malay timaŋ ‘balancing (as a warrior balancing a spear before hurling it, or balancing a club before striking with it)’, Manggarai imbaŋ ‘balancing’, Rembong timbaŋ ‘weigh with a balance scale’ (< Malay).
32069 10305 32089 10330 Note: Dempwolff (1938) compared Tagalog timbáw ‘something extra added to a container already full, or to fill it if not yet full; what is added to one side of a scale to balance the other’, Ngaju Dayak timbaw ‘the planks in a bood or ship’, and Malay timbaw ‘joining on; adding to length or height; pieces on (of adding an extra strake to a boat, lengthening a garment with a fresh piece, etc.)’ with the Toba Batak form cited here and posited PAn *ti(m)baw ‘height, altitude, high’, noting the similar ending to his *ha(m)baw ‘high, above’. However, these forms are more plausibly assigned to PWMP *timbaw ‘add a piece’. With root *-baw₁ ‘high; top’.
32090 *timbul come to the surface, appear from below 10331 PWMP *timbul come to the surface, appear from below
32091 10332 Note: With root *-bun ‘heap, pile, cover with earth; collect, assemble’.
28494 *timel flea 5618 PWMP *timel flea [doublet: *qatimela]
30348 *timeRaq tin 7341 PWMP *timeRaq tin
Note: Also Amis, Puyuma timra ‘bullet’, Mapun timbuhaʔ ‘the metal lead (used especially for making sinkers for fishing)’, Maranao timbegaʔ ‘lead – metal’, Tiruray timera ‘lead, as a metal’, Yakan timbuhaʔ ‘lead; a lead weight on a fishing line, sinker’, Sangir timbeha, Bare'e tamoro ‘lead, tin’ (said to be an analogically reformed borrowing of Buginese tumerra), Tae' tumarra ‘lead (metal)’, Mandar tumarra, Buginese tumerra ‘tin, lead’, Makassarese tumbera ‘lead (metal)’, Wolio timara ‘lead, zinc, tin’, Muna timara ‘lead (metal)’, Komodo tembiŋa ‘lead (metal)’, Kambera tambura ‘tin’, Wetan tmioora ‘lead; tin’, Kei tim ‘lead, tin’.
This comparison raises a number of questions. The first reaction of many would be to dismiss it as a loanword that probably postdates Indian cultural contact beginning around 2,000 BP. There is no question that many or all of the forms cited in this note and probably some cited in the above comparison are loanwords, but the entire set cannot be dismissed, as in many cases the sound correspondences are regular and fairly complex. If the entire set of forms is a product of borrowing then it is necessary to identify a source language, and in most widely-attested loan distributions in island Southeast Asia this is Malay. However, Malay timah can hardly have been the source of most Philippine forms or of Kelabit səməraʔ, which collectively point to a protoform in a language ancestral to at least the languages of the Philippines and much of western Indonesia, implying a time-depth of perhaps 4,000 years.
28495 5619 PAN *timij chin, jaw [disjunct: *timid]
5620 PMP *timid chin, jaw [disjunct: *timij]
Note: Also Yami, Itbayaten tomid ‘chin’.
32260 *timpaŋ lame, limping; to limp 10550 PMP *timpaŋ lame, limping; to limp
10551 POC *tibaŋ to walk or move unsteadily, erratically
Note: Also Cebuano kimpáŋ ‘walk with a limp’, Malay tempaŋ ‘limping; lame’.
32125 10375 PWMP *timpuhuq sit on the ground
Note: Dempwolff (1938) posited PAn *timpuq ‘to squat’, but this reconstruction fails to account for the additional syllable in the Tagalog form, and the meaning ‘to squat’ cannot be justified by agreements in languages that belong to two primary branches of the set compared.
28496 5621 Note: With root *-pus₁ ‘end, finish’.
30349 7342 PPh *timtim sip, taste slightly
Note: Also Ilokano simsím ‘to taste; test the quality; eat just a little’, ka-simsím ‘just weaned (animals)’.
30353 *timu salt 7346 PAN *timu salt
Note: This is a frustrating comparison. First, although *timu appears to be assignable to PAn in the meaning ‘salt’, it is in competition with *qasiRa for this meaning, and the latter form has a far stronger pedigree throughout Austronesian. Second, PAn *timu shows an apparently greater than chance similarity with PWMP *timus, yet no Formosan language reflects *-s. Tentatively, then, PAn *timu and PWMP *timus are treated as chance resemblances, and the semantic distinction between PAn *timu and *qasiRa or PWMP *timus and *qasiRa remains unclear.
30350 7343 7785 Note: Also Kapampangan timug ‘southwest monsoon wind’ (< Tagalog), Mapun timu east wind, east’, Maranao timor ‘wind’ (< Malay), Tausug timul ~ timur ‘the name of a wind the blows from the northeast’ (< Malay), Ngaju Dayak timor ‘east, east wind’ (< Banjarese), Wolio timbu ‘east, rainy season’, Muna timbu ‘east monsoon, rain from the east’, Erai timun east, Rotuman timu ‘continuous heavy rain’ (from an unspecified Polynesian source).
This term is clearly the mate of PAn *SabaRat ‘south wind (?)’, PMP *habaRat ‘southwest monsoon’. Since Taiwan lies just outside the monsoon climatic zone the meaning of these terms in PAn is somewhat less clearcut than the PMP equivalents, which clearly refer to the seasonal rain-bearing winds that are associated in the northern Philippines, where PMP probably was spoken, with the southwest and southeast monsoons. The directional content of reflexes necessarily changed as Austronesian speakers expanded southward from Taiwan and the Philippines to the Equator and beyond, but the connection with the monsoons is maintained in much of insular Southeast Asia and the western Pacific. Further east, beyond the reach of the monsoon regime the combination of seasonality, direction, rain and wind that characterizes the monsoons is lost, but various components of the meaning are retained, especially in Polynesian languages, where reflexes include references to rain, strong wind and destruction caused by storms.
30354 7347 Note: With root *-muR ‘gargle, rinse the mouth’.
30352 *timus salt 7345 PAN *timus salt
Note: Also Atayal (Squliq) cimuɁ, Atayal (Cʔuliʔ) timuɁ ‘salt’, Saisiyat timoɁ ‘salt’, Mapun timus ‘salt’, timus-un ‘to salt something’ (from a Bisayan source), Tiruray timus ‘salt; to add salt to food’ (from Maranao or another Danaw language).
32230 *tinana big, huge; superlative 10513 PCEMP *tinana big, huge; superlative
Note: Possibly from PAn *ta-ina ‘mother (ref.)’, although this entry clearly needs to be made independently. Motu sina-ia is assumed to show reduction by haplology.
30779 8496 PMP *tindaw see in the distance
8497 POC *tiro to look at, watch; look for
8498 POC *ti-tiro to look, gaze; water used as a mirror
8499 POC *tiro-tiro to look, look for
Note: Also Lakalai tiloho ‘to peer around, or after; peep at’, Eddystone/Mandegusu tiro-a ‘mirror, looking glass’, Mota ilo ‘see’, Fijian ilo ‘to look at, as a reflection in water or in a mirror’, iro ‘to peep, look slyly at’. This comparison may be valid only on the POc level. Dempwolff (1938) posited doublets *tin[dD]aw and *tinzaw, the former based only on Toba Batak tindo and forms in Oceanic languages. However, Toba Batak shows irregular merger of *z with *d in a handful of other forms, and if tindo and its derivatives reflect *tinzaw the comparison with POc *tiro cannot be maintained.
Osmond and Pawley (2016:495) posit POc *tirop ‘look intently’, which they say reflects Dempwolff’s *tin[d]ap ‘look intently’. However, as just noted, Dempwolff reconstructed *tin[dD]aw (dbl. *tinzaw), neither of which can supply the *-p they posit in the POc form. It is thus possible that the Oceanic forms have no connection with those in island Southeast Asia.
32126 *tindes crush lice with the fingernails 10376 PMP *tindes crush lice with the fingernails
10377 POC *tidros crush lice with the fingernails
Note: Also Wolio tidok-i ‘to crush between fingernails, kill lice by crushing between thumb and finger’. Based on data in Malagasy, Malay, Toba Batak and Sa'a Dempwolff (1938) posited *tindes ‘to crush’. However, he overlooked the Tagalog cognate cited here, and failed to capture the more specific sense of the term.
32174 *tinduk large cooking banana or plantain variety 10438 PPh *tinduk large cooking banana or plantain variety
32148 *tin(e)qaw clear, pure, of water 10407 PPh *tin(e)qaw clear, pure, of water [doublet: *tenaw]
32499 10838 Note: Also Numfor snun ‘man’. This comparison was first proposed by Ross and Osmond (2016b:48), with the statement that Biak (=Numfor) has snon ‘man’ and the closely related Dusner has snon ‘male’. However, Anceaux (1961:30) gives Biak snon, but Dusner snoman ‘man’, raising the question whether the SHWNG forms are cognate with reflexes of POc *tinoni, or are products of convergence. Further complicating the picture for this comparison, tinoni does not appear in van den Berg and Ereliu (2011) or its still unpublished more complete predecessor (van den Berg 2008).
30903 8741 PAN *tinun to weave cloth [doublet: *tenun]
26036 *tinzak step on, push with the foot 2271 PWMP *tinzak step on, push with the foot
Note: With root *-zak ‘step, tread’.
32271 10566 Note: With root *-tiŋ ‘clear ringing sound’.
33632 12374 12375 PPh *tiŋab-an to notch or nick something
30803 *tiŋadaq look upward, look up to 8548 PWMP *tiŋadaq look upward, look up to [doublet: *ŋadaq]
8549 PWMP *t<um>iŋadaq to look upward
8550 PWMP *tiŋadaq-an (gloss uncertain)
8551 PWMP *tiŋadaq-en (gloss uncertain)
Note: Also Tboli leŋalaʔ ‘to look up at something by tipping the head back; to depend on somebody; to ask help from somebody’, Toba Batak siŋada ‘tilt the head backward’, Wolio tiŋaru ‘look up’, Chamorro ŋæhaɁ ‘look up, with head tilted back’.
32325 *tiŋal to force apart, at with a wedge; force something into someone’s mouth 10627 PPh *tiŋal to force apart, at with a wedge; force something into someone’s mouth
Note: Details of the Ibaloy and Cebuano terms suggest that this word may have applied specifically to a practice of using a piece of wood to wedge open the mouth of a slaughtered pig laid out for a feast.
30809 8557 33564 *tiŋén look; sight; to look, see 12300 PPh *tiŋén look; sight; to look, see
Note: This comparison was first noted schematically by Zorc (1986:165).
32326 10628 Note: Also Hanunóo tunúg ‘sound’. With root *-ŋeR ‘hear; noise’.
28509 5636 Note: Evidently distinct from *timeRaq ‘tin, lead’ (cf. Kapampangan tiŋga-púti ‘tin, lead’, Iban timah ‘lead, solder’).
28510 *tiŋi listen 5637 PMP *tiŋi listen
33972 12812 12813 Note: With root *-kab ‘open, uncover’.
28511 *tiŋkas cease 5638 PWMP *tiŋkas cease
32346 10650 PWMP *tiŋkeb lie prone, face down
Note: With root *-keb₂ ‘face downward’
28512 *tiŋkuq graze, strike lightly against 5639 PMP *tiŋkuq graze, strike lightly against
32149 10408 10689 POC *titiŋ to ring, make a ringing sound
Note: Also Itbayaten tintin ‘a bell, big bell’, tintin-en ‘to ring (a bell)’.
28497 *tipak slap, sound of slapping or clapping 5622 PWMP *tipak slap, sound of slapping or clapping
Note: With root *-pak₁ ‘clap, slap’.
32306 *tipas turn aside, swerve to avoid a collision 10606 PWMP *tipas turn aside, swerve to avoid a collision
32272 *tipi loincloth 10567 POC *tipi loincloth
Note: This comparison was first noted by Osmond and Ross (1998:99).
32327 *tipis thin (of materials) 10629 PMP *tipis thin (of materials)
Note: Also Itbayaten taripis (t 33753 *tipi-tipi butterfly fish, Chaetodon spp. 12515 POC *tipi-tipi butterfly fish, Chaetodon spp.
Note: This comparison was first noted by Osmond (2011:89-90).
28498 *tiptip trim, cut the tips off 5623 PWMP *tiptip trim, cut the tips off
28514 5641 Note: With root *-puk₁ ‘throb, thud, clap, break’.
32150 *típun to assemble, come together (of people); bring together (of things) 10409 PPh *típun to assemble, come together (of people); bring together (of things)
Note: Dempwolff (1938) compared the Tagalog term with Malagasy voa- tsímpona ‘picked out, chosen, selected’; to pick out; mi- tsímpona ‘to choose; to cull’, but there is no convincing evidence that these forms are in fact related. With root *-pun ‘assemble, collect, gather’.
32328 *tipuq picking of fruit; falling out of teeth 10630 PPh *tipuq picking of fruit; falling out of teeth
Note: Also Hanunóo típu ‘breaking off, as of a limb or branch’.
33600 *tiqad to bend backward, as when standing on tiptoes 12340 PPh *tiqad to bend backward, as when standing on tiptoes
28499 *tiqaw goatfish spp. 5624 PMP *tiqaw₁ goatfish spp.
12525 POC *tiqo goatfish sp.
Note: To explain Kanakanabu ciʔáu, Saaroa ciʔau, Tsou czou ‘riverine fish (considered best in taste)’, Paiwan tsiqaw ‘fish (generic)’, Tsuchida (1976:165) posits Proto-South Formosan *Ciq₁au ‘fish’. Zorc (1981) extends this to "Proto-Hesperonesian-Formosan" *Ciqaw ‘fish’, but cites no supporting evidence. It remains to be shown that the Formosan forms belong in the present cognate set.
33633 *tiq(e)pas to cut off with one stroke 12376 PPh *tiq(e)pas to cut off with one stroke
33565 12301 PPh *tiq(e)ris urine; to urinate
Note: This comparison was first noted schematically by Zorc (1986:165).
32151 *tíqiŋ decant, pour liquid out for drinking 10410 PPh *tíqiŋ decant, pour liquid out for drinking
33634 *tiqís to put up with, endure, be patient 12377 PPh *tiqís to put up with, endure, be patient
Note: Possibly a Tagalog loan distribution.
28500 5625 28502 5627 PAN *tirtir₁ shiver, tremble [doublet: *terter]
Note: Thao shin-tirtir was elicited as a single morpheme shintirtir. However, given the comparative evidence for *tirtir and the fact that shin- is a productive affix in Thao, the morpheme division proposed here seems justified. The Polynesian forms show an irregular lowering of *i to e, but given the otherwise perfect comparability cognation appears likely.
28503 5628 32217 *tirus tapering, attenuating to a point 10493 PWMP *tirus tapering, attenuating to a point
30781 *tiRem oyster 8502 PMP *tiRem oyster
8503 POC *tiRom oyster
Note: Also Itbayaten torem ‘oyster’, Tombonuwo tiram ‘oyster’ (< Malay), Ngaju Dayak tiram ‘oyster, an edible shellfish’ (< Banjarese Malay), Old Javanese, Javanese, Sundanese tirəm ‘oyster’, Wolio, Muna tira ‘oyster’ (< Malay?), Makassarese teraŋ ‘oyster’, teraŋŋ-aŋ ‘overgrown with oysters (of the piles of a pier or bridge)’, Toqabaqita ila ‘a species of shellfish: possible Flat Oyster: Isognomon isognomon.
32273 *tiR(e)peS spittle 10568 PAN *tiR(e)peS spittle
30359 *tiRis drip, ooze through, leak 7359 7360 PWMP *tiRis-an (gloss uncertain)
Note: Also Maranao bigis ‘drip, ooze’, igis ‘drip, dribble’, Fijian tiri ‘to drip, drop, of liquids; leakage through a roof’, i-tiri-tiri ‘a drip, a drop’, tiri-va ‘to drip on to’. The semantic distinction between PWMP *tiRis and PAn *tuduq ‘to leak, drip, as a leaky roof’ is somewhat unclear, but two possibilities present themselves: 1. *tiRis may have referred to a smaller influx of water penetrating through an opening, or 2. *tiRis may have referred to water oozing through roof thatch or other material without producing well-formed drops, since it seems clear that *tuduq also meant ‘a drop of water’, whereas *tiRis evidently did not.
It is possible that Mota tir is a reflex of the far better-attested *tuduq with irregular *u > i, as found in a few other forms. If so, this reconstruction can be justified only for PWMP, not for PMP.
Dempwolff (1938) included Javanese ma-tis ‘cold, chilly, and Fijian ti, tiva ‘to ooze, trickle out’. However, I am unable to find the latter in Capell (1968), who cites only the non-corresponding tiri ‘to drip, drop, of liquids’, tiri-va ‘drip on to’.
28501 5626 PWMP *tiRtiR₁ cut, chop [disjunct: *tigtig 'hit, beat, strike']
32360 *tiRtiR₂ to shake, shiver, quiver, tremble 10670 PWMP *tiRtiR₂ to shake, shiver, quiver, tremble [disjunct: *tirtir₁]
32435 *tisaq tree with bright yellow fruit that has dry flesh: Lucuma nervosa 10762 PPh *tisaq tree with bright yellow fruit that has dry flesh: Lucuma nervosa
Note: Also Agutaynen tisa ‘a medium-sized yellow fruit, called chesa or yellow sapote in English; it comes to a point at the bottom, has chalky-like orange flesh, and two seeds inside.
32500 10839 Note: This comparison was first proposed by Ross and Osmond (2016:307), who preface their reconstruction with a question mark. The reconstruction of *tise for this form is in fact problematic, since none of the languages from which reflexes are cited retains *s as a sibilant, even though this is the normal reflex in at least Roviana, and the option of positing *tihe is ruled out on the grounds that POc did not have an *h. Given the onomatopoetic character of words for ‘sneeze’ in many languages it is possible that the forms in the western Solomons and in Polynesian languages are products of a convergent innovation.
28504 5629 Note: With root *-suk ‘insert, penetrate, enter’.
28505 *titey suspension bridge 5630 PMP *titey suspension bridge [doublet: *teytey]
Note: Maranao titai regularly reflects *teytey, and Tiruray titay shows phonological irregularities which mark it as a loan from Maranao or one of the other 30454 7633 PMP *titi breast; suck the breast [disjunct: *titiq]
28559 *titik to beat on something loudly 5687 PAN *titik to beat on something loudly
30455 *titiq breast; suck the breast 7634 PMP *titiq breast; suck the breast [disjunct: *titi]
Note: Also Malay tetek mamilla; teat; breast in relation to sucking only. This word can be reconstruced next to the far better supported *susu female breast. It it possible that *titiq was primarily used as a childrens word, with special reference to sucking at the breast, while *susu was a more general descriptive term.
29878 6537 PMP *titis drip, ooze [doublet: *titik₁]
30338 *titu puppy; young animal in general? 7321 PAN *titu puppy; young animal in general?
7322 PMP *titu puppy
Note: Also Ilokano títit, tititan ‘to call a puppy’, Ibanag kítu, Atta (Pamplona) ítu ‘dog’, Isneg kíto ‘dog’, kit-kitó ‘puppy, pup’, Bikol títoʔ ~ tútoʔ ‘a call for dogs (such as ‘Here boy!’), Kalamian Tagbanwa kiruʔ, Tiruray ituʔ ‘dog’.
32183 *tiúk a bird, probably the swamphen 10451 PPh *tiúk a bird, probably the swamphen
28507 5632 PMP *tiup blowing on, fanning [doublet: *Seyup]
5633 PWMP *maŋ-tiup to blow on, fan
Note: Also Maloh tiap ‘to blow’. The apparent morphological agreement in Malay me-niup-niup ‘to inflame (a dispute, etc.)’, Malagasy ma-n'io-ts'ioka ‘breezy’ is assumed to be convergent. Some forms assigned to *tiup might conceivably reflect *taR-Seyup. However, since this cannot be the case with the reflexes in Banjarese, Iban, Malay or Sangir, I am forced (like Dempwolff (1934-38)) to posit a doublet. Moreover, since the sequences *-iV- and *-eyV- are distinguished only by Central Philippine languages, and a reflex of *tiup is unknown in any member of this group, it is unclear whether the present form should be written *tipu or *teyup.
32152 10411 Note: With root *-waŋ ‘wide-open space’.
33635 *tiwatiw to shake a stick at something 12378 PPh *tiwatiw to shake a stick at something
32361 *tiwtiw a bird and its call, probably the tailor bird: Orthotomus atrogularis 10671 PPh *tiwtiw a bird and its call, probably the tailor bird: Orthotomus atrogularis
Note: Also Cebuano batiwtiw ‘tailor bird, the song of which is popularly said to be ‘Dakug putus’, ‘having a large penis’: Orthotomus atrogularis.
28515 5642 Note: Also Balinese tindak ‘gait, step, tread, pace’. With root *-zak ‘step, tread’.
28516 5643 Note: With root *-zeg ‘stand erect’. Zorc (n.d.) gives PPh *tiNdeg ‘stand’.
to
32507 10847 POC *toa to copy, mimic, imitate
Note: This comparison was first proposed by Ross and Osmond (2016e:564), who reconstruct POc *towa ‘to imitate, learn by imitation’. However, a sequence of *ow before a vowel is otherwise unknown in POc, and given the complete predictability of the glide in this environment it seems best to drop it.
30130 6868 6869 Note: Also Buli tob ‘wooden float attached to the sack of a dragnet’.
32329 10631 Note: This comparison was proposed by Osmond, Pawley and Ross (2003:46) who, however, united it with *tobwa ‘belly, stomach’. Given their clear semantic distinctness, and independent representation in dictionaries such as Fox (1970), I treat these as separate.
32501 *tobwa₂ stomach (internal organ) 10840 POC *tobwa₂ stomach (internal organ)
Note: A longer version of this comparison was first proposed by Ross and Osmond (2016:184-185).
30038 *toka₁ put out to sea, embark on a voyage 6736 POC *toka₃ put out to sea, embark on a voyage
32347 *toka₂ come to shore, settle down in a place; sit, squat 10651 POC *toka₂ come to shore, settle down in a place; sit, squat [doublet: *toko]
Note: Also Kapingamarangi dogo ‘to squat; to urinate (females); to perch; to land on; stopped at’. The essential meaning of this word evidently was ‘to settle down in a place’. In an island society this often meant ‘to come ashore’, and from this core sense a surprisingly wide variety of secondary meanings has developed. While ‘sit’ and ‘reside in a place’ are often found together, this word also applies to inanimate objects such as fluids congealing to become solid, or to sediment settling to the bottom, both of which involve the idea of a cessation of motion. In some cases the idea of settling down is further applied to the emotions on the one hand, where it means ‘calm’, and to physical objects on the other, where it refers to solid structures such as stones or reefs that stay in place amid the continual motion of the sea.
32240 *tokalaur wind that blows from the north 10527 POC *tokalaur wind that blows from the north
Note: Proto-Polynesian *tokelau shows an irregular change of the first *a, modified a second time in Hawaiian. Dempwolff’s (1938) attempt to derive this from *teka ‘arrive’ + *lahud ‘sea’ as ‘arrival of the sea; seawind’ (Ankommen der hohen See = Seewind) is interesting but unconvincing, since *lahud clearly meant ‘downriver, toward the sea’, not ‘high sea’, as he proposed erroneously.
33347 11918 POC *toko to land, settle down [doublet: *toka]
32381 *tokuku small reef fish, perhaps damselfish 10703 POC *tokuku small reef fish, perhaps damselfish
Note: This comparison was first noted by Osmond (2011:91), who included it with a number of other non-corresponding forms and posited POc *taku-takuŋ’small coral fish, damselfish or similar’.
32274 10569 Note: This comparison was first noted by Osmond and Ross (1998:181-182). However, the similarity of the forms in Admiralty languages to those in the central and southeast Solomons may be a product of chance, as reflexes of POc *waga ‘canoe’ are found in such Admiralty languages as Wuvulu and Seimat.
32382 10704 Note: Also Bugotu toliira ‘they three, of women only’. Presumably from *tolu-ida, but with unexpected preposing of the numeral, and contraction of the vowel sequence *u-i. Whatever its ultimate origin, this comparison is sufficiently distinct to stand on its own.
32508 10848 POC *toloŋ to swallow [doublet: *toŋol]
Note: This comparison was first proposed by Lynch (2001), and in a more extended form by Ross and Osmond (2016c:261-262).
32509 *tonuq straight; correct, proper; righteous 10849 POC *tonuq straight; correct, proper; righteous
Note: This comparison was first proposed by Ross and Osmond (2016e:551).
32362 10672 Note: *toñom appears to be identical to POc *tono(m) in Lynch (2001:338-339), from which the last four of the languages in this comparison are cited.
32510 10850 POC *toŋol to swallow [doublet: *toloŋ]
Note: This comparison was first proposed by Lynch (2001), and in a more extended form by Ross and Osmond (2016e:261-262).
32261 10552 32231 *topwa belly; mind; seat of affections 10514 POC *topwa belly; mind; seat of affections
Note: Also Proto-Micronesian *wupwa ‘belly, abdomen, torso’ Toga tukwo-, Nume takpwa- ‘belly’
32330 10632 Note: This comparison was proposed by Clark (2011:285).
32275 *toRu a tree: Cordia subcordata 10570 POC *toRu a tree: Cordia subcordata
Note: A somewhat longer version of this comparsion was first published by Ross (2008).
32235 *tosi draw, make marks or designs 10520 PEMP *tosi draw, make marks or designs
32367 *toto blood 10677 POC *toto blood
Note: The semantic distinction between POc *draRaq and *toto remains unclear.
tu
28520 *tuaD kind of fish net or trap 5647 PWMP *tuaD kind of fish net or trap
32218 *tuad bottom up, as a person bent far forward toward the ground 10494 PWMP *tuad bottom up, as a person bent far forward toward the ground
Note: Also Tagalog tuwág ‘with head low and buttocks or lower extremity upward; upside-down’. Mapun tuwad-un ‘to bend over with the buttocks raised; to stand on one’s head; to invert something’ is assumed to be a loan from a Greater Central Philippines source. This appears to be the free base found in *balin-tuaj, but if so it is unclear why Bontok has –d in towad, but –g in balintowag. At the very least it shows that the affixed form had come to be treated as a single morpheme before sound changes affecting PAn *j had taken place. Dempwolff (1938) included Toba Batak tuat ‘come down, descend; descent’ and posited ‘Uraustronesisch’ *tuwad ‘bend oneself down’.
32219 10495 Note: Also Javanese tuak ‘an intoxicating liquor made from fermented coconut juice’ (< Malay).
32348 10652 POC *tuaka elder same sex sibling
32127 *tuaŋ₁ to pour out, tilt to pour 10378 PWMP *tuaŋ₁ to pour out, tilt to pour
Note: Also Sangir balin-toaŋ ‘pouring out from a vat’.
32445 *tuaŋ₂ carry a load between two people 10776 PPh *tuaŋ₂ carry a load between two people
10777 PPh *ka-tuaŋ (gloss uncertain)
32220 10496 Note: Also Tae' tuaɁ ‘luck’, with irregular final glottal stop. Possibly a Malay loan distribution.
30784 *tuaRi old (of things), ancient times 8515 POC *tuaRi old (of things), ancient times
Note: This comparison was proposed by Pawley (1972:51), who reconstructed Proto-Eastern Oceanic *tua(i) ‘already’ with a gloss that seems out of keeping with the more common reflexes. The current form of this reconstruction was first proposed by Geraghty (1990:75).
32308 *tuas to lever up, tip up by force 10608 PWMP *tuas to lever up, tip up by force
30780 *tuay kind of edible marine clam 8500 PMP *tuay kind of edible marine clam
8501 Note: Also Bikol tuwóy ‘large saltwater clam’, Tolai tuā ‘species of mussel used for rubbing coconuts’. I am indebted to Hiroko Sato for supplying the terms from Kove, Lusi, Bariai and Kilenge.
33636 *tubág short-tempered 12379 PPh *tubág short-tempered
30759 *tubah a plant with roots that are pounded and put in rivers to stun fish: Derris elliptica 8455 PAN *tubah a plant with roots that are pounded and put in rivers to stun fish: Derris elliptica
8456 POC *tupa₂ fish poison: Derris spp.
8457 PWMP *ma-nuba to stupefy fish with natural plant poisons
8458 PMP *pa-tuba to stun fish with plant poisons
8459 PWMP *t<in>uba was poisoned by Derris root
8460 PAN *t<um>uba to stun fish with plant poison
8461 PWMP *tuba-en to stun fish with plant poison
Note: Also Puyuma ʈuba ‘poison tree; fish poison’, Tausug tubli ‘Derris elliptica: a poisonous vine the sap of which is used to poison fish,’ Yapese yuub ‘type of poisonous vine; poisonous’, Pohnpeian u:p ‘plant sp., Derris elliptica, used for poisoning fish’, u:p-e ‘to poison fish (tr.)’, u:pa-up ‘to poison fish (intr.)’, Marshallese wép ‘Barringtonia asiatica, tree with large square fruits; young leaves glabrous, with red midribs; seeds used as a fish poison’, Proto-Micronesian *upa ‘derris vine’.
Although *tuba refers prototypically to Derris elliptica, in many languages it applies to a wider range of botanical referents, and has even replaced the names of some of these, as in Marshallese, where it reportedly refers to the Barringtonia asiatica (POc *putun). Although it is a natural substance, the poisonous sap of the Derris elliptica and other plants clearly played an important cultural role in fishing events that according to some descriptions (e.g. that for the Iban of Borneo) were also major social gatherings. The poisons released into dammed rivers would cause general intoxication and cause large quantities of stunned fish to rise to the surface, where they could be collected by persons who had no special skill in fishing, making this method of fishing a community activity.
28523 5650 PCMP *tubak to stab [doublet: *tebek]
28567 5695 Note: With root *-bak₂ ‘sound of a heavy smack’.
33737 12493 PPh *tubaR to answer [doublet: *tebaR]
32363 *tubaRa kind of small land crab 10673 POC *tubaRa kind of small land crab
Note: This comparison was first proposed by Geraghty (1990:75).
28568 *tu(m)bas dregs 5696 PWMP *tu(m)bas dregs
32276 *tub(e)liq a plant with root used to stun fish: Derris elliptica 10571 PWMP *tub(e)liq a plant with root used to stun fish: Derris elliptica
Note: Also Cebuano tublí ‘kind of shrub growing along streams and secondary forests, the leaves and branches of which are used as fish poison: Derris elliptica. Mapun tubli ‘a poisonous vine the sap of which is used to stupefy fish or rub on cows to keep flies away’ is assumed to be a loanword from a Greater Central Philippines source.
Many thanks to David Mead for drawing my attention to cognates from various languages of southeast Sulawesi, only some of which are cited here.
32479 *tubeŋ obstacle; block, obstruct the flow 10817 PWMP *tubeŋ obstacle; block, obstruct the flow
30039 *tubu₁ inflammation of the skin 6737 POC *tubu₁ inflammation of the skin
Note: Probably the same form as PAn *Cubuq ‘plant sprout’, PMP *tubuq ‘to grow, germinate, sprout’.
32502 *tubu₂ gain weight, get fat(ter) 10841 POC *tubu₃ gain weight, get fat(ter)
Note: A longer variant of this comparison was first proposed by Ross and Osmond (2016a:570). Some of the forms that they cite, as Fijian tubu, may be reflexes of PAn *Cubuq ‘plant sprout’.
32232 10515 33637 *tubul to send someone on an errand 12380 PPh *tubul to send someone on an errand
32070 *tubuŋ closed bamboo internode used as a container for salt, valuables, etc. 10306 PWMP *tubuŋ closed bamboo internode used as a container for salt, valuables, etc.
Note: Also Mapun tabuŋ ‘a piggy bank’, Kayan tabuŋ ‘a bamboo box for keeping money or valuables’, Iban taboŋ ‘section of bamboo with lid or cover, made to hold pickled meat or salt’. This comparison is open to two different treatments. First, with the inclusion of the Mapun, Kayan and Iban forms it could be cited as a ‘near comparison’, since the penultimate vowel of the form in these languages fails to correspond to that of the similar words in the northern Philippines, but the words in both areas seem clearly to have a historical connection. Second, a Proto-Philippine reconstruction is possible on the basis of a cognate set spread over both Bashiic and Cordilleran languages. Although this includes only languages spoken in the northern Philippines (but not Yami), and so could be considered a possible loan distribution, both the highly traditional character of the referent and the similar forms in Borneo support an inference that *tubuŋ probably was found in Proto-Philippines.
32511 10851 Note: This comparison was first proposed by Osmond and Ross (2016a:114).
32092 *tubuR natural spring, fresh water spring 10333 PMP *tubuR natural spring, fresh water spring [doublet: *tebuR]
10334 POC *tupuR natural spring, fresh water spring [disjunct: *topuR]
32677 11078 PPh *tubuy send for, allow to go
28570 5698 Note: With irregular lowering of *u to o in the PCEMP languages Geser and Buli.
28525 *tudaq throw 5652 PMP *tudaq throw
Note: Zorc (n.d.) gives PPh *tu(d)aq ‘throw’.
33725 *tud(e)lúk to pierce, as with a needle 12478 PPh *tud(e)lúk to pierce, as with a needle
32503 10842 PPh *tudem dark, discolored
Note: With root *-dem₁ ‘dark; overcast’.
32262 10553 28526 *tudiq tree sp.: Sesbania grandiflora 5653 PMP *tudiq tree sp.: Sesbania grandiflora
Note: Manggarai turi appears in Verheijen (1982), but not in Verheijen (1967-70) or Verheijen (1984).
28527 *tuduk skewer, spit for roasting 5654 PMP *tuduk skewer, spit for roasting [doublet: *teduk]
33566 12302 Note: This comparison was first noted schematically by Zorc (1986:165).
32128 *tuduŋ head cover, protection from sun or rain 10379 PMP *tuduŋ head cover, protection from sun or rain
Note: With root *-duŋ ‘to shelter, protect’.
30360 *tuduq to leak, drip, as a leaky roof; a drop of water 7361 PAN *tuduq to leak, drip, as a leaky roof; a drop of water
7362 8187 PMP *ma-tuduq leaking, dripping (as a leaky roof)
8188 PWMP *ma-nuduq to leak, as a roof
7363 PAN *t<in>uduq dripped; what dripped
7364 PPh *t<um>uduq to drip, to leak
7365 7366 Note: Also Tae' tiʔdo ‘to drip’, toʔdo ‘to drip; edge of the roof from which rainwater drips down’, Makassarese tiro-aŋ ‘to leak (as a roof)’, Chamorro tuʔoʔ ‘drip, leak, trickle’, Bugotu tudu ‘to drip, of water or tears; a drop’, Lau ʔudu ‘to drip, drop (of liquids); a drip, drop of water’, Sa'a uduudu ‘to drip’.
30733 8357 PAN *tuduR to sleep [doublet: *tiduR]
8358 8359 PWMP *ka-tuduR sleep together, sleep with someone
8360 8361 PMP *ma-tuduR sleeping; to sleep
8362 8363 8364 PWMP *ka-tuduR-en drop off to sleep, fall asleep when one should stay awake
8365 PWMP *pa-tuduR put someone down to sleep
8366 PWMP *pa-tuduR-an sleeping place; bed
8367 PMP *t<in>uduR (gloss uncertain)
8368 PWMP *tuduR-an sleeping place; bed
Note: Also Romblomanon tūdu ‘sound, of sleep’, Talise, Tolo makuru ‘to sleep’.
30356 *tuduS knee 7350 PAN *tuduS knee
7351 PMP *tuhud knee
7352 POC *tur knee
7353 PPh *taRa-tuhud up to the knees
7354 PMP *qulu tuhud₁ kneecap
7355 POC *lutur knee
Note: Also Manam tuʔu ‘knee’, with unexplained medial glottal stop, Bisaya (Limbang) ulu atud ‘kneecap’, Long Terawan Berawan ulo lem, Batu Belah Berawan luləm, Tring uluh aləp, Dalat Melanau (Kampung Kekan) uləw təŋaləb, Sarikei Melanau ulaw paʔ ‘knee’, and Iban palaʔ tut ‘knee cap’, which join morphemes meaning ‘head’ and ‘knee’ to form a compound ‘head of the knee’ that presumably meant ‘kneecap’, parallel to reflexes of *qulu tuhud in other languages. PCEMP *turu ‘knee’ may be a continuation of this form, but if so it implies that PAn *tuduS persisted as PMP *tuduh, alongside the far better-attested PMP *tuhud, despite the fact that PAn CVS regularly metathesized to PMP *hVC (Blust 1993, and that no reflexes of *tuduh have ever been found in WMP languages.
28529 5656 Note: Possibly identical to the "monosyllabic" root *-tuk₁ ‘bend, curve’, found in several reconstructed disyllabic word-bases.
28530 5657 5658 Note: Also Isneg tugkál ‘to stick, fix, plant, drive into the ground’, Minangkabau tugar, Malay (Kedah) tukal ‘dibble stick’, Javanese tugar ‘digging stick’, Uma tujaʔ ‘to plant’.
32233 *tugen to deliver, send something to someone 10516 PPh *tugen to deliver, send something to someone
32153 *tugíq lesser yam: Dioscorea sp. 10412 PPh *tugíq lesser yam: Dioscorea sp.
Note: Possibly a Tagalog loan distribution.
28566 5694 PWMP *tugtug knock, pound, beat [doublet: *tuktuk, *dugdug]
8966 PPh *tugtug-én to knock on something, play a musical instrument
32184 *tuhuk to string, as fish or beads 10452 PPh *tuhuk to string, as fish or beads [doublet: *tuhuR]
28533 *tui₁ a tree: Dolichandrone spathacea 5661 PMP *tui₁ a tree: Dolichandrone spathacea
Note: The core of this comparison was first recognized in print by Verheijen (1984). Fijian tui-tui ‘a plant, Aleurites moluccana, Euphorbiaceae’, Niue tui-tui, Hawaiian ku-kui ‘the candlenut tree: Aleurites moluccana appear to derive from Proto-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian *tuRi-tuRi ‘candlenut tree: Aleurites moluccana’ (cf. Numfor kukĕr ‘tree with edible nut’).
32331 *tui₂ a tree: Radermachera gigantea 10633 PWMP *tui₂ a tree: Radermachera gigantea
Note: Possibly identical to PMP *tui₁ ‘a tree: Dolichandrone spathacea’.
28531 5659 Note: Also Malay kuil ‘thrust up by leverage’. I assume that Hiligaynon túhil ‘poke with a stick’ and similar forms in other Bisayan dialects do not belong here.
28532 *tuiq bird sp. 5660 PAN *tuiq bird sp.
32154 10413 Note: Also Ibaloy on-tongaw ‘to sit down, take a seat’, Hanunóo túkaw ‘sitting; position, situation’, t 32277 10572 Note: With root *-tuk ‘knock, pound, beat’. Given PAn *tuktuk ‘to knock, pound, beat; crush’, with the same monosyllabic root, it is likely that this monosyllable was also present in PAn, although direct evidence in the available lexicography fails to show it.
28573 *tu(ŋ)kab break open, force open 5701 PWMP *tu(ŋ)kab break open, force open
10615 PPh *tu(ŋ)kab-án for force something open or out of its position
Note: Also Casiguran Dumagat tuklab (< M) ‘to pry open, to break into something that is closed (as to break in the door of a house, or to break open a locked chest, or to open a can with a can opener or a bolo’, Ibaloy toʔkab-en ‘to open, get into something forcibly, violently (as house through window)’. With root *-kab ‘open, uncover’.
28575 *tu(ŋ)kad prop, support; staff 5703 PWMP *tu(ŋ)kad prop, support; staff [doublet: *tu(ŋ)ked]
Note: Apparently distinct from PAn *tukad ‘runged ladder’. Zorc (n.d.) reconstructs PPh *tukud ‘post; support’. With root *-kad ‘prop, support’.
28574 *tukad₁ runged ladder; rung of a ladder 5702 PWMP *tukad₁ runged ladder; rung of a ladder
Note: Mills (1975:867) attributes the Sulawesian forms to Dempwolff's (1934-38) *(t)ukat ‘to climb’, commenting that the reconstruction should be altered to *(t)ukad. While Hiligaynon tukád ‘ascend, go up’ and similar forms in other Philippine languages support the change of *tukat to *tukad, it seems likely that we are dealing here with two distinct cognate sets.
32408 *tukad₂ sloping upward; to climb a mountain 10733 PAN *tukad₂ sloping upward; to climb a mountain
12725 PAN *t<um>ukad to climb, as a mountain or steps
Note: Apparently distinct from PWMP *tukad₁ ‘runged ladder; rung of a ladder’.
31129 9108 Note: Also Ibaloy togak ‘kind of small white, nonedible frog’. Presumably from the sound of its loud croak. With root *-kak₁ ‘cackle, laugh loudly’.
32480 *tukal prop, supporting beam in house 10818 PPh *tukal prop, supporting beam in house
32234 10517 10518 PWMP *tukaŋ-an be propped open
Note: Also Cebuano tukláŋ ‘put a piece of wood somewhere to inhibit motion, either by propping something under it and keeping it from falling, or by laying it in the way and stopping it from proceeding’.
32446 *tukaq beak, bill; to peck, of birds, to bite, of a snake 10778 PPh *tukaq beak, bill; to peck, of birds, to bite, of a snake
28534 *tukas open 5662 PWMP *tukas open
Note: Also Cebuano tuklás ‘open a shutter, curtain, etc.; be opened’. With root *-kas₂ ‘loosen, undo, untie’.
31009 8931 PAN *tuked prop, support [doublet: *tukud]
8932 8933 PWMP *maR-tuked to prop up, support
8934 PWMP *tuked-en to be supported, propped up
Note: Also Kavalan t 28535 5663 Note: Also Yamdena tuki ‘poke with the finger, a stick; hatch, of eggs; peck, of birds’ (*tukik would expectably yield **tukik). Carro (1956) gives Ilokano tugkík as a synonym of tukkík. Pairs of this type may shed light on one of the sources of the often-puzzling geminate stops in Ilokano: *tu-R-kik > tugkík, tukkík.
28536 5664 28537 *tuktuk₁ beak of a bird; to peck 5665 PAN *tuktuk₁ beak of a bird; to peck
Note: Also Tiruray tukoʔ ‘bill, beak; to peck’, Malay (Jakarta) cotok ‘beak’, Javanese cucuk (Pigeaud 1938) ‘pointed beak (of a chicken, etc.)’, (Horne 1974) ‘beak’. Almost certainly the reduplicated root found in Dempwolff's (1934-38) *pa(n)tuk ‘to peck’ (cf. Javanese patuk ‘beak’). Tsuchida (1976:220) includes the Paiwan word (given as t-m-uktuk ‘to peck’) with forms in other languages that appear to reflect *tuktuk ‘knock, pound, beat’.
28538 5666 PAN *tuktuk₂ top, summit, crown
32278 *tuktuk₃ to knock, pound, beat; crush 10573 PAN *tuktuk₃ to knock, pound, beat; crush
10574 POC *tutuk₂ to knock, pound, beat
10575 PWMP *ma-nuktuk to knock, pound, beat
10576 PMP *tuktuk-i to hammer, pound (something)
Note: Possibly identical to PAn *tuktuk₁ ‘beak of a bird; to peck’. However, these sets are semantically distinct enough to merit separate treatment, and they are treated as separate entries in the dictionaries of some attested languages, as Bontok (Reid 1976). With root *-tuk₂ ‘knock, pound, beat’.
28539 5667 32332 *tuku₂ short 10634 POC *tuku₂ short
Note: Also Babatana tuko ‘short’. This comparison was first proposed by Ross (2003c:198). The cognation of Manam tukura ‘to be short’, tukúra-kúra ‘short’ is questionable.
32512 *tuku₃ (of a person) to hang by the arms, dangle 10852 POC *tuku₃ (of a person) to hang by the arms, dangle
Note: This comparison was first proposed by Ross (2016:382-383).
28576 *tu(ŋ)kub cover 5704 PWMP *tu(ŋ)kub cover [disjunct: *su(ŋ)kub]
Note: With root *-kub₁ ‘cover’.
30575 7957 PAN *tukud prop, support [doublet: *tukad, *tuked, *tuku]
Note: Also Isneg túkid ‘prop; sturdy stakes that strengthen a fence of canes of bamboo grass; also sections of heavy bamboo, etc. that support the weakest parts of temporary buildings’, Bontok tolkod ‘house post’. With root *-kud ‘cane, staff, walking stick’.
28577 5705 PWMP *tu(ŋ)kuk beak; to peck [doublet: *tukik 'poke, prod, peck']
Note: Also Kiput tuguk ‘beak of a bird’.
32447 *tukuk lower the head, bow or bend down 10779 PWMP *tukuk lower the head, bow or bend down
Note: With root *-kuk₁ ‘bent, crooked’.
32221 *tukul to sprout, begin to grow 10497 PAN *tukul to sprout, begin to grow
28540 *tukuŋ tailless (of birds or fowls), round-tailed (of fowls) 5668 PWMP *tukuŋ tailless (of birds or fowls), round-tailed (of fowls)
32155 10414 10415 PWMP *tulad-an model, exemplar
30741 *tulak push something away, shove, repel; push off, as a boat leaving shore or being poled through shallow water 8384 PMP *tulak push something away, shove, repel; push off, as a boat leaving shore or being poled through shallow water
8385 PWMP *maR-tulak push something away, shove, repel; push off, as a boat leaving shore or being poled in shallow water
Note: Dempwolff also included Malagasy tólaka ‘prevented by some supernatural power; prevented from overcoming the power of the tangena poison through the influence of witchcraft’, and Polynesian forms such as Tongan tulaki ‘to push over, to knock or tip over’ in this comparison. However, the Malagasy word appears to be associated with Bantu cultural practices, and the Tongan word can only be included on the assumption that it contains a fossilized suffix. Neither word provides a good semantic match with *tulak, which refers primarily to pushing a boat off from shore (by someone in the boat using a pole), and figuratively to pushing away or rejecting something offered or presented.
30742 8386 8387 Note: Also Bontok toŋáli ‘a whistle made from the tanbong reed, formerly used as an instrument of mourning when a villager was killed by an enemy’, Sangir turali ‘flute’, ma-nurali ‘play a flute’. It is assumed that PAn *tulani underwent a sporadic assimilation to *tulali in PMP. Although it appears to be very sparsely attested, this cognate set is clearly valid, and provides a unique insight into the musical repertoire of early Austronesian speakers. The flute, and more particularly the bamboo nose flute, is the only musical instrument which comparative linguistic evidence allows us to infer as part of PAN culture (evidence of drums, for example, is completely lacking, and gongs had to await the advent of bronze metallurgy, although the wooden slit-gong may have appeared by PMP times). Although a linguistic comparison is currently lacking, it is likely on distributional grounds that the Jew’s harp was also used, most notably in courtship behavior. Finally, the order of appearance of musical instruments in Austronesian culture history may mirror the similar process in human societies more generally.
30743 *tuláy bridge 8388 PPh *tuláy bridge
8389 PPh *tulay-an to bridge or span, build a bridge across something
Note: Also Chamorro tohlai ~ tollai ‘bridge’.
28541 *tulduq index finger; to point, indicate, teach 5669 PPh *tulduq to point, indicate; to point out, instruct [doublet: *tuduq]
Note: Also Ibatan toŋdo ‘someone points at someone or something’, Mansaka tolliʔ ‘to point to’, Tboli tolok ‘to teach, to show’. The relationship of this form to PAn *tuzuq remains unclear, since no language outside the Philippines reflects a medial consonant cluster, or a trisyllabic base from which it might have developed.
30160 6916 POC *tule cerumen, earwax [doublet: *tuli]
34036 *tul(e)dek mark made with fingertip 12888 PPh *tul(e)dek mark made with fingertip
Note: Since this word is surely older than the introduction of literacy to the Philippines, the references to punctuation marks must be secondary developments from an original sense which was most likely something like ‘mark made with fingertip; make a mark with the fingertip’, where the fingertip was dipped in paint or some other marking agent to dab small amounts onto the skin or some other surface.
32309 *tuleŋ deaf 10609 PPh *tuleŋ deaf
32766 *tulesuk prick or poke with a pointed object 11205 PWMP *tulesuk prick or poke with a pointed object
Note: With root *-suk ‘insert, penetrate, enter’.
32407 *tuli to stop by to visit when traveling 10732 PWMP *tuli₂ to stop by to visit when traveling
32472 *tuliŋan kind of mackerel: Rastrelliger spp. 10806 PPh *tuliŋan kind of mackerel: Rastrelliger spp.
28542 5670 31523 *tulúd push something to start it moving; accompany someone to help them start a journey 9645 PPh *tulúd push something to start it moving; accompany someone to help them start a journey [doublet: *sulud, *suRud]
9646 Note: Proto-Sama-Bajaw *tulud ‘to push’ probably is an invalid reconstruction that has resulted from borrowing by multiple SB languages from Bisayan sources.
30361 7367 7368 PWMP *ma-tuluŋ (gloss uncertain)
7369 PWMP *ka-tuluŋ-an (gloss uncertain)
7370 PWMP *t<um>uluŋ to aid, assist, help
Note: Possibly a Malay loanword, but this seem unlikely in the case of Yamdena, which has few Malay loans, and in which the base is affixed with native morphology. The only PMP competitor for a form meaning ‘to help’ is *tabaŋ, which itself is weakly supported.
32243 *tulus straightaway, immediately; get done at once; continue on, lasting 10530 PMP *tulus straightaway, immediately; get done at once; continue on, lasting
Note: Also Kadazan Dusun tulus ‘immediately, at once’, Iban terus ‘right through, up to’, Malay tərus ‘right through, in the direct line through’, Kambera turuhu ‘directly through, straight’.
28543 *tuluy₁ continue 5671 PMP *tuluy₁ continue
Note: Also Bontok tóley ‘continue’. Dempwolff (1934-38) reconstructed *tuluy ‘quick, fast’, but apparently confused two distinct cognate sets.
The basic sense of this term appears to be ‘to take up something again that has been temporarily interrupted’. This is consistent both with the idea of stopping by to visit someone while on the way to another place, and with the resumption of various activities that have been temporarily suspended, as with work, speech, etc.
28544 *tuluy₂ stop and visit when passing by 5672 PMP *tuluy₂ stop and visit when passing by
28545 *tuluy₃ caught up in, carried along 5673 PWMP *tuluy₃ caught up in, carried along
28546 5674 30564 7923 7924 PAN *pa-tumaNa to make someone listen
7925 PAN *t<um>umaNa to hear, listen
Note: Also Bunun (Ferrell 1969) taʔaza ‘to hear’, Saaroa timalha to hear. This is the only known PAn trisyllable which contains the base-internal sequence *um following an initial consonant. It was thus vulnerable to misanalysis as a disyllabic base *taNa, although this type of change evidently was rare (the only known reflex in which the base may have been interpreted as containing the actor voice infix * 28547 *tumaŋ disagreement 5675 PWMP *tumaŋ disagreement
32071 10307 32093 *tumbalik inverted, reversed, upside-down 10335 PPh *tumbalik inverted, reversed, upside-down
Note: Also Cebuano sumbálik ‘bounce back on, boomerang; turn out to be the exact opposite; the exact opposite’. This form clearly contains *balik ‘reverse, turn around’, but appears as an independent word in widely separated languages, and so justifies the reconstruction of a separate proto-form.
30775 *tumbid heel 8481 PWMP *tumbid heel [doublet: *tumid]
Note: Also Maloh timbat ‘heel’.
28549 5677 PWMP *tumbiriŋ lie on one's side
32072 10308 Note: Also Fijian tuvu ‘to strike down, beat clothes in washing’. With root *-buk₂ ‘pound, thud, heavy splash’.
28550 5678 PWMP *tumbun heap, pile; cover up
Note: With root *-bun ‘heap, cover with earth; collect, assemble’.
32073 *tumbuŋ₁ anus 10309 PWMP *tumbuŋ₁ anus
32074 *tumbuŋ₂ seed bud in a coconut 10310 PWMP *tumbuŋ₂ seed bud in a coconut
Note: There is a possible semantic connection between *tumbuŋ₁ and *tumbuŋ₂ in the meaning ‘hemorrhoids’. However, their general semantic distinctness makes it best to propose two distinct recontructions.
30774 *tumid heel 8480 PWMP *tumid heel
Note: Also Isneg túmaŋ ‘heel’, Malagasy túmutra ‘the heel’, an-túmutra ‘at the heels, close to (used chiefly of time)’, Sasak tumət ‘heel’. Possibly a Greater North Borneo innovation, as this word is well-attested in north, central and western Borneo and in the Malayic languages or languages that have borrowed heavily from Malay elsewhere in western Indonesia, but is known nowhere outside this area, and is in competition with PMP *tiked in the same meaning.
32434 10760 10761 PAN *t<um>imaNa to hear, listen
32244 *tumpaŋ₁ to have one thing on top of another 10531 PWMP *tumpaŋ₁ to have one thing on top of another
Note: Dempwolff also added Fijian tuva ‘to set in order, arrange, build up’ to this comparison, but this appears to be a chance resemblance.
32448 *tumpaŋ₂ take passage, catch a ride in someone else’s boat 10780 PWMP *tumpaŋ₂ take passage, catch a ride in someone else’s boat
32409 *tumpaq to spill out, pour out 10734 PWMP *tumpaq to spill out, pour out
28551 5679 PMP *tumpel dull, blunt [doublet: *de(m)pul, *dumpul, *tumpul]
32307 *tumpiq rice or sago cake (used as an offering?) 10607 PWMP *tumpiq rice or sago cake (used as an offering?)
Note: Also Iban tumpiɁ ‘flat round sweet cake of rice or sago flour fried in oil, usually for offerings ‘, Old Javanese tumpi ‘kind of cake made of sago flour’, Balinese tumpi ‘a native variety of sago(?), gegodoh tumpi ‘a preparation for an offering’, Sasak tumpi ‘roll of tobacco’.
32310 *tumpuk small heap, rounded mass 10610 PWMP *tumpuk small heap, rounded mass
Note: Also Bikol tumbók ‘a heap, mound, pile’, Malay tumpok ‘small heap; rounded mass’. With root *-puk₃ ‘gather, flock together’.
28552 5680 PMP *tumpul dull, blunt [doublet: *de(m)pul, *dumpul, *tumpel]
Note: Also Maranao dompol ‘dull (tool)’, Tiruray temful ‘dull, not sharp’.
32504 *tuna true, believable, correct 10843 POC *tuna true, believable, correct
Note: A longer version of this comparison was first proposed by Ross and Osmond (2016: 550).
32410 *tunaŋ engaged, pledged to be married 10735 PWMP *tunaŋ engaged, pledged to be married
Note: Also Nias tunae ‘wife’.
30745 8394 PWMP *tunas sprout, plant shoot
Note: Also Samoan tunasi ‘branches of the Ɂava (kava) root (Pratt 1984).
30746 8395 8396 PPh *tunaw-en to melt, dissolve
Note: Also Tiruray tunag ‘to melt something’. Mapun tunaw ‘to melt something; to thin something (like paint); to dissolve’, tunaw-un ‘to melt something’ is assumed to be a Greater Central Philippines loan.
32156 10416 PPh *tunay₁ thorn in the flesh
32279 *tunay₂ real, genuine, true, sincere 10577 PWMP *tunay₂ real, genuine, true, sincere
Note: Possibly a Malay loan distribution.
33612 *tundaq to lead, conduct, escort 12353 PPh *tundaq to lead, conduct, escort
32383 10705 PPh *tundek poke, as with finger
32411 10736 PWMP *tunduk to bend, bow, submit
Note: Possibly a Malay loan distribution.
32129 *tuntun instruction, guidance, help in getting started 10380 PWMP *tuntun instruction, guidance, help in getting started
32384 *tuntún to lower, let something down, as with a rope 10706 PPh *tuntún to lower, let something down, as with a rope
33613 12354 PPh *tunuR sound, voice [disjunct: *teneR]
Note: Also Agutaynen tonog the sound of a radio, musical instrument, engine, a person’s whistle, etc.
30735 *tuNa freshwater eel 8373 PAN *tuNa freshwater eel
8374 PMP *tuna freshwater eel
Note: Also Wogeo tuña ‘freshwater eel’, Mbula tuunu ‘eel (freshwater or saltwater). The distribution of this term is strange, as it is very common in certain areas (Taiwan, Bashiic languages in the far north of the Philippines, Lesser Sundas, Admiralties, Central Pacific) but rare or completely absent in the intervening ones (the rest of the Philippines and Borneo, most of western Indonesia, the Moluccas, most of the western Pacific). The Wogeo form could be taken as evidence for PAn, PMP *tuña, but since this is contradicted by reflexes in Malay, Admiralty languages and Wayan it is considered to be an irregular development in the individual history of this language.
28565 5693 Note: Also Lau ono, ono-mi ‘to swallow, swallow whole’, Arosi ono ‘to swallow’.
32280 10578 Note: Also Malay katak bətoŋ, katak bəntoŋ, katak bələntoŋ, ‘toads with deep metallic notes’. With root *-Cuŋ ‘deep resounding sound’.
32130 10381 PWMP *tuŋaw₁ tiny red itch mite
Note: Also Old Javanese təŋu ‘a very small, red plant louse’.
32473 *tuŋaw₂ a plant: Astronia spp., Melastomataceae 10807 PPh *tuŋaw₂ a plant: Astronia spp., Melastomataceae
Note: This comparison is taken from Madulid (2001:748), but has not been independently confirmed through dictionary references.
34026 12875 Note: Also Casiguran Dumagat tuŋəd ‘dead tree that is still standing’, Bontok, Ibaloy toŋed ‘the stump of a tree’, Tagalog tuŋɁól ‘decapitated’.
32449 *tuŋgíl clitoris 10781 PPh *tuŋgíl clitoris
Note: Also Kapampangan turíl ‘clitoris’, Aklanon tiŋgíw ‘clitoris’. This comparison is problematic for two reasons: 1) it assumes a sporadic assimilation in both Hanunóo and the Bisayan languages, 2) Ilokano forms with medial prenasalization are normally loanwords.
32245 10532 Note: Possibly a Bikol loanword in Casiguran Dumagat.
33638 *tuŋkúl about, concerning 12381 PPh *tuŋkúl about, concerning
32241 *tuŋkup cover 10528 PWMP *tuŋkup cover
Note: Dempwolff (1938) also included Fijian tuku ‘cover the head with ashes’. I am unable to find this form in modern dictionaries, and in any case the semantic divergence from forms in island Southeast Asia raises serious questions about cognation. With root *-kup ‘enclose, cover’.
32202 *tuŋkus bundle 10474 PWMP *tuŋkus bundle
Note: With root *-kus ‘wind around; bundle’.
28571 *tuŋtuŋ₁ knock anything hollow so as to extract what is inside 5699 PWMP *tuŋtuŋ₁ knock anything hollow so as to extract what is inside [doublet: *putuŋ]
28572 5700 PMP *tuŋtuŋ₂ peak, top [doublet: *tuktuk₂ 'top, summit, crown']
Note: Also Tombulu (Niemann 1869-1870) tuŋtuŋ ‘forehead’ (cp. Tausug tuktuk ‘forehead’).
29938 *tupa₁ painful swelling in limbs 6618 POC *tupa₁ painful swelling in limbs
Note: Possibly a chance resemblance.
30760 8462 POC *tupa₃ to divide, share out
Note: Also Kapingamarangi duwwe ‘to divide; to contribute; to deal (cards)’.
32436 *tupád fulfill a promise, comply with a wish 10763 PPh *tupád fulfill a promise, comply with a wish
32437 10764 PPh *tupáj to match, form a pair
Note: Also Cebuano tapád ‘stay, put beside something; match a cock with another for a
cockfight’
30542 *tupak mend, repair, set in order 7826 POC *tupak mend, repair, set in order
Note: Possibly a chance resemblance.
32767 11206 32438 10765 Note: With root *-pi(q) ‘fold’.
32185 *tupúk over-ripe, beginning to rot 10453 PPh *tupúk over-ripe, beginning to rot
30106 *tupul send out new growth, of vegetation 6835 POC *tupul send out new growth, of vegetation
32513 *tupuqa body; spirit; spirit being 10853 POC *tupuqa body; spirit; spirit being
Note: Also Rarotongan tupuā ‘a goblin, monster, demon’. A variant of this comparison was first proposed by Osmond and Ross (2016a:80), who associate it with reflexes of PAn *Cubuq ‘plant sprout’, PMP *tubuq ‘grow, germinate, sprout’. The basis for an apparent semantic evolution from ‘body’ to ‘spirit; spirit being’ remains unclear.
28569 5697 PMP *tu(m)pus to complete, finish
Note: Also Isneg turpús ‘to finish, to end, to complete’. With root *-pus₁ ‘end, finish’.
30627 *tuqa₁ back (anat.) 8102 POC *tuqa₁ back (anat.)
Note: Possibly a chance resemblance. Words referring to the back are extremely varied in Austronesian languages, particularly in the Oceanic group, and more confidence could be felt about this reconstruction if a third witness were found apart from Tanga and Proto-Polynesian.
32514 *tuqa₂ bone 10854 POC *tuqa₂ bone
Note: Osmond and Ross (2016a:86) try to derive this from PAn *CuqelaN ‘condylous bone; bone of fauna exclusive of fish’, but are unable to account for the absence of a reflex of *l in Oceanic languages. Together with the non-occurrence of this form anywhere in eastern Indonesia this makes it likely that the resemblance between PAn *CuqelaN and POc *tuqa is coincidental.
33343 *tuqa₃ hardness, strength (of materials) 11879 PWMP *tuqa₃ hardness, strength (of materials)
11880 Note: Some reflexes of this form are hard to distinguish from those of with PAn *tuqaS ‘old (of people)’, PMP *tuqah ‘old (of people), mature (as fruit)’.
28522 5649 30783 *tuqaS old, of people; primary forest, old forest 8505 PAN *tuqaS old, of people; primary forest, old forest
8506 PMP *tuqah old, of people; mature, as fruit
8507 PWMP *ka-tuqah surpassing in age (?)
11752 8508 PMP *ma-tuqah old, of people; very, extremely; to die, dead (euphemism)
8509 POC *matuqa old, older person, elder; old stand forest
8510 PWMP *ka-tuqah-an adulthood, maturity; old age
8511 PWMP *t<um>uqah (gloss uncertain)
8512 PAN *tuqaS tuqaS older people, elders
8513 PMP *tuqah tuqah older people, elders
8514 PAN *ma-tuqaS tuqaS old, elder, senior
Note: Also Tarakan taun (< met.?) ‘forest, jungle’, Maloh toan ‘jungle’, Singhi Land Dayak tuan ‘old forest, old jungle’. Thao mashi-tuqash probably is a Bunun loan, and Chamorro matua probably was matuʔa, but was lost with the hispanization of Chamorro culture before phonetically accurate transcriptions became available.
Dempwolff reconstructed a version of this term with the meaning ‘old’, but the semantics of *tuqaS and its derivative *ma-tuqaS appear far more complex than this. With regard to *tuqaS, a connection between Thao tuqash ‘primary forest, with large trees; wilderness’ and various kin terms based on the same base was previously overlooked. However, Muna ka-tugha means ‘forest, jungle’, the gloss for Asilulu matua includes ‘very old, of huge trees’, and that for Samoan matua includes ‘(of bush, forest) be dense, thick’. These agreements between widely separated languages, together with the Tarakan, Maloh and Singhi Land Dayak terms cited above (< *tuqaS-an?) suggest that one component of the meaning of PAn *tuqaS was ‘old growth forest; old, of forest’.
A related sense of ‘ripe, mature’ applies to fruit in languages reaching from western Borneo to Polynesia, and is extended to the meaning ‘mature, of persons, adult’ over much the same area. The meaning of PMP *ma-tuqah appears to have been primarily stative, but reflexes meaning ‘parent-in-law’ in western Indonesia, ‘mother’s brother’ in Oceanic languages and both ‘father-in-law’ and ‘mother’s brother’ in Central-Malayo-Polynesian languages such as Manggarai, support an inference that this affixed form also served as a key element uniting consanguineal and affinal kin terms, and in doing so implied the existence of a PMP system of preferred matrilateral cross-cousin marriage, or asymmetric exchange (cf. Blust 1980a, 1993 for details).
*t
Formosan Kavalan
-ta ours (inclusive); 1pl. incl. genitive pronoun
Pazeh
ta- we (inclusive, genitive, hortative)
Puyuma
-ta 1pl. incl. genitive pronoun, our
Paiwan
ta- our, we (inclusive)
WMP Yami
ta we (genitive case, inclusive)
Itbayaten
ta our (inclusive)
Ibatan
ta first person plural inclusive genitive or possessive pronoun
Isneg
ta we two, you and I; replaces the first person singular of the possessives when followed by a personal pronoun of the second person
Itawis
ta we, 1+2 person singular nominative and genitive pronoun
Bontok
ta first and second person minimal pronoun; you (singular) and I; your (singular) and my; our
Kankanaey
ta we two, we both, you and I; our
Ifugaw
ta dual pronominal enclitic, I and you; independent form
Ifugaw (Batad)
ta we two
Ibaloy
ta first person dual: we two, you and I
Bikol
ta we, by us; ni class first person plural inclusive pronoun
Hanunóo
ta we (inclusive); apheretic, literary form of kitá
Agutaynen
ta our; us; we
Cebuano
ta 1pl. incl. in certain constructions when followed by a second person pronoun
ta ka, ta ikaw, ta kamu I will (do) to you, you are my (noun)
Central Tagbanwa
ta first person plural inclusive pronoun, genitive, used as nonfocused participant in verbal clauses and as possessive pronoun in possessive noun phrases where the pronoun follows the possessed noun, all of our
Maranao
ta we, us
Binukid
ta second person dual nontopic pronoun: we (you and I/me); our
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
ta first person dual pronoun, nontopic
Mansaka
ta first person plural inclusive topic pronoun
Mapun
ta first person dual non-focus pronoun inclusive of speaker and hearer only: we (dual), our (dual)
Simalur
-ta possessive suffix, our (incl.)
Karo Batak
ta 1pl. incl. possessive pronoun, our
Toba Batak
ta 1pl. incl. possessive suffix, our
Tontemboan
ta 1pl. incl. suffix
Banggai
ta- we (incl.)
Bare'e
ta prefixed and suffixed form of the 1pl. incl. pronoun
Muna
ta- 1pl. excl. (realis and irrealis) subject prefix
OC Lau
-ga we, us (1pl. incl., suffixed to some nouns and prepositions)
Arosi
ga first person plural pronoun, usually possessive, we, us, our’s
Raga
-da 1pl. incl. possessive suffix
Wayan
-da formative in pronouns; marks first person inclusive of addressee, and occurs only after possessive marker and dual and paucal number-marking prefixes in the possessive pronouns
Formosan Seediq
ta 1pl. incl. enclitic pronoun
Pazeh
ta we (inclusive, hortative)
Puyuma
ta- bound pronoun, 1pl incl. nominative, we
Paiwan
tja- our, we (inclusive)
WMP Yami
ta we (nominative case, inclusive); hortative
Ibatan
ta first person plural inclusive nominative pronoun
Ilokano
-ta first person dual pronoun, you and I (hortative)
Pangasinan
ta we two (topic pronoun; includes only speaker and single addressee)
CMP Manggarai
ta 1pl. incl. hortative pronoun
OC Tawala
ta we (incl.)
Fijian
da 1pl. incl. pronoun, we (used under government of certain conjunctions); hortative
CMP Anakalangu
ta at
OC Mussau
ta preposition: for (benefactive)
Tolai
ta preposition of location: in, at, on, from, by
Babatana
ta preposition of location: in, at, on, from, by
Roviana
ta preposition marking possession
Nggela
ta preposition of location: from, with
Mota
ta preposition: from (a place)
Raga
ta preposition: from (a place)
WMP Tagalog
ta-pilók to stumble or trip, thereby causing one to twist or sprain the foot or ankle (pilók ‘twisted, referring to arm, ankle or foot’)
Iban
te-pilok sprained, laimed (pilok ‘crooked, twisted, lame, as a foot’)
CMP Kambera
ta- prefix on non-intentional, accidental, sudden or unexpected intransitive verbs
OC Lakalai
ta- prefix marking action that takes place of its own accord (gole ‘to pluck leaves’ : ta-gole ‘to fall off, of a tree branch’)
Nggela
ta- intransitive verb prefix marking action that takes place without an agent
Arosi
a- a prefix of spontaneity
Wayan
ta- prefix that derives a stative verb marking an action or process that comes about accidentally or spontaneously, without a wilful agent
Fijian
ta- prefix to verb indicating spontaneity (sere ‘untie’ : ta-sere ‘come untied by itself’)
WMP Central Tagbanwa
ta particle of emphasis, marks a peak or an abrupt transition in a discourse
Kadazan Dusun
ta particle used to express admiration, etc. (marks intensity or enthusiasm)
Old Javanese
ta emphatic particle
Balinese
ta an emphasizing particle
OC Manam
taba-i to reward; sacrifice
Bugotu
taba to pay; wages; reward; price
Nggela
tamba to hire, pay wages; wages, pay; a reward, prize in a race
OC Nggela
ta-tamba a part, division, portion
'Āre'āre
apa-apa side, part, portion, half
ana apa mai on this side
Arosi
aba the half, a part, side, portion, chapter; the slope of a hill, one side of a ridge
Gilbertese
taba sides, edges of passage; to deviate, go sideways
Rarotongan
tapa the margin, the edge, fringe, border of anything; the brink or edge, as of a cliff; a piece, portion or slice of anything
Maori
tapa margin, edge
Hawaiian
kapa edge, border, boundary; side, as of a road
WMP Nias
ma-naba to cut off, shorten (as payment); to slaughter (by slitting the throat)
s<in>aba a portion that is cut off
OC Fijian
tava to cut with a knife, as meat from a carcass
Tongan
tafa to cut into portions with a knife, carve up (e.g. a cooked pig or turtle); to lance, cut open (a boil, etc.)
WMP Tagalog
tabád venesection, process of bloodletting
OC Sa'a
aha to cut, to score, to notch, to mark by incising
Samoan
tafa (of boil, abscess, etc.) cut open, incise
WMP Pangasinan
tabák a large and long variety of bolo (machete)
Tagalog
tabák cutlass; a kind of bolo or large knife
Aklanon
tabák swordlike beak (of a swordfish); long pin, hat pin
WMP Mongondow
mo-nabak pound sago
to-tabak kind of hammer used to pound sago out of the sago palm
Tae'
tambak clean something by pounding it
Proto-South Sulawesi
*ta(m)bak to hit, pound
OC Bola
tabala side of the head
Arosi
aba half, part, side
Chuukese
sap face (in a given direction); change direction
Puluwat
hap cheek; fish gill
Woleaian
tap(a) cheek, face
Formosan Kavalan
taban head trophy
Amis
tafad a disembodied head gotten in headhunting or war
WMP Tagalog
t<um>ában to hold onto; to hold something to keep it or oneself from falling
Bikol
mag-tában to kidnap or abduct a woman; to carry a woman off (of a man)
Aklanon
tában snatch with one’s jaws (like a dog stealing food)
Agutaynen
mag-taban-an to elope
taban-en to carry away wrongfully or forcefully; snatch or grab by the mouth, as an animal stealing food
Hiligaynon
mag-tában to run away with, to take away, to elope
Cebuano
tában elope
Maranao
taban win, winnings; beat
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
tavan spoils of war, loot
Mansaka
taban to plunder
Tiruray
taban the spoils or winnings; to win in fighting or betting
Mapun
taban to snatch; grab at something
Lun Dayeh
taban a kidnapping, an abduction; a person who was caught during a headhunting raid and taken back by the person who caught him/her and made a slave
naban to kidnap, abduct, take or carry away without the owner’s permission
Kelabit
taban running away with someone or something, kidnapping, elopement
Melanau (Mukah)
taban to seize, grasp, hold
pə-taban hold onto something
Ngaju Dayak
tawan be captured
tawan-an what is captured (prisoners in war, a crocodile, a snake)
Malagasy (Provincial)
tavana prisoners of war
Iban
taban carry off, carry along, i.e. without leave (and so liable to fine), but with no intention of theft, and not by force; abscond or elope with, i.e. without consent of parents or tuai rumah (head of longhouse)
Malay
tawan taking captive
Acehnese
tawan take captive, make a war captive, take as booty
Karo Batak
er-taban capture something or someone, make someone a war captive
Dairi-Pakpak Batak
taban what is plundered, looted or taken captive
Toba Batak
taban booty
par-taban one who captures or plunders, plunderer
tar-taban be captured, be taken captive
Old Javanese
tawan what is carried off, booty, a captive
Balinese
taban catch and keep an animal that has strayed onto your land until it is redeemed by its owner
Sasak
taban booty; to loot, take as booty
taban sesato the confiscation of another person’s cattle that have strayed into one’s fields and caused damage
Proto-Bungku-Tolaki
*tawaN to capture
WMP Agutaynen
ma-naban to elope
Kelabit
naban run away with, kidnap, elope
Ngaju Dayak
ma-nawan to catch, capture
Malay
me-nawan to conquer, subdue, lead into captivity
Balinese
naban catch and keep an animal that has strayed onto your land until it is redeemed by its owner
ta-taban-an an animal so retained
WMP Tagalog
mag-tában hold onto something with one’s hand or hands
Bikol
mag-tában kidnap or abduct a woman; carry a woman off
Agutaynen
mag-taban to carry away wrongfully or forcefully; snatch or grab by the mouth, as an animal stealing food
Hiligaynon
mag-tában run away with, take away, elope
Cebuano
mag-tában to elope
Tausug
mag-taban to capture property, loot, plunder; (usually for many people) to strive to get a share of something
Dairi-Pakpak Batak
mer-taban fall into the hands of someone through plunder; capture someone from his village in a raid
Toba Batak
mar-taban to capture; plunder
WMP Agutaynen
t<in>aban be snatched or carried away wrongfully (as a fish by a hungry cat)
Tiruray
t<en>aban-an one who is defeated
Old Javanese
t<in>awan to carry off as captive or booty, to loot
WMP Tagalog
tabán-an to hold onto; to hold something to keep it or oneself from falling
Javanese
tawan-an an enemy captive, prisoner of war
Sasak
taban-an cattle confiscated from another person as compensation for damage caused by them wandering into one’s fields
WMP Bikol
tabán-on be kidnapped or abducted
Hiligaynon
tabán-on be carried off, taken away, as in elopement
Lun Dayeh
teban-en will be taken away without the owner’s permission
Kelabit
teban-en be kidnapped, be carried off
Malay
tawan-an prisoner; conquest
Karo Batak
taban-en booty, loot, war captive
Dairi-Pakpak Batak
taban-en war captive
WMP Bikol
ka-tábaŋ aide, assistant, helper; maid, servant
mag-tábaŋ to help one another; to work together; to collaborate, cooperate
ma-t<in>ábaŋ helpful, cooperative
mag-tabáŋ-an to aid, assist, help; to relieve; to chip in
Aklanon
tábaŋ to help, assist
pa-nábaŋ prayer (imploring divine help or favor)
Cebuano
tábaŋ help, give a hand
Maranao
tabaŋ help, contribution, relief, aid, support, cooperate
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
tavaŋ aid or help of any kind; to help; to render aid; to go and get something which has fallen
Ida'an Begak
tabaŋ help
mə-nabaŋ to help
Proto-Minahasan
*tabaŋ to help
Tontemboan
tawaŋ foster child; servant; helper
t<um>awaŋ to help
OC Proto-Micronesian
*tapatapa, *tapaŋ-i help, support, aid, benefit
WMP Tboli
tawal a potent medicine used to remove the poison of snakebites
Kayan
tavah manufactured medicine
Punan Tuvu'
tabah medicine
Iban
tabar tasteless, insipid, unseasoned
aiʔ tabar fresh water
Malay
tawar without flavor or distinctive character, in two senses: 1. tasteless, 2. innocuous
ayer tawar fresh water, in contrast to salt
tawar hati to lose heart
Toba Batak
tabar tasteless, insipid
Old Javanese
tawa powerless, weak, inefficacious, harmless
japa tawa a formula to make poison, etc. harmless
bañu tawa fresh (tasteless) water
Balinese
tabah insipid, tasteless, watery (of food); unfeeling; insensitive
Mongondow
mo-tambag tasteless, insipid; diluted, thinned out; powerless
Makassarese
tambaraʔ antidote
WMP Ilokano
tabás kind of machete used to cut grass
pa-nabás pa-nabás
tabas-án to clear an area of grass
tabas-én to cut grass, trim
Itawis
tabás long machete or bolo
Casiguran Dumagat
tabás to cut down, to lop off (excess plant growth or branches, by hacking with a bolo)
Ayta Abellan
tabah to cut grass
Tagalog
tabás cut down; lopped off
t<um>abás to chop; to cut down; to lop off (branches, excess growth, etc.)
Hanunóo
tábas cutting down, clearing underbrush and small trees as in preparing a kaiŋin
Central Tagbanwa
tabas to prune, to mow, to cut down excess growth
Maranao
tabas Maranao bolo
Binukid
tabas to cut through something flat
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
tavas a scimitar
Balinese
nabas to chop, cleave, hack (wood), chop til level
Sasak
tabas cut, level or smooth, cut off the top
Banggai
man-tabas to hack, cut; murder
Wolio
tabas-i to clear for cultivation, reclaim land
WMP Ilokano
tábas style; cut; pattern; outline; form; look
ma-tábas to be cut following a pattern (clothes)
mag-tabás-an cloth cuttings
tabás-en to cut a garment using a pattern
Casiguran Dumagat
tábas to cut cloth
Ibaloy
tabas trimmings, remnant, that remaining of something (as piece of cloth, galvanized sheeting) after the desirable piece has been removed; the “cut” of a person, i.e. his nature, characteristics
Pangasinan
tábas cut (of dress, etc.), style
Sambal (Botolan)
tábah to cut cloth
Tagalog
tábas cut; style of apparel
i-tábas to use something for cutting out a dress, etc., according to a pattern
ma-tábas to be able to cut out; to be cut out
mag-tábas to cut out cloth according to a pattern
Bikol
tábas cut or style of clothes; pattern
tabás-on to cut material for clothes; to style, fashion
an t<in>ábas remnants of cloth
Aklanon
tábas to cut into shape, tailor
pa-nábas cut or style of clothing
pa-tábas to have tailor-made, bring to a tailor
t<in>ábas rags; clothing scraps
Agutaynen
mag-tabat to cut something, as material
s<in>abat that which was cut, leftover material or scraps
tabat-en to cut something, as material
Hiligaynon
mag-tábas to sew, to cut cloth
Cebuano
tábas cut lengthwise or through something flat; make a dress
Maranao
tabas to cut with scissors
tabas-aʔ board for cutting
Mansaka
tabas to cut a pattern (for clothes)
Mapun
tabas to cut cloth (according to a pattern or measurement in order to make a garment)
tabas-an garments that need to be cut out of cloth
tabas-tabas cloth scraps; the leftover pieces of cloth after cutting out a garment
Ida'an Begak
tabas cut pattern out of cloth
WMP Yami
tavalay type of plant: small gourd
Itbayaten
tavayay white squash (edible); its fruit (except rind and matured seed) is eaten
Ivatan
tavayay a shell of mature white squash hollowed out and used for carrying water (Maree and Tomas 2012)
Ibatan
tavayay a common gourd, upo: Lagenaria leucantha
Bikol
tabáyag elongated green squash with white flesh
Hanunóo
tabáyag lime container made from a gourd
Cebuano
tabáyag kind of edible squash, round in shape with a knob-like protrusion at the top; the shell becomes hard when mature and is used as a container: Lagenaria leucantha var.
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
tevayag common gourd or upo: Lagenaria leucantha
OC Tolai
tabe hold something so that someone else will not take it, take something from the hands of another
Nggela
tambe to take hold, grasp, seize
Arosi
abe carry something against the chest, as firewood
Wayan
tabe hold or carry a burden in the extended arms, esp. resting on both palms extended horizontally in front, as a tray (it is polite to hold a gift in this manner when presenting it)
Fijian
tabe hold or carry with the hands under
i-tabe a small oval basket without handles
tabe-tabe the bringing of food in this basket
vaka-tabe-tabe-a to test the weight of something in the hands; to life a boat out of shallow water
Tongan
tape shallow basket
WMP Tiruray
tambeŋ stop a small flow of water by setting an impediment
Balinese
tambeŋ obstruct, block; be obstinate
tabeŋ stopper, cork
Sasak
tabəŋ to dam off
WMP Tagalog
tabíŋ curtain; screen; a covered frame that hides, protects, or separates; veil; anything that screens or hides
Javanese
taweŋ a cover
di-taweŋ-i covered, removed from view (Pigeaud 1938)
WMP Yami
tava fat, grease
Itbayaten
tava fat (organic substance); fatness; fatty portion of meat
ka-tava state of being fat
mat-tava fatter
Ibatan
taba fat of the body, substance from animals or plants used for cooking
Ilokano
tabá adipose tissue, fat; grease; bacon; cream
na-tabá fatty; greasy; fertile (soil)
pa-naba manure
Isneg
tabā fat, adipose tissue
Itawis
tabá fat (substance)
Bontok
tabá to become fat; fatness
Ifugaw
tabá fat, grease
Ifugaw (Batad)
taba animal fat, of the body fat of an animal or person; rendered lard of an animal; coconut meat
Ibaloy
taba fat on a living animal or person
Pangasinan
tabá fat, grease or oil for cooking; fatness, health; become fat
Kapampangan
tabáʔ fat, lard, grease, butter
paka-tabáʔ fertilizer
Tagalog
tabáʔ fat; a white or yellow oily substance formed in the body of animals; lard; grease; soft animal fat; fatness; obesity
Bikol
tabáʔ fat
Aklanon
tabáʔ fat, stout, plump
Cebuano
tábaʔ pork fat
Binukid
tábaʔ fat, lard
Mansaka
tábaʔ fat, adipose tissue; to become fat
Klata
towoʔ fat
Mapun
tabaʔ the fat on any kind of meat or fish
tabaʔ-an delicious
Malagasy
tavi fatness, corpulency
Karo Batak
n-tabeh delicious, of taste; fat, of meat; strong, of tobacco
tabeh-tabeh the fat of the intestines
Toba Batak
tabo delicious, tasty
tabo-tabo fat (on meat), grease
Proto-Minahasan
*tabaʔ fat (on animal body)
Tonsea
tawaʔ fat, grease
Mori Atas
taba fat
Wolio
taba fat
Bonerate
taɓa fat, grease
Muna
tabha fat, grease; corpulent
WMP Tagalog
ka-tabaʔ-án corpulence; fatness; obesity;stoutness; richness; abundant condition, as of soil
Malagasy
ha-tavéz-ana fatness
WMP Yami
ma-tava very fat (as a pig)
Itbayaten
ma-tava fat, stout, obese
Itawis
ma-tabá be fat, stout
Ifugaw (Batad)
ma-taba fat, of a person or animal
Ibaloy
ma-teba fat, stout, chubby
Kapampangan
ma-tabáʔ to be fat
Tagalog
ma-tabáʔ to be fat, fleshy
Bikol
ma-tabáʔ to be fat, chubby, corpulent; rich, fertile
Binukid
ma-tábaʔ fatty, greasy
Mapun
ma-tabaʔ to make something delicious
Malagasy
ma-tavi fat, corpulent (Formosan only)
Formosan Kavalan
tabi a plough
t<m>abi to till the land
Seediq
tabe plough; a very simple tool made of a stake (now iron-shod), inserted at a 60 degree angle into a long wooden frame pulled by a buffalo or a man
tbi-an arable
WMP Hanunóo
támbid hanging, as of a bamboo container from the rafters of a house
Aklanon
tabíd attach, join
Hiligaynon
tabíd link together with a rope or string, attach to
Iban
tambit fastening; latch, button
WMP Ilokano
tabíd to twist thread
Cebuano
tabíd braid the hair
Mansaka
tabid to twist (as rope); to wring
Tausug
tabid twisted, not straight, out of shape
t<um>abid to twist or wring something; to wring the water out of something
tabid-tabid a rope-shaped confection made of flour or pounded cassava
Ida'an Begak
tabid to hold and twist
WMP Ilokano
tábiŋ screen; curtain; wall cloth
tabíŋ-an to screen, provide with a divider
Tagalog
tábiŋ curtain; screen; a covered frame that hides, protects, or separates; veil; anything that screens or hides (as a veil of clouds); shade; something that shuts out light
mag-tábiŋ to screen; to shelter, protect, or hide with a screen
Old Javanese
tawiŋ wall, partition, screen, curtain
a-nawiŋ to hide behind a wall (partition) in order to overhear or spy
Javanese
tawiŋ shield, cover, esp. as protection against the elements
nawiŋ to protect, shield
Balinese
tabiŋ loose cover over the ridge of a roof; a partition
OC Manam
tabira dish, bowl, plate
Gedaged
tabiz a wooden bowl; plate
Arosi
abira a basket made of coconut leaf
Bauro
abira food bowl
Proto-Micronesian
*tapia bowl; constellation Delphinus
Mokilese
japi wooden bowl
Puluwat
hápiy bowl, calabash, wash basin, plate, dish
hápiyá-n mwéngé food bowl
Woleaian
tapiya bowl, dish; the Delphinus star
WMP Itbayaten
tabtab hacking
Ibatan
tabtab to hack something with a bolo or axe
Ilokano
i-tabtáb to remove from the edge, trim
Casiguran Dumagat
tabtab to chop, to trim with a bolo (as to trim the sides of a rice paddy dyke by chopping the edges with a bolo, or to chop the rib bones of an animal when butchering it
Kapampangan
tabtab cutting (sugarcane)
Tagalog
tabtáb the act of hewing or trimming wood, stone, etc.
Bikol
mag-tabtáb to cut bamboo or rattan, to cut the fins of fish, the wings of fowl
Aklanon
tábtab to chop, cut (up)
Cebuano
tabtáb hack something off with several blows
Toba Batak
ma-naptap to wash clothes (by pounding on a rock by the river)
Old Javanese
a-natab to knock on
t<in>atab was knocked on
Javanese
ke-tatab to bump into/against inadvertently
natab to bump into, collide with
Proto-Minahasan
*tabtab chop through, cut off
WMP Itbayaten
tabtab-an to cut, to slash
Ilokano
tabtab-án to hollow out boards for putting rungs of stairs in them when making a ladder
Kapampangan
tabtab-an to chop off
Formosan Kavalan
tabtab to eat and make noise like a pig or dog
Thao
taftaf make a loud slurping noise in eating, like a pig
WMP Ibaloy
tabtab to eat voraciously, wolf down, gulp down, devour, eat one’s food with fervor --- esp. of animals (as pigs), but also figuratively of people
WMP Malay
tabur scattering; sowing; diffusion over a surface
Mongondow
tabud strew, scatter seed
Formosan Kavalan
tbukul casting net
tabukul to fish with a casting net
t<m>abukul to fish with a casting net
Puyuma
tabukul fishing net; web (for some men kariɖ and tabukul are used in the sea; tiɭuɁ is used in the mountains; the tabukul is a casting net)
WMP Ilokano
tabúkol round net with cord at the center and lead sinkers around the circumference
ma-tabukul-an to be caught in a net (fish)
tabukol-an to cast a net
Ibaloy
tabokol cast net, throw net; fishing net that is thrown and pulled back, closing the mouth of the net and trapping the fish
WMP Ilokano
tábon a kind of bird
Bikol
tabón bird species which buries its eggs deep in the sand
Cebuano
tábun small white heron often found perching on the backs of water buffaloes, eating insects
Mansaka
tabon kind of bird that when laying an egg digs a hole in the ground and lays its egg in the hole
Tausug
tabun a type of quail a little smaller than a chicken, which lays eggs in sandy holes it digs
WMP Itbayaten
tavon cover, covering
ma-navon to cover (with soil, sand, gravel, ashes)
Ilokano
tábon burial
ag-tábon to be buried; to set (sun)
i-tábon to bury, inter
maki-tábon to attend a funeral
Bontok
tábun to hide
Casiguran Dumagat
tábun to fill in soil in a low place in the earth
Pangasinan
maŋi-tabón to bury
Kapampangan
tábun dam
Tagalog
tábon a heap used for filling up a hole; a dyke of earth between fishponds
Bikol
mag-tambón to cover with soil
Hanunóo
tábun cover, covering, as of the heavy stitching over the closed portions of the seams in a man’s shirt
Cebuano
tábun cover something to protect or conceal it; cover up for someone’s mistakes
Maranao
tambon to cover (as with sand)
Mansaka
tabon to cover
Kelabit
tabun a heap or pile; covered by something that is heaped up; a heap of dead grass used by snakes to make a nest
nabun to heap up, pile up
Punan Tuvu'
tavun shut, closed
navun to shut, close
Melanau (Mukah)
tabun a cover, lid
mə-nabun to cover
Malay
tambun heaping up, piling up
Balinese
tambun to heap up, pack together (things and people)
Sasak
tambun a heap, pile (of sand, stones, etc.); to heap up, pile up
Proto-Sangiric
*tambun heap; to cover with earth
Bare'e
mon-tambu throw something onto something else, as earth onto something
Proto-South Sulawesi
*tambun heap, pile
Makassarese
tambuŋ heap, pile
CMP Manggarai
tambuŋ to heap, fill up, as a grave with stones; to pile up
OC Motu
tahuni-a to cover with earth
Arosi
ahu to bury; a pile, heap of firewood, mound of earth
Mota
tavun to bury, conceal
WMP Itbayaten
tavon-an to cover with soil (in planting yams)
Ilokano
tabón-an to embank; fill with earth
Pangasinan
tabon-án to cover
Kapampangan
tabún-an to dam up, stop up, barricade
OC Nauna
tapun don’t!
Penchal
rapun don’t!
Wuvulu
apuna don’t!
Aua
apuna don’t!
Tanga
tabun ritually restricted (used in reference to the immediate environs of a funeral house of a certain clan --- only members of that clan may walk on this ground)
Bauro
apuna don’t!
WMP Ngaju Dayak
tabuni placenta, afterbirth
ma-nabuni take the afterbirth away
Malagasy
tavóni the afterbirth, the placenta
Malay
tembuni placenta
Pendau
tauni placenta
Kulisusu
towuni placenta, afterbirth
CMP Waiyewa
tawuni afterbirth, placenta
Anakalangu
tabuni afterbirth, placenta
Kambera
tambini afterbirth, placenta
tawini afterbirth, placenta
OC Kwaio
afuni placenta; in pagan childbirth must be buried under mother’s bed in childbirth hut to avoid supernatural danger to her
Arosi
ahuni to bury, cover, conceal, hide
WMP Toba Batak
mar-tabuni to hide oneself
ma-nabuni-hon to hide, conceal, bury
Petapa Taje
me-tambuni to hide
WMP Tboli
taboŋ galag a plant: Ixora bartlingii Elm., Rubiaceae
Malay
taboŋ buŋa flowering plants: Ixora opaca, Ixora pendula
WMP Yami
tavo to get water
Itbayaten
tavo scooping out (liquid)
ma-navo to scoop out liquid
ta-tavo scooper (as dipper), dipper made of coconut shell
Ilokano
tábo scoop (originally made of bamboo)
Sambal (Botolan)
i-táboʔ to dip out; a dipper
Tagalog
táboʔ scoop or dipper made from coconut shell; any empty can used as a scoop or dipper; mug (in some areas) a drinking vessel made from coconut shell
Bikol
táboʔ water dipper (traditionally made from half a coconut shell)
Central Tagbanwa
ma-navo to draw water from a spring or well
t<ar>avo-an a public water well
Malagasy
tavo pumpkin
Toba Batak
tabu pumpkin, gourd
tabu-tabu bottle gourd used as a rice container
Bare'e
tambu a pointed bucket made of leaf sheaths of the sago palm, used to scoop up water for the washing out of sago flour
Proto-Bungku-Tolaki
*tambu to scoop, dip
Moronene
mon-tambu to draw water
OC Mota
tav to dip and take up water in a vessel
WMP Isneg
tabówān a kind of large, reddish bee whose young are edible and whose nest resembles a coconut or a bow net, that is situated at the base of a tree or dangles from its branches; in this nest it constructs each year one platelike, honeyless cake, one above another
Mapun
tabuwan hornet; a large black and yellow wasp with a painful sting
Yakan
tabuʔan a bee-like insect; it is large and black with brownish wings, and makes round nests of dirt on trees; its sting hurts very much
Iban
tebuan tree hornet
Bahasa Indonesia
tabuhan large wasp that usually nests in trees
Old Javanese
tawwan ~ tawon bee
Javanese
tawon bee, wasp
nawon bee-like, wasp-like
nawon kemit wasp-waisted
t<um>awon humming like a swarm of bees (said of a busy marketplace)
Balinese
tabuwan hornet; several different kinds are distinguished
Sasak
tabuan kind of wasp with yellow thorax
Bare'e
tambua kind of wasp
Tae'
tabuan kind of wasp that makes its nest in dry wood
tabuan balo wasp with thin midsection and yellow stripes around the body, with a venomous sting
Wolio
towua wasp, sp.
CMP Lamaholot
təwuã wasp
Kambera
tawuaŋu ~ tawoŋu large wasp sp.
WMP Iban
tabur sprinkle, scatter, sow broadcast (as seed rice in planting)
Malay
tabur scattering; sowing; diffusion over a surface (of sowing seed, of scattering flowers over a passing hero, of the stars scattered over the sky, etc.
Toba Batak
tabur sprinked, speckled, spotted (as the sky sprinkled with stars)
Javanese
tawur small coins ceremonially distributed among the poor
Sasak
tabur to strew, scatter (seed)
Proto-South Sulawesi
*tabu(ɣ) to sow, scatter
OC Roviana
taburu to throw about, scatter, as grain
WMP Casiguran Dumagat
tabúg a type of game drive where game is driven by dogs towards where men are waiting in ambush
Sambal (Botolan)
tabóy to drive or chase away
Ayta Abellan
taboy to chase or drive away
Aklanon
tábog to shoo, scare away
tabóg something used to shoo away (flies)
tábog to shoo, scare away
tabóg something used to shoo away (flies)
Hiligaynon
mag-tábug to drive away, using arm gestures
Palawano
tabug to repulse, drive away
Cebuano
tábug to drive or send away (as a pig in the garden); throw something away to dispose of it
tábug to drive, send away (as a pig that has gotten into one’s yard)
Maranao
taog to deport, exile
Mansaka
tabug to return to its customary place of living, as bees or people (after being driven off or dispersed)
WMP Tiruray
temburi a shell trumpet; to blow the temburi
CMP Selaru
fturi <M triton shell
Manusela
tahuni trumpet
Kamarian
tahuri trumpet shell
Alune
tabuli conch shell trumpet
Asilulu
tahuli conch shell (Strombus spp.); conch shell trumpet
Nusa Laut
ʔahul-ljo conch shell trumpet
Soboyo
tafuhi shell, blown to call up the wind when a canoe is launched on a voyage
SHWNG Kowiai/Koiwai
tafur triton shell
OC Nauna
tahuy conch shell trumpet
Penchal
rahuy conch shell trumpet
Pak
dohu conch shell trumpet
Loniu
tah conch shell trumpet
Nali
drah conch shell trumpet
Ahus
nhah conch shell trumpet
Kuruti
droh conch shell trumpet
Likum
cah conch shell trumpet
Sori
dap conch shell trumpet
Wuvulu
avui conch shell trumpet
Yapese
yabul type of conch shell; horn, trumpet, siren
Mendak
tau conch shell trumpet
Tolai
tauru <A conch shell, Strombus epidromus, and other varieties
Vitu
tavure conch shell (blown to signal new arrivals, danger, etc.)
Lusi
tavur shell trumpet
Kairiru
tour conch shell
Wogeo
taur conch shell trumpet
Manam
tauru <A conch shell trumpet
Gedaged
tauz kind of mollusk, triton
Takia
toul conch shell trumpet
Gitua
tavure kind of shell, particular the Pacific trumpet shell, but includes other Cymatiidae species and Bursidae species
Kilivila
tauya triton
Bugotu
tavuli conch shell used as trumpet
Nggela
tavuli species of mollusc, gastropod, Charonia tritonis; a trumpet; the sound of a trumpet
Sa'a
ähuri conch shell, triton, blown at the end, used to summon people
Arosi
ahuri conch, usually a Triton shell blown at the side; blown only on solemn occasions, e.g. at a death, or at feasts
Proto-Micronesian
*tawui triton or trumpet shell
Pohnpeian
sewi conch shell, conch shell trumpet
Mokilese
jowi conch shell
Chuukese
sewi triton shell; trumpet made from triton shell
Puluwat
hawi conch trumpet
Woleaian
tawii conch shell trumpet
Sonsorol-Tobi
taui conch shell
Sye
n/tovu conch
Wayan
tavui gastropod shellfish taxon; Pacific (or Triton’s) trumpet, Charonia tritonis, used as a horn; the shell of these animals
Fijian
davui a large univalve shellfish, the trumpet shell or Triton, used as a horn or trumpet, chiefly on canoes
WMP Palauan
dəbusəʔ conch shell; sound of conch shell; horn
CMP Watubela
tuwulik conch shell
OC Kaiwa
tavulk Triton shell (Ross 1988:147)
OC Ali
tapu-ŋ young drinking coconut
Gumawana
tabo flesh inside a coconut that has sprouted
Dobuan
tabʷa(-anuwa) coconut sprouted
Anejom
na-tpʷa(-nean) spongy mass inside a coconut that has started to shoot
WMP Iban
tada natural spur of a cock
Simalur
tara artificial cockspur
Mentawai
tara cockspur
Proto-Sangiric
*tada cockspur
Bare'e
tara-manu cockspur
Tae'
tara natural cockspur
buku tara anklebone
Buginese
tara-manuʔ cockspur
CMP Bimanese
tara cockspur
Kambera
tara thorn, spine, pandanus leaf
OC Duke of York
ta-tada to look or face upwards
Manam
tada to look up
tádal-i to look up to somebody, something
Gedaged
tad to look (upwards)
Gitua
tada supine
Nehan
tad up, upward direction
Cheke Holo
tada look up, turn face upwards
Bugotu
tada to look up; up
rei tada to lift up the eyes
va-tada raise up, set up, turn right way up; set one’s shield against the enemy
Nggela
tanda up, upwards; face up
tandal-agi to put face up
tanda-tanda face up; to look up (Formosan only)
Formosan Pazeh
tadaw knife (for fighting, hunting)
Puyuma
taɖaw a large knife, single-edged knife with a wooden handle
WMP Sambal (Botolan)
talék a dance; to dance
Ayta Abellan
talek a dance; to dance
Tagalog
pag-talík the artistic movement of the hands, as in folk dancing
Bikol
mag-tarók to dance
Central Tagbanwa
talɨk a dance
WMP Maranao
tadem memory; recollect, remember
Malagasy
tándrina remembered
OC Mussau
tara to look
Tigak
tara ~ tara-i to see
Manam
tada to look up
tádal-i to look up to somebody, something
Nehan
tad(a) up, upward direction
tada-kai to look up to, respect
Bugotu
tada to look up; up
va-tada to raise up, set up, turn right way up; to set one’s shield against an enemy
Nggela
tanda up, upwards
tandal-agi to put face up
tanda-tanda face up; to look up
Lau
ada to see, to look
ada alā to look up, etc.
Arosi
aada to look up, raise the eyes
aadaʔ-i look up to
WMP Ilokano
tadtád to chop up, mince
ma-tadtád to be cut into pieces
Ifugaw (Batad)
tadtád for someone to slash down a slender-stalked plant or tree, especially sugarcane, with a single slash using a bolo; for someone to chop meat into small pieces for cooking
Casiguran Dumagat
tadtád to chop up; to mince (meat); to chop into pieces the limbs of trees which have been felled in a new swidden field (in preparation for burning the field)
Ibaloy
tadtad act of cutting up meat into small pieces; deadfall trap: trap for large animals in which a heavy weight is arranged to fall on and kill or disable the prey
Kapampangan
ta-tadtad chop up
Tagalog
tadtád chopped to pieces; minced
pa-nadtád chopping or mincing knife
t<um>adtád to hack; to chop roughly into small pieces (for meat, vegetables, etc.)
Bikol
tadtád chopped, minced; riddled, cut in many places; tattoo
mag-tadtád to chop, mince
Romblomanon
tadtad something is cut into pieces by someone
Masbatenyo
mag-tadtád to chop
pag-tadtád chopping
tadtád-an chopping board
Aklanon
tádtad to hack, hit repeatedly with a blade
Waray-Waray
tadtád ~ pag-tadtád the act of cutting or chopping something into smaller pieces
Hiligaynon
tádtad to chop (as meat); to mutilate
Maranao
tatad hack into pieces, chop into bits
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
tadtad to chop up, as of vegetables
Sangir
tətadəʔ to mince, chop fine
Wolio
tatar-i chop up finely
WMP Ilokano
t<in>adtád minced meat, chopped up fish, etc.
Casiguran Dumagat
t<in>adtád was chopped up by someone
Ibaloy
t<in>adtad small chunks of meat
Kapampangan
tidtad a delicacy made of chopped pig intestines
WMP Ibaloy
tadtar-an to finish the cutting up process
Tagalog
tadtar-án chopping block
Bikol
tadtad-án to tattoo
Aklanon
tadtar-án chopping block, cutting board
WMP Ilokano
tadtad-én be chopped up or minced
Ibaloy
tadtar-en to cut, chop something into pieces; to cut on, draw blade across something with repeated motions (as in maliciously ruining the sleeve of a jacket); to cut up meat into small pieces --- an important step in butchering
Pangasinan
tadtar-én to chop up
Tagalog
tadtar-ín to hack; to chop roughly into small pieces (for meat, vegetables, etc.); to mince; to chop up into very small pieces
Bikol
tadtad-ón to riddle; to cut in many places
Romblomanon
tadtar-un be cut into pieces
Masbatenyo
tadtad-ón be chopped, be sliced, be slashed, be cut
tadtád-on something to be chopped
Hiligaynon
tadtad-ún to chop; to mutilate
WMP Sambal (Botolan)
tálo tallow; beeswax
Ayta Maganchi
talo beeswax
Bikol
táro bee’s wax
taró-on to wax with
Hanunóo
táru beeswax produced by the bee known as putyúkan (a honeybee, Apis sp.)
Palawan Batak
tádo wax
Cebuano
tálu tallow, the hard fat in animals, or the wax from beehives, used for making candles, soap, etc.
Binukid
tadu ~ taru beeswax, honeycomb
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
tazu honeycomb; beeswax; the preparation of beeswax and coconut oil which is put on the lips to make them shiny
Mansaka
taro beeswax
Tiruray
tarew beeswax; to apply beeswax to one’s lips, as by women to provide a base for lip dyes
Mongondow
tayu beeswax
Gorontalo
talu beeswax
Bare'e
taru wax
Wolio
taru beeswax; candle
WMP Ifugaw
taddóŋ a large circular hat used as an umbrella, mostly by women when they are working in the rice fields, or in a sweet potato swidden
Mansaka
taroŋ to shade (as trees may shade plants)
WMP Tagalog
táib high tide
Bikol
táʔob high tide
Hanunóo
táʔub high tide
Agutaynen
teb high tide
Palawan Batak
táʔeb sea, ocean; flood, high tide
Cebuano
táʔub high tide
taʔúb-un sea at high tide
Mongondow
taab flood
Pendau
taab high tide
Palauan
dáob sea, ocean, saltwater
WMP Ilokano
tagá- indicating origin or citizenship
Casiguran Dumagat
taga- prefix meaning ‘native or resident of’; occupation
Pangasinan
tagá- from (a place or point of origin)
Sambal (Botolan)
taga- from a certain place, resident of
Kapampangan
taga- combined with the locative deictics or place names means ‘comes from; originates in such-and-such a place’
Tagalog
taga- a prefix joined to the name of the place to connote ‘native of’, ‘resident of’, ‘hails from’, ‘comes from’
Bikol
tagá from, indigenous to, native to; to come from
Central Tagbanwa
taha denotes one’s place of origin
Maranao
taga particle to indicatie origin or location of domicile
Mansaka
taga- locational: resident of
WMP Casiguran Dumagat
tagal to remain a long time; to take or last for a long time; duration, perseverance, delay
Tagalog
tagál length or duration of time; length (referring to time taken)
Bikol
ma-tágal enduring, lasting; durable
mag-tágal to last, endure; to hold out, persist, resist
Cebuano
tagal stipulated length or period of time to do something
Iban
tagay put off, postpone; linger, allow to drag on (esp. debt)
Malay
sa-tagal awhile, a bit (of time)
WMP Ilokano
taŋgaltáw float, buoy
Bikol
tagaltáw buoy, float
mag-tagaltáw to place a buoy or float on a particular body of water
WMP Ilokano
tágay a toast (with drinks)
Casiguran Dumagat
tágay to pour liquid into glasses in order to serve drinks; to pour out a little at a time
Tagalog
tágay a toast (in drinking wine)
t<um>ágay to toast, to drink to the health of someone
tagáy-an a wine glass
Bikol
tagáy a wedding ceremony in which the drinking of liquor forms part of the celebrations
mag-tágay to offer a drink (usually liquor); to offer to pour a drink for someone
tágay ritual in which food is offered to the táwong-lipód (supernaturals) to ask for a rich harvest, a full catch, a successful hunt, or the removal of spells
Aklanon
tágay to pour out (slowly)
Agutaynen
mag-tagay to pour liquor into individual glasses
Hiligaynon
mag-tágay to put out, to offer
Mansaka
tagay to offer (as native wine)
WMP Ilokano
i-tágay to make a toast to
Ibaloy
i-tagay to pass an alcoholic beverage around in a common cup, perhaps especially at feast occasions
Bikol
i-tágay to offer a drink (usually liquor)
WMP Casiguran Dumagat
tagbák old, rotten (of cloth, rattan)
Bikol
tagbák rotten, rancid due to exposure to water or high humidity
ma-tagbák to rot, to turn rancid
Maranao
tagbak mildew
WMP Casiguran Dumagat
tagbu to go to meet someone at an agreed place
Bikol
mag-tagboʔ-án to have a meeting or a date; to rendezvous
maki-tagbóʔ to have a meeting with
Hanunóo
tágbuʔ meeting (someone); encountering (something)
ka-tágbuʔ a person met
ma-tagbuʔ-án be found, be encountered, as an animal or plant species
WMP Casiguran Dumagat
təgək <A white, sticky sap of several species of trees and plants
Bikol
tagók juice, nectar, sap
ma-tagók juicy, succulent
Hanunóo
tagúk sap, as of a tree
Aklanon
tagók sap (of tree)
Agutaynen
tagek sap of trees, plants; juice of fruits
ma-tagek very juicy and/or sticky
Cebuano
tagúk sticky sap of plants and fruits
Central Tagbanwa
tahɨk sap; blood
WMP Sambal (Botolan)
tagkéh girdle, anything tied around the waist
Aklanon
tágkos binder, a piece of cloth wrapped around a painful part of the body, usually head or waist
Cebuano
tagkús fasten something to something with a knotted cord; tie into a loop that easily gets undone; tie something around something
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
tagkes tether
WMP Ilokano
tagpás to chop, cut
Tagalog
tagpás slashed; cut down (esp. referring to overhanging objects)
tagpas-ín to slash; to cut with a slashing downstroke
Bikol
mag-tagpás to cut something down with one stroke
Formosan Pazeh
takaxaŋ ribs
Puyuma
tageraŋ chest
Puyuma (Tamalakaw)
tahraŋ chest, breast
WMP Yami
tagzaŋ spareribs; ribs
Itbayaten
tagraŋ rib
Bontok
tadláŋ the ribs of the body
Kankanaey
tadláŋ rib
Ifugaw
tagláŋ ribs; side of a human chest (what is enclosed by the ribs)
Ifugaw (Batad)
tagláŋ ribcage of a person or animal; i.e. the upper backbone and the ribs
Pangasinan
tagláŋ rib, frame
Sambal (Botolan)
tagyáŋ rib
Kapampangan
tagyáŋ rib
Hanunóo
tagyáŋ rib
Miri
tagréŋ ribs
Kenyah (Long Anap)
tegaaŋ ribs
Kiput
təgəriə ribs
WMP Ilokano
tagiktík heavy rain
Tagalog
tagiktík patter; a series of quick taps, or the sound they make (as the patter of rain on the roof); ticking of a clock or watch
Bikol
tagiktík a ticking sound
mag-tagiktík to tick
WMP Isneg
tagtāg portions of rice and meat distributed to guests at a solemn sacrifice
Casiguran Dumagat
tagtág to scatter, to toss (of the tossing of bundles of rice seedlings througout the paddy in preparation for transplanting); to pass out food from house to house
Bikol
mag-tagtág to share something out; to divide an inheritance among
WMP Ilokano
t<um>agtág to walk with a heavy, jerky gait; to jerk
Bikol
maka-tagtág tiring (of a long trip)
Maranao
tatag to drop or shake off
WMP Ilokano
ma-tagtág to be shaken, jerked
Sambal (Botolan)
ma-tagtág be shaken by riding over rough roads in a truck or carabao cart
Tagalog
ma-tagtág bumpy; jolty; jerky; to be jolted or bumped around in a vehicle; to be dismissed from employment
Bikol
ma-tagtág to be tired or bushed from a long journey
WMP Cebuano
táphi winnow it!
Malay
tampi to winnow
Javanese
tapi to winnow
Sasak
tampiʔ to winnow
CMP Yamdena
tafi to winnow
Buruese
tapi-h to winnow
WMP Ilokano
ag-taúl to bark
man-naul prone to barking; kind of small black bird that cries at night
taul-an to bark at
Bikol
mag-tahól to bark, bay, howl, whine (dogs)
Tboli
toul the howl or whine of a dog, as when he wants out
OC Marshallese
taiṇaṃ mosquito net
Tongan
tainamu mosquito net
Futunan
tainamu mosquito net
Anuta
tainamu mosquito net
Rarotongan
tai-namu literally means, the entangler of mosquitoes, or, that which catches mosquitoes; a mosquito net
OC Loniu
tay catch fish
Bipi
tay catch fish with a net
Motu
tai a tree the inner bark of which is used for rope-making (Hibiscus tiliaceus)
Roviana
taili fishline formerly made from the bark of the pusi (Lyonsia sp.)
Formosan Kavalan
tina female, of animals
Thao
taina female, of mammals other than man
WMP Bare'e
tina female, only of animals
CMP Buruese
tina female, of animals
OC Lakalai
la tila female of the species (animal)
WMP Itbayaten
tarip the pared skin (of yam and the like), peeling, skin of uncooked sweet potato, yam, etc.
ma-narip to pare, to peel
t<in>arip-an skinned/peeled sweet potato, yam, etc. (cooked or uncooked)
Isneg
mag-táxip to pare (sweet potatoes, yams, taro rhizomes)
Bontok
t<um>ágip to slice up vegetables
Kankanaey
tagip-en to slice, to cut into slices
Ifugaw
tágip slices of potatoes, carrots, meat, or whatever it may be
Ifugaw (Batad)
tāgip for someone to slice a vegetable, fruit, tuber into chips with the use of a knife
Ibaloy
tagip-en to slice something in several parallel slices (as sweet potato, loaf of bread)
Kapampangan
talíp to peel, pare off skin
Bikol
mag-taríp to pare; to peel carrots, sweet potatoes, cucumber, etc.
Hanunóo
tárip skin, peel, rind, as of fruit
Cebuano
tálip slice root crops into thin strips to dry them under the sun
Mansaka
tarip peelings (as of pomelo, pineapple, etc.)
WMP Itbayaten
tarip-an to pare, as a yam
Bikol
tarip-án to pare; to peel carrots, sweet potatoes, cucumber, etc.
WMP Itbayaten
tak crash, bang
Ngaju Dayak
tak ticking sound
Malagasy
ta the sound of the beating of a hammer or the explosion of a rifle
Malay
tak a smacking or whacking sound
Karo Batak
tak onomatopoetic for sound of banging
Toba Batak
tak onomatopoetic for sound of banging
Javanese
tak hard object striking a firm surface
CMP Asilulu
tak sound of knock on door or tap on head
WMP Ilokano
taká hesitation
ag-taká to hesitate, vacillate
Casiguran Dumagat
taká to be amazed, to be astonished
Bikol
mag-táka to not have the nerve to speak to someone or to appear before them
Mansaka
ma-taka lazy
WMP Itbayaten
takad footprint
om-takad to step on, tread on
ta-takad sole of foot
takad-an ~ takar-an to step on
Ibatan
takad footprint, track
Tagalog
takád stamping of feet in anger or protest
Cebuano
takád to step on a line or specific area
takd-án-an in games, the line on which one steps at the start or any phase of the game
WMP Casiguran Dumagat
takál species of edible sea cockle shell, a snail: Frogum unedo
Bikol
takál clam sp.
WMP Ilokano
takál stud animal used for breeding
ag-takál to copulate (animals)
takal-én to breed animals
Aklanon
takáe boar, male pig; oversexed man, sex maniac
pa-takáe to have a sow serviced
Cebuano
tákal for male pigs to mount another animal; by extension, for humans to do so (derogatory)
WMP Bontok
tákaŋ to open one’s mouth
Kankanaey
men-tákaŋ to gape, to be open (applied to either earth or persons)
Ifugaw
tákaŋ gape, act of gaping; not used in the sense of yawning
tákaŋ-na “its gape”, i.e. the gape between the odd and even threads through which the weaver can shoot the shuttle
Ibaloy
takaŋ spread apart
tekaŋ-en to spread, force something apart to make a space between
Aklanon
tákaŋ to totter, half walk (said of baby only)
Cebuano
tákaŋ to step across; a step, stride
Mansaka
takaŋ to step up onto (as a ladder or a branch)
Mongondow
taŋkaŋ bend or curve away from one another, of legs or knees
WMP Mapun
taŋkas fast, faster
pa-taŋkas to go faster, to speed up
ka-taŋkas-an to be personally affected by the speed of something or someone; to think that something or someone is fast
Ida'an Begak
takas-takas hurry up
Iban
taŋkas quick, quickly
Javanese
taŋkas swift-moving
CMP Ngadha
tika-taka nimble, agile, quick
WMP Maranao
takaw to retreat; cowardly
Kenyah
takaw to escape; to free
Kayan
takaw to be released, to be set free; to escape, to flee away
OC Tabar
take feces, excrement
Patpatar
take feces, excrement
Manam
take feces, excrement
WMP Isneg
takkáb cover (of a vessel), lid; to cover, to put the lid over, to shut, to close
takkáb talíŋa the small feathers that cover the ears of fowls
Agutaynen
mag-taŋkeb for something to shut, close tightly, close all the way
Maranao
takeb eyelid
Sundanese
taŋkeb-an moveable corner of smoke-vent in roof
Javanese
taŋkeb overlapping portion of a double-breasted jacket
Balinese
taŋkeb cover up (with a basket, etc.)
WMP Ilokano
takbá to embrace from behind, hang on somebody’s neck while being carried on the back; cover; copulate on the back
Bontok
takbá back basket used by men; to place something in this basket
Kankanaey
takbá-an to lie upon
Ibaloy
takba backpack, pack frame --- general term for things worn on the back, esp. for carrying oads
takba-en esp. of animal copulation, when the male mounts the female with his front feet on the females back
Pangasinan
takbá to fall forward
Aklanon
tákba to service, engage in intercourse (like animals, from behind rather than in front)
Cebuano
takbá lean forward on something or someone and cling to it; mount for copulation; for humans to have intercourse (coarse)
WMP Cebuano
tákbas sever with a swing of the bolo
Malay
təbas cutting down small plants (thorns, rushes, bamboos, or scrub), of clearing roads when overgrown
WMP Isneg
takád the ties of the flooring; strips of rattan
Bontok
takd-ən to bind, as in repairing the broken rattan rim of a basket; to secure; to fasten; anything used, as a vine or rattan for such a purpose
Casiguran Dumagat
takə́d a bamboo floor tied down with rattan (in contrast to being nailed down)
Ibaloy
taked a tie, fastening, binding --- what is wrapped around to hold something in place
Bikol
mag-takód to fasten, bind
Hanunóo
takúd something which may be fastened or tied onto something else
Cebuano
takúd to attach something to something else, put it right next to something so that it touches; harness an animal, hitch it for work
WMP Bontok
i-takéd to bind, as in repairing the broken rattan rim of a basket; to secure; to fasten; anything used, as a vine or a rattan for such a purpose
Kankanaey
i-takéd to bind, to fasten, to tie, to attach, to fix, to link; to strap
Bikol
i-takód to fasten or bind with
WMP Casiguran Dumagat
tiked foot, leg; footprints
Manobo (Kalamansig Cotabato)
takɨd heel
Bilaan (Sarangani)
takad heel
Kelabit
taked popliteal area, back of knee
Kenyah (Long Anap)
taket leg, foot
WMP Isneg
taŋkād (length unexpl.) climb
Bikol
tukád <M go uphill
Abai Sembuak
nakod to climb (a tree)
Kenyah (Long Wat)
takət anything used to climb
nakət climb
Kayan (Uma Juman)
takər anything used to climb
nakər climb
Gorontalo
taʔodu climb
WMP Cebuano
táklap spread, lay something flat over something so as to cover it
Malay
təkap covering with a flat surface
WMP Ilokano
ag-taklá to click the tongue
Sambal (Botolan)
ma-nakláʔ to make a click with the tongue
Bikol
takláʔ a clicking sound make with the tongue
mag-takláʔ to make a clicking sound with the tongue
Cebuano
táklaʔ make a clicking or clacking noise with the tongue; clacking of the tongue
Tausug
taklaʔ the sound made by flapping the tongue against the roof of the mouth, a clicking of the tongue
WMP Isneg
takkúb to cover
Tagalog
taklób cover; covering
Bikol
taklób shroud
Hanunóo
taklúb cover, top, lid
Cebuano
táklub cover something over with something enclosing it
Malay
təkup covering with the hand; catching by so covering
WMP Casiguran Dumagat
takə́m tightly hooked, locked, tightly closed, snug
Bikol (Miraya dialects)
mag-takóm to cap, close tightly; to seal
Formosan Kavalan
takep to put one thing on top of another
Formosan Kavalan
takep to put one thing on top of another
WMP Ayta Maganchi
takəp cover, lid
Kapampangan
takáp cover, mask
takp-án to cover something
Maranao
takep double, multiply
Tiruray
takef to double something, make it twice as much
Mapun
taŋkop a cover; a bandage; a door; operculum of a shellfish
t<um>aŋkop to cover something; to dress a wound
Balinese
takep be folded over, closed
CMP Manggarai
taŋkep lay something on top of, catch under a hollow
WMP Ayta Abellan
takep to capture
Maranao
takep-an trap for eels
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
takep a weir for catching eels
Tiruray
takef a kind of eel trap
Malay
taŋkap gripping; clasping; capture, esp. capture in the hand
Sundanese
naŋkeup encircle with ones arms (or by plants, with the roots), clasp
Balinese
taŋkep arrest, seize, hold (police, etc.)
Sasak
taŋkəp a drop net for catching birds; to catch or seize people
OC Motu
tao to hold to (used in composition to mean ‘hold fast’, as in moi-atao ‘to hold by stepping on’)
Nehan
takop hold with hands
OC Mota
tagere a bird, flycatcher
Raga
tagere a bird: Rhipidura fuliginosa
Rotuman
fœʔere Fiji shrikebill: Clytorhynchus vitiensis
Formosan Amis
takec to embrace, to hold in one’s arms
WMP Sambal (Botolan)
takéh to embrace, hug
Ayta Abellan
takeh to embrace, to hug
Mansaka
takus to tie around the waist, as a bolo
WMP Aklanon
takós to measure out, allot; mete out
Agutaynen
taket measurement; dimention; size
mag-taket to measure something, someone using a tape measure
Maranao
takes to measure; measuring tool or instrument
Binukid
takes to measure out (something with a measuring vessel)
WMP Sasak
taŋket companion
Bare'e
taka stick, adhere, cling fast to something, attach oneself to
WMP Ilokano
tákip a cover
pag-takíp-en to cover, unite, join; overlap
Ifugaw
takíp cover of a container, e.g. a basket which has a fitting cover
Tagalog
takíp cover; cover of any container
Cebuano
takíp join flat things one on top of the other, or at their edges
Mansaka
takip cover (as of a kettle) (Formosan only)
Formosan Taokas
takish sword
Paiwan
tjakit large knife, sword; sickle (Western dialect)
Formosan Amis
taktak to pour out of a container
WMP Yami
taktak to sprinkle, to water
Itbayaten
taktak emptying out of contents
ma-taktak to pour water on (as in washing)
taktak-en to empty out the contents of something
Tagalog
takták act of shaking out the contents of a container by pounding the open mouth against some hard object
Bikol
mag-takták to tap, rap; to dislodge something by tapping or rapping
Cebuano
takták for small things or something fastened or stuck to something to detach and drop; cause to drop; have a miscarriage
Maranao
tatak to drop, fall, let fall, like fruits
Binukid
taktak for small things or something fastened or stuck to something, to detach and drop; to knock something off so that it drops
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
taktak of an object or a container with a hole in it, to slam it down on something or shake it in order to dislodge something inside
Karo Batak
taktak to drip, drop down
Toba Batak
taktak falling down of many things (as leaves or fruits)
CMP Kei
tatak to knock, tap, tap something out
Formosan Kavalan
t<m>aktak to cut meat or vegetables (on a chopping board)
Pazeh
mu-taketak to chatter, of the teeth; to make a crunching sound, of the teeth in chewing something hard
WMP Toba Batak
taktak bulu a musical instrument made of bamboo
Javanese
t͎<r>a t͎ak making light, hollow tapping sounds
Balinese
taktak strike with a sword
Wolio
tata cut up finely, chop; cut off
Chamorro
taktak mince, chop, cut up into slices, cut by striking repeatedly with a sharp instrument; pecking sound
t<al>aktak rattle, tapping, clicking, clacking, clink, clatter
t<in>aktak a meat dish in which the meat is chopped into small pieces; the process of chopping or mincing meat
CMP Kei
en-tatak to knock, tap; playing of musical instruments with keys, valves, or holes
OC Motu
taku quickly, suddenly
mase taku to die suddenly or without noise
taku-taku tau-na a hasty, impulsive man, one who rushes off without waiting to hear the whole story
Nggela
taku to take quick, short steps; talkative
Formosan Kavalan
taku-i scoop (imperative)
t<m>aku to draw water, to scoop out
Thao
k<m>ay taku to scoop up water, as when irrigating the fields
ta-taku wooden dustpan-shaped water scoop used to lift water up from its source to put in the fields
Bunun
taku ladle, scoop, spoon
WMP Ilokano
táko dipper, scoop; section of dry bottle gourd
ag-táko to dip to draw liquids
Isneg
táko a dipper, used for dipping water from a jar
Toba Batak
ma-nahu scoop or ladle something up; to pour over, as cold water on a patient
tahu-tahu a scoop or ladle, vessel for scooping up liquid
Sangir
ma-naku to ladle up, as water, or soup from a vat
ta-taku ladle, scoop
CMP Kambera
taku to ladle, scoop up, draw water
WMP Ilokano
lútak mud
OC Nali
drow yellowfin tuna: Thunnus albacares
Gilbertese
takua dolphin
Chuukese
toku <A yellowfin tuna, albacore (general name)
Woleaian
taguw(a) yellowfin tuna
Niue
takua a fish, the bonito
Samoan
taʔuo <A kind of large bonito caught by trawling from cutters
Kapingamarangi
dagua yellowfin tuna: Neothynnus macropterus
Nukuoro
dagua yellowfin tuna
Rennellese
takua a very rare kind of porpoise or fish,
WMP Isneg
tákub the skin of a drum (usually deerskin, but the skin of dogs, cows and horses also serve the purpose)
takkúb to cover
Tagalog
tákob a thin covering, surface covering
Bikol
takób eyelid
Maranao
takob eyelid
Tiruray
tagub to enclose oneself completely inside one’s sarong, as when very cold
Kelabit
takub a patch, pocket
nakub to patch, as torn clothing
Malagasy
tákotra the lid of a cooking pot
Iban
taŋkup cover with something hollow (as a plate with a basin); to match, correspond, fit
Malay
taŋkup to capture under a hollow (as a dog catching flies in his mouth, a man putting a tumbler over an insect or slapping the hollow of his palm over it; also of hollow covers to apertures, as of hatch-covers in boats, and pieces over the bow and stern of a Malay canoe
ber-taŋkup to close over; to fold over
Gorontalo
taʔubu cover for food
Pendau
taŋkub to close or cover something
WMP Isneg
takkub-an to cover
Tiruray
tagub-an a scabbard
Malagasy
takóf-ana be covered with a lid
WMP Bikol
takób-takób eyelid
OC Fijian
daku-daku ni mata the upper eyelid
WMP Ilokano
takkúb cover (usually temporary); wrapper, pillowcase
Isneg
tákub the skin of a drum
Tagalog
tákob a thin covering, surface covering
Cebuano
takúb a cover or lid of something which has a different shape from the thing it is put over, and is not attached
Maranao
takob eyelid
Tiruray
tagub to enclose oneself completely inside one’s sarong, as when verb cold
tagub-an a scabbard
Kadazan Dusun
taŋkub to cover
Lun Dayeh
takub pocket
Kelabit
takub a patch, pocket
nakub to patch, as torn clothing
Malay
taŋkup capture under a hollow (of a dog catching flies in his mouth; of a man putting a tumbler over an insect or slapping the hollow of his palm over it, etc.)
Sangir
ma-nakubəʔ to cover
Gorontalo
taʔubu to cover
Pendau
taŋkub to close or cover something
OC Fijian
daku-daku ni mata the upper eyelid
WMP Ilokano
ag-takúp to patch; to marry a girl who is no longer a virgin
takúp to patch, mend by patching
na-takúp patched; false, untrue, insincere, tricky
pag-takúp patching material
takup-án to patch
Hanunóo
t<al>akúp door (sliding type)
takúp cover, lid, top
Cebuano
takúp shutter
takʔup close, be closed
Mansaka
takup to close; to shut
Melanau (Mukah)
takup lid, cover
Malay
taŋkup capture under a hollow
Karo Batak
taŋkup close together, of two halves, as the shells of shellfish
Toba Batak
ma-naŋkup to seize, grip
Tae'
takoʔ cup the two hands together to hold something
OC Piva
taghunu- back
Kokota
tagru- back
Zabana
taguru- back
Proto-Micronesian
*takuru back (of body)
Puluwat
hakúŕ back (anatomical)
Woleaian
tagiuriu back (anatomical)
Mota
tawur behind, the hinder place or part, back
a tawur behind
a tawuru-na at his back, behind him
Baetora
tagu- back
Wayan
takū the back or rear side of something; later, afterwards
Fijian
daku the back of a person or thing
Formosan Siraya
takot fear
WMP Ifugaw
tákut fear; to fear; to frighten somebody
Ibaloy
takot fear for one’s bodily safety
Pangasinan
takót fear
an-takot shy, timid
Kapampangan
tákut fear
maka-tákut frightening
Tagalog
tákot fear
takót afraid, frightened, feeling fear; nervous, timid, tremulous
takót na takót very frightened; panic-stricken; demoralized by fear
Bikol
tákot fear
Basap
takut afraid
Lun Dayeh
toot fear, fright
ŋe-toot to scare or frighten someone
Kelabit
taʔut fear
Kenyah (Long Ikang)
takut afraid
Murik
takut fear; afraid
Kayan
takut be afraid of, in fear of; be frightened by
Kayan (Uma Juman)
takut fear; afraid
Paku
takut afraid
Malagasy
táhotra fear, dread, horror, terror
Malay
takut fear
Simalur
mana-taʔud to frighten
taʔut-i to frighten
Toba Batak
tahut fear, fright; dread; anxiety
Old Javanese
takut fear
pi-takut scarecrow
Balinese
takut fear; to fear, be afraid of
Sasak
takut be afraid
Sangir
takuʔ fear, dread
Banggai
takut fear
maŋa-takut to frighten
Tae'
takuʔ to fear
Palauan
dákt fear, awe
CMP Bimanese
dahu fear; afraid
Komodo
n-dahuʔ afraid
Keo
taku fear
Lamaholot
takut be afraid
Solorese
takut fear, be afraid
Waima'a
thaku fear
WMP Tagalog
ka-tákut-tákot terrible, terrifying
Old Javanese
ka-takut fear; object of fear
Tae'
ka-takuʔ be afraid of something
Palauan
kə-dákt be afraid of each other
CMP Bimanese
ka-dahu to frighten
Formosan Siraya
ma-takot fear
WMP Ibaloy
ma-tekot inclined to fear, fearful
Pangasinan
ma-takót afraid
Kapampangan
ma-tákut afraid
Tagalog
ma-tákot afraid, scared; apprehensive, worried or anxious
Bikol
ma-tákot to be afraid, frightened, jittery, nervous, panicky, scared
Lun Dayeh
me-toot afraid, have fear
Kelabit
me-taʔut to frighten, make afraid
Malagasy
ma-táhotra to dread, fear, be afraid
Simalur
ma-taʔud anxious, afraid
Toba Batak
ma-tahut to fear, be afraid
Sangir
ma-takuʔ to fear, be afraid
ma-ma-takuʔ to frighten
Banggai
ma-takut afraid, be afraid
Tae'
ma-takuʔ afraid, frightened
Palauan
mə-dákt to fear, be afraid of
CMP Bimanese
dahu to fear, be afraid
Kambera
mandauta to fear, be afraid of
Hawu
medaʔu to fear, be afraid
Galoli
amdauk <M fear
Leti
mtatu to fear, be afraid
Wetan
mtaata to be afraid of
Watubela
ma-takut to fear, be afraid
Masiwang
mtait fear
Asilulu
mataʔu to fear, be afraid
Wakasihu
in-taʔu fear
Soboyo
mantaku to fear, be afraid
SHWNG Biga
mtat to fear
Minyaifuin
mtait fear, afraid
Numfor
mkāk to fear, be afraid
Ambai
matai fear
OC Seimat
ma-mata afraid
Wuvulu
maʔau afraid
Yapese
daguw fear
Mussau
ma-matautu afraid
Amara
motou fear
Lakalai
matau afraid
Mbula
moto be afraid, fear
pa-moto frighten someone
Gitua
mataguzi ~ mataguza to fear, be afraid
Bunama
matauta to fear
Pokau
makau to fear, be afraid
Tawala
matouta to fear, be frightened
Dobuan
matauta afraid
Molima
matauta afraid
Saliba
mataus-i to fear
Tubetube
mataus-i state of being afraid
Selau
matut afraid, frightened
asana a mat-matut person who takes fright easily; coward
Roviana
matagutu afraid, fearful
Eddystone/Mandegusu
matatu to fear, be afraid
Bugotu
matagu to fear, be afraid
Nggela
matagu to fear, be afraid
matagu-ni to be afraid of
matagu-pou a coward
Kwaio
maʔu afraid; shy
faʔa-maʔu-a to frighten
maʔu-nia be afraid of
Marau₂
maʔu fear
Lau
mou to fear, be afraid
mou-tai afraid, afraid of
'Āre'āre
maʔu to be afraid
maʔu-nia to fear, be afraid of
Sa'a
mäʔu to fear, be afraid
mäʔu-ta- the fear of (something)
Gilbertese
maaku fear, dread, terror, fright, dismay
Pohnpeian
masak be afraid of, to fear
Chuukese
mésék(ú) to be afraid
Puluwat
mehak(úw) to be afraid; to be fearsome
Woleaian
metag(iu) to be afraid, scared of
Mota
matagut be afraid of
matag-tag to fear (rare, but true Mota word)
Northeast Ambae
mataku fear
Raga
mataxu fear
Apma
mtaci afraid
Avava
matak afraid
Nasarian
i-metaktak fear
Axamb
me-rax to fear, be afraid
Nakanamanga
mataku fear
Anejom
e-mtaγ fear
Wayan
mataku be afraid, frightened, fearful; fear, fright
mataku-ci fear something, be afraid or frightened of something
mata-mataku be always afraid, timid, cowardly
Niue
mataku to fear, be afraid
mataku-taku fear (n.); to fear, be nervous
mataku-taku-ina feared, dreaded; frightened
Samoan
mataʔu to fear, hold in awe
mataʔu-tia be dreadful, awful; be terrible, fearful
Tuvaluan
mataku afraid
Kapingamarangi
madagu fear, be afraid; be shy; shyness
madagu-dagu fear, be afraid
Nukuoro
madagu afraid, scared
madagu-dagu cowardly (concerning others or supernaturals)
madagu-aŋa fear
Rennellese
mataku to be afraid, cowardly; to fear
mataku-tia to be dangerous, feared
mataku-taku to be afraid, cowardly
Anuta
mataku to be afraid, frightened; fear
Rarotongan
mataku fear, dread, terror; afraid, timid, struck with fear; undecided; to be afraid, timid or doubtful
mataku-taku to be in the state or condition of being afraid, timid; to entertain fear; to be possessed of forebodings; to hesitate
Maori
mataku to be afraid; fearful, afraid; inspiring fear; incompatible; averse
mataku-ria be feared
Hawaiian
makaʔu fear; frightened, afraid
WMP Tagalog
ma-nákot to scare people, to intimidate, to threaten with harm
Malay
me-nakut be in a state of fear
WMP Kelabit
pe-taʔut to frighten, make afraid
Sasak
pe-takut causing fear, arousing fear
SHWNG Numfor
fa-kak to frighten
WMP Malagasy
faha-tahor-ana fear, dread
Sangir
ma-paka-takuʔ to frighten, incite fear
Tae'
paka-takuʔ to frighten
CMP Soboyo
paka-taku frightened
OC Wayan
vaka-mataku be fearsome, frightening, terrifying; be dreadful, terribly bad, wicked; be dangerous; be formidable, powerful, commanding respect
Niue
faka-mataku-taku to frighten
Samoan
faʔa-mataʔu to frighten, threaten
Tuvaluan
faka-mataku dangerous
Rennellese
haka-mataku to frighten, scare; to be amazing, terrifying, dangerous, surprising
Hawaiian
hoʔo-makaʔu to frighten, scare, terrify, make afraid; to pretend fear
WMP Tagalog
pa-nákot scarecrow
Malay
pe-nakut coward
Toba Batak
pa-nahut provoke fear
Sasak
pe-nakut precipitating fear
WMP Kapampangan
ka-takut-an fear
Tagalog
ka-takut-an to fear or be afraid of something or someone; a state of being afraid; fear, dread
Malagasy
ha-tahor-ana fear, dread
Malay
ke-takut-an panic
Bahasa Indonesia
ke-takut-an a state of fear; a feeling of fear; a condition of fear; hesitation; worry; anxiety; be struck by fear
Tae'
ka-ma-takur-an be afraid; fear
WMP Tagalog
t<um>ákot to frighten, to alarm, to scare
Kelabit
t<em>aʔut to seem afraid
Acehnese
t<eum>akōt frightened, afraid, anxious about
CMP Kemak
t<em>aut to fear
WMP Ibaloy
tekot-an to fear something (as a current in trying to cross a river)
Bahasa Indonesia
takut-takut-an easily startled; afraid of things; shy; hesitant
Sangir
takut-aŋ timid, frightened (said, for example, of a child, and thus not a scornful term)
Tae'
takur-an cowardly
WMP Pangasinan
takot-en to frighten
Tagalog
takut-ín to frighten, to make afraid, to scare; to intimidate; to bluff; to threaten
Bikol
ta-takt-ón afraid, fearful, frightened, jittery, nervous, panicky; meek, timid
pa-takút-on to make someone afraid, to intimidate, menace, scare, terrify
Toba Batak
tahut-on to fear, be afraid
Old Javanese
takut-takut-en in the grip of fear
Sasak
takut-in to frighten someone
WMP Yami
talava type of shellfish: Saccostrea mordax
Ilokano
talabá kind of large oyster
Tagalog
talabá oyster
ma-nalabá to gather oysters
tálaba-h-an oyster bed
Bikol
talabá oyster
paŋ-talaba-ón go in search of oysters
Aklanon
taeabá oyster
Cebuano
talabá kind of oyster
Central Tagbanwa
talava oyster
Maranao
talaba barnacle
WMP Ilokano
talagá really, truly; true, in fact
Casiguran Dumagat
talagá certainly, surely; intending to (but not carrying out the intention)
Pangasinan
talagá surely, indeed, truly, really, certainly
Ayta Abellan
talaga true; real
Kapampangan
talagá real, really, true, in truth
i-talagá to devote oneself to something
Tagalog
talagá arrant; thoroughgoing; out-and-out; practical; engaged in actual practice or work; virtual; real; being something in effect, though not so in name; ultimate; underlying; basic; elemental; expressing surprise; resolute; determined
Bikol
talagá really, truly, honestly; virtual, virtually; that’s so
Hanunóo
talagá right; really, truly
Central Tagbanwa
talaha verification, truly
WMP Ilokano
talakítok kind of small, speckled marine fish with dark meat, Caranx sp.
Tagalog
talakitok a species of cavalla fish
Cebuano
talakítuk name given to jacks and other good-sized carangoid fish
Mansaka
tarakitok kind of saltwater fish (white and medium-sized, 30 to 60 cm. in length and 20 cm. in width, having no scales)
WMP Ibanag
talaŋ a tree: Diospyros spp.
Gaddang
talaŋ a tree: Diospyros spp.
Tagalog
tálaŋ species of tree also known as mabolo or mabulo, having edible fruit: Diospyros spp.
WMP Tagalog
mag-tálaŋ to playfully throw up something in the air (e.g.. a small child)
Maranao
talaŋ game of flipping coins
Tausug
mag-tālaŋ to toss coins (for heads or tails)
Iban
talaŋ cast upwards and far (as a stone)
WMP Malay
ikan talaŋ horse mackerel: generic for large species of Chorinemus, the small or young being seliap
Simalur
talaŋ-talaŋ kind of fish
Nias
tala-tala kind of fish
Balinese
talaŋ-talaŋ a sea fish
Sasak
talaŋ name of a sea fish
Sangir
talaŋ kind of fish; when smoked it can be kept for a long time
Makassarese
talaŋ-talaŋ middle growth stage of the lari (sea fish with five stripes)
WMP Tagalog
tálaʔ bright star, planet
Mansaka
bonta-taraʔ morning star
CMP Bimanese
ntara star
Manggarai
ntala star
Ngadha
dala star
Sika
dala star
Solorese
dala star
OC Lou
ko-mtal Morning star/Evening star: Venus
Loniu
kopo-matan the Morning Star
Kove
motala star
WMP Sambal (Botolan)
t<om>álaʔ to go for a walk, roam around
Cebuano
tálaʔ set foot in a place; step, tread on
WMP Maranao
talas break, burst
SHWNG Buli
talas burst, crack
WMP Ilokano
ag-talátal to revolve on an axis, turn over and over
i-talátal to cause to spin, cause to revolve
Sambal (Botolan)
mi-talátal to stagger, as a drunk person
Formosan Amis
talaw be afraid, fear (generic term)
pa-talaw to threaten
Thao
ka-taraw be cool toward someone, not feel friendly impulses toward a person
pia-taraw behave in an unfriendly manner
Paiwan
ma-tjalaw to be angry
WMP Itbayaten
taxaw cowardliness
ma-taxaw coward, cowardly
Ilokano
ag-tálaw flee, run away, hasten off, escape
Isneg
mag-tálaw run away, escape, slip off, vanish
na-taláw coward
Bikol
taláw cowardly, yellow, chicken; a coward
Cebuano
tálaw back off, be afraid to do something for lacking nerve
talaw-an cowardly
Maranao
talaw coward
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
talew to beat someone in a fight so that he is intimidated
telaw-en cowardly
Mansaka
taraw cowardly
Tausug
talaw excessive fear
talaw-an cowardly, excessively fearful
Kadazan Dusun
t-um-ahou become a coward
Moken
talau ashamed, shy
Tonsawang
talo to fear, be afraid
Wolio
talo to lost, be defeated (in battle)
Formosan Amis
ma-talaw afraid
Thao
ma-talaw be unfriendly, cool or distant toward others
WMP Ilokano
ma-tálaw succumb, sink down, die, grow faint
Mongondow
mo-talow faint-hearted, cowardly
WMP Hanunóo
tálus a taro with yellowing leaves
Palawan Batak
täläs taro (Revel-Macdonald 1979:53)
Palawano
tales taro
Central Tagbanwa
talɨt taro root
Nias
talõ a tuber: Caladium
Minangkabau
talas a cultivated yam, Colocasia antiquorum
Rejang
taleus a root crop: Colocasia antiquorum
Sundanese
taleus kind of tuber
Old Javanese
tales taro, Colocasia antiquorum
pa-tales-an taro field or garden
Javanese
tales taro
nales having the texture of cooked taro (said of rice that is gummy from being cooked in too much water)
Palauan
dáit taro (plant)
CMP Rotinese
tale kind of water plant with large leaves (Jonker 1908)
tale taro; icon for a male person (Fox 1993)
ta-tales kind of water plant with large leaves; Dengka dialect (Jonker 1908)
Tetun
talas an aroid plant with highly-prized edible tubers
OC Motu
talo a vegetable: Arum esculentum
Takuu
taro taro (general term)
Marovo
talo taro
Kwaio
alo taro (generic); unit of 100 taro for a feast
alo-na taro corm
Lau
alo taro
Toqabaqita
alo taro (plant and corm)
'Āre'āre
āro taro (several varieties)
Arosi
aro a name for taro in some names of varieties
Bauro
aro taro
Pileni
talo taro
V'ënen Taut
taro taro
Paamese
tāro taro
Makatea
taro taro
Nakanamanga
na-tale taro
Sye
n/tal taro
Fijian
dalo the taro plant, much used as a food, Colocasia esculenta
Tongan
talo taro, kind of arum with edible tuberous root, Caladium esculentum
Niue
talo the taro plant (Colocasia esculenta). Five groups are recognized, each with many varieties, the groups being distinguished according to differences in color and the marking of the petioles, or leaf stalks
Futunan
talo taro (generic): Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott var. antiquorum Schott
Samoan
talo taro, a cultivated plant (Colocasia sp.), the corm of which is one of the most important sources of food
talo-a be plentiful in taro
Tuvaluan
talo taro, a cultivated plant, Colocasia esculenta
Nukuoro
dalo plant sp.: taro (Colocasia esculenta), also the corm of this plant
Rennellese
tago taro, Colocasia esculenta (one of the most important foods, the gift of the god Tupuimatangi)
Anuta
taro taro, Colocasia esculenta
Rarotongan
taro an esculent tuber which is much cultivated for food purposes and of which there are several varieties: Colocasia esculenta
Maori
taro Colocasia antiquorum, a plant cultivated for food
Hawaiian
kalo taro (Colocasia esculenta), a kind of aroid cultivated since ancient times for food… In Hawaii taro has been the staple from earliest times to the present, and its cultivation developed greatly, including more than 300 forms
WMP Pangasinan
tálsik splash
Sambal (Botolan)
talhík be sprayed or splashed by water
Tagalog
talsík splash of liquid; sudden flight or leap or splinters, sparks, etc.; dismissal from office
Bikol
mag-talsík to get knocked away or deflected
OC Gedaged
tali to bend (straight or round), as in bending a tortoise shell into a circle
Mbula
-tal to coil up, wind something thick around something else (used of cane and bigger things)
tal-tal to wind up
Gitua
tal to coil, put around
Lau
ali to twine round, encircle; to surround; to coil a rope, wind a line; to curl up like a dog
Toqabaqita
ali be curved into a circle; have the shape of a circle (complete or incomplete)
Arosi
ari to fold; to plait; to wind up, make a noose; to bend, of a string or creeper; to lie curled up like a dog or snake
Fijian
tali to plait, interweave
WMP Bahasa Indonesia
tali tali plant with beautiful blossom: Quamaclit pennata
Sangir
tali-tali kind of edible sea plant
WMP Ilokano
talinúm species of plant eaten by goats
Sambal (Botolan)
talínom plant with thick leaves that are cooked with meat; they are a bit sour
Tagalog
talínum a plant: Talinum paniculatum (Madulid 2001)
Aklanon
talinum an herb: Talinum triangulare
Agutaynen
talinom a type of vegetable with edible leaves (it is the top, tender leaves which are cooked and eaten)
Cebuano
talinum small shrub with thick, lanceolate, pale-green leaves, planted as an ornamental and for its leaves, which are used as a vegetable: Talinum triangulare
WMP Ayta Abellan
taliŋo to make someone make a mistake, lead astray
Maranao
taliŋo cheater, wrongdoer; to bilk
WMP Tagalog
talisay a species of shade tree: Terminalia catappa
Aklanon
talísay tree with edible nut: Terminalia catappa L.
Cebuano
talísay kind of large tree similar to an almond tree, growing by the seashore bearing edible nuts: Terminalia catappa
Maranao
talisay a shore tree: Terminalia catappa L.
Subanon
tolisoy a shore tree: Terminalia catappa L.
Tombonuwo
tolisoy a type of tree
Proto-Sangiric
*talisay tree with edible nuts: Terminalia catappa L.
Chamorro
talisay a tree that bears edible nuts, the Indian almond: Terminalia catappa
CMP Soboyo
talise a tree with edible nuts: Canarium moluccanum
OC Lou
telis a shore tree: Terminalia catappa L.
Penchal
ralis a shore tree: Terminalia catappa L.
Ere
dalis a shore tree: Terminalia catappa L.
Leipon
ndelis a shore tree: Terminalia catappa L.
Bipi
dalis a shore tree: Terminalia catappa L.
Seimat
talil a shore tree: Terminalia catappa L.
Wuvulu
alie a shore tree: Terminalia catappa L.
Mendak
taliza a shore tree: Terminalia catappa L.
Tolai
talia almond-bearing tree: Terminalia litoralis
Vitu
taðile <M Terminalia sp.
Kove
talire Terminalia sp.
Wogeo
selite <M a shore tree: Terminalia catappa L.
Manam
taile <M a shore tree: Terminalia catappa L.
Roviana
ta-talise a tree that bears a fine almond-like edible nut: ‘Terminalia catappa’
Eddystone/Mandegusu
talise a variety of wood used in making some of the strong structural parts of a canoe
Nggela
talihe a tree: Terminalia catappa L.
Sa'a
älite a tree with edible nut: Terminalia catappa
Arosi
arite a tree of a semi-sacred character: Terminalia catappa
Tongan
telie kind of tree somewhat resembling an oak in appearance, but bearing almond-like fruit: Terminalia sp.
Niue
telie a large spreading tree that has autumn-tinted leaves at certain times of year: Terminalia catappa
Samoan
talie large tree growing near the coast, with strong timber used for houses, canoes, and gongs, the tropical almond: Terminalia catappa
Tuvaluan
talie tree species: Terminalia samoensis
Rennellese
tagie a tree with edible nuts: Terminalia catappa L.
OC Roviana
ta-talise a variety of crab (dark carapace with 6 or 7 white spots)
Rennellese
tagie a land crab: Cardisoma hirtipes Dana
Formosan Amis
taliyok perimeter, area around the outside; go around
WMP Cebuano
taliyuk turn the body around
WMP Ilokano
taliwága ordinary, average; poor quality (cloth, etc.)
Cebuano
taliwálaʔ middle, center part; to do something to something at its center, in its middle part
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
teliwazaʔ the middle of something
teliwazen duwey an additional wife in a polygamous family, but not the most recent addition
WMP Ilokano
taltal-en to crush, bray, pound in order to pulverize
Isneg
mag-taltāl to crush
Ibaloy
taltal-en to loosen something by striking it (as pipe fitting or bolt with a hammer, peg that holds plow parts together) to strike, jar something (as house wall with hammer)
Aklanon
táetae to remove, take down
Hiligaynon
mag-táltal to loosen, especially with a jackscrew or a hammer
Cebuano
taltal knock off something that is attached or set (as in scraping mud off the wheels of a pushcart)
Toba Batak
ma-naltal hit, beat; cut
Balinese
taltal hit repeatedly
WMP Kapampangan
taltál talk back and forth in anger
Tagalog
taltál loud dispute, verbal battle
Toba Batak
ma-naltal answer someone harshly or rudely
WMP Tagalog
mag-tálo to engage in debate with each other (Panganiban 1966)
Maranao
talo call
Iban
talo shout at or to (Scott 1956)
WMP Casiguran Dumagat
tálo to lose in a game or contest
Pangasinan
a-tálo was defeated; lost (e.g. of a bet)
ma-tálo to win; conquer, defeat
Tagalog
tálo a defeat; a beating; a having been beaten or overthrown; loss; upset; defeat in sports
ka-tálo antagonist; adversary or competitor in argument, debate, etc.
Bikol
tálo defeated
ma-tálo to defeat
taló-on to be defeated
Hanunóo
tálu cheating, beatingm as in trade; surpassed
talú-hun be beaten in, or cheated at trade
Gayō
talu to surrender
Toba Batak
talu succumb, be defeated
ma-nalu-hon to defeat someone
Balinese
talu defeated, beaten
CMP Kambera
talu conquer, overcome, be dominant
WMP Ilokano
t<um>alúbo to be early in development or growth
Casiguran Dumagat
talúbu for a plant or person to grow much faster than others of its same age
Bikol
ma-talúboʔ quickly growing; healthy in growth (usually referring to humans, but applicable as well to plants and animals)
mag-talúboʔ to grow, mature; to thrive, prosper
WMP Casiguran Dumagat
talúk wet rice seedlings
Hanunóo
táluk sprout, shoot (to be transplanted); transplanting
CMP Manggarai
talok young bamboo
WMP Ilokano
talukab eyelid; carapace of crabs
Mansaka
tarokaob eyelid
WMP Ilokano
talóki (obs.) silk of one piece
Old Javanese
taluki a particular kind of fabric (perhaps muslin)
Balinese
taluki kind of batik
CMP Kambera
taluki kind of silk used as a veil
WMP Ilokano
talukátok hummock; ground over a flooded area
Mansaka
taroktok summit; top (as of a mountain)
WMP Ilokano
taluloŋ the Chinese honeysuckle, Quisqualis indica
Ibanag
taluloŋ the Chinese honeysuckle, Quisqualis indica
Tagalog
taluloŋ the Chinese honeysuckle, Quisqualis indica
WMP Ilokano
taluntón investigation
pa-taluntón a kind of chasing game played by young children
talunton-én to study, investigate; follow a path
Bontok
ma-naluntun to go from house to house to collect cooked rice to be eaten at the ward house during a ceremonial feast
Sambal (Botolan)
talontón to follow a path
Tagalog
taluntón line; row; path; rule; regulation; precept
t<um>aluntón to trace; to follow the course or origin of; to follow a rule, precept, etc.
Formosan Amis
tama to find; to be right; to hit on target
WMP Ilokano
t<um>áma to hit with a missile; hit a target
mai-táma to happen at a convenient time; coincide
Casiguran Dumagat
táma right, correct, good, accurate, exact
məg-tama to get a good yield from a rice harvest
pa-tama-en to make right, to correct
Ibaloy
tama-an to hit on, especially of something done timely, fortuitously (as selling one’s vegetables when the price is high; or hitting on the ‘heart of the matter’); such a fortuitous happening, as with gold strikes
Agutaynen
tama correct, right; accurate; appropriate; proper
Toba Batak
tama suitable, appropriate
Old Javanese
ka-tama-n struck, hit by
Javanese
ke-tama-n to get struck
ke-tama-n lara to get sick, to catch a disease
ke-tama-n asmara to fall in love at first sight
nama to strike
Tae'
si-tama get along, be well-disposed toward one another; make peace, be reconciled
CMP Rotinese
tama fit together well (as planks that are joined)
WMP Kayan
tamaʔ the act of sexual intercourse
namaʔ the male act of sexual intercourse
Malagasy
tami penetrated, entered, appearing; to be at hand
tami trano burglary (‘enter house’)
mi-tami be fierce, rush into danger, or to an attack
ma-nami to attack (a town, etc.), to penetrate into a town
tami-na to be attacked in front
Old Javanese
tama to enter, penetrate; to have penetrated into, mastered thoroughly, accomplished in
t<um>ama to enter, set foot in, appear in; to penetrate as far as (of weapons); to hit
Balinese
tama be ready, be on hand, never be tongue-tied, be bold
Sasak
tama to enter (as a ship into a harbor)
Tajio
ntama to enter, go inside
Tae'
tama in, into; to the east; to the west
pa-tama-i put something in, fill with
Proto-South Sulawesi
*tama to enter
Mandar
tama to enter
met-tama to enter
pet-tama-i put something in, insert
Makassarese
an-tama to enter, go inside
CMP Sika
tama to enter, go inside
Kambera
tama to enter
Tetun
tama to enter, to introduce, to penetrate
tama-k impertinent, brash, not timid
Erai
tama to enter
WMP Old Javanese
ka-tama-n penetrated by, affected by, moved by, full of
Tae'
ka-tama-n where something has gone in; place where something has entered
WMP Casiguran Dumagat
tamad to feel lazy, to not feel like working; lazy
Kapampangan
ma-tamád lazy
Tagalog
tamád lazy; idle; indolent; sluggish; slothful; truant; neglecting duty through laziness
ka-támár-an laziness
ka-tamar-án to feel lazy about a given task, and to pay no attention to it, or do nothing about it
Bikol
tamád be reluctant or disinclined to do something
Agutaynen
ma-tamad lazy; unmotivated; bored
Cebuano
tamád feel too lazy to do something
WMP Agutaynen
tamad-an for a person to feel lazy, tired; to be disinterested in, bored or tired of doing something
Cebuano
tamar-án be lazy
WMP Aklanon
tamáraw species of wild carabao found only on Mindoro
Cebuano
tamaráw kind of wild water buffalo
Iban
temadau wild ox: Bos javanicus d'Atton (formerly Bos sondaicus)
OC Sursurunga
t<in>mas picnic lunch, food taken and eaten away from the house, or on a journey
Bariai
tamad food for a journey
Takia
la-tamad food for a journey (la = ‘move away from speaker; go around the island’)
Dawawa
tamasi-na food for travel
Teop
tamari prepared food
Nggela
tamandi a relish with vegetable food, such as pork or fish; to eat together different sorts of food
Arosi
amadi betel pepper
Bauro
amasi to eat two things together, use a relish, betel pepper
WMP Cebuano
táman until, up to a certain part
Maranao
taman limit, boundary, until
Binukid
taman until, up to a certain point, as far as
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
taman limit, end; until
Mansaka
taman to reach as far as; to continue on as far as
Tiruray
taman as far as, until
taman sa taman forever
Yakan
taman up to; until (stating the limits of objects and time; extent, limit, topping point (of objects)
taman-an end, stopping point, limit (of actions); used also for forming superlatives of adjectives
Punan Tuvu'
taman attaining to; reaching as far as
WMP Tausug
tamanaŋ (of people or animals) barren, sterile
mag-tamanaŋ to become sterile
Ngaju Dayak
tamanaŋ barren, infertile
Toba Batak
tamanaŋ bloodflow
tamanaŋ bulan menses
Rejang
temanaŋ sterile, barren, childless
Bare'e
tamana sterile, barren, childless, mainly of people, but also said of animals
Tae'
tamanaŋ steriile, infertile, childless, of people; to fail to yield fruit, of plantings such as maize
Proto-South Sulawesi
*tamanaŋ barren (of a woman)
Makassarese
tamanaŋ sterile, childless
OC Mussau
tamanu kind of large-leafed Calophyllum found in the interior (cp. ŋitau 'Calophyllum of the shore')
Fijian
damanu a tree, very tall and straight, excellent for making canoes: Callophyllum vitense, Guttiferae
Tongan
tamanu tree sp.
Niue
tamanu a tree: Calophyllum inophyllum (= fetau)
Samoan
tamanu large tree (Callophyllum sp.), with timber used for canoes and furniture
Rarotongan
tamanu the native mahogany: Calophyllum inophyllum
Hawaiian
kamani, kamani large tree (Calophyllum inophyllum, at home on shores of the Indian and western Pacific Oceans, with shiny, oblong leaves to eight inches long, white flowers much like orange blossoms, and globose green fruits about an inch in diameter. The wood is hard and was formerly made into calabashes.
WMP Ilokano
t<um>áma to hit with a missile; hit a target
mai-táma to happen at a convenient time; coincide
Sambal (Botolan)
támaʔ to hit squarely; correct, right
Tagalog
támaʔ correct, right; hitting the mark
Bikol
támaʔ accurate, correct, right; appropriate, fitting, suitable; adequate, ample, sufficient; moderate, temperate
mag-támaʔ to win; to hit it right; to hit the bull’s eye; usually
ma-tamáʔ-an to get hit by something; fig. to feel the effects of something (such as a drink of liquor)
Hanunóo
támaʔ right, correct, true
Aklanon
támaʔ right, correct, enough; to hit directly, make a bullseye, hit straight on
Hiligaynon
támaʔ correct, well, extremely, excessively
Cebuano
támaʔ for something to hit squarely on something; be just exactly on time; make something fit; stop doing something bad
Central Tagbanwa
tama to be correct; to hit the target
Maranao
tamaʔ enough, alright
Toba Batak
tama suitable, appropriate
CMP Rotinese
tama fit together well (as planks that are joined)
WMP Yakan
tamaʔ for something to be penetrated or pierced (by a knife or bullet); covered with (wounds or bullet holes)
Kadazan Dusun
tamaʔ brave, bold
ka-tamaʔ dare, bold, brave
Malagasy
tami penetrated, entered, appearing; to be at hand
tami trano burglary (‘enter house’)
mi-tami be fierce, rush into danger, or to an attack
ma-nami to attack (a town, etc.), to penetrate into a town
tami-na to be attacked in front
Proto-South Sulawesi
*tama enter
CMP Lamaholot
tama to enter
Tetun
tama to enter, to introduce, to penetrate
tama-k impertinent, brash, not timid
Vaikenu
tama to go in
Erai
tama to enter
WMP Tontemboan
t<um>ambak stamp with the foot
Tae'
tambak clean something by pounding it
Proto-South Sulawesi
*tamba(k) hit, pound
Makassarese
an-nambaʔ strike with something flexible, as a whip or length of rattan
CMP Hawu
daba beat on with both hands
WMP Ilokano
tambák dam, dike, bank
ag-tambák to build a dike
Itawis
támbak dyke between rice paddies
Ibaloy
i-tambak to pile, heap something up
Tagalog
tambák embankment, terrace; mound; a bank or heap of earth, stones, sand, etc.; pile; a mass like a hill or mound; the piling up, e.g. of official papers not acted upon
i-tambák to dump; to empty out or throw down so as to make a pile or heap; to dump into a place
má-tambak-án to be encumbered; to be filled or blocked up; to be oversupplied; to be glutted; to be overwhelmed; to be snowed under
mag-tambák to make a heap or pile of sand, soil, stones, etc.
Bikol
tambák heap, mound, pile
tambak-ón to heap or pile up
Romblomanon
tambak something is covered over by someone with soil, stones, the shallow ocean
Masbatenyo
támbak piled, packed tightly, chock full
tambak-ón to pile something
Aklanon
támbak pile; to pile up (one on top of another); fill (hole)
Waray-Waray
tambák heap; pile; mass; mound
Agutaynen
tambak-en to pile up; to fill in, such as a hole
mag-tambak to pile or stack things up; to cover or fill in a depression in the ground; to fill in a large hole
Cebuano
tambák dump a large number of things in or over something
tambak-án dumping ground; gathering place
Maranao
tambak rampart, heap
tambak-en to heap up, as earth
Binukid
tambak to cover (something) over with dirt
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
tambak to fill in a hole; to cover something over with some substance
Mapun
tambak an orderly stacking of rocks or earth (as used for the foundation of a house on the seashore, for a wharf, for a retaining wall surrounding a grave or rice field, etc.)
nambak to make an orderly stack of rocks or earth
Yakan
mag-tambak to place something on top of something else; pile up on top
Tausug
mag-tambak to level (a low place), fill in (ground); pile stones (often over a grave)
Ngaju Dayak
tambak a burial place for those families that do not preserve the corpse and later reinter the bones in an elevated mausoleum built on wooden posts
Malay
tambak banking; filling; levelling up
me-nambak to reclaim (low-lying land)
Acehnese
s<ɨn>ambaʔ dyke, dam, mound of earth, wall, rampart, parapet
Simalur
tambaʔ grave; canal
Karo Batak
tambak a dyke, a damming up of water; an artificial pond made by damming
nambak-i to dam up by building a dyke
Toba Batak
tambak burial mound that one properly undertakes and plants with trees
Nias
tamba a filling up
ma-namba to fill up
fa-tamba become equal, be even (of a number)
Sundanese
tambak what serves to block off or divert water; also, to lie in a heap, heap up to obstruct the inflow or outflow of water
di-tambak dammed up, held in by a dyke
nambak to obstruct or divert (of water, with a dyke or dam)
Old Javanese
tambak wall, dike, dam, fence
tambak saya (of warriors) defence, rampart (against the enemy)
Javanese
tambak a pond near the shore where certain sea fish (bandeng) are cultivated; a dike or dam for regulating water
nambak to regulate the flow of; to tackle a problem;to overcome an obstacle
Balinese
tambak dam, dyke; a pool formed from a dammed stream; fishpond; to block, obstruct, dam
Sasak
tambak fishpond
Mongondow
tambak burial place
CMP Kambera
tambaku a dam; to dam
OC Nggela
ta-tamba to bank up with logs or stones to keep earth from falling
WMP Tagalog
má-tambák to be put aside in some place so as to form a big heap or mound, as garbage, old papers, etc.; to be or become piled up, as official papers requiring action, or as goods, etc.
Old Javanese
(m)a-tambak with a wall, etc.; to stand like a wall or dam, tightly packed (along the way), blocking (the way); a certain functionary (inspector or dikes?)
WMP Yakan
ka-tambak-an be affected by something that piles up on top (as a house struck by a falling tree)
Old Javanese
ka-tambak-an to provide with a dam, be provided with a dam
WMP Tagalog
t<um>umbák to accumulate or pile up
Acehnese
t<ɨm>ambaʔ to dam up, make a dyke; heap up earth; fill up
Old Javanese
t<um>ambak to put oneself in the way
WMP Ilokano
tambak-an to build a dike across or around
Ibaloy
tambak-an to pile something against, on, etc. something else
Tagalog
tambák-an a dump; a dumping place
tambak-án to fill up a place by dumping sand, earth, stones, rubbish, etc.
Romblomanon
tambāk-an a shallow-sea fish trap
Masbatenyo
tambak-án dumping place, junk yard
Mapun
tambak-an to make an orderly stack of rocks or earth
Yakan
tambak-an to place something on top of something else; pile up on top
Sundanese
tambak-an dam, dyke
WMP Miri
tafel to mend, patch
Minangkabau
tambal to patch; to paste on; to plaster; to overlay
Sundanese
tambal patch; insertion
Old Javanese
t<in>ambal-an to patch (of a torn garment)
Javanese
tambal a mending patch
tambal ban tire patch
nambal to have something patched; to patch for someone
tambal-an act or way of patching; having been patched
tambal-tambal to put on a patch
Bare'e
tamba a patch
Muna
tamba to patch, add a surface piece to, coat
ka-tamba a bandage, a patch
CMP Lamaholot
taba to mend, repair, patch
WMP Ayta Abellan
tambal to consult a doctor; to get a physician to cure one’s ailment
Bikol
tambál antidote; snake medicine
mag-tambál to treat someone with an antidote
Aklanon
tambae medicine --- coagulant
Cebuano
tambál to treat an illness, wound
Binukid
tambal medicine; remedial measures; to treat a physical ailment with medicine
WMP Ilokano
tambán kind of sardine
Tagalog
tambán fish like a herring or sardine
Hanunóo
támban dark-colored fish about 15 cm. long
Cebuano
tamban name given to sardines of several species
Maranao
tamban minnow, anchovy
Malay
ikan tamban sardine; generic for various Clupeidae
Sundanese
tamban marine fish sp.
Balinese
tamban kind of small sea fish
Sasak
tamban a sea fish, apparently the sardine
WMP Ilokano
ag-tambáŋ to ambush; raid; attack; waylay; obstruct a voyage; hold up and rob; block one’s way
Ibaloy
tambaŋ ambush
me-nambaŋ to set up an ambush
Tagalog
tambáŋ ambush, an attack from an ambush; the act or condition of lying in wait; a person waiting and watching from a vantage point for wild game, or in warfare, for the enemy
WMP Ibaloy
tambaŋ-an to lie in wait for something, esp. with the idea of killing (as enemy, animal being hunted)
Bikol
tambáŋ-an to encircle, surround
WMP Cebuano
tambaŋúŋu kind of large, fleshy catfish living in river estuaries
Makassarese
tambanunu kind of fish, lighter-colored than barrukaŋ (barrukaŋ = kind of fish that lives in river mouths and swamps, smooth, shiny and scaleless, gray and black with barbels on the mouth and poisonous spines on the back)
WMP Maranao
tambaʔ exaggerate, superfluous
Malay
tambah increase by repetition or continuation
Karo Batak
tambah replenishment; addition, supplement
Toba Batak
tamba increase, augmentation, what is added to or given as a supplement
ma-namba-i to augment or supplement something
Sundanese
tambah to increase, become greater
Pendau
tamba to increase, add to
Bare'e
tamba increase, add to (said to be a Buginese or Makasarese loan)
Proto-South Sulawesi
*tamba add to, increase
WMP Bikol
tambál antidote; snake medicine
mag-tambál to treat someone with an antidote
Aklanon
támbae medicine: coagulant; to stop bleeding
Hiligaynon
támbal medicine, cure, remedy
Cebuano
tambál treat an illness, wound; to reform, correct someone
pa-nambál to practive medicine
tambál-an folk doctor, specializing in diseases of supernatural origin
Maranao
tabal mitigate, as with medicine
Binukid
tambal medicine, remedial measures
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
tambar medicine; to treat someone with medicine
Malay
tambar healing; curing
tawar innocuous (of a poison or charm being rendered harmless, or of disease losing its virus)
pə-nawar antidote, countercharm
Karo Batak
tambar medicine, remedy
nambar-i give medicine to someone, treat with medicine
Sundanese
tamba antidote, means for recovering, medicine
Old Javanese
tamba cure, remedy, medicine
Tontemboan
tambal a plant with thick leaves that are used as medicine for indigestion and as a spice in cooking: Labiatea
Makassarese
tambaraʔ antidote
tambaraʔ rappo-rappo a shrub with leaves that are used as medicine: Clerodendron inerme
Wolio
tamba medicine against poisoning or haemoptysis; to treat with medicine, cure
CMP Manggarai
tambar very bitter creeper with thorns, used as malaria medicine
WMP Ayta Abellan
tambay help; to help
Cebuano
tambág to advise (as a doctor advising his patient how to get better); advice, counsel
Mansaka
tambag advice
WMP Casiguran Dumagat
tambə́d lizard fish, Saurida sp.
Cebuano
tambúd lizard fish, kind of fish around six inches long, living on sandy bottoms of shallow waters
WMP Bikol
mag-tambód to wrap (place something around); to band, bandage; to attach the spur to the foot of a fighting cock
Agutaynen
i-tabed-tabed to wrap a rope around something; to tie something up
ma-tabed-tabed to become wrapped around something; to become tangled up in something
Maranao
tambed to tie; wear malong (skirt-like garment with open ends) tied around chest
Binukid
tabed to wrap oneself around something; to twist, wind, wrap something repeatedly around something else
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
taved to wrap a rope or string repeatedly around something
Mansaka
tambud to twine (as a vine around a tree)
Malay
tambat tethering
mə-nambat-kan to tie up, to fasten up (of fowls with their legs tied together, etc.)
WMP Agutaynen
i-tambel to patch a hole in clothing or fabric, using a patch or scrap of material
Malay
tambal to patch; to paste on; to plaster; to overlay
Balinese
tambel-in be patched by someone
WMP Agutaynen
ma-nambel to patch a hole in clothing or fabric, using a patch or scrap of material
Balinese
nambel to patch, put a patch on
WMP Murut (Timugon)
tambalaŋ kind of bamboo
Proto-Minahasan
*tambəlaŋ kind of bamboo
Tondano
tabəlaŋ bamboo (generic term)
Tontemboan
tambəlaŋ kind of bamboo
Totoli
tambolaŋ kind of long, not very strong bamboo
Dampelas
tambalaŋ kind of long, not very strong bamboo
WMP Bikol
tambóŋ fish corral
mag-tambóŋ to place fish corrals in a particular body of water
Hanunóo
támbuŋ dam, as in a stream
Tiruray
tambeŋ stop a small flow of water by setting an impediment
Old Javanese
tambəŋ dam, dike, wall, partition
Javanese
tambeŋ headstrong, obstinate, stubborn
Balinese
tambeŋ to obstruct, block; be obstinate
Sasak
tabəŋ to dam up
WMP Tausug
tambiluk a sea worm that lives on trees, logs, and sides of wooden ships
Iban
tebelok shipworm or teredo
Malay
təmbelok a cirrhiped barnacle that attacks wood in sea water
CMP Yamdena
tambu restrain, prevent, forbid
Fordata
tabu forbid, prevent
OC Tigak
tap holy
Vitu
va-tabu-tabu-a to forbid
Tawala
tabu forbidden (said to be a Suau loan)
Molima
tabu-gu a food forbidden to me
Tubetube
tabu don’t
Cheke Holo
tabu taboo, prohibited, sacred
Roviana
tabu put a taboo (under certain circumstances) on food; perhaps an introduced term
Eddystone/Mandegusu
tabu charm, sacred object; forbidden, taboo
Bugotu
tabu sacred, forbidden, holy; a prohibition placed on use or handling of anything
Nggela
tambu set apart; forbidden, taboo; dedicated; sacred, holy; a priest; abominable, hateful, immoral
Kwaio
abu sacred, taboo
Lau
ābu taboo, holy
Toqabaqita
abu taboo, not allowed, forbidden
'Āre'āre
āpu sacred, forbidden, taboo; used also as a prohibitive, dehortative to children
Arosi
abu dehortatory: don’t; sacred, in a few names of places, etc.
haʔa-abu forbid
Gilbertese
tabu prohibition, interdiction; sacred; forbidden, prohibited (generally used with religious meaning of sacred, consecrated)
tabu-a to forbid, prohibit, interdict
Marshallese
jabwi taboo (archaic)
Woleaian
tab(u) taboo, ban, ritual restriction protected by supernatural sanction (marked by a taboo sign); be prohibited by taboo, restricted by taboo
Proto-North-Central Vanuatu
*tabu sacred, forbidden, taboo
Wayan
tabu be forbidden, prohibited by strong communal sanction, e.g. of traditional custom, modern law; (of a place or thing) be prohibited from use; prohibition, restriction; holiness, sacredness
Fijian
tabu forbidden, prohibited, implying a religious sanction, but now used also for legal prohibition, such as “no admission’; sacred, holy, unapproachable
Tongan
tapu prohibited, unlawful
Niue
tapu sacred, prohibited to common people
fale tapu church
Samoan
tapu be forbidden
tapu-i be under an interdiction or ‘taboo’
Tuvaluan
tapu prohibited
Kapingamarangi
dabu sacred; restricted; taboo
Nukuoro
dabu forbidden; awesome
Rennellese
tapu taboo, forbidden, sacred, hallowed, restricted; sacredness, forbidden or sacred place; to observe taboos, as on the Sabbath
Maori
tapu under religious or superstitious restriction; a condition affecting persons, places, and things, and arising from innumerable causes
tāpu-i mark to indicate claim or right to property
Hawaiian
kapu taboo, prohibition
OC Vitu
va-tabu-tabu-a to forbid
Cheke Holo
fa-tabu to make taboo
Kwaio
faʔa-abu-a to taboo, forbid ritually, make sacred
Lau
fā-ābu consecrate
Arosi
haʔa-abu forbid
Niue
faka-tapu to make sacred
Samoan
faʔa-tapu-laʔa set a limit to
Rennellese
haka-tapu to make taboo; to dedicate, as a church
Hawaiian
hoʔo-kapu make taboo, prohibit, sanctify, consecrate
OC Nauna
tapun dehortative; don’t
Penchal
rat rapu-n taboo
Loniu
topu-n taboo
Bipi
drapu-n taboo
Wuvulu
ʔapu-na command of prohibition; taboo
Eddystone/Mandegusu
tabu-na shrine, skull-house, sacred or forbidden place; sacred thing
'Āre'āre
āpu-na taboo (there are four varieties of taboo, each causing a different sickness)
Bauro
apu-na don’t
OC Roviana
tabu-ni-a put a taboo on food
'Āre'āre
āpu-ni-a put a taboo under curse; forbid
Samoan
tapu-ina be forbidden by someone
OC Kwaio
abu-abu sacred area beside men’s house where adalo (ancestral spirits) are addressed
Tongan
topu-tapu sacred, holy
Niue
tapu-tapu strictly prohibited
Samoan
tapu-tapu strictly forbidden
Rennellese
tapu-tapu diminutive of tapu; small sacredness
Maori
tapu-tapu charm, incantation
Hawaiian
kapu-kapu dignity, regal appearance; entitled to respect and reverence, difficult of access because of rank, dignity and station
WMP Sambal (Botolan)
tambóg jump into water, wade through water or mud
Tagalog
tambóg loud splash of something falling flat on water
Cebuano
tambúg throw something heavy or bulky into something deep (as the sea); fall
WMP Tagalog
tambók bulge; protuberance; convexity; swelling; a swollen part
ma-tambók bulging, convex
ka-tambuk-an chubbiness; bulkiness
Bikol
tambók bulging (as muscles), full large (as breasts), prominent (parts of the body)
Tausug
tambuk corpulence, fatness, obesity, plumpness, chubbiness
Madurese
tabuʔ belly
Sa'dan Toraja
tambuk belly
Buginese
tampuʔ pregnant
WMP Cebuano
tambúluk the hackles of roosters
Malay
tembolok crop (of bird)
WMP Malay
bulu temiaŋ the bamboo of which blowpipes are made: Bambusa wrayi
Sundanese
awi tamiaŋ kind of thin bamboo (used for blowpipes and thread spools)
Old Javanese
tamyaŋ kind of bamboo
CMP Kambera
tamiaŋu kind of thin bamboo: Schistostachyum blumei, used for spears, trail or pitfall spikes, and plaited to make walling
WMP Aklanon
tamílok large edible worm found in trees
Agutaynen
tamilok a type of large, edible worm; they burrow into driftwood or boat hulls to lay their eggs; the young worms, which are white and elongated and look similar to an umbilical cord, are considered a delicacy
tamilok-on for the hull of a boat to become full of holes made by these worms burrowing in to lay their eggs
Cebuano
tamíluk shipworms, edible marine mollusks that bore into wood; kind of edible insect grub, usually found in rotten logs; be infested with shipworms
Iban
temilok shipworm or teredo
WMP Aklanon
tamíŋ shield
Agutaynen
tamiŋ shield used by soldiers for protection
Hiligaynon
tamíŋ armor, shield
Cebuano
tamiŋ shield
Maranao
tamiŋ shield
Subanen/Subanun
tamiŋ round shield (Churchill 1913)
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
tamiŋ round shield
Malay
tameŋ shield, buckler (often referred to in Malayo-Javanese romance); the Javan shield is usually round, but the tameŋ is of the Indonesian long type
CMP Kambera
temiŋu shield
Hawu
tami shield
Buruese
tami-n shield
WMP Aklanon
tamíʔ test food, taste (using one's finger)
CMP Hoti
tami chew
OC Rennellese
tami taste
tami-tami taste a little, as to try
WMP Banggai
tamis test, taste, sample
Bare'e
me-tami taste, try
Tae'
tammiʔ chew so as to enjoy the juice and reject the refuse, as when chewing sugarcane
CMP Tetun
tamis to taste, to savor (by chewing)
Hoti
tami chew
OC Rennellese
tami taste
tami-tami taste a little, as to try
WMP Malay
ikan tampar a flatfish: Pseudorhombus arsuis
Chamorro
tampat type of fish: Bothus mancus (Bothidae), flounder, flatfish
WMP Tagalog
tampál to slap with the open hand (not so strong as sampál)
má-tampál to be slapped
Ngaju Dayak
tampar to hit with the fist
Malay
tampar slap; forcible blow with the flat of the hand; cuff
mə-nampar dada to beat the breast
Toba Batak
tampar a long rod with a wide end used to catch birds; also a flyswatter
Tae'
tampaʔ a blow; give a punch in the mouth
WMP Maranao
tampay to see (literary)
Iban
tampay see from afar, catch sight of, make out at a distance (as in recognizing someone from a long way off)
WMP Agutaynen
t<om>ampek for waves to hit and spray up over, or into, a boat
Balinese
tampek strike with the hand
OC Nggela
tapo to strike with the hand, slap; to clap the hands
WMP Malagasy
tampina stopped, corked, plugged
Sasak
tampeŋ dam up
Tae'
tampaŋ to check, stop; dam up water
WMP Maranao
tampil included with, identified with, favor one side
Iban
tampil join, attach, tie on
kaban tampil relative by marriage
nampil marry into a family
WMP Ilokano
tampípi kind of rectangular light bamboo trunk with flat sides, used for traveling
i-tampípi to place provisions, etc. in the tampípi
Bontok
tampípi kind of basket with fitting cover, for general storage (< Ilokano)
Ibaloy
tampipi lightweight box for keeping one’s clothes, blankets, that can be used as a travelling bag
Tagalog
tampípiʔ a native clothes trunk or chest made of bamboo, rattan or a certain kind of palm leaves
Bikol
tampípiʔ a travelling bag made of woven reeds
tampipíʔ-on to place something into or carry in a tampípiʔ
Tausug
tampípiʔ a (double telescoping) basket made of coconut leaves
WMP Maranao
tampir include, side with one party in controversy
Iban (Lemanak)
tampir join, attach, tie on
WMP Kankanaey
tampók clap one's hands, applaud
Ibaloy
man-tampok to clap one’s hands (as in applause)
Agutaynen
man-tampok to clap one’s hands (as in applause)
Cebuano
tampuk beat something with the inside of the fist (as if sticking a dagger into it)
Old Javanese
tampok coming down with a thud
OC Niue
tapu-tapu flapping of wings; the sound made by the wings of a bird
WMP Tagalog
tampók elevated or exalted place or position; exaltation; elevation
Iban
nampok perform a vigil, go to a solitary place to meet with ancestors or other beings in dream or vision, and obtain their help; tops of hills are used but any isolated place, even a cemetery, may be used
WMP Tagalog
tampók stem of fruits, stalk of flowers
Iban
tampok fruit stalk (picked)
Malay
tampok corolla; point where fruit and stalk meet
Balinese
tampuk the calyx of a fruit
tapuk the stalk of a fruit
WMP Maranao
tampoŋ gather
Malay (Java)
tampoŋ tap and collect latex in a cup
Bahasa Indonesia
tampuŋ receive and collect together (produce from an area, excess produce, etc.)
WMP Casiguran Dumagat
támpo to sulk, to have a sulky feeling, to complain of lack of attention from one expected to do better
Bikol
mag-tampóʔ to feel remorse over, to be hurt or brokenhearted due to something
pag-tampóʔ remorse
Formosan Puyuma
tamtam to taste with the lips
Paiwan
tj-alʸ-amtjam smack one's lips
WMP Itawis
mat-tántam to taste
Ibaloy
tamtam to taste something
Maranao
tantam taste
Chamorro
tamtam test, try out, sip, taste
SHWNG Buli
camcam smack the lips
CMP Rotinese
tamu make a smacking sound while eating, as a pig does
OC Motu
tamu-tamu smack the lips while eating
Uruava
tamu to eat
WMP Kapampangan
tamu a plant: Curcuma zedoaria (Berg.)
Tagalog
támo a plant: Curcuma zedoaria (Berg.)
Malagasy
tamu-tamu the turmeric plant (iintroduced); the root is pounded and used as a poultice for abscesses by the Betsileo, and along with some other things for hydrophobia; the leaves are used in the form of vapor baths for malarial fever; it also affords a yellow dye
Balinese
tamu turmeric; dye
Formosan Amis
tamohoŋ hat, cap
Thao
tamuhun round sun hat, shaped like a shallow cone, used when working in the fields
Bunun
tamuhuŋ a hat
WMP Tagalog
tanán all; everybody; everyone
Hanunóo
tanán all
tanan-tanán all (emphatic)
Kalamian Tagbanwa
tanan all
Agutaynen
tanan all; every; the total amount or number of something
Palawan Batak
tanán-an all
Cebuano
tanán all, everyone; in all
Mamanwa
tanan all
Maranao
tanan all, everything, entire, every, whole
Molbog
ŋo-tanan all
WMP Aklanon
tanaŋáw rice bug (damages rice by sucking the unripe grains)
Maranao
tanaŋaw rice fly, stinkbug: Leptacorisa acuta
Binukid
tanaŋaw kind of insect that has an unpleasant odor, stinking
Mansaka
tanaŋaw kind of insect that eats rice plants
Rejang
tenaŋeuw a paddy stalk-borer
Proto-Sangiric
*tanaŋaw insect which damages rice
Sangir
tanaŋo a small, malodorous grasshopper that damages the young rice plants: Stenocoris varicordia (Formosan only)
Formosan Kavalan
tani a plant: Aralia decaisneana (Hance)
Pazeh
tana a plant: Aralia decaisneana (Hance)
Thao
ta-tanaq a tiny plant with thorny stem and dark green pointed aromatic leaves that are used both as seasoning in cooking and as medicine in the treatement of fevers, colds and respiratory problems: Aralia decaisneana
Tsou
tnoo a plant: Aralia decaisneana (Hance)
Kanakanabu
tanaʔe a plant: Aralia decaisneana (Hance)
Saaroa
tanaʔe a plant: Aralia decaisneana (Hance)
Rukai (Budai)
tana a plant: Aralia decaisneana (Hance)
Paiwan
tjanaq Aralia decaisneana
CMP Tetun
tanaa-t to look up at anything on a higher elevation; to look closely at someone expecting to be given something
Asilulu
tanala to gaze in amazement; to stare for a long time (Formosan only)
Formosan Basai
tenayan bamboo, bamboo fence
Kavalan
tenayan bamboo (generic)
Saisiyat
tanayan kind of bamboo
WMP Mansaka
tandak to kick, stamp the feet
Old Javanese
tanḍak dance (with song)
WMP Ilokano
tánda memory
manag-tanda-an to have a good memory
Casiguran Dumagat
tanda sign, signal, mark (as a sign left on a trail, such as a bent twig)
Ayta Abellan
tanda to know
Bikol
ma-tandáʔ bright, intelligent; possessing a good memory
Hanunóo
tandáʔ remembering, memorizing (something)
Aklanon
tándaʔ to mark; remember, commemorate
Agutaynen
ma-tanda to remember, recall; to keep in mind
Central Tagbanwa
tanda fact
ma-tanda true
ma-tanda-an to remember or recall a factual event
WMP Casiguran Dumagat
ma-tanda-an to remember, to recollect
Central Tagbanwa
ma-tanda-an to remember or recall a factual event
WMP Tagalog
mag-tandis-an to have a definite understanding about something
tándís-an certain, sure, definite
Maranao
tades sure, certain; assure
Malay
mə-nandas-kan state with clarity, confirm explicitly
Malay (Jakarta)
nandes-in to confirm, make clear
WMP Binukid
tandiŋ to line up (something to compare with something else); to compare (something with something else)
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
tandiŋ to compare two things to see which is better
Mansaka
tandiŋ to exhibit; to display; to show; to sit or stand beside
Iban
tandin matching, equal, uniform; balancing match in which contestants each hold a foot with the hand and barge with the knee so bent
Malay
tandiŋ division into equal parts; proportion; share (the word implies comparison)
Old Javanese
tanḍiŋ equal, match, peer; matched (compared) with
Javanese
tanḍiŋ matched (against); equally matched
te-tanḍiŋ-an a match, contest
Balinese
tanḍiŋ set opposite to each other; compare; cause to correspond; adversary; match
WMP Ilokano
tan-tandók Gynandropsis pentaphylla (L.) DC.. An erect capparidaceous herb with digitate, long-petioled leaves ... and white flowers tinged with purple; it is considered a caustic
Malay
tandok-tandok plants with curiously shaped flowers; Strophanthus dichotomus, Ervatamia spp.
WMP Yami
tana mud, earth, soil, land (as opposed to sea)
Itbayaten
tana soil, earth, ground
tana-en land, territory
Kalamian Tagbanwa
tanɨk earth (ground)
Agutaynen
tanek ground, land; earth, soil, dirt; land owned by somebody
ma-tanek-en a person who owns a lot of land
ma-tanek-tanek discolored, with a reddish color, particularly of white clothes that are still dirty even after being washed
Maranao
tanaʔ alight, as thing in air; go down, as from a steep thing; relevance
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
tanaʔ ground; earth; land; dirt; region; to come to earth
Mapun
tanaʔ ground, dirt; land; soil, country
Yakan
tanaʔ dry rice field, swidden
mag-tanaʔ to plant (or make something into) a dry rice field
Tboli
tonok earth, ground, soil; land as distinguished from sea or sky
Bisaya (Lotud)
tanaʔ earth
Kadazan Dusun
tanaʔ soil, land, earth, ground
Tombonuwo
tanaʔ earth, soil, dirt
Ida'an Begak
tanaʔ low
Bisaya (Lotud)
tanaʔ earth
Bisaya (Limbang)
tanəʔ earth, soil
Belait
tanaʔ earth
Lun Dayeh
tanaʔ earth, soil; ground; land; the world
Kelabit
tanaʔ earth, soil; world
Narum
tanaʔ earth, soil
Kenyah
tanaʔ land
Kenyah (Long Anap)
tanaʔ earth, soil, land
Kayan
tana earth, soil, ground; floor
Wahau
næʔ earth, soil, land
Gaai
tnae̯ʔ earth, soil, land
Kelai
tnæʔ earth, soil, land
Woq Helaq Modang
tənəa̯ʔ earth, soil, land
Long Gelat Modang
təneʔ earth, soil, land
Kayan (Uma Juman)
tana earth, soil
Kiput
tanaaʔ earth
Bintulu
tanəʔ earth, soil
Melanau (Mukah)
tanaʔ earth, soil
Melanau Dalat (Kampung Teh)
tanaʔ earth, land, soil
Bukat
tanaʔ earth, soil
Tunjung
tanaaʔ earth
Ngaju Dayak
tana rice field
ma-nana work in the fields; make a rice field somewhere
Paku
taneʔ earth, soil
Ma'anyan
taneʔ earth
Malagasy
tani earth, land, soil; a country, a kingdom
i-tani out of doors
tani-be (‘big land’) the mainland of Madagascar, a word used to distinguish the mainland from the surrounding islands
Samihim
taneʔ earth
Dusun Witu
taneʔ earth
Iban
tanah earth, soil, land, ground, country
tanah baru (‘new land’) land that is recently first cleared and still fertile
Jarai
tənah earth, soil
Malay
tanah land; state, country; surface of soil, especially with regard to ownership; surface of soil with regard to its character; soil itself and its character
tanah liat clay (‘sticky earth’)
tanah na(m)pal marl, edible earth
tanah raya (‘great land’) continent
di-tanah outside the house;out of doors
Acehnese
tanɔh ground, land, earth
tanɔh kliət (‘sticky earth’) clay, potter’s clay
meu-tanɔh owning land
Gayō
tanoh earth, soil
mu-tanoh possessing land
Karo Batak
taneh earth, ground, territory, district
Toba Batak
tano earth, ground, land
tano liat clay (‘sticky earth’)
Nias
tanõ earth, soil, land
Lampung
tanoh land
Sundanese
tanɨh earth, ground; dust
Old Javanese
tanah land, country
Javanese
tanah land, country; parcel of land
tuan tanah landlord
Balinese
tanah ground, land, earth, soil (mainly as agricultural object, but also as building material, and as a political unit)
tanah hampoh a sort of clay eaten by pregnant women
tanah putih chalk (‘white earth’)
Sasak
tanaʔ earth, soil, ground; land
Sangir
ən-tana earth, ground, land
Tontemboan
tanaʔ ma-tuʔa land that has returned to bush (‘old land’)
tanaʔ wale the space under the house
wale tanaʔ house on the ground, not raised on piles, with the earth as floor
Pendau
tano earth, soil
Dampelas
tano earth, soil
Banggai
tano earth, ground; world
Uma
tanaʔ earth, soil
Bare'e
tana ground, earth, soil, land
tana ma-puyu clay (‘sticky earth’)
tana Mori the land of the Mori
man-tana dig in the ground
men-tana of animals, hide in the mud, crawl into the ground
Tae'
tana ground, earth, land; world
tana Toraa Toraja country
Makassarese
tana land, wet ricefield
Wolio
tana earth, ground, land, territory, country
tana ikande edible earth
Chamorro
tanoʔ world, earth, land, soil, ground
CMP Bimanese
dana earth, soil, land
Manggarai
tana land, soil, earth, territory
tana liliŋ clay (‘waxy earth’)
Rembong
tanaʔ earth, soil
Ngadha
tana earth, soil, land; district, tract of ground
Keo
tana earth
Riung
tana earth
Sika
tana land, earth, ground
tana ihi-ŋ products of the land, harvest
Lamaholot
tana earth, land, district, territory
ləwo tana village
Adonara
tana eka earth, soil
Lamboya
pan-tana earth
Kambera
tana land, district, territory
tana Humba the island of Sumba
tana díta uplands, east Sumba; the visible world
tana wà lowlands, west Sumba; the unseen world
Rotinese
tane mud
Kei
tan bul red sticky earth
tuan tan overseer of the common village land ‘lord of the land’)
tana-t district, land, ground, earth, black earth
Buruese
tana land
tana Buru the land of Buru
Kayeli
tana iso earthquake (‘shaking ground’)
SHWNG Waropen
ana land, bush, earth
OC Southeast Ambrym
tan ground, soil; direction downward
OC Nauna
tan down
kan-tan earth, soil
Penchal
ran down
Loniu
tan earth, ground, soil; down
Bipi
dan down
Aua
ano soil
Arop
tana earth
Biliau
taʔan earth, soil
Lusi
tano earth, ground
Kove
tano earth, ground
Lakalai
-talo down; westward
o-talo down
Gedaged
tan soil, ground; land; garden, field; earth; world
Sio
tono earth, soil
Takia
tan earth, soil
Gitua
tano ground, earth
tano sisiŋia red earth (= clay)
Suau
tano earth, soil
Motu
tano earth; soil; country; land
tano ai ashore; on land
tano bada the earth; the land, as distinguished from sky and sea (‘big land’)
Mekeo (East)
aŋo earth
Saliba
tano earth, soil
Bugotu
tano earth, ground
Kwaio
ano land, ground
Lau
ano earth, land; garden land (rarely used)
ano-ano low, as a house
ano-ano-a low, humble, subject to
'Āre'āre
āno garden, garden-ground
Sa'a
ano ground, garden ground
siho hai ano come down to the ground
Arosi
ano the ground, earth, soil, the land
ano-ia a landslip
ano-ano low, of shrub, tree, house, hill; lowering, of clouds; a drop of liquid left at the bottom of a vessel
Gilbertese
tano sand, soil, clay, ground, land
tano-a to cover with sand, to dirty with clay
Chuukese
sɔɔn (obsolete) the earth (as distinct from heaven); level place, prepared site
Puluwat
sɔɔn surface, ground, floor, bottom; to be lower
Woleaian
tal(o) earth, soil, ground; west, downward
Mota
tano earth, ground
Mosina
tan earth
Merig
tan earth
Tolomako
tano earth
Peterara
tano earth
Northeast Ambae
tano earth
Apma
tan earth
Atchin
n-tan earth
Naman
ne-tin earth
Avava
a-tan earth
Rerep
ne-tan earth
Port Sandwich
na-ran earth
Axamb
nə-ran earth
Maxbaxo
nə ran earth
North Ambrym
tan earth
Visina
poro-tano earth
Tonga
na-tan earth
Nakanamanga
na-tano earth
Efate (South)
na-tan earth
Kwamera
tana earth
Iaai
kɔnɔ earth
WMP Tboli
t<m>onok to walk, hike; to be dirty from the soil
Tontemboan
t<um>anaʔ go by land, go overland
WMP Kelabit
tanaʔ pulut clay (‘sticky earth’)
OC Mota
tano pul ~ tano pulut tenacious earth, red, black, volcanic earth which sticks, used in building wona (stone feasting platform) at Gaua
WMP Iban
tanah tumboh termite mound (lit. ‘growing earth’)
OC Motu
tano tubu ant-hill (lit. ‘growing earth’)
OC 'Āre'āre
āno-āno dust
Gilbertese
tano-tano full of sand (food)
OC Motu
tani away from (prepositional verb)
Vaturanga
tani motion away from
Merlav
dani- away from (prepositional verb)
Sesake
deni- away from (prepositional verb)
Fijian
tani away, elsewhere
Fijian (Boumaa)
tani away (directional)
WMP Kalamian Tagbanwa
tani here (closer than taa ‘here’)
Agutaynen
tamo here (close to the speaker)
Punan Tuvu'
tanih here
OC Tolai
tani here, just here
Roviana
tani here
WMP Proto-Sangiric
*tani to isolate oneself, be alone
Mongondow
ton-taniʔ by oneself, alone, on one’s own
Uma
ma-taniʔ alone (in a disapproving sense)
pa-taniʔ to segregate, seclude
Bare'e
tani independent, not connected with others
n-tani other, different
WMP Ilokano
ag-tantán to delay unnecessarily
i-tantán to postpone, put off
Ifugaw
tantán progress of a certain work which cannot be finished in one day, or even in a few days
Ibaloy
i-tantan to delay something --- esp. of that done purposely or by neglect (as of someone not completing his work on time)
Pangasinan
tantán calm, become calm, slow down
Tagalog
t<um>antán to stop; cease or desist
Bikol
mag-tantán to do something with great caution or circumspection (as eating fish slowly so that one does not swallow a bone, or walking carefully in the dark so that one does not trip over something)
Cebuano
tantán pay off a debt partially
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
tantan to be immobilized by fear or surprise
Mansaka
tantan to give up, to quit trying
WMP Ilokano
tánod guard
Sambal (Botolan)
tánod to guard (crops), to watch for birds or wild pigs
Tagalog
tánod guard, sentinel
Hanunóo
tánud guard, one who watches over something, as a field
Agutaynen
tanod local security guards or watchmen (they help the police keep peace and order by patroling the barangay at night and investigating disturbances)
Cebuano
tánud keep watch over something that needs care
Tboli
tánud to take care of, to watch
Sangir
tanudəʔ to guard, protect, keep watch over; look after, take care of
WMP Kankanaey
tánud bamboo needle
Casiguran Dumagat
tanód to thread a needle
Cebuano
tanúd sewing thread; to thread a needle or sewing machine
Tboli
tanul anything that serves as thread; to thread a needle
Tausug
tanud thread
t<um>anud to thread (a needle or sewing machine)
OC Lakalai
talu to put in, to plant
Tongan
tanu to bury, inter; to cover with earth or fill in a hole with earth; to metal (a road)
tanu-a to bury, inter
tanu-maki to cover with earth or bury above the ground; to earth up (a plant or tree)
tonu-mia be covered or buried by a fall of earth or lava, etc.
Niue
tanu to cover up, to bury; to surface (as a road)
tanu-mia to be covered up or buried
Futunan
tanu bury; be buried
tanu-mia be buried (as a house under a landslide)
Samoan
tanu cover over, build up (with soil, stones, etc.); to bury (human being or animal)
tanu-mia be covered over, be buried
Tuvaluan
tanu to bury
tanu-ŋa grave
tanu-tanu fill a hole, cover excrement with soil
Kapingamarangi
danu to bury
Nukuoro
danu buried; sunken from view
danu-mia be buried
danu-danu to bury a great many; to keep going down (so that it becomes hidden from view)
Rennellese
tanu to plant, as coconuts, yams, taro, bananas, corn; to bury; to insert, as lime in grooves in an arrow; to sink, as feet in a swamp
tanu-maŋa anything set aside for planting
Anuta
tanu to bury
Rarotongan
tanu the act or art of cultivating; to plant, to put into the ground for growth, to bury underground; to set shoots in the ground; to cultivate
tanu-kai to plant food, to cultivate food crops
tanu-mia planted, buried, cultivated
Maori
tanu to bury, plant, smother with, lie buried
tanu-mia be buried
Hawaiian
kanu to plant, bury; planting, burial
mea-kanu crops, plants
hoʔo-kanu to cause to plant or bury
WMP Isneg
tannúg sound (of musical instruments)
Pangasinan
tanól loud sound, explosion; to set off an explosion, make an exploding sound
patá-tanól-en firecracker
Ayta Abellan
tonoy <A sound or noise; to make noise, sound
Bikol
tanóg a sound, noise
ma-tanóg sonorous
mag-tanóg to sound; to emit a sound; to strike (as a clock striking the hour)
tanog-án to emanate from (of a sound)
Maranao
tanog audibility, loudness
Mansaka
tanog sound (as of a bus or a machine); to make a sound (as a machine)
Tausug
tanug the volume (of a sound or voice); famous, well-known
WMP Ilokano
tános main branch of a tree
na-tános high and straight-limbed
Bikol
ma-tános straight; erect, upright
mag-tános to straighten something out; to make something stand straight
ka-tanós-an straightness
WMP Agutaynen
t<om>andak to stamp one’s foot; to stamp or stomp on something
ta-tandak-tandak stamping the feet, as a child who is angry about being told to do something
Mansaka
tandak to kick; to stamp the feet
Tausug
t<um>andak to stamp one’s feet
Javanese
tanjak a certain leaping move in the classical dance
Bare'e
tada place the foot on something higher, e.g. in order to take a big step or a leap, or to reach a higher place (Formosan only)
Formosan Taokas
ma-tana red
Atayal (Mayrinax)
ma-tanah red
Atayal (Palŋawan)
ma-tanah red
Atayal (Squliq)
m-talah red
Seediq (Toŋan)
ma-tanah red
Formosan Tsou
hos-a village
Saaroa
taɬa: village
Siraya (Gravius)
talax house
Siraya (Utrecht ms.)
talax house
WMP Tagalog
i-tahán to take someone to reside with oneself in a certain place
pag-tahán act of residing, living or dwelling in a place
tahán-an home; dwelling; abode
Formosan Saisiyat
t<om>alək to cook
Pazeh
talek-i Cook it! (sweet potatoes, fish, meat, but not rice)
Paiwan
tjalʸek to cook food in advance (as for journey)
WMP Ifugaw
tanók to boil something a long time because what must be boiled is too hard and thick (e.g. the hide of a water buffalo, a cow); it is also applied to an overcooking of vegetables by lack of attention so that they happen to be half-spoiled
Cebuano
tanuk to boil starchy foods, but not rice: ears of corn, root crops, bananas
Binukid
tanek to steam (immature unpounded rice to harden the grains so it can be dried and pounded)
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
tanek to steam immature unpounded rice in order to harden the grains so that it may be pounded and cooked
Lun Dayeh
tanek boiling of something
ne-tanek boiled by mistake
Kelabit
tanek boiling of water, cooking vegetables, cook meat
Kayan
tanek cooked in water, boiled (as maize)
Punan Tuvu'
tanok cooked
nanok to cook
Malagasy
mi-tanika to boil, to cook
Iban
tanak to cook (usually not rice)
Salako
tanak to cook
Malay
tanak boiling (rice)
ber-tanak nasi to boil rice
Old Javanese
pa-tanek-an kitchen
Totoli
ma-tanok boiled, cooked
Mandar
tanaʔ boil, cook
Makassarese
tanaʔ coconut milk from which oil is boiled out; smelting of tin or lead
WMP Lun Dayeh
nanek to boil something
Kelabit
nanek to boil water, cook
Bahasa Indonesia
me-nanak to boil rice in a pot
Totoli
ma-nanok to boil, to cook
WMP Bikol
mag-tanók to parboil rice
Masbatenyo
mag-tanók to boil food
Malay
ber-tanak to boil rice
Mandar
mat-tanaʔ to boil, to cook
Formosan Puyuma
t<in>alək cooked rice
Paiwan (Western)
tj<in>alʸek prepared food (especially taken along for journey); cooked food in general
WMP Cebuano
t<in>anúk cooked root crops, bananas, or corn
Lun Dayeh
t<in>anek boiled by someone
Old Javanese
t<in>anek to cook, to boil
Formosan Saisiyat
t<om>alək to cook
Pazeh
mu-talek to cook (side dishes, meaning anything but rice)
WMP Old Javanese
t<um>anek to cook, boil
Formosan Pazeh
talek-en to be cooked; what is cooked
WMP Bikol
tanok-ón to parboil rice
Masbatenyo
tanuk-ón to boil food (as jackfruit seeds)
Malagasy
taneh-ina to be boiled, to be cooked
Formosan Tsou
tahzucu mulberry tree and fruit
Kanakanabu
taníucu mulberry tree and fruit
Saaroa
talhiusu mulberry tree and fruit
Rukai (Budai)
taɭíuDu mulberry tree and fruit
WMP Yami (Imorod)
tanyod mulberry tree and fruit
Itbayaten
tañod a species of tree, mulberry: Morus alba Linn., with white flowers and edible fruit
Formosan Saisiyat
talam to try
ʃan-talam to taste
Atayal
talam to try, to taste; to ask about the future, to tell the future
Pazeh
mu-talam to try, taste
talam to taste
xi-talam to taste
Amis
tanam to try to do something; to taste
Thao
tazam to taste, to try
mashin-tazam to weigh something on a hand balance
pu-tazam to try or test something
Bunun
tanam to try, taste
Tsou
oo-thom-ə to taste
Kanakanabu
ku-a-tanámə to taste
Saaroa
m-aku-a-talhamə to taste
Puyuma
talam try; participate; taste in swallowing
WMP Ayta Abellan
tanam feeling (psychological); to feel something emotionally
Maranao
tanam pleasant, comfortable
OC Pak
denih sardine
Loniu
tenih sardine
Seimat
tanih largest kind of unicorn fish
Proto-Micronesian
*tañifa a small fish
Puluwat
hánif anchovy
Fijian
daniva small fish like the sardine, sp. Sardinella
WMP Tboli
taŋ bass gong, a large gong emitting a deep, somber sound (used for transmitting calls to someone in the field, or calling a meeting)
Malay
taŋ a bang or clang; the sound of metal falling heavily
CMP Asilulu
taŋ sound of metallic crash or gunshot
Formosan Basai
taŋa to open
Pazeh
pa-taŋa to open (a door, case)
saa-pa-taŋa a key
Thao
tana open
kun-tana open suddenly or spontaneously
WMP Ilokano
nag-taŋá stupid, ignorant
Tagalog
taŋá dolt; a dull, stupid person; blockhead; gawk; an awkward, stupid person
ma-taŋá to stare or gape at; to look at with amazement
naka-taŋá open-mouthed; gaping with a somewhat stupid look
t<um>aŋá-taŋá to gawk; to look around stupidly in a gawking manner
Aklanon
taŋá scatter-brained, absent-minded, foolish, gullible
Malagasy
tána-tána width of space
a-tána-tána to be made wide open (of a door, the mouth, etc.)
mi-tána-tána vava to wait idly about; to be struck with amazement (lit. ‘to have the mouth wide open’)
OC Tongan
taŋa mouth, or mouth and throat: but only in the language of abuse
Formosan Pazeh
ma-taŋa to open (a door, case)
Thao
ma-tana will open
OC Gedaged
taŋ a netbag used by women; chorion, membrane enveloping the fetus of mammals; afterbirth; the uterus
taŋe (<taŋa-i) put into a netbag
Gitua
taŋa netbag, basket
Nggela
taŋa a bag, cloth bag
Lau
aŋa a bag
Arosi
aŋa to have in a bag
aŋa-aŋa to have a bag, to carry in a bag
aŋa(-na) a plaited bag with string handles, hung over the shoulder, or from the head in carrying burdens
Mota
taŋa a bag, deep basket
Fijian
taŋa a bag, pocket, sack
taŋa-na put into a bag; fish with hand-nets
Niue
taŋa bag, bale, sack
taŋa-fana quiver
Samoan
taŋa bag, sack; pocket; pillow case; door mat; stomach (of a shark)
Tuvaluan
taŋa bag, pocket
Rennellese
taŋa a container of any kind: basket, bag, suitcase, pocket; to put into a container
OC Kara
taŋa a shrub with edible figs: Ficus tinctoria
Tolai
taŋa-tata a shrub with edible figs: Ficus tinctoria
Sye
na-toŋ a shrub with edible figs: Ficus granatum
Anejom
na-teŋ a shrub or tree with medicinal uses: Ficus adenosperma
WMP Ilokano
taŋa a fruit tree: Prunus marsupialis Kalkm. Rosaceae
Bikol
taŋa a fruit tree: Prunus grisea (C. Muell.) Kalkm. Rosaceae
WMP Ilokano
ag-taŋ-táŋad to walk with the head up; to be looking up
i-táŋad to turn upward
t<um>áŋad to look upward, raise the eyes
Isneg
mag-táŋad to look up, to raise the eyes; to lift up the face, the eyes
Bontok
táŋad to look up, to respect, look up to
Kankanaey
men-táŋad to look up, to hold up one’s head to look; to have nothing to do
na-táŋad lazy; idle; slothful; sluggish
Ifugaw
táŋad to look upward
tāŋad a location above something; for someone to look up at something
Casiguran Dumagat
taŋád to look up (as at fruit in a tree)
Bikol
taŋád to look upward
OC Lakalai
taŋa to look up(ward)
WMP Yami
taŋara look up
taŋara-en look up
Itbayaten
ma-naŋara to look up
taŋara-en be looked up at
CMP Kambera
taŋara look upward toward something (as in gazing at the moon)
WMP Ilokano
nag-taŋá stupid, ignorant
Ayta Abellan
taŋah silly; fool; foolish; to act foolishly
Tagalog
taŋá dolt; a dull, stupid person; blockhead; to gawk; an awkward, stupid person; dumb; stupid; dull; asinine; silly
WMP Ilokano
taŋán thumb, great toe
Pangasinan
taŋán thumb, big toe
Belait
ŋan hand
Ma'anyan
taŋan hand
Malagasy
tánana hand, foreleg of quadrupeds
Malay
taŋan hand
CMP Selaru
taŋa finger, toe
Sekar
taga-n finger, toe
OC Seimat
taŋa lap thumb (‘big finger’)
taŋa kol pinky (‘little finger’)
WMP Ibaloy
taŋan kind of tree, probably purging nut: Jatropha curcas
Tagalog
taŋan-taŋan castor oil plant
Bikol
taŋán-taŋán the castor oil plant: Ricinis communis
Hanunóo
taŋan-táŋan a species of tree: Jatropha curcas Linn.; two types or varieties are known, one reddish, one white
Cebuano
taŋan-táŋan castor oil plant, the seeds of which produce castor oil: Ricinis communis
Makassarese
taŋaŋ-taŋaŋ Ricinis communis; the fruits yield castor oil; two varieties occur, one purple, the other white
WMP Ibaloy
me-taŋaŋa to be so overwhelmed by something that one does not know what course to take
Kelabit
təŋaŋaʔ open the mouth wide, gape
OC Andra
draŋah wrasse
Vera'a
ʔaŋava Cheilinus undulata
Tongan
taŋafa kind of fish
Samoan
taŋafa name give to fishes of genus Cheilinus when three feet long or more
Rennellese
taŋaha a large deep-sea fish
WMP Pangasinan
taŋá stupid
Cebuano
táŋaʔ inattentive, doing even simple things incompetently; consider someone incompetent
Maranao
taŋaʔ absentminded, slow person
Tausug
taŋaʔ (of speech) stammering
WMP Aklanon
taŋáʔ to look upward
Rejang
taŋeaʔ to look up, to lift one’s head
WMP Tagalog
táŋaʔ potato bug or worm; clothes moth a small insect that destroys clothes
Simalur
taŋaʔ bug; wall louse
Toba Batak
taŋa bug; wall louse
WMP Kadazan Dusun
taŋaʔ middle; among, center
in-taŋaʔ to be at the middle, among
Punan Tuvu'
taŋaʔ half
Wolio
taŋa middle, center; waist; space in between; room in the middle of a house
taŋa-taŋa between
Muna
taŋa half, middle, in the process of
WMP Sambal (Botolan)
i-taŋáy to take, run away with
Ayta Abellan
taŋay to take something and go away with it (as a cat stealing a fish that people are planning to cook)
Aklanon
táŋag to elope with
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
taŋag to take something of someone else’s without permission and leave with it
Mansaka
taŋag to abduct; to carry away (as a woman)
Tiruray
taŋar to elope when both persons are single
Proto-Gorontalic
*taŋago marry by elopement
Mongondow
taŋag abduct, elope with, carry off, plunder
mo-naŋag to elope with an unmarried girl (elopement with a married woman is moŋ-agow)
WMP Bontok
ʔi-taŋál to bite on; to hold between the teeth, as a pipe, or in the beak, as a bird
Hanunóo
taŋág biting or holding something in the mouth, as ants do
mag-taŋág hold on by biting
OC Vitu
taŋa to bite, hold with the teeth
WMP Yami
taŋay before one’s eyes, in front of
mi-ta-taŋay to lie or sleep on one’s back
Itbayaten
taŋay lying face up
Ibatan
taŋay look up at something
ta-taŋay lie flat on the back
Pangasinan
on-taŋáy to look up at
man-taŋáy stand outside a person’s house shouting insults, etc.
WMP Ibaloy
man-taŋay to seek to collect a debt
Ayta Abellan
taŋay to take something and go away with it
Tagalog
taŋáy carried away by wind, current, bird of prey, animal or by emotion
WMP Ibaloy
teŋay-en to try to collect from someone
Tagalog
taŋay-ín to sweep away, to remove with a sweeping motion; to carry off; to snatch and bear away
WMP Bontok
taŋəb to cover, as a pot or vat
Kankanaey
taŋéb to cover
Ibaloy
taŋeb lid, cover (as of pot, coffin, can)
i-taŋeb to put something in place, as a lid or cover
taŋeb-an to provide something with a lid or cover
taŋeb-en to cover something
Maranao
taŋeb close door or window
Ida'an Begak
taŋob close door, cover food; lid, cover
Palauan
dáŋəb lid, cover
CMP Kambera
taŋa lid, cover
WMP Ibaloy
ma-naŋeb to close, lock oneself inside a house
Ida'an Begak
m-ənaŋob to close a door, cover food
Palauan
mə-láŋəb to cover
WMP Sambal (Botolan)
tambóʔ very tall flowering grass with wide blade (blooms in Oct. and Nov.)
Tagalog
tambóʔ kind of tall grass with a hollow stalk that grows in wet places, and is used in making brooms
Bikol
tambóʔ coarse reed used for making brooms:
Cebuano
támbuʔ ~ táŋbuʔ kind of coarse grass of swamps with a hollow stem, used for the manufacture of brooms and hats: Phragmites vulgaris
WMP Ayta Abellan
tambo bamboo shoot
Hanunóo
táŋbuʔ offshoot, sucker, referring to bamboo
WMP Yami
taŋdan giving compensation to the midwife (in a topping off ceremony, after the blessing, the child’s father will carry the compensation to the midwife’s house)
Itbayaten
taŋdan salary, pay, wage
mach-taŋdan to earn money
ma- naŋdan to give salary, wages
Ilokano
taŋdán salary, wages; stipend; pay
taŋdan-án to give salary to, pay for work done
Isneg
taŋdān wages, salary, fee
Bontok
taŋdán to pay for work performed
Bikol
mag-taŋdán to make amends for; to pay compensation to; to compensate, recompense
Hanunóo
táŋdan direct payment of beads to a seer for his services
WMP Yami
taŋen pillow
Itbayaten
taŋen raising support for leveling effect (as to unbalanced table, etc.)
taŋen a wedge under something to stop if from rolling
Bontok
taŋə́n something placed under an object to raise it higher or to keep it from resting on the ground
Bikol
i-taŋón to insert a wedge, a wad of paper, etc. (so as to keep a window from rattling, a cupboard door from opening, etc.)
WMP Ibaloy
taŋpa-en to pay for an animal when it is newborn or in utero, at a low price, taking it when it is weaned (if it dies the buyer loses, so it is a gamble)
Aklanon
táŋpaʔ to pay tax for
WMP Cebuano
táŋpi ~ támpi bank of a body of water, edge of a surface
Malay
təpi edge, brink
WMP Bikol
táŋga step, stair; rung of a ladder
mag-táŋga to make steps on
Iban
taŋgaʔ stair, steps, ladder
Malay
taŋga house ladder; staircase; a numeral coefficient for any aid to climbing of the ‘ladder’ type
rumah taŋga home; (fig.) wife, wife and family
Karo Batak
taŋga rung of a ladder; also family, household (Malayism?)
Toba Batak
taŋga ladder
CMP Kambera
taŋga step of a ladder, tied to the stem of a lontar palm to facilitate climbing it
WMP Tagalog
ta-taŋga-n the Indian cork tree: Millingtonia hortensis
Buginese
ka-taŋka the Indian cork tree: Millingtonia hortensis
Makassarese
ka-taŋka a tree with wood from which very straight planks are made: Millingtonia hortensis
CMP Bimanese
taŋga the Indian cork tree: Millingtonia hortensis
Manggarai
taŋga the Indian cork tree: Millingtonia hortensis
WMP Tagalog
taŋgál unfastened; dismantled; detached; dismissed from employment
Bikol
mag-taŋgál to detach, disconnect; to pull out (as a plug from the wall)
Cebuano
taŋgál detach, remove something from where it is held firmly
Malay
taŋgal dropping; falling off (of things that seem to fall spontaneously, as leaves in autumn, of skin cast by a snake; to shed one’s garments, disrobe, etc.)
Toba Batak
taŋgal detached, unravelled, become loose or free
WMP Kapampangan
taŋgap receive, accept
Tagalog
taŋgáp accepted, admitted, received
Tiruray
taŋgaf receive, accept
Old Javanese
taŋgap accept, take, receive (also with person as object)
Balinese
taŋgap take into the hand, accept, receive
WMP Ibatan
taŋgigi a kind of fish resembling a barracuda
Ilokano
taŋgígi kind of marine fish, usually eaten raw in kilawen (a raw meat dish), Spanish mackerel
Tagalog
taŋgíŋgi Spanish mackerel
Bikol
taŋgígi Spanish mackerel
Masbatenyo
taŋgígi Spanish mackerel fish
Waray-Waray
taŋgígi Spanish mackerel fish
Iban
teŋgíri Scombroid marine fish, Cybium spp., mackerel
Malay
təŋgíri Spanish mackerel: Scomberomorus (Cybium) spp.
Minangkabau
taŋgíri Spanish mackerel: Scomberomorus (Cybium) spp.
Sundanese
taŋgiri name of a seafish, the mackerel
WMP Kapampangan
taŋgul to protect
Tagalog
taŋgól defense; act of defending
mag-taŋgól to defend; to stand up for; to take the part of; to support
Toba Batak
taŋgul that which one uses to defend himself against a blow
Sundanese
taŋgul dyke in a rice paddy
Old Javanese
taŋgul parrying, defense
a-taŋgul to parry, fend off
Javanese
taŋgul earth dam built in rice paddies to control the flow of water
Balinese
taŋgul build a dyke, a dam
WMP Sambal (Botolan)
mi-taŋgóŋ to pick up and carry
Ayta Abellan
taŋgoŋ to carry in the arms
Central Tagbanwa
taŋgoŋ to carry on one’s shoulder
Tboli
taŋguŋ to use a pole to carry water or something very heavy
Kadazan Dusun
taŋguŋ carry over the shoulder with a long stick
Ida'an Begak
taŋguŋ yoke; carry with yoke
Malay
taŋgoŋ supporting (on the shoulder); bearing up a heavy weight from below; (fig.) bearing up under trouble or misfortune; standing security for another
Old Javanese
taŋguŋ carrying, bearing, burden, load
a-naŋguŋ to carry, bear
t<in>aŋguŋ to carry, bear
Javanese
taŋguŋ to vouch for, accept responsibility for; security, pledge (e.g. for a loan); responsibility, obligation
naŋguŋ carry over the shoulder on a shoulder pole so that the weight is balanced fore and aft
Balinese
naŋguŋ carry something on a pole on the shoulders of two men
Sasak
taŋguŋ vouch for, be responsible for
Proto-South Sulawesi
*taŋguŋ to carry, be responsible for
WMP Kadazan Dusun
ka-taŋguŋ can carry something on the shoulder with a long stick
Sundanese
ka-taŋguŋ bearable, able to be carried
WMP Casiguran Dumagat
taŋíl put sticks under something to cause it to rest on them (as in storing lumber, to put posts under the lumber so the lumber won’t rest directly on the ground)
Bikol
táŋil a wedge; a jack, lever
mag- táŋil to place a wedge, jack, lever under; to jack something up; to prop something up (as the head with a pillow)
Aklanon
taŋíl shim, something used to level off an unbalanced table or chair that is wobbling
WMP Ilokano
taŋíle a species of native hardwood
Ayta Abellan
taŋili kind of tree with fruit that cannot be eaten
Kapampangan
taŋlé a tree whose leaves are eaten boiled with fish
Tagalog
taŋíliʔ species of Philippine mahogany
Aklanon
taŋíliʔ a tree: mahogany
WMP Aklanon
taŋígi large, delicious fish
Cebuano
taŋígi kind of Spanish mackerel, silvery white and black color, with no scales, popularly eaten raw: Scomberomorus commersoni and guttatus, and others
Maranao
taŋigi Spanish mackerel: Scomberomorus commersoni Lacepède
Malay
təŋiri Spanish mackerel: Scomberomorus (Cybium) spp.
Acehnese
taŋirɔε kind of sea fish
Sasak
təŋiri a seafish that lacks scales, the Spanish mackerel, Scomberomorus Cybium
Sangir
taŋihi kind of fish, the large growth stage of the pangaluang
CMP Komodo
taŋiri a fish: Scomberomorus guttatus
Kambera
taŋiri kind of large sea fish: Scomberomorus Cybium
Fordata
tniri kind of large fish
OC Kairiru
taŋir mackerel (two types)
Wogeo
taŋir a sea fish, Spanish mackerel
Manam
taŋiri kind of fish
Gedaged
taŋiz a white marine fish about 30 inches long, like a mackerel
Gitua
taŋir mackerel, wahoo
Numbami
taŋili marlin, sailfish
Roviana
taŋiri a fish generally got by trolling, a species of kingfish
'Āre'āre
aniri a fish
Proto-Micronesian
*taŋiri tuna
Gilbertese
taŋii yellowfin tuna (Bender et al. 2003)
Chuukese
seŋir yellowtail tuna fish
Puluwat
háŋir yellowfin tuna, sometimes more than a fathom in length
Woleaian
taŋir(i) king-size tuna fish
Samoan
taŋī kind of fish
Nukuoro
daŋii fish sp.
WMP Ifugaw
taŋkál a provisional basketlike container which is roughly made by using reeds and grass
Ibaloy
taŋkal-an to put a concave object over something --- perhaps esp. something to catch a chicken
Tagalog
taŋkál coop; hencoop; chicken coop
Bikol
taŋkál pigpen, pig sty
mag-taŋkál to pen up pigs; to place pigs in a pigpen
Hanunóo
taŋkál pig basket or cage
Agutaynen
taŋkal pigpen or chicken coop made of bamboo
Maranao
taŋkal barn, cage; to encase, place
WMP Bikol
taŋkás remove (as a necktie, a cover), take off (as a necktie), pull out (as a plug), disconnect
mag-taŋkás to remove an article of clothing, jewelry; to take off, doff; to pull out (as a plug); to disconnect
ma-taŋkás to come off, fall out, get pulled out
Agutaynen
t<om>akas to escape from prison
Cebuano
taŋkás rip open the seam, rip off hinges and the like
Binukid
taŋkas to take apart, undo, rip off (something tied); rip out stitches
Kadazan Dusun
taŋkas unbolt, loosen things, fittings
Uma
taŋkaʔ set free, release; remove something that clings fast
OC Tongan
taka (of animals) to be at large, to wander about freely; (of persons) to go about, walk round, wander round
Samoan
taʔa (of animals, etc.) run freely, be loose, be at large; (of woman) be loose, unchaste, wanton
faʔa-taʔa set loose, let loose
ma-taʔa come loose, come off; (of mist, etc.) clear, lift
WMP Ilokano
taŋkáy stem of a plant
Mansaka
taŋkay handle (as of a vessel)
Tausug
taŋkay a stem, stalk (of a plant); handle (of a ladle, cup, pan, etc.)
mag-taŋkay to provide a handle
Iban
taŋkay stalk of fruit; come into ear, pick with the stalk
Malay
taŋkay stalk; haulm; stem; in composite flowers or fruits taŋkay is the stalk of each item, while kaki or tandan is that of the cluster
OC Sa'a
ake-ake twig, sprig
WMP Tagalog
taŋkab to fall, hurting one's lip or chin
Dairi-Pakpak Batak
taŋkep face downward; to fall face downward
WMP Mapun
taŋkop a cover; a bandage; a door; operculum of a shellfish
t<um>aŋkop to cover something; to dress a wound
Malay
taŋkap gripping; clasping; capture, esp. capture in the hand
Old Javanese
a-taŋkəp closing together
a-naŋkəp to close (fit) together
ka-taŋkəp-an to close in on, assail
Sasak
taŋkəp a dropnet used to catch birds; to catch people
naŋkəp to catch with a dropnet
Wolio
tako to catch (falling drops)
CMP Manggarai
taŋkep covering, catching by covering with the hand; to lay one thing on top of another; to cover under a hollow
WMP Tagalog
taŋkíl annex to a building with its own roofing; roofing put on the frame of a building before the walls are constructed; a small barn or granary (in some areas)
Iban
taŋkir fix next to, add to, extend; extension (as to a garden), supplement
WMP Maranao
taŋkis parry, fence, dodge, ward off
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
taŋkis to fend off a blow with one’s hands or arm
Tiruray
taŋkis to parry, to turn something aside
Tboli
taŋkis denial; to deny, as charges made against one; to be dissenting
Ngaju Dayak
taŋkis parrying; what is parried (blow, thrust, etc.)
ma-naŋkis to parry
pa-naŋkis what is often or always parried
tara-taŋkis able to be parried
Malay
taŋkis parrying by striking aside (used of fencers or duelists)
taŋkis-kan to ward off
Old Javanese
takis ~ taŋkis repelling, warding off; defense; clash, collision; shield?, weapon of defence?
Javanese
taŋkis flood control dike along a riverbank; shield, breastplate
naŋkis to ward off
pe-naŋkis act of holding against attack
Balinese
taŋkis warding off, parrying
naŋkis to ward off, parry (blows)
Sasak
taŋkis to ward off, parry
Makassarese
a-naŋkisiʔ ward off a blow, parry
WMP Agutaynen
taŋkoŋ a plant with leaves and stalks like spinach, used as a vegetable
Tboli
taŋkuŋ ~ tlaŋkuŋ swamp cabbage, a smooth, widely-spreading vine with stems trailing on mud or floating on stagnant pools; young leaves and stems are eaten as a leafy vegetable: Ipomoea aquatica
OC Sio
taŋo touch, place hand or fingers on
Motu
tao to draw after one, to hold to
Bugotu
taŋo to perform, do, work; deeds
taŋo-li to take, to hold, handle, receive
Nggela
taŋo rarely used alone, but incompounds with the meanings: do, touch, be in contact
taŋo-li to hold, touch
Tikopia
taŋo grab
taŋof-i-a have hands laid upon
Mota
taŋo to touch with the hand
taŋo-v to grope, lay hand upon
Samoan
taŋo take, get hold of; touch and feel with the hand
taŋof-i-a be touched
Maori
taŋo take up, take hold of, take in the hand; take possession of
ta-taŋo snatch one from another
taŋo-taŋo handle, have recourse to, use
WMP Yami
taŋtaŋ beat or smash with a stone or metal tools
Ibatan
taŋtaŋ to hammer metal to flatten it (from the sound “tangtang” that is produced)
Ilokano
taŋtáŋ sound of metal being beaten (bells)
Ibaloy
taŋtaŋ-en to ring a bell (spoken of large bells (as at school, church)
Bikol
taŋtáŋ the clanging sound of a bell
mag-taŋtáŋ to toll a bell, to clang
WMP Yami
taŋtaŋ-en to mash, beat (as in forging metal tools)
Ilokano
taŋtaŋ-én to beat metals
WMP Bontok
taŋtáŋ-an to use a wooden mallet in a granary for removing or striking home the locking bar; the wooden mallet used for such a purpose
Cebuano
taŋtáŋ to take off, remove something fastened or tied (as a pig working itself loose from the place where it was tied); to pay off debts, free from obligation
Maranao
taŋtaŋ to take off, remove
Tausug
t<um>aŋtaŋ to take off, remove (something from something else, as buttons or other detachable objects); take something apart
ma-taŋtaŋ to come part, be dismantled, come off or out of something
WMP Yami
taŋo raise the head, hold the head up
naŋo-taŋo to nod (as when listening to someone speak)
Itbayaten
taŋo a nod
om-taŋo-taŋo to nod repeatedly
taŋo-en to nod
Ayta Abellan
taŋo nod, nodding or bowing of the head as a sign of assent; agree or assent
taŋo-taŋo nodding of one’s head
Kapampangan
taŋóʔ to receive an affirmative answer, esp. in courting
Tagalog
taŋóʔ nod, nodding or bowing of the head as a sign of assent
i-taŋóʔ to cause the head to nod
mapa-taŋóʔ to happen to nod the head; to be forced to nod the head
Bikol
i-taŋóʔ to nod the head in agreement
taŋoʔ-án to nod at
WMP Ilokano
na-táŋos high-nosed
Sambal (Botolan)
táŋos long and pointed, of a nose
Tagalog
táŋos cape; promontory; peninsula; physical prominence, e.g. of forehead or pointedness of nose
ma-táŋos pointed; prominent (referring to the nose)
WMP Sambal (Botolan)
taŋuy to swim
Ngaju Dayak
taŋoy swimming
ha-naŋoy to swim
OC Sa'a
aha to cut, to score, to notch, to mark by incising, to cross the ‘t’ in writing
aha-siŋe making incisions in
Samoan
tafa (of boil, abscess, etc.) cut open, incise
Anuta
tapa to cut the stomach of a fish in order to remove the gut; to circumcise
Maori
tapa to cut, split
OC Halia
tapa to fly
Cheke Holo
tava to glide, soar with wings spread, hover
Simbo
ta-tapa to fly
Tolo
ava to hover or glide
Rarotongan
taʔa the act of floating, soaring, skimming or flocking, as birds in the air with outstretched wings, soaring and dipping
Hawaiian
kaha to swoop, as a kite; to be poised, soar, as a bird
WMP Bontok
tapák to slap the face; a slap on the face
Kankanaey
tampák slap in the face; box the ears
Bikol
mag-tapák to hit, strike or slap the face or body with force using the open hand
Maranao
tampak dash or hit, as wave hits shore
Ngaju Dayak
tapak struck with the flat of the hand
Nias
ma-nafa to strike with the open hand, slap
WMP Pangasinan
tapák to step on, tread on; go barefoot
aka-tapák barefoot
tapak-án slippers, sandals
Kapampangan
maka-tapak barefoot
tapak-an sole of the foot, footprint; shoe
Tagalog
tápak footstep; tread of feet
tapák barefooted
i-tápak to set or put one’s foot down on something
mag-tapák to walk barefoot
maká-tápak to happen to step on
pa-tápak to allow oneself to be stepped on by someone
tapak-án treadle; a lever worked by the foot to impart motion to a machine
Malay
tapak palm of hand, sole of foot; footstep as a measure of length
mə-napak to track (by footprints)
kə-tapak-an place where one sets one’s foot, i.e. threshold or lintel
Karo Batak
tapak imprint; trace of the foot or hand
napak-i follow the tracks of an animal in pursuing game
tapak-tapak the palm of the hand or sole of the foot
Toba Batak
tapak sandal
tapak ni pat sole of the foot
tapak ni taŋan palm of the hand
Balinese
tampak lima palm of the hand
tampak batis sole of the foot
WMP Iban
tampak visible, obvious; light, clear, shining
Malay
tampak to be visible
tampak-kan to see
Javanese
tampak open, unobscured
OC Samoan
tafa (of light and shade effect) be visible, discernible
WMP Ilokano
tápal cataplasm, poultice, plaster, patch
Bontok
tápal reinforce; strengthen by binding a piece of wood to a weak or broken section; to bind a split to a broken limb
Tagalog
tápal mending patch (of cloth); poultice, plaster
Bikol
tápal patch, pocket
mag-tápal to sew this type of pocket
Hanunóo
tápal plaster, poultice
Agutaynen
mag-tapal to apply something to a surface, as leaves to a wound or sore area
Cebuano
tápal lay something over a small area and stick it (as in placing a medicinal plaster on the body)
tampal overlay a patch on clothing at places of great wear to add strength
Mansaka
tompal to patch (as a garment)
Iban
tapal a poultice
tampal patch, cover; hence replant failed patches, e.g. in padi (rice in the field)
Malay
tampal posting up; patching; plastering (of putting colored paper patterns on a kite, posting a notice on a wall, putting sticking plaster on a sore, etc.
WMP Casiguran Dumagat
tapaŋ courageous, brave; fierce, mean, bold
Kapampangan
ma-tápaŋ brave
Tagalog
ma-tápaŋ brave; gallant; audacious; chivalrous; daring; fearless; courageous; bold; manly; plucky; spirited
ka-tapáŋ-an bravery; courage; valor
Bikol
ka-tápaŋ one who speaks uncivilly or impolitely
WMP Casiguran Dumagat
tapas to cut the stalk of the heart of the coconut or nipa palm (in order to collect the sap for wine); to cut a hole in a coconut (in order to drink the juice from it)
Tagalog
tápas dehusking of coconuts; lopping of trees
tapás lopped or cut off evenly
tapas-án to cut off the husk of a coconut; to lop or cut off the top evenly
Cebuano
tapás cut sugarcane and clean it of its leaves
Maranao
tapas to cut
Iban
tampas to trim, shave or shape (with adze or axe)
Malay
tampas lopping off (a projecting point); smoothing; flattening with a knife or chopper (of whittling knobs off a stick; also of the practice of lopping off the end of a young coconut, of which the milk is to be drunk)
WMP Itbayaten
tapay boiled cake; there are four kinds depending upon its ingredients: 1. sweet potato, coconut milk, sugar/banana, 2. fine corn grits, banana/grated sweet potato, sugar, 3. fine corn grits, banana, grated sweet potato, sugar, 4. fine corn grits, grated sweet potato
Ilokano
tápey kind of fermented drink made by the Igorots (mountain people)
Bontok
tápəy rice beer
Ibaloy
tapey rice wine, rice beer (made from traditional kintoman rice; a necessary part of almost all ritual and festive gatherings)
me-nepey to make rice wine
Pangasinan
tápay to knead dough
t<in>ápay bread
Tagalog
tápay dough
t<in>ápay bread of any kind
Bikol
tápay dough
mag-tápay to make bread
t<in>ápay bread, buns, rolls
tapáy-an a large earthen jar
Hanunóo
tápay finely pounded rice flour added to sugarcane juice to aid in making fermented wine
Aklanon
tápay yeast
Maranao
tapay yeast
Binukid
tapay yeast (for making rice wine)
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
tapey yeast for making rice wine; it is prepared from powdered rice, sugarcane juice, chili pepper, along with various other ingredients
Mapun
tapay an indigenous confection made of rice and spices, seldom made nowadays (procedure: cook the rice, then mix spices with it, wrap the mixture in a big leaf and keep overnight; it’s ready to eat in the morning)
Kayan
tapey a wrapped parcel or bundle, especially cooked rice
Ngaju Dayak
tapay rice with yeast, sourdough cooked and then left to ferment for three days; it is then very sweet and somewhat intoxicating and is eaten with pleasure
Iban
tapay fermented rice
Malay
tapay yeast; leavened cake; fermented drink; fermenting mixture made of boiled rice and yeast (used most commonly as yeast for making leavened cakes; in literature it occurs rather in the sense of fermented drink
Karo Batak
tape fermented rice; an intoxicating dish
Old Javanese
tape fermented glutinous rice
Javanese
tape a sweet food made from fermented sticky rice or cassava
Balinese
tape a sort of fermenting agent, yeast; fermented cassava
tape bahas fermented rice
Makassarese
tape steamed and then fermented stick rice
Wolio
tape glutinous rice, boiled and fermented
WMP Ibaloy
tapj-an to have rice wine go along with an animal butchered
Tagalog
tapáy-an a large earthenware jar (generally used for water)
Hanunóo
tapáy-an a large earthenware pot used in making sugarcane wine
Iban
tepayan large earthenware jar
Malay
tempayan water jar; etymologically a fermenting jar; now used loosely of any large jar
Javanese
tempayan large earthenware bowl or jar
OC Nggela
tave to flow, of liquids, air; current, tide; a freshet, flood
tave-ti to flow over
Kwaio
afe flow, drip, run down, dissolve, current
afe-sia carry away, of wave, current or stream; slip away from
Toqabaqita
afe current in the ocean
afe-fe diarrhoea
afe-lau trample grass, vegetation when walking on or through it
afe-rakoqa of flood water, high water in a stream, river (after heavy rains): subside, go down
'Āre'āre
ʔahe surf, flooded river, current caused by tide, wind, rain; tidal-rip; to flow; a current, stream; to drip quickly
ʔahe-taha to flow
ahe-ta ni wai a dry river bed
ʔahe-sia to drift away, to be carried away by the current
Sa'a
ahe surf, currents from wind or tide, tide-rip; to flow; to melt away, to waste, to disappear
ahes-i to cause to drift
Arosi
ahe to flow, as a current; to float gently along in water or air; to dissolve into liquid; to be in flood, to come down in a freshet
ahe-auru a waterfall (auru = ‘down’)
ahe-sia carried away to sea
Fijian
dave to flow, of liquids in a small stream (drōdrō is stronger, and dobui the strongest word); commonly of the flow of blood
dave-kaka the sound of a rushing violent stream
dave-na be carried away by a flood
dave-ta an opening in a reef that a canoe may pass through
Tongan
tafe to flow, to run (of liquids)
tafe-ʔaŋa place or gutter, etc. where something flows
Niue
tafe to flow
faka-tafe to express (as oil from copra)
Futunan
tafe to flow (rapidly)
Samoan
tafe to flow, run; a flow
ta-tafe (of water), race, flow swiftly
tafe-ŋa current
tāfe-ŋa flood
tāfe-aŋa party of castaways or people cast adrift; party of people in exile or banishment
tafe-toto to bleed
tafe-a be carried away (by current, etc.)
tafe-tafe-a to drift; current, esp. where offshore waves meet sea waves
Tuvaluan
tafe to flow
Rennellese
tahe to float, drift; current, especially where offshore waves meet sea waves; to have blood in saliva, especially of persons with tuberculosis
tahe-ʔaŋa bleeding in saliva
Anuta
tape ocean current
Rarotongan
tae to leak, to melt, to flow, to ooze, to trickle, to discharge
aka-tae to let any fluid into or out of a vessel through a leak; to make to flow or run out, as water through a pipe, or as in turning on a tap to allow water to flow or run
Maori
tahe menses; sap of a tree; to exude, drop, flow
ta-tahe drippings, issue, exudation, as gum of trees, etc.
whaka-tahe to lead off water, etc., as into a drain
Hawaiian
kahe to flow, trickle, drop, melt, menstruate; in heat, of a bitch; a run or school of fish
kahe ka hāʔae to drool at the mouth
hoʔo-kahe to water or irrigate, to cause to flow, drain
OC Toqabaqita
afe-a float in the sea, be carried by the sea
afe-fe-a foreign place: an island, country other than one’s own
Tongan
tāfe-a to be flooded by running water, or to be washed away or carried along by a stream
Niue
tafe-a be carried away by a current; a sickness of women (causing continual menstruation)
Samoan
tafe-a be carried away (by current, etc.), to drift
Nukuoro
dahe-a to drift
Rennellese
tahe-a to soar
Anuta
tape-a to drift
OC Kwaio
afe-afe current
Arosi
ahe-ahe to float gently; a flood, freshet
ahe-ahe-a an early name for foreign ships, whalers on the south coast
Fijian
i-dave-dave the channel of a stream, or its source
Niue
tafe-tafe flowing freely
Formosan Kavalan
tapes winnow; winnowing
Pazeh
mu-tapes to winnow
tapes-i winnow it!
Thao
tapish winnowing
t<m>apish to winnow
tapsh-i winnow it!
WMP Itbayaten
tahep winnowing; chaff, husks of grain, rough particles when corn is ground (kapaN-, maN-, ma-, naN-)
Bontok
tapá <M to winnow rice; rice husks
Casiguran Dumagat
tap to winnow rice
Tagalog
tahíp up and down movement of rice grains being winnowed on a flat basket
mag-tahíp to winnow (cereals, as rice) on a flat basket by throwing the grains up for the chaff to be blown away by the wind and catching them back with the basket as they fall
Bikol
mag-tahóp-an to winnow by throwing grain up and down in a winnowing basket so that the grain falls back into the basket and the wind blows the chaff away (mag-, -on)
Hanunóo
tahúp winnowing
mag-tahúp winnow
Aklanon
tahóp to sift
Cebuano
tahúp chaff of cereals; separate the husk from husked grains
Mansaka
taap to winnow
Kayan
tap to winnow a tray (full of rice grains)
Kayan (Long Atip)
tap to winnow grains
Buol
mo-naup to winnow
to-taup-an winnow
WMP Itbayaten
tahp-an to winnow
Bontok
tap-ʔán be winnowed, of rice
Tagalog
táhip-an the flat basket used in winnowing
Cebuano
taph-an-an <M ground cereals to be winnowed; place where winnowing is done
Kenyah
tap-an winnowing fan
Kenyah (Long Anap)
tap-an winnowing basket
Murik
tap-an winnowing basket
nap-an to winnow
Kayan
tap-an winnowing tray
Bidayuh (Bukar-Sadong)
tap-an winnowing basket (also used as a sieve)
Formosan Puyuma
Tap-i winnow
T-em-ap-i to winnow
WMP Itbayaten
tahp-i <M winnow (imperative)
Bontok
tapʔi a wide, flat basket, used as a drying tray
Cebuano
taph-i winnow (imperative)
WMP Bontok
tapi a wide, flat basket used as a drying tray
Malay
tampi jerky up-and-down motion; winnowing by vertical jerks
tampi-an winnowing pan
Sundanese
napi to winnow with a ñiru (winnowing tray) shaken up and down
Old Javanese
tapi winnow
t<in>apy-an to winnow
Balinese
napi to winnow grain
tapi-nin to be winnowed by someone
Pendau
tapi to filter; threshing, winnowing
Proto-South Sulawesi
*ta(m)pi to winnow
Wolio
tepi to winnow
Chamorro
tafy-e thresh, remove husk from grain by threshing
CMP Kambera
tàpi to winnow, as rice
Yamdena
tafi to winnow
Buruese
tapi-h to winnow
WMP Ilokano
tapík to pat someone on the shoulder
Bontok
tapík to slap the face lightly; a slight slap on the face
Kankanaey
tampík to slap lightly in the face; to pat one on the cheek
Casiguran Dumagat
tapek to slap a mosquito
Tagalog
tapík light tap with the hand or just the fingers
t<um>apík to tap; to pat with the palm of the hand or fingers
Agutaynen
tapik-en to tap or slap somebody lightly on the back or other part of the upper body (excluding the face); if a person slaps you lightly on the shoulder, it could mean that they are poisoning you or putting a curse on you; in order to reverse or stop the poison or curse the recipient must return the slap
Iban
tampik throw something soft and wet at
OC Penchal
tɨp to slap
Bwaidoga/Bwaidoka
tafi slap, clap
Fijian
tavi applied to various acts done with the hand: to slap, pat lightly
WMP Yami
tapi board; flat
pi-tapi to flatten
Itbayaten
tapi board, wooden flooring, wooden side planks (of boat); flat lumber
ma-tapi flat, to be flat (shape)
mit-taapi board-like
Ibatan
tapi flat; to flatten something
Ilokano
tapí slab, flat piece of something, board, panel
tapí-an to cover with a board
Isneg
tápi either of the two beams that run over the floor joists and fit in their mortises at both ends; they project above the flooring and run lengthwise inside the tall posts
Sambal (Botolan)
tápiʔ board, lumber (usually small sizes)
Aklanon
tápiʔ board, lumber
Hiligaynon
tápiʔ wood, board, lumber
Subanon
tapiʔ plank
WMP Tagalog
tapíʔ apron; any piece of cloth used by women to cover the body in bathing, working or washing
mag-tapíʔ to wear an apron; to cover one’s body (e.g. with a towel) from the waist down
Cebuano
támpiʔ tuck a piece of cloth under another to hold it in place, e.g. a shirt that sticks out, or something wrapped around the waist
Maranao
tampiʔ malong (skirt-like garment with open ends) worn by men knotted at the waist
Kadazan Dusun
tapiʔ sarong
topi-on to be worn as a sarong
Murut (Timugon)
tapiʔ sarong
Ngaju Dayak
tapih an underskirt worn by women
Iban
tapih unsewn sarong worn by women wrapped at waist
Malay
tapeh long sarong, unsewn and worn as a skirt by Javanese women
ber-tapeh to wear a sarong as a skirt, i.e. from the waist downwards, in contrast to wearing it as a bodice as well, i.e. from the breasts downwards
Old Javanese
tapih garment worn by women around the lower part of the body
Javanese
tapih ankle-length batik wrap-around skirt worn by ladies
Balinese
tapih an underskirt worn by women
Proto-Sangiric
*tapiʔ cloth worn when bathing
Formosan Bunun
tapis breach-clout
WMP Itbayaten
tapis an apron-like piece worn over skirt, petticoat
Yogad
tápit garment (for women only; a broadcloth that women wrap around down to the knee)
Tagalog
tápis apronlike cloth worn over skirt of mestiza dress
Bikol
tápis wrap-around skirt
Cebuano
tápis, tapís piece of cloth worn around the waist or upper body as a skirt
CMP Tetun
tais woven material, cloth, clothing
Selaru
tais sarong of native material
WMP Maranao
tapis skim; long-legged water bird
OC Tolai
tap skim
Nggela
tavi to slip, turn suddenly; go crookedly, as a knife, or a kite in the air
Wayan
tavi brush lightly, sweep something; peel something
Fijian
tavi skim along, skid off a flat surface, as the tiŋga (reed used in a game of throwing) on level ground
Tongan
tafi to sweep; sweep away, get rid of
tafi-a be swept away, as by a wave
WMP Mansaka
tapis to filter
tapis-an a sieve, filter
Tiruray
tafis-an a woven rattan strainer for squeezing shredded coconut meat
Malay
tapis straining through, filtering, of passing liquid through a cloth or strainer, and fig. of a family passing on from generation to generation
Karo Batak
tapis coconut husk used as a sieve or strainer
Toba Batak
tapis sieve
ma-napis to sift, filter through a sieve
Nias
tafi filter, sieve
ma-nafi to sift, filter
Proto-Sangiric
*tapis to strain, filter
Proto-South Sulawesi
*tapis to filter
OC Tolai
tap to fan
tap-tap to fan; a fan, bellows, etc.
Motu
tapo-a to fan
tapo-tapo-a to fan (collective)
OC Bugotu
tavotha wide
Lau
afola wide
Arosi
ahora broad, wide; to broaden
Raga
tavola flat, wide, smooth
Tongan
tafola to spread out or become scattered untidily
Niue
tafola scattered about
WMP Itbayaten
taptap idea of taking in liquid by the tongue
taptap-en to take in liquid by the tongue, as a dog
Bontok
taptáp to chew; to move one’s mouth, as in eating
Kankanaey
taptáp-an to suck out the juice of (and spit the rest)
Ifugaw
taptáp movement of lips when somebody chews what he does not eat and swallow (as betel nut, tobacco leaf)
OC Motu
tahu-a to seek; to examine
Nggela
tavu to look for, seek, especially lice in the hair
tavu-hi to look for, seek, especially lice in the hair
WMP Ilokano
ag-tapuák to plunge; jump down
i-tapuák to hurl down
Cebuano
tapwák to drag, push something to danger or sin; dive, dash forcefully towards; meet the eyes; splash onto
WMP Sundanese
tapuk to heap, pile up; swarm together (as ants on sugar)
OC Arosi
ahu flock together
WMP Ilokano
tápok dust
ma-tapúk-an to be soiled in dust
t<um>ápok to turn to dust; be pulverized, stir up dust
tapúk-an to make dusty; to dust
Bontok
tápuk dust in the air, especially when travelling in a vehicle
Ibaloy
tapok dust as it swirls in the air or has settled on something (as when stirred by a vehicle)
Agutaynen
mag-tapok to shake, knock the dust off something
Maguindanao
tapúk dust
WMP Maranao
tapok to hide something, as in hiding a weapon
Tausug
t<um>apuk to hide or conceal (something)
Iban
tapok to hide, conceal, as a fault
Malay
tapok to hide oneself
Formosan Kavalan
tapun to collect, gather
ma-tapun together
pa-tapun to put together
WMP Sangir
tampuŋ gather, collect, assemble
OC Arosi
ahu come together in a group, flock together
WMP Ilokano
tapóŋ husked rice soaked in water before it is pounded into powder
Ibaloy
tapoŋ to grind something to a fine powder (as coffee beans, rice to make flour)
Sambal (Botolan)
tapóŋ pulverized; to pulverize, to crush
tapóŋ boya rice flour
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
tapuŋ any fine powdery substance; to brush the dust off something
Tiruray
tafuŋ rice flour; to make rice flour
Formosan Favorlang/Babuza
tapos all
WMP Ilokano
tápus end, conclusion, termination
ag-tápus to end, finish
Bontok
tápus the last day of the month
Casiguran Dumagat
tapos to finish, to complete; after, afterwards
Ibaloy
tapos the end, last one --- of the last day of the month or year, the end of a person’s life or the world
me-tepos-an to come to an end
Tagalog
tápos end; conclusion
Bikol
tápos completed, concluded, ended, finished, over, terminated, through
Hanunóo
tapús finished, as a song, task or story
Aklanon
tapós to finish, complete, end, come to a close
Agutaynen
tapos-on to finish or complete work, a project, a speech, etc,; to finalize something, to finish school, graduate from school
Hiligaynon
tapús finished, completed
Palawan Batak
tapus-án end
Cebuano
tápus put an end to, finish; do to the end, come to an end
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
tapus the end, the finish; to complete or finish
Makassarese
tappusuʔ completely, entirely, all over
WMP Yami
ta because, otherwise; negator
Itbayaten
ta because
Ibatan
ta because (marks the result proposition in result-reasons, as in ‘He passed &because& he studied’)
Ilokano
ta so, because; that; conjunction connecting causative or resultative clauses
Isneg
ta because, lest, that, so that
Ifugaw
ta conjunction introducing a purpose or a result clasue, “in order that”
Ifugaw (Batad)
ta subordinating conjunction, “so that”, “in order that”
Ibaloy
ta because
Pangasinan
ta because
Kapampangan
ta-ot because (= NEG + why)
Bikol
taʔ because, so
Binukid
ta because, for the reason that
WMP Isneg
ta an interrogative particle
Pangasinan
ta particle marking interrogative sentences
Kapampangan
taʔ perhaps, think so
Tiruray
taʔ a question-marking particle that turns commands into polite requests, and statements into rhetorical questions
Tausug
taʔ wonder (softens the tone of a question)
WMP Kapampangan
ta- occurs in a few limited expressions, as ta-balu ‘don’t know’ (balu‘know’)
Malay
taʔ not; a negative prefix
Sangir
ta no, not
CMP Rotinese
ta(k) not present, not exist; no, not
Kemak
ta-i no, not
Erai
ta not
Kisar
ka not (existential negation)
kaa not (nominal negation)
ka-unu not yet
Leti
ta not exist; no, not
Wetan
ta(a) not
(a)ta…amma not at all, there is nothing but
Watubela
te-i no, not
Elat
ta no, not
Geser
te-i no, not
Paulohi
ta ~ ta-ma no, not
Asilulu
ta not, esp. in fast speech or as an emphatic sentence-final particle
Sekar
-ta no, not
Formosan Favorlang/Babuza
taan snare for catching wild beasts
WMP Tagalog
taʔán ~ táʔan kind of fish trap used for catching fish on coral reefs
Bikol
táʔan fish trap used for catching fish in rice fields and creeks
mag-táʔan to catch fish with such a trap
Aklanon
táan fish net (across river)
Cebuano
taʔan set a trap of any sort
Maranao
taʔan set trap for catch
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
taʔan set a trap or place a fish weir in order to catch something
Mansaka
taan to place something (as a trap)
Mapun
taan to set a trap (for fish, birds, chickens) in place
Lun Dayeh
taan setting of a trap
Malay
tahan set (snares and traps)
Proto-Minahasan
*taʔan snare; set a snare
Tontemboan
taʔan snare trap
t<um>aʔan set a trap in the ground
Palauan
mə-laʔəl (dəʔal-l) set a trap
WMP Tagalog
taʔán, táʔan a reserve; a reservation for future use
i-taʔán to reserve something for future use
pa-taʔan-án to allow; to make allowance
t<um>an-tán to stop, cease or desist
Malay
tahan holding out against; resistance; restraint; to sustain
Sa'dan Toraja
tan-an (< *taqan-an) to hold out, endure, defend one’s place
Proto-South Sulawesi
*taan withstand, endure
Makassarese
tan-aŋ (< *taqan-an) to maintain balance, not waver
WMP Kelabit
taeʔ <M feces
Kayan
taʔeʔ feces, excrement, dung
Kayan (Uma Juman)
taʔe feces, excrement
Kiput
taaiʔ <M feces, excrement
Mongondow
taʔay feces, excrement
OC Lou
te feces, excrement
Pak
de feces, excrement
Loniu
te feces, excrement
Ere
dre feces, excrement
Sori
dey feces, excrement
Mendak
te feces, excrement
Tolai
taki-ŋgu my excrement
taki-m your excrement
take-na his/her excrement
Vitu
tahe excreta, feces
tahe-tahe rubbish, waste
Kove
tahe feces, excrement
Lakalai
la (ta)-tahe feces; leftover trash
la tahe la mago wart (lit. ‘feces of the sea’?)
Wogeo
tae feces, excrement
Manam
taʔe feces, excrement
Gitua
tae- shit, residue
taliŋa tae ear wax
tae-tae cloud
Selau
te feces, excrement
Takuu
tae excrement, feces, shit
kai tae exclamation of frustration or contempt: Eat shit!
tuu tae ink of an octopus or cuttlefish, sepia
Mono-Alu
ta-tae excrement
tae-na excrement
Roviana
tae excreta
Vangunu
tae-na excrement
Eddystone/Mandegusu
tea <M feces
Kilokaka
taʔe excrement
Nggela
tae dung, feces
Kwaio
ae-ne excrement; anus, region around the anus
'Āre'āre
ae-na anus
Sa'a
ae feces, ordure
Arosi
ae dung; food in process of digestion
ae-nia polluted
Mota
tae excrement, dung; bits, remnants, inferior parts
Mosina
ta- excrement
Piamatsina
te- excrement
Aore
tae- excrement
Tangoa
te- excrement
Central Maewo
tae excrement
Raga
te- excrement
Maxbaxo
na-re excrement
Paamese
ta- excrement
Tonga
na taʔe-n excrement
Makatea
tae excrement
Lelepa
n-tae feces
Wayan
tā dung, feces, excrement, shit; unusable parts of shellfish; waste material, useless substance on a surface, scum
tā ni laŋi light scudding clouds
tā ni siŋa brown growth, probably algae, appearing on surfaces of ponds or lakes in very dry weather (lit. ‘shit of the sun’)
Fijian
dē to excrete
dē-na the excrement, properly of animals (cf. dā ‘excrement, generally human’). Bau, however, does not make the distinction made in Lau, and this word is there commoner than dā.
vaka-dē-na to excrete on
dē ni laŋi light scudding clouds
dē ni ose a plant, Euphorbia hirta
Tongan
taʔe feces, excrement, dung; also used in the language of anger, contempt, or pity for me‘a (thing, stuff)
taʔe-ʔi (lit. ‘dung-of’), as in ho‘o ta‘e‘i peni (your rotten old pen, etc.) --- in the language of abuse
Niue
tē excrement
Futunan
taʔe excrement
Samoan
tae feces, excrement
tae-a be dirty, disgusting, filthy
tae-feʔe octopus ink, sepia
tea-iʔa brown sediment which forms when undiluted coconut cream is boiled (lit. ‘fish shit’)
tae-laŋo fly-speck; freckle (or similar small spot)
tae-laŋo-a freckled
tae-ʔoti an herb (Ageratum sp.), the goatweed
Tuvaluan
tae excrement
Kapingamarangi
dae-dae residue from coconut oil; soft flesh of coconut husk (under fibers); to defecate (children’s language)
duu-dae feces
Nukuoro
dae guts, intestines; buttocks
duu-dae feces
Rennellese
taʔe feces, dung, excreta of various kinds (ear wax, octopus ink, sea-slug eggs); fragments as of turmeric or Derris; suds; also an endearing and demeaning term, and used as an insult as in ‘I am your feces’ (I respect and love you and humiliate myself before you)
Anuta
tae entrails; excrement
tae-piko intestines (lit. ‘crooked feces’)
Rarotongan
tu-tae offal, excrement, feces, dung
tu-tae atua a species of fungi, the puff-ball
Maori
tū-tae dung
tū-tae atua Lycoperdon sp., puff-ball; fungi (lit. ‘ghost feces’)
tae, tū-tae filth, excrement
Hawaiian
kū-kae excreta
kū-kae akua a brownish substance, sometimes noticed under trees in the shape of paste squeezed from a tube; if the substance contains red, it is believed to be the excreta of the ghost of a dying person, and a sign that someone is dying
kae refuse; refuse from fibers; treated with contempt, scorn
WMP Kayan (Uma Juman)
tənaʔe intestines
OC Mota
tinae- guts
Merlav
tinae- guts
Tangoa
tine- guts
Northeast Ambae
sinae- guts
Makatea
tinae guts
Futunan
tinaʔe pregnant
Samoan
tinae guts, entrails
Tuvaluan
tinae belly, stomach
Kapingamarangi
dinae solar plexus; be pregnant
dinae madaŋi stomach distended by gas
Nukuoro
dinae belly; the edible white part of clam meat
Rennellese
tinaʔe belly, abdomen, womb; bulging portion of a flying fish torch; breast of a bird
OC Arosi
ae no, not, negative particle
Proto-Micronesian
*tai, ta- not
Buma
tae no
Tongan
taʔe (preposed or prefixed), not, un-, in-, non- or without
WMP Yami
tavaŋ bland, not salty
Itbayaten
tavaŋ idea of being tasteless
ma-tavaŋ tasteless
pa-tavaŋ-an to make less salty or spicy
tavaŋ idea of being tasteless
Ivatan (Isamorong)
ma-tavaŋ tasteless, insipid
Ibatan
tabaŋ bland, tasteless, lacking in salt
Ilokano
na-tabáŋ brackish, salty (water)
tabáŋ brackish, salty (water)
Kankanaey
tabʔáŋ insipid; tasteless; dull; flat; unsavory; not sweet
Ibaloy
tabʔaŋ pertaining to the unpleasant bitter taste of water, esp. of brackish, salty water
Pangasinan
tabáŋ tasteless
ma-tabáŋ (of water) potable
Kapampangan
ma-taʔbáŋ tasteless
Tagalog
tabáŋ insipidity; tastelessness; want of appetite; want of interest; fresh; not salty (as water); fresh water; of or living in water that is not salty
tabáŋ insipidity, tastelessness; want of appetite; want of interest; fresh; not salty; fresh-water (of or living in water that is not salty)
Remontado
tabʔáŋ bland, tasteless
Bikol
ma-taʔbáŋ bland, flat, insipid, tasteless; lacking in salt or other spices
taʔbáŋ na túbig fresh water (not salt)
Hanunóo
tabʔáŋ fresh water; tastelessness, flatness, referring to flavor or taste
ma-tabʔáŋ fresh, referring to water; tasteless, flat, referring to taste
Aklanon
tábʔáŋ fresh drinking water; insipid, flat, tasteless
tábʔaŋ fresh drinking water; insipid, flat, tasteless, flavorless
Hiligaynon
ma-tábʔaŋ tasteless, of liquid consistency, light, mild
Cebuano
tabʔáŋ flat in taste, lacking sugar or salt
Binukid
tabʔáŋ flat in taste; tasteless, insipid
Chamorro
taʔpaŋ rinse -- salt water by using fresh water
WMP Ibaloy
i-taʔkip to insert something into something else (as money in a book)
Bikol
mag-takíp to be together but not mixed; to place one thing together with another
Cebuano
takíp include along with, do to something at the same time as one does it to something else
WMP Casiguran Dumagat
tamʔis sweet (of taste)
Tagalog
tamís sweetness; a sweet quality; pleasure, sweetness
ma-tamís sweet; dessert, sweets
Remontado
tamʔis sweet
Palawan Batak
ma-taʔmis sweet
Mamanwa
ma-tamʔis sweet
Mansaka
ma-tamis sweet
pya-paka-tamis to sweeten
Makassarese
taʔmisi very sweet, of food
pat-taʔmisi to sweeten, make something sweet
CMP Tetun
tamis taste, savor
WMP Ilokano
taén bet, water
Hanunóo
taʔún cocking, as a gun or a trap
naka-taʔún cocked
Aklanon
taʔón fish trap in river
Cebuano
taʔún set a trap or fishline in place; offer a part of the body to receive blows or abuse; place something as a bet
Maranao
taʔan <A set trap for catch
Binukid
taen to set (a fish trap or fish line) in place
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
taʔan <A to set a trap or place a fish weir in order to catch something
Mansaka
taʔan <A to set a trap or place a fish weir in order to catch something
Tausug
mag-taun to set (a fish trap, as a bubu basket trap); something (especially money) risked in a game of chance, bet
Lun Dayeh (Long Semado)
ton animal trap
Kayan (Uma Juman)
taʔən set a trap (as the buvuʔ fish trap)
Malay
tahan to set (snares and traps)
tahan bubu to set basket traps for fish
Toba Batak
taón set up, of a deadfall trap
ma-naon doton put out the fishnets to make a catch
ma-naon-i to catch; to set up a deadfall trap
taon-taon-an deadfall trap, noose trap
Sundanese
taheun what one uses to trap something (in the broadest sense), deadfall trap, noose trap, poison, etc.
naheun to set a trap
Proto-Sangiric
*tain set up a snare trap
Bare'e
taʔa snare used to catch wild pigs; it is stretched between two trees and the pig walks into it headfirst and it pulls him in
OC Lakalai
ta-taho to set a snare
Nehan
taon place fish trap among rocks
Niue
ta-tao to hide, lie in wait, lie in ambush, keep a look-out
WMP Ilokano
ag-tanʔáw to look down
i-tanʔáw to bring something to a window
ma-tanʔaw-án to be visible from a distance
Casiguran Dumagat
tanʔaw to look at from a distance
Bikol
mag-taʔnáw to look at something far away by craning the neck; to look straight out into the distance at something
Aklanon
tánʔaw to see, look at
Hiligaynon
mag-tánʔaw to see, to watch, to look at
Mansaka
tanaw to observe, to see
Proto-East Gorontalic
*tano to see from a high place
WMP Ilokano
tanʔáw-én to look down at
Bikol
taʔnaw-ón to look at something far away by craning the neck
WMP Kankanaey
tanʔay great; large; big (applied to bundles of rice stalks
Ibaloy
taʔnay ~ tanʔay a bundle of rice stalks; at harvest the rice is cut along with enough of the stalk to give it a “handle”; a taɁnay, though varying in size from place to place, is a local standard of measure
Agutaynen
taʔnay a small handful of something (as of rice porridge)
WMP Ilokano
tápaw highest point, summit, crest
na-tápaw high, on top
Ibaloy
tapew top surface (as of river, coat, contents of a box)
on-tapew to be on top (as children playing); to come to the surface, top
Agutaynen
taʔpaw the surface or top of something; on top of something
pa-taʔpaw to go up to the surface
WMP Ibaloy
i-tapew to put something on the top, outside
Agutaynen
i-taʔpaw to put, place something on top of something else
WMP Ibaloy
tepew-an to cover the surface of something
Agutaynen
taʔpaw-an to put, place something on top of something else
WMP Ilokano
ag-tapʔíl to be adjacent to each other; to touch each other
Ibaloy
taʔpil-en to put like things together in layers, in a stack
Bikol
taʔpíl a patch
taʔpil-án to patch, to patch up
Wolio
tapi layer, row, order (in a series); put one on top of the other
OC Mono-Alu
tao cook on hot stones, cover with leaves in stone-cooking
Nggela
tao to be on oven, of leaves in cooking
Tongan
taʔo to bake
Samoan
tao cook (in a stone oven)
Rennellese
taʔo bake in the oven, boil in a saucepan, cook in any way except over an open fire
WMP Inati
toʔo right side
Lun Dayeh
t<in>uəh <M right side
Kenyah (Long Anap)
taʔu right side
Kenyah (Long San)
taʔəw right side
Murik
taʔuh right side
Bintulu
taʔəw right side
Melanau (Mukah)
layan taʔəw right side
Melanau Dalat (Kampung Kekan)
lian taʔəw right side
Bukat
tau right side
Lahanan
taʔo right side
Kanowit
taʔəw right side
Tunjung
tauʔ right side
[Ngaju Dayak
tau to be able; to know; to understand]
Katingan
gan-tau right side
OC Kove
tau- right hand
Cape Cumberland
tu-tua <M right hand
Samoan
ta-tau right hand
Rarotongan
mā-tau-tau to have a familiar knowledge of, to be perfectly used to certain procedures or ways
WMP Murung
ka-tou right side
OC Dobuan
a-tai right hand
Hawaiian
ʔā-kau right
OC Nauna
kal-matu- right side
Lou
kal-moru- right side
Nali
mot right side
Wuvulu
maʔau right side
Selau
matou right side
Piva
matau- right side
Torau
matau right hand
Mono-Alu
matau-na right side
Varisi
matau-na right side
Lungga
matua <M right side
Mota
matua <M the right hand; belonging to the right hand
Mosina
moto <M right hand
Merig
mato right hand
Merlav
mato <M right hand
Nokuku
mɛtua- right side
Central Santo
matua <M right hand
Tambotalo
natua <M right hand
Ngwatua
ŋʷatua- <M right hand
Northeast Ambae
matue <M right hand
Raga
mwatua <M right hand
Vao
matu right hand
Vovo
na-matu <M right hand
Atchin
mwatu <M right side
Mapremo
marua <M right hand
Makatea
matau right hand
Lelepa
matua <M right hand
Southwest Tanna
mʷatu- <M right hand
Iaai
metâ right side
Wayan
matau the right, right-hand side; right, right hand; be right-handed
Fijian
matau right, as opposed to left
vaka-matau cleverly, in a right-handed way
Tongan
mataʔu right-handed; right (not left)
Niue
matau right (as opposed to left)
Samoan
matau hull side of a canoe (as opposed to the outrigger)
Tuvaluan
matau clever; experienced; right hand; fast
Nukuoro
madau right side
Anuta
pai matau right side
nima matau right hand
Maori
matau right, on the right hand; the right hand
WMP Ilokano
ag-taúl to bark
ma-naúl prone to barking
ag-t<inn>aúl to bark at each other
taul-án to bark at
Bontok
taul to raise the head, as when attempting to see over something, or of a dog when baying
Pangasinan
taól bark (of dog)
Tagalog
taʔól a disease of infants or small children causing convulsions
Bikol
taʔól to bark, bay, howl, whine (dogs)
mag-taʔól to bark, bay, howl, whine (dogs)
Maranao
taól to shriek, cry
Binukid
taul for a dog, to howl (as when its owner leaves it behind)
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
taʔul of a dog, to howl
Mansaka
taol to howl; to bark
Tausug
mag-taul (for dogs) to howl
pag-taul the howling of a dog
t<um>aul (for dogs) to howl
WMP Ilokano
tawén year; age
ag-tawén to be so many years old, to have as age
ka-tawén person born the same year as someone else
maka-tawén of the duration of one year
pa-nawén time
ma-tawén-an to be one year old, to come of age
t<um>awén first-year anniversary
tawén-tawén yearly
Kankanaey
taón chronology; calculation of time
Ifugaw (Batad)
tawón year, unit time measurement
Casiguran Dumagat
taon year
taon-taon yearly, every year
Ibaloy
tawen year
man-tawen to be a certain age
on-tawen to be a year old (as debt, baby, time of a person in a place)
Pangasinan
taón age, year
pa-naón season, in season
t<in>aón annual
Tagalog
taʔón year; per annum, per year; for each year
i-taʔón to do or make at the same time with; to make coincide
ká-taʔón incidental, occurring by chance
má-taʔón to happen at the same time as something else
maká-taʔón to fortunately find someone or something one needs very badly
mápa-taʔón to happen to coincide with a certain event or happening
má-taʔun-án to happen to meet someone by chance
t<um>aʔón to take advantage of the opportune time
táʔún-an yearly; annual; once a year
táʔun-ín to do or make at the same time with; to make coincide
táʔún-táʔón annually; yearly; each year; every year
ká-taʔón incidental, occurring by chance
Bikol
taʔón year
maŋ-taʔón to complete one year
pag-ka-ká-taʔón chance, opportunity
taʔun-án to be completed within one year
taʔón-taʔón every year; annual; annually; perennial
Agutaynen
takon year
mag-pa-takon within a year; for one year
nan-takon last year
t<om>akon next year
takon-an years gone by
takon-takon yearly
Palawan Batak
taʔón year
Maranao
taʔon famine
Binukid
taun hunger season
Mapun
taun year; first planting season (when the dry season is about to end in May)
taun-an more than a year
taun-taun every year
Molbog
toun year
Kadazan Dusun
toun year
son-toun one year
toun-toun every year
Tombonuwo
toun year
Bisaya (Limbang)
taun year
Basap
taun year
Berawan (Long Terawan)
taun year
Narum
taʔaun year
Miri
taʔon year
Kiput
ton year
Bintulu
taʔun year
Melanau (Mukah)
taʔun year
Melanau Dalat
taʔun year
Melanau Dalat (Kampung Teh)
təʔun year
Bukat
taun year
Paku
taun year
Malagasy
taúna year, time, season
Iban
taun year, cycle of seasons
Jarai
thun year
Rhade
thun year
Moken
takon dry season; year
Malay
tahun year (solar, lunar, seasonal from rice crop to rice crop, etc.)
mə-nahun chronic; annual; year-long
ber-tahun-tahun chronic; annual; year-long
Rejang
taweun ~ tawun year
Old Javanese
tahun year; (seasonal) crop
pira-piraŋ tahun-ən to keep thinking: how many years...
Sasak
taun wet season
bə -taun-an long preserved (of fruits)
Kaidipang
tauŋo year
Tae'
taun the time that the rice needs to grow from seed to mature plant
maʔ-taun a year long
pa-naun-an the Toraja agricultural year
paʔ-taun-an the Toraja agricultural year
Proto-Bungku-Tolaki
*taquN year
Mori Bawah
taʔu year
Mandar
tauŋ year
Buginese
tauŋ year
Makassarese
tauŋ year
Bonerate
taʔu year
Muna
taghu year
Popalia
taʔu year
CMP Anakalangu
dauŋu year
Kambera
ndauŋu year, annual
ndau humba Sumbanese year, of six months
ndau jawa non-Sumbanese year, of twelve months
Hawu
tau year (Fox n.d.)
Atoni
tɔn year
Galoli
ton year
Erai
ton year
Alune
taune year
SHWNG Gimán
taun year
OC Tolai
taun season, time, period
Luangiua
kau year
Proto-Micronesian
*tau season, sun
Hiw
to year
Mota
tau season, either of planting, or of the maturity of what is planted
o tau nam the season of planting yams
tau matua the season when yams are fit to dig
Piamatsina
taun-i year
Wusi-Valui
taun year
Lametin
taon year
Tangoa
taun-i year
Marino
tau year
Makatea
tau year
Pwele
na-tau year
Efate (South)
na-tau year
Rotuman
fau year; crop, harvest: of crops that are produced annually, such as oranges, yams, pineapples, and sometimes vī (Spondias dulcis)
Tongan
taʔu year; age; yam season, yam crop or harvest
taʔu motuʔa age
Niue
tau year, season
tau tupu springtime (‘growing season’)
Futunan
taʔu season for harvesting yams
taʔu laʔā dry season
Samoan
tau season (warm, cold, etc.); climate; weather
Tuvaluan
tau period; season
tau titi, tau malo stage in child’s life when it is appropriate to wear titi [pandanus leaf skirt], if female, or malo [breech cloth], if male
Kapingamarangi
tau season; to perish
Nukuoro
dau season
Rennellese
taʔu season
taʔu ika fish season, late July until January, especially for flying fish and large fish caught on lines at night after catching flying fish that are used as bait
Anuta
tau year
Rarotongan
tau a season or period
Maori
tau season, year, the recurring cycle being the predominating idea rather than the definite time measurement
Hawaiian
kau period of time, lifetime; any season, especially summer; session of a legislature; term, semester; time of late night before dawn
WMP Simalur
tara artificial cockspur
Buginese
tara-manuʔ cockspur
CMP Bimanese
tara cockspur
Tetun
tara a sharp blade tied to a cock’s spur for cockfighting
OC Patpatar
taragau whistling kite: Haliaster sphenurus
Tolai
taragau large fish hawk or osprey: Pandion haliaetus
Kairiru
tarakʸau hawk, eagle
Manam
taragau fish eagle
Kwaio
alagau rufous-breasted hawk: Accipiter novaehollandiae rufoschistaceus
Sa'a
arakau fish hawk: Haliaster girrenera
Arosi
aragau fish hawk: Haliaster girrenera
WMP Ilokano
taráok crow of a rooster
mag- taráok to crow (rooster)
Tagalog
taláʔok cockcrow; crowing of a rooster
mag-talaúk-an to crow together (as roosters)
Cebuano
taláʔuk to crow, of a cock
WMP Ilokano
taráy run; speed; operation or functioning (of a machine); drift; elopement
ka-taráy to run away with; elope
t<um>aráy to run; elope
taray-en distance to run in a race; to run to
Maranao
taray run
WMP Itbayaten
taraytay to put or arrange in a row (when planting yams, trees, or aligning stones)
ma-taraytay to be in a straight line
Cebuano
talaytay arrange things in a row
OC Lakalai
-tali to wait for (only in compounds)
magiri-tali to wait (standing)
pou-tali to wait (sitting)
tali muga tali muga
Vaghua
tar to wait
Tongan
tali to wait for, to expect, to wait (esp. in order to welcome); to receive (e.g. a visitor)
Niue
tali since
ta-tali to wait; to come in the future
tali-tali to expect
Samoan
tali to wait
tali-soa to await company, wait for someone to join one
Rennellese
tagi to wait
tagi-saki to wait
Maori
ta-tari to wait, expect; by and by, after a time
Hawaiian
kali to wait, loiter, hesitate; loiterer; hesitant, slow
hoʔo-kali to cause to wait, delay; lingering, slow, as of a disease
WMP Maranao
tarintik drizzle, shower
Proto-Minahasan
*tariktik drizzle, light rain
Tontemboan
tariʔtic rain lightly with fine droplets
WMP Ilokano
tariktík kind of small bird
Bikol
tariktík woodpeckeer sp.
WMP Quop Land Dayak
tariŋ bamboo sp.
Sentah Land Dayak
tariŋ bamboo sp.
Dampelas
tariŋ k.o. large, strong bamboo
Wolio
tari k.o. bamboo
Muna
tari k.o. small bamboo, made into fences
WMP Iban
taris line
CMP Ngadha
tari to scratch, graze, scrape; to wound
WMP Casiguran Dumagat
talúk wet rice seedlings; to plant paddy rice seedlings
Bikol
mag-tarók to transplant rice from the seedbed to the field
pag-ta-tarók rice planting time
Hanunóo
táluk sprout, shoot (to be transplanted); transplanting
Malagasy
táruka the tender shoots of plants
ma-náruka having shoots
Iban
tarok bud, leaf bud
narok to grow buds, shed leaves (i.e. to bud afresh)
Malay
tarok shoot (from side of tree or branch --- the topmost shoot is puchok)
Tae'
taruk sprout from a tree or plant, shoot, bud; descendant, progeny
WMP Ilokano
ag-tarús to go straight to without delay, move on; pierce, penetrate
i-tarús to do something after something else
Ibaloy
man-teshos to go directly to a place without deviation en route
in-taros to take someone directly to a place
teshos-an to be able to understand, folllow something (as lecture, sermon)
Yakan
talus to proceed with doing something, finish doing something, complete doing something
nalus immediately, right away, directly
Tausug
t<um>alus to continue, finish (doing something, esp. something already started)
Pendau
tarus continue
WMP Ilokano
tarús to go straight to without delay
i-tarus-án to guess, arrive at, get to the true meaning; come upon; comprehend
Ibaloy
teshosh-an to be able to understand, follow something (as lecture, sermon)
Pangasinan
talós to understand, interpret, have an understanding of
Ayta Abellan
taloh to understand something; meaning
Tagalog
talós comprehended; perfectly understood; known; informed
ma-talós to penetrate; to see into; to comprehend; to understand perfectly; to learn
talus-in to get information about; to learn
Formosan Saaroa
tar-uta to vomit (Ferrell 1969)
WMP Bahasa Indonesia
tər- prefix marking accidental or uncontrolled action
tər-tidur to fall asleep unintentionally (tidur ‘sleep’)
Simalur
ta- ~ tal- prefix of spontaneous action
OC Gumawana
ia tala short snouted unicornfish: Naso brevirostris
Motu
tara kind of fish
Fijian
tā the leather jacket or unicorn fish: Acanthurus unicornus and other spp.
WMP Hanunóo
tagábas long-leaved variety of kusúl (Kaempferia galanga Linn.); many medicinal and religious uses
Malay
terawas a simple used in making beboréh (yellow cosmetic of saffron and coconut oil rubbed on the body in Java on ceremonial occasions)
WMP Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
taǥad to wait
Mansaka
taǥad to wait
Tiruray
taǥad to pause briefly in one’s activity
fe-tagad Wait a minute!
tagad-tagad temporary
Tboli
tagad to wait
Tausug
t<um>agad to wait for something
WMP Pangasinan
talár-an to wait, stand watch
Tausug
tagar-an that which one is waiting for
Formosan Pazeh
(maxu)-taxa to wait
Amis
tala to wait
pa-tala to prepare
Thao
mi-talha wait for someone
Bunun (Takituduh)
mal-ta-talah to wait
Tsou
m-oo-tro to wait
Saaroa
m-ara-a-taa-tara to ambush
Formosan Seediq (Truku)
t<əm>aga to wait
Kanakanabu
t<um>á-tara to ambush
WMP Ilokano
tárak inheritance
Sambal (Botolan)
i-táyak to distribute
OC Tolai
tarami obey, agree, consent
'Āre'āre
arami-a to permit, consent, allow
Arosi
arami answer, acknowledge, assent to
Proto-North-Central Vanuatu
*taRamʷi allow, accept, agree
Formosan Thao
talhaq chips from adzing wood
ma-talhaq will adze, will shape with an adze
shan-talhaq-an be adzed by someone, be shaped or worked by someone with an adze
WMP Ilokano
tagá to trim, shape (by cutting); kind of small gray bird that nests in tree holes it bores
Aklanon
tagáʔ to strike with a sharp object
Cebuano
tágaʔ cut down trees
Maguindanao
tága to cut down
Ida'an Begak
tagaʔ adze
Lun Dayeh
taraʔ clear-cutting of jungle for farming
Malay
tarah planing with an adze; shaping, rough-hewing
Old Javanese
ta-tah small chisel, punch
a-na-tah to shape with a punch
t<in>a-tah to shape with a punch
Balinese
tahah the blade of a kind of machete, chopper
Tae'
tara to rough hew, shape with an adze
Palauan
o-lásəʔ tool for carving/chopping (< *pa-naRaq)
Chamorro
tagaʔ hack, chop
CMP Rembong
tara to hew (wood)
Rotinese
tala adze (carpenter’s tool); to work with an adze
Tetun
taa to be cut by hitting, to make a blow with a cutting implement
taa ahi to strike a flint
taa ulu-n to cut off a head, to decapitate
Kei
tār scallop shell, used as a coconut rasp
Asilulu
tala to cut down (as a banana plant); to scrape, to rasp
ta-tala coconut rasp
Buruese
taha-h to fell, cut down
SHWNG Irarutu
tar to chop
Numfor
kar to hack, shape by adzing (a canoe)
OC Vitu
tarah-ia carve a canoe
Arop
a-tara-be to cut, hack
Manam
tara to beat off, to strike off (branches), to hollow out (of canoes)
Numbami
tala chop, carve (as a log in making a canoe)
Wampar
ra to cut, hack
Motu
tara-ia to adze; to chop; to cut wood; to sting (of hornet); to peck food (of fowls)
Arosi
ara to chop, cut, cut down a tree; to lop off branches, break off; to hoe; to make equal, level
Mota
tara to hew, chop, cut, as with a lakae(tridacna shell adze)
Mosina
tar cut
Wayan
tā (of solid object) be cut by chopping or slashing; chopped, hacked, axed, adzed, slashed; be carved, shaped by cutting; be built, made (of boat, keel)
tā-si cut, chop, carve, build something; what is cut, etc.
Fijian
tā to chop with knife or axe
Tongan
tā to hit (in various senses); to hit, strike, beat; scoop up coarse sand, also applied to scooping up fish with a hand net
Niue
tā to strike; to kill; to adze; to build; to cast (a speaer or a dart); to wield
Futunan
tā to beat, hit (with a stick); to cut (wood) for construction; to build (with wood)
Samoan
tā (of blow) strike, hit; (of tree) fell, cut down; (of timber) adze, chip into shape, hew; (of bilge water) bail out; (of tattoo) apply, put on
Tuvaluan
taa hit; beat; chop; fell a tree; a large wedge used in splitting trees; build a canoe; drive fish; strike (of a clock)
taa-taa strum a stringed instrument
Rennellese
taa to hit, strike, cut, kill, murder; tattoo; to carve or make, as a canoe; to tap, as to soften bii fruit; to strike, as birds dive down for fish; to beat, as the sounding board; to net, as flying fish; to scoop up, as swarms of ... fish in seine or net
Anuta
taa ~ ta to strike, to hit; an implement used for striking (i.e. a club); to chop down; to cut; to build (as in cutting out the shape/building a canoe)
Rarotongan
tā to kill, to put to death, to slay, to overcome, to destroy, to slaughter; an assault, sudden attack; to beat or dash out, as in bailing a canoe; to pound or beat, as in washing clothes with a stick or stone on a flat surface
Maori
tā dash; aim a blow at; strike, beat with a stick, etc.; whip a top; dash water out of a canoe; so bail; cut; tattoo; carve, fashion
Hawaiian
kā to hit, strike, hack, thrust, toss, fling, hurl, dash, especially with a quick hard stroke
WMP Ilokano
man-naga woodpecker
Cebuano
ma-nagaʔ-nagaʔ woodcutter
Lun Dayeh
naraʔ cut down trees to make a farm, fell trees
Malay
me-narah to hew a piece of wood into the outline of what it is intended to be, finer carving (ukir) being done with a knife
Sangir
ma-naha shape tree trunks into timbers or planks (by adzing)
ma-na-naha adze
Bare'e
man-taʔa to hew, shape, give form to, make the general design of something (as a coffin from a log)
Tae'
man-tara to shape with an adze, work wood with an adze
Palauan
mə-lásəʔ to chop, whittle, carve (log for canoe); build (house); (cat) claw at
WMP Ilokano
t<in>aga chips of wood, stone, etc.
Lun Dayeh
t<in>araʔ felled by someone
Palauan
d<əl>ásəʔ thing carved
Formosan Kavalan
t<m>ari to chop with an axe
Pazeh
mu-taxa to cut wood or bamboo into small pieces
Thao
t<m>alhaq to shape a log by hewing it with an adze
WMP Lun Dayeh
t<em>araʔ clear-felling trees on the farm with an axe
Palauan
d<m>ásəʔ to chop, whittle, carve (log for canoe); build (house); (cat) claw at
WMP Ilokano
taga-en to trim, shape (by cutting)
Lun Dayeh
tere-in a place which is going to be cleared of wood
Palauan
dəsáʔ-əl thing being carved/thing to be carved
Formosan Pazeh
taxaʔ-i Cut it!
Thao
talhaq-i Adze it!
OC Gapapaiwa
tara-tara-i to fell trees
Arosi
ara-i to chop, cut, cut down a tree
Northeast Ambae
ta-i cut
Tongan
taaʔ-i to chop, to cut or carve (e.g. a canoe) by chopping
WMP Chamorro
tá-tagaʔ unicorn fishes: Naso unicornis (family Acanthuridae)
OC Motu
tara the name of a fish
Fijian
tā the leather jacket, or unicorn fish: Acanthurus unicornis and other spp.
WMP Yami
talan Squirrelfish spp. (Tsuchida 1984)
Itbayaten
tayaan squirrelfish; in folk belief, when one has a person whom he hates or dislikes he catches tayaan fish and takes out its siit (spine on the body of the fish) and lets tayaan go back to the water; then he either tries to harm the person directly by the spine, or he places it where the person frequents, hoping that the person will step on it and get hurt. Once a person is pricked on a part of his body he will soon meet his death or calamity; if one uses siit no tayaan and pricks the abdomen of a certain bedbug, together with an incantation, all other bedbugs will disappear
Palauan
dəsáʔəl spiny squirrelfish: Holocentrus spinifer
OC Lakalai
e-talaha kind of fish
Motu
tara name of a fish
Marshallese
jera squirrelfish: Holocentrus spp.
Pohnpeian
sara squirrelfish: Adoryx spinifer
Chuukese
sara (saraa) yellow-lined squirrel fish (Holocentrus ensifer Jordan and Evermann)
Puluwat
har'a kind of red fish
Woleaian
sera (seraa) kind of fish
Tongan
taʔa kind of red, edible fish
Niue
taa kind of red fish
Samoan
malau name given to red squirrel-fishes belonging to genera Holocentrus and Myripristis
tā-malau name given to certain fishes of genus Holocentrus when about 1 ft. in length
Nukuoro
daa squirrelfish
WMP Ilokano
taráok crow of a rooster
ag-taráok to crow, of a rooster
Cebuano
tagáuk for roosters to crow
Binukid
tagaok for a rooster to crow
Mansaka
tagaok to crow, as a rooster
WMP Ilongot (Kakiduge:n)
tenek mosquito
tɨnnɨk mosquito
Mamanwa
tagnek mosquito
Binukid
tagenek mosquito
Mansaka
tagnuk mosquito
Tiruray
tegenek kind of mosquito
Molbog
tognok mosquito
Bonggi
tonok mosquito
Kadazan Dusun
togonok mosquito
Tombonuwo
togonok mosquito, gnat, or sandflea
Proto-Sangiric
*tənik mosquito
WMP Bikol
tagití ~ tagithí a light rain; a shower, drizzle
mag-tagit(h)í to drizzle, shower, sprinkle
Masbatenyo
tagití drizzle
Proto-Sangiric
*taRiti rain
Sangir
tahiti rain
WMP Ilokano
tagiktík heavy rain
Tagalog
tagiktík patter; a series of quick taps, or the sound they make (as with the patter of rain on the roof)
t<um>agiktík to patter; to make rapid taps (as rain pattering on the roof)
WMP Hanunóo
tágin a horizontal spring snare for catching pigs or deer
OC Mota
tar to lay, as a net
Rotuman
fai snare, trap; to ensnare, catch in a trap
Wayan
tai snare or trap to catch land animals, land crabs, crayfish, etc.
tara tai to make or set a trap or snare
tai-ti to trap or snare something; what is caught
Formosan Amis
takec embrace
WMP Kadazan Dusun
tagkos to girdle
WMP Tagalog
tagpís fineness, sveltness, thinness
Cebuano
tagpís slice something thinly; be skinny and slim
Old Javanese
tapis thin layer
OC Motu
taru-a to cover, as with a sheet, to wrap oneself in
Lau
alu to bury
Arosi
aru to cover up, as with pandanus mat
WMP Kapampangan
tayom shrub that provides a blue dye (Bergaño 1860)
Bikol
tágom indigo, species of plant from which a blue dye is extracted
mag-tágom to tint or dye with indigo
tagóm-on to tint or dye with indigo
Hanunóo
tágum indigo plant (Indigofera tinctoria Linn.); the leaves are used for dyeing and for rubbing on neck swellings
Romblomanon
tāgum an indigo plant, Indigofera suffruticosa (Mill.) or Indigofera tinctoria (Linn.)
Aklanon
tagóm medicinal tree
Hiligaynon
tagúm blue
Cebuano
tágum indigo: Indigofera suffruticosa
gi-tágum dye something dark or stain something
mu-tágum become dark or black (as skin xposed too long in the sun)
Maranao
tagom Indigofera suffruticosa Mill. --- leaves used to color things black; black, blacken, dark color: black, brown, blue or gray
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
taɣum a certain leaf of a vine which is used as a black dye for dyeing abaca fiber
Ngaju Dayak
tahum a creeper that produces purple-colored fruit that people use to dye woven fabric
ma-nahum to dye fabric with this substance
Iban
tarum indigo plant, unidentified (probably creeper Marsdenia tinctoria R, Br., and not Indian Indigofera tinctoria L.); the blue-black dye made from it
narum to dye with indigo
Rhade
krŭm dye made from indigo plant
Malay
tarum indigo plant (indigo dye is nila); usually Indigofera tinctoria, the Indian indigo plant; native nila is made by cutting up tarum leaves, steeping them in water, and finally boiling them with lime or chalk; dark-colored (as the skin or fur of various animals)
Old Javanese
tom indigo plant
Javanese
tom indigo tree whose leaves (nila) are used for dye
ŋe-tom to plant indigo trees
pa-tom-an indigo plantation
Balinese
tahum indigo plant
Sasak
tarum indigo, indigo plant; to dye blue
Sangir
tahuŋ indigo, Indigofera tinctoria, used as a dyestuff
Mongondow
tagum a creeper that yields a greenish-black dye
Tae'
tarun indigo plant, Indigofera; its extract is used to dye clothes blue; blue in color
tarun-tarun-an bluish; bright blue, as translucent water
Makassarese
taruŋ a plant resembling the indigo plant, but yielding no indigo; probably Cassia tagera
Muna
tau kind of plant the leaves of which are used as green dye
CMP Bimanese
dau indigo plant
Manggarai
taroŋ Indigofera spp.
Ngadha
taru indigo; to dye with indigo
Li'o
taru indigo
Lamaholot
taʔū the indigo plant (Pogostemon cablin), used for dyeing woven fabrics
Rotinese
tau-k the indigo plant, indigo; dark blue
tau isi-k indigo dye
tau-tau blue-black (as rain clouds)
Tetun
taun a bush (Indigofera) whose leaves are used for making a blue dye for cloth
Wetan
tarmi the indigo plant, out of whose is made a black dye
WMP Yami
tayo to hide
Itbayaten
tayo hiding
Ilokano
táro competition in tolerance; stake; wager; bet
ag-táro to place a bet
Agta (Central Cagayan)
məg-təgu to hide
Ifugaw
tálu to hide, conceal
Ibaloy
i-talo to store, keep, put away something
Ayta Abellan
tayo to hide, conceal
Tagalog
tagóʔ hidden; kept out of sight; inconspicuous, not visible; obscure, hidden from view; secret, occult; latent, hidden, concealed
i-tágoʔ to hide; to conceal
Hanunóo
táguʔ hiding (as hiding something in a cave)
Romblomanon
tāguʔ someone or something hides or takes shelter in a given location
pa-nāguʔ someone’s hiding or taking shelter in a given location
Masbatenyo
tágoʔ secluded, of a place
taguʔ-ón keep safe, take care of
Agutaynen
oŋ talok in secret; secretly; in private
i-talok to hide or put something away; to conceal something; to keep or save something for future use; to store something away
ma-nalok for a person to hide from others
Cebuano
táguʔ hidden from view (as a house behind trees); to hide, keep away from view or knowledge; put away in a safe place for future use
ka-táguʔ-un feel very much like hiding oneself
Maranao
tagoʔ put (as rice in a pot), place; contents (as of a sack); keep (as money for someone), hide (as money for safekeeping)
tagoʔ-ai container
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
taGuʔ to put inside
Mansaka
tágoʔ hidden, concealed; to hide, to conceal (as money)
ka-tagow-an hiding place
Ida'an Begak
taru to put
Lun Dayeh
taruʔ make, do
Kelabit
taruʔ making, doing; putting, placing
Ngaju Dayak
taroh wager (in betting or in games)
ba-taroh to bet, place a wager on something in gambling
Iban
taroh to put away, keep; lay a bet
Malay
taroh depositing; staking; having, putting, or keeping in a place of safety
pə-taroh-an stakes in gambling
taroh hati to take a fancy to
Acehnese
tarōh put down, wager (in a game or gambling contest)
tarōh lua the wagers of the bystanders at a cockfight
Gayō
taroh a wager, a bet
be-te-taroh to wager, place a bet
Karo Batak
taruh put down, of a wager
er-taruh to wager, place a bet
Toba Batak
pa-taru-hon to escort someone who is leaving
Sundanese
taruh a bet, wager
duit taruh the money that one puts down or wagers in a game
Old Javanese
toh stake (in game, gambling, wager, competition, combat); main stake (in combat), the person on whom one relies as the main or sole support
bwat toh gambling
a-mwat toh to gamble
maka-toh to have as a stake, put up for stake; to stake, risk
Javanese
toh gambling stake; birthmark
ŋe-toh to bet something, i.e. use something as a gambling stake
Sasak
taroʔ a wager, a bet on something; to insert; place a bet
Proto-Minahasan
*tahuʔ put into, store in
Tombulu
tahuʔ put into, put away, store inside
Mongondow
lin-taguʔ to keep, preserve, lay away (in the heart)
Ponosakan
tauʔ to put away
Proto-South Sulawesi
*taro to put, place
CMP Lamaholot
taʔo to place, put, set, lay down
taʔo to put, place, deposit
Tetun
tau to place, to put, to set
tau moras to apply ointment to cure an ailment; to entrust with (valuables, etc.)
Vaikenu
tao to put
Erai
tau to put, lay
Wetan
tari to put away, pack up, lay down, leave
Yamdena
n-ba-taru to wager, place a bet
Fordata
n-taru laying of eggs; to lay an egg
Asilulu
talu to place, to put
Buruese
tahu-h to place or set
Soboyo
tahu to lay down, put or place
OC Wuvulu
ʔau to put
Vitu
taru laŋaria to put something up
taruh-ia to put, place
Lakalai
talu to put in; to plant; to put down on the ground, as a bundle carried on the head
Motu
taru-a to cover, as with a sheet, to wrap oneself in
taru-adiho to put down, of a loaded kiapa (native netted bag)
taru-ahanai to put out from fence
Bugotu
talu to put, place, appoint; used as auxiliary verb to denote continuance of action
talu-a Stop! Wait a minute! Refrain!
Nggela
talu to put, place, set
Kwaio
alu to put, keep
Lau
alu to place, put, lay down; to give, send; to bury; to have, to be; to become, change into
Toqabaqita
alu-a put, put down, place (as a mat on the ground); put on (as hat, shoes); bury (a corpse); have, possess, own (other than domestic animals and pets); offer a bounty for killing someone
Sa'a
älu to put, to place; to change into, to become
Wayan
tau be located, situated, positioned, placed, put; be in, at or on a place
i-tau-tau place for putting things
tau-ni to put or place something, lay something down, deposit something
WMP Itbayaten
ma-nayo to hide, conceal
Agutaynen
ma-nalok to hide from
Lun Dayeh
naruʔ to make, to do
Kelabit
naruʔ to make, do; put, place
Malay
mə-naroh to have; to keep; to harbor; to entertain in one’s heart
Karo Batak
naruh to guide, escort
naruh-i bring something somewhere (as rice from the field to the village); to supply, fetch (as water)
Toba Batak
ma-naru-i asar to build a nest
Sundanese
naruh-an to bet on something
Mongondow
mo-naguʔ to store, keep, lay away, put away; leave behind (an inheritance); to withhold, keep in the heart; to inculcate, impress on someone
WMP Tagalog
mag-tágoʔ to hide; to hide oneself; to lurk; to hide something; to keep something secret; to save or put away for the future; to put something away in its proper place
Masbatenyo
mag-tágoʔ to hide, conceal, evade
Agutaynen
mag-talok to hide something somewhere; to keep or reserve something for future use
Malay
ber-taroh to bet; to deposit stakes
Acehnese
meu-tarōh to wager, place a bet on something
Toba Batak
mar-taru to place a bet, wager something
Sangir
məʔ-taho put in, stash away, hide
WMP Tagalog
pa-tágoʔ something given to another for safekeeping
pa-tagóʔ covert; secret; hidden; disguised
Hanunóo
pa-táguʔ hiding oneself
Malay
pə-taroh a trust; something confided
CMP Fordata
n-fa-taru bring something to a specified place
WMP Tagalog
t<in>ágoʔ hidden (as money)
Cebuano
t<in>águʔ something hidden
Lun Dayeh
t<in>aruʔ made or done by someone
Karo Batak
t<in>aruh egg
Toba Batak
t<in>aru egg
mar-t<in>aru to lay an egg
Mongondow
s<in>aguʔ what is put aside or given to someone for safekeeping
WMP Tagalog
t<um>ágoʔ to hide; to hide oneself; to lurk
Old Javanese
t<um>oh-i to put up a stake (for someone or something), bet on, vouch for, guarantee
WMP Itbayaten
tayw-an hide-out, hiding place
Tagalog
tagu-án a place for hiding or keeping things (as money); harbor; covert; any place of shelter; children’s game of hide-and-seek
Hanunóo
taguʔ-án be hidden, be concealed, as an object
Masbatenyo
taguʔ-án hideout, hiding place
t<ar>aguʔ-án hideouts
Cebuano
táguʔ-an-an hiding place; hideout
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
taGuʔ-an a container
Toba Batak
taru-an maŋan, taru-an minum have a servant who brings you food and drink
WMP Cebuano
táguʔ-táguʔ game of hide-and-seek
Toba Batak
taru-taru dung, manure (Formosan only)
Formosan Saisiyat
taLœʔæn house
Pazeh
taxuan hut, shack, shelter
Amis
taloʔan hut, temporary shelter for use in the fields
Thao
talhuqan temporary hut used when spending extended periods in the fields for agricultural work
Bunun
taluqan hunter’s hut; a hut or place in which to dream an omen about wars or hunting
WMP Tagalog
tagós going through the whole width, thickness or length; reaching as far as the other side or end
OC Samoan
tau reach, go (up, down, etc.) to (as a dress reaching down to the ankles); come to
WMP Palauan
dərúdm porcupine fish
CMP Wahai
tarutum fish with spiny skin (called durian in Ambon) (Ludeking 1868)
WMP Cebuano
tagutuŋ-an porcupine fish, Diodon sp.
Murut (Timugon)
tautuŋ porcupine
Lun Dayeh
terutuŋ porcupine
Melanau (Mukah)
tətuŋ porcupine
Bukat
tutoŋ porcupine
Dohoi
tohotuŋ porcupine
Paku
tetuŋ porcupine
Ma'anyan
tetuŋ porcupine
Dusun Witu
tetuŋ porcupine
Karo Batak
tarutuŋ kind of durian
Toba Batak
tarutuŋ durian tree and its fruit
CMP Asilulu
talutun several fish, including diagonal-banded toado, also called black-lined pufferfish (Arothron aerostaticus Jenyns), Myers’ porcupine fish (Dicotylichthys myersi Ogilby), and three-bar porcupine fish (D. punctulatus Kaup)
SHWNG Kowiai/Koiwai
tarutun porcupine fish
OC Takuu
tautu porcupine fish
Gilbertese
tauti puffer fish, Diodon
Pohnpeian
sei porcupine fish; soursop, Annona muricata
Rotuman
faufu fish which inflates itself when caught: covered with spikes like a porcupine
Samoan
tautu fish (Diodon sp.) with very sharp spines
Rennellese
tautu general name for balloon fish (porcupine fish)
OC Roviana
tasa one, especially in counting
Poro
tasa one
Vaturanga
tasa one at a time
Tongan
taha one; someone, anyone; person; other, another
Niue
taha one, any, an; singly, by itself; another
taha-taha very few
WMP Old Javanese
tasak accomplished, expert; thoroughly mastered, brought to maturity
t<um>asak to bring to maturity, season, cook through
Balinese
nasak to ripen (fruit)
Proto-Sangiric
*tasak ripe, cooked
Sangir
sasaʔ ripe
Tae'
tasak ripe
Proto-South Sulawesi
*tasak ripe
CMP Lamaholot
tahak ripe
Tetun
tasak ripe
Kisar
kaha ripe
Selaru
tasak ripe
Yamdena
tasak cooked, ripe
WMP Old Javanese
(m)a-tasak ripe, cooked
Sangir
ma-sasaʔ ripe, become ripe
Tae'
ma-tasak ripe
CMP Wetan
m-taa ripe
WMP Sambal (Botolan)
táhek to plant something by sticking it down into the ground
Miri
tasak amin housepost
WMP Tagalog
tásik saltwater filtered through sand in the process of salt-making; brine; very salty water
Bikol
tásik brine, concentrated saltwater solution; a salt pond
tasík-on to preserve something by salting
Masbatenyo
tásik salted fish (fish which has been preserved with salt)
Aklanon
tásik brine, salty water
Waray-Waray
tasik broth of rice porridge
ma-tasik full of broth; filled with broth
Cebuano
tásik the liquid residue of sea water that has been crystallized in salt making; liquid residue after milling sugar
Yakan
tahik sea; ocean; sea water
mag-tahik-tahik to be used to doing something on/in/at the sea (as traveling by boat, fishing, swimming, looking for shellfish, etc.)
Murung
tasik sea, ocean
Ngaju Dayak
tasik sea, ocean
ma-nasik go to sea
Kapuas
tasik sea, ocean
Paku
tasik sea
Dusun Deyah
tasik sea, ocean
Ma'anyan
tahik sea, ocean
Proto-Chamic
*tasiʔ sea; ocean
Rhade
kəsiʔ sea, ocean
Roglai (Northern)
tasiʔ sea
Malay
tasek lake
Old Javanese
tasik sea
maka-tasik having as sea, surrounded by sea
Javanese
tasik sea, ocean
Madurese
taseʔ sea
Balinese
tasik salt; sea, ocean (in court and literary language)
tasik-in to be made salty
Proto-Sangiric
*tasik sea, saltwater
Proto-Minahasan
*tasik sea
Totoli
sasik sea
Petapa Taje
tasi/tasik sea
Uma
tahiʔ sea
Bare'e
tasi sea, saltwater
mbo-tasi to smell or taste like seawater
oru n-tasi bottom of the sea
puse n-tasi the middle point of the sea, where [in native conception] the inflowing and outflowing water causes it to ebb and flow (lit. ‘navel of the sea’)
wawo n-tasi surface of the sea
wiwi n-tasi seashore, beach
tasi raya inland sea, bay with narrow entrance
Tae'
tasik sea
tasik mapuluʔ the safe sea, where no catastrophes occur (lit. ‘sea of glue’)
Mori Atas
tahi sea
Padoe
tahi sea
Bungku
tahi sea
Koroni
tahi sea
Moronene
tahi sea; salt
Mandar
sasiʔ sea
mo-sasiʔ go to the sea, seek one’s livelihood at sea
po-sasiʔ sailor, one who makes his life at sea
Buginese
tasiʔ sea (poetic)
pat-tasiʔ sailor
Makassarese
tasiʔ sea
Wolio
tasi water which has been used for cooking rice, left to stand for a few days, and then used for stiffening weaving yarn
Bonerate
tai sea
Muna
tehi sea
Chamorro
tasi sea, ocean, beach
CMP Manggarai
tacik sea
Rembong
tasik sea
Palu'e
tahi sea
Sika
tahi sea, saltwater
Lamaholot
tahik sea, saltwater
Adonara
tahik sea
Kambera
tehiku sea
tehiku míni ‘male’ sea: shoreline that is not dry even in ebbtide, where a river exits into the sea
tehiku kawini ‘female’ sea: area on both sides of a river’s debouchment into the sea, that is dry at ebbtide
wai tehiku saltwater, seawater
Hawu
dahi sea
Dhao/Ndao
dasi sea
Rotinese
tasi sea
tasi oe saltwater, seawater
Helong
tasi sea
Atoni
tasi sea
Tetun
tasi sea, ocean
Vaikenu
tasi sea
Mambai
taisa sea
Galoli
tasi sea
Leti
taski saltwater, sea
Selaru
tasi sea, saltwater
r-tasi to salt
tasi-si salt
Yamdena
tasik saltwater, sea
W.Tarangan (Ngaibor)
tai sea
Kamarian
tasi salt
Wahai
tasi salt
Saparua
tasi salt
Hitu
tasi salt
Batu Merah
tasi salt
SHWNG Moor
ati saltwater
OC Nauna
təs saltwater, salt
Lou
set <M sea, saltwater
Lenkau
tres saltwater
Loniu
tas sea, saltwater
Nali
dras sea, saltwater
Titan
dras saltwater
Andra
dras sea, saltwater
Leipon
ndas sea, saltwater
Ahus
has sea, saltwater
Kele
dras sea, saltwater
Ponam
has sea
Sori
dah saltwater, salt
Seimat
tax sea (in combination)
Wuvulu
ʔaxi saltwater, salt
Aua
ari saltwater, salt
Kaniet
tasi sea
Yapese
daay saltwater, seawater; tide, flow of saltwater; tidal season
Nalik
ras sea
Mendak
tas saltwater, salt
Sursurunga
tas saltwater
Tanga
tes saltwater
Label
tāsi sea, saltwater
Bali (Uneapa)
dariki sea
Lusi
tari sea
Kove
tari sea
Manam
tari streaming, flood
Numbami
tai saltwater, sea, ocean; salt
Motu
tadi sea water
Haku
tis sea
Petats
tasi sea
Selau
tasi saltwater, salt
Piva
tagisi <M sea
Banoni
taghisi <M sea, saltwater, more a place than a liquid; gutsini more a liquid
Takuu
tai sea, tide, sea water
Cheke Holo
tahi ocean, sea; salt
ta-tahi taste salty
Kokota
tahi sea
Zabana
tahi sea
Bugotu
tahi sea, saltwater, salt; a vessel for holding saltwater
Nggela
tahi the sea; surf, a wave; salt
Ghari
tasi sea
tasi sea
Kwaio
asi sea, salt, sea water
Lau
asi sea, saltwater
fafo-asi foothills (lit. ‘above the sea’)
fafo-na asi surface of the sea
Toqabaqita
asi sea, ocean; sea water, saltwater; saltwater person (not a Toqabaqita person); salt
'Āre'āre
āsi sea, saltwater
āsi mae the quiet sea in the lagoon (lit. ‘dead sea’)
āsi mauri the open sea (lit. ‘living sea’)
Sa'a
äsi sea, saltwater; salt (late use); a month, January
äsi e honu high spring tide
äsi deu neap tide
Arosi
asi sea, saltwater, salt
Gilbertese
tari sea, saltwater, seawater
te tari salt
tari-aki to salt, to be salted
Marshallese
lǫ-jet ocean, sea (lit. ‘in the sea/at sea’)
Pohnpeian
se:d ocean, sea
Mokilese
jed sea water; salt
Chuukese
sáát, seti-n saltwater, sea; salted water; illness caused by sea spirits
Puluwat
háát, heti-n sea, ocean, tide; salt
Woleaian
sat(i) sea, ocean (archaic)
Ulithian
tade sea
Mota
tas sea, saltwater; the name of the lake at Gaua, so called because the water of it is not pei, simple water, but tas, brackish
Tasmate a district of Mota to leeward where the sea is quiet or dead; generally the lee side of an island
Tolomako
tasi sea
Malmariv
tasi sea
Lametin
tas sea
Mafea
tasi sea
Aore
tas sea
Araki
rasi sea; salt
rasi sea, saltwater
Peterara
tasi sea; salt
Raga
tahi sea; salt
Sowa
zas sea; salt
Atchin
n-tas sea; salt
n-tas sea
n-tah salt
Leviamp
na-ta sea
Axamb
ne-ras salt
Maxbaxo
nə ras sea
Sesivi
tes sea
Bonkovia
ti sea
Sesake
na tasi sea
na tas lolo salt
Nakanamanga
na tasi sea
tas-mena salt
Pwele
na-tasi sea
Efate (South)
na-tas sea
Southwest Tanna
tahik sea
Wayan
taci coast, seashore, sea, from the perspective of the land; be salty in taste; saltiness, salty taste
wai taci sea, a body of sea-water; salt water
taci-taci be salty to the taste; have salt added, be salted; be a bit salty
Fijian
taci the sea
wai taci wai taci
Tongan
tahi sea; sea-water; tide
Niue
tahi the sea (more especially near the coast, as compared with moana, the open sea); the coast
Futunan
tai sea; tide
Samoan
tai tide; game or fish in season
i tai on the side towards the sea (as opposed to i uta: on the side towards the land)
Tuvaluan
tai sea; tide
Kapingamarangi
tai saltwater, salt; lagoon; sea; tide
Nukuoro
dai lagoon; sea; salt
Rennellese
tai ocean, lake, salt water; seafood (poetic)
tai maaŋago brackish sea water, especially the Lake [in the middle of Rennell]
Anuta
tai water covering the reef
Rarotongan
tai the sea, sea or salt water; the coast or land bordering the sea, as opposed to uta, inland; tide; wave or waves, as of the sea
Maori
tai the sea, generally antithetical to uta; the coast, as opposed to uta, inland; tide; wave
tai-tai tide
tai-tai nunui spring tides
tai-tai ririki neap tides
Rapanui
tai sea
Hawaiian
kai sea, sea water; area near the sea; current in the sea; insipid, brackish, tasteless
i kai towards the sea
ma-kai on the sea side, toward the sea, in the direction of the sea
OC Nauna
tɨc to whet, sharpen
Wuvulu
ati to whet, sharpen
ati-mia whet it! sharpen it!
Bauro
m-āsi sharp
Fijian
tasi to scrape, shave, peel before cooking
WMP Chamorro
tasm-e sharpen to a point
OC Seimat
tasim-i to whet, sharpen
Sudest
tadi sharpen (stick)
OC Motu
tadiva paddle-tail: Lutjanus gibbus
Rotuman
sasiva <A black spot seaperch: Lutjanus fulviflamma
Samoan
tāiva fish of genus Lutjanus when about two feet long
Formosan Kavalan
m-tattas rent, ripped, split open (the seam)
t<m>attas to take off, remove, dismantle (as a house); to disentangle
WMP Itbayaten
tastas undoing the sewing/tying material
Ilokano
satsát to unravel; tear, rip garments; demolish; undo crochet work by pulling the string
Arta
tastas torn, as clothing
Bontok
tastas to take apart, of something which has been built or made, as the roof of a house; to unravel
Kankanaey
na-satsát shredded; cut into pieces; cut into shreds; cut up; carved; torn; rent; lacerated; ripped up
Ibaloy
tastas to dismantle something --- esp. of a house prior to moving it to another site, and roofing material prior to changing it, but also of such as clothing that is unstitched and resewn
Pangasinan
man-satsát to unstitch
Tagalog
tastás rip; a seam burst in a garment; run; a place where stitches have slipped out or become undone; unstitched; detached; undone; ripped
Bikol
mag-tastás to fray, unravel; to rip out stitches, to unstitch
Agutaynen
mag-tastas to rip out the seams of a garment; to undo stitching
Binukid
tastas to cut through (a tie, stitches, etc.)
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
tastas to cut through a tie or wrapping of rope or rattan; to cut one’s way through vines and creepers
Mapun
tattas to be or become severed; ripped; separated; come undone (esp. with respect to a place where it has been sewn)
Tausug
tastas torn on the seam
Kadazan Dusun
tatas to cut off, trim, lop
Ida'an Begak
tattas unstitch
Ngaju Dayak
tatas a tear or split; what is torn
Old Javanese
tatas broken, snapped
Javanese
tatas to break, snap; to break off, break loose
Balinese
tastas cut loose, cut off, break in pieces
Proto-Sangiric
*tətas to cut (stitches, thread)
Wolio
tatas-i unpick, unstitch (with a knife)
WMP Itbayaten
ma-nastas to undo the sewing/tying material
Kadazan Dusun
ma-natas to cut off
Ida'an Begak
mə-nattas unstitch
Karo Batak
nastas pull apart a palm leaf roof, pull apart the stitches; cut a hole in the wall
Toba Batak
ma-nastas to break off, tear up
Balinese
nastas cut loose, cut off, break in pieces
WMP Ifugaw
h<um>athat for someone to clear a field of old sweet potato vines with a digging trowel or digging bar
Tausug
t<um>astas to cut or tear stitches so as to open a seam, hem, etc.
Old Javanese
t<um>atas ended, cut off
WMP Itbayaten
tastas-en to unstitch, to undo the sewing/tying material
Ilokano
satsat-én to unravel; tear, rip garments; demolish; undo crochet work by pulling the string
Ibaloy
satsat-en to cut, tear, rip something (as cloth, paper, galvanized iron sheets, including when the item is divided in two)
Bikol
tastas-ón to rip out stitches, to unstitch
Formosan Pazeh
tata aunt (mother’s brother’s wife; mother’s elder sister)
WMP Ilokano
tăta term of address used for father or uncle; male one generation above speaker
Ibaloy
tata-ŋ father --- esp. as a term of address or a term of endearment; term of respect for village elders
Sambal (Botolan)
tata-y father, uncle
táta uncle
táta-y father
Kapampangan
tata term of address for males; father
Palawan Batak
tatá father’s brother; mother’s brother
Cebuano
táta father; address of respect to a father, esp. among Muslims; address of respect to an old man, esp. a close relative
Ma'anyan
tata-ʔ elder sibling
Sangir
tata-ʔ uncle
Wolio
taata mother
Chamorro
tata father
tata father
CMP Lamaholot
tata father; older man
Vaikenu
tata-f older brother
Asilulu
tata father (archaic)
SHWNG Numfor
kaka- mother's brother
OC Mendak
tata mother's brother (vocative)
Patpatar
tata father
Proto-North-Central Vanuatu
*tata father (term of address)
Maxbaxo
tata father
OC Roviana
tata close, near; almost
Eddystone/Mandegusu
tata near, close at hand
Tongan
tata near
Niue
tata near; closely related
faka-tata draw near
fe-tata-aki adjacent
Maori
tata near, of place or time; suddenly
WMP Maranao
tataro caterpillar
Lun Dayeh
tetaduh caterpillar
Pendau
tantadu caterpillar (moth) (Formosan only)
Formosan Kavalan
tatak hoe
t<m>atak to hoe, dig earth with a hoe
sa-t<m>a-t<m>atak to pretend to hoe, pretend to work with a hoe
Pazeh
tatak hoe
taa-tatak is cutting down tall grass or shrubs with a scythe or a machete by holding in aloft and swinging down
Pazeh (Kahabu)
tatak hoe
WMP Casiguran Dumagat
tatal chip (of the chips of wood made from the chopping of an axe)
Tagalog
tátal chips or splinters of wood; wood shavings
Malay
tatal wood shaving, small chip
Sundanese
tatal wood chip, shaving (from chopping or planing wood)
Old Javanese
tatal cut-off piece, chip
Javanese
tatal dry wood chip
WMP Maranao
tataʔ inlay of gold, silver or other metals
Iban
tatah stud, inlay, usually of brass
Malay
tatah studding or sticking objects into an alien surface
tatah mutia inlaid with mother-of--pearl
WMP Lolak
totuu true
Wolio
totuu certain, true, right
CMP Soboyo
(ta)tuu real, true
SHWNG Numfor
kaku genuine, true
OC Duke of York
tatu-na true
WMP Yami
tatos coconut crab
Itbayaten
tatos coconut crab, robber crab: Birgus latro (edible, delicacy)
Ibatan
tatos coconut crab (lays its eggs in the sea)
Ilokano
tatús kind of large black crustacean
OC Bola
tau to hang up
Motu
tau-a to hang up, of things with string
Tongan
tau to hang, etc.
tau-tau to suspend, hang, hang up
Niue
tau to hang, suspend
tau-tau to hang; to catch fish with a line or net
Samoan
tau to hang
tau-tau to hang up
Tuvaluan
tau-tau hanging
faka-tau-tau cause to hang, hang something up
tau-tau taliŋa flower worn as an ear ornament
Kapingamarangi
dau to hang up; to protect the house from the wind by hanging mats on the outer walls
Rennellese
tau to hang, as clothes; to wear or put on, as a necklace or loincloth; to swarm, as pogo or manini fish
Maori
tau-tau to hang in clusters or folds, hang suspended; string or cluster of objects
Hawaiian
kau to place, put, hang, suspend, affix, gird on
OC Chuukese
tówunómw mosquito net, sleeping canopy
Puluwat
tównómw mosquito net, formerly of loomed cloth
Woleaian
taulomw(u) sheet, mosquito net
Fijian
tau-namu mosquito net
Nukuoro
dau namu mosquito net
Rennellese
tau-namu mosquito net; to sleep under a mosquito net
OC Gilbertese
tau-a to hold, to keep, to reserve, to conserve, not to let go, to practice (religion, profession)
Mota
taur to hold, to carry holding in the hand
Mafea
taur-i to hold
Fijian
taur-a to take, hold
WMP Pangasinan
tawa-tawa a tree: Dysoxylum sp., Meliaceae (Madulid)
Bare'e
tawa a large, tall tree: Dysoxylum acutangulum; the wood is too heavy for boats, and is not in great demand for house construction
WMP Itbayaten
man-tawad to bargain
Casiguran Dumagat
táwad a discount
mag-pa- táwad to lower the price of something you are trying to sell
Kapampangan
táwad to bargain
tawar-an bargain for something
Tagalog
táwad discount; bargaining; asking for a discount; haggling over prices
i-táwad to offer as a price for
mag-pa-táwad to give a discount to a buyer
ma-na-náwad a bidder: a person to offers to pay a certain price at an auction
ma-táwad to be able to get a discount or reduction in buying something
pa-táwad a discount given to a buyer
t<um>áwad to bid; to propose a price for something, esp. at an auction
tawar-án the common price offered by the majority of buyers
Bikol
táwad a discount
mag-táwad to bargain, dicker, haggle for something; to bargain for a particular price
Hanunóo
táwad discount; bargaining; pardon
Romblomanon
tāwad something is bargained for by someone for a particular price
pa-tāwad forgiveness; someone is forgiven
Masbatenyo
táwad discount
mag-táwad to bargain, haggle, request a discount
Aklanon
táwad discount
pa-táwad to forgive
Waray-Waray
táwad the act of haggling or asking for a discount over prices of commodities; a discount
Agutaynen
tawad discount
mag-tawad to bargain; to give a discount, lower the price of something
Mapun
tawad a discount (< Tagalog?)
ma-tawad to give a discount
Iban
tawar bargain, bid, haggle (< Malay?)
Malay
tawar bargaining; bidding; offering a lower price
Sundanese
tawar haggle, bargain, bid for goods
Balinese
tawah make an offer to someone, haggle over a price
Tae'
taaʔ-i to bargain, haggle over the price
Mandar
mat-tawar to bargain, haggle over the price
WMP Casiguran Dumagat
táwad to pardon, forgive
Hanunóo
táwad pardon
WMP Mongondow
tawan kind of tree: Pometia pinnata Merr.
Bare'e
tawa a large, tall tree: Dysoxylum acutangulum; the wood is too heavy for boats and isn’t favored for building houses
SHWNG Wandamen
tawa a tree: Pometia spp.
Waropen
kawano a tree: Pometia spp.
Ansus
tawan a tree: Pometia spp.
Ambai
tawa a tree: Pometia spp.
OC Nauna
taw tree with yellow flower
Lou
ta a tree with edible fruit: Pometia pinnata
Loniu
taw tree with red fruit --- bark used to poison fish
Wuvulu
awa shore tree with fruit that flying foxes eat
Aua
awa shore tree with red flower
Mussau
taon tree with sweet fruit: Pometia pinnata
Sursurunga
tawan tree sp.
Bali (Uneapa)
tawanga a tree: Pometia pinnata
Lau
ākwa species of hardwood: Pometia pinnata
Sa'a
awa a tree: Nephelium pinnatum
Arosi
awa a tree, sp. of lychee, but the San Cristobal species is only edible by birds
Mota
tawan a fruit tree: Nephelium pinnatum
Rotuman
fava a tree: Pometia pinnata; fruit nearly globular with green rind, edible slightly sweet jelly-like flesh and a large stone
Fijian
dawa a large tree, Pometia pinnata, Sapindaceae. It bears a fruit with jelly-like flesh and a large stone the size of a plum.
Tongan
tava kind of tree bearing fruit with a large stone surrounded by jelly-like flesh
Niue
tava a tree: Pometia pinnata
Samoan
tava large tree (Pometia sp.)
WMP Ilokano
tawáŋ to be clearly discerned at a distance
Malay
tawaŋ emptiness, airy interspeace between earth and sky
Old Javanese
tawaŋ air (esp. as empty or boundless)
Javanese
tawaŋ sky; up in the air; aspect, appearance
nawaŋ to look at something transparent or translucent in a bright light (as in holding an egg up to a light to see if it is fresh)
Balinese
tawaŋ sky, heaven
WMP Tboli
tawal a potent medicine used to remove the poison of snakebites
Iban
tawar remedy, cure (< Malay?)
Malay
tawar without flavor or distinctive character in two senses: (i) tasteless, (ii) innocuous; in the second sense tawar is used of a poison or charm being rendered harmless or of a disease losing its virus
air tawar fresh water (in contrast to salt)
Sasak
tawah ~ tawar insipid, neutral (of taste); brackish (of river water)
Mandar
ma-tawar insipid, as opposed to salty or sweet
WMP Casiguran Dumagat
tawah to call out (saying something to somone who is a distance away)
Ibaloy
tawal to call, summon someone to come
Tagalog
táwag call; summons; term; name; a word that means any object, or any one of a group of objects; request; reminder
ipa-táwag to page; to try to find a person at a hotel, etc., by getting someone to call his name
i-táwag to call or summon a doctor, priest, etc. for someone
pa-táwag to allow itself to be called by a certain name or appellation; a call; a summons sent; an order to appear at a certain place
ka-tawag-an term; terminology; a word or group of words used in connection with some special subject; nomenclature; a set or system of names or terms
t<um>awag to call, to summon; to hail; to call or signal to; to term; to name; to style
tawag-án the act of calling each other by certain names; the name itself used in calling each other; the act of calling each other by telephone, telegram, etc.
tawag-in to call; to summon
Bikol
mag-táwag to say something loud enough for others to hear, particularly at a time when everyone else is quiet (such as at night); to complain about something loud enough for the whole neighborhood to hear
Romblomanon
tawag someone calls someone else, or calls the name of someone; someone calls a gathering of people; the name by which someone or something is called
Masbatenyo
mag-táwag to call, summon, hail
pa-nawág-an invitation
tawag-ón be called, be summoned, be hailed
Aklanon
tawág to call (for), page
pa-nawág to call out
Hiligaynon
tawág call, telephone call, beacon
mag-tawág to call, to beacon
Maranao
tawag call, summon; convoke spirit
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
tawag to summon someone; to call something by a name
Mansaka
tawag to call to; to chant (as to the spirits)
tawag-an shaman’s altar
Lun Dayeh
tawar a call, an invitation
tawar mengeiʔ a chant to call the omen bird mengeiʔ
nawar to call someone, invite someone
Nias
tawa magical formula
man-tawa conjure up by magical formula
Proto-Minahasan
*tawah call, call to, summon
OC Lavongai
tuas a tree: Rhus taitensis
Kwaio
akʷasi a tree whose leaves are used for tooth blackening and dyeing: Rhus taitensis
Lau
ʔakʷasi a tree used for blackening teeth: Rhus taitensis
Tongan
tavahi tree that grows to a large size and has good timber: Rhus taitensis
Niue
tavahi a tree: Rhus taitensis
Samoan
tavai large tree (Rhus sp.) useful for fruit its black fruit is eaten by pigeons
WMP Ilokano
táway tasting the flavor of something
tawáy-an to taste, savor
Pangasinan
tawáy flavor, taste
ma-nawáy to taste
Minangkabau
tawai to test; to put to the proof; to try the taste (of anything)
WMP Ilokano
ag-tawátaw to roam, wander
mai-tawátaw to stray, wander
Casiguran Dumagat
tawtaw to be lost (in the jungle)
Ibaloy
ma-nawtáw to wander about in places other than one’s own --- esp. of one who goes away (as to the lowlands and never comes back)
Pangasinan
tawtáw lost in a crowd, misplaced
ma-nawtáw to lose
Minangkabau
tatau bewildered, mazed
WMP Itbayaten
taya wager, bet
Ilokano
tayá stakes in gambling; person responsible for the bill
Casiguran Dumagat
tayá to place a bet; to lay down money (in gambling); bet, wager; expose to danger, to sacrifice or endanger oneself for others
Tagalog
tayáʔ a bet; a wager; stake; the money risked; what is staked
t<um>ayáʔ to bet; to bet on
Hanunóo
tayáʔ bet, wager, stake
Aklanon
tayáʔ a bet, wager; to bet, wager something
Agutaynen
t<om>aya to lay out one’s bet in a gambling game
Hiligaynon
tayáʔ stake, bet
mag-tayáʔ to bet, to put up as stake
Cebuano
táyaʔ to place a bet; to stake one’s life, honor; pay for the others in a treat
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
tayaʔ in card playing the ante or stake
Mansaka
táyaʔ to bet; to gamble
WMP Ilokano
i-tayá to place a bet
Tagalog
i-tayáʔ to put up some specific amount as a bet in gambling
WMP Ifugaw
táyo, táyaw dance
Ibaloy
tayaw the traditional Ibaloy dance performed at many feast occasions
Agutaynen
tayaw folk dance
mamag-tayaw to dance, perform a folk dance
WMP Casiguran Dumagat
tayə́ŋ sea urchin
Bikol
táyoŋ sea urchin
WMP Ilokano
taytáy bamboo bridge
Ibaloy
taytay a bridge
i-taytay to use something in making a bridge (as cable, steel)
Pangasinan
taytáy bridge
Kapampangan
téte bridge
Tagalog
taytáy bamboo plank or bridge
Hanunóo
taytáy sitting or perching on a single crosspiece
t<um>aytáy to sit down, perch (on something)
Cebuano
taytáy mountain range; bridge; make a bridge
pa-naytáy travel along a mountain ridge
Binukid
taytay bridge; to make a bridge, to put a bridge over (something); to cross, travel over a bridge
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
teytey a bridge; a type of design used in weaving
pe-neytey to cross a log bridge
Mansaka
taytay to walk along something narrow (as a plank, log, or a narrow bridge)
Tiruray
titay a bridge; to cross a bridge
titay beruŋon a center purlin in house construction
Mapun
pa-titi to cross over a bridge (to a place)
Yakan
mag-teytey to walk (as on a tightrope or balance beam)
Tausug
mag-taytay to cross a bridge (to a place)
t<um>aytay to cross a bridge (to a place)
Ngaju Dayak
t<al>etay steps, ladder (specifically, a slanting log with steps cut into it that is used as a native ladder)
Malagasy
mi-teti to walk through, to pass through, to go from place ot place, as houses or towns, to tread on
Iban
titi low bridge, timber causeway, board walk; usually distinct from batang (felled tree or logs laid end to end), and andau (bridge); walk along narrow way or in single file
Malay
titi narrow footway, of a plank bridge; gangway; log across a stream, or even of a bough as a footway from one part of a tree to another; also of bridges generally
Gayō
tete flooring (generally of bamboo)
Simalur
titi bridge
titi-n tiuʔ two thin beams on the roof scaffolding that run parallel to the roof beams (lit. ‘rat path’ or ‘rat footbridge’)
Sundanese
nete stand on something on the tips of one’s toes; also, stand or be supported with the point of the foot on the edge of something
Old Javanese
titi footbridge
Balinese
titi a bridge. a wooden plank across a ditch
titi-n-in be bridged by someone
Sasak
tete plank bridge, native bridge; bridge of the souls in the Afterworld
bə-tete walk over a bridge
Tontemboan
tete bridge
t<um>ete cross over a bridge
Mongondow
totoy a bridge, formerly not much more than a tree trunk or bamboo over the water
Tae'
tete a small bridge, plank bridge; walk over a plank bridge
me-tete make a plank bridge
Makassarese
tete plank bridge, a plank or tree trunk laid across a stream or ravine
pa-tete cross over something (as a plank bridge); walk shakily, as people do
Palauan
did bridge
didí-l a ʔarm beams/rafters at ends and sides of house (on which rats often run)
SHWNG Buli
tet improvised bridge made of a single plank or tree trunk
OC Kove
tete ladder, stairs
Manam
tete stairs, ladder
Gedaged
tet ladder (a pole used as a ladder), stairs, step (anything that may serve as a step); a small tree standing near a large one used as a ladder; a bridge; wharf; companionway, stile, gangway, catwalk, drawbridge
Tawala
tete stairs, steps; bridge; to cross a bridge, branch, etc.
Molima
tete to walk along a ridge or branch of tree; to go towards the reef
Bugotu
tete to climb up on a fishing tripod
Nggela
tete a row, rank, line; to cross a stream on a log or bridge; to descend a ladder not using hands; a bridge
tete ni ihu the bridge of the nose
WMP Pangasinan
man-taytáy cross a bridge
Yakan
neytey to walk (as on a tightrope or balance beam)
Nias
nete-nete path, bridge
Mongondow
mo-notoy walk over a bridge
Palauan
mə-líd to cross over (log/stones being used as a bridge)
WMP Ibaloy
taytay-an to bridge something (as a river)
Cebuano
taytay-an bridge; means by which something is obtained
Mapun
titiy-an a bridge (often made of bamboo or wood)
Yakan
teytey-an a footbridge, small bridge, catwalk (it is usually made of a board or a log)
Tausug
taytay-an a bridge (usually made of bamboo or wood)
Ngaju Dayak
tatæ-an a wooden walkway or bridge (as from the house to the river; what is bridged over
Malagasy
tetez-ana a bridge
Malay
titi-an batu stepping-stones
Pendau
tinte-an a bridge
Dampelas
tente-an a bridge
WMP Isneg
t<ag>aytay bridge
Cebuano
t<ag>aytay mountain ridge
WMP Casiguran Dumagat
taytáy top, ridge (of a hill or mountain)
Cebuano
taytáy mountain range
WMP Mansaka
tayug to swing (as in a hammock)
Iban
tayok to wag, oscillate, flap
WMP Tagalog
táyon swinging movement, like that of a pendulum
Iban
tayun-tayun swinging
nayun to swing, as one’s arms
WMP Bontok
takdəg stand up
Ifugaw
ta-ʔ-dog stand up from a sitting position
Bilaan (Sarangani)
tadag to stand
Balinese
tajeg stand erect; be directly overhead (sun)
Sasak
tanjek to erect, place upright in the ground
WMP Tagalog
tarík steepness; pitch; the amount of slope
ma-tarík abrupt, steep (as the side of a hill or mountain)
Iban
tanjak go against current or wind
Bahasa Indonesia
tanjak stretching upward (of headcloth, sail, etc.), tilting up the tip; to climb; become higher
WMP Ngaju Dayak
ka-tajim pointed, sharp; point of something
ma-najim to whet, sharpen
tara-tajim able to be sharpened to a point
SHWNG As
talim sharp
OC Nauna
tɨc to whet, sharpen
Seimat
tasim-i to whet, sharpen
Wuvulu
ati to whet, sharpen
ati-mia Whet it! Sharpen it!
Bauro
m-āsi sharp
Fijian
tasi to scrape, shave, peel food before cooking
WMP Cebuano
táruk plant a post or something large; erect a structure
Balinese
tajuk stick into something; stick something in the ground; bury; plant dry rice
WMP Ilokano
tebbág landslide, cave-in
na-tbág collapsed, crumbled, caved in
tebbag-én to break down rocks, cave in
Pangasinan
tebág crumbling, eroded
Tagalog
tibág cutting, an excavation through high ground; landslide from a hill; erosion of soil from a river bank; excavated, quarried; demolished; crumbled, broken up
Palawano
tebag ravine, steep place, landslide
Tboli
tbag a washout in the middle, center of a field
WMP Malay
təbaŋ to fell (big trees)
pe-nəbaŋ axe for felling large trees
Gayō
tebaŋ to fell trees; a tract of forest that has become the property of a person because it has already been cleared by him, or is intended to be cleared by felling
Javanese
tebaŋ-an field from which the crop has been harvested
Proto-South Sulawesi
*tɨbbaŋ to chop, cut down
CMP Rembong
tebaŋ to fell trees
Lamaholot
tobã to fell trees
WMP Itbayaten
atba idea of cutting trees by axe
Ilokano
ag-tebbá to cut a stem of bananas
Sambal (Botolan)
tebáʔ to cut down banana stalk
Tagalog
tibáʔ to cut down a banana plant, or to cut off a bunch of the fruit
Bikol
ma-tabáʔ ripe and ready for cutting (bananas)
Cebuano
túbaʔ cut down a banana stalk for the fruit
Maranao
tebaʔ to cut, as in banana stalk
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
tevaʔ to cut a bunch of bananas
WMP Ilokano
tebbág loud, sonorous, richly resonant, ringing, strong
Malay
tebar deep-sounding (but not echoing), of a booming noise
WMP Yami
atbay to answer
Itbayaten
atbay answer, reply
mi-tey-tevay to debate
t<om>bay to answer, to reply
atbay-en to retort, to answer
Ivatan
atbay to answer
Ibatan
atbay to answer
Isneg
tabbāg to answer
Itawis
tabbág an answer, reply
mat-tabbág to answer, to reply
Bontok
təbál to answer, as when one is called
Ifugaw
tobál answer, approving speech; ritual invocation and its concluding prayer
Ifugaw (Batad)
tobal for someone to respond to a question (or to being called); for someone to promise to give something to someone as an inheritance, a gift; to promise to sell a field to someone
Ibaloy
man-tebal to converse, of two people talking together, or multiple people talking to one
ma-tbal friendly person, one who initiates conversation
Sambal (Botolan)
tebay to answer
Ayta Abellan
tebay to answer
Cebuano
tubág to answer (a question, correspondence; talk back, retort; exchange heated words; for an uncommon event to recur or be followed by something similar (in folk belief, a not-so-common event is followed by something similar); answer for, take responsibility; bear someone’s expenses; something which happens after something in response to it
t<ul>ubág-un responsibility that one has to answer for
tubág-tubág to talk back insolently; a heated exchange of words; responsive or alternate making of sound
tubág-túbag to sing, read something alternatingly or with a responsive reading
ma-tubág-tubág-un inclined to talk back insolently
Mansaka
tobag to answer; to reply
Proto-East Gorontalic
*tubago to answer
WMP Bontok
ma-nbal to answer
Cebuano
ma-nubág to answer questions
WMP Bikol
tabás out of season (fruits, vegetables)
mag-tabás to go out of season
Aklanon
túbas to end, finish off (harvesting)
Agutaynen
ma-tebat for rice, grain to be completely harvested
Maranao
tebas close the harvest, finish up
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
tevas to finish harvesting
Mansaka
tubas to come to an end (as the fruit-bearing season)
Javanese
nebas to buy a fruit crop as a quantity lot while they are still on the tree
tebas-an fruits bought in this way
WMP Sambal (Botolan)
tabás to cut grass
Iban
tebas cut grass and bushes (as in clearing a path)
Malay
təbas cutting down small plants
Proto-Sangiric
*təbas to chop (down)
Bantik
tabasaʔ to hack down (e.g. scrub to make gardens)
Formosan Paiwan
tjevas to cut, prune, clear (vegetation)
WMP Kankanaey
téba cut down, as a bunch of bananas
Tagalog
tibáʔ cutting down a banana plant for its fruits
Aklanon
tubáʔ to cut down bananas
Maranao
tebaʔ cut banana stalk
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
tevaʔ cut a bunch of bananas
Malagasy
tevy cut down trees to make a clearing in a forest
Iban
tebaʔ cut small plants through, esp. bamboo
CMP Proto-Ambon
*teba cut off
Formosan Kavalan
tbeq stab
WMP Itbayaten
atbek injection
atbek-en to bore through, to prick, to inject
Isneg
tabbáʔ be cut by an edged instrument; to string, to thread (beads, tobacco leaves, pieces of meat, etc.)
Bontok
təbə́k stick or wire used for piercing, as in order to test if food is cooked; to pierce, as food to see if it is cooked, or pieces of meat when stringing them together
Kankanaey
tebék to bore; to drill; to perforate; to pierce; to run through (with a spear, sharp stick, etc.)
Ibaloy
tebek injection with medicine
te-tbek-en to puncture, stick in something (as bait for trap)
Bikol
tabok lance a boil; wound a fighting cock with a spur (of the opponent cock)
Hanunóo
tubuk awl
Agutaynen
mag-tebek to stick a needle, pin into something; to thread a needle
ma-nebek to catch sea worms, octopuses, etc. by sticking a sharp stick into their holes to pierce them
Cebuano
tubúk poke at a point; put a period or dot
Maranao
tebek poke, prod with sharp point; aim; stitch
Tiruray
tebek to prick, to inject something or someone
Tboli
tebek fork; any sharp instrument
Kadazan Dusun
tobok to stab; push a knife or other sharp object into something
Kelabit
tebʰek mark left by piercing; pierced (as by needle, knife)
Kayan
tevek cut the throat (as of a slaughtered pig)
Melanau (Mukah)
tebek stab, stabbing
Malagasy
tevika a stitch; a bore in the lobe of the ear
Iban
tebak pierce, prick, be pricked (as by a thorn)
Malay
tebak iron crowbar used for stone-breaking by Sumatran miners
Karo Batak
tebek pointed, sharp, as a dibble stick
Nias
towo shave, cut with a razor
Old Javanese
tewek a pointed weapon for stabbing
tuwek kris
Balinese
tebek stab, make a hole in something, make a hole in the ground for planting seedlings; a hole in the ground for a seedling
Sasak
tebek cut deeply, pierce deeply
Mongondow
mo-tobok poke holes in something thin (as leather)
Ponosakan
towok to stab
Balantak
tobok to stab
Banggai
tobok prick, pierce, stick (with a weapon)
Bare'e
tobo pointed, sharp, as a beak or the point of a knife
Buginese
tebbaʔ notch or incise, as a tree
Wolio
tobok-i stab with kris (dagger)
CMP Yamdena
tebak sting, prick, spear; point out, decide
Ujir
tafak to stab
SHWNG Buli
tepa tusks of a boar or elephant; pierce or wound with a tusk
WMP Isneg
tabba-ān to string, to thread (beads, tobacco leaves, pieces of meat, etc.)
Bontok
təbk-ə́n pierced
Kankanaey
tebk-én bored, drilled, perforated
Bikol
tabok-ón lanced, wounded
Malagasy
teveh-ina be bored, be pierced
Mongondow
into tobok-on the one who will undergo the ceremony of ear-piercing
WMP Isneg
s-im-baʔ string of beads
Kelabit
s-i-bʰek was pierced, was stabbed
Melanau (Mukah)
t-i-bek was stabbed
Formosan Kavalan
t<um>beq to stab
WMP Cebuano
tu-m-buk poke a finger or something pointed at something; point out, pinpoint
Bintulu
t-um-bək to stab
Melanau (Mukah)
t-u-bek to stab
Old Javanese
t-um-uwek stab with a kris
WMP Kelabit
nebʰek pierce, stab
Sasak
nebek cutting deeply (of an instrument)
Mongondow
mo-nobok the ceremony of ear-piercing
WMP Kayan
tebek sound of heart thumping
CMP Buruese
tefe- tap; mallet for hammering bark into cloth
WMP Isneg
tabbál suffer from costiveness or constipation
Tagalog
tibí constipation, costiveness
Bikol
tuból constipated
Masbatenyo
tubol hard feces
tubul-ón constipated
Aklanon
tubóe hard, dry stool (feces)
Agutaynen
tebel to be constipated
tebel-an to be constipated
Cebuano
tubúl hard stools; for stools to become hard; have constipation
Tausug
tubul constipation
tubul-un to be constipated
Proto-East Gorontalic
*tobolo constipated
WMP Malagasy
tévina thickness, density
ma-tévina thick, dense
Iban
tebal thick (as a plank), dense (as crowds of people)
Malay
təbal relative thickness (of materials such as planking, paper, cloth, skin, fencing, etc.
Javanese
tebel heavy-lidded, thick
Sasak
təbəl thick, of objects and substances; dense, of crowds
CMP Manggarai
tebel thick, dense (as grass, hair, people)
WMP Palawano
tebeŋ fallen or cut tree; trunk of fallen trees
Kelabit
təbʰəŋ the felling of a large tree
Miri
tumeŋ to topple by itself, of a tree
Kayan
teveŋ felling trees, farming
Punan Tuvu'
tevoŋ felling of trees
nevoŋ to fell trees
Kejaman
təbəŋ to fell trees
Iban
tebaŋ felling; to fell
Malay
təbaŋ to fell (big trees)
pə-nəbaŋ axe for felling large trees
Pendau
toboŋ to fell a tree
Dampelas
toboŋ cut down
Makassarese
taʔbaŋ to cut down, fell (as a banana tree past its prime yielding)
WMP Kelabit
nəbʰəŋ to fell large trees, as in clearing ground for a swidden
Kayan
neveŋ to cut down trees
Malay
mə-nəbaŋ to fell (big trees)
Dampelas
mo-noboŋ to cut down, as trees
Bare'e
man-towo to cut down, fell trees, clear land for planting
mo-nowo the annual clearing of fallow land to secure land for planting
WMP Ilokano
tebbég Ficus sp. trees whose fruit yields a kind of oil
Isneg
tabbág Moraceous shrubs and trees with smooth leaves and angular fruits: Ficus hauili Blanco and similar species; when the harvest is smaller than usual use its leaves instead of betel leaves for betel and the paddy will increase notably; when bitten by a mad dog put its sap on the wound and it will be cured, while the dog will die
Ibaloy
tebel kind of tree with wide leaves and plentiful fruit that is not edible (revered traditionally as important to water; planted around water sources, and said to increase water where it is, esp. in wet ground)
Pangasinan
tebel Ficus nota (Blco.) Merr., Moraceae (Madulid 2001)
Tagalog
tibíg a tree: Ficus benguetensis Merr., etc., Moraceae (Madulid 2001)
Cebuano
tubúg kind of medium-sized tree having small, round, green, inedible fruits in bunches growing directly from the trunk and branches: Ficus sp.
WMP Maranao
tebir to sew, especially the seam
Proto-Minahasan
*təmbir edge, side, bank
Tondano
təbir edge, side, bank
təwir edge, as of a mat, hem, as of clothing
Tontemboan
təmbir edge, border, hem
Formosan Puyuma
təbtəb to cut on a chopping board, a block
t<in>əbtəb to be cut, of wood
təbtəb-an chopping block, chopping board
WMP Yami
tebteb dull a knife or an axe; cut off
tebteb-en to cut
Itbayaten
ma-nebteb to cut trees or plants
Ivatan
tebteb to cut
Isneg
tabtáb to cut bamboo tubes into equal lengths; to behead the body of a dead enemy
Kankanaey
tebtéb to fell, cut down, hew down, cut off
Casiguran Dumagat
təbtəb to cut a coconut in half
təbtəb cut a coconut in half
Bikol
mag-tabtáb to cut bamboo or rattan; to cut the finds of fish, the wings of fowl
Cebuano
tubtúb cut something at its base, very close to the surface
Balinese
tebteb cut off short, prune, cut to a point
WMP Itbayaten
tebteb-en to fell small trees
Bikol
tabtab-ón to cut bamboo or rattan; to cut the fins of fish, the wings of fowl
WMP Agta (Eastern)
tabóg wallowing hole for wild pigs
Casiguran Dumagat
tebug wild pig wallow
t<om>bug to go and wallow (of wild pigs)
Hiligaynon
mag-tubúg to wallow in a mud hole, as a carabao
Tiruray
tebug a stagnant pool of water; to make a pool to hold water
Tboli
tebug a stagnant pool of water, carabao wallow
WMP Mapun
nabbuk to punch or hit something or someone with the palm part of the fist instead of the knuckles; to tag someone
Sundanese
təbuk to push or knock against
Balinese
tebuk pound rice to dehusk it; thresh
Gorontalo
tobuʔo to pound, as rice
WMP Isneg
tabbúg a well; a pit or hole sunk into the earth
Tagalog
tubóg pool of water
Tiruray
tebug a stagnant pool of water; to make a pool to hold water
Tboli
tebul continuous trickle of water, as a spring
OC Mota
tov spring below high water mark; the brackish water of such a spring
WMP Cebuano
tubús to redeem, save from; take someone else’s place in his absence or in the event of his inability
Malay
təbus to redeem or ransom, esp. of getting things out of pawn and acquiring debt-slaves; to tĕbus a debt-slave meant to buy out his indebtedness to his former master; this did not extinguish the debt, but transferred it to a new owner
pə-nəbus pintu gift usually made by a bridegroom to secure admission to his bride’s house
Toba Batak
tobus ransom money
ma-nobus buy someone’s freedom; redeem a pledge
Balinese
tobus to redeem, ransom
CMP Kisar
keuhu ransom, redeem
Formosan Kavalan
təbus sugarcane
la-tbus sweet
Saisiyat
ka-tboʃ sugarcane
Pazeh
tubus sugarcane
Amis
təfos sugarcane
mi-tfos to harvest sugarcane
Thao
tufúsh sugarcane: Saccharum officinarum
Paiwan
tjevus sugarcane: Saccharum officinarum
WMP Sambal (Botolan)
təboʔ sugarcane
Kapampangan
atbú sugarcane
Tagalog
tubó sugarcane
mag-tubó to plant sugarcane
tubuh-án sugarcane plantation
Bikol
tubó sugarcane
mag-tubó to plant sugarcane
ka-tubu-án a field of sugarcane
Hanunóo
tubú sugarcane
Romblomanon
tubu sugarcane plant or stalk, Saccharum officinarum (Linn.)
Masbatenyo
tubó sugarcane
Aklanon
tubó sugarcane
ka-túbw-an sugarcane plantation
Waray-Waray
tubó sugarcane
Hiligaynon
tubú sugarcane
Cebuano
tubú sugarcane
ka-tubh-an sugarcane plantation
Maranao
tebo Saccharum officinarum L., sugarcane
Subanon
tobu sugarcane
Binukid
tubú sugarcane
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
tevu sugarcane, Saccharum officinarum
Mansaka
tobo sugarcane
Mapun
tabbu sugarcane
Yakan
tebbu sugarcane
mag-tebbu to cut or plant sugarcane
tebbuh-an a sugarcane field
Tausug
tubu sugarcane
Kadazan Dusun
tobu sugarcane
Tombonuwo
tobu sugarcane
Kujau
təbu sugarcane
Minokok
təbu sugarcane
Ida'an Begak
təbpu sugarcane
Supan
təbpu sugarcane
Tingalan (West)
tabu sugarcane
Tabun
təpo sugarcane
Kelabit
təbʰuh sugarcane
Berawan (Long Terawan)
təppuh sugarcane
Narum
təfaw sugarcane
Dali'
təfaw sugarcane
Miri
təfuh sugarcane
Kenyah (Long Anap)
təpu sugarcane
Kenyah (Long Ikang)
təɓəw sugarcane
Kenyah (Long San)
təɓu sugarcane
Murik
təbuʔ sugarcane
Kayan
tevoʔ sugarcane
Kayan (Long Atip)
təvoʔ sugarcane
Kayan (Uma Juman)
təvoʔ sugarcane
Kiput
təsəw sugarcane
Bintulu
təɓəw sugarcane
Melanau (Mukah)
təbəw sugarcane
Kejaman
təbəw sugarcane
Ngaju Dayak
tewu sugarcane
Iban
tebu sugarcane, Saccharum officinarum
Salako
tabu sugarcane
Jarai
təbəw sugarcane
Rhade
kəbəw sugarcane
Roglai (Northern)
tubəw sugarcane
Malay
tebu sugarcane, Saccharum officinarum
Karo Batak
təbu sugarcane
Toba Batak
tobu sugarcane
Nias
tõwu sugarcane
Sangir
tuwu <A sugarcane
Petapa Taje
tovu sugarcane
Uma
towu sugarcane
Bare'e
towu sugarcane, planted as a sweet snack
Tae'
taʔbu sugarcane
Proto-Bungku-Tolaki
*towu sugarcane
Mori Bawah
towu sugarcane
Buginese
təbbu sugarcane
Makassarese
taʔbu sugarcane
Wolio
towu sugarcane
Muna
towu sugarcane
Palauan
dəb sugarcane
Chamorro
tupu type of plant -- Saccharum officinarum, sugarcane
CMP Manggarai
téu sugarcane, Saccharum officinarum
Ngadha
tevu sugarcane
Kédang
tehu sugarcane
Kambera
tíbu sugarcane, Saccharum officinarum
Tetun
tohu sugarcane, Saccharum officinarum
Erai
tehu sugarcane
Kisar
keu sugarcane
Leti
tewu sugarcane
Wetan
tewi sugarcane
Selaru
téh sugarcane
Yamdena
tefu sugarcane
Fordata
tevu sugarcane
Kamarian
tehu sugarcane
Hoti
toph-a sugarcane
Wahai
tehu sugarcane
Laha
tehu sugarcane
Asilulu
tehu sugarcane, Saccharum officinarum
Buruese
tefu sugarcane, Saccharum officinarum
Tifu
tefu sugarcane
Kayeli
tebo sugarcane
Soboyo
tofu sugarcane
Sekar
tébi sugarcane
SHWNG Kowiai/Koiwai
tof sugarcane
Buli
top sugarcane
Irarutu
tof sugarcane
Wandamen
tobu sugarcane
Windesi
tobu sugarcane
Numfor
kob sugarcane
kob sugarcane
Waropen
kowu sugarcane
Serui-Laut
tovu sugarcane
OC Nauna
tuh sugarcane
Penchal
rup sugarcane
Loniu
tuh sugarcane
Nali
druh sugarcane
Ere
druh sugarcane
Leipon
ndoh sugarcane
Lele
nduh sugarcane
Papitalai
nduh sugarcane
Levei
cuh sugarcane
Drehet
khuh sugarcane
Wuvulu
tofu wild cane: Saccharum edule
tofu wild cane: Saccharum edule
Mussau
tou sugarcane
Tigak
tu sugarcane
Tanga
tuf sugarcane
Label
toh sugarcane
Tolai
tup sugar, sugarcane
Vitu
tovu sugarcane
Lusi
too <A sugarcane
Kove
tou sugarcane
Lakalai
la tovu sugarcane (generic; Saccharum sp.)
Wogeo
tou sugarcane
Manam
tou sugarcane
Takia
tou sugarcane
Gapapaiwa
tom sugarcane
Motu
tohu sugarcane, Saccharum spp.
Kilivila
tou sugarcane
Tawala
tom sugarcane
Dobuan
tou sugarcane
Molima
towu sugarcane (generic)
Papapana
tovu sugarcane
Nehan
to sugarcane: Saccharum officinarum
Halia
tohu sugarcane
Selau
tou sugarcane
Mono-Alu
tohu sugarcane
Marovo
tovu sugarcane
Nggela
tovu sugarcane
Talise
tovu sugarcane
Kwaio
ofu sugarcane
Lau
ofu sugarcane
'Āre'āre
ōhu sugarcane
Sa'a
oohu sugarcane
Arosi
rohu sugarcane
Gilbertese
tou a whole pandanus fruit (chewed like sugarcane; cf. Bender et al 2003a)
Kosraean
tuh sugarcane
Pohnpeian
sehu sugarcane, Saccharum officinarum
Chuukese
woow ~ wowu sugarcane, Saccharum officinarum
Puluwat
woow sugarcane
Woleaian
wou sugarcane
Haununu
a-ohu sugarcane
Buma
to sugarcane
Mota
tou sugarcane
Vatrata
ʔov sugarcane
Mosina
tov sugarcane
Merig
to sugarcane
Cape Cumberland
toβu sugarcane
Piamatsina
tovu sugarcane
Malmariv
tovu sugarcane
Mafea
tovu sugarcane
Amblong
tofu sugarcane
Aore
tovu sugarcane
Araki
oβu sugarcane
Ngwatua
topu sugarcane
Peterara
tou sugarcane
Northeast Ambae
toβu sugarcane
Apma
ci sugarcane
Rano
na-tov sugarcane
Axamb
na-rœv sugarcane
Maxbaxo
na-rœr sugarcane
Paamese
a-teh sugarcane
Namakir
na toβ sugarcane
Anejom
ne-to sugarcane
Wayan
tovu sugarcane
Fijian
dovu sugarcane, sugar: Saccharum officinarum
Formosan Paiwan
tjeza something saved, left over; a remainder
pu-tjeza leave over, save (esp. food)
WMP Itbayaten
atda leftover, remainder; leftover food
Lun Dayeh
teceh leftovers (food)
Iban
tedaʔ leavings, remnant, left-overs
Wolio
tara remainder, surplus
Palauan
tər remainder; leftovers; change (from purchase)
CMP Selaru
tera leftovers
Fordata
tera-n leftovers, remainder
WMP Casiguran Dumagat
tədák to stick with a pin
Bikol
mag-tadák to prick, stick; stick something into
WMP Tiruray
tedem remember
Bare'e
tondo recall, melancholic recollection
WMP Bikol
tados-ón to crush with a fingernail
Aklanon
turós to squeeze, crush with one’s fingernails (as lice)
Agutaynen
i-teret to squash something by pinching between one’s thumbnails, for example small insects, hair lice, a pimple, dandruff, etc.
Cebuano
turús squash something between the two thumbnails
Kalagan
tirís crushing of lice between thumbnails
Tboli
tdes to crush, as head lice between fingernails
Kayan
teréh to crush lice between the thumbnails
Toba Batak
todos to kill, murder
WMP Tagalog
tirís crushing (of lice) between thumbnails
Kayan
teréh crush with thumb-nail (as a louse)
WMP Tagalog
turók be pierced (by a pointed instrument, as a pin, needle or the like)
tundók piercing meat with a skewer
Kayan
teduk skewer; skewered meat
WMP Isneg
taddóŋ any kind of large leaf used for covering the head as a protection against rain, etc.
Casiguran Dumagat
tedúŋ hold a cloth or a large leaf over the head (as a protection against rain or the hot sun)
Cebuano
turúŋ something worn as a head covering
Subanon
toduŋ to carry (on the head); covering of the head against sun or rain
Lun Dayeh
tecuŋ a black mourning cloth worn by a woman to mourn the death of her husband
Balinese
teduŋ umbrella or sunshade (of paper or silk)
Sasak
tedoŋ protect oneself agains sun or rain (by placing something on or over the head
Proto-Minahasan
*təruŋ shelter
Proto-South Sulawesi
*tɨdduŋ shelter; shade(d)
Buginese
tedduŋ umbrella
Wolio
toru large sun hat
Chamorro
tuhoŋ hat, sombrero
CMP Manggarai
tesoŋ take shelter
Kambera
tiduŋu carry on the head (as a water pot)
WMP Basap
təduŋ snake
Iban
tedoŋ generic for cobras and kraits
Malay
tədoŋ swelling at back of neck; hood (of snake); hooked snake
Rejang
teduŋ a snake
WMP Tagalog
tigáŋ extremely dry, said of soil
Kayan
tegaŋ dry (as clothes), dried out
CMP Manggarai
tegaŋ cracked, of the soil
Ngadha
tega dry
vula tega dry season
WMP Javanese
tegas clear, unambiguous, firm
CMP Manggarai
tehas straightforward; clarify
WMP Casiguran Dumagat
təgə́k white, sticky sap (of several species of trees and plants); to drip, of the dripping of white sap from the slash of a bolo, or from where the fruit was picked
Bikol
tagók juice, nectar, sap
ma-tagók juicy, succulent
pa-tagok-ón to extract juice or nectar; to tap a tree so as to remove the sap
WMP Maranao
tegel force, impose, require, demand
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
teɣel to force something or someone
Karo Batak
tegel firm, unyielding (esp. of thinking, courage)
Javanese
tegel have the courage to do something terrible; unmerciful
Sasak
tegel hold tight, cling to
CMP Manggarai
tegel inflexible
WMP Iban
tegar strong, powerful
Malay
tegar stiff, unbending, obstinate
Malay (Jakarta)
teger stubborn
Sundanese
teger stand firm, steadfast; energetic, courageous, undaunted
CMP Manggarai
teger inflexible; stubborn
teŋger steadfast; stubborn
WMP Tagalog
tigók sound produced in the throat by swallowing
Kelabit
təguk external throat
Kayan
teguk sound of a collision
Proto-South Sulawesi
*tɨgguk to swallow
CMP Manggarai
teguk to gulp, swallow all at once
Formosan Paiwan (Western)
tjeguŋ to make noise
WMP Kayan
teguŋ booming sound, as made by drum or gong
WMP Maranao
tek sound of dropping something hard
Ngaju Dayak
tək ticking
Toba Batak
tok knocking or rapping sound
tok ni ulu headache
Javanese
t͎ek a tapping sound; the sound made with the tongue to urge a horse on
CMP Manggarai
tek imitation of the sound of something falling
Tetun
tek noise of weaving
SHWNG Buli
tok hit, stamp, tick
OC Tolai
tok sound of a bullet striking a tree, etc.
WMP Mapun
takka to arrive; to reach or be able to reach a destination
ka-takka arrival
ka-takka-han to have something or someone come or arrive to you
(ka)-takka-han destination; to have a feeling or emotion come upon you (like hunger, anger, sickness, tiredness, love, etc.)
mag-takka-takka come and go continuously; to fluctuate (as the price or availability of something, one’s good and bad traits, etc.)
takka-han to report someone to the authorities
Yakan
tekka arrival
mag-tekka to raid, attack, arrive at (someone’s place with evil intent)
mag-tekka-tekka sometimes; occasionally
magka-tekka for something to arrive
ka-tekkah-an for something to come to someone, arrive at someone; the place or time of someone’s arrival
tekka-un to arrive
Kenyah
təka feeling (as a sickly feeling)
Acehnese
təka to come, arrive
Rejang
teko to come, arrive
Old Javanese
təka to come, arrive, reach one’s goal; coming
ka-təka arrived; (come) as far as, including
ka-təka-n (“reached by something”) to suffer, undergo; to succeed in, manage to, win; to reach, up to
t<um>əka to come, arrive, reach one’s goal
Javanese
teka to come, arrive; to go on, continue; (up) to, until; to get to, reach; upon reaching
ke-teka-n to be visited
t<um>eka to go to, head for
Balinese
teka to come, arrive
teka-haŋ be caused to come, be brought
teka-hin be come to, be visited
teka-n coming, arrival
Bare'e
toka present, on hand, available because it has been brought (to a place)
to-toka one who has come, guest, visitor, foreigner
Makassarese
takka to come
Wolio
toka be already present, be there beforehand
Muna
toka finished, complete, in order
CMP Manggarai
teka come from, appear, suddenly come into view
Ngadha
teka to meet, encounter, be met
Lamaholot
təka at, to, toward; in the direction of
Kambera
tàka to arrive, come; therefore; next, afterwards
Hawu
dəka to come
OC Mussau
toka to sit
toka-toka to reside, live in a place
Futunan
toka to meet, gather (as an assembly of people)
WMP Bintulu
təka elder sibling
Siang
oŋka elder sibling
OC Lusi
toa elder sibling
Wogeo
toxa elder sibling
Manam
toka ~ toʔa elder sibling
Varisi
toga-na elder sibling of the same sex (kaka = vocative)
Gilbertese
toka high rank, noble, chief, lord; rich landlord having servants
WMP Maranao
tekak cackle
Tboli
tkak hen’s cackle after she lays an egg; loud laughter
Kayan
tekak the cackling of hens
Singhi Land Dayak
bi-tokak to cackle
WMP Yakan
tekaŋ a step (in walking)
mag-tekaŋ to take a step (in walking)
tekaŋ-an stride, pace (in walking)
Iban
tekaŋ climb a tree with a rope thrown over a branch (hence by shinnying up?)
Malay
təkaŋ thwart, of crossbeams and frames to hold two surfaces open or apart, e.g.: the framework inside a well; the wooden diagonals holding open a net; thwarts in a canoe, etc.
Madurese
tekkaŋ be wide apart, of the legs
nekkaŋ walk with the legs wide apart
WMP Maranao
tekas vacation or rest in a definite place
Proto-Bungku-Tolaki
*toka to perch, alight (as a fly or bird)
OC Lou
tuk to sit
Seimat
to to sit
to-to sitting, at rest
Mussau
toka to sit
Gedaged
to still, calm, quiet; contented, at peace, serene, at rest, quiescent, motionless
Takia
tok quiet
Tubetube
toa to perch, of a bird
Nehan
toka to stay, put, together at the same time in concert, located, stay put or perched, as a bird in a tree
Roviana
toga said of a flock of belama (frigate birds) settling in a naru (Casuarina tree)
Nggela
toga to dwell
Sa'a
oʔa to settle, of birds; to squat on the haunches
Arosi
oʔa to stay, dwell, abide; to settle, of birds
Bauro
oga to sit
Mota
toga to abide, dwell, endure, live, behave, be
Northeast Ambae
toka to sit
Sowa
-dok to sit
Wayan
toka come to rest, be at rest; (of a boat) run aground, strike bottom in shallow water; (of a whale or dolphin) be stranded, beached
vaka-toka be brought ashore or beached
Fijian
toka to sit on the heels, squat; to be placed, situated, of people and small objects; to place, put on (garments); adhere to; to ride (horse)
toka-raka to lie in wait for
Tongan
toka (of a boat) to run aground, or to rest on the bottom; (of running water, of particles in suspension, or of people, etc.) to come to rest, to settle down, to reach a calm or settled state
Futunan
toka to calm down (of the wind)
Samoan
toʔa (of liquid, or solid body in a liquid, etc.) be still, settle down; (of boat), run around, strike; (of people) stop; sea rock, reef; calm, relief
toʔa-toʔa calmly
to-toʔa be calm, steady
Tuvaluan
toka ready; peaceful, be in peace
faka-toka to prepare
Nukuoro
doga land on (as a bird lands on the branch of a tree)
Rennellese
toka to be or get well; to be in good health, cured of sickness, recovered; to be calm, quiet, of persons or the sea; to recover
Anuta
toka a boulder in the sea which is submerged at least part of the time
Rarotongan
toka congealment, anything congealed, frozen, etc.; to pass from fluid to solid, to coagulate, to curdle; a general term or name for stone or stones or rock of any description
Maori
toka stone, rock; firm, solid; satisfied, contented; wait, stay still
Hawaiian
koʔa coral, coral head
WMP Isneg
takkáb cover of a vessel, lid; to cover, to put the lid over, to shut, to close
Bikol
takób eyelid
Malay
təkap resting the flat of the hand on anything; covering with a flat surface
WMP Aklanon
tukób to bite, nibble (said of fish)
Agutaynen
tekeb to attack or fight, as of dogs, cats, or people, particularly two women; to pounce on
Cebuano
tukúb for a beast of prey to devour (as a snake devouring a pig)
WMP Madurese
tekket press down
CMP Ngadha
deke prop, support
OC Motu
to stay of house; prop of fence; brace
WMP Javanese
tekek strangle
CMP Manggarai
tekek imitation of the sound of a bunch of frogs
WMP Ilokano
tekkén bamboo pole used to propel a boat; tall, thin person
t<in>ekken-an poling in competition, pole vault
Isneg
takkán a bamboo used for poling a canoe upstream, a raft, etc.
Itawis
tákkan boatman’s pole
Kapampangan
atkán propel a boat with a punting pole (Bergaño 1860)
Tagalog
tikín a bamboo pole for propelling boats in shallow streams
t<um>ikín to punt; to propel a boat by thrusting with a pole against the bottom of a shallow stream
tikin-án to punt
Aklanon
tukón bamboo pole
Hiligaynon
tukún pole used for support
Cebuano
tukún prop up; propel oneself by pushing on a pole (of poling a boat in shallow water); pole for propelling or for supporting
Maranao
teken cane or staff for walking; press abdomen to hasten parturition
Mapun
nakkon to press down on something
Yakan
nekken to press or push down on something with the hand
Tboli
tken to press or weigh something down; to hold or put something heavy on top of something else to keep it from moving (as a paperweight)
Tausug
tukun a pole used to propel a small boat in shallow water
t<um>ukun to propel a small boat with a pole in shallow water
tukun-an to propel a small boat with a pole in shallow water
Kelabit
təkən boat pole, punting pole
nəkən to pole a boat in shallow water
s<in>əkən was poled by someone
Kayan
teken a pole for poling a canoe
neken to pole a canoe
Ngaju Dayak
teken a long pole for punting a boat (as in strong currents, shallow water, or in narrow, winding streams where one cannot use a rudder)
ma-neken propel a boat with a punting pole
Malagasy
téhina staff, stick, walking stick
mi-téhina to walk with a staff; to lean on a person in walking
Iban
tekan press down, hence figuratively, oppress, subdue
Malay
təkan pressure downward with a flat surface, in contrast to pressure with a point (as a man pressing dough to get an impression of it, an athlete putting pressure on a rival’s limb to get an idea of his strength, etc.)
Rejang
tekeun press!
Old Javanese
təkən stick, prop, support
Balinese
teken staff, stick
Sasak
təkən post, pillar (of a house or granary); mast of a boat
Sangir
təkiŋ staff, pole
Tonsea
teken stick (wood)
Bare'e
toko stick, staff; measure word for some objects
Proto-South Sulawesi
*tɨkɨn stick, staff
Makassarese
takkaŋ stick, staff, walking stick
takkaŋ bodo humorous for ‘penis’ (lit. short stick)
Palauan
dekəl pole for boat, canoe, raft, etc; spare motor (for boat)
Chamorro
tohn-e to brace, support so as to give firmness, support with a brace; brace, strut, prop, stanchion
CMP Selaru
tekan walking stick
Yamdena
tean press down, press against the ground
Watubela
tokon punting pole
OC Nauna
to punting pole for propelling a canoe
Lou
tuŋ punting pole for propelling a canoe
Penchal
ro punting pole for propelling a canoe
Loniu
to punting pole for propelling a canoe
Nali
to-ne punting pole for propelling a canoe
Likum
do punting pole for propelling a canoe
Bipi
do punting pole for propelling a canoe
Gedaged
tok a stick, pole, cane, staff, switch; brace
Gitua
togo pole
Selau
tokono punting pole for propelling a canoe
Fijian
doko the poles with which canoes are propelled
Tongan
toko-ʔi to pole a boat or canoe along, to punt; the pole used in this way
Niue
toko to support; a prop, stays of a roof
Futunan
toko punting pole, long pole used to propel a canoe in shallow water
Samoan
toʔo punting pole; wife (jocular); housepost; to punt
toʔo lima press with both hands
Tuvaluan
toko pole to propel canoe at low tide
Kapingamarangi
dogo to punt (a canoe); punting pole
Nukuoro
dogo to punt (propel a canoe by poling); punt pole
Rennellese
toko pole, as for a canoe; to pole, as a canoe; to use as a pole or support
Rarotongan
toko a pole or rake used for propelling; to propel with a pole, as a canoe; to support or strut with a pole, to prop up; to push or force to a distance, by using a pole to give the required impelling force
Maori
toko pole, rod, particularly poles used in sacred rites; stilt; propel with a pole; support with a pole, prop up; push or force to a distance; divorce, separate husband and wife
Hawaiian
koʔo brace, support, prop; pole as used in pushing a canoe
WMP Mapun
takkon-un to press down on something
Yakan
tekken-un press down on it!
Malagasy
tehén-ina to be pushed forward, used of a canoe
Palauan
dəkəl-el friend, mainstay in times of need
WMP Old Javanese
təkən-təkən to be a support
OC Niue
toko-toko staff, walking stick, support
Samoan
toʔo- toʔo walking stick
Tuvaluan
toko-toko pole a canoe
Rarotongan
toko-toko to prop up or strut or support extensively with several or many props or struts, etc.; to keep on pushing or poling with a pole; the act of propping or strutting, etc.; a walking stick, that which is used as a support, such as a staff or walking staff; to walk with a stick or staff
Maori
toko-toko staff, rod; walking stick; prop up; dispel, drive to a distance; walk with a stick
Formosan Kavalan
tekep a deadfall trap to catch birds or rats
pa-tkep to catch with a trap
Amis
tekep the name of a trap
WMP Kapampangan
takáp cover; mask
takp-án to cover something
Bikol
takóp cap, cover, lid
mag-takóp to cover with a lid
Maranao
tekep cover with; replete
Malay
təkap resting the flat of the hand on anything; covering with a flat surface
Balinese
tekep flat lid; a cork (in a bottle)
nekep to cover, shut, close, cover with a hand
tekep-in be covered; act as a cover
WMP Maranao
tekes hold firmly or strongly, bind
Balinese
tekes fasten, fix in place (esp. the hair, with a band of linen or a ribbon), done by men
WMP Maranao
tekik sharp sound, like that of a fowl
Kenyah
tekik stone used for striking fire; to strike fire
Malay
təkek gecko
Javanese
tekèk striped gecko lizard
Formosan Amis
tkiʔ make a sound; the sound of rocks hitting
WMP Maranao
tekiʔ gecko
CMP Kambera
tàki gecko
Tetun
teki gecko
Wetan
teki gecko, called after the sound it makes
Formosan Saisiyat
təktək to chop wood
Pazeh
teketek- to mince, to chop into small pieces (as vegetables)
Amis
tektek to peck, with reference to birds and chickens
Thao
ta-tiktik-an cutting board used to chop pig fodder, etc.
Bunun
tuktuk tree-cutter, wood-cutter (person)
WMP Bontok
təktə́k to make a hole in wood, as to ascertain whether it is resinous or not; to have a deep cut, as from the blow of an axe
Casiguran Dumagat
təktək to drip (of the dripping of liquid)
Hanunóo
túktuk mincing, chopping into small pieces, as of meat
Romblomanon
tuktuk something is chopped or cut into pieces (as coconut)
Aklanon
túktuk to chop continually; tenderize (meat) by pounding it with a blade
Bintulu
tətək cutting, chopping, hacking
Ngaju Dayak
tetek a piece; that which has been chopped into pieces
ba-tetek cut off, chopped into pieces
Malagasy
tétika ornamental cuttings in the skin; the act of cutting up small pieces (in the provinces it means ‘deforesting’)
Iban
tetak cut up, cut into lengths, cut off or to a length (as in cutting wood for punting poles)
Malay
tətak to hack
Toba Batak
toktok a portion, share
Sundanese
tɨktɨk pieces (of objects that have been hacked or chopped off)
Old Javanese
tətək cut, slash
Javanese
tetek chopped off (pieces of bamboo, etc.)
Balinese
tektek chop into small pieces
Sasak
tətək cut off with chopper, chop off
Totoli
tatak chip, slash, hew
Dondo
totoʔ chip, slash, hew
CMP Erai
tete(k) to cut through
Kisar
keke chisel
Selaru
r-tetak chop into short pieces
te-tetak a chisel
Yamdena
n-tetak cut through, chop through at right angles
n-tetak ulu-n cut off someone’s head
te-tetak a chisel
Kola
totak to cut, hack
Kamarian
tete to cut
Paulohi
tete cut through meat or bone with a cleaver
Alune
teta ~ tete cut off, chop off, split into two pieces
Proto-Ambon
*tətə cut off; behead
Asilulu
tete to cut something which is not very thick until it is severed (as in beheading an enemy)
ha-tete kind of chisel; to chisel wood
Buruese
tete a chisel
tete-h to cut, as rattan; to chop off, as a finger; to butcher, as a pig
OC Tolai
tok (< *totok-i) cut a chip, cut out a spear point
Manam
toto to cut off, to cut down
tótok-i to cut down, to cut off
Gitua
totok cut something hanging down (as a bunch of bananas)
Uruava
tok-i to cut, hack
Mota
toto cut with light chopping strokes, chop, chip, beat
totog-ag chop into
Fijian
tok-i (< *totok-i) to peck, of birds
WMP Kankanaey
men-tekték to clack the tongue against the palate
Ngaju Dayak
ma-netek to cut into pieces
Toba Batak
ma-noktok hack off wood
ma-noktoh-i chop meat into small pieces
Sundanese
nɨktɨk hack off, chop off
Old Javanese
a-nətək to cut, cut up; to slash at
Balinese
nektek to chop into small pieces
Totoli
ma-natak to chip, slash, hew
Dondo
mo-notoʔ to chip, slash, hew
Formosan Thao
t<in>iktik was chopped up
WMP Malagasy
t<in>etika be chopped up
Formosan Thao
t<m>iktik chop meat or vegetables with a cleaver
WMP Penan (Long Merigam)
mətək to cut, chop
Bintulu
tutək to cut, chop, hack
Tunjung
motok to cut
Formosan Thao
tiktik-in be chopped, of meat or vegetables; chop it up
WMP Kankanaey
tektek-én to pound slightly
Malagasy
tetih-ina to be cut into small pieces
Formosan Puyuma
təktək gecko
WMP Itbayaten
tektek house lizard
Ilokano
tekték cry of the common house lizard; tick of a clock
Ibaloy
tektek kind of insect similar to cricket, whose call is “tek-tek-tek”
Maranao
t-ag-etek house lizard
Binukid
tektek for a chicken to coo, cluck
Tiruray
t-er-ektek house lizard: Hemidactylus frenatus Duméril and Bibron
Bintulu
tətək gecko, house lizard
Mongondow
totok gecko, house lizard
Gorontalo
totoʔo gecko, house lizard
Chamorro
toktok cluck, as when the hen calls for her chicks
SHWNG Buli
tektek kind of small frog; drop, drip
WMP Isneg
takkub-ān to cover
Itawis
mat-takkúb to cover oneself
maŋi-takkúb to cover (something or someone)
Ifugaw
tokúb kind of basket trap to catch mudfish in rice field terraces
Iban
tekup slam shut, shut up or in
OC Bugotu
toku-vi to cover, of mist or cloud
WMP Malay
tekok bent down roughly; creased; rumpled
Sundanese
tekuk take a man or animal firmly by the neck and bend the head down
Old Javanese
tekuk bend or fold over
Balinese
tekuk bent, crumpled
CMP Manggarai
tekok bent over (as when carrying a heavy burden)
Buruese
tekuk to bend
WMP Ibaloy
on-tekok of the crowing of roosters; also of person (perhaps figuratively) to hoot, as to attract someone’s attention at a distance
Maranao
tekok to emit a sound
Tboli
tekok the sound produced when one gags
WMP Old Javanese
tekuŋ sit bowed and in silence
Javanese
tekuŋ having the arms folded across the chest while meditating
CMP Manggarai
tekoŋ bent over; curved
Sika
tekuŋ let the head hang
Formosan Amis
tekoŋ to bang; the sound of a thud
WMP Iban
tekoŋ to rap, knock (as someone knocking on a door)
WMP Maranao
tekoʔ bend, curve
Narum
tekoʔ hook
Miri
təkauʔ hook (as a fishhook)
CMP Buruese
teku-k cause to lean or bow; cut (a banana stalk, etc.) part way through in order to bend it down
WMP Sundanese
tɨla dried and cracked clay soil
Javanese
tela crack, split
CMP Manggarai
tela to split, show a crack
WMP Kelabit
telaŋ medium-sized species of bamboo
Malay
buloh telaŋ bamboo of the genus Gigantochloa
Tae'
tallaŋ kind of slender bamboo
Buginese
tellaŋ kind of bamboo
WMP Maranao
telaʔ coquettishness; sex heat
OC Samoan
tola erection of the penis (Pratt 1984)
Maori
tora erect, of the penis
Hawaiian
kola hard, rigid; sexually excited
WMP Tiruray
teleb cover something
Iban
telap sink into, settle (e.g. sediment), percolate, enter the system (e.g. medicine)
Sundanese
teleb stay submerged for a long time without fatigue
Sasak
telep submerge, sink
CMP Manggarai
telep be hidden, disappear for a moment
WMP Sundanese
tɨlɨm go under water, plunge in, immerse, duck or dive under
Proto-South Sulawesi
*tɨllɨn to sink
Mandar
tallaŋ to sink
Makassarese
tallaŋ to sink, sink away
CMP Manggarai
telem sink, go under, disappear by degrees
WMP Itbayaten
atlen to swallow
Ibaloy
on-teden to swallow
te-tden-en to swallow something
Hanunóo
túlun swallow, swallowing
t<um>úlun to swallow, will swallow
Cebuano
tulún to swallow; to endure someone’s temperament, hurting words, etc.
Kadazan Dusun
tohon to swallow
ka-tahan-an the act of swallowing
tohon-on to be swallowed
Lun Dayeh
telen a swallow
nelen to swallow something
Kelabit
telen swallow
nelen to swallow
Sa'ban
hlən to swallow
Ngaju Dayak
telen what is swallowed; be swallowed
me-nelen to swallow something
Malagasy
ma-nélina to swallow (Provincial)
mi-télina to swallow
vua-télina swallowed
Malay
təlan to swallow
Karo Batak
nelen to swallow something
Toba Batak
ma-nolon to swallow something
Wolio
tolo to swallow
Muna
tolo to swallow; to eat (of big animals)
CMP Lamaholot
nələ̃ to swallow
Hawu
dəle to swallow
Tetun
tolan to swallow
Selaru
r-tél to swallow
Yamdena
n-télan to swallow
Soboyo
toloñ to swallow
WMP Ibaloy
taden-an esophagus
Hanunóo
tulúln-an throat
Kelabit
telen-an internal throat
Toba Batak
tolon-an throat
WMP Melanau (Mukah)
pe-teleŋ diving in the water for pleasure, or when bathing
Buginese
telleŋ sink, submerge
Makassarese
tallaŋ sink, sink away
WMP Tombonuwo
toli penis
Kiput
sə-təlay vagina
Karo Batak
teli vagina
Balinese
teli vulva
Sasak
təle vulva, vagina
CMP Kambera
tàli pars pudenda mulieris (also used of animals)
Soboyo
teli clitoris
OC Niue
tole a woman's private parts
Samoan
tole clitoris
Maori
tore pudenda muliebria
WMP Tagalog
tiltíl adding sauce as a relish to cooked rice
Agutaynen
i-teltel to dip food in a sauce, liquid, or salt when eating
Formosan Luilang
tulu three
Basai
tsu three
Kavalan
turu three
kin-turu three (people)
saqa-turu third
u-turu three (things)
Saisiyat
toloʔ three
Seediq
təruʔ three
Papora
tulu three
Pazeh
turu three
Amis
tolo three
Thao
turu three
kun-turu-z do something three times
lhin-turu-z-inj divide something into three parts
lhun-turu-z do something three times
ma-turu-z thirty
mu-turu-z three times
Bunun
tau three
Tsou
turu three
Kanakanabu
u-túlu three
Saaroa
u-tulu three
Rukai (Maga)
túru three
Rukai (Mantauran)
toɭo three
Proto-Rukai
*toɭo three
Puyuma
teɭu three
mi-ta-teɭu three (people) together
Paiwan
tjelu three
ma-ka-tjelu-lʸ three (times, days, occasions)
WMP Yami
ipi-tlo third time, three times
Itbayaten
a-tlo three
ka-ka-tlo a third part, one-third
Ilokano
talló three
Ibanag
tellu three
Agta (Dupaningan)
talló three
Isneg
talló three
Itawis
tállu three
Kalinga (Guinaang)
tulú three
Bontok
tulú three, to be three
Kankanaey
tuló three
Ifugaw
tulú three, third, thrice
Ifugaw (Batad)
tulu the number three
Yogad
tellu three
Gaddang
tellu three
Casiguran Dumagat
ə-təlu three
Ibaloy
tedo three --- the cardinal number; three stars that appear together in a line; the group is said to reach its zenith at dawn during harvest time (August); could be the three bright summer stars, Vega, Deneb, and Altair
Pangasinan
taló three
Kapampangan
atlú three
Bikol
tuló three
Buhid
tuló three
Hanunóo
túlu three, a cardinal number
Masbatenyo
tuló three
Waray-Waray
tuló three
Cebuano
tulú numeral three
Maranao
telo three
Binukid
tulú three
Mansaka
toro three
Tiruray
telew three
Mapun
tallu three
Yakan
tellu three
Tboli
tlu cardinal number 3
Tausug
tū three
Kadazan Dusun
tohu three
Labuk-Kinabatangan Kadazan
tolu three
Tombonuwo
tolu three
Murut (Paluan)
talu three
Murut (Timugon)
talu three
Kujau
təLu three
Minokok
təluʔ three
Ida'an Begak
təllu three
Murut (Tagol)
talu three
Tingalan (West)
talu three
Bisaya (Limbang)
talu three
Lun Dayeh
təluh three
tə-təluh in groups of three
Kelabit
təluh three; we (trial, incl.)
Sa'ban
law three
ləw three
Berawan (Long Terawan)
təloh three
Berawan (Long Teru)
təloh three
Narum
təlaw three
Miri
təlauh ~ təloh three
Kenyah
telu three
Kenyah (Long Ikang)
tələw three
Kenyah (Long San)
tələw three
Penan (Long Lamai)
tələuʔ three
Kayan
teloʔ three; we (paucal, incl.)
Kayan (Uma Juman)
teluʔ three; we (trial, incl.)
Kiput
təlaw three
Bintulu
tələw three
Melanau (Mukah)
tələw three; we (plural, incl.)
Melanau Dalat (Kampung Teh)
tələw three
Bukat
talu three
Bekatan
toluh three
Kejaman
tələw three
Lahanan
təlow three
Melanau (Sarikei)
təlaw three; we (paucal, incl.)
Tunjung
təlu three
Siang
tolu three
Dohoi
toluʔ three
Ba'amang
teluʔ three
Lawangan
toluʔ three
Paku
tolu three
Taboyan
toluʔ three
Dusun Deyah
tolu three
Ma'anyan
telo three
Malagasy
télo three
Samihim
telo three
Dusun Witu
telo three
Iban
telu add or twist strands into a rope, splice
Tsat
kiu³³ three
Jarai
kləw three
Rhade
tləw three
Malay
telu three; triple (in certain expressions only, as tiga is the ordinary word for ‘three’)
susun telu in a triple row or layer
buah keras telu a hard fruit with three pips
Talaud
tallu three
Malay (Jakarta)
min-telu relative in the third degree, third cousin
Acehnese
lheə three
bintaŋ lheə the three brightly shining stars in the middle of Orion
Simalur
təlu ~ təlo three (in some combinations, and in women’s speech)
təlu fəŋi in three days/the day after tomorrow
Karo Batak
telu three
Dairi-Pakpak Batak
telu three
Toba Batak
tolu three
pa-tolu-na the day after tomorrow
sa-par-tolu a third
si-paha-tolu the third month
Nias
tõlu three
Mentawai
telu three
Enggano
ʔa-koru ~ ʔa-kodu three
ʔa-koru-para parents with one child
Lampung
telu three
Old Javanese
təlu three
Javanese
telu three
Madurese
telloʔ three
Balinese
telu three
Sasak
təlu three
sən-təluʔ wind in the third strand (in making rope)
Sangir
təllu three
Tonsea
tedu three
Tondano
təlu three
Tontemboan
təlu three
Lolak
tolu three
Mongondow
tolu three
toluʔ three (only in serial counting)
Balantak
tolu three
Banggai
tolu three
siŋgo-tolu-kon three by three, three each
Uma
tolu three
Bare'e
tou three
Tae'
tallu three
Proto-Bungku-Tolaki
*tolu three (bound numeral)
*o-tolu three (independent numeral)
Mori Atas
o-tolu three
Padoe
o-tolu three
Bungku
o-tolu three
Koroni
o-tolu three
Mandar
tallu three
Buginese
tellu three
Makassarese
tallu three
Wolio
talu three
Bonerate
tolu three
Muna
tolu three (form used in counting and prefixed to nouns)
to-tolu three, be three
Popalia
tolu three
Palauan
e-déi three
Chamorro
tulu three
CMP Bimanese
tolu three
Komodo
telu three
Manggarai
telu three
Rembong
telu three
Ngadha
telu three
Sika
telu three
Lamaholot
təlo three
Adonara
telo three
Solorese
telo three
Kédang
telu three
Kodi
tallu three
Kambera
tílu ~ tailu three
Hawu
telu three
Rotinese
telu three
telu hulu thirty
Helong
tilu three
Atoni
tenu three
Tetun
tolu three
Tetun (Dili)
tolu three
Vaikenu
tɛnu three
Galoli
i-telu three
Idate
telu three
Erai
telu three (usually with a numeral prefix: ha-telu)
Talur
i-telu three
Tugun
telu three
Kisar
wo-kelu three
East Damar
wo-telu three
Leti
wo-telu three
Luang
wo-telu three
Wetan
wo-teli three
Selaru
ena-tél three
Yamdena
tél three
na-ŋ-téli the third
Teluti
toi three
Manusela
tolu three
Kamarian
teru three
Gah
tolo three
Alune
telu three
Wahai
tolo three
Saparua
toru three
Laha
teru three
Hitu
telu three
Asilulu
telu three
Nusa Laut
ʔoru three
Larike
tidu three
Batu Merah
telu-a three
Amblau
relu three
Buruese
telo three
ka-telo-r a constellation of three stars
Soboyo
tolu three
Onin
teni three
Sekar
téni three
OC Nalik
o-rol three
SHWNG Kowiai/Koiwai
tor three
Taba
p-tol three
Gimán
p-tol three
Sawai
tel three
Buli
tol three
Misool (Coast)
tol three
Mayá
ꞌto³l three
Biga
tol three
As
tu three
Minyaifuin
pi-tol three
Irarutu
tor three
toru three
Dusner
toru three
Moor
oro three
Wandamen
toru three
Ron
kor three
kor three
Numfor
kior three
Waropen
toru three
Marau₁
toru three
Ambai
bo-toru three
Munggui
bo-toru three
bo-toru three
Woi
toru three
Serui-Laut
bo-toru three
OC Lou
teli-p three
Penchal
tulu-p three
Loniu
ma-colo-h three
Nali
ma-royo-h three
Ere
tula-h three
Andra
talo-h three
Leipon
ma-culo-h three
Ahus
telu three
Kuruti
tolo-h three
Lele
toyo-h three
Papitalai
mʷa-talah three
Sori
taro-p three
Lindrou
talo-h three
Bipi
talo-h three
Seimat
tolu-hu three
Wuvulu
olu three
Kaniet
tohu three
tohu three
Mussau
tolu three
Tigak
po-tul three
Mendak
e-run three
even tun three (in answer to question)
Tanga
k’-tul three
Tolai
u-tul three
Bali (Uneapa)
te-tolu three
Vitu
tolu three; we (pl. incl.)
Arop
tol three
Biliau
tola-gom three
Amara
tel three
Lusi
tolu three
Lakalai
-tolu three
Sobei
tou three
Tarpia
tor three
Kairiru
tuol three
Ali
tuəl three
Wogeo
tol three
Manam
toli three
Gedaged
tol three
Takia
u-tol three
Mbula
tel three
pa tel three times
tel-tel-ŋa three by three, in threes
Yabem
têlê-àc three
Ubir
ton three
Sinaugoro
toi-toi three
Motu
toi three
Gabadi
koi three
Molima
toi three
Papapana
tau-tonu three
Uruava
toru three
Luangiua
kolu three
Babatana
tulu three
Bugotu
tolu three
va-tolu-i third, third time
va-tolu-ña third
vi-tolu the third day, back or forward, not counting today
tolu-ña third
Nggela
tolu three
na tolu-na the third
Kwaio
olu three
olu-na third
Marau₂
oru three
Lau
olu three
olu-na ~ ou-na third
Toqabaqita
ulu three
'Āre'āre
oru three
Sa'a
olu three
olu-ne third, third time
Arosi
oru three
oru-na third
Sikaiana
tolu three
Proto-Micronesian
*telu three
Gilbertese
tenu-a three
Kosraean
tol(u) three
Marshallese
jilu three
Pohnpeian
sili- ~ silū three
Mokilese
jili- three
Chuukese
één the number three [used in serial counting or to name the number in the abstract, but not used as a numerical adjective]
wúnú three
Puluwat
yéél three (sequential)
yeluuq three (general)
Woleaian
seli- ~ yeli three
Ulithian
sulu three
Haununu
oru three
Pileni
tolu three
Mota
ni-tol(u) three
va-toliu three
Vatrata
vo-ʔol three
Lakona
ni-tel three
Merig
i-tol three
Merlav
i-tol three
Piamatsina
tolu three
Nokuku
tol three
Malmariv
tolu three
Lametin
tolu three
Mafea
tolu three
Amblong
mo-tol three
Aore
a tolu three
Tangoa
mo-tolu three
Araki
rolu three
Raga
tolu three
Apma
ka-cil three
Atchin
e-tul three
Rano
e-til three
Lingarak
i-tl three
Leviamp
i-tl three
Avava
i-tl three
Axamb
a-rür three
Maxbaxo
ŋo-rœr three
Malfaxal
i-tul three
Paamese
e-tel three
Toak
tol three
Makatea
toru three
Pwele
tolu three
Mele-Fila
toru three
taa-tou we, plural inclusive
Efate (South)
tol three
Sie
nde-hel three
Rotuman
folu three
Wayan
tolu be three, three
a-tolu be three each
viā-tolu be every third one
Fijian
tolu three
yā-tolu three each
Tongan
tolu three
kita-u-tolu first person plural inclusive
Niue
tolu three, third
Futunan
tolu three
tā-tou first person plural inclusive postposed personal pronoun
Samoan
tolu three
tā-tou first person plural inclusive conjunct verbal pronoun (pre-basic and post-basic); we (you and we, speaking of three or more people); first person plural inclusive disjunct verbal pronoun first person inclusive nominal pronoun
Tuvaluan
tolu three
o-tou your (plural possessor)
Kapingamarangi
dolu three
Nukuoro
dolu three
oo-dou your [3] several
Rennellese
togu three, third, three times; to be three in number, third, three times
kita-tou we, us (plural, inclusive)
Anuta
toru three
ta-tou ~ taa-tou first person plural inclusive personal and possessive pronoun; we, us; our, ours
Rarotongan
totu numeral three
ta-tou first person plural inclusive pronoun
Maori
toru three, third
tā-tou first person plural inclusive pronoun
te toru the third month
Hawaiian
kolu three
-kou indicator of plurality in the plural pronouns and possessives only
kā-kou we (plural, inclusive)
WMP Ilokano
tallo púlo thirty
Kelabit
təluh ŋəh puluʔ thirty
Tondano
təlu ŋa puluʔ thirty
Muna
tolu fulu thirty
CMP Lamaholot
pulu təlo thirty
OC Tanga
k’-tul-‘n-samful thirty
Motu
toi-a-hui thirty
Roviana
tolo-ŋa-vulu thirty
Rotuman
fol-aŋ-hulu thirty
Fijian
tolu-sa-ŋa-vulu thirty
Tongan
tolu-ŋo-fulu thirty
Niue
tolu-ŋo-fulu thirty
Samoan
tolu-ŋa-fulu thirty
Tuvaluan
tolu-ŋa-fulu thirty
WMP Tontemboan
i-telu what is concerned with bringing the total to three
Muna
i-tolu three days; commemoration on the third day after someone’s death
CMP Fordata
i-telu three
WMP Kadazan Dusun
in-tohu three times
Tombonuwo
in-tolu three times
Murut (Timugon)
in-talu three times
Malagasy
in-telu three times
Mongondow
in-tolu the third
Formosan Kavalan
q-turu three (of days, months)
WMP Yami
ka-tlo three in total
Bontok
ka-tlu to divide into three or thirds
Ibaloy
ka-tdo third day of aremag/siling funeral celebration
Romblomanon
ka-ta-tlú three times
Cebuano
ka-tulú three times
Yakan
ka-tallu all three that one has (of anything)
Old Javanese
ka-təlu three (all together)
Javanese
ka-telu three times; times three; (for) the third time; third in a series
Madurese
ma-telloʔ add up to three, total three
Mongondow
ko-tolu three times
Banggai
ko tolu-no the third
OC Ngwatua
ka-tolu three
Sesake
ke-tul three
Pango
ka-tul three
WMP Ifugaw (Batad)
ma-nulu to be able to produce three things in a specified period of time, as for stone walling to produce three pesos a day in earnings, or for a man to be a three basket per week weaver
Toba Batak
ma-nolu twist together rope out of three strands
Javanese
nelu to form a group of three; to hold a ceremonial feast for a woman in the third month of pregnancy
Sangir
ma-nəllu twist a third strand into a rope that already has two
Tontemboan
mə-nəlu-nəlu for only three to remain, for three still to remain
Formosan Paiwan
ma-tjelu three persons
WMP Ifugaw (Batad)
ma-tulu to be three units of measure, of length, quantity, size, time, value, weight
Madurese
ma-telloʔ split into three parts
Tontemboan
ma-təlu of a third woman, to join two others in pounding rice
OC Nukuoro
ma-tolu thirty
WMP Tagalog
maká-tatló thrice, three times
Bikol
maka-tuló to have three
Cebuano
maka-tulú three times
Balinese
maka-talu-n a period of three days
Makassarese
maka-tallu third
maka-tallu-na the third
WMP Bikol
mag-tulo to divide into three
Tausug
mag-tu divide into three equal parts
Malagasy
mi-télo to divide into three
WMP Yakan
pa-tellu to make something three (as in dividing cookies into three batches)
Tontemboan
pa-təlu-təlu-n put three in each pile
CMP Fordata
fa-telu three times
OC Bugotu
va-tolu-i third, third time
va-tolu-ña third
Mota
va-toliu third
WMP Malagasy
faha-telo the third; three fathoms; an enemy
Dairi-Pakpak Batak
peke-telu name of the third month
Palauan
ok-ə-dəy thirty
Chamorro
faha-to three times
OC Arosi
haʔa-oru three times
Gilbertese
ka-tenu-a to triple
Wayan
vaka-tolu be three times, thrice
Fijian
vaka-tolu three times
Samoan
faʔa-tolu three times
Rennellese
haka-togu to do three times, third; 15th night of the moon; to be this night
WMP Bikol
pag-tulo-on to divide into three; to send three at a time; to go three at a time
Madurese
par-tello-n a path that branches three ways
WMP Bontok
pin-ta<l>lú three, play counting
Kankanaey
pin-tuló three, one of the numbers used by children
Ibaloy
pin-tedo three times, thrice
ka-pin-tedo the third time
Makassarese
pin-tallu(-ŋ) three times
Formosan Kavalan
siqa-turu three times
Paiwan
si-ka-tjelu third
nu-si-ka-tjelu day after tomorrow
ta-si-ka-tjelu day before yesterday
WMP Yami
ika-tlo third
Itbayaten
icha-tlo third
Tagalog
ika-tló third
Bikol
ika-tuló third
Romblomanon
íka-tlu third (action, person, situation, thing, time, unit of measurement)
Masbatenyo
ika-tuló third
Hiligaynon
iká-tlu third
Cebuano
ika-tulú third
Binukid
ika-tulú third
Tboli
ge-tlu third
Kadazan Dusun
ko-tohu (the) third
Tombonuwo
ko-tolu third
Murut (Timugon)
ka-talu third, the third
Sasak
kə-təlu the third
Tontemboan
ka-təlu third, the third
CMP Rotinese
ka-telu-k the third
Soboyo
ka-tolu the third
OC Wayan
ikā-tolu third
Fijian
i katolu the third
Formosan Amis
ta-tolo three, of humans
Thao
ta-turu three, of humans
WMP Yami
ta-tlo three (people)
Itbayaten
ta-tlo three
Ibaloy
ta-tdo three (especially in counting people)
Sambal (Botolan)
ta-tlo three
Tagalog
tatló three
Romblomanon
ta-tlu three (actions, people, pieces of something, situations, things, times, units of measurement
Aklanon
tátlo three
tátlo(h) to raise or lower to three, make three
Hiligaynon
tátlu three
Manobo (Ata)
ta-tolu three
Binukid
ta-tulú three; to be in threes, to do, make three (of something)
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
te-telu three
Manobo (Tigwa)
ta-tɨlu three
Balinese
ta-telu triad, three
Sangir
ta-təllu bauʔ three pieces (of round things)
Petapa Taje
to-tolu three
OC Motu
ta-toi three (of people)
WMP Itbayaten
ka-tlw-an third month
Ifugaw
ka-tluw-án add a third one
Bikol
ka-tulu-an thirds
Hiligaynon
ka-ta-tlu-an thirty
Cebuano
ka-tlu-an thirty
Malagasy
ha-telo-ana three days
Sangir
ka-təllu-aŋ Orion’s belt
Tontemboan
ka-təlu-an the three stars in Orion’s belt
Mongondow
ko-tolu-an Orion’s belt
WMP Murut (Timugon)
ka-talu-on something that is tallied or totaled as amounting to three
Karo Batak
ke-telū-n the day after the day after tomorrow, three days hence
Dairi-Pakpak Batak
ke-telu-n the period of the third planting of rice, at which time yam plantings are seen here and there
WMP Ilokano
t<in>alló twilled work of three warp crossings
Tagalog
t<in>a-tló tripartite, divided into three parts
Cebuano
t<in>ulú into three, in threes
t<in>ulu-tulú kind of rope made of three strands
Tontemboan
t<in>əlu brought up to three
Mongondow
lubid s<in>olu cord or twine made of three strands
WMP Ifugaw (Batad)
t<um>ulu for something to become three, especially through natural processes such as reproduction
Tontemboan
t<um>əlu of a third woman, to join two others in pounding rice
WMP Bontok
tulu-wan to make three; to join with (two others); a third one
Tagalog
ta-tlú-han in groups of three; in threes
Masbatenyo
tulúh-an suitable for three (refers to something which is adequate for three portions, usually used in terms of food)
Tontemboan
təlu-an name of a small river that is formed by the confluence of the Rano Pengkor, Rano Sue, and Winaluian rivers
WMP Ilokano
tallu-en to do three times
Bontok
tulu-wən to divide into three or thirds; one third
Ifugaw
tulu-wón to give (make, lay, etc.) three of the same kind (value, size, etc.)
Tagalog
ta-tlu-hín to triple; to make or become three times as much
Malagasy
telo-ina ~ telo-vina to be divided into three
Gayō
tulu-n third day hence
Mongondow
tolu-on make with three strands (of cord)
WMP Bontok
tulú-gan three, play counting
Kankanaey
tuló-gan three, one of the numbers used by children
Hanunóo
tulu-kán three, used only in a children’s counting game
WMP Ilokano
talló-talló a kind of vine with trifoliate leaves
tal-talló only three
Bontok
tullu-tullu to be in units of three (as when dividing meat into portions)
Ifugaw
tulu-tulu always three; three by three
tullu-tullu for people to be three at a time in a particular state doing something, of one group repeating an action, or two or more groups acting successively
Bikol
tuló-túlo~ tu-tuló only three
mag-tuló-túlo to divide into three; to send three at a time
Murut (Timugon)
talu-talu the three of them, all three
Malagasy
tsi-telo-telo three by three
Nias
tõlu-tõlu three each, three by three
Javanese
telu-telu by threes
Balinese
ta-telu-ta-telu in threes, three at a time
Tontemboan
təlu-təlu by threes, in groups of three
Makassarese
tallu-tallu all three; only three; three, in games of cards and dice
CMP Rotinese
telu-telu three at a time, three by three
Yamdena
té-tél three by three, three at a time
OC Wayan
tolu-tolu group of threes, in threes, as a threesome, all three
Fijian
tolu-tolu all three
Maori
toru-toru few
WMP Maranao
telok crooked, curved, bent by age
Ngaju Dayak
telok inlet (on the seashore, in a river, or the forest)
Malay
təlok bay; cove; haven; curve in the coastline
ber-təlok to kneel
Toba Batak
torluk bay, cove
t<um>orluk-torluk make a wave-like movement
WMP Bontok
təmpák split a section off, of wood or stone, as in order to lighten a load
CMP Manggarai
tempak breaking easily, brittle, friable
WMP Itbayaten
ka-temtem cremation
ma-nemtem to cremate, to burn (something)
ma-temtem to be cremated
temtem-en to burn to ashes, to cremate
Ivatan
temtem burnt food
Ibatan
ma-temtem burnt down to embers (as firewood)
Ilokano
temtém bonfire, embers
ag-temtém to make a bonfire
i-temtém to bake something in ashes
t<um>emtém to burn slowly
Maranao
tentem to light, to fire
Manobo (Ilianen)
tɨmtɨm to burn a field
WMP Maranao
temo join, encircle (as in battle)
Makassarese
tammu all around, surrounded
CMP Manggarai
temu complete, entire, all around
WMP Isneg
ag-tammó meeting
mag-tammó to meet
Malay
təmu coming together at the same spot; meeting exactly (more definite than jumpa ‘to come across’)
ber-təmu to meet (by appointment)
Toba Batak
ma-nomu-nomu come to meet someone
pa-tomu-hon to bring together
tomu-tomu-on gift with which one greets someone
Old Javanese
təmu meeting, joining, touching
Javanese
temu to meet as bride and groom during the marriage ceremony
ke-temu to see or meet someone; to find something
Balinese
temu to meet, come across, find
Mongondow
mo-tomu go to meet, head for; to greet, receive (as a guest)
Dampelas
tomu tepu- to meet, come across
Balaesang
ntomu mesi- to meet, come across
Tae'
tammu to receive, meet, greet guests
Proto-South Sulawesi
*tɨmmu surround, go around; meet
WMP Kapampangan
tamu Curcuma zedoaria\ (Berg.)
Malay
təmu wild ginger (generic for Curcuma spp. and similar plants)
Javanese
təmu certain roots used medicinally
Sasak
təmu spicy root plant such as ginger, turmeric, etc.
Makassarese
tammu type of Curcuma (turmeric), the grated roots of which are pressed to yield a yellow dye used in weaving
WMP Maranao
temod mumble, grumble
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
temud-mud murmur or grumble to oneself about something
Bahasa Indonesia
temut-temut mumble
WMP Yami (Imorod)
ma-tnaw clear (water)
Itbayaten
a-tnaw idea of clearness
ma-tnaw to be clear (of water)
mi-tnaw to clear up
Tagalog
tináw clear, transparent liquid from which the impurities or precipitates have settled down
Proto-Sangiric
*tinaw clear, pure (of water)
WMP Maranao
tendan reward, bribe, hire, salary
Melanau (Mukah)
tidan payment for a service, or for work done
Mongondow
tondan wages
Gorontalo
tonelo bride price
WMP Ilokano
teddék pillar, post; chief
Tagalog
tírik to build; to erect; to construct; to set or stand something upright
Proto-Minahasan
*təndək post, stake; stick (post) in ground
Proto-East Gorontalic
*tondoko fence
WMP Mongondow
tondok fence, enclosure
Gorontalo
tonuʔo fence made of split bamboo
Dondo
tondoʔ-e garden fence
Balaesang
tondok fence, hedge
Bare'e
tondo to lock, shut out, as a fence in front of stairs to make sure that children don’t fall down the steps
Proto-Bungku-Tolaki
*tondo barrier
Wolio
tondo fence
Muna
tondo stone fence; to fence in with stones
ka-tondo wooden fence
tondok-i to fence in
tondo-tondo yard around house; land owned and cultivated in the past; hairline (on the forehead)
WMP Tiruray
tedem to remember
Bare'e
t<an>ondo remembrance, melancholy recollection
Formosan Pazeh
mu-tenep to drown, submerge, inundate (as a river inundating a house)
WMP Itbayaten
atneb to soak in something
Ilokano
tennéb tempering of metals
tenneb-án water receptacle used by smiths to temper blades
Bontok
tənəb ~ tənb-ən to temper steel
Ibaloy
teneb-en to temper steel by plunging or “quenching” it suddenly in water after it has been made red-hot in a forge
WMP Bikol
tunók thorn, barb, prickle
Agutaynen
tenek thorn; the sharp dorsal fin of a fish
Maranao
tenek thorn, spine
WMP Bikol
ma-tunók thorny, prickly, barbed
Agutaynen
ma-tenek fish with sharp dorsal fins; something that is covered with thorns or spikes; for a part of the body to be pierced by a thorn, or jabbed or stuck by the sharp dorsal fin of a fish (Formosan only)
Formosan Amis
tnem salty water (as is found in the village of Haciriwan)
Kanakanabu
tənəmə sea
Saaroa
tənəmə sea
Puyuma
tənəm the noise of the sea; a synecdoche in ritual context for the south, where the sea is (Nanwang)
tənəm a crater full of water; in ritual context the shamans use bayaŋ ‘sail of a ship’; təbur ‘south’, as meaphors for sea (Katipul)
Puyuma (Tamalakaw)
tenem pond, marsh
WMP Casiguran Dumagat
tənəŋ to be peaceful, to be quiet-spoken
Tagalog
ma-tíniŋ quiet; calm; tranaquil
Iban
tenaŋ (of water) still, calm
Malay
tənaŋ still (of water), calm (used figuratively of calm or quiet behavior)
WMP Tagalog
ka-tiníŋ-an calmness; composure; placidity
Bahasa Indonesia
kə-tənaŋ-an calmness; fixedness, certainty in one’s thinking
WMP Casiguran Dumagat
tənog noise, rattle (as the noise of an airplane, generator, people pounding rice, a swarm of bees, sound of thunder, etc.); to rattle, to purr, to roar, to make a noise, to thump
Sambal (Botolan)
tonóy noise or sound, as playing of radio, truck, sound of rain on roof, etc.
Tagalog
tínig voice
ka-tínig consonant; a letter that is not a vowel
pa-tínig vowel
Bikol
tanóg a sound, noise
mag-tanóg to sound, emit a sound; to strike (as a clock striking the hour)
ma-tanóg sonorous
Hanunóo
tunúg sound
Cebuano
tunúg sound of a musical instrument; resonant, producing a distantly loud sound; widely known; be distinctly audible
Yakan
tennug hollow sounding, loud sounding, of brass gongs
Malagasy
téni a word, speech, language; judicial examination
mi-téni to speak, to proclaim, to tell; to harangue; to advise
Formosan Kavalan
pi-t<um>nun-an loom
t<um>nun to weave (cloth, a mat)
Thao
tnun weaving (abstract stem)
Puyuma
tənun weave
Paiwan
tjenun to weave
tja-tjenun-en threads already placed on the loom
WMP Kenyah
tenun woven
Kayan
tənun woven cloth in general; cloth woven by hand
Malagasy
ténona the warp and the weft; weaving
ma-nénona to weave
Iban
tenun weaving
nenun to weave
Malay
tenun weaving; the art or process of making cloth from cotton, silk or fiber
me-nenun to weave
tenun-an method or style or product of weaving
Acehnese
teuneun to drive in the weft (in weaving)
Gayō
tenun weaving
be-tenun to weave
Toba Batak
tonun weaving
ma-nonun to weave something
par-tonun-an loom
Minangkabau
tanun weaving
Old Javanese
a-nenun to weave, intertwine
Javanese
nenun to weave
pa-nenun-an weaving loom
pa-tenun-an place (especially factory) where weaving is done
tenun-an fabric, woven material
Balinese
tenun weave
nenun to weave
Tialo
tonun to weave cloth
Lauje
tonuŋ to weave cloth
Tajio
tonuŋ to weave cloth
Tae'
tannun to weave; threads for weaving
tannun-an weave for someone
Makassarese
tannuŋ loom; threads for weaving
Wolio
tanu to weave
i-tanu fabric, textile
CMP Komodo
tenuŋ to weave, to plait
Manggarai
tenuŋ to weave
Ngadha
tenu to weave
ŋani tenu loom
tenu até to think, consider, reflect on
Kambera
tínuŋu to weave
Leti
tennu to weave
Wetan
tenni to weave
maka-tenni weaver
Formosan Thao
ta-tnun-an back loom
Puyuma
ta-tənun-an frame of the weaving loom
Formosan Kavalan
t<in>nun have woven
Thao
t<i>nun was woven; what was woven, weave
WMP Old Javanese
t<in>ənun to weave, intertwine
Formosan Saisiyat
t<om>non to weave (cloth, mat)
Favorlang/Babuza
t<um>enon to weave
Thao
t<u>nun to weave (usually cloth)
Puyuma
t<əm>ənun to weave
Paiwan
tj<m>enun to weave (cloth)
WMP Tae'
t<um>annun to weave
Formosan Paiwan
tjenun-an loom
WMP Malay (Sumatra)
tenun-an loom
Javanese
tenun-an loom
Makassarese
tannuŋ-aŋ what one has set up to weave with; kind of indicator for counting the quantity of threads
Formosan Kavalan
t<in>nun-an native cloth
Puyuma
t<in>ənun-an woven material
Formosan Thao
tnun-in be woven
WMP Malagasy
tenom-ina to be woven
WMP Ilokano
teddék post, pillar
teddék post, pillar, column, shaft; headman, chief
Tagalog
tírik build, erect, construct, put upright
tirík straight upward
Ngaju Dayak
tenjek upright, erect
Proto-Minahasan
*təndək post, stake; to stick (post) in ground
CMP Manggarai
tendek stand upright (as bamboo spikes)
tedek, tendek stand upright
Ngadha
tedé fence, bulwark (Formosan only)
Formosan Pazeh
mu-tenep to drown, submerge, inundate
WMP Ilokano
tennéb tempering of metals
WMP Cebuano
túnud convey below the surface of the water or into a pit; for the sun to set
CMP Rotinese
tena sink, set (of the sun)
WMP Kiput
t<u>ñən (base: təñən) to swallow
OC Nauna
toñ to swallow
Bwaidoga/Bwaidoka
tonona to swallow
WMP Maranao
teŋ ringing in ear
Punan Tuvu'
toŋ drum
Karo Batak
teŋ (onom.) flang!
Javanese
ṭeŋ purr, hum, buzz
CMP Manggarai
teŋ buzzing or ringing in the ear
WMP Ilokano
teŋŋá center; middle
ag-teŋŋá to be in the midst, in the middle
Isneg
taŋŋá middle, center
Itawis
taŋŋá middle, mid-section
taŋŋá piŋit across
na-taŋŋá-n between
Bontok
təŋa to be directly opposite, above, below or between; to aim; to position; to centralize; to line up
Kankanaey
teŋá middle
Tagalog
gi-tnáʔ center, middle
i-gi-tnáʔ to place in the center or middle
g<um>i-tnáʔ to go to the middle or center
Bikol
taŋáʔ in between, intermediate, mid-way
mag-taŋáʔ to be in the middle
pa-taŋaʔ-ón to let someone stay out late at night
Hanunóo
tuŋáʔ half, middle, center (as indefinite concepts)
ka-tuŋáʔ-an one half (as an entity)
tuŋáʔ-un be divided into halves; be halved
Aklanon
túŋaʔ to cut in half
tuŋáʔ one half; middle
Hiligaynon
tuŋáʔ middle, center; half; between
mag-tuŋáʔ to divide in two
Cebuano
túŋaʔ half; middle, center; vagina (euphemism); hit at the middle or center; consume, reduce to half; place between two or more others
Binukid
teŋaʔ half; middle, center; to be or do half of something; to divide or split something into halves
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
teŋaʔ one half; to halve something
Tiruray
teŋaʔ a half
Yakan
teŋaʔ one half of something
mag-teŋaʔ to divide something into two equal halves or pieces
neŋaʔ to be halfway or mid-way between two points
Tausug
tuŋaʔ half
mag-tuŋaʔ to divide something in half
tuŋaʔ-an middle
Murut (Timugon)
taŋaʔ middle, center
Ida'an Begak
təŋŋáʔ half
Ngaju Dayak
taŋah half
Malagasy
tena-tena the middle of the length of anything
ma-nena-tena to reach the half of the length; to hit in the center
tena-tena-ina to be cut in the middle, to be cut across, to be halved
Malay
təŋah mid, amid; while
təŋah hari mid-day
təŋah naik half-grown
Karo Batak
teŋah the middle of something; in the midst of doing something, while
Mentawai
təŋa middle, center
Rejang
teŋeəʔ middle, center, central
s-teŋeəʔ half
Sundanese
təŋah half; the middle of something
di-təŋah in the middle of
Old Javanese
təŋah the middle
Javanese
teŋah (in the) middle, center; within
se-teŋah half
Balinese
teŋah middle, center; in the middle
teŋah hahi mid-day
teŋah lemeŋ midnight
Totoli
toŋa middle, center
Boano
toŋaʔ middle, center
Balaesang
ta-taŋa middle, center
Uma
-toŋaʔ split down the middle
Tae'
taŋa middle (as of a village, middle of the night), half, half-way
pe-taŋa put something in the middle
Kulisusu
toŋa waist, middle
Mandar
taŋŋa middle, center
se-taŋŋa half
Makassarese
taŋŋa center, middle; keep to the center
Muna
taŋa half, middle; in the process of
CMP Erai
tena(n) half; middle
WMP Bikol
ma-taŋáʔ late at night
Old Javanese
(m)a-təŋah to be halfway; half (adj.)
WMP Ibaloy
teŋed nape of the neck and back of the head
Binukid
teŋel nape, back of the neck
WMP Aklanon
tuŋóg tree with bark used as food coloring
Cebuano
tuŋúg kind of mangrove, the bark of which is used for dyeing and as an ingredient of coconut palm toddy; bark of this mangrove
Binukid
teŋeg kind of tree, the bark of which is used as an ingredient of toddy (to make it red)
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
teŋeg a certain tree and its bark, probably Ceriops Roxburghiana. The bark is mixed with palm wine, giving the wine a reddish color
Iban
teŋar mangrove, Ceriops, esp. C. tagal and other species yielding dark tannin, used locally
Malay
teŋar a low tree, Ceriops candolleana, found in mangrove swamps; its bark is used for tanning
Palauan
deŋəs oriental mangrove: Bruguiera gymnorhiza (L.) Lam.
CMP Selaru
téar a shore tree, mangrove
OC Mussau
toŋo mangrove sp. with edible fruit
Mendak
toŋo mangrove
Bali (Uneapa)
toŋoro mangrove tree
Gedaged
toŋ mangrove tree: Rhizophora mucronata
Gitua
toŋor mangrove: Bruguiera sp.
Nggela
toŋo a mangrove
Arosi
oŋo mangrove
Gilbertese
toŋo mangrove
Rotuman
foŋo mangrove
Fijian
doŋo the mangrove: Bruguiera gymnorhiza; the long roots or branches are good for firewood; the bark is used for a tanning dye (brown)
Tongan
toŋo mangrove; native hair-dye (originally made from the bark of the mangrove; to dye the hair
Niue
toŋo a legendary tree (said to be the mangrove, one of which is supposed to have formerly existed in a chasm near the Hakupu coast)
Samoan
toŋo general name given to the mangroves, which include a large shrub (Rhizophora sp.) and a tree (Bruguiera sp.)
Tuvaluan
toŋo mangrove: Rhizophora mucronata
Rennellese
toŋo mangrove, Bruguiera gymnorhiza (L.) Lamk.; its wood is used for fuel and posts; its seeds are eaten at the Lake with fish soup
Formosan Paiwan (Western)
tjeŋits grimace at pain
WMP Rejang
teŋit an expression of pain on the face; a mouth distorted with pain
WMP Kayan
tekuk nape of the neck
Malay
təŋkok nape of the neck
Chamorro
toŋho nape of the neck
Formosan Paiwan
tj-em-eŋtjeŋ to whisper
WMP Itbayaten
teŋteŋ-en strum, pluck the strings of musical instruments
WMP Maranao
tenteŋ stare, look over carefully
Binukid
teŋteŋ to stare at something or someone, esp. with the eyes wide open
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
teŋteŋ to look at; to examine; to stare at
Tiruray
teŋteŋ to look at something
Iban
tentaŋ over againstt, face (towards), opposite
nentaŋ look at, look towards (Scott 1956)
Malay
təntaŋ over against; facing
Proto-Minahasan
*təŋtəŋ look at, stare at
Wolio
tonto to look, watch
Muna
tonto to stare
WMP Maranao
teŋoʔ nape, back of the neck
Melanau (Mukah)
təŋuʔ neck
CMP Manggarai
teŋu nape of the neck
Ngadha
teŋu neck
WMP Berawan (Batu Belah)
tepa mat
Karo Batak
tepa forge, mold, make
Sundanese
tepa what is woven
WMP Bikol
mag-tapák to hit, strike or slap the face or body with force using the open hand
Malagasy
téfaka clapping the hands, applause by clapping of the hands
Banjarese
tapak slap, blow with the open hand
ma-napak to slap
Malay
təpak pat, slight slap
Old Javanese
təpak blow of the (flat) hand, smack
a-təpak jaja to beat one’s breast
a-nəpak to hit with the (flat) hand, smack; to hit (stamp) with the foot
təpak-an to accompany with rhythmic beating (clapping?) of the hands
Javanese
tepak fly swatter
Madurese
tempak to stamp, kick
Balinese
tepak the flat of the hand or the flank; to hit with the flat of the hand (e.g. a drum)
Sasak
təpak strike with the flat of the hand (as a table top)
CMP Bimanese
topa to slap
Lamaholot
təpak hit with the open hand, slap; clap on the ears
təpak to slap
WMP Casiguran Dumagat
təpak-təpak the sound of feet hitting against the ground; the sound of a person or animal walking or running
Iban
tepa-tepak making a pattering sound (as rain rattling on the roof)
WMP Casiguran Dumagat
təpak-təpak the sound of feet hitting against the ground; the sound of a person or animal walking or running
Bikol
tápak footfall, footprint, footstep
mag-tápak to make the sound of a footfall or footstep
WMP Ilokano
teppáp flat (object or nose)
Murut (Timugon)
magi-tapap to slap, to cuff
Punan Tuvu'
tepap a slap
nepap to slap
Malay
təmpap bringing down the flat of the hand on anything; hand’s breadth
Karo Batak
tepap the breadth of the hand
Toba Batak
topap handspan
ma-nopap strike with the open hand
san-topap one handspan in width
WMP Tagalog
tipíŋ savor at the tip of the tongue
Maranao
tepeŋ try, attempt, test, experiment
CMP Buruese
tepe to taste
OC Seimat
tohoŋ-i to try
Lakalai
tovo to try out
Gitua
tovo try, attempt, act out, gesture with hands in lieu of talking
Motu
toho-a to try
Molima
towo to try
'Āre'āre
oho-na attempt, try (in compounds); sample, taste (of drinks)
Sa'a
oho attempt, make trial of
Arosi
oho-ŋa an attempt, try
oho-ŋi try, test; tempt
Wayan
vaka-tovo-tovo do an experiment or test
Samoan
tofo test, sample, experiment; (of a dish) taste
Hawaiian
koho guess, election, choice; choose, select
WMP Ifugaw
topóŋ to measure the length, width, thickness of beams, rafters, posts, boards, etc. lest the building would be misconstructed
Ifugaw (Batad)
topoŋ a bundle, linear or volume measure of something
Hanunóo
túpuŋ measuring the same, having the same height or length
mag-t<ar>upúŋ be the same in height
Aklanon
túpoŋ to level, make equal
tupóŋ level, equal; enjoying/having the same privileges
Agutaynen
t<el><el>epeŋ same height
ipa-tepeŋ to elevate oneself to the same position or status as another; to make, consider oneself equal to another
pag-tepeŋ-en to put two things or people next to each other to see if they are level or the same height
Cebuano
túpuŋ of the same height, even along the top or bottom; make things even
Binukid
tepeŋ the same height; even along the top or bottom; of the same level
Formosan Kavalan
tepeŋ to measure (quantity)
Amis
tepeŋ to measure grain with a large measure
WMP Itbayaten
atpeŋ measure
atpeŋ-en to measure volume or contents, to measure capacity or volume of
Ilokano
teppéŋ kind of dúyog (coconut shell dish) for measuring rice about three liters, approximately one-eighth of a ganta
Tausug
mag-tupuŋ to measure (a volume, as of grain, cooking oil, or kerosene)
tupuŋ-an a container used to measure (by volume)
WMP Maranao
tepes press down between the lips, suck
Malay
tepas full up
me-nepas to pack full
Balinese
tepes squeeze, press, pinch
WMP Tausug
tuput enough, just right
ka-tuput-an room, space available
t<um>uput to fit, be just right, enough
Kadazan Dusun
topot true, correct, right, indisputable, genuine
ka-tapat-an act of being truthful, correct, right
t<in>opot truth
Kayan
tepet sufficient; exactly right; accurately
Iban
tepat make straight for (as in sailing for a destination)
Malay
tepat exactly; precisely; fully
Old Javanese
təpət exact, correct, right, true, sincere; direct, straight ahead, undeviating, steadfast, firm
Balinese
tepet take care of, take care about; exactly
Makassarese
tappaʔ without variation; usual; precise (of calculations)
Muna
topo right number, exact amount; sufficient, enough
WMP Pangasinan
tepet a question; to ask a question
Ayta Abellan
tepet a question
tepet-en to ask a question
Formosan Kavalan
təpiq to slap
WMP Iban
nempik to slap, beat with the flat of something
tepik-tepik to slap oneself (as to get rid of mosquitos)
Malay
təpek very gentle blow with a flat object
WMP Sasak
tipah, tiper <M mat
Proto-Sangiric
*təpiR mat
Proto-Minahasan
*təpeh mat
CMP Bimanese
dipi mat
Hawu
dəpi mat
WMP Tagalog
ali-taptáp firefly
Aklanon
ali-táptap glowworm, founds on rocks at high tide
OC Tanga
kel-tot firefly
Takia
lu-tot firefly
Nduke
alal-totovo luminous flying insect; its light flashes on-off
Rennellese
ʔagi-to firefly, seen inland, a rare phenomenon; believed to be the embodiment of the goddess Sikingimoemoe, and might not be killed
Formosan Puyuma
təpuk to hit
WMP Malagasy
téfoka explosion
Karo Batak
tepuk clap the hands (as in a dance or game)
CMP Manggarai
tempok to break (young shoots, etc.)
tempuk to break (tubers)
WMP Bikol
tapóʔ brittle (as dry twigs)
Bare'e
topu brittle, easily broken off
WMP Kapampangan
me-tampus burn to the ground
Dairi-Pakpak Batak
tempus conclusion, end, as of a conversation or discussion
Balinese
tepos break off, interrupt, end in
OC Arosi
ohu complete, finished; completely
WMP Palawano
telaŋ light, clarity, light of day
Malay
təraŋ clear; bright; obvious
kə-təraŋ-an illumination; elucidation
Javanese
teraŋ clear, cleared up
Balinese
teraŋ light; clear, bright, visible; dry (season)
Sasak
təraŋ bright, clear
WMP Maranao
teras move quickly from one place to another
Sundanese
teras be done with haste
WMP Maranao
teriŋ Bambusa vulgaris Schrad. ex Wendl.
Sasak
təreŋ bamboo
Mongondow
toliŋ bamboo sp.
Wolio
tari kind of bamboo
CMP Kambera
tàriŋu kind of large bamboo used as a water container
Rotinese
teli(k) large, rude sort of bamboo, used for bow and arrow
Formosan Saisiyat
man-tete tremble
Amis
terter ~ teltel to be shaken or jolted, as when riding in a vehicle
WMP Maranao
teter shiver, tremble
WMP Bikol
mag-tarós to pierce; to seep through
Hanunóo
túlus continuance
t<um>ulus-án to continue
Ngaju Dayak
ma-nehus very cold; penetratingly cold
Malay
tərus right through; in the direct line through
mə-nərus-i to go straight through, as an arrow to the heart
tərus-an canal cut to connect two rivers or to avoid a long river bend
Karo Batak
nerus bore through, go right through
Toba Batak
torus press through, penetrate
ma-norus be penetratingly cold
Old Javanese
t(ə)rus penetrating
t<um>rus to penetrate, go right through
trus-an right through to
Javanese
tərus right away, right after that; straight on (as before)
tərus-an continuing in the same way; a continuation; full length; link between two things
Balinese
terus go through a place without stopping; through; through as far as
Sasak
tərus continue with something
bə-tərus then, afterwards
Proto-South Sulawesi
*tɨrrus straight, direct
WMP Maranao
tegan constipate, constipation
Iban
teran to strain, force (as in trying to speak when ill, or when defecating)
neran-ka taiʔ strain at stool
Malay
təran to strain (in easing oneself); impulses (in labor at childbirth); straining generally
WMP Ibanag
na-teggaʔ hard
Itawis
tággat hardness; nara tree
na-tággat hard, firm
Tagalog
tigás hardness; rigidity; firmness; resistance; stiffness; tautness; inflexibility; being hard, firm or unyielding; resolution; the power of holding firmly to a purpose
ma-nigás to become hard, referring to parts of the body such as jaws, arms, legs, etc.; to be or become petrified; to become paralyzed with fear, horror, or surprise
t<um>igás to harden; to become hard; to set; to become fixed; to become firm or hard; to stiffen; to become stiff
Cebuano
tugás molave, kind of wood producing extremely hard timber: Vitex parviflora; make something out of molave
Maranao
tegas harden, solidify; salt obtained from boiling and evaporation; tough; hard, white-grained wood
tegas-oʔ tough, hard-headed, self-willed
Binukid
tegas molave tree (which has extremely hard wood)
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
teǥas the mulavi tree or wood
Tombonuwo
togas ironwood tree: Eusideroxylon zwageri
Kayan
tahah belian [ironwood] timber; long-lived; able to endure
kayoʔ tahah the belian tree species; used for posts, making boards, etc.
Bintulu
tas hardwood tree, ironwood
Melanau (Mukah)
taas hardwood tree, the ironwood
Malagasy
teza something fixed firm, durability; the inside of a piece of wood, the outside of which is worm-eaten (Provincial); a pillar in a house
Iban
teras heartwood; (in Skrang and northern to lower Rejang river) ironwood
Malay
təras heartwood (if hard) in a tree; hardwood timber
pə-təras arrogance
Toba Batak
toras innermost wood of a tree, heartwood
Rejang
telas the center and hardest part of a tree trunk
tlas a hardwood timber, used for house piles and posts, the heart of a tree trunk, the hardest and strongest timber
Old Javanese
twas hardness; the hard core; core, heart (as part of the body and as seat of feelings)
a-twas hard
Javanese
a-tos hard, firm; tough; harsh; careful
ŋ-a-tos to make something hard
Proto-Sangiric
*tiRas hard (of wood)
Proto-Minahasan
*tahas tree sp. (used for timber)
Tontemboan
taʔas heartwood of trees
Mongondow
poko-togat-on it must be made hard; it can’t be moved
Gorontalo
toheto strong, hard
poʔo-toheto-lo be strengthened, be made hard
Mori Bawah
mo-tea hard
Palauan
dort ironwood tree: Intsia bijuga
CMP Manggarai
teras hard, impossible to chew (as corn)
Rotinese
tea(k) hard, strong, firm (said of wood, stone, steel, teeth, the heart, the will); the inner core of a tree, especially the lontar palm
Tetun
tos hard, durable; stiff, difficult to open; subborn
ulu-n tos rough, coarse, rude, stupid (‘hard head’)
Kisar
kerhe hard, strong
Leti
terse hard
Buruese
teha-t ironwood tree: Intsia bijuga
OC Lou
to a hardwood tree: Intsia bijuga
Penchal
row a hardwood tree: Intsia bijuga (black inside)
Loniu
dow a hardwood tree: Intsia bijuga
Nali
drow a hardwood tree: Intsia bijuga (Tok Pisin: kwila)
Ere
drow a hardwood tree: Intsia bijuga
Sori
tow a hardwood tree: Intsia bijuga
Seimat
to a hardwood tree: Intsia bijuga (red inside)
Aua
oa a hardwood tree: Intsia bijuga
Arosi
ora a species of tree from which the best canoes are made; a plank-built canoe
Mota
tora a timber tree
Fijian
doa the heart wood of a tree, solid, and dark
Tongan
toa kind of tree with very hard wood: the casuarina or ironwood tree
Niue
toa the ironwood tree (Casuarina equisetifolia)
Futunan
toa a tree: Casuarina equisetifolia L.
Samoan
toa tree (Casuarina sp.), the ironwood tree and its timber
Rennellese
toa ironwood (none on Bellona, and on Rennell only on cliffs; in ancient times ceremonial paddles were placed at the bases of cliffs, and with proper incantations toa branches were said to have fallen down); reddish, finely-branching coral on the sea bottom; when taken ashore toa turns black; named for the ironwood
Anuta
toa ironwood tree
Rarotongan
toa the ironwood tree: Casuarina equisetifolia
Hawaiian
koa the largest of native forest trees (Acacia koa), with light-gray bark, crescent-shaped leaves, and white flowers in small, round heads; a legume with fine, red wood, a valuable timber tree, formerly used for canoes, surfboards, calabashes, now for furniture and ukuleles. A small koa was sometimes added to the hula altar to Laka, goddess of the hula, to make the dancer fearless.
WMP Gaddang
ma-teggat hard
Tagalog
ma-tigás hard; firm; not yielding to touch; iron; strong; stern; not yielding; firm; tough, leathery; rigid; not bending; stalwart; firm; steadfast; indomitable; unconquerable; hard; not pleasant; harsh; ugly; unbending
Binukid
ma-tegas characterized by working hard, energetically, with vigor
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
me-teǥas descriptive of a person who can endure torture or discomfort
Malagasy
ma-teza durable, permanent, lasting
Toba Batak
ma-toras ripe, old; dark, of a color
na-toras elders
ma-noras-i fire a pot to harden it
Mongondow
mo-togat hard, become hard
Mori Bawah
mo-tea hard
Tolaki (Mekongga)
mo-toha hard
Mandar
ma-teras strong (as a person who is physically strong)
aju ma-teras strong, hard (wood)
OC Gilbertese
matoa firmness, solidity, hardness, resistance
ka-matoa-toa to strengthen, fortify, make resistant
Marshallese
majewjew firm; strong; solid
WMP Bontok
tələb to pour off excess water from cooking rice
Ifugaw
tolób to pour some water out of the cooking pot, because the one who was boiling rice sees that too much water had been poured in the pot
Tagalog
tigíb overburdened; full to overflowing; fraught, loaded, filled (with grief, terror,. etc.)
Bikol
tagób full, laden, overloaded; brimming (as a container with rice, a tree with fruit, a boat with cargo)
mag-tagób to overload, overfill
Cebuano
tugúb full, having something in abundance (boat full of passengers, rich harvest, etc.)
Maranao
tegeb full of something; overloaded
Tausug
tugub (of a truck or boat) deeply laden, overloaded
Tutong
tərəb heavily laden, as a boat
Karo Batak
terem a quantity, crowd of people
ke-terem-en host a large number of guests at the same time, be inundated with guests
Toba Batak
torop multitude; many, numerous; the common people (in contrast with the chief)
Old Javanese
tӧb thickness, luxuriant growth
a-tӧb thick, luxuriant (hair, foliage, fruits, rain)
OC Tolai
toro to pour water on, dampen, soak, saturate, make wet through
OC Proto-North-Central Vanuatu
*toro fill with liquid
Wayan
to have water in it, not be dry (of a container, creek, etc.)
tō-tō be full of water, wet, soaked
Fijian
tō filled, saturated with water or milk
Maori
tō moisten; wet; anoint
Formosan Bunun
tulbus a tree: Zelkova Formosana
Tsou
trəfsə a tree: Zelkova Formosana
Kanakanabu
tərə́vəsə a tree: Zelkova Formosana
Rukai (Budai)
təə́bəsə a tree: Zelkova Formosana
Paiwan
tjeves a tree: Zelkova serrata
WMP Maranao
tegel to force, impose, require, demand
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
teγel to force something or someone
Malay
teral insistence; importuning; browbeating (of an overseer shouting at his coolies to make them work, etc.
WMP Palawano
tegep kind of breadfruit: Artocarpus blancoi (Elmer) Merr.
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
teɣep Artocarpus elastica; the sap of this tree is used for birdlime; the fruit, similar to breadfruit, is cooked and eaten
Tombonuwo
togop a type of fruit tree
Kelabit
tərəp tree with fruit similar to breadfruit, and latex-like sap
Berawan (Batu Belah)
təkəp kind of latex-bearing tree with small fruit
Kenyah (Long Atun)
taap tree with fruit similar to breadfruit, and latex-like sap
Kiput
tərəp tree with fruit similar to breadfruit and sticky sap used as birdlime
Iban
tərap fruit trees yielding bark cloth: Artocarpus spp.
Malay
tərap a tree from the bark of which the Proto-Malays still make bark cloth: Artocarpus kunstleri
baju tərap a coat of bark cloth
Alas
terep forest tree with fruit similar to breadfruit
Karo Batak
terep a tree with sap used as
Sundanese
tɨrɨp kind of latex-yielding tree
taŋkal tɨrɨp sap of the tɨrɨp tree, used as birdlime
Balinese
tehep species of tree which produces fruit like coffee beans, which are fried without oil
Mongondow
togop a tree from which birdlime is obtained: Artocarpus elastica
WMP Iban
se-terap jackfruit trees: Artocarpus spp.
Toba Batak
(si)-torop k.o. tree
WMP Malay
ikan teri the small anchovy: Stolephorus tri, known in Singapore as the ‘Macassar red fish’
Sasak
teri very small sea sprat, eaten dried
Sangir
tehi kind of small fish (= Malay ikan lompa)
Formosan Saisiyat (Taai)
man-teteL to tremble, shiver
WMP Tagalog
tigtíg jerkiness; jerking; shakiness
ma-tigtíg to be jerked or jogged; jerky
WMP Tagalog
tistís operated on surgically; lancing or opening up a boil or the like
Bikol
mag-tastás to fray, unravel; to rip out stitches; to unstitch
Ngaju Dayak
tetes cutting through something (cordage, rattan, etc.); what is severed
Iban
tetas cut off, trim (as the frayed ends of a mat)
Malay
tətas slitting open; ripping up
Old Javanese
tətəs penetrated, pierced; penetrating, breaking through, coming out, hatching
Javanese
netes to hatch, as caterpillars from coccoons; to cut, snip, as string
Balinese
netes graze, cut oneself, be wounded
Sasak
tetes peck open an egg (of a hatching chick)
WMP Malay
tetas slitting open, ripping up
CMP Manggarai
tetas tear, break open
Buruese
teta-h (of a line) snapped
CMP Ngadha
tetu peck, peck up; eat (of animals)
Paulohi
tetu to peck
CMP Tetun
tetun coastal plain
Asilulu
tetun cape, promontory
Buruese
tetun promontory
Kayeli
teton headland, point, promontory
CMP Watubela
ba-tolu thick
Geser
ba-tolu thick
Nuaulu
kapi-toru-ne thick
Alune
təlu thick
Hitu
ha-təlu thick
Larike
ihu-tilo thick
Buruese
ef-telo thick
OC Ghari
matolu thick
Gilbertese
maten thick, thickness
Kosraean
mahtol thick, dense
Marshallese
mijel thick, as of clouds; thickness
Pohnpeian
mosul thick
Northeast Ambae
matolu thick
Vovo
ti-matol thick
Tongan
matolu thick --- of board or paper, etc., but not of stick or thread; thick, dense --- of mist (kakapu), forest (vao), etc. Opp. manifi; shrub with very thick leaves.
Niue
matolu thick, as a tree
Tuvaluan
maatolu thick
Kapingamarangi
maadolu thick (object); heavy or dense rain
Nukuoro
maadolu thick (object); heavy or dense, of rain
Rennellese
matogu kind of vine, Hoya sp., with thick leaves that are heated and placed on sores
Anuta
maatoru thick
Rarotongan
mātoru thick; thickness, the thick part of anything
Maori
mātoru crowd
mātotoru thick
Hawaiian
mākolu thick, heavy, deep, as clouds; thick-coated, as with dust; laden, as a high chief with taboo
OC Gilbertese
maten-ten thick, thickness
Kosraean
mahtol-tol very thick; nunb; stubborn
Marshallese
wōt mijel-jel raining cats and dogs
Rarotongan
mātoru-toru to be thick, to be on many layers, as of timber; to be thick or strong, as of a beverage
Hawaiian
mākolu-kolu chubby; thick, as a plank
WMP Kayan (Uma Juman)
a-tih yonder; that (far from both speaker and hearer)
Dusun Malang
ti this
Malagasy
itý this (near at hand)
CMP Ujir
a-tih that
Formosan Bunun
iti here
WMP Sambal (Botolan)
ba-yti this
Palawan Batak
ʔiti there (3p)
Aborlan Tagbanwa
iti that (3p remote)
Bisaya
iti this
d-iti here
Kenyah (Long Dunin)
iti that (3p)
k-iti there (3p)
Kayan (Uma Juman)
h-itih there (3p)
Tunjung
itih this
Ma'anyan
iti this
Singhi Land Dayak
itis this
OC Arosi
isi there, that
OC Nggela
tia to weave
tia-tia a woven wristlet; a piece of sewn thatch
Rotuman
fia to weave or make (a net or web)
Tongan
sia to weave (a net or a web)
Niue
tia to mesh, to make netting
Nukuoro
dia-dia to make a cover for something (e.g. a coconut shell) by plaiting or lashing around it
Rarotongan
tia to bind or lash, such as in binding or lashing the lugs of the mouth of a sack filled with copra
tia-tia bound, lashed
Formosan Kavalan
m-tian pregnant (human)
s-tian-an have a stomach ache, abdominal pain (such as diarrhea)
Saisiyat
tial belly (upper abdomen)
Saisiyat (Tungho)
tial belly
Pazeh
tial belly, abdomen
Amis
tiyad belly, stomach
ci-tiyad-to cigra she has a belly (i.e. she is pregnant)
Thao
tiaz upper abdomen, abdomen above the navel
ki-tiaz-an have a stomach ache
k<m>a-tiaz-an be hit in the stomach
Bunun
tian stomach
Hoanya
tiat ~ chias belly
Puyuma
tial belly
Paiwan
tjialʸ belly
tj<m>ialʸ have a large belly
WMP Ilokano
tián belly, abdomen; womb, uterus
Casiguran Dumagat
tian belly
Sambal (Botolan)
tián belly
Kapampangan
atyan stomach
Tagalog
tiyán abdomen; the belly; paunch
tiyan-ín to suffer from stomachache
Buhid
tián belly
Hanunóo
tiyán belly; back (referring to a hunter’s bow)
Romblomanon
tiyán the abdomen, stomach or womb of a person or animal; the inner surface of bamboo
Aklanon
tiyán stomach, abdomen; womb
tiyan-án having a large, curved stomach; fish with a big stomach
Kalamian Tagbanwa
tian belly
Hiligaynon
tiyán stomach, abdomen
Cebuano
tíyan stomach; pregnancy
tiyán-un having a prominent stomach
Maranao
tian stomach, abdomen
Klata
tia addomen, belly
Tausug
tiyan stomach, belly
Kadazan Dusun
tizan abdomen, belly
moŋ-on-tizan pregnant
pog-on-tizan-on fetus
Belait
təjin belly
Berawan (Long Terawan)
tijan belly, abdomen
Berawan (Long Teru)
tijen abdomen, belly
Berawan (Batu Belah)
tijen belly, abdomen
Narum
tijiən belly, abdomen
Kayan
tian the skin and flesh of an animal’s underbelly, breast bone, etc.
Kiput
ticin belly, abdomen
Cham
tean belly
Roglai (Northern)
ma-tia:t pregnant
Minangkabau
tian uterus
dalam tian pregnant
Sasak
tian belly, abdomen
be-tian pregnant
ke-tian-an have a swollen belly (from sickness)
pe-tian-aŋ to impregnate a woman
Sangir
tiaŋ belly, abdomen
ma-tiaŋ pregnant
Mongondow
sian belly, abdomen
monogu-sian become pregnant
Totoli
tian belly
Boano
tian belly
mo-tian pregnant
Banggai
tia uterus, womb; belly
Bare'e
mo-tiana look after a child
Proto-Bungku-Tolaki
*tiaN belly
Koroni
tia belly
Wawonii
tia belly
Tolaki
tia belly
Moronene
tia belly
Palauan
diyl abdomen; womb
klou a dələl have a pot belly; have a large belly (e.g., when pregnant)
CMP Waiyewa
tia belly
tia belly
Lamboya
ti belly
Elat
tia- belly
Masiwang
tian belly
Kamarian
tia- belly
Paulohi
tia- belly
Alune
tia- belly
Hitu
tia belly
Asilulu
tia- belly; pregnant
Larike
tia belly
Morella
tia-ka belly
Kayeli
tiane pregnant
OC Nauna
ti belly, abdomen
Lou
tia-n belly, abdomen
Penchal
ria-n belly, abdomen
Nali
dria-n belly, abdomen
Seimat
uli tia-n belly, abdomen (uli = ‘skin’)
Wuvulu
ʔia pregnant
Tolai
tia-na abdomen, belly; the human body from the lower ribs to the thighs; the outside skin of the abdomen
Lakalai
la-tia-gu my belly, stomach (of human being); occasionally, my emotions, desires
la-tia-la middle, center
Mengen
sia- belly
Kairiru
tiye- belly
Torau
tiala belly
Mono-Alu
tia-na belly, abdomen
Cheke Holo
thiʔa body part, belly
Kokota
tia-na belly, abdomen
Hoava
tia- belly
Roviana
tia-na belly, abdomen
Eddystone/Mandegusu
tia belly, abdomen
Poro
thiʔa-ña belly, abdomen
Lau
īa belly
Sa'a
ie belly, stomach, bowels, womb
Proto-Micronesian
*tia stomach, belly, abdomen
Marshallese
je belly, stomach, innards
Ulithian
sie- stomach
Cape Cumberland
tia- belly, abdomen
Tolomako
tia- belly, abdomen
Malmariv
tia- belly
Lametin
tia- belly
Aore
tia- belly, abdomen
Avava
sian pregnant
Namakir
na-tia-ŋ belly, abdomen
Maori
tia abdomen, stomach; navel; mother, parent
WMP Banggai
tian-an pregnant
mon-tian-aŋ-gon pregnant with
Bare'e
tiana pregnant
Makassarese
tian-aŋ pregnant (also applied to the rice plant when the grains are full)
OC Label
tianan pregnant
Tolai (Matupit)
tianan to be in an advanced stage of pregnancy
Kairiru
tyen pregnant
Lau
īana pregnant, of a woman; enlarged stomach, of a man
Toqabaqita
iana pregnant
iana thala be pregnant out of wedlock (thala = of life, thoughts, situations: lack substance, solidity
'Āre'āre
iana pregnant
Mota
tiana pregnant
WMP Kankanaey
tibák to clap
Malay
témbak firing shots
Old Javanese
témbak fire at, hit (with a gun)
Wolio
tiba to hit, strike
CMP Kisar
kiwal drum
Leti
tiwla gong; drum
Wetan
tiwla small drum
Selaru
tihal small drum
Kamarian
tihar native drum
Paulohi
tihale drum
Alune
tibale gong
SHWNG Kowiai/Koiwai
tifar drum
WMP Casiguran Dumagat
tíbay stable, firm, enduring, lasting, strong (structurally)
Tagalog
tíbay material or structural strength; vitality; power to endure
Bikol
ma-tíbay well-made; competent, skilled, adept
mapa-tíbay to confirm, certify
Aklanon
ma-tíbay durable, longlasting (cloth)
CMP Manggarai
tiwu pond, pool, deep place in water
Ngadha
tivu puddle, bog, pool, pond, small lake
Fordata
tivu deep hole in the reef
Paulohi
tihu lake
Buruese
tifu bay, lake, swamp
WMP Kalamian Tagbanwa
tibud water jar
Binukid
tibud small clay jar
Manobo (Sarangani)
tibod water jar (said to be ‘archaic’; Reid 1971)
Formosan Amis
mi-tivuk pound rice
WMP Ifugaw
tibúk noise made by somebody who plunges into deep water
Tagalog
tibók throb, pulsation
Aklanon
tibók to beat, thump (said of the heart)
Malay
timbok heavy, downward blow with the side or flat of the fist
WMP Ilokano
tiddá remainder, residue; leftover
i-tiddá to leave as a leftover
ma-tdá to be left, remain, be left over
Tagalog
tirá leftover; remaining; something set aside for someone who is not present
OC Arosi
ira to remain
WMP Ilokano
tiddá remainder, residue; leftover
i-tiddá to leave as a leftover
ma-tdá to be left, remain, be left over
Sambal (Botolan)
tílaʔ remainder, remains
Javanese
tirah left over, remaining
OC Arosi
ira to remain
WMP Isneg
sidám evening, about 6 P.M.
Ngaju Dayak
tirem black
Old Javanese
tiḍem losing its lustre, fading, dimmed
Javanese
tiḍem darkened, obscured
Sasak
tidem with the eyes closed
CMP Ngadha
tiro dark, darkened
OC Gedaged
tidom night, darkness, gloom, obscurity
WMP Tausug
tiruŋ a covering for the head (to protect from the heat of the sun or from rain)
CMP Manggarai
tiduŋ to guard, protect (animals, children)
WMP Casiguran Dumagat
maka-tidug able to sleep
məg-ka-tidug to lie down
ka-tidug-en sleeping place
pa-tidug-ən to put to sleep
tidug-ən to lay something down
Binukid
tidug-a ~ tirug-a to sleep; to go to sleep
tirug-ah-en to be sleepy
Samal
tuli <M to sleep
Murik
tiruh to sleep
Tunjung
tiro to sleep
Siang
tiruy to sleep
Ngaju Dayak
tiroh sleep
ba-tiroh to sleep
tapa-tiroh fall asleep
ta-tiroh sluggish, indolent
Katingan
tiruh to sleep
Lundu
tidur to sleep
Malay
tidur to sleep (of commoners); the sleep of princes is beradu. Malays explain sleep as the temporary departure of the bird-like semangat or spirit of life.
tidur-kan to put to sleep
Mongondow
siug sleep; dream
ko-siu-siug already sleeping, while sleeping
to-siug-an sleeping place
Ponosakan
tiyuh to sleep
Tae'
tindo dream that one no longer recalls, dream that has a certain significance
pa-tindo-an place to lie down,; sleeping place
pa-tindo-an tau placenta (reclining place for people)
CMP Palu'e
tuli <M to sleep
WMP Agta (Dupaningan)
ma-tídug to sleep
Agta (Central Cagayan)
mə-sidug to sleep
Casiguran Dumagat
ma-tidug to sleep
Mongondow
mo-siug lie down, sleep, go to sleep
Tae'
ma-tindo to lie down
Buginese
ma-tinro to sleep
OC Nauna
metil to sleep
Lou
merit <M to sleep
Lenkau
merih to sleep
Loniu
meti to sleep
Nali
matil to sleep
Ere
amtir <M to sleep
Leipon
mender to sleep
Kuruti
mentir to sleep
Levei
mesiŋ to sleep
Likum
metin to sleep
Sori
matih to sleep
Lindrou
madin to sleep
Seimat
mati to sleep
Wuvulu
maʔixu to sleep
Hiw
mitiγ to sleep
Paamese
matil to sleep
Faulili
matilu to sleep
Namakir
matir to sleep
WMP Cebuano
tilús spoon made of a coconut shell
Bintulu
tiɗus spoon
OC Gapapaiwa
sike to limp
Teop
sige lame
sige-sige to limp, hop
Efate (South)
tig-tig to hop
Maori
hī-teki <M to hop on one foot
Marquesan
teki <M to limp; lame; to hop
WMP Kapampangan
tigtig play a musical instrument
Maranao
titig cut, chop
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
tiɣtig strike a glancing blow on a stone; strike a light with a flint and steel
Melanau (Matu)
titig hack, cut in pieces
Iban
titik strike (matches)
Malay
titek heavy pounding blow; hammering
Balinese
tigtig beat, strike (with a stick), hit, scourge
Formosan Thao
tik sound of tapping, flicking finger against wood, etc. (given as '/tik, tik, tik/')
WMP Cebuano
tik sound made to get fowl to approach; graphic representation of sound produced by clicking the fingers
Ngaju Dayak
tik ticking sound
Bidayuh (Bukar-Sadong)
tik give a tick; sound made by a clock or watch
Malay
tek tick; ticking; trickling (of water)
Javanese
tik typewriting
Balinese
tik imitation of a sound, ‘tick’
CMP Kambera
tiku sound of cracking or tapping
OC Nggela
tika a game played with reeds made to glance off the ground
Mota
tika to glance off; the game, played with reeds which glance off the ground; the reed used in the game
Wayan
tiŋge throw a reed or dart horizontally controlled by the end of the forefinger, with the aim of making the dart skip up when it hits the ground
vī-tiŋge game of throwing reed darts; to play this game
Fijian
tiŋga to throw a stick horizontally from the end of the forefinger; to throw the tiqa in the game of veitiqa
Tongan
sika dart; to throw darts
Niue
tika dart with smooth hardwood head (used in the game of tā-tika)
Samoan
tiʔa slender rod (dart) used in the game of darts
Tuvaluan
tika a dart; a dart game; throw a dart
Rennellese
tika dart, spear; the ancient and obsolete sport of casting darts; to cast, as a spear
Anuta
tika a type of dart made from a reed shaft about four feet long, and tipped with a heavy hardwood head; a type of contest in which men compete to see how far they can throw their tika darts before they come to rest
WMP Ilokano
tíkal with bruised feet due to walking
Kapampangan
tíkal numb, cramped, stiff
Tagalog
tikál tiredness and sometimes bruising of the feet because of too much walking
Bikol
tíkal a cramp resulting from a blow to the muscle
tikál-on to suffer from such a cramp
WMP Ifugaw
tíkaŋ small split in a piece of wood, or a narrow gap between two floor planks or wall boards
Cebuano
tikáŋ place a foot on a step, rung, or any foothold
tikaŋ-káŋ lie or lean on one’s back and spread the legs; fall into such a position
Tausug
tikaŋ a step, pace (as in walking)
Balinese
niŋkaŋ stand with the feet wide apart
tiŋkaŋ-in be straddled, have someone stand astride over something
WMP Remontado
ma-tíkas strong
Hanunóo
tikás entering, opening with force (as of wind blowing in)
ma-tikás be entered, be opened, as by some natural force such as the wind
Mapun
tiŋkas skill in doing something quickly; swiftness; quickness
pa-tiŋkas to become skilled at doing something quickly; to do something quickly with skill
Bidayuh (Bukar-Sadong)
tikas swift-running (as of water in a narrowed portion of a stream)
Sa'dan Toraja
tikaʔ quick, speed
CMP Ngadha
tika-taka nimble, agile, quick
WMP Cebuano
tikás raise something which covers something else into the air (as a storm lifts off a roof)
Mongondow
sikat to lift up, as a mat
CMP Kambera
tiŋgahu lift up, wrench up, as in lifting a gravestone from its place, a towel from covering someone’s face
OC Kove
(po)-tike squat, sit on heels
Bola
(pa)-sike crouch
Kilivila
-siki- to sit, to stay, to live (in a place)
Tongan
sike to squat, to sit on the heels
Niue
tike-tike to squat on the heels
Samoan
tiʔe-tiʔe to ride, sit astride; be placed upon, lie on; sit (on a chair)
Rennellese
tike-tike to crouch or squat, as on the heels; to perch
Anuta
tike-tike to squat
WMP Tboli
tikeb door
Sundanese
tiŋkeb the closing of a shop, etc.
WMP Ibaloy
tikbo to pour, dump out the contents of something, esp. by inverting the container and shaking it (as chili peppers from a bottle, salmon from a can)
Cebuano
tíkbuʔ to spill over the side of a vessel (as soup from a bowl, or foam from a mug of beer)
Mansaka
tíkboʔ to spill and be wasted; to waste contents by shaking or breaking the container
WMP Casiguran Dumagat
tiked foot, leg; footprints
Sambal (Botolan)
tíked back of the knee
Cebuano
tikúd heel of the foot; heel of shoe
Mamanwa
tiked heel
Tboli
tiked heel
Proto-Sangiric
*tiŋkod heel
Mongondow
siŋkod heel
CMP Selaru
tika heel
WMP Ilokano
tikék kind of house lizard
CMP Rotinese
téke call, sound produced by the gecko
Formosan Puyuma (Tamalakaw)
tiker bend
WMP Sundanese
tikel folded double
Balinese
tikel crack (a stick) and bend it double without separating the parts; bend something double (a rope); multiply
WMP Casiguran Dumagat
tiklúp to fold cloth; to close a book
Ibaloy
tikdop to close a door or window part way, so that it is left ajar
Ayta Abellan
tiklop to fold up s.t. (e.g. mat)
Tagalog
tiklóp a fold; a layer of something folded; folded by doubling
Bikol
mag-tiklóp to fold; to fold one end over another
Cebuano
tiklúp to close by folding
WMP Isneg
sikāp catch (a hog, etc.)
Javanese
tikep catch, seize
WMP Maranao
tikes bracelet
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
tikes ornamental knee bands
Sundanese
tiŋkes model for a sarong that is to be woven (consists of a bamboo pole on which the threads are wound according to the way in which they will be used)
OC Nauna
ti to plait, weave (as a mat)
Lou
tik to plait, weave (as a mat)
Lenkau
trik to plait, weave (as a mat)
Loniu
ti to plait, weave (as a mat)
Sori
tiy to plait, weave (as a mat)
Bipi
ti to plait, weave (as a mat)
Mota
tig to finish off the plaiting of a mat
WMP Ayta Abellan
tiki lizard
Hanunóo
tíkiʔ a lizard larger than the common house lizard; geckos (esp. Gekko gecko Linn.), which are small and harmless; also, the sound made by them
Cebuano
tíkiʔ gecko
WMP Casiguran Dumagat
tikís to do something without a reason
Ayta Abellan
tikih an anticipated outcome that is intended or that guides planned actions
Tagalog
tikís on purpose; intentionally; knowingly
Hanunóo
tikís intention; intentionally
OC Lou
tik-tik to squat, sit balanced on toes
Fijian
tiko to sit, remain, be in a place
tiko-vaka to stay with someone
Tongan
siko to defecate, ease the bowels (an impolite word)
Niue
tiko ~ siko to defecate, evacuate the bowels
Samoan
tiʔo (not in decent use), ease the bowels, defecate
Nukuoro
tigo to defecate
Rennellese
hi-tiko-ʔi the defecating place (usually for males)
Anuta
tiko to defecate
tiko-ŋa toilet
Maori
tiko evacuate the bowels
tiko-tiko diarrhoea
Hawaiian
hoʔo-kiʔo to excrete, evacuate, give birth to a child (often sarcastic)
Formosan Kavalan
t<m>iqtiq to strike (seashell, tunnel) with chisels
Thao
ta-tiktik-an cutting board used to chop pig fodder, etc.
t<m>iktik to chop meat or vegetables with a cleaver
tiktik-in be choped, of meat or vegetables; to chop (imper.)
WMP Itbayaten
tichtich hatching
ma-nichtich to hatch
Ilokano
tiktík sound of knocking metal against stone
ag-tiktík to make the sound of a cutting axe
Bontok
tiktik to repeatedly strike with a pointed instrument, as in making a tattoo or breaking a stone
Kankanaey
men-t<al>iktik to clack, to click, as when two spinning tops meet
Ifugaw
tiktík slight knocks, ticks on something (e.g. a lime tube, the knocking being done with the nail of a finger)
Ibaloy
tiktik the two pieces of iron that are held, one in each hand, and beaten together by one of those accompanying the tayaw dance, making a dull sound
Tagalog
t<ag>iktík patter; a series of quick taps, or the sound they make; ticking of a clock or watch
t<um><ag>iktík to patter, to make rapid taps (as rain striking a roof); to tick, as a clock or watch
Bikol
mag-tiktík to dislodge something by tapping a container gently with the fingers
Cebuano
tiktík to tap lightly on a hard surface, producing a sound of tick-tick; chip off rust
Maranao
tintik to knock lightly
tintik-an beat metal to accompany an epic poem
Kadazan Dusun
mod-titik to strike a match
Malay
titek heavy pounding blow, hammering; to rap
Toba Batak
tiktik to tap on something, as money to see if it is genuine; to knock on a door, to tap on a lime case to make the contents fall out
Javanese
ṭiṭik flint and steel for starting fires
niṭik to strike a light using flint and steel
CMP Erai
titi drum
OC Sa'a
iki (< *titik-i) knock with the knuckles; beat a wooden gong; teeth chattering with cold
WMP Ilokano
tiktík sound of knocking metal against stone
ag-tiktík to make the sound of a cutting axe
tiktík-an to tap, give a light blow to ascertain the hardness of its shell
Bontok
tiktík repeatedly strike with a pointed instrument, as in making a tattoo or breaking a stone (-an, i-)
Kankanaey
men-t<al>iktik to clack, to click, as when two spinning tops meet
Ifugaw
tiktík onomatopoetic word-base of taniktík, favorable chirping of 'ido birds
Tagalog
tiktík ticking (of watches, etc.)
t<ag>iktík patter; a series of quick taps, or the sound they make; ticking of a clock or watch
t<um><ag>iktík to patter, to make rapid taps (as rain striking a roof); to tick, as a clock or watch
Bikol
tiktík dislodge something by tapping a container gently with the fingers (mag-, -an, -on)
mag-tiktík to dislodge something by tapping a container gently with the fingers
Hanunóo
tíktik drippings, as of filtered liquids, tree sap, etc.
Aklanon
tíktik witch, evil spirit (in form of bird or human -- named after the sound it makes
Cebuano
tiktík to tap lightly on a hard surface, producing a sound of tick-tick; chip off rust
Malay
titek heavy pounding blow, hammering; to rap
Toba Batak
tiktik to tap on something, as money to see if it is genuine; to knock on a door, to tap on a lime case to make the contents fall out
Javanese
ṭiṭik flint and steel for starting fires
niṭik to strike a light using flint and steel
OC Gedaged
titi to pound, knock, stamp, thrust against; nail down, beat, thump, hammer, pummel
WMP Itbayaten
ma-nichtich to hatch (of an egg)
Kadazan Dusun
mo-nitik to light a match
WMP Ilokano
tiktik-án to tap, give a light blow to ascertain the hardness of its shell
Kadazan Dusun
titik-an to be lit with a match
WMP Malay
titék drop, liquid particle; dot or spot left by a liquid particle such as a drop of ink
Javanese
titik to drip
Proto-South Sulawesi
*ti(q)tik to drip
Makassarese
tittiʔ trickling out (of liquid substances such as sweat or blood)
Wolio
titi to drip, trickle, leak, be porous; drop, stalactite; point, period
CMP Manggarai
titik drip, leak
Rembong
titik drip, leak
Asilulu
titi to flow a little (as blood); to drip (as tears)
WMP Ilokano
ag-tiktík to inform; spy on
tiktik-an to spy on someone
Bontok
tiktík to report what one has heard; to betray; to accuse
Ibaloy
i-tiktik to reveal something that is secret
Tagalog
tiktík detective; plainclothesman; secret agent; a spy
na-niktík to spy; to find out or try to find out by careful observation
Bikol
tiktík secret agent, spy; detective
mag-tiktík to spy on; to shadow; to stake out or put a tail on
Aklanon
tíktik detective, spy, agent
pa-níktik to spy (on)
Cebuano
tiktík to spy on, discover by snooping
WMP Ilokano
tiktík winnowing
tiktik-én to winnow
Ibaloy
me-niktik to separate rice grains from the toyo (inner husk) by holding the winnower up and shaking and vibrating it
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
tiktik in winnowing, to separate the tiny broken pieces of rice out of the chaff
Formosan Kavalan
t<n>iktik-an a tattoo
Puyuma
tiktik a tattoo
WMP Bontok
ʔi-tiktik to repeatedly strike with a pointed instrument, as in making a tattoo
Formosan Kavalan
t<m>iktik to tattoo (someone)
Puyuma
t<əm>iktik to tattoo (someone)
WMP Maranao
tikog bend, curve
Singhi Land Dayak
nikog to bend
WMP Ibaloy
on-tikol to warp, curl up at the edges, as board, photograph
Balinese
tékol bent, broken, but not separated (of living wood)
WMP Kankanaey
ma-tíkoŋ to bulge out; to become convex; to jut out; to swell out (as wet boards)
Ifugaw
tikúŋ inward curves of mountain slopes
Ibaloy
me-tikoŋ to be crooked, bent, curved, twisted, not straight (as stick, rainbow, lumber)
Cebuano
tikuŋ-kúŋ to curl up the legs
Malay
tikoŋ bend (in road or river)
WMP Cebuano
tíkup closed tight, without holes or spaces in between
tikúp door or window shutter
Tiruray
tikuf to encircle
Kayan
tikup taking handfuls of water
Iban
tikup to close, shut (as a door)
WMP Itbayaten
ticho change of direction, idea of ‘bend’
ka-ticho act of veering or swerving
ma-ticho having many curves
t<om>icho to turn, to veer or swerve
Bontok
na-tikú to be curved, as a trail; to be crooked, as a water buffalo horn
Kankanaey
na-tikó curved; bent; crooked
Sambal (Botolan)
tikóʔ crooked
Bikol
tikóʔ bent, curved
mag-tikóʔ to bend something
Hiligaynon
tikúʔ crooked, bent, curved
Maranao
tikoʔ bend, curve
Tausug
tikuʔ (of an object) crooked
WMP Kankanaey
tíko kind of small, edible passerine bird with white and black plumage
Bikol
tikóʔ bird sp.
WMP Ilokano
tíkor bend, turn, curve, crook (of a river, etc.)
Tiruray
tikur (of routes) being the long way to some place
Javanese
ṭékor bent, crooked (of a leg, foot, etc.)
Formosan Amis
tikolac a quail, bamboo partridge
Thao
tikulhat a dark brown, sparrow-size bird with a long tail that is much prized for its meat (called ‘bamboo chicken’ in Taiwanese). It is gregarious and calls out loudly when feeding in flocks. The male has an additional toe which is used in fighting.
Bunun
tikulas partridge
cikuɬas a bird, the bamboo partridge
WMP Cebuano
tikúgas kind of rail found in rice fields or marshy areas, 5-6” high and used for food: the white-breasted swamphen: Amaurornia phoenicurus
Maranao
tikogas bird which is blue and seems to grunt; prefers water
OC Lou
tik to plait (mats or baskets)
Mota
tig finish off the plaiting of a mat
WMP Gaddang
sila vagina
CMP Rotinese
tila vagina
Atoni
tina-f vagina
OC Samoan
tela (not in decent use) clitoris
WMP Maloh
tilandaŋ naked
Malay
telanjaŋ, tilanjaŋ nude; bare; exposed (of the body)
Sangir
tilandaŋ naked
WMP Serawai
tilay vagina
Mentawai
tiläi vulva
Bare'e
tile clitoris
WMP Kankanaey
tilém black pig, hog, swine
Agutaynen
tilem very dark-skinned (not a polite word to use)
Old Javanese
tilem night of the dark moon
Balinese
tilem last day of the moon, new moon
Mongondow
silom to fade from sight (as stars with the rising sun); blinded by a strong light
WMP Sundanese
tiləm to dive, dive under
Bare'e
tilo make a diving movement in water or air, of people, fish or birds
WMP Gaddang
silon-ɨn to swallow
Sambal (Botolan)
itlɨn <M to swallow
OC Fijian
tilo to swallow
WMP Ilokano
mati-tileŋ to be deafened by a loud sound
ti-tileŋ-en to deafen
Maranao
tileŋ high-pitched sound
WMP Rungus Dusun
tilib blown away
Uma Baloi
tilip to fly
Kejaman
me-nilip to fly
Proto-Minahasan
*teleb fly away; fade
WMP Sambal (Botolan)
tilíŋ to have keen hearing; to deafen
Bikol
tilíŋ a high voice, soprano
tilíŋ-tilíŋ small bell; to tinkle
Cebuano
tilíŋ-tilíŋ ring with the sound of tiny bells or the telephone
Kenyah
tiliŋ a cricket
Kayan
tiliŋ cicada
WMP Itbayaten
tiltil-an to knock with finger joint, to flip or flick with the finger, to strike with the knuckle
Cebuano
tiltil to rap, tap lightly
WMP Itbayaten
tilu earwax, cerumen
tilu-an ear
tilu-en deafen
Casiguran Dumagat
tiló earwax
CMP Manggarai
tilu ear
Sika
tilu-n ear
Hawu
wo-dilu ear
Tetun
tilu-n ear
Sula
tilu ear
WMP Ilokano
tímba pail, bucket
timbá-en to use a pail in getting something
saa- tímba one bucketful
Casiguran Dumagat
tímba pail, bucket (said to be from Spanish)
Ngaju Dayak
timba an implement used to bale water from a canoe or a well
Malay
timba hand bucket; dipper; bailing or emptying out with a bucket (but the indigenous bucket is of palm-spathe, and is known as limas)
Rejang
timbo a bucket, a bathing bucket
Sundanese
timba instrument for drawing water from a well (regardless of material); bucket
Old Javanese
timba bucket for drawing water from a well
a-nimba to draw water from; to draw something (from a well)
Javanese
timba bucket for drawing water from a well
nimba to draw water from a well
Proto-South Sulawesi
*timba bucket
CMP Kambera
timba scoop up water
Kisar
kipa bucket
WMP Simalur
timbalaŋ bucket made from the folded leaf sheath of the areca palm; bowl
Bare'e
timbala sago leaf sheath from which carrying baskets are made
WMP Kapampangan
tímbaŋ weight, balance
Tagalog
timbáŋ weight; balanced, of the same weight
di-timbáŋ one-sided; uneven; unequal; not fair
i-timbáŋ to weigh something, e.g. food (sugar, meat, etc.) on behalf of some buyer; to use a counterbalance; to give something as an equivalent
maka-timbáŋ of equal weight, referring to persons or things; of equal importance or value
ma-timbáŋ to be weighed; to be able to balance; weighty; heavy; very significant or important
pa-nimbáŋ balance; a condition of not falling over in any direction; steadiness
pa-nimbaŋ-án to try to get along with someone
pan-timbáŋ the actual weights used in weighing
Bikol
timbáŋ balanced, equal in weight; righted, or on an even keel (of a boat)
mag-timbáŋ to be balanced; to be of equal weight; to be righted, or on an even keel; to weigh something
maka-timbáŋ to be across from or opposite
ka-timbaŋ-án a balance
Hanunóo
timbáŋ weight
Aklanon
tímbaŋ to balance, compare weight; equate; partner, pair
ka-tímbaŋ equal, equivalent
pa-nímbaŋ to adjust one’s personality or ways to others; to be cautious or careful with others
pa-nimbáŋ-an counterbalance
Central Tagbanwa
timbaŋ quantity of weight
Binukid
timbaŋ weight; to weigh something; to make something balance
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
timbaŋ to balance something equally on both sides; to use a balance scale
t<el>imbaŋ something on one side which matches or balances that on the other side
Mansaka
timbaŋ to weigh
Mapun
timbaŋ mercy; kindness, compassion
mag-timbaŋ to have the same weight
Tausug
mag-timbaŋ to weigh something with a scale or balance
pag-timbaŋ a ceremonial weighing of a newborn child
Kadazan Dusun
timbaŋ beside, opposite
ti-timbaŋ a scale for weighing
Ngaju Dayak
timbaŋ weight, importance; consideration, deliberation
Iban
timbaŋ to weigh, measure weight; to balance, make up for something; to assess, judge fairly (usually in for leniency); hence fine or sentence
Malay
timbaŋ weighing out
Karo Batak
timbaŋ has the apparent meaning: how one thing relates to its opposite
er-timbaŋ consider something
Old Javanese
timbaŋ match, the equal of
t<in>imbaŋ wrat to weigh one against the other
Javanese
timbaŋ rather than; compared with; in equilibrium
t<in>imbaŋ rather than, compared with
Balinese
timbaŋ be compared with; weight, weighing
Sasak
timbaŋ balanced; to weigh; to consider
Mongondow
mo-simbaŋ to weigh; consider
to-simbaŋ-an balance scale
Tae'
timbaŋ to consider, deliberate, discuss; to weigh (this meaning said to be from Malay)
Proto-South Sulawesi
*timbaŋ to weigh
Makassarese
timbaŋ the weight of something
at-timbaŋ-aŋ stand in an equal relationship with one another
Wolio
timbaŋ -i to weigh, balance
Muna
timbaŋ-i to weigh; to consider, judge
ka-timbaŋ-i scales; consideration, judgement
WMP Tagalog
ka-timbáŋ equal in weight; of the same weight; equivalent; commensurate; having the same measure, size or value
Bikol
ka-timbáŋ the person opposite or across from you
Kadazan Dusun
ko-timbaŋ can be opposite
Javanese
ka-timbaŋ rather than, compared with
WMP Ibaloy
ma-nimbaŋ to be in good balance (as coffee and sugar in a cup)
Pangasinan
ma-nímbaŋ to weigh (so much), to equal
Mapun
nimbaŋ to weigh something
Kadazan Dusun
mo-nimbaŋ to weigh
Malay
me-nimbaŋ to be engaged in weighing; to weigh; to balance properly when walking (i.e. to walk evenly and gracefully)
Toba Batak
ma-nimbaŋ to weigh; consider; balance
Old Javanese
ma-nimbaŋ-i to be on a par with, be a match for, equal; to put in the balance, weigh, compare; to be (go, sit, etc.) at the side of, flank, accompany, support
Javanese
nimbaŋ to weigh; to consider alternatives, compare
Balinese
nimbaŋ to weigh; consider
Makassarese
an-nimbaŋ to weigh; to consider
WMP Tagalog
t<um>imbáŋ to weigh; to have as a measure by weight (as in stating one’s body weight)
Tausug
t<um>imbaŋ to weigh something with a scale or balance; consider something (in making a choice)
Old Javanese
t<um>imbaŋ to be one the same level (on the same line); to assist
WMP Ibaloy
timbaŋ-an scales; do something inmoderation, with discretion, judiciously
Kapampangan
timbáŋ-an the Southern Cross (from its resembalnce to a balance scale?)
Tagalog
timbáŋ-an balance; scale or scales for weighing
timbaŋ-án to give the equivalent or equal of what another has given or done; to give someone something in return for what has been received
Hanunóo
timbáŋ-an means of weighing something, scales
Binukid
timbaŋ-an scales (for weighing)
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
timbaŋ-an a balance scale
Mansaka
timbaŋ-an scales
Mapun
timbaŋ-an scales; the weight of something
Tausug
timbaŋ-an a scale, balance (for weighing); to make (one’s love, treatment, etc. of people) equal; be equaled
Kadazan Dusun
timbaŋ-an to weigh, balance (for)
Tombonuwo
timbaŋ-an scales
Malay
batu timbaŋ-an weights used with a balance
Javanese
timbaŋ-an weight; scale, balance; weight used as a counterbalance; marriage partner, mate
Makassarese
timbaŋ-aŋ balance scales; result of consideration, advice
WMP Ibaloy
timbaŋ-en to weigh something
Tagalog
timbaŋ-ín to weigh; to find out how heavy a thing is; to weigh in the balance; to judge; to make equal in weight
Bikol
timbaŋ-ón to weigh something
Tausug
timbaŋ-un to consider something (in making a choice)
Kadazan Dusun
timbaŋ-on to be balanced, weighed
Karo Batak
timbaŋ-en balance scale
WMP Tagalog
timbáw something extra added to a container already full, or to fill it if not yet full; what is added to one side of a scale to balance the other
Iban
timbaw join on, add to; planks added to keel of boat, sides of boat
Malay
timbaw joining on; adding to length or height; pieces on (of adding an extra strake to a boat, lengthening a garment with a fresh piece, etc.
WMP Ilokano
tíbaw chimney (obs.)
Kankanaey
tíbew to roost, to perch; to stand, etc. on a mountain, a pole, a rock, a tree, the brow of a precipice
Toba Batak
timbo high, height
Proto-Sangiric
*timbaw on top
WMP Tagalog
maka-timból floating
timbul-an a float, lifesaver
Mapun
timbul for an island or mountain to supernaturally appear out of the sea;
Ngaju Dayak
timbul float, drift on the water
Iban
timbul come to the surface, float; reveal
Malay
timbul rising to the surface; floating; emerging or appearing from below
timbul təŋgəlam floating and sinking
timbul tunas to sprout (of a lopped bough)
Talaud
timbula smoke
Toba Batak
timbul appear, come into view, of the stars; elevated
Sundanese
timbul to rise, rise up, emerge, shoot out, come into view
Proto-Sangiric
*timbul to rise
Sangir
timbul to appear; rise to the top
WMP Tagalog
timbón a pile of earth, garbage, old clothes, etc.
Bikol (Camarines Sur)
mag-timbón to live all in one house (three or four generations: parents, children, grandchildren, great-grandchildren)
Iban
timbun collect, catch, accumulate, heap up
Malay
timbun heap; heaping up
ber-timbun-timbun in stacks or mounds, as merchandise on a wharf, or bodies on a battlefield
Toba Batak
ma-nimbun-i to heap up
timbun-an a heap, pile
Old Javanese
a-nimbun to heap up, pile up
a-timbun heaped up, piled up
pa-timbun-an being heaped up; heap
Javanese
ma-timbun-timbun heaped up (as piles of rice in a warehouse)
Balinese
timbun heap up, crowd together
Sasak
timbun to heap, stack up
WMP Ilokano
tímel flea
Ifugaw
tímol flea
Ibaloy
timel flea
Pangasinan
timél flea
Lun Dayeh
gi-timel bug
Kelabit
ge-simel clothes louse
WMP Tagalog
tiŋgáʔ lead (the metal)
Bikol
timgáʔ ~ tiŋgáʔ lead (metal)
mag-timgáʔ place lead in
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
timeɣaʔ lead (metal)
Kelabit
semeraʔ lead (metal)
Iban
timah lead
Malay
timah tin; also a generic term covering zinc or spelter, lead
Karo Batak
timah lead, bullet
Toba Batak
tima lead, tin, zinc
Rejang
timeaʔ tin
Sundanese
timah lead, tin
Old Javanese
timah tin
Javanese
timah tin, lead, zinc
Balinese
timah lead, tin, zinc
Sasak
timah lead, tin
Proto-Gorontalic
*timoga tin
Formosan Puyuma (Tamalakaw)
timiz chin
Paiwan
tjimiz chin, mandible, jaw
WMP Ilokano
tímid chin
Atta (Pamplona)
siːmik chin
Isneg
símid chin
Ifugaw
tímid pointlike tip of the upper lip; tip of the chin; may be used in the sense of lip
Ibaloy
timid chin’
Isinay
símid chin
Pangasinan
timír chin
Hanunóo
tímid chin’
CMP Rotinese
timi chin, jaw
Tetun
timir beard, whiskers, chin
WMP Tagalog
timpáŋ somewhat bow-legged
Maranao
timpaŋ lame, cripple; walks lamely; limp
Ngaju Dayak
ba-timpaŋ lame
ka-timpaŋ lameness; be lame; to limp
Iban
timpaŋ lame; one-sided (as a jacket with only one sleeve, a man short of a finger)
Malay
timpaŋ limping; lame (of a man permanently lame, not disabled temporarily by some wound or sore)
Toba Batak
timpaŋ to limp
Nias
tifa to limp
a-tifa have one short leg, crippled
Old Javanese
timpaŋ crippled, limp
timpaŋ-timpaŋ limping, stumbling
OC Tongan
sipa to stagger, reel, wobble
ta-sipa to go along with a staggering gait; to reel to and fro; (of a wheel) to wobble
Niue
tipa-tipa to sway, dance (used in old chants)
Tuvaluan
tipa to walk
Nukuoro
diba not level, tipped to one side
Rarotongan
tipa restiveness, restlessness, turbulence, resistance; the act of plunging about in a restless manner
tipa-tipa to be restless or restive, or to act in a restive manner; to plunge about or jib, as a restless horse
Maori
tipa turn aside
tipa-tipa go astray
Hawaiian
kipa to turn aside, to turn from the direct path
WMP Kapampangan
tímpuʔ to squat
Tagalog
timpúhoʔ seated or squatting on one’s heels or haunches
Malay
ber-timpoh to sit as a Malay woman sits, i.e. with the legs together and bent at the knees, knees outward and feet near the body, and usually a hand on the ground
Sundanese
timpuh (of a woman) to sit in a humble position on the ground with face bent down (a socially valued manner of sitting)
Old Javanese
ma-timpuh to sit somewhat sideways on one of the bent legs tucked under the body (sitting position of women)
Javanese
timpuh to sit with the knees drawn up alongside the body
Balinese
timpuh to sit (like women) on the ground with the legs bent at the side
WMP Maranao
timpos act through to the finish, endure
Mandar
tippus out of breath
WMP Itbayaten
timtim-an to taste a lot of something; to taste
Ilokano
tímtim to sip, taste; remove the end of
Itawis
sínsim taste
mas-sínsim to taste
Ifugaw
timtím to open and close the mouth frequently, as frogs do
Ibaloy
timtim movement of the lips accompanied by little or no sound
on-timtim to murmur, mutter
Sambal (Botolan)
timtím to taste anything liquid; to sip
Tagalog
pag-timtím tasting without swallowing
Bikol
timtím to taste something with just the tip of the tongue or lightly with the lips
Masbatenyo
mag-timtím to taste
Cebuano
timtím taste or sample liquid (as in testing soup)
Maranao
tintim feel, taste, suffer
tintim-en appetizer
Mansaka
timtim to taste (Formosan only)
Formosan Taokas
timu salt
Saisiyat
timo salt
Atayal
cimu salt
Seediq (Truku)
timu salt
s-timu crave salt, crave salty things
Proto-Rukai
*timo salt
Formosan Kavalan
timuR south wind
t<m>imuR to blow, of the south wind
Papora
timor east
Amis
timol south
Siraya
taga-timog south
Puyuma
timuɭ south, meaning on the side of the sea, the bottom
WMP Yami
cimoy rain
ma-cimoy to rain, be raining
Itbayaten
timoy rain
ma-timoy to rain, be raining
ka-tia-timoy rainy season
ka-timoy-an be caught in the rain
Tagalog
tímog south, south wind
ka-timug-an the southern region; south wind
Bikol
tímog the east or southeast wind
timóg-an the direction of this wind (a wind coming from this direction signals the passing of a typhoon)
Hanunóo
tímug south wind, south
Masbatenyo
tímog north
Aklanon
tímog the east wind
Waray-Waray
timog-an south
Cebuano
tímug wind that hits Cebu from the east
Yakan
timul a strong east wind (with strong rain), storm
Murut (Timugon)
timug water
Abai Sembuak
timug river
Iban
timur east
bintaŋ timur the Morning Star
Malay
timur east
bintaŋ timur the Morning Star
timur laut northeast
Karo Batak
timur the east
Sasak
timuʔ east
be-timuʔ travel east
Sangir
timuhəʔ south
aŋiŋ timuhəʔ south wind
Tontemboan
timu south, south wind
t<um>imu go or head southward
Proto-Gorontalic
*timuho east, east wind
Palauan
díməs south, south wind
CMP Lamaholot
timu east
Rotinese
timu east, the direction of dawn; east monsoon
Selaru
timur east, eastward
Yamdena
timur east, eastward, east monsoon; the Tanimbarese on the east coast of Yamdena island
Fordata
timur east, east monsoon
Kei
timur east, east side, east monsoon
Asilulu
timul east wind, east monsoon season
Buruese
timu the southeast monsoon
Soboyo
timu south
wohe timu south wind
SHWNG Buli
simi south, south wind
OC Gedaged
tim wind, breeze
Sinaugoro
timu rain
Motu
si-simu light shower
Futunan
timu blast of strong wind
Samoan
timu (be) rainy
tīmu-ŋa rain
Tuvaluan
timu rain
Rennellese
timu to rile, devastate, as by wind and storm
Anuta
timu to rain lightly, drizzle (Formosan only)
Formosan Kavalan
timmuR to keep something in one’s mouth (as sugar)
Puyuma
TimuRmuR rinse one’s mouth and spit
Formosan Rukai (Maga)
timus salt
WMP Bikol
mag-tímos to place a tiny bit of salt on the tongue
Maranao
timos flavoring salt
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
timus salt; to salt something
Mongondow
simut-on salt
Banggai
timus-on salt
CMP Buruese
tinan trunk, torso; numeral coefficient for large stones
SHWNG Numfor
tinan parents (of people and animals)
OC Lindrou
tinan big, wide; older (of siblings)
Gedaged
tinan superlative degree; maximum, extreme
Motu
sina-ia very big, of all big fish, wallaby, pigs when caught
Tuamotuan
tinana great, big, large, vast, immense
WMP Toba Batak
ma-nindo see in the distance
tindo-an place where one has a panoramic view
Proto-South Sulawesi
*ti(dr)o look, look out
Buginese
tiro stare, look into the distance
Makassarese
tiro stare, look into the distance
OC Tolai
tiro-ā mirror, looking-glass; originally applied to a pool on the surface of which a scum was created with the leaves of the kadaka-dolo, used as a mirror; spectacles, glasses; window, any clear glass; to use a mirror
Gitua
tiro to look for (unsuccessfully)
Mono-Alu
tilo watch for, look out for
Cheke Holo
tiro view, look out at or down upon, as looking out over a vista
thiro glass; mirror
thiro thata eyeglasses
Roviana
tiro to read
tiro-ana a mirror or looking glass
Bugotu
tiro to look; a pool, window glass, mirror
Nggela
tiro to gaze; glass; a looking glass; pupil of the eye
Kwaio
ilo look at
ilo-nunu a reflecting pool or mirror
Lau
iro to look at fixedly, look for
iro-fi(a) look for, spy out
iro-iro a translucent pool, still and clear; looking glass
Toqabaqita
iro look for someone or something, search for someone or something
iro-a look for, search for
iro-nunu mirror
'Āre'āre
iro look for, collect
Sa'a
iro to look for, to collect
iro-hi to cause a person to be ill, of the action of a ghost
Arosi
iro to look; to stare
iro-hi look into, look for; stare at, gaze into
iro-ŋ-aʔi gaze at
Proto-Micronesian
*tiro to peer, have a look
Pohnpeian
iro-ir to look or peer in the distance; to see one’s own reflection; to inspect one’s own appearance; positioned to have a beautiful view
Mokilese
iro-ŋ to peer at
Puluwat
yiŕo- ŋiy to look for, at
Proto-North-Central Vanuatu
*tiro gaze, look at reflection
Mota
tiro clear
tiro clear
Wayan
tiro look down, lower the eyes
tiro-vi look down at something
Fijian
tiro to look at something reflected in water or a glass; to peep furtively; admire oneself
Tongan
sio to look, look at, or see
sio ofi short-sighted (ofi = ‘near’)
sio-ʔi to peer at, to look at in a critical or offensive way
Niue
tio to glance
Samoan
tilo ray or beam of light (e.g. coming through a chink in a coconut-leaf venetian blind)
Nukuoro
dilo look at (inspect)
Rennellese
tigo to see
Anuta
tio to look
Rarotongan
tiro look; to view, to survey
Maori
tiro to look; to survey, view; look into, examine
Hawaiian
kilo stargazer, reader of omens, seer, astrologer, necromancer; kind of looking glass (rare); to watch closely, spy, examine, look around, observe, forecast.
OC Lakalai
la ti-tiro mirror, glass; spectacles
Nggela
ti-tiro to gaze; glass; a looking glass
Wayan
ti-tiro look down, lower the eyes
Fijian
i-ti-tiro water used as a mirror
OC Lau
iro-iro search for; a translucent pool, still and clear; a looking glass; pearl shell of nautilus, mother-of-pearl
iro-iro-a iridescent; reflected light, dazzling; silver light of moon on white clouds, moonshine
Sa'a
iro-iro to look for, to collect; a pool among rocks used as a mirror; a glass (late use)
Samoan
tilo-tilo to look, glance; peep, peer (often with a dishonest or indecent motive)
faʔa-tilo-tilo having an ulterior motive, not disinterested
Rarotongan
tiro-tiro moe that which is seen whilst asleep or during slumber; a vision, a dream
WMP Tagalog
tirís crushing of lice between thumbnails
Malagasy
tsíndri pressed, squeezed, impressed
Malay
tindas crushing a flea or louse on the fingernail
Gayō
tines kill lice by crushing between the fingernails (in grooming the hair)
Toba Batak
ma-nindos crush a louse with the fingernails
Old Javanese
ka-tinḍəs overrun, trampled under foot
Tajio
mo-nindes to crush lice
Proto-South Sulawesi
*t(iɨ)(n)dis to squeeze (esp. lice between the nails)
OC Toqabaqita
iro to look for someone or something; to search for someone or something
Sa'a
iro-hi to clear the head of lice
WMP Casiguran Dumagat
ténduk species of banana plant and its fruit
Bikol
tindók large banana species
Hanunóo
tínduk the largest local variety of plaintain: Musa paradisiaca var. magna Blco.); arm-sized, and eaten only when cooked
Cebuano
tinduk kind of cooking banana, a foot or more long, somewhat curved, and about as big as a man’s arm: Musa paradisiaca var. magna
Mansaka
tindok kind of large banana
WMP Tagalog
tináw clear, transparent liquid from which the impurities or precipitates have settled down
Aklanon
tínʔaw to become clear or clean
ma-tínʔaw clear, crystalline, crystal clear
Cebuano
tinʔáw clear, not turbid or muddied; clear, definite; clear-voiced; become clear, not muddled or hoarse
Subanon
tinow clearness (of water)
Proto-Sangiric
*tinaw clear
Toratán
tinaw clear, pure (of water)
SHWNG Numfor
snon man
OC Vitu
tinoni person
Papapana
sinoni husband
Solos
tinon man, husband
Bugotu
tinoni man, mankind, person; male person
Nggela
tinoni a man, human being, person (living, as opposed to tindalo ‘soul of a dead man’)
Sa'a
inoni a man, a human being, as opposed to a ghost
Arosi
inoni a man (human)
Formosan Atayal
cinun weaving
t<m>inun to weave
Proto-Atayalic
*t<um>inun to weave
Proto-Rukai
*tinono to weave
WMP Yami
cinon loom, weave
c<in>inon woven clothes or men’s thongs; Yami traditional dress
Itbayaten
tinon making yarns and weaving
ma-ninon to weave, to weave cloth
t<in>onan weaving machine
t<om>inon to weave (rare form)
Isneg
sinnón cloth, tissue, woven fabric
Gaddang
ma-sinun to weave cloth
WMP Cebuano
tíndak push, kick with the sole of the foot; stamp the feet; a kick
i-tíndak to kick (as the feet in swimming)
Iban
tinjak tread on, trample
Minangkabau
tijak stepping, treading
Balinese
tinjak tread heavily, stamp when walking, trample on
Sasak
tinjak to kick
Banggai
tindak stamp the feet
bala-tindak perform a war dance
WMP Ngaju Dayak
tiŋ ringing sound
Malay
tiŋ (onomatopoetic) tinkle; chinking
Javanese
ṭiŋ a clear high jingling or tinkling
CMP Manggarai
tiŋ to blow on a flute
Kambera
tiŋu sound of large objects ringing or pounding
Buruese
tiŋ sound of a plate being tapped with a spoon
WMP Itbayaten
tiñab notch
ka-tiñab-an to be nicked?
Bikol
tiŋáb notch, nick
WMP Itbayaten
tiñab-an to notch on purpose
Bikol
tiŋab-án to notch or nick something
WMP Tagalog
tiŋaláʔ tilted upward; with uplifted face; looking up
i-tiŋaláʔ to turn the face upward; to raise the side or end of something partially; to tilt or tip upward (with a lever)
ma-niŋalá-ŋ pugad to start courting girls (said of boys just entering puberty)
ma-tiŋaláʔ to happen to look upward
pa-tiŋalaʔ-ín to get someone to look upward; to cause one end of something to tilt upward
Bikol
mag-tiŋaráʔ to emulate; to observe closely what someone does so that one will be able to do the same at another time; to admire, idealize, look up to
Agutaynen
s<om>iŋara to look up above
Maranao
tiŋaraʔ look up
Murut (Timugon)
kaka-tiŋaaʔ just looked upward
ma-tiŋaaʔ able to be looked up at
maka-tiŋaaʔ able to look upward
Banjarese
tiŋadah to look upward
Malay
təŋadah to look up
Proto-Sangiric
*tiŋada to look upwards
Proto-South Sulawesi
*tiŋa(dr)a to look up
Palauan
dəŋáraʔ lying face up; place rightside up
kə-dəŋáraʔ lie together face up
WMP Tagalog
t<um>iŋaláʔ to look up
Murut (Timugon)
t<um>iŋaáʔ to look or gaze upward
WMP Bikol
tiŋaráʔ-an ~ tiŋaʔd-án a model, someone to look up to or admire; an ideal, paragon
Murut (Timugon)
tiŋaa-n-an time, place or reason for looking upward
Palauan
dəŋərəʔ-ál-l state of looking up
WMP Tagalog
tiŋalaʔ-ín to look up, as to something worthy of respect or veneration
Murut (Timugon)
tiŋaa-n-on something that is looked up at; to be looked up at by someone
WMP Ilokano
tiŋál prop, wedge
i-tiŋál to use as a prop
tiŋal-án to prop or support something
Bontok
tiŋal any object used to keep two things separate or to wedge them apart, as a small rock wedged under a boulder so that crowbars used in rolling the boulder will not be jammed; to push such a wedge in place
Ibaloy
tiŋal verb referring to a large wad, mass crammed into the mouth
tiŋal-en to put, cram, wedge something large into the mouth; (in butchering) to put a piece of wood into a pig’s mouth after it has been killed --- part of the butchering tradition
Cebuano
tíŋal force something into someone’s mouth; force a pig’s mouth open by sticking something into it
Maranao
tiŋal move, pry out
WMP Kankanaey
men-tiŋáŋa to be open at night; to be left open all night
Cebuano
tiŋaʔŋaʔ for a cover or shutter to be slightly open or ajar; cause it to be so
Lun Dayeh
təŋaŋaʔ open wide
WMP Atta (Pamplona)
ma-siŋan to see
Isneg
siŋán sight; detection; color
mag-siŋán to look, to see
ma-siŋán to be seen, to be visible
Tagalog
tiŋín look; sight; view; glance; viewpoint; opinion; diagnosis; judgement based on what has been seen
i-tiŋín to look for something on behalf of someone else
WMP Bikol
tíŋog voice
mag-tíŋog to make a sound; to voice something out, to say something
Agutaynen
tiŋel deaf, hard of hearing
Mansaka
tiŋug voice; word
Tausug
tiŋug a human voice
ka-tiŋug a sound
t<um>iŋug to sound like (someone’s voice)
Proto-Sangiric
*tiŋiR voice, sound
Proto-East Gorontalic
*tiŋogo sound, voice
WMP Kapampangan
tiŋgaʔ earrings (once a sign of slavery)
Iban
tiŋgaʔ ear pendant worn by men
WMP Hanunóo
tíŋi listen
CMP Kambera
tiŋi listen
WMP Ilokano
tiŋkáb to pry open (with a crowbar)
Tagalog
tiŋkáb forced open (said of locks, fasteners, etc.)
Hiligaynon
mag-tikáb to open one’s mouth
WMP Ilokano
tiŋkab-én to pry open (with a crowbar)
Hiligaynon
tikab-ún be opened, of the mouth
WMP Maranao
tiŋkas end, cease
Javanese
tiŋkas (of rain) stop, subside
WMP Ibaloy
i-tikeb to invert, turn over something so that it is lying on its “abdomen” or usual top side (as can, basket, cooking pot, book face down)
Iban
tiŋkap prostrate, prone, fall face down
Balinese
niŋkeb spill
tiŋkeb-aŋ be spilt, be laid face downwards
WMP Aklanon
tíŋkoʔ clink, hit lightly against (as glasses carried in a tray)
Tboli
tiŋkuk bump, hit against
Iban
tiŋkoh strike (matches, flint and steel, etc.)
CMP Kambera
tiku ticking sound (as of a watch)
WMP Itbayaten
tintin a bell, big bell
Ilokano
tiŋtíŋ ringing of bells
ag-tiŋtíŋ to make the sound of a small bell
Casiguran Dumagat
tiŋtíŋ to ring (of the sound of a bell)
Ibaloy
me-niŋtiŋ to ring a bell, perhaps especially a small, tinkling bell
Tagalog
t<ag>intiŋ tinkling or jingling sound
Bikol
tiŋtíŋ a tinkling sound; the clinking or ringing sound when metal hits metal
mag-tiŋtíŋ to make a tinkling or ringing sound
Agutaynen
tintiŋ-en to ring a bell, such as the church bell; to make a ringing sound, usually by hitting metal against metal
Malay (Brunei)
t<əl>intiŋ a noisy scarecrow used in ricefields
Malay
tintiŋ ringing coins to test their genuineness
Toba Batak
tiŋtiŋ something that is struck to call people together
Old Javanese
tiŋtiŋ to warble (of the song of a certain bird)
Proto-Minahasan
*tiŋtiŋ clang, ring (noise); produce clanging noise
Chamorro
tiŋteŋ clink, ding, tinkle, jingle
OC Nggela
tiŋ-i beat a gong, ring a bell (< *titiŋ-i)
Sa'a
ii a buzzing or whistling noise in the ear
Lonwolwol
tiŋ to sound out, of a drum (modern usage: sound of engine, chimes of clock, etc.; (< *titiŋ-i))
WMP Ilokano
tipák sound of a heavy fall
Kankanaey
tipák slap in the face, box the ears of
Bahasa Indonesia
tipak ~ tepak slap with the palm or the back of the hand
Karo Batak
tipak kick in an upward direction
WMP Tagalog
típas escape; evasion; detour; diversion
t<um>ípas to avoid meeting someone by taking another way
Maranao
tipas detour (as around log in path), swerve; askew (as picture on wall)
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
tipas to swerve aside to avoid hitting or being hit by someone or something coming toward you from the opposite direction
Iban
tipas to graze, touch in passing
OC Numbami
tiwi loincloth
Motu
sihi man’s girdle; the paper mulberry from which the girdle is made
Roviana
tivi-tivi loincloth
Ghari
tivi native loincloth for men
Woleaian
sifi-sif grass skirt; to wear a grass skirt
WMP Malay
tipis thin, delicate
Old Javanese
tipis thin, weak; lithe, lissom, supple
Javanese
tipis thin (not thick); down to the last supply
Balinese
tipis thin, fine (linen, paper)
Sasak
tipis thin
OC Ghari
ma-tipi thin
Talise
ma-tipi thin
OC Mota
tivi-tivi a fish, chaetodon
Wayan
tivi-tivi butterfly fish, Chaetodontidae
Tongan
sifi-sifi small fish, almost triangular in shape
Samoan
tifi-tifi name given to certain many-colored coral fishes of genera Chaetodon, Holacanthus, etc.
Kapingamarangi
dihi-dihi butterfly fish (several varieties)
Hawaiian
kihi-kihi various butterfly fishes
WMP Cebuano
tiptip cut the tip off something with scissors or shears; cut close to the surface or ground
Toba Batak
tiptip cut off, trim
WMP Kankanaey
tipók to clap, clack
Karo Batak
timpuk strike candle-nuts together (a game)
be-timpuk-an butt one another (of goats)
WMP Ilokano
típon mixture, assembly, gathering
ag-típon to assemble, unite, gather, convene, meet
i-típon to add, join, unite with
t<um>ípon to join; to live with
Bontok
tipun to assemble; to gather; to bring together in a group; to marry
Casiguran Dumagat
tipun grouped, gathered together; to group
Ibaloy
tipon for three or more to come together, be united, joined (as earnings of a whole family brought together); of the newly married or those brought together after a marital separation
i-tipon to unite man and woman --- of the action of a community in marrying a young couple or uniting the separated
Pangasinan
típon assembly, gathering; savings; to collect, gather up
pan-ti-típon-án gathering place; assemblage
Ayta Abellan
tipon to gather together
Kapampangan
típun gather, collect, accumulate
Tagalog
típon collection, accumulation; act of saving money for the future; compilation or collection, as of literary works of an author or authors; a small group or gathering of persons
mag-típon to collect; to bring together; to gather (something); to gather; to come together; to form into a group
ka-tipún-an assemblage; a group of persons gathered together; federation or congregation; organization; society; union; name of a secret revolutionary society founded during the Spanish regime in the Philippines
Bikol
mag-t<ir>ípon to assemble, come together, congregate, gather, meet
ka-tipón-an assembly, association, congregation, society; community
Hanunóo
típun collecting, gathering (together)
tipún-un be gathered
Aklanon
típon to gather, collect, assemble (non-homogeneous things)
t<il>ipon-án place of assembly
Cebuano
típun put, be together, join in a group; live together; live as a common-law couple
ka-típun housemate
ka-tipún-an a secret revolutionary society which aimed at independence from Spain
Mansaka
tipon to gather; to save; to collect; to pile up
Tiruray
tifon to gather things into a pile
WMP Tagalog
típoʔ having a tooth or teeth missing
Proto-Sangiric
*tipo to pick fruit
Tontemboan
tipuʔ toothless because the teeth have fallen out
t<um>ipuʔ to pull or fall out, of teeth; picking of fruit from a tree
Mongondow
sipuʔ picking (of fruit), shelling (of maize), falling out (of teeth)
WMP Kankanaey
i-tíad to stand on tiptoe
Ifugaw
tíad to stand on one’s tiptoes
Ibaloy
on-tiyad to bend backward, making the abdomen protrude forward
Tagalog
maka-tiyád able to stand on one’s toes
pa-tiyád standing on tiptoe
Cebuano
tiʔád with the back arched; to bend backwards
WMP Cebuano
tiaw kind of goatfish
Chamorro
tiʔao goatfishes: Upeneus vittatus (family Mullidae)
CMP Rotinese
tio kind of small but ritually important fish
Buruese
tia goatfish
OC Loniu
tiw the Samoan goatfish: Mulloidichthys samoensis
Seimat
tioti barbelled fish four to five feet in length
Motu
sio fish sp.
Nehan
tio Yellowstripe goatfish: Mulloidichthys flavolineatus
Mota
tio a fish with barbels, like mullet
WMP Itbayaten
tiʔpas idea of cutting
tiʔpas-an to cut small trees by one blow
tiʔpas--en to cut with one shot
Tagalog
tipás cut off at one stroke; cut off at the base
WMP Pangasinan
sírit urine; to urinate
Bikol
mag-tiʔrís to urinate (humans)
Hanunóo
tírʔis stinging secretion of a millipede, the most important part of which is prussic acid
WMP Ilokano
tiíŋ-en to decant, rack
Cebuano
tíiŋ pour liquid out for drinking; share joy, pleasure with someone
tiíŋ-an container drinks are poured into
Mansaka
tiiŋ to serve (as wine which is put into cups to be distributed to guests)
WMP Casiguran Dumagat
tiis to suffer, to tolerate, to endure, to bear with fortitude; to be patient
Sambal (Botolan)
mag-tiʔís to suffer, to endure
Tagalog
pagti-tiʔís suffering; bearing trials or hardships
Hanunóo
tíʔis patience
ma-tiʔis-ún patient
WMP Bontok
títi to drip, of rain from the eaves of a house; such rain drops
Casiguran Dumagat
tití to pour out, to flow out (as to pour water out of a pot after the roots in it are cooked, or for blood to pour out of a wound)
Bikol
títiʔ to drip; pour drop by drop
mag-títiʔ to drip
mag-pa-títiʔ to pour drop by drop
Cebuano
tiʔtíʔ drain, consume to the last drop or bit
Chamorro
teʔteʔ drain pus, puncture an infection for purposes of draining
Formosan Thao
shin-tirtir to shiver, as with cold
WMP Karo Batak
tirtir shiver with cold
OC Nggela
ka-titi shake, shiver as with cold
Pohnpeian
sis shiver
Tongan
tete tremble, shiver, quiver or vibrate; (of the teeth) to chatter
Hawaiian
haʔu-keke quiver, shiver
WMP Cebuano
tiltil rap, tap lightly
Malay
titir rapping out a sound, especially as a signal
Sundanese
titir beating on a cymbal, drum, etc.; roll (of drums)
WMP Bikol
tíros tapering, attenuating
mag-tíros to taper
Mapun
tilus for one’s head to be pointed
Kelabit
sirut <M tapering
Balinese
tirus the sharp end, the point; the smallest of a series, rank
Sasak
tirus tapering to a point
WMP Ilokano
tírem oyster
ka-tirem-an oyster pond; place where oysters abound
Bonggi
tigaᵇm oyster
Malay
tiram oyster, Ostrea spp.; varieties include the edible oyster that adheres to mangrove roots and fishing stakes (Ostrea parasitica); the rock oyster (Ostrea imbricate); and the pearl oysters Ostrea ephippium, and Ostrea placentiforme)
Wolio
tira oyster
CMP Wetan
tirma shellfish
Asilulu
tilen oyster
SHWNG Kowiai/Koiwai
tiran common hammer oyster
Buli
si-siam oyster, a shellfish that likes to attach itself to the roots of (mangrove) trees
OC Yapese
yiim oyster
Bali (Uneapa)
chiro-chiromo oyster
Vitu
tilo oyster
Gedaged
tiz a bivalve marine mollusk like a som (som = teredo, etc., mollusks that cling to the belly of ships and boats)
Nggela
tilo species of mollusk, pelecypod, borer in ships and in mangroves
Kwaio
ilo oyster (generic; mostly West Kwaio usage)
Lau
ʔilo oyster
'Āre'āre
iro an oyster living on the roots of mangrove trees
Sa'a
i-ilo a mangrove oyster
Arosi
iro a small gastropod shell from which earrings are made; earrings
Wayan
tio bivalve shellfish taxon: generic for true oysters (Ostreidae)
vī-tio-tio place with many oysters, an oyster colony
Fijian
dio the rock oyster: Ostrea edibilis
vei-dio-dio of a rock, covered with oysters
Tongan
sio kind of shellfish, the rock oyster
Samoan
tio mollusc (Vermetus sp.), a snail; iridescent (shank), said of a fish-lure made from tio shell
tio-a be full of tio shell-fish
Tuvaluan
tio teredo; shellfish sp., monovalve
Anuta
tio a kind of very small shellfish
Rarotongan
tio the oyster
Maori
tio Saxostrea glomerata, rock oyster
tio-para Ostrea sinuate, mud-oyster
tio-tio barnacle
Hawaiian
kio a mollusk
Formosan Kavalan
tiRpes spittle
t<m>iRpes to spit
Pazeh
tixepes to spit
tixepes-i Spit!
WMP Itbayaten
tipah sputum
tiipah to spit
WMP Tagalog
tígis pouring of liquid from one container to another
tigis-án receptacle or container into which a liquid is poured
Bikol
mag-tígis to pour water into a jug or pitcher; to fill with water
Aklanon
tígis to pour out
Cebuano
tígis pour liquid into a drinking receptacle
Maranao
tigis resin
Binukid
tigis pitch (of a tree); sap (from a plant); for something cut to drip out
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
tiɣis of liquid, to drip or flow in a tiny stream
Yakan
tīs drip (a small amount of liquid that drains off something)
Ngaju Dayak
han-tis to drip, leak through
Malay
tiris oozing through; dripping, leaking (of rain coming through a thatched roof)
Toba Batak
tiris drip, leak
Proto-Minahasan
*tihis drip, leak
Wolio
tiri drip, trickle, fall (of rain), trickle through (of rain through a roof)
CMP Kambera
ndiri to leak, drip
OC Manam
tí-tiri to pour over
Mota
tir to drop, drip, as water
WMP Tagalog
tigis-án receptacle or container into which a liquid is poured
Bikol
tigís-an to fill with water
Bahasa Indonesia
tiris-an place where a leak occurs
WMP Maranao
titig cut, chop
Balinese
tihtih cut into very small pieces; smooth with a machete
WMP Tagalog
tigtíg jerkiness; jerking; shakiness; shaking or jogging, esp, with up and down movement of a vehicle
Karo Batak
tirtir shiver with cold
WMP Sambal (Botolan)
tísaʔ a tree and its fruit; the fruit is dry and very yellow
Cebuano
tísaʔ kind of single-seeded fruit, the size and shape of a small pear with bright yellow, inedible skin and flesh which is sweet and fleshy, but dry: Lucuma nervosa
Maranao
tisaʔ a shrub: Breynia cernua
OC Laghu
tihe to sneeze
Roviana
tihe to sneeze
Niue
tihe to sneeze
Maori
tihe to sneeze
Hawaiian
kihe to sneeze
WMP Hiligaynon
tisúk stick into
Kadazan Dusun
tinsuk pierce, prick
Sundanese
tisuk stabbing
nisuk to stab, as with a kris
WMP Maranao
titay footbridge
Tiruray
titay bridge; cross a bridge
Malay
titi narrow footway (of a plank bridge, gangway, log across a stream, or even of a bough as a footway from one part of a tree to another)
Old Javanese
titi footbridge
Palauan
did bridge
CMP Proto-Ambon
*tita(y) bridge
WMP Aklanon
títi nipple, teat (childrens word)
Agutaynen
titi nipple; breast; udder
Cebuano
títi breast; suck the breast
Muna
títi womans breast; suck on the breast
CMP Soboyo
títi suckling, infant
WMP Malay
titek heavy pounding blow; hammering
CMP Asilulu
titi to beat a drum in order to signal a meeting
WMP Hiligaynon
títiʔ nipple, feeding bottle
mag-títiʔ suck the breast, feed from a bottle
Tatana
titiʔ female breast
Abai Sembuak
titiʔ breast
Tingalan (West)
titiʔ female breast
Belait
titay female breast
Lun Dayeh
titiʔ the sucking of something; feeding an infant with mothers milk
nitiʔ to breastfeed an infant
Bintulu
titiʔ female breast
Rejang
titiʔ small, little; infant
Bonerate
titi female breast
Muna
titi womans breast; suck on the breast
Popalia
titi female breast
CMP Soboyo
titi suckling, infant
OC Hiw
tit breast
WMP Tagalog
mag-titís to flow or drip continuously (as perspiration, wax from lighted candles, etc.)
Ngaju Dayak
titis drip, trickle
Malay
titis a gentle drop (as of water)
Javanese
titis gutter, eaves
Sangir
t<al>intisəʔ drip down (of tears, rain, etc.)
Wolio
titi to drip, trickle, leak; be porous
CMP Rotinese
titi drip, flow
Buruese
titi-k to drop, trickle, like medicine from a dropper, etc.
titi-n a drop
OC Roviana
titisi sprinkle, shake off
Fijian
titi ooze, flow gently, as gum from a tree
Formosan Pazeh
titu little animal (puppy, kitten, piglet, calf, etc.)
mali-titu to give birth (of animals)
Thao
titu puppy, young dog
WMP Yami
cito dog
Itbayaten
tito dog
mat-tito dog-smelling
Agta (Dupaningan)
títu puppy
ta-titu small puppy
Isneg
síto puppy – just before it is born
sit-sitó ~ sis-sitó puppy – just before it is born
Maranao
tito puppy; call for a dog
WMP Casiguran Dumagat
tiyók white-breasted swamphen: Amaurornis phoenicurus
Bikol
tiyók a bird
WMP Taboyan
s-ɨn-iup to blow
Malagasy
tsióka wind, breeze, air
Banjarese
ta-tiup bellows
tiup to blow
Iban
tiup blow, puff, fan
Malay
tiup blowing, puffing
Proto-Sangiric
*tiup to blow
Sangir
tiuʔ blow, blow out, blow away
CMP Hawu
ta-tiu to blow (Fox, J. n.d.)
Dhao/Ndao
tiu to blow
OC Rarotongan
tiu one of the wind quarters --- west by southwest
Maori
tiu north,. north wind
Hawaiian
kiu name of a strong, moderately cold northwesterly wind
WMP Malay
me-niup to blow (as on a fire), to play (flute, etc.)
Sangir
ma-niuʔ to blow, blow out, blow away
WMP Ilokano
naka-tiwaŋwáŋ wide open, exposed
Tagalog
tiwaŋwáŋ wide open; completely exposed to wind, sun, etc.
Cebuano
tiwaŋwáŋ spread or open apart from a vertex or hinge-like joint
Mansaka
tiwaŋ to make an opening in (as in coconuts or bamboo)
WMP Itbayaten
tiwatiw giving light at night by shaking a stick which has fire at one end; firewood or reed used as a flashlight
Bontok
tiwátiw to drive chicken away with a stick
Kankanaey
tiwátiw to swing; to shake to and fro (a stick, etc.)
Ifugaw
tiwátiw up-and-down motion of the long pole of an Ifugaw sugarcane press
Ifugaw (Batad)
tiwātiw to frighten away animals, birds, chickens, from drying produce, as rice, mung beans, etc.
WMP Itbayaten
tiwtiw sound of alatiw (kind of bird)
Cebuano
tiwtiw tailor bird, the song of which is popularly said to be ‘Dakug putus’, ‘having a large penis’: Orthotomus atrogularis
WMP Bontok
tídak to push into the mud of a pondfield with one’s feet, as weeds for fertilizer
Ida'an Begak
tindak to step on
Minangkabau
tijak stepping, treading
Banggai
tindak stamp with the foot
Wolio
tidak-i stamp one’s feet, thump
WMP Tagalog
tindíg deportment; bearing; posture; pose
i-tindíg to stand; to set upright
t<um>indíg to stand up
Bikol
mag-tindóg to arise, get up; to stand or stand up; to stand up for one’s rights or what one believes in
pa-tindog-ón to make someone stand; to tell someone to get up
Hanunóo
tindúg standing, being erect
t<um>indúg to stand up
mag-pa-tindúg to erect, construct something (as a house)
Maranao
tindeg stand
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
hi-tindeg stand up
Mandar
tindaʔ erect, upright
CMP Manggarai
tindek erect; to stand up (of the tail, etc.), set upright
tidek erect (penis)
OC Manam
to-aka (< *toa-aka) to imitate, copy, mimic, mock
Gumawana
va-to-towa-na to imitate
Dobuan
e-to-towa-na to copy, mimic, imitate
Lewo
tou-towa <A to measure; to imitate
CMP Kei
tob float on a fishhook
SHWNG Numfor
kob float (of fishing line, fishnet)
OC Seimat
top tree with light wood used for fishnet floats
kaka-top fishnet float
OC Roviana
toba a long narrow island lying close to a mainland
Marovo
toba elevated barrier islands (i.e. islands enclosing sheltered water)
Arosi
obʷa coral reef; a pool in rocks
obʷa-obʷa a bay, harbor
Bauro
opwa-opwa a bay, harbor
Fijian
toba a bay or gulf
OC Tenis
tova- belly
Muyuw
tobʷ stomach
Molima
tobʷa cloth bag
Nggela
tomba belly, stomach (within, as kutu is without); heart, mind, seat of affections
Kwaio
oga belly; mind
Lau
oga small intestines
Sa'a
opʷa- belly, bowels, stomach
Mota
topʷa- a basket to keep nuts in, so called from its shape
topʷa-i belly; seat of the affections; condition of pregnancy
OC Roviana
toka set out on a voyage
Eddystone/Mandegusu
toka embark, depart, put out to sea
Fijian
toka take a boat
OC Mussau
toka to sit
toka-toka to reside, live in a place
Manam
toka to land, get ashore
Bwaidoga/Bwaidoka
toga to sit
Dobuan
toa to perch
Roviana
toga said of a flock of frigate birds settling in a naru (Casuarina tree), etc.
toka to set out on a voyage
Arosi
oʔa to stay, dwell, abide; to settle, of birds
Mota
toga to abide, dwell, endure, live, behave
toga-g to settle in, take abode in
Wailengi
toka to sit
Rotuman
foʔa to place the foot down; to land, come ashore; (of birds) to alight, settle, roost; (of fish) to be stranded, left high and dry on the beach; (of canoe) to be beached
Wayan
toka (of any solid object) come to rest, be at rest; (of a boat) run aground, strike bottom in shallow water; (of e.g. a whale or dolphin) be stranded, beached; (of an animal) be tame, used to being with people; (of a person) be someone who can relied on when needed
Fijian
toka to sit on the heels, squat; to be placed, situated, of people and small objects; auxiliary verb indicating continuance in the given state or act
toka kasa to settle in a place
toka mata stare fearlessly at
Tongan
toka (of a boat) to run aground, or to rest on the bottom; (of running water, of particles in suspension, or of people, etc.) to come to rest, to settle down, to reach a calm or settled state; to set, jelly, coagulate; (of chiefs) to sleep (honorific for mohe)
Niue
toka the bottom of the sea
Samoan
toʔa (of liquid or solid body in a liquid, etc.) be still, settle down; (of boat) run aground; (of people) stop; sea rock, reef; calm, relief
toʔa-toʔa calmly
Tuvaluan
toka peaceful, be in peace
Nukuoro
doga to land on (as bird on branch)
Rennellese
toka to be or get well; to be in good health, cured of sickness, recovered; to be calm, quiet, of persons or the sea; to recover
Anuta
toka a boulder in the sea which is submerged at least part of the time
Rarotongan
toka congealment; anything congealed, frozen, etc.; to congeal, to freeze, to become hard or firm or solid, to solidity, as by cold; to pass from fluid to solid
Maori
toka stone, rock; firm, solid; satisfied, contented; to wait, stay still
Hawaiian
koʔa coral, coral head
OC Nauna
tolaw north wind
Penchal
rolaw east wind
Lenkau
trolaw east wind
Pak
dolaw east wind
Loniu
tolaw east
Leipon
tolaw north wind; north
tolaw e hey northwest monsoon
Ahus
tolaw north wind; north
Kuruti
tolaw north wind
Levei
tolaw east wind
Sori
laŋa toraw east wind (laŋa = ‘wind’)
Lindrou
tolaw north wind
Seimat
tola north wind
Wuvulu
oala north wind
Nehan
tulaur wind from the southwest
Roviana
togarauru a wind that blows from north to northwest
Proto-North-Central Vanuatu
*tokalau northerly wind
Mota
togalau a northwest wind that blows over Ureparapara
Wayan
tokalau east wind; easterly
Fijian
tokalau the northeast wind; the northeast
Tongan
tokelau north (wind direction)
Niue
tokelau north, northern
Samoan
toʔelau prevailing easterly winds which blow from northeast through east to east-southeast from May to October, and are commonly known as trade winds
Rennellese
tokegau northwest wind, north wind; to blow, of this wind
Rarotongan
tokerau northwest wind
Hawaiian
koʔolau windward sides of the Hawaiian islands
OC Ubir
tog to perch
Mono-Alu
toko to go to a place
Bugotu
togo-ni to arrive, of an appointed day
Nggela
togo-ni to arrive at, come to a place; return home from a journey
Lau
ō to perch, of birds; to hover over, as a butterfly over flowers
Proto-Micronesian
*toko to alight, land
Marshallese
jok to land, alight; perched
Mokilese
jok to swoop
jok-di to land (of bird, plane)
Woleaian
tog(o) to arrive, land, come ashore, be safely home
Kapingamarangi
dogo to perch
Anuta
toko to set, of the sun
OC Gumawana
tokuku angelfish
Tongan
tukuku <A kind of fish (very small)
Samoan
tuʔuʔu name given to certain small and queer fishes of genus Abedefduf, Pomacentrus, and Chromis
OC Nali
droy canoe
Ere
dwal canoe
Titan
dol canoe
Likum
con canoe
Lindrou
dron canoe
Bipi
dun canoe
Bugotu
tola large canoe with prow and stern not very high
Nggela
tola a canoe smaller than peko (war canoe with high prow and stern) and with lower ends
Lau
ola a canoe built of planks sewn together
Arosi
ora a plank-built canoe
OC Manam
tólila <A a few, only three
Bugotu
tolira they three, of men only
OC Numbami
-toloŋa to swallow, gulp down
Anejom
a-tleŋ/e-tleŋ to swallow
OC Numbami
tonowa <A straight
Kukuya
tunuɣa <A straight
tunu-tunuɣa do right, be righteous
Laghu
to-tonu straight
Fijian
donu straight, right, in church languages sometimes for “holy”; correct, befitting, becoming, true, righteous; used thus of a sacrifice accepted
Tongan
tonu to be exact, correct, right, as it ought to be, or exactly suited to the occasion
Niue
tonu proper, right
faka-tonu to put right, to correct; to place in position; to aim; to tell plainly
Samoan
tonu be exact, correct; be right, just; be agreed, resolved, decided; rightly, correctly
Rennellese
tonu to be correct, satisfactory, right, excellent; to be fulfilled
haka-tonu to approve, agree; to be clear, understandable; to conduct a temple ritual
Anuta
tonu right, correct; true, truthful
OC Nauna
toñ to swallow
Penchal
roñ to swallow
Wuvulu
pici-ʔono to swallow
ono-mia swallow it!
Manam
tono to swallow
Cheke Holo
tomno <M to swallow
Lau
ono-mi to swallow, swallow whole
Arosi
ono-mi to swallow
Tamambo
dono-mi to swallow
OC Gedaged
toŋol to eat fast, not stopping to masticate the food properly
Tami
toŋ to swallow
Haku
toŋolo to swallow
Sye
e-tŋol-i to swallow
OC Motu
topo-a to suck, as an infant; to suck without noise
Bugotu
to-topo a pipe
OC Marau₂
opa- belly
Nggela
tomba belly, stomach (within, as kutu is without); heart, mind, seat of affections, in phrases
Kwaio
oga belly; mind
Lau
oga small intestines
Sa'a
opwa belly, bowels, stomach
Arosi
oba-oba the lap
Mota
toqa-i belly; seat of the affections; condition of pregnancy
OC Vitu
toha chicken
Tinputz
toàʔ chicken
Teop
toa small water fowl
Mota
toa the native domestic fowl
Raga
toa fowl
Nêlêmwa
ko fowl
Fijian
toa a jungle fowl: Gallus gallus, Gallus bankhiva, and the domestic fowl
Tongan
toʔa daring, courageous, or strong in fight
Niue
toa warrior, brave
Futunan
toʔa be courageous
moa toʔa cock, rooster
Rennellese
toʔa strength, authority; to be strong, to win
OC Nehan
to-tor a tree: Cordia subcordata
Petats
to-tol a tree: Cordia subcordata
Fijian
tou a plant, Cordia aspera; the sap is used as a paste
Tongan
tou a tree: Cordia aspera
Rarotongan
tou a tree: Cordia subcordata
Hawaiian
kou a tree: Cordia subcordata
SHWNG Serui-Laut
toi write
OC 'Āre'āre
osi-a to cut, bevel timber for joints
Arosi
osi to cut, score
osi-osi striped, slashed
Wayan
tosi make a mark on a surface; mark, draw, etch.
Fijian
tosi draw a line, score or mark
Tongan
tohi make marks or designs on; to write, write about
Niue
tohi to mark (as with stripes or dots); to write; letter, book
Futunan
tosi book; letter; design; to make a design, write
Samoan
tosi to score, scratch
tosi-tosi scrawl, scribble
Rennellese
tosi write, draw; outline a tattooing pattern
OC Mengen
toto blood
Gedaged
toto spurting, squirting (as blood)
Tongan
toto blood
Niue
toto blood; sap, juice; a plant with milky sap (Euphorbia atoto)
Samoan
toto blood; to bleed
Tuvaluan
toto blood
laakau toto a small herb, Euphorbia atoto
Kapingamarangi
dodo blood; to bleed
Nukuoro
dodo blood
Rennellese
toto blood; sap, as of banana trunk or fruit; to bleed, emit sap
Anuta
toto blood; red
Rarotongan
toto blood
Maori
toto blood; to bleed
Hawaiian
koko blood; rainbow-hued
a-koko endemic shrubs and small trees (Euphorbia spp.) with jointed leaves, oblong stems, and milky sap
WMP Ilokano
tuád very large net used to fish ipon (kind of fish which hatches in sea water, but grows and spawns in rivers)
Karo Batak
tuar small fish-trap placed with opening stream-upwards
WMP Bontok
tuwád to be bottom up, as women working in the fields; to walk, bottom out
na-tuwad to be bottom up, of an upturned jar
Casiguran Dumagat
tuwád to be bent over (standing, but with the hands on the floor); upside-down
Tagalog
tuwád bent down with head low and buttocks up or higher than head; upside-down
Bikol
tuwád bend over with one's rear end sticking up in the air
mag-tuwád to bend over with one’s rear end sticking up in the air
Hanunóo
tuwád state of being upside down, head forward, buttocks protruding backwards
Aklanon
tuwád put one's rear end out to, bend over and stick one's buttocks toward
Cebuano
tuwád be in a position with the rump stuck out and the body downward; overturn something bottoms up
Maranao
toad to squat; position on all fours, hands and feet
Mansaka
tówad to bend forward so rear end protrudes; to fall over (as a tree)
Tausug
mag-tuwad to bend over with the buttocks raised
Sangir
t<um>uadəʔ take the position of someone who stoops to pick up something lying on the ground without bending the knees
Mongondow
tuad bare the buttocks (a terrible insult)
tuad-on Bare your bottom!
popo-tuad to display the bare bottom (a terrible insult)
Tae'
tuaʔ turn around, turn upside down
WMP Tiruray
tuwok a palm: Areca caliso
Ngaju Dayak
tuwak an intoxicating drink made from rice
Malagasy
tuaka distilled spirits, rum (< Malay)
Malay
tuak toddy; palm wine (the best toddy is obtained from the sugar palm; ordinary toddy is coconut palm toddy
Toba Batak
tuak palm wine from the sugar palm: Arenga saccharifera
Old Javanese
twak ~ tok palm wine, usually from the aren palm
Proto-South Sulawesi
*tuak palm wine
CMP Manipa
kuae palm wine
OC Manam
toka elder same sex sibling
Vaghua
tsoaga- elder same sex sibling
Varisi
toga- elder same sex sibling
Lungga
tuga- elder same sex sibling
Proto-North-Central Vanuatu
*tuaka elder same sex sibling
Mota
tuaga- elder same sex sibling
Fijian
tuaka- elder same sex sibling
Maori
tuaka- elder same sex sibling
WMP Cebuano
túwaŋ ~ tuwáŋ tilt something over on its side (as a can slowly when you pour water out)
Maranao
toaŋ mold, as in brass; tilt
Tausug
mag-tuaŋ to pour a liquid from one container to another
Ngaju Dayak
tuaŋ what is poured
Malay
tuaŋ pouring out liquid (liquor into glasses, or molten metal into molds, but not of emptying out or throwing away)
Karo Batak
nuaŋ to pour
Toba Batak
ma-nuaŋ to pour, make liquid, of metal
pa-nuaŋ-an form into which something is poured
WMP Tagalog
tuwáŋ supported on both sides; carried by two, one on each side
mag-tuwáŋ to be partners (in a dance, etc.); to help one another in carrying a load
t<um>uwáŋ to help (another) in carrying a load
tuwáŋ-tuwáŋ in pairs, as partners
Bikol
mag-tuwáŋ to help by lifting one end of something while someone lifts the other
Hanunóo
túwaŋ balancing on a fulcrum, rocking to and fro
Agutaynen
mag-toaŋ for two people to carry something, such as a stretcher, between them; for two people to carry a heavy item, like a bucket of water or a pig, hung in the middle of a long bamboo pole
Central Tagbanwa
tuwaŋ-in to carry on each end of a pole
WMP Tagalog
ka-tuwáŋ a partner in some enterprise; a helper in some effort; co-sponsor in a baptism, confirmation, wedding or the like
Hanunóo
ka-túwaŋ carrying pole
WMP Tagalog
tuwáʔ joy; gladness; happiness
ika-tuwáʔ to cause or make one pleased, happy, etc.; to make one rejoice
Ngaju Dayak
tuah luck, advantage
Malagasy
ma-túa if it so happens, if by chance
Iban
ma-túa good fortune, sign or stroke of luck, godsend, windfall
Malay
tuah luck
ber-tuah luck-bringing, as a mascot or talisman
Gayō
tuah luck
Karo Batak
tuah blessing, prosperity, luck (compared to mana in the Pacific)
Toba Batak
tua luck
mar-tua be lucky
ma-nua-i to bring luck; make lucky, successful, happy
Proto-South Sulawesi
*tua good fortune, happiness
Makassarese
tua lucky
OC Uruava
tuari old
Mono-Alu
tuali-na old
Bugotu
tuali old, of an article
Malango
tuali old (of things or persons)
Talise
tuali old (of things or persons)
Tolo
tuali old (of things)
Moli
tuali old (of things)
Lau
kwali to be old, worn out (house, net, etc.)
kwali-na descendant
Toqabaqita
kwali-ʔa of an object, material, be old; member of second generation and beyond, ascending or descending; grandparent, grandchild, etc.; mother’s brother, mother’s sister, father’s sister; sibling’s child
Sa'a
wæli a space of time, long past
Arosi
wari old, chiefly of living things; long ago
sae wari an old man
na wari-sa of old time
Fagani
wari old (things or persons)
Gilbertese
tuai of long duration, past or future, so old, lasting onwards; long ago; forever
Proto-North-Central Vanuatu
*tuai long time, long ago, old
Mota
tuai of long duration, past or future, so old, lasting onwards
Aore
na-tuai old
Araki
ruai before, beforehand; in olden time, a long time ago
Wailengi
ta-tuai old
Raga
tuai old
Vao
mo-tue old
Nasarian
i-vi-twai old
Makatea
tuai old
Nakanamanga
tuai formerly, old, before
Tongan
tuai from of old, from days long since gone by, since very early times; ancient
Niue
tuai old, ancient; ancient times
faka-tuai slow, late (as work being done)
Samoan
tuai be late; be delayed; take a long time; later; lateness, being late
tua-tuai be slow
faʔa-tuai delay, hold up (the progress of something)
faʔa-tua-tuai ask for time (to consider a problem or to arrive at a decision, etc.); play for time; delay
Tuvaluan
tuai late
faka-tuai to delay
Kapingamarangi
duai late, to take a long time
Nukuoro
duai old (in the past)
Rennellese
tuai to be ancient, very old; ancient times; to be late or tardy
Anuta
tuei wait; old, ancient
Rarotongan
tuai the ancient hand-grater or shredding
WMP Tagalog
tuwás unbalanced; having one end heavier than the other
tuwas-án to provide a weight on something equal to the weight of the other side to balance something
Bikol
tuwás a lever
Malay
tuas levering up; using a lever for pressing or lifting
WMP Hanunóo
túway a species of clam (Venus sp.); clamshell used as a unit of liquid measure, i.e. a clamshellful
tuway-túway patella, kneecap
Romblomanon
tuway an ocean quahog mollusk, Arctica islandica
Masbatenyo
tuwáy clam
tuwáy-an clam bed (refers to a seabed where clams live)
Aklanon
tuwáy clam --- shell
Waray-Waray
tuwáy shell, seashell
Hiligaynon
tuwáy clam
Cebuano
tuwáy ~ túway kind of edible clam about 3” in width
pa-núway to go clamming
túway-túway kind of clam
Mansaka
toway kind of saltwater clam
Ida'an Begak
tuay clam
mə-nuay to look for clams, go clamming
Sangir
tue oyster
OC Kilenge
tue kind of freshwater clam
Bariai
tue kind of freshwater clam
Lusi
tue kind of freshwater clam
Kove
tue kind of edible marine clam with grayish shell about two inches in diameter
Nggela
tue species of mollusk, Pelecypod, freshwater Batissa, several species
tue-kunukunu very large species of Batissa
tue-tue species of mollusk, Pelecypod, Tellina; a young tue
Fijian
tue a shell, Cyamium antarticum N.
WMP Sambal (Botolan)
tobág to get angry quickly
Ayta Abellan
tobág to be rash, cruel
Cebuano
tubág-tubág to talk back insolently; heated exchange of words
Formosan Saisiyat
ta-tobaʔ fish poison
Pazeh
ta-tuba Derris poison (a type of vine whose roots are beaten and its poisonous sap is let flow in the stream to catch paralyzed fishes)
WMP Itbayaten
tova a species of plant, vine, used for kapan’asgaw method of fishing by means of suffocation
Ilokano
túba fish poison, Croton sp. plant
Isneg
túba the croton, Croton tiglium L., the source of croton oil; its fruits and, in some districts, it pounded leaves are used as a poison for stypefying fish
Kankanaey
túba a name applied to several plants used to poison fish
Ifugaw
túba the green fruit of the liana also called tuba: Jatropha curcas L. (Euph.); tuba fruits are used to envenom (more or less) fishes ... so that they may be easily caught
Ifugaw (Batad)
tūba a cultivated bush, Meliaceae Dysoxylam; fruit of the tuba bush, used as a poison for catching fish
Casiguran Dumagat
tube croton-oil plant, Croton tiglium (a small tree, the pods are pulverized and used to poison fish; when put in the water the fish are drugged, and then easily caught)
Ibaloy
toba a kind of shrub; its leaves, fruit and roots are poisonous and are pounded in slow-moving water to intoxicate (disorient) the fish and make them easy to catch
Ayta Abellan
tobah a species of shrub from the seeds of which croton oil is extracted
Tagalog
túba a species of shrub from the seeds of which croton oil is extracted; this oil is used for medicinal purposes and also as a fish poison
Bikol
túba plant sp. possessing a leaf stem which may be used as a laxative, and seeds from which an oil may be extracted effective in killing or stunning fish
tubá-an to poison a river with this oil; the fish caught in such a way
Romblomanon
tūba a tuba shrub or seed, Croton tiglium (Linn.); oil from the seeds is used medicinally and as a fish poison
Aklanon
tuba shrub, nut, medicinal: Jatropha curcas L.
Agutaynen
toba a kind of tree whose root can be used to blind or poison fish around rocks in shallow water and cause them to come to the surface
Cebuano
túba kind of croton plant: Croton tiglium
túba-túba kind of shrub, the leaves of which are used as a poultice and the seeds of which produce oil for soap: Jatropha curcas
Maranao
toa Derris elliptica /Roxb./ Benth., plant used to poison fish; poison
Binukid
tuba kind of vine (the roots of which are decocted into a poison for fish)
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
tuva a vine or tree of the genus Derris; the roots in decoction are used as a fish poison and the poison is also drunk as a means of suicide
Mansaka
toba to poison, as fish
Kadazan Dusun
tubo the root of a poisonous creeper (used for poisoning fish)
ko-tuba-an act of poisoning with tubo
po-nuba-an (place where to) poison fish with tubo
Tombonuwo
tuwo poison for fish
Murut (Timugon)
tuwo poison, Derris root
tuwo nu sopuŋ poison from tree root to poison freshwater catfish
ma-tuwo able to be poisoned
pan-tuwa-an time, place, or reason for poisoning oneself, for committing suicide by poisoning
Ida'an Begak
tubo to poison prawns or fish
Lun Dayeh
tubeh fishing poison; varieties include: tubeh buayeh (cactus); tubeh enep, tubeh demacar, tubeh kutat (trees); tubeh feladeh, tubeh falaŋ, tubeh bilaaʔ buluʔ, tubeh kayuh yuŋ, tubeh tebayan, tubeh fadih (roots); tubeh war ilaŋ (vine)
tuba-ʔ ask someone to fish by poisoning the river
Kelabit
tubəh a vine and the poison from its root used to stun fish: Derris elliptica
Sa'ban
bbəh a plant with roots that are pounded and mixed with river water to immobilize fish: Derris elliptica
Berawan (Long Terawan)
tukkih fish poison, Derris elliptica
Kenyah
tuba a root used for poisoning (esp. fish)
Kayan
tuvaʔ plants used for poisoning fish in rivers
Kiput
tubih fish poison, Derris elliptica
Bintulu
tuva fish poison, Derris elliptica
Melanau (Mukah)
tuba a plant, Derris elliptica
Bukat
tuvə derris root fish poison
Ngaju Dayak
tuwæ name of two types of creepers, the t. apoh with broad leaves, and the t. rurok with narrow leaves; the pounded roots are placed in a large pot of water and allowed to sit for awhile, and the mixture is then poured into a small stream that has been closed off at one end; about an hour later all the fish float to the surface in a torpid state so that they can easily be caught by hand; many of these fish die, but they can nevertheless be eaten without ill effect to people
Iban
tubai plants with poisonous juice used esp. to stupefy fish; tubai is one of the gifts made to mankind by the snake deities of Panggau; plants include Derris spp.: Derris malaccensis Prain, D. elegans Benth., D. thyrsiflora Benth., D. elliptica Benth., D. trifoliate Lour. (D. uliginosa Benth.); Diospyros spp. (trees, ... of which unripe fruit is used; Croton spp.; Diospyros spp. (yam climbers – tubers used); Calophyllum muscigerum Boerl. et Koord.; Barringtonia spp.; Linostoma pauciflora Griff. (shrub?); Blumea balsamifera Ham., Sapium indicum Willd. (coastal tree), and others; a little fresh root crushed in a cup of water will kill a man if he drinks it; a large scale tubai-fishing is a social occasion under an organizer (tuai)
Malay
tuba fish-poison; vegetable matter for stupefying fish and causing them to rise to the surface where they are easily caught; the commonest tuba is getah akar tuba, a watery extract from the root of Derris elliptica, but the number of these tuba runs into hundreds
tuba tikus ratsbane; white arsenic
Acehnese
tuba poison, venom
tuba jinu ~ tuba jɯnu a poisonous root-sap used to stun fish (so that they can easily be caught)
Simalur
tufa a plant, Derris elliptica and (fish) poison from its roots
Karo Batak
tuba name of various toxin-producing plants yielding fish poison, Xanthoxylum spp, fam. Rutaceae
Toba Batak
tuba plant with poisonous roots used to stun fish
tuba tihus rat poison, arsenic
Nias
tuwa a poisonous creeper used to stupefy fish in the water
Mentawai
tuba a plant, Derris elliptica, Leguminosae, the sap of which is used as a poison to stun and catch fish; fish caught in this way
Sundanese
tuwa name of a root with stupefying powers (much used to stun fish and so make them easy to catch by hand)
Old Javanese
tuba a fish-poison
Javanese
tuba fish poison
di-tuba caught with fish poison
Balinese
tuba a plant having intoxicating sap which is used to make animals unconscious; put into still water it stuns fish
Sasak
tua name of various poisonous plants (some of the Derris type) the roots of which are used to stun fish and so catch them
Sangir
tuwa kind of poisonous plant in two varieties; the ripe fruits, like those of the lawuo (Milettia servicea) are used to stun fish; the red variety is stronger than the white
Proto-Minahasan
*tuba plant used as fish poison
Tontemboan
tuwa a tree, the leaves of which are used to stun fish: Calophyllum inophyllum
Mongondow
tuba a plant the roots of which are used to poison fish
Kaidipang
tubo kind of plant used to poison fish
tubo kind of plant used to immobilize fish
Dampelas
tuba poison
Bare'e
tuwa a creeper: Derris elliptica; sap from its roots is used to stun fish
Tae'
tua a creeper the roots of which are pounded fine to yield a sap used to stun fish; to stun fish with this poison, Derris elliptica
Makassarese
tua kind of plant with roots from which a an intoxicant is prepared
at-tua to catch fish with the use of tua
Muna
tuwa kind of creeper, the roots of which are used to stun fish (Derris elliptica); to catch fish using this root
Palauan
dub bomb; dynamite; tree in legume family whose leaves and roots are used as poison to catch fish; vine in Legume family (whose roots are used as poison to catch fish)
CMP Bimanese
dua fish poison; to poison fish
Manggarai
tuwa Croton tiglium, a plant with leaves and fruit that are pounded and spread in still water to stun fish
Rembong
tuwa plant which yields a poison used to stun fish: Croton tiglium
Ngadha
tuva a plant used to poison fish
Kambera
tuwa creeper with poisonous roots used to stun fish (Derris elliptica); to stun fish with this poison (several types)
Rotinese
tufa a certain plant the roots of which are used to stupefy fish; to use this plant to stun fish and thereby catch them
iʔa tufa fish that are caught by tufa-fishing
Tetun
tuha a creeping plant whose bark and roots are put into water to stun fish
Leti
tuwa plant used to stun fish: Derris elliptica
Asilulu
tuha kind of vine, Derris elliptica Benth., the root of which is used as a medicine and fish poison
Buruese
tufa fish poison; to poison fish using tufa poison (intr.); to poison with such a vine
tufa-h to poison fish using tufa poison (tr.)
OC Ere
tuh vine (generic)
Tolai
tuva ~ tua species of vine
Bali (Uneapa)
tuva plant with root that is pounded and mixed with water to stun fish: Derris elliptica
Lusi
tuva fish poison
Lakalai
la-tuva a vine (Cassytha filiformis)
Wedau
tuva creeper whose roots are used in killing fish; dynamite
Motu
tuha the dynamite plant, the leaves and roots of which are used to stupefy fish (Derris uliginosa)
Kilivila
tuva poisonous root used for fishing
Molima
tuva Derris
tuva-i to use Derris to poison fish
Tubetube
tuva poison vine used to kill fish
Bugotu
tuva a creeper used for poisoning fish; to poison fish
Nggela
tuva a species of plant used for poisoning fish
Sa'a
uhe a strong ground creeper used in tying, with bitter juice; scraped and used to poison fish
Ulawa
uha a strong ground creeper used in tying; used in the incantations as a metaphor for magical power
Arosi
uha a species of creeper
Proto-Micronesian
*[tT]upa fish poison
Chuukese
wúúp a vine, Derris elliptica; its roots and stems are used for fish poison, and the long vine is used as a rope to haul logs
wúp to fish with fish poison
Rotuman
fuha a creeper whose stems and leaves are used for stupefying fish ... Another kind of creeper, said to have been brought from New Guinea and known as fuah ne Niu Kini, is used for the same purpose with better results; another fish poison is made from the fruit of the hufu (Barringtonia) tree
Wayan
tuva vine (wā) taxon: generic: includes species of Derris (Leguminoseae), scrambling or climbing plants with pinnate leaves, which are crushed and used to poison reef fish
tu-tuva to poison fish, go fish-poisoning
tuva-ni poison something with Derris juice
Fijian
duva two plants: (1) Couthovia corynocarpa, Loganiaceae, and (2) a plant used for poisoning fish, Derris trifoliate, Leguminoseae; to poison fish
WMP Isneg
ma-núba to use tuba (Croton tiglium L.) for stupefying fish
Ibaloy
me-noba to use toba in fishing
Agutaynen
ma-noba to catch fish using the sap from the root of the toba tree
Kadazan Dusun
mo-nubo to poison with tubo
Murut (Timugon)
ma-nuwo to poison (as a rat)
Ida'an Begak
mə-nubo to poison prawns or fish
Lun Dayeh
nubeh to poison fish
Kenyah
nuba to catch fish with tuba sap
Kayan
nuvaʔ to poison fish with plant poisons
Kiput
nubih to stun fish by spreading pulverized Derris root in the river
Ngaju Dayak
ma-nuwæ to catch fish with tuwæ
Simalur
ma-nufa-e to stupefy fish with tufa
Toba Batak
ma-nuba to fish with tuba
Nias
ma-nuwa to poison fish with tuwa
Sundanese
nuwa to treat with tuwa
Balinese
nuba to stun fish with tuba
Bare'e
mo-nuwa to stun fish with tuwa
Palauan
mə-lub to bomb, bombard, dynamite
WMP Kayan
pe-tuvaʔ to catch fish by poisoning the water with tuba root
CMP Kambera
pa-tuwa to stun fish with a pounded extract from the roots of Derris elliptica
WMP Lun Dayeh
t<in>ubeh poisoned with fish poison by someone
Kiput
t<ən>ubih was stunned by poison, of fish
Tontemboan
t<in>uwa what is poisoned with tuwa (name of two rivers in Tontemboan country)
Palauan
d<əl>úb was bombed, was dynamited
Formosan Saisiyat
t<om>obaʔ to poison fish (a fishing method)
Pazeh
mu-tuba to catch fish with Derris poison
WMP Ida'an Begak
t<əm>ubo to poison prawns or fish
Acehnese
t<ɯm>uba to catch fish by stunning them with tuba
WMP Ilokano
tuba-en to poison fish in the water
Bikol
tubá-on to catch fish with tuba
Kadazan Dusun
tubo-on be poisoned with tubo
Murut (Timugon)
tuwo-on be poisoned by someone
Lun Dayeh
tube-n will poison with tubeh
Balinese
tuba-hin to be poisoned with tuba
CMP Bimanese
tuɓa to lance, pierce with a lance or similar sharp weapon; stab
Lamaholot
tubak stab
WMP Ifugaw
túbak hew off large pieces of wood for logs
CMP Kambera
tumbaku strike, knock against (as a buffalo butting with its horns against a fence)
WMP Kalamian Tagbanwa
tubal to answer
Aborlan Tagbanwa
tubag to answer
Binukid
tubag to answer, respond
Mansaka
tobag to answer; to reply
OC Tolai
tubara species of land crab
Nggela
tumbala a species of yellow crab in mud
Rotuman
fupa small land crab
Wayan
tubā the most common kind of land crab, probably Cardisoma carnifex and C. rotundum (Portunidae); almost completely land-dwelling and generally found close to the beach
Tongan
tupa kind of land crab
Niue
tupa a crab
Samoan
tupa beach crab (Cardisoma sp.)
Tuvaluan
tupa land crab
Kapingamarangi
dube land crab
Nukuoro
duba land crab sp. (small)
Anuta
tupa land crab
Rarotongan
tupa general name for crab, more especially the edible species of the land crab
WMP Malay
habis tumbas to the last drop; to the bitter end; to the uttermost. Stronger than habis (ended, exhausted)
Mongondow
tubat waste, what is thrown away, as a chewed betel quid or a fruit from which the juice has been sucked
WMP Casiguran Dumagat
túbli species of vine the root of which is used to poison fish: Derris elliptica
Bikol
tublíʔ a climbing vine with roots that produce a substance useful in treating wounds or in poisoning fish: Derris elliptica
Hanunóo
túbli a vine the sap of which is used as a fish stupefier; also the fish-stupefying substance itself; the pulverized roots of this plant are applied as a medicament to large skin ulcers: Derris elliptica
Bare'e
tuwele [-e unexpl.] kind of creeping plant
Kulisusu
cuwele a vining plant, derris, and esp. the root, from which a fish poison is obtained
Wolio
tuwele [-e unexpl.] fish poison, tuba
WMP Ilokano
tubéŋ obstacle, obstruction
ma-tubéŋ to be blocked, hindered, obstructed
tubeŋ-én to block, hinder, obstruct; stop
Wolio
tubo obstacle, hindrance; to obstruct, stop
OC Molima
tubu-tubu elephantiasis of the legs
Uruava
tubu to swell
Roviana
tubu sore, ulcer
Nggela
tumbu a boil, larger than mbutongo
Kwaio
ubu swell, swelling, swollen
ubu-ubu-ʔa thick
Arosi
ubu to swell; a swelling, large boil
ubu--ubu thick
Bauro
upu a boil
Fijian
tu-tubu an eruption on the skin: herpes, hives
OC Tolai
tubu to grow, of men or animals, but not plants; stout, corpulent, fat, esp. of people, occasionally of fruit
Sio
tumbu fat; gain weight
Numbami
-tumbu to grow, get fatter
Fijian
tubu to grow, increase
WMP Casiguran Dumagat
məg-tubúg to be in a carabao wallow (of a carabao); to wallow
t<um>ubúg to go into a wallow
tubúg-an a carabao wallow
Bikol
tubóg to wallow in the mud
WMP Ayta Abellan
tobol to send someone (in place of one who can’t go)
Agutaynen
tobol instructions; command; order
tobol-on to instruct or order someone to do something; to send someone on an errand
WMP Itbayaten
tovoŋ bamboo container, a basket which contains tobacco and/or other personal effects
Ivatan
tuvuŋ a bamboo container for keeping salt, fishing hooks, etc.
Ibatan
toboŋ a section of a bamboo stem or a tube (a tube with a closed end was used for a lamp)
i-toboŋ put something into a bamboo tube
Ilokano
túboŋ tube of bamboo; wind instrument
i-túboŋ to put in a tube
Isneg
túboŋ a bamboo tube
ma-núboŋ to use a bamboo tube
Bontok
túbuŋ a bamboo container, used for preserving fish or sliced meat, or for storing salt; to place something in this container
Ibaloy
toboŋ sections of bamboo internodes that were traditionally used to store salt, chili peppers, sugar
i-toboŋ to put something into a bamboo for storage
Pangasinan
tobóŋ a length of bamboo hollowed out to serve as a container for carrying water, etc.
i-tobóŋ to put something inside something else
Kayan
tuvuŋ a drum made from a long, hollow, wooden cylinder, covered with skin of animal; a section of large bamboo with a long slit cut in it
OC Sinaugoro
tubua highest point on the head
Motu
tubua crown of head, top of anything
Rotuman
fupuŋa crown of the head
WMP Tagalog
tubóg a pool of water
Proto-South Sulawesi
*tumbu(r) well up; spring
Wolio
tumbu well up, spout up
OC Fijian
tuvu a spring of fresh water, on the sand along the beach, generally somewhat brackish
Tongan
tufu spring of water, esp. one on the beach
Samoan
tufu pool or spring of fresh water (situated near the seashore and sometimes brackish)
Rennellese
tuhu natural saltwater ponds connected underground with the sea, where large fish and sharks are sometimes speared
WMP Yami
tovoy ask to leave
tovoy-in assign, make go
Itbayaten
mipi-tovoy to send for
tovoy-en to send on an errand
Ibatan
toboy send someone on an errand
toboy-en a messenger, servant, someone sent to do an errand
Ilokano
túboy to agree, allow, consent to; approve
pa-tubúy-an to give leeway; give consideration to
WMP Banggai
tudaŋ to sit, of birds; roost
Bare'e
tunda sit
Buginese
tudaŋ sit
CMP Geser
ma-toran sit
SHWNG Buli
to-tolaŋ sit
Kurudu
tur(a) to sit
WMP Tboli
tudaʔ throw
Mongondow
tudaʔ throw
Wolio
tuda throw
CMP Tetun
tuda throw
WMP Bontok
ʔi-tudlúk to pierce through an object, as with a needle in sewing
Cebuano
tudlúk to prick or poke s.t. by driving s.t. pointed into it; plug into a socket
WMP Itbayaten
torem a small mole, a small black spot on human body
Ibatan
tolem a black mole on the skin
Ibaloy
todem bruise, black eye
me-todem bruised
Formosan Atayal
turiŋ to point; digit, finger, toe
WMP Malay
tudiŋ index finger; to point at
Old Javanese
tudiŋ index finger (?)
a-nudiŋ-i to point the finger at (esp. with the left hand in challenging)
Javanese
tudiŋ that which points (e.g. a clock hand, the index finger); to point at/out
Balinese
tudiŋ the index finger
WMP Maranao
todiʔ a tree bearing edible pods and flowers, Sesbania grandiflora (Linn.) Pers.
Tiruray
tudiʔ a tree bearing edible pods and flowers, Sesbania grandiflora (Linn.) Pers.
CMP Manggarai
turi a tree: Sesbania grandiflora
Tetun
turi a tree whose flower is used as a vegetable: Sesbania grandiflora
WMP Itbayaten
torok idea of being pierced by a thorn and the like, prick of a pointed object
Ilokano
túdok spit. A slender pointed rod of iron for holding meat, fish, eggplants, etc. while the latter are being roasted over the fire
CMP Manggarai
tuduk poking, stabbing, pricking, transfixing (as roasts before the fire or on the spit)
WMP Yami
toro pay, give
i-toro to give
t<om>oro to pay back
toro-an to give
Itbayaten
torox idea of giving
i-torox to give for someone
t<om>orox ~ om-torox to give
Ibatan
toroh give something to someone
Agutaynen
mag-torol to give something; to give something that is asked for; to offer something; to submit something
WMP Bontok
tuduŋ to protect from the rain or sun by covering with something, as a bunch of leaves; anything used as a cover for protecting from sun or rain
Sambal (Botolan)
tolóŋ a covering for head, as a cloth, banana leaf, etc.
Tagalog
túroŋ native hat made of nipa leaves
Agutaynen
toroŋ head covering, such as a piece of cloth wrapped around the head, or a hat with a brim
Palawan Batak
tudúŋ woven rattan headband worn by women
Maranao
todoŋ gaily colored basket (used as a cover)
Ngaju Dayak
ta-tudoŋ a large cover plaited of leaves and used to cover food, etc.
Malay
tuduŋ veiling; hiding under a cover; sun hat
Javanese
tuḍuŋ anything used for covering the head as protection against the sun
Balinese
tuduŋ cover, veil
Chamorro
tuhoŋ hat, sombrero, cap
CMP Ngadha
turu umbrella, covering
Formosan Trobiawan
tozo to leak
Saisiyat
mon-torœʔ to drip
t<om>orœʔ to leak
Thao
tusuq a leak, as in a roof or a container for liquids; dripping water
Bunun
tuduq leak, drip; drop (of water)
Paiwan
tjuzuq a drop (of water)
tj<m>uzuq to drip
tj<in>uzuq-an a drop of water that has fallen
WMP Itbayaten
toro leakage, leak
Ilokano
túdo rain
ag-túdo to rain
Isneg
túdo rain
Bontok
túdu leak
Kankanaey
men-tódo to gutter; to leak; to rain through (applied to rain passing through the roof)
Ifugaw
túdu dripping; rain drops which fall on the floor of a house because there is a little hole in the grass covering the house
Ifugaw (Batad)
tūdu for something to leak (as a rain hat, a water pot)
Kapampangan
tulu(ʔ) drop; flow; spill; pour
ka-tulu-an spilling, outpouring (sometimes used as a veiled reference to venereal disease)
Tagalog
túloʔ drip; dripping; drop; dropping (of liquid); leak; leakage; leaking; trickle, a small flow or flowing
pa-tuluʔ-an to have medicinal drops put in one’s eyes, ears, etc.
Hanunóo
túruʔ exuding, dripping (out), coming out, with reference to liquids; a drop of any liquid
Masbatenyo
mag-turóʔ to drip, leak, trickle, dribble
pa-turúʔ-on cause to drip
turuʔ-án be dripped on
Aklanon
túeoʔ to drip, leak (of faucet, water)
pa-túeoʔ to let trickle or drip
Waray-Waray
túroʔ the leaking out of liquid, leakage; that which drips or leaks out, a drop of water; leaking, leaky
Hiligaynon
túluʔ one drop, one drip
mag-túluʔ to drip, to leak, to fall in drops
Cebuano
túluʔ drop (as a teardrop); leak so as to cause dripping (as a leaking roof); drip, leak through; for drops to fall; leaky
Binukid
tuluʔ drop (of a liquid); to drip, leak through (something); for drops to fall, run or trickle down
Tausug
tūʔ a drop (of liquid); a dripping or leak (from a faucet or a wound)
mag-tūʔ to drip
Kayan
turu leaking; leaky
Kayan (Uma Juman)
turu to leak, of the roof
Bintulu
turuʔ leak in the roof
Ngaju Dayak
ha-turo drip through
Iban
tudoh leak from above (as a leaking roof)
Old Javanese
ka-turuh-an dripped upon, affected (destroyed ) by rain and humidity
Javanese
turuh leak, drip through (a roof); fade, as colors in the wash (Pigeaud 1938)
Balinese
tuduh be leaky
Sangir
turo a leak in the roof
Mongondow
tuyuʔ to drip, leak
to-tuyuʔ a drop of liquid
Muna
turu a drop (as of palm wine being tapped from a tree); to drip, come down (of rain), trickle’
po-turu leaking
Palauan
dúrəʔ leaking water; leak
Chamorro
tuhoʔ drip, leak, trickle, fall in or form drops, spot with rain, pour drop by drop
CMP Tetun
turu to drip, to fall in drips or drops (as tears)
Selaru
k-tur drip, leak
Yamdena
n-tur drip, leak
turu-n a drop of liquid
OC Vitu
turu drip (as blood)
Gitua
turu sprinkle water on
Motu
hetu-turu to drop, drip (of liquids, rain, etc.)
Arosi
suru to leak (as a roof)
Fijian
turu to drip, drop, of liquids (as with a leaky roof)
turu-va to drip on
i turu-turu a drop
turu drā the menses
Tongan
tulu-tā drop (of a liquid); to drip
tu-tulu to leak or be leaky, of a roof or anything above one
tuluʔ-ia to be wet (or damaged by wetness) as a result of leaks in the roof, etc.
tulu-tulu eaves
Futunan
tulu to drip
tuluʔ-i to drip onto, as a doctor putting drops in the eyes
Samoan
tu-tulu (of a house) let the rain come in, be leaky
tulu-i put drops into
tulu-tulu drip; cry; eaves
faʔa-tulu-tulu pour in drops
Kapingamarangi
tulu to leak
Nukuoro
tulu ooze a lot at one time
Rennellese
tugu to leak, drip; leak, dripping
tuguʔ-i to drip, as a boil; to drip sap, of various vines
Rarotongan
turu to leak or drip
Maori
turu to leak or drip
turu-turu to leak or drip
whaka-turu cause to drip
Hawaiian
kulu to drip, leak, trickle; to flow, as tears; a drop; general name for distilled liquor; dystentery, gonorrhea
WMP Itbayaten
ma-toro to be leaking (of the roof and the like)
Ilokano
ma-tudu-an to be caught in the rain
ma-tu-túdo rainy season
CMP Dobel
ma-turu to drip
WMP Bontok
man-údu to leak, as a roof
Ngaju Dayak
ma-nuro drip through (as water seeping through an old roof)
Formosan Thao
t<in>usuq dripped, has dripped
WMP Kapampangan
t<in>ulu(ʔ) dripped
Cebuano
t<in>úluʔ drip plentifully; drops; shedding of tears, blood or anything in drops; noise of dripping
WMP Ilokano
t<um>údo to rain
Ifugaw
t<um>údu it rains, it will rain
Kapampangan
t<um>ulu(ʔ) to drip
Tagalog
t<um>úloʔ to drip, to dribble; to leak, to fall in drops; to trickle; to stream; to seep,
Tausug
t<um>ūʔ for a liquid or the surface it is on to drip
Sangir
t<um>uro to drip, as water from a leaking roof
Formosan Thao
tusuq-in drip, of water from a leaking roof, be leaking
WMP Muna
turu-wo (dew) drops
Formosan Bunun
tuduq-an to leak, said of a roof
WMP Tausug
tūʔ-an to drip
Balinese
tuduh-an leak, a leaking spot
Makassarese
turo-aŋ to leak (as a roof)
Formosan Saaroa
ma:ta-tusoro to sleep (Ferrell 1969)
WMP Ilokano
túrog sleep (n.)
ag-pa-túrog to put to sleep; order someone to sleep
maki-túrog to sleep with someone
turʔóg sleepyhead, lazy person who continually sleeps
tu-turog-an the desire to sleep
Itawis
mak-ka-túrug to sleep
Sambal (Botolan)
túluy to sleep
Ayta Abellan
toloy to sleep
Tagalog
túlog sleep; rest; slumber; stagnant, not active; sluggish; dull; torpid
tulóg asleep, sleeping
ma-pa-túlog to be put to sleep
t<um>úlog to sleep; to slumber
tulúg-an to sleep in or on something
Bikol
túrog sleep, slumber
mag-túrog to sleep, to slumber
mapa-túrog to fall asleep
mag-turóg-an to act like one is sleeping; to feign sleep
pa-turóg-on to put someone to sleep (as a child)
turóg-turóg mimosa (plant with leaves that close up when touched)
Hanunóo
túrug sleep
Masbatenyo
turóg sleeping, asleep
maka-túrog sleep, fall asleep
ka-turog-án bedroom, sleeping room
Inati
ki-torod to sleep
Aklanon
túeog to be asleep; to sleep off/through
paŋ-túeog pyjamas, sleeping clothes
Hiligaynon
túlug sleep, slumber
Cebuano
túlug go, put to sleep; for lard and oil to congeal; for tops to spin steadily without a wobble; be sleepy
hika-túlug fall asleep
paka-túlug induce, put to sleep
ka-tulg-án-an place one sleeps
ma-tulúg-un fond of sleeping, always sleeping
Mamanwa
torog to sleep
Maranao
torog to sleep
Mansaka
torog to sleep
Manobo (Kalamansig Cotabato)
tudug to sleep
Manobo (Sarangani)
tədog-i to sleep
Tausug
tūg sleep
Tombonuwo
turuw-turuw piyuʔ sleep fitfully (lit. ‘sleep like a chicken’)
Supan
turug to sleep
Berawan (Long Terawan)
turo to sleep
Berawan (Long Teru)
turo to sleep
Kayan
tudu sleep, to sleep
tudu daw to oversleep in the morning (daw = ‘day’)
Kayan (Long Atip)
tudu to sleep
Kayan (Uma Bawang)
tuduʔ to sleep
Kayan (Uma Juman)
tudu to sleep
Melanau (Mukah)
tuduy to sleep
mə-nuduy to put someone (as a child) to sleep
maləm pə-tuduy nuptial night
t<ən>uduy to have been put to sleep by someone
Bukat
turuy to sleep
Taboyan
turuy to sleep
Malagasy
turi (< *turuy) sleep
Old Javanese
turū sleep
a-nuru-nurū to put to sleep, sing to sleep, sing a lullaby to
a-turu-turū to have a sleep, take a nap
sa-pa-turw-an sleeping together
t<in>urw-an to sing to sleep, lull to sleep; to sleep with
Javanese
turu to sleep; to go to bed
nuru lull someone to sleep; sleep in or on; sleep in the same bed with
pa-nuru place for sleeping; bed, bedroom
Balinese
turu sleep
turo-n-in pa be slept with by someone
Uma
turu lie down to sleep
Bare'e
man-turu let up in intensity (of wind or heat)
Proto-Bungku-Tolaki
*turuR to sleep
Moronene
mo-turi to sleep
Muna
tu-turu mata sleepy
Palauan
durs action of sleeping
dus-al-l place for sleeping, bed
CMP Lamaholot
turuʔ lie down, sleep
Adonara
turu-t to sleep
Solorese
turu to sleep
Kisar
nam-ku-kuru he is sleeping
Paulohi
mu-turu lie down, sleep
Asilulu
tulul slumber
tulu helu bedtime (about 10:00 PM)
tulul slumber
Wakasihu
tulo sleep
SHWNG Buli
tuli to sleep
OC Cheke Holo
tʰuru to sleep
Blablanga
turu to sleep
Ulithian
masėrė to sleep
Efate (South)
matur to sleep
WMP Ilokano
ka-túrog to sleep with someone
Ibanag
ka-turug to sleep
Itawis
ka-túrug sleep
Masbatenyo
ka-túrog sleep, slumber, nap, snooze
Aklanon
ka-tueóg to be asleep; to doze off, fall asleep
kue-ka-túeog to pretend to be asleep
Cebuano
ka-túlug sleep
Kalagan
ka-tulug to sleep
Uma
ka-turu lying down, sleeping
Palauan
kə-dúrs sleep together
Formosan Favorlang/Babuza
ma-turu to doze
Bunun
ma-tudul become drowsy
Hoanya
ma-tulu sleep
WMP Ilokano
ma-túrog to sleep; coagulate
ma-turog-an to fall asleep while on watch
Isneg
ma-túdog to sleep
Gaddang
ma-turog to sleep
Sambal (Botolan)
ma-toloy to sleep
Tagalog
ma-túlog to sleep; to slumber
Bikol
ma-túrog sleep; slumber
Hanunóo
ma-túrug go to sleep; sleep
Hiligaynon
ma-túlug to go to sleep, to fall asleep
Subanon
mo-tulug to sleep
Tausug
ma-tūg to sleep
Tombonuwo
mo-turuw to sleep
Malagasy
ma-turi to sleep
Old Javanese
(m)a-turū to sleep
Gorontalo
mo-tuluhu to sleep
pō-tuluhe sleeping place
mo-tuluhu to sleep
tu:-tuluhu sleeping, asleep
Totoli
mo-tulu to sleep
Dampelas
me-turu to sleep
Ampibabo-Lauje
mo-tulu to sleep
Bare'e
mo-turu lie down (to sleep)
Padoe
mo-turi to sleep
Bungku
mo-turi to sleep
Wawonii
mo-turi to sleep
Tolaki
mo-turu to sleep
Bonerate
mo-turu to sleep
Popalia
maturu to sleep
CMP Kisar
na-ma-kuru to sleep
Alune
ma-tulu sleep
SHWNG Gimán
m-tuli to lie down
Buli
am-tuli <M to sleep
OC Yapese
mool to sleep (?)
Hula
mau to sleep
Nggela
maturu to sleep
maturu manu sleep in daytime and on til morning
maturu mate to doze
Ghari
maturu to sleep
Longgu
mauru to sleep
'Āre'āre
mauru to sleep, slumber
mauru hāhi-a to watch with a dead person
mauru suusuu pretend to sleep
Sa'a
mäuru to sleep, to slumber
Arosi
mauru to sleep
maurur-aʔi to be sleepless
Bauro
mauru sleep, droop, wilt
Gilbertese
matu sleep, nap, immobility
Te ka-matu Protestant (because they close their eyes to pray)
matu-tu to sleep, to slumber, to be still, to close (a knife), to pass (cards)
Marshallese
mājur sleep; asleep
Pohnpeian
ka-mair to put to sleep
Chuukese
méwúr to sleep
Puluwat
mawúŕ to sleep, go to bed; to pass the night, as a ship in the lagoon
Woleaian
masiuriu to sleep
Sonsorol-Tobi
madil to sleep
Mota
matur(u) to close the eyes, have the eyes shut, sleep
North Malo
maturu to sleep
Marino
maturu to sleep
maturu to sleep
Raga
maturu to sleep
Apma
mcu to sleep
Sa
mcur to sleep
Uripiv
matur to sleep
Lingarak
-matur to sleep
Leviamp
m̋atər to sleep
Avava
matur to sleep
Nakanamanga
maturu to sleep
Iaai
mokutr lie down, sleep
WMP Ilokano
maka-pa-túrog something that causes someone to sleep, sleeping pill
Atta (Pamplona)
makka-tuduk to sleep
Isneg
maka-túdog able to sleep
Tagalog
maka-túlog able to sleep
máka-tulóg to fall asleep
Subanun (Sindangan)
mək-tulug to sleep
WMP Masbatenyo
ka-turog-ón sleepy, drowsy, lethargic, heavy-eyed, tired
Aklanon
ka-tueóg-on sleep
Javanese
ke-turu-n drop off to sleep accidentally, doze
WMP Aklanon
pa-túeog to put to sleep, hypnotize
Melanau (Mukah)
maləm pə-tuduy nuptial night
Uma
po-turu lying down, sleeping
po-po-turu lay someone down to sleep
WMP Ilokano
pa-turog-an put someone to sleep; sleeping quarters, bed
Old Javanese
pa-turw-an sleeping place, bed-chamber, bed
Bare'e
po-turu-a sleeping place
WMP Melanau (Mukah)
t<ən>uduy to have been put down to sleep by someone
Bare'e
t<in>uru lying down (without sleeping)
CMP Lamaholot
t<ən>uruʔ a sleeping person
WMP Tagalog
tulug-án room or place to sleep
Bikol
turóg-an a sleeping place
Tausug
tūg-an a place to sleep
Old Javanese
turw-an the act of sleeping; sleeping place, bed-chamber, bed
Formosan Kavalan
tusuz <M knee
pa-tusuz kneel
Amis
toros ~ tosor knee
pi-tosor to kneel
Puyuma
tuɖu knee (Katipul dialect, used in ritual context)
Puyuma (Tamalakaw)
tuzu knee
WMP Yami (Imorod)
otod knee
Yami (Iraralay)
tood knee
Itbayaten
tohod knee
Agta (Central Cagayan)
tud knee
Isneg
atúd knee
Itawis
atúd knee
Gaddang
tuud knee
Casiguran Dumagat
tod knee
Umiray Dumaget
tud knee
Sambal (Botolan)
tóʔol knee
toʔól-en lame
Kapampangan
tuʔud ~ tud knee
apuŋ tud great grandson
Tagalog
túhod knee
Bikol
túhod knee
apóʔ-on sa túhod great grandparent
maka-ápoʔ sa túhod great grandchild
Masbatenyo
túhod knee
Aklanon
túhod knee
Waray-Waray
túhod knee
Hiligaynon
túhud knee
Cebuano
túhud knee
mu-tuhud reach nearly as high as the knees
túhud-túhud ask for a girl’s hand from her parents
Mansaka
tóod knee
Tiruray
ʔetur knee
Tboli
tud bukol kneel down to show humbleness; descendants, strength of supporting relatives, grandchildren; supporter (bukol = knee)
Tarakan
atud knee
Murut (Paluan)
atur knee
Abai Sembuak
atud knee
Kujau
tətud knee
Bisaya
atud knee
Narum
taut knee
Iban
tut knee
Pendau
tuʔu knee
Balantak
tuur knee
Proto-Bungku-Tolaki
*tuu knee
Wawonii
tuu knee
Muna
tuu knee; hit something with the knee
CMP Bimanese
ta-tuʔu knee (probably < *tuta ‘head’ + *tuhud)
Manggarai
tuʔus knee
Palu'e
tu knee
Li'o
mbuku knee
Sika
tur knee
Atoni
tu-k knee
Tetun
tur knee
Vaikenu
tu-f knee
West Damar
turo knee
Manipa
tuʔu knee
Soboyo
tu-ñ knee
OC Molima
tu-tu knee
Mono-Alu
tū-na knee
Eddystone/Mandegusu
tu-tu knee
Rotuman
fū knee
WMP Casiguran Dumagat
taga-tod knee high (of the growth of rice, or the depth of a river)
Cebuano
taga-túhud up to the knees
WMP Bulungan
lutud knee
Narum
uhauʔ taut knee
Malay
lutut knee
Tolaki
lutu knee
CMP Lamaholot
loto(r) knee
Hawu
rutu knee
Dhao/Ndao
urutu knee
OC Wuvulu
luʔu knee
WMP Kankanaey
toék bow the head
Kayan
tuek bowing of head, nodding
WMP Kayan (Uma Juman)
tugal dibble stick
Lahanan
tugan dibble stick
Iban
tugal dibble stick
Malay
tugal dibble stick
Mongondow
to-tugal dibble stick
Banggai
tugal, tuŋgal plant rice
WMP Lahanan
nugan to dibble
Kapuas
ma-nugal to dibble
Malay
me-nugal cultivation of "dry rice", or planting on dry soil generally
Mongondow
mo-nugal to dibble
WMP Casiguran Dumagat
tugə́n to deliver (as pig meat to someone who has requested it)
Bikol
túgon a request to get something
mag-túgon to request that someone get something; to instruct someone according to one’s wishes
Aklanon
túgon to order, request
Cebuano
túgun to leave or send someone with instructions to do something; final message of a dying man
Binukid
tugun <A to send someone on an errand
Mansaka
togon to send word (through someone to someone)
WMP Ibatan
togi kind of small, thorny yam, about the size of a fist
Ilokano
tugí yam with brown skin and white meat, goa yam: Dioscorea fasciculata
Bontok
tugi yam; to gather yams
Kankanaey
tugí camote, sweet potato
Ifugaw (Batad)
tugi a lesser yam: Dioscorea esculenta; the root is boiled and eaten as a staple
Tagalog
tugíʔ a species of yam; a kind of vine or its starchy roots grown for food in warm countries
WMP Itbayaten
togtog music; knocking or knock
ma-nogtog to knock
mi-togtog to play a piece of music
Ilokano
tugtóg knock; music
ag-tugtóg to knock
pa-tugtog-án to play a particular piece of music for someone
pa-tugtog-en to have a band play at a party
Bontok
tugtug to crush by beating, as with a stone or piece of wood
Ibaloy
me-nogtog to knock, using repeated raps with the knuckles (as in asking to be received at a house)
Tagalog
tugtóg sound of music; playing on a musical instrument; ringing of bells, of alarm clocks, or chiming clocks; stroke or striking of the hours, etc.; touch; the act or manner of playing a musical instrument
i-tugtóg to play a musical piece for someone
má-nu-nugtóg musician; player of a musical instrument
mag-tugtug-án to play together (said of players of musical instruments)
t<um>ugtóg to play a musical instrument; to render; to play music; to ring; to have a ringing sound
Bikol
tugtóg music
mag-tugtóg to play a musical instrument; to beat a drum
Agutaynen
togtog the sound of something being played, such as an instrument, music, radio, etc.
Maranao
totog knock, hit, sounding board
Melanau Dalat (Kampung Teh)
tutug pound (food substances)
Old Javanese
tutug strike (knock, bump) against, hit
WMP Itbayaten
togtog-en to knock at
Ilokano
tugtog-én to knock on something, beat on a drum
Tagalog
tugtug-ín to play a musical instrument; to ring (a large church bell)
Bikol
tugtug-ón to play a musical instrument; to beat a drum
WMP Casiguran Dumagat
tuhók to string together, to thread on a string; to pierce through, to put a spit through pieces of meat (as to string fish on a line, or beads on thread)
Bikol
mag-túhok to string (as beads); to skewer, place on a stick; to impale
WMP Ilokano
tuí a glabrous bignoniaceous tree with opposite, pinnate leaves, terminal, few-flowered racemes, and white flowers: Dolichandrone spathacea
Iban
tuiʔ kind of tree: Ixonanthes icosandra
Malay
tui large tree: Radermachera gigantea or Ixonanthes icosandra
CMP Manggarai
tui, ntui forest tree with rather small leaves: Linociera, Dolichandrone spathacea
Rotinese
tui large tree that grows beside rivers and lakes
Yamdena
tui kind of timber tree
Buruese
tui a tree: Dolichandrone spathacea
OC Gedaged
tui a tree (Leguminosae) the stem of which is used to make canoes
Roviana
tui tree with inedible bean-like fruit
Nggela
tui sp. of tree
WMP Tagalog
tuwi-tuwi a tree: Radermachera gigantea (Madulid 2001)
Malay
tui a tree: Radermachera gigantea or Ixonanthes icosandra
WMP Tboli
tuwil any instrument used in prying off a lid
Murik
tuil jack, lever
Iban
tuil tongue, pin (of a buckle)
Malay
tuil jack, lever
Sangir
tuileʔ a prop; to prop
Formosan Paiwan
tjuiq bird sp.
WMP Maranao
toiʔ small bird that makes the sound "twit, twit"
WMP Ilokano
tugáw seat, chair
ag-tugáw to sit down; to be inaugurated, assume a political position
i-tugáw to seat, cause to sit down
ka-tugáw seatmate
pa-tugáw to be appointed in a position
Isneg
tuxáw seat
mag- tuxáw to sit
Itneg (Binongan)
mag-tógaw to sit
Lun Dayeh
tudo sit down; settle, live in a place, stay
ŋe-tudo to make to sit or settle down
Kelabit
tudo to sit
nudo to set, put something in a place (as a pot on a table)
Berawan (Long Terawan)
turaw to sit
Tring
tudo to sit
Berawan (Long Teru)
turaw to sit
WMP Cebuano
tuk word used in writing to indicate a knocking sound; in bowling a hit scored through the center, opening up a clear path
Maranao
tok thud, sound of dropping hard object
Ngaju Dayak
tok knocking sound
Malay
tok a dull knock
Karo Batak
tuk onomatopoetic for a dull sound like that of a punch
Javanese
ṭuk a stroke of the keṭuk gong; a knock
Balinese
tok the sound of a thing being hit hard
CMP Rembong
tuk thump
WMP Bontok
tukáb to open
Kankanaey
tukáb to open, set open, uncover, unmuffle
Ifugaw
tukáb act of taking something apart (e.g. a house, or parts of it); to take off something (as the cover of a basket)
Pangasinan
tóŋkab to force open with any instrument
Tagalog
tuŋkáb forced open; forced out of position
t<um>uŋkáb to dislodge forcibly; to force out of place
Cebuano
túkab open by pushing something aside, lifting a cover
Maranao
tokab to open (as a grave)
Iban
tuŋkap find or ferret out, discover by diligent inquiry, research
WMP Kankanaey
tukab-án to open; to set open; to uncover; to unmuffle
Kalagan
tuŋkab-án to dislodge something from a certain place (stress on the place)
WMP Itbayaten
mi-toka-tokad to perform movements in rising (as from sleep, sitting and the like), to stand up and move, to rise up on legs, of person, horse, cow
pa-tokad prop (support)
Kadazan Dusun
ko-tukad-an act of supporting or propping; act of putting up a ladder
Balinese
tuŋkad stick, staff
Formosan Amis
tokar a ladder, stairs
WMP Ilokano
tukád rung, rundle, step (of a ladder)
Casiguran Dumagat
tukad push a ladder out away from the floor
Ayta Abellan
tokad step; something to step on while climbing up
Yakan
tukad steps cut in coconut tree trunk to facilitate climbing
Kadazan Dusun
tukad ladder, staircase
Abai Sembuak
tukad ladder
Lawangan
tukar steps (=ladder)
Ma'anyan
tukat steps (=ladder)
Proto-Sangiric
*tukad ladder, stairs
Mongondow
tukad ladder, originally a notched log
Gorontalo
tu-tuadu ladder
Banggai
tukal ladder, steps
Uma
tukaʔ ladder
Bare'e
tuka nu eja rung of a ladder
Makassarese
tukaʔ stairs, ladder
Formosan Kavalan
tuqaz to climb (mountain, steps), to ascend; to go ashore, to land
WMP Itbayaten
mi-toka-tokad to perform movements in rising (as from sleep, sitting and the like); to stand up and move; to rise up on legs
Bikol
túkad a slope, incline
mag-túkad to incline, slope upwards; to go up a slope, to climb the side of a mountain
pa-túkad inclined upward, sloping upward
Hanunóo
túkad ascent, as of a ridge; uphill
tukád contrariwise; uphill
mag-túkad to climb, as a mountain
pa-túkad going uphill
Aklanon
tukád to go out of town; to go uphill
pa-tukár-on steep, uphill
Hiligaynon
mag-tukád to ascend, go up
Tombonuwo
tukad stairs, ladder; inland
t<um>ukad to go inland, to go uphill
Proto-South Sulawesi
*tukat to climb
Buginese
tukaʔ climb a mountain
Formosan Kavalan
t<m>uqaz to climb (mountain, steps); to ascend
WMP Tombonuwo
t<um>ukad to go inland, to go uphill
WMP Ilokano
tukák frog
man-nukák kind of snake that feeds on frogs
Isneg
tukáʔ frog
maxi-tukáʔ to gather frogs
tuk-tukáʔ wart; to remove them prick them in the evening with a thorn of the insisírit tree
Bontok
tukák frog
Ifugaw
tukák a kind of big frog (onomatopoetic word)
Ibaloy
tokak kind of small white, nonedible frog; usual habitat is ponds and ricefields, where they make loud noise at night
Tiruray
tukak a frog, Qxyglossus laevis Günther
WMP Itbayaten
tokax part of roof frame supporting rafters, tie beam
Ilokano
túkal prop used to keep a window from being able to slide
tukál-an to prop
WMP Ilokano
tukáŋ to leave half-open
Cebuano
tukáŋ put a piece of wood somewhere to inhibit motion, either by propping something under it and keeping it from falling, or by laying it in the way and stopping it from proceeding’
Ngaju Dayak
tukaŋ what is propped open by putting a stick under it
Malagasy
túhana a pillar, a support
ma-núhana to support, to prop
Iban
tukaŋ move or adjust door or window (usually open)
CMP Manggarai
tukaŋ support, prop up
WMP Ilokano
tukaŋ-án to prop in order to leave half-open
Malagasy
tohánana to be supported, to be propped
WMP Ayta Abellan
toka bill or beak of a bird; a peck with the bill or beak; bite of a snake; pecking of a chicken
Cebuano
túkaʔ peck at to eat (as chickens pecking at kernels of corn on the ground); beak, bill
Maranao
tokaʔ bill of bird, beak, point; pick by bill or beak; bitten by a snake
Binukid
tukaʔ beak, bill (of a fowl or bird); for a fowl or bird to peck at something to eat
Mansaka
tokaʔ beak; bill (as of a a bird or chicken);
WMP Cebuano
tukás open a shutter, curtain, etc.
Maranao
tokas veranda, porch
Bidayuh (Bukar-Sadong)
tuhas open
Lara Land Dayak
nukas open
Formosan Amis
toked a crossbeam in a building
Paiwan
tjukez a prop
ki-tjukez to rest one’s head or arm on something
tj<em>ukez to prop something up
WMP Tagalog
túkod support; bracket; brace; prop; prop or support in the figurative sense
tukúr-an to prop up; to hold up by placing a support under or against
tuŋkód cane; walking stick; staff
Maranao
toker spoke of wheel; crosspiece
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
tuked a walking staff
tu-tuked to use a walking staff
Kadazan Dusun
tukod to prop, support
Lun Dayeh
tuked a prop
fe-tuked a standing object with a tip that reaches the ceiling
nuked to prop up something
t<in>uked propped up by something
Kelabit
tukəd prop, support stick used to hold open the cover of the ikab (opening in the longhouse roof for the entrance of light and for the exit of smoke from the cooking fire)
Malay
toŋkat vertical prop; crutch; walking stick or staff
Toba Batak
tukkot stick, staff, cane
Balinese
tuŋkəd stick, staff
tuŋkəd-aŋ be used as a stick
tuŋkəd-tuŋkəd walk with a stick because of old age
Mongondow
tukod prop, support; to prop up, to support
mo-tukod go against the current
Wolio
tuko prop, support; to prop up, support, pole a boat
Muna
tuko prop, support something (with wood, etc.); punt a boat
ka-tuko walking stick, cane, crutch; use a walking stick or crutch
CMP Manggarai
tuker to prop up
WMP Kadazan Dusun
mo-nukod to support, prop up (as a house)
Malay
mə-noŋkat to prop up or seem to prop up from below
Palauan
mə-lúʔəs to prop open; to open (umbrella)
WMP Tagalog
mag-túkod to support; to hold up; to keep from falling
mag-tuŋkód to use a walking stick
Malay
ber-toŋkat to use crutches or a cane
ber-toŋkat-kan to rest on; to be supported by
Toba Batak
mar-tukkot to prop up with a stick
WMP Kadazan Dusun
tukod-on to be supported, propped
Balinese
tuŋkəd-in be provided with a stick
Mongondow
tukod-on it must be propped up; prop it up!
WMP Ilokano
tukkík poke, prod, prick, punch
Malay (Sumatra)
tukék woodpecker
tukik woodpecker
OC Tolai
tuk to probe
WMP Casiguran Dumagat
tukil joint of bamboo tube used to catch the sap dripping from a cut stem of a coconut or nipa palm (from which wine is made)
Tagalog
tukil length of bamboo (used as container); bamboo tube
Malay (Kedah)
tukil bamboo vessel
Formosan Paiwan
tjuktjuk beak (of bird)
tj-m-uktjuk to peck; to strike (as a snake)
WMP Yami
toktok to peck
Bontok
tuktuk the beak of a bird; to peck
Ayta Abellan
toktok to peck, as birds
Kapampangan
tuktuk bill, beak (of a bird)
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
tuktuk beak of a bird; the hole made in a tree by a bird pecking; to peck
Murik
tuntuk beak of a bird; pecking
nuntuk to peck
Toba Batak
tuktuk beak of a bird
Nias (Southern)
tutu the bite of a snake
Javanese
tutuk mouth [Krama Inggil speech level]
Balinese
tuktuk beak of a bird
CMP Tetun
tutu to peck (birds); to prod with the end of an object
Formosan Siraya (Gravius)
tuktuk skull
Siraya (Utrecht ms.)
tuktuk top, summit, crown
Proto-Siraya
*tuktuk top, summit, crown
WMP Yami
toktok hair whorl, top
Itbayaten
toktok peak, top, tip, topmost, summit, acme
Ilokano
toktók crown of the head; top, summit (of a hill, tree, etc.)
Bontok
tuktuk the skull of any human or animal, excluding the lower jaw; the summit of a hill or mountain
Ifugaw
tuktuk forehead; also applied to the top of a hill or mountain
Ibaloy
toktok head; other physical features corresponding to the head, with qualifying ni phrase, e.g. toktok ni shontog ‘top of the mountain
Ayta Abellan
toktok top
Tagalog
tuktók top, tip (of head, mountain, etc.)
Balinese
tuktuk top, tip, extremity
CMP Kei
tutu top, peak, extremity, upper part; south
Formosan Basai
toktok to hit
Kavalan
t<m>uqtuq to break something big into small pieces (as a big rock)
Amis
toktok to hit with a hammer
sa-toktok a hammer
Puyuma
tuktuk to hit with a hammer
tu<a>ktuk a hammer
WMP Ilokano
tuktók sound of pecking; knocking
ag-tuktók to knock eggs against each other; to make a knocking sound
Bontok
tuktuk-ən to pound, to break; to crush, as with a stone
Casiguran Dumagat
tuktuk to knock (at a door)
Tagalog
t<ag>uktók clack; a short, sharp sound like that produced by heels of shoes on a pavement or hard floor
Bikol
mag-tuktók to knock on, to knock for
Cebuano
tuktúk to knock on; peck at repeatedly
Maranao
totok nail (building material); to knock
Lun Dayeh
tutuk mallet, hammer
Iban
tutok to pound, crush (as rice to husk it in a mortar)
Malay
tutok crushing rattans into soft fibrous pulp
Tae'
tuʔtuk to pound fine (as foods)
Kulisusu
mon-cucu to strike, hammer (as a blacksmith)
Proto-South Sulawesi
*tuqtuk to beat, pound
Wolio
tutuk-i to pound, knock on; declare wrong, blame, condemn, damn
CMP W.Tarangan (Ngaibor)
tut to pound, beat
Sula
dotu to strike
SHWNG Gimán
tut to pound, beat
Biga
tut to pound, beat
OC Lakalai
tutu to tap, as with a tattooing needle; to strike with the finger; to bump, of heads
Kaulong
tut to pound, beat
Mbula
tut to hit, strike; hammer, pound, mash; knock; bump against, hit against
Gitua
tutu to pound, beat, knock
Nehan
tut to hammer, hammer wooden pegs
Petats
tut to punch
Takuu
tuki to pound (taro, etc.)
Roviana
tutu a large stick used for mixing native puddings; a small pestle used for mixing betel nut in a mortar
Eddystone/Mandegusu
tutu pestle
Nggela
tutu to pound, crush, as yams in tambili mortar
Mota
tut to beat with fist, thump
Samoan
tutu (of mulberry bar) to beat on a special anvil
Rennellese
tutu to tap, as to make the sound of beating a tapa anvil or a sounding board
tutu-a tapa-beating anvil
Anuta
tutu to pound something, as in the preparation of bark cloth or pandanus leaf for making mats
Rarotongan
tutu to beat, to strike repeatedly, to break, to bruise; to thresh, as wheat
Hawaiian
kuku to beat, as tapa
WMP Lun Dayeh
nutuk to beat with a hammer
Karo Batak
nuktuk to pound on something, knock on a door
WMP Toba Batak
ma-nuktuh-i pound on
OC Lenkau
truk to hammer, pound
Manam
tútuk-i to crush, to smash food or betelnut (trans. sg.)
tutúk-i to crush, to smash food or betelnut (trans. pl.)
Wayan
tuk-i club (generic, including all types of club)
tuk-i-tuk-i to pound, knock, punch, hammer
Fijian
tuk-i to strike at, knock at, hammer
i-tuk-i a hammer
Tongan
tuk-i to rap, tap, knock (e.g. on a door); to hit or strike with something hard, to pound, grind, ram, or hammer; to punch, thump, strike with the fist
tutuk-i to knock or nail hard or roughly or without due care
Niue
tuk-i to knock, pound, mash (as in pounding kava root)
tuk-i-tuk-i to knock, rap, scrabble
tutuk-i pegs driven into the outrigger of a canoe to secure it to the booms; to grind
Samoan
tuʔ-i give a blow or punch; knock, hit, strike; (of a nail) drive, hammer; (of a drum) beat; mash, beat into a pulp
Tuvaluan
tuk-i pounder
tuk-i-tuk-i to pound
Kapingamarangi
dug-i-dug-i pounder, mallet
Nukuoro
dug-i punch, hit, strike; bump into; pound
Rennellese
tuk-i to beat, strike, pound, smash, destroy, blow down; to knock, as on a door; beater, pounder, as for sogo (grated taro and coconut) pudding or for putting out a fire
Anuta
tuk-i to strike by extending one’s arm, as in boxing or karate (as opposed to slapping or hitting by bringing the arm down, which is ta); to puncture or drive an object through something; to hammer, strike, or beat something, as in mashing tubers to make a pudding; club
Rarotongan
tuk-i a pounder, that which is used for pounding, or beating or mashing; a bumper, such as the bumper of a car; the act of pounding or beating to a mass or fine pieces; the act of slamming, the act of striking; a thump, a blow, a loud knock, a bump; to pound, to beat into fine pieces, to mash, to bruise; to slam or bang, as a door; to hammer, to ram, thrust or stike with anything impelled end-wise
tutuk-i to bump or collide, or strike against; to pound or bruise, etc.; to slam or bang; to hammer, etc.
Maori
tuk-i to pound, ram, beat, knock; pestle, pounder (for fern root, flax, etc.)
tuk-i-tuk-i to demolish, knock to pieces; to batter, dash; pestle, pounder
Hawaiian
kuʔ-i to pound, punch, strike; to beat out, as metals; to churn, as butter
Formosan Amis
toko the large center beam of a house or a ship's mast
WMP Cebuano
tukú prop stick or post; prop up with a pole or post
OC Mussau
tuku-na short in length or height
Label
tuk short
Manam
-tuku-ra to be short
OC Lukep (Pono)
-tuk-a to hang (as when climbing a tree trunk)
Mutu
tūk to hang (of a broken branch)
Wayan
tuku to hang, dangle while holding onto a support with one’s arms; be postponed, left til later
tuku-ci hang onto something by the arms; be dependent someone, lean heavily on someone
WMP Balinese
tukub cover, covering; storey of a house
Mongondow
tuŋkub cover over, cover (with a basket, etc.)
Formosan Thao
lh-tukus walking stick, cane
malh-tukus use a walking stick or cane
t<m>ukus to walk with a walking stick or cane
Puyuma
tukuɖ strengthen; buttress; support (as a stick in helping someone to walk)
ki-tukuɖ get something to support
ma-tuku-tukuɖ mutual aid
t<em>ukuɖ to strengthen, shore up (as a ruined house)
t<in>ukuɖ-an a strengthened thing
WMP Itbayaten
tokod support, reinforcing support, vertical support, prop
Ibatan
tokod a cane, walking stick
Ilokano
túkod prop, brace
pa-núkod pole for sounding the depths of water
tukod-en to measure the depth of, fathom
tukon-túkod brace used to support a roof
Bontok
túkud house post
Kankanaey
túkud pillar; post on which the houses rest
Ifugaw
túkud post of an Ifugaw house or gramary; the two posts of the paladáng standing loom
Casiguran Dumagat
tukód prop, support (of a pole or board set vertically to hold up something above it); to hold a bow vertically, with the end resting on the ground
Ibaloy
tokod post, esp. of house posts, but also of other structures that have supporting posts (as stairs, bridges)
Tagalog
túkod support; bracket; brace; prop
tuŋkód cane; walking stick; staff
mag-tuŋkód to use a walking stick
Hanunóo
túkud any of the six to eight supporting posts of wood, braced against the main floor beams of a house; support, prop
túŋkud any supporting object
t<al>úŋkud bridge of a stringed instrument such as a gitgít (small, locally made violin having three strings of twisted human hair)
Agutaynen
mag-tokod to start building a house; to put in the first posts for a house, or to lay the foundation
toŋkod support post; cane; staff
toŋkod-on to brace something up
Cebuano
túkud brace, prop; erect a house or building; put up a business
tag-túkud founder, organizer
ka-tukúr-an founding, establishment
tukud-túkud fabricate a story, especially one with a dubious motive; fabrication
Maranao
tokod post, support, leg
Binukid
tukud post (of a house, fence); to place posts; to erect (a house or building); figurative, to form, establish, found (something)
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
tukud a cornerpost; the handle of an umbrella; the leg of a table or chair; to establish something
Tiruray
tukud a vertical support, a prop; to support by tukud
Berawan (Long Terawan)
tukon prop, support
WMP Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
tuŋkuk tap something lightly
Miri
tukok to peck
Singhi Land Dayak
tukuk beak
Karo Batak
tukuk hornbill
Minangkabau
tokok to hammer
Mori
mo-tuŋku peck
WMP Agutaynen
t<om>okok for a person to duck or bow their head; to look down at the ground; to bend over slightly from the waist; for mature fruit to bend over on the vine or branch
Dairi-Pakpak Batak
tuŋkuk bow or lower the head; to bend over, humble oneself
Formosan Amis
t<om>okol to sprout, come out of the ground
WMP Tagalog
tukól overripe rice grains that are still unharvested
Ngaju Dayak
tuŋkul budding part of a banana plant (budding parts of other plants = puso)
Iban
tuŋkul flower bud, esp. bud spike of banana or palm
Javanese (Krama)
t̟ukul to begin to grow, to sprout, to develop
WMP Ilokano
tókoŋ kind of tailless maritime bird; tailless chicken; the term is also used for other birds without a tail
Tagalog
túkoŋ tailless bird, fowl or animal
Cebuano
tukuŋ tailless bird or fowl
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
tukuŋ chicken without long tail feathers, the tail may be covered with feathers but they turn under close to the body
Mansaka
tokoŋ tailless (as fowl or an animal)
Sundanese
tukuŋ kind of fowl with spherical tail
Javanese
tukuŋ tailless (as a chicken)
Balinese
tukuŋ amputate, create a stump
Sasak
tukuŋ tailless (of birds)
WMP Ilokano
ag-túlad to copy, imitate
ag-tú-túlad imitator
i-túlad to copy after, pattern after; compare with something else
pa-tulád-an to show a bad example to someone
tulád-en to copy, imitate, mock
Isneg
túlād-an to imitate, mimic, copy
Bontok
túlad to copy, to imitate
Tagalog
túlad imitation; similarity; likeness; act of copying or imitating; comparing, comparison
i-túlad to conform; to make like; to liken, to compare
ka-túlad like, similar to something
ma-i- túlad to be able to compare one thing with another
maka-túlad to be able to imitate or copy
pag-tular-an to use as a model, copy from
Hanunóo
túlad similarity, sameness
Maranao
tolad draw, sketch, photograph
Old Javanese
tulad example, model
t<um>ulad to follow, imitate, copy, take for a model, use as an example
Javanese
nulad to follow an example
Balinese
tulad model, copy (to be copied), original
nulad to copy a model, make a copy of a writing; imitate
WMP Maranao
tolad-an drawing, picture, figure
Malay
tulad-an exemplar; model; copy to be followed
Old Javanese
tulad-an example, model
Javanese
te-tulad-an an example to be followed
Balinese
tulad-an model, example
WMP Itbayaten
tolak idea of pushing away
i-pan-tolak pole for pushing boats
i-tolak pole and the like to be used for pushing with against something more stable
Casiguran Dumagat
tulak to depart in a boat; to shove off in a boat from shore
Pangasinan
i-tolák to push
maŋi-tolák to thrust
Kapampangan
túlak to push, shove; set out, depart
Tagalog
túlak push, shove; forced by circumstances
i-túlak to push, to shove, to repel; to propel; to drive or push on or forward
t<um>úlak to push, to shove, to boost; to propel, to drive forward
Palawano
tulak embark, travel on a ship
Cebuano
túlak push or move something with the arm
Maranao
tolak disown, renounce; push out to sea, as a boat; cut with a bladed weapon
Iban
tulak push away, shove aside, push off (boat); to reject (as a gift); to refuse (as to see visitors)
Malay
tolak repelling; rejecting; pushing away or pushing off (of keeping off misfortune by the use of scapegoats or propitiatory offerings; of giving up or resigning a post; of discarding a mistress, etc.
Toba Batak
tulak be sent back, rejected
ma-nulak to send back, reject, turn away
ma-nulak-hon push something to someone
Proto-South Sulawesi
*tulak prop up, support
CMP Kambera
tulaku to prop, support; give a push or shove, push off
WMP Tagalog
mag-túlak to push, shove, or propel; to force someone to do something undesirable; to push, to shove, to boost
Bikol
mag-túlak to depart, leave (a boat)
Malay
ber-tolak to push off (of a boat); to put off; to start
Formosan Kavalan
t<m>urani to play a nose flute
turani-an nose flute
WMP Ilokano
tulali bamboo flute used to accompany the dallót (a kind of chanting song and dance; pulling one another by the hands)
Ibaloy
toladi mouth flute made of bolo bamboo
me-noladi to play a flute, or other things that are similar (as rice stalks, straw)
Murut (Timugon)
tulali flute
Banggai
tilalu <M bamboo flute
ba-tilalu play a bamboo flute
Bare'e
tuyali mouth flute
Tae'
tulali bamboo flute with two small pipes that fit into two larger ones that are bound together; according to some the tulali is a short flute with four holes on the upper side that are played with the index and middle fingers, and two holes on the underside that are played with the thumbs
CMP Kambera
taleli flute; to play a flute
OC Tanga
tulal flute, made from a special type of bamboo (funfis), and played by both sexes
Nehan
tulal very small musical pipe, bamboo flute
Fijian
dulali the Fijian nose-flute
WMP Itbayaten
tolay bridge
tolay-en to make into a bridge
Casiguran Dumagat
tuláy bridge
Bikol
tuláy a bridge, a span
mag-tuláy to bridge or span
tuláy-tuláy a small or makeshift bridge
Hanunóo
tuláy bridge, a general term
Romblomanon
tulay a bridge
Masbatenyo
tuláy a bridge
Aklanon
tueáy a bridge
Waray-Waray
tuláy a bridge
pag-tuláy the act of crossing a bridge
Agutaynen
tolay bridge
Hiligaynon
tuláy a bridge
Cebuano
tuláy a bridge; put a bridge across
Maranao
tolay bridge
Binukid
tulay a bridge
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
tuley a bridge
WMP Itbayaten
tolay-an to make a bridge across something
Bikol
tulay-án to bridge or span
WMP Yami
todo point at
Itbayaten
tongdo idea of pointing at something
Isneg
mag-toldó to explain, to teach
toldo-wán point at, indicate
in-to-toldó the index, or forefinger
Itawis
túldu teachings
mat-túldu to teach; to point
ma-núldu to teach; to point
Bontok
tədək point at with the finger; dip a finger into a substance such as sugar or salt, for the purpose of conveying it to the mouth
Ifugaw
tuddú to teach by speaking, by writing (e.g. on a blackboard), by showing (e.g. pictures)
Casiguran Dumagat
tóldu finger, forefinger; to teach, to point out, to show how, to show where
Kapampangan
tulduʔ point at, point out, point to, teach
Bikol
i-tukdóʔ to point something out; to designate, indicate, show; specify
tukdoʔ-án to point something out to
Romblomanon
túdluʔ finger or toe (excluding the big toe); the index finger; advice, information, teaching given to someone; someone advises, informs or teaches something to someone else
pag-tudluʔ-an someone or something should or must be pointed out to someone else
Masbatenyo
túdloʔ finger, toe
i-túdloʔ to teach, point out
Agutaynen
toldok finger
mag-toldok to point something out to someone; to show someone the location of something; to teach
panoldok index or forefinger
Hiligaynon
túdluʔ finger
pag-túdluʔ teaching
mag-túdluʔ to point out, to teach
Palawan Batak
t<an>oldoʔ ~ t<un>ulduʔ finger
Cebuano
túdluʔ point at, point out; point, give directions; teach; appoint; index finger
Central Tagbanwa
tuldo finger or toe
i-tuldo to point out something or show something
mag-tuldo to teach
Binukid
tudluʔ to teach, instruct (someone)
tulduʔ index finger
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
tenduʔ to point out someone or something
tezuʔ specifically, the index finger; a finger; a toe; to point
tudluʔ to teach someone
Mansaka
tolloʔ finger
Tiruray
tenduʔ to point at something
Mapun
tōʔ a teaching
Tboli
tedok finger, pointer
t<em>edok to point
Tausug
tudluʔ forefinger, index finger
t<um>udluʔ to point at or point out (something with the finger)
OC Lakalai
la tule ear-wax
Wayan
tule earwax, cerumen
WMP Ilokano
tuldék accent written over a letter; period (punctuation); point
Bikol
mag-tuldók to prick, stick
ma-tuldók to get pricked; to get stuck (as by a pin)
Palawano
tuldek mark of your fingertip; a spot or mark made by the fingertip; spotted or marked; a period (at end of sentence), or other punctuation mark
WMP Ilokano
ag-túleŋ to be deaf, hard of hearing
Isneg
túlaŋ an herb, about a foot tall, with red flowers, that grows in forests; its milky sap, applied to the ear, cures deafness
Bontok
túləŋ deaf
Casiguran Dumagat
tuleŋ deaf; a deaf person
Ibaloy
toleŋ deafness
e-toleŋ deaf, hard of hearing; (fig.) inattentive, unresponsive to criticism, advice
Sambal (Botolan)
tóleŋ one who doesn’t talk because of concentratiing on something else
Maranao
toleŋ slow-witted
WMP Cebuano
túsluk <M prick or poke something by driving something pointed into it
Malay
tusok poking, stabbing, pricking
WMP Malagasy
mi-todi to arrive at a place, as a canoe or ship
Toba Batak
tuli to stop by, to call at; visit someone while travelling through
Bantik
tuli to call on, visit
Toratán
tuli to call on, visit
WMP Ilokano
tuliŋán kind of large marine fish with a red back resembling the mataán (club mackerel): Rastrelliger chrysozonus
Tagalog
tulíŋan edible fish of the tuna species
Cebuano
tulíŋan kind of mackerel: Rastrelliger kanagurta, Katsuwonus pelamis, and others
Subanon
tuliŋan small tuna sp.
WMP Karo Batak
tultul blunt, of a knife
Toba Batak
tultul blunt
CMP Bimanese
dudu blunt, of a blade (cp. dampa 'blunt, of a tip')
WMP Yami
tood to shake
Ilokano
tulúd to rock, sway (as a hammock or swing)
Bontok
ʔi-tulud to push, to shove
Ifugaw
túlud act of pushing, antithesis of pulling
Bikol
mag-tulód to push
Hiligaynon
mag-tulúd to push (as a car to get it started)
Cebuano
tulúd to push; to goad, incite
tulud-túlud to pass work, blame onto one another
Maranao
tolod to push
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
tulud to push something to start it moving; to help someone get started on a journey by going part way with them
Mansaka
torod to push
Proto-Sama-Bajaw
*tulud to push
Proto-Sangiric
*tulud to push
Mongondow
tulud push it away, give it a punch
WMP Yami
i-tood rock to sleep (rocking crib)
Ilokano
i-tulúd to rock, sway (as a hammock or swing)
Bontok
ʔi-tulud to push; to shove
Ibaloy
ʔi-tulud to help something along, take someone, something somewhere (as by giving a boost, accompanying to a certain place, etc.)
Bikol
i-tulód to push
WMP Ilokano
túloŋ help, assistance; support
i-túloŋ to give as help or assistance
Itneg (Binongan)
túluŋ to help
Casiguran Dumagat
túluŋ to help
Ibaloy
toloŋ help --- especially of help other than with field work (as help with expenses, sick person’s work, government assistance)
todoŋ-an to help someone
Pangasinan
tóloŋ help, aid, assistance
on-tóloŋ to help
Tagalog
túloŋ help, assistance, aid; financial help; support; relief; something that lessens or frees from pain, burden, or difficulty; lift; helping hand; backing; favor
Kadazan Dusun
tuhuŋ to help
Kelabit
tuluŋ help, assistance
nuluŋ to help, assist
Bintulu
tuluŋ to help, assist
Iban
tuloŋ to help, aid, assist
penuloŋ helper, assistant
Malay
toloŋ aid, assistance, help
me-noloŋ to assist
toloŋ-an aid, assistance
Gayō
tuluŋ help, assistance
mu-nuluŋ to help
Old Javanese
tuluŋ help
Proto-Sangiric
*tuluŋ to help
CMP Kambera
túluŋu to help, assist
Tetun
tulun to help, to assist, to aid, to succour
Erai
tulun help
Yamdena
n-tuluŋ to help
tal-tuluŋ help, assistance
WMP Pangasinan
ma-tóloŋ helpful
Old Javanese
(m)a-tuluŋ to render help (aid, assistance)
WMP Ilokano
ka-túloŋ-an helper, servant
Pangasinan
ka-toloŋ-án ally
Kadazan Dusun
k<in>o-tuhuŋ-an act of having helped; assistance
Bahasa Indonesia
ke-toloŋ-an receive help or assistance
WMP Ilokano
t<um>úloŋ to aid, assist, help
Sambal (Bolinaw)
t<um>úluŋ to help
Old Javanese
t<um>uluŋ to help, aid, assist
WMP Casiguran Dumagat
məg-tulós to proceed, to continue, to go straight ahead; to continue to do what was started to be done, or with one’s present activity
Bikol
túlos immediately, promptly; outright
Hanunóo
túlus continuance
Ngaju Dayak
tulus to really happen, for something to come of it; fulfilled
Malay
tulus sincerity; honest and straightforward
Toba Batak
tulus to come about
ma-nulus follow, bring to an end
Old Javanese
tulus going on, lasting, constant, permanent; going to the end, finished, accomplished, perfect
Javanese
tulus genuine, sincere; unobstructed
Balinese
tulus permanent, remaining always the same; used as adverb indicates that something will take place, be done
CMP Rembong
tulus straightaway; moving further on
WMP Ilokano
túluy to continue
túloy continuation
ag-túloy to continue, proceed
tulúy-en to end, complete, terminate, finish; continue
Kankanaey
tulúy-en to continue; to proceed with; to go on with; to terminate; to end
Ifugaw
túluy continue with one's work, story, speech until it is completed completed (said to be from Ilokano)
Ifugaw (Batad)
tūluy for someone to continue on doing something, as going someplace, talking, working
Ibaloy
i-toloy to continue something --- both of something that one persists in and does not discontinue, and also of something that one carries on after an interruption or suspension
Pangasinan
tolóy to be able to proceed; to go immediately
Tagalog
tulóy come in, go on
ma-tulóy be able to, have the chance to, continue
maka-tulóy able to continue or proceed
pag-tulóy (in some areas) staying temporarily in a place as a guest
Central Tagbanwa
tuloy to continue, proceed
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
tuluy to stop and visit along the way; to stop by for someone or something
Sundanese
tuluy follow, continue, proceed on
Old Javanese
tuluy, tulwi, tuli immediate continuation
t-um-uluy continue immediately, proceed from one thing to the next
Makassarese
tuli continuing, lasting; continuous, constant
CMP Hawu
duli continue through
WMP Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
tuluy stop and visit along the way; stop by for someone or something
Toba Batak
tuli drop in, call on, visit someone when travelling
Bantik
tuli to call on, visit
Toratán
tuli to call on, visit
CMP Rotinese
tuli to stop (and visit) when passing by
WMP Cebuano
túluy be caught in a net
Kayan
tuluy be caught up in a dense crowd (and carried along); follow a precedent or example
Tae'
tuli carry along in its downward course (of something falling, striking other objects and carrying them along with it)
WMP Aklanon
túman obey, follow, oblige
Cebuano
túman obey; fulfill, realize
Maranao
toman fulfill, effect; true, right, correct
Kenyah
tuman proper
Sundanese
tuman accustomed, used to doing something; be familiar with something
Sasak
tuman be accustomed to doing something (Formosan only)
Formosan Taokas
temada to hear
Pazeh
tumala to hear, to listen
Thao
tmaza to hear, listen
Tsou
tmalə to hear, listen
Formosan Pazeh
pa-tumala to make someone listen
Thao
pa-tmaza cause someone to hear something, make someone listen; read to someone
ta-tmaza listen in on someone, eavesdrop
Formosan Thao
t<un>maza to hear, listen, understand (a language)
Hoanya
t<um>māla to hear
Saaroa
t<um>imaɬa to hear
WMP Bikol
túmaŋ to rebel, rise up, mutiny against
Malay
tumaŋ disagreement, wrangling
WMP Bikol
tumbák lance
tumbak-ón to spear with a lance
Malay
tombak spear; lance (generic for all spears)
Old Javanese
tumbak lance
a-numbak to spear, stab
Balinese
tumbak lance, a long spear; perform a dance with spears
tumbak-in be speared several times
Sasak
tumbak lance, spear
Proto-South Sulawesi
*tumbak spear, lance
CMP Teluti
tupa spear
WMP Ibaloy
man-tombalik to somersault, tumble end over end in the air --- of persons or animals that fall
Pangasinan
tombalík inverted order
Tagalog
tumbalík upside-down; inverted; ironical; expressing one thing and meaning the opposite
Cebuano
tumbálik bounce back on, boomerang; turn out to be the exact opposite; the exact opposite
WMP Tidung Malinau
tumbid heel
Murik
tumpit heel
Iban
tumbit heel; to stamp or kick back with the heel
WMP Malay
tembiriŋ outer edge
Tae'
tumbiriŋ lie on one's side (sub biriŋ)
WMP Tagalog
tumbók hit dead center; directly hit; struck with a pointed object; struck or hit in passing, e.g. a standing vehicle hit by a passing car; in billiards, a hit by a second ball
Kadazan Dusun
tumbuk a blow with fist, punch
Malay
tumbok to thump; a heavy pounding blow; beating with the side of the fist
Old Javanese
tumbuk to hit with a thump
Balinese
numbuk hit something hard, hit with a beam of wood, batter with a ram
Sasak
tumbuk collide with something
Tae'
tumbuk strike hard against, punch, pound against something
Proto-South Sulawesi
*tumbuk to push, to butt against
Wolio
tumbu to punch, hit with fist
CMP Kambera
tumbuku strike, punch; to forge
WMP Bontok
tubún to heap; to stack; to pile up; to gather together, of many objects
Kankanaey
tubón high, heaped up; piled up
Banggai
tumbun covered with
Proto-South Sulawesi
*tumbun to heap, pile up
WMP Tagalog
tumbóŋ rectum, the lowest part of the large intestine; swollen anus; piles
Tausug
tumbuŋ the end of the spinal cord above the buttocks (where a tail would grow)
Murut (Timugon)
tumbuŋ buttocks
Ngaju Dayak
tumboŋ prolapse of the uterus
Iban
tumboŋ anus, rump
Malay (Jakarta)
sakit tomboŋ a name for hemorrhoids and prolapsus uteri
WMP Tagalog
tumbóŋ inner apple formation or kernel of a coconut
Malay
tomboŋ spherical lump of any sort
tomboŋ damar clotted lump of resinous gum
tomboŋ ñiur seed-bud in a coconut
tomboŋ siput central knob of coiffure
WMP Abai Sembuak
tumid heel
Bulusu
tumid heel
Bulungan
tumit heel
Lun Dayeh
tumid the heel
fetood tumid literally “hooking each other with the heels,” making love or engaged in a sexual act
Kelabit
tumid ball of the heel
Sa'ban
hmit ball of the heel
Berawan (Long Teru)
tumeŋ heel
Berawan (Long Jegan)
toməñ heel
Berawan (Batu Belah)
tumin heel
Narum
tumait heel
Sebop
tumit heel
Kenyah
tumit heel
Kenyah (Long Wat)
tumit heel
Kenyah (Long Ikang)
tumit heel
Kayan (Long Atip)
tumin heel
Kayan (Uma Bawang)
tumin heel
Kayan (Uma Juman)
tumir heel
Kiput
tumet heel
Bintulu
tumid heel
Ngaju Dayak
tumit heel
Malay
tumit heel; point of hock of horse
tumit taŋan part of hand near wrist
tulaŋ tumit instep
Acehnese
tumεt heel, hock
Minangkabau
tumiʔ heel
Rejang
tumit heel
Proto-Minahasan
*tumid heel (Formosan only)
imaNa>
Formosan Thao
tmaza hear, listen
pa-tmaza make someone listen; read to someone
ta-tmaza eavesdrop, listen secretly
Tsou
tmalə to hear; accept
Formosan Thao
t<un>maza to hear, listen, understand (a spoken language)
Saaroa
t<um>imaɫa to hear
WMP Tagalog
tumpáŋ carried on the head or shoulders: two things, one over the other (Panganiban 1966)
Malay
tumpaŋ joining in with others (especially of a person lodging with others or taking passage with others)
Old Javanese
tumpaŋ layer, tier, storey, shelf
a-tumpaŋ in layers or tiers
t<um>umpaŋ to lie (sit, stand) on
Javanese
tumpaŋ-an a ride
ka-tumpaŋ-an to have something on top of something
WMP Maranao
tompaŋ take passage
Malay
tumpaŋ joining in with others, esp. of a person lodging with others or taking passage with others, as on a passenger ship, or in a caravan
Sangir
ma-numpaŋ catch a ride in someone else’s boat
WMP Ngaju Dayak
ba-tumpah produce in quantities; tumble out, spill
Malagasy
tumpa to be turned out, as water, tobacco from a box, etc.
mi-tumpa to fall, as water from a pot
Malay
tumpah spilling; overflowing in some quantity
Toba Batak
ma-numpa pour out molten metal
Proto-South Sulawesi
*tumpa to pour out
Buginese
tuppa to pour out
Makassarese
tumpa ejaculate, spurt out semen
an-numpa to pour out
WMP Tiruray
temful <M dull, not sharp
Dairi-Pakpak Batak
tompel blunt, dull
CMP Selaru
tubal blunt, dull
WMP Maranao
tompiʔ loaf of bread; lump, heap
Iban
tumpih flat round sweet cake of rice or sago flour fried in oil, usually for offerings
WMP Sambal (Botolan)
tompók a pile of vegetables or a certain number grouped together as is done in the market
Ayta Abellan
tompok a pile of vegetables
Tagalog
tumpók heap; mound; mass (as of rubbish)
i-tumpók to make a small heap (e.g. of grains, beans, etc.)
Bikol
tumpók a heap, mound, pile
Hanunóo
tumpúk pile, heap
Agutaynen
mag-tompok to pile something up in a heap
t<om>ompok for things to pile up, such as clothes to wash, work to do
Tausug
tumpuk a group (of persons or things)
Iban
tumpok small heap; rounded mass, clot, lump
Malay
tompok small heap; rounded mass
tompok-mə-nompok heaped one above the other
Sundanese
tumpuk stack, heap; to pile up
Old Javanese
tumpuk heap, pile, mass
a-tumpuk piled up, heaped up, crowding together
tumpuk-tumpuk among various kinds of food dishes (in heaps?)
Javanese
tumpuk in a pile, in large quantities
ma-tumpuk-tumpuk forming many piles
tumpuk-an heaped up
Balinese
numpuk to heap up, pile on each other; write the same consonant twice
tumpuk-an pile, heap together (e.g. rice sheaves)
Sasak
tumpuk stack, heap; to stack up
WMP Agutaynen
tompol for the sharp point of something to become dull, worn down, or broken off, e.g. a pencil, stick pin, bamboo fencing
Tausug
tumpul blunt, dull, not sharp
Miri
tupul blunt, dull
Malay
tumpul blunt, of a knife having a dull edge; also (fig.) of intelligence
Karo Batak
tumpul dull, of a knife; witless, mentally slow
OC Nggela
tupu blunt
OC Patpatar
tun correct
Tolai
tuna real, true, native; really, intensely, richly, very; loyal, honest; proper
a tutana tuna a native
a wo tuna a native paddle
lima tuna right hand
Lukep (Pono)
tun correct
Misima
tuna(hot) that’s true, yes (hot = emphatic)
Babatana
tuna true, real
WMP Kenyah
tunaŋ dowry
Kenyah (Long Anap)
tunaŋ of a boy who wishes to marry a girl, to give a gift to determine whether his proposal is accepted
Malay
tunaŋ plighting; pledging, especially of engagements to marry
tunaŋ-an fiancé(e)
Gayō
tunaŋ pledge to be married
ba-tunaŋ-an pledged to be married
Karo Batak
tunaŋ-en engaged to be married
er-tunaŋ-en pledged to one another
WMP Palawano
tunas leaves that are new; to have new leaves
Maranao
tonas remnant; descendant
Tiruray
tunoh (in general) a newly sprouted shoot; (specifically) a tobacco seedling; to sprout
Malay
tunas aftergrowth; young shoots or sprouts that appear on the ground after a crop or on a severed bough or trunk
ber-tunas to give out new shoots (of a mutilated tree)
Dairi-Pakpak Batak
tunas seed bud, plant shoot
Toba Batak
tunas plant shoot, sprout
mar-tunas to bud, put out shoots, of plants
Rejang
tuneus a bud, a shoot
Javanese
di-tunas-i hacked off (as a tree trunk, etc.) (Pigeaud)
tunas-an sprout, plant shoot (Pigeaud)
Bare'e
tuna sprout, offshoot
Wolio
tuna shoot (of plant); sprout, put forth buds
tunas-i descendant
WMP Itbayaten
tonaw idea of liquefication
Ilokano
ma-túnaw to melt, dissolve
tunaw-en to melt something; shape gold into bullion
Isneg
maŋi-túnaw to make red-hot (spearheads, blades of axes, etc.)
Casiguran Dumagat
tunaw to melt, to dissolve (of a burning candle, salt in water, etc.)
Tagalog
tunáw melted; liquid, liquefied; digested (said of food); molten, dissolved
pa-núnaw laxative; digestion; the power of digesting
ma-túnaw to melt, to dissolve, to liquefy
Bikol
mag-túnaw to dissolve something; to liquefy, melt, thaw
pa-tunáw-on to digest food
Hanunóo
túnaw melting, dissolving
ma-túnaw dissolve, melt
Romblomanon
ma-tūnaw food is digested by someone; something, as a metal, melts with heat
Masbatenyo
mag-túnaw to melt, dissolve
ma-túnaw be melted, be dissolved
Aklanon
túnaw to melt, dissolve
Waray-Waray
tunáw melted, liquefied
Hiligaynon
ma-túnaw to melt (as ice), to digest, to dissolve
Cebuano
túnaw melt, dissolve; be mortified, melt with shame (literary)
tunáw-an vessel for melting something by heating
Maranao
tonaw melt, dissolve
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
tunew to melt or dissolve something
Mansaka
tonaw to dissolve; to melt; to disintegrate
tonaw-an mold, cast, matrix
Tausug
tunaw (of ice or a tablet) dissolved, melted; (of food) digested
mag-tunaw to dissolve, melt (something); to digest (something)
Sangir
ma-nuno to melt
ma-tuno meltable, able to be melted
WMP Itbayaten
tonaw-en to melt, liquefy
Tausug
tunaw-un to dissolve, melt (something); to digest (something)
WMP Agutaynen
ma-tonay-an to be pierced, stuck by a thorn, etc., with a piece left deep in the flesh
Proto-Sangiric
*tunay thorn
Sangir
tune thorn, splinter (in flesh)
Tontemboan
tune thorn
WMP Casiguran Dumagat
túnay genuine, true, real, proven, actual, factual, sincere
məg-pa-túnay to certify, to prove, to affirm, to offer testimony
Tagalog
túnay true; correct; exact; meaningful; rightful; lawful; real; genuine; substantial; actual; factual; positive
Bikol
túnay authentic; genuine; real
ka-tunáy-an confirmation, validation
Aklanon
túnay pure, true, genuine, real, actual
ka-tunáy-an truth, genuineness
Agutaynen
tonay real, not fake; authentic; genuine
Cebuano
túnay real, genuine (slang); true, faithful to one’s sweetheart (slang)
Maranao
tonay real, genuine; pay in cash
Ida'an Begak
tunay hit exactly; spear hits an object and stays there
Malay
tunay cash; reality; ready (of money)
me-nunay-kan hormat to show one’s respect in cash, i.e. by gifts
WMP Ilokano
i-tundá to lead, conduct; escort
Ayta Abellan
tonda to escort someone somewhere, partway to their destination
Tagalog
tundáʔ to fish with fishhooks (not with a net)
Maranao
tondaʔ to pull after, drag, lead (as a man leading a carabao by rope)
WMP Cebuano
tunduk to poke, to hit or strike something with the end or tip of something
Maranao
todek prick
Proto-Minahasan
*tundək to point; stab
Tonsea
tundək to point, indicate; stab
Tombulu
tundək to point with a piece of wood; prod with the finger
WMP Malay
tundok bowing the head; bowing to the inevitable; submission or surrender (of bowing the head in homage; silence and downcast looks after a rebuke; a white flag indicating surrender)
Sa'dan Toraja
tunduk lean over, bend
Proto-South Sulawesi
*tunduk bend, bow; submit
Makassarese
tunruʔ to comply with someone’s will, submit to someone
WMP Bontok
tuntun to discover; to enquire regarding the disposition of something
Ifugaw (Batad)
tuntun for someone to arrange the presentation of something in order, as ritual prayers during a religious ceremony, a genealogy, a description of events and arguments in presenting a case for decision
Ibaloy
on-tonton to walk in a line, column, single file, following one another
Tagalog
tuntón giving guidance or direction, esp. at the start or beginning
i-tuntón to guide someone or something at the start; to help to begin
Malay
tuntun leading by means of something, of a child being led by the hand or an animal by a rope; also of a blind man being led by his stick
Old Javanese
tuntun rope or string for leading
a-nuntun to lead, guide, conduct
a-tuntun joined together in a row
Javanese
nuntun to lead, guide, instruct
pa-nuntun leader; guidance
tuntun-an instruction
Balinese
nuntun to lead, guide, induce to go
Sasak
tuntun to lead by the hand
WMP Itbayaten
tonton-en to convey up/down by means of rope or the like
Ibatan
tonton to lower something by rope down to some place
Bikol
mag-tuntón to suspend something; to lower something by suspending it from something else (as by lowering something by rope)
Hanunóo
túntun prop or aerial roots, as of the pandanus
tuntún dangling, hanging through (and down)
Cebuano
tuntún to lower something; to sag loosely; for something weighted down to sink; cause it to do so
Binukid
tuntun to lower (something)
Mansaka
tonton to lower, as by a rope
Proto-Minahasan
*tonton to lower, let down
WMP Ayta Abellan
tonoy sound or noise; to make noise, sound
Hanunóo
tunúg sound
Formosan Pazeh
tula big eel; bum, idler
Amis
toda an eel
Thao
tuza generic for eels apart from the paddy eel (fraq); marine eels are unknown
pash-tuzá-n kind of wicker eel cage suspended in the water next to a boat and used to keep one’s catch alive until returning to shore
Puyuma
tula an eel
Paiwan
tjuɬa eel; penis (jokingly)
WMP Yami
tona eel
Itbayaten
tona large freshwater eel
man-to-tona to hunt eels
Cebuano
tuná small, glossy-black, worm-like snake, deadly poisonous, found in moist places in grasses and weeds
Malagasy
tona a species of very large serpent; fig., an eel too large to be used as food because of its resemblance to a tona
Malay
tuna name of a mud-snake or eel with a yellowish body; described sometimes as ikan tuna (tuna fish) and sometimes as ular tuna (tuna snake)
CMP Bimanese
duna kind of large eel
Manggarai
tuna white eel, Monopterus albus
Ngadha
tuna eel
Kambera
tuna eel, sp. of Anguilla
Rotinese
tuna eel
tuna busak kind of eel that bites when caught
Tetun
tuna a conger eel, Congidae spp.
Vaikenu
tunɛ eel
Erai
tuna eel
SHWNG Waropen
kuna eel
OC Penchal
run freshwater eel
Lenkau
trun freshwater eel
Kuruti
drun large freshwater eel
Kele
drun long-bodied freshwater (river) eel
Mondropolon
cun freshwater (river) eel
Kairiru
tun freshwater eel
Gitua
tuna freshwater eel
Wedau
tuna eel
Proto-Micronesian
*tuna freshwater eel
Kosraean
ton freshwater eel
Pileni
tuna eel
Rotuman
funa freshwater eel (fuan ne rano); similar kind of saltwater eel (fuan ne sɔsi)
Wayan
tuna fish (ika) taxon; eels (Anguilliformes), esp. freshwater eels (Muraena spp.)
Fijian
duna an eel
duna-duna smaller type of eel
Tongan
tuna kind of eel
tuna tahi marine eel
tuna vai freshwater eel
Niue
tuna eel; freshwater fish found in caves
Futunan
tuna river eel
Samoan
tuna name given to freshwater eels of genus Anguilla
Tuvaluan
tuna freshwater eel, freshwater crayfish
Nukuoro
duna larvae (of mosquito, etc.) found in water
Rennellese
tuna kind of lake eel; turmeric (ango) tuber; the eel is said to be named for this because of its color
Rarotongan
tuna general term for eel
Maori
tuna Anguilla dieffenbachii, the long-finned, and Anguilla australis, the short-finned freshwater eels, and their varieties
tuna heke migrating eel (both species migrate to spawn in deep sea)
tuna pou large-headed eel, not eaten (tapu)
tuna roa fig., the earth (long eel)
Hawaiian
kuna a variety of freshwater eel
WMP Itneg (Binongan)
lom-tónɨn to swallow
Kalagan
lum-túnon to swallow
Kiput
tuñən to swallow
WMP Punan Tuvu'
tuŋ kind of musical instrument in which the sound is produced by blowing
Ngaju Dayak
toŋ booming sound
Malay
toŋ a deep “tong” sound; the noise of a gong
Javanese
ṭuŋ gamelan gongs, or gamelan music in general
ṭaŋ-ṭuŋ repeated gamelan sounds
CMP Rembong
tuŋ Asian narrowmouth toad (with deep booming voice)
tuŋ-teŋ sound produced by the Asian narrowmouth toad
Asilulu
tuŋ sound of a gun
WMP Yami
tuŋaw chigger
Itbayaten
toŋaw mite, tiny red insect, a kind of tick (itchy when bitten)
Ilokano
túŋaw mite
t<in>úŋaw infested with mites
Isneg
túŋaw chicken tick; its favorite resort is the navel; it causes itchiness, which eventually is followed by some skin disease
Tagalog
tuŋáw a tiny red insect, like a mite or small tick, whose bite causes itchiness
tuŋaw-ín to become infested with mites
Bikol
tuŋáw chigger sp., tiny mite
tuŋaw-ón to be infested with chiggers
Hanunóo
tuŋáw tiny reddish biting mites (Trombiculicae), most bothersome in regions such as the crotch, armpits, scrotum, under the belt; they transmit scrub typhus
Aklanon
tuŋáw very, very small red insect
Cebuano
tuŋáw very minute red mite that abounds in bushes, producing an itchy bite, and hiding in skin pores
Maranao
toŋaw tiny fleas that plague both man and animal --- dark red in color
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
tuŋew the parasitic larvae of a mite; a chigger
Mansaka
toŋaw tick (common in swamps)
Tiruray
tuŋow a kind of tiny red, biting mite
Tausug
tuŋaw small red tick (lives in rotten wood)
Murut (Tagol)
tuŋaw chicken lice
Iban
tuŋaw biting insect or mite on wet land (small and red); black sand flea
Malay
tuŋaw black sand fleas; these fleas infest fowls (t. ayam) and monkeys (t. kəra)
Simalur
tuŋaw small insect, mite
Karo Batak
tuŋo chicken louse (larger than the tuŋir)
Toba Batak
tuŋo chicken louse
Proto-Sangiric
*tuŋaw mite which causes skin irritation
Proto-Minahasan
*toŋo mite (insect)
Mongondow
tuŋow bush louse, a nearly invisble light red insect that bores into the pores of the skin and causes terrible itching
Lauje
tuŋo dog flea
Dampelas
tuŋo chicken mite
WMP Ivatan
tuŋaw a plant: Clerodendrum trichotomum Thunb.Verbenbaceae
Tagalog
tuŋaw a plant: Astronia spp.
Bikol
tuŋaw a plant: Astronia spp
WMP Itbayaten
ma-noŋex to cut lumber, to fell large trees
toŋx-en to chop down, to fell a big tree
Ayta Abellan
toŋel tree stump
Bikol
mag-tuŋól to cut off the head
WMP Ilokano
tuŋgíl clitoris
Hanunóo
tiŋgíl <A clitoris
Romblomanon
tíŋgil <A clitoris
Aklanon
tíŋgil <A clitoris
Cebuano
tiŋgíl <A clitoris; mild curse word expressing frustration or exasperation
WMP Casiguran Dumagat
tóŋka sleepy, drowsy
Bikol
tuŋkáʔ drowsy, sleepy
mag-tuŋkáʔ to become drowsy, become sleepy
WMP Casiguran Dumagat
tuŋkúl concerning, about, referring to
Sambal (Botolan)
toŋkól about
Tagalog
tuŋkól duty; responsibility; concern; obligation
Hanunóo
tuŋkúl concern; about, concerning
tuŋkúl-an duty, obligation, charge
WMP Kankanaey
na-tukúp-an patched
Tagalog
túkop covered (referring to genital organs while the rest of the body is naked)
Dairi-Pakpak Batak
me-nuŋkup-i to cover, hide, conceal
Toba Batak
tuŋkup cover, lid; door
Minangkabau
tukup cover; lid; coverlet
Sundanese
nuŋkup hold the hand over something, as in covering the eyes of a dying person
Old Javanese
tuku-tukup anything which covers
a-tukup to cover (with the hands)
t<um>ukup to cover
Javanese
nukup to cover something with a quick movement
Makassarese
toŋkoʔ uriŋ lontar leaf cover for a cooking pot
annoŋkoʔ to cover, cover up (a roof with reeds, grass or leaves; a table; a pot; damage)
WMP Tagalog
tuŋkós bouquet of flowers; something wrapped up in cloth, paper or leaves; bundle of things tied together
Bikol
mag-tuŋkós to tie in a bundle; to wrap in something
Iban
tuŋkus packet, bundle, esp. leaf packet of food
Bahasa Indonesia
tuŋkus wrapped (as rice in a banana leaf)
Proto-Sangiric
*tukus to wrap up
Proto-South Sulawesi
*tu(ŋ)kus to wrap
WMP Bikol
mag-tuŋtóŋ tap something so as to dislodge what is stuck inside
Tiruray
tuŋtuŋ internode of bamboo used as a container
Malagasy
tóntona the act of knocking anything hollow so as to extract what is inside, as a bone to get out the marrow
Malay
tuntoŋ inverting and rapping, e.g., the bowl of a pipe to knock out the contents; holding up a child by the legs as a punishment
Karo Batak
nuŋtuŋ-ken (< tuŋtuŋ) turn a bamboo container around and knock it on the floor to empty it completely
WMP Aklanon
túŋtuŋ stand on; upon; be on top (of); step on
tuŋtúŋ-an platform, stage
Cebuano
tuŋtúŋ to step, put on top
Old Javanese
tuŋtuŋ top, tip, end, farthest point, the deepest or the highest
Balinese
tuŋtuŋ peak, top
CMP Tetun
tutun top, summit, extremity
OC Roviana
tuva arthritis, paralysis of arms, face, etc.
Eddystone/Mandegusu
tuva painful swelling in the arm or leg
Wayan
tuba have cramp (as in leg muscle)
Samoan
tupa swollen (of limbs affected by filarial infection)
OC Cheke Holo
tufa to give, distribute, present as a gift or share at a ceremony or feast
thufa a gift or share presented at a feast, a distribution
tua-tufa distribute food at a feast, divide and distribute shares
thua-tufa generous, giving frequently or generously
Nggela
tuva to divide, give a portion
Wayan
tuva be arranged, organized, set out, set in order, sorted out
tuva-tuva keep arranging things
Fijian
tuva to set in order, arrange, build up
Tongan
tufa to share out, divide out, allot; to deal (cards)
tufa-kaŋa what is allotted to one by nature: (a) natural gift(s), talent(s), endowment(s); (b) fate, destiny
Niue
tufa to be scattered, strewn about
tufa-aŋa a share, portion; assignment
tufa-tufa to divide, apportion
Futunan
tufa to divide, distribute; a portion
tufa-tufa to divide into small parts
Samoan
tufa share out, portion out; hand out, distribute; a portion, share
Tuvaluan
tufa divide up; share out
Nukuoro
duha to divide among; division (as in arithmetic)
Rennellese
tuha to divide, distribute; to deal, as cards
tuha-tuha to divide or distribute, as between four or more persons; to deal, as cards; to be divided, distributed
Rarotongan
tua to separate, to partition; to divide, as of any property; to divide into equal or unequal shares, to apportion out
tua-ia separated, partitioned, divided
tua-(a)ŋa separation, division; the act of partitioning or dividing
Maori
tuwha to distribute
WMP Casiguran Dumagat
tupád obeisance to; to comply with what is required; to fulfill, to accomplish
Sambal (Botolan)
t<om>opád to fulfill; to come to pass; to obey
Tagalog
tupád act of fulfilling a duty, promise, etc.; compliance; accomplishment of what is required; pursuance; a carrying out
Hanunóo
tupád compliance, faithfulness
ma-t<in>upád-un faithful, complying
Agutaynen
ma-topad to fulfill a promise or agreement; for something to come true or be realized; for a prophesy to be fulfilled
WMP Pangasinan
topág to match, pair
Aklanon
tupád to go or be side-by-side with
Agutaynen
ma-topad to fulfill a promise or agreement; for something to come true or be realized; to achieve one’s goal; for a prophecy to be fulfilled
Hiligaynon
mag-túpad to be at the side of, to sit beside someone
Cebuano
tupád stay, put beside something; match a cock with another for a cockfight
OC Roviana
tuvaka mend, repair
Wayan
tuva be arranged, organized, set out, set in order, sorted out
Fijian
tuva set in order, arrange
WMP Cebuano
túplak push someone or something away
Malay
tolak repelling; rejecting; pushing away or pushing off
WMP Ilokano
tupí hem, fold; seam
i-tupí to hem, to seam
Ibaloy
i-topi to fold something; to roll something by repeated foldings
Pangasinan
man-topí to fold (clothes, etc.)
Sambal (Botolan)
topíʔ to fold
Tagalog
tupíʔ fold; tuck; pleat or plait (a narrow fold in cloth)
mag-tupíʔ to tuck; to put tucks in; to sew a fold in a garment for trimming or to make it shorter; to fold; to pleat
pan-tupíʔ an apparatus or machine used for folding
pa-tupiʔín to fold something
Bikol
mag-tupíʔ to crease, place a crease in
ma-tupíʔ to get creased
WMP Casiguran Dumagat
tupók to be over-ripe (of rice still not harvested)
Bikol
ma-tupók showing the first signs of rot or decay; beginning to wear; to begin to rot or decay (due to long exposure in water or to the sun)
OC Roviana
tuvulu send out new growth, of trees that have been cut down
Fijian
tuvu shoot up, of a tree
OC Seimat
tupua- body
Gapapaiwa
tupua body
Wedau
tupua body, substance, material
Nakanamanga
na tupua spirit
Tongan
tupuʔa ancient, belonging to ancient times, esp. as implying and hallowed by its historical associations; riddle, conundrum
Niue
tupua the ancient gods, demons; an idol; a giant
Tuvaluan
tupua God; pre-Christian wooden gods
Rennellese
-tupuʔa an element occurring in the names of two of the most sacred gods, GuatupuɁa and TetupuɁa; a possible meaning would be ‘sacred’
Anuta
tupua a spirit which was never a human being
Maori
tupua goblin, demon, object of terror; one versed in magic arts; foreigner
Hawaiian
kupua demigod, especially a supernatural being possessing several forms, as Kamapuaʻa (man, pig, fish)
WMP Kayan
tupuh be completed (polite term)
CMP Bimanese
dumpu piece; remainder
dumpu roŋko cigarette butt
Manggarai
tupus complete, finish
tumpus terminate (of life), be insufficient
Rembong
tupus end, finish
OC Tanga
tua back (of a human being or any large animal)
Pileni
tua back
Tongan
tuʔa back, space or place or time behind or beyond, back or rougher side or inner or under surface (of leaf, cloth, garment, mat, etc.); outside surface, place or space outside, exterior
Niue
tua the back; behind, beyond, over, outside
Futunan
tuʔa back; behind; outside
Samoan
tua rougher, tougher side of a thing, i.e. the back (as opposed to the smoother side); behind, to the back; beyond, outside
Tuvaluan
tua behind; at or towards the back; a person’s back; upper side of coconut or pandanus trunk
Kapingamarangi
dua East; back (of a person); behind
Nukuoro
dua away from; in back of; after; back (of the body)
Rennellese
tuʔa back
Anuta
tua back (anatomical part); rear portion of something; outside; away
Rarotongan
tua the back, the rear, a portion; a side, as of a house or building; the back, as of persons; the hindermost part or portion of anything, as of an army or fleet of canoes; behind, as at the back or rear; secret, hidden
Maori
tua back; the farther side of a solid body; the time past; the future; on the farther side
Hawaiian
kua back; burden
huli kua to turn the back on, as to insult; back wall of a house
OC Kove
tua-tua- bone
Lakalai
la tuha- bone
Bola
tua- bone
Gitua
tua bone
iga tua fish bone
Tami
tuka-tuk bone
Tubetube
tua-tua bone
Wayan
tua bone
WMP Lun Dayeh
tuəh strength; hardness, stiffness
Kelabit
tuʔəh hard, strong (of materials)
Wolio
ka-tuʔa hardness, ripeness
Muna
tugha hard; old, ripe (of fruit)
WMP Lun Dayeh
me-tueh strong, mighty; hard, stiff
Wolio
ma-tuʔa hard; ripe; dark (of colors)
WMP Tarakan
taun forest
Kayan (Uma Juman)
tuan primary forest
Maloh
toan forest
Singhi Land Dayak
tuan old forest
Nias
tua primary forest
Muna
ka-tugha forest
CMP Kédang
tuen forest
Formosan Thao
tuqash primary forest, with large trees; wilderness
maki-tuqa-tuqash to be old (of people)
mashi-tuqash elder sibling, father’s elder brother; elder person in general
mashi-tan-tuqash to be older than another person
tana-tuqash elders, ancestor, forefathers
tuq-tuqash parent-in-law; elders; senior in age, of people
Bunun (Isbukun)
masi-tuhas elder sibling
WMP Kapampangan
tua old age (Bergaño)
Blaan (Koronadal)
tuʔah old, of people
Ida'an Begak
tuo old
Bisaya (Limbang)
tə-tuo older people, elders
Bisaya
tuo old, of people
Basap
tua old (of people)
Kenyah
tuʔa parents; elders
Melanau Dalat
tuʔa <M ripe, of fruits
tuaʔ <M aunt, uncle (MB, MZ, FB, FZ)
Melanau (Sarikei)
tuʔəh stage in the ripening of fruits just before full ripeness
Ngaju Dayak
kalan-toha overripe
Ba'amang
tueʔ old
Dusun Deyah
tuo old
Banjarese
tuha old
Delang
tuho old
Iban
tuai old, mature; leader, head, chief, senior
apai tuai an old man
Singhi Land Dayak
tua MyB, MyZ, FyB, FyZ
tua damux parent-in-law (WF, WM, HF, HM)
Proto-Chamic
*tuha old (people)
Jarai
tha old
Rhade
khua mature; ripe; old; master, owner, chief, official
anak khua firstborn, eldest child
bi khua to make mature, to ripen
Roglai (Northern)
tuha old, of people
Moken
toka parent-in-law (WF, WM, HF, HM)
tuka ripe (of a coconut)
Malay
tua age; matured; old; senior; deep (of coloring); free from alloy (of metals). In terms of relationship like pa’ tua it signifies that the person so described has a father’s position (i.e. he is an uncle), and more so in point of age: in other words, he is a father’s elder brother
Simalur
tuʔa old, grown up
tuʔa-tuʔa the elders
mansi-tuʔa-tuʔa to be of the same age (as one another)
Karo Batak
tua age; old age; true, genuine, original
bapa tua father’s older brother
Toba Batak
na tua-tua old; elders
ma-nua-i make a pot ‘old’ (or hard) by putting bran in it and then firing it in high heat
pa-tua-hon ama feed one’s father in his old age shortly before he dies
sin-tua eldest; chief (leader)
amaŋ tua father’s older brother
Mentawai
tua ripe, of fruit
Lampung
tuha old
holon tuha parents
Sundanese
tuha old
paŋ-tuha-na the eldest
Old Javanese
tuha old age
a-tuha old, elder, eldest, senior; “old at”, consummate, accomplished, experienced
pa-nuha eldest
p<in>i-tuha to make old, put at the head of, consider as the elder
t<in>uha veteran, experienced, leader
tuha-gana constant, unremitting, sedulous (in doing or practicing)
Balinese
tua old, aged; full-grown, adult
Uma
tuʔa old woman or man; elders
Tae'
tua old
banua tua an old house; an old lineage house erected for the ancestors that remains a common possession of their descendants
Buginese
toa old
Makassarese
toaʔ grandfather, grandmother
toa-ku my grandfather or grandmother
Muna
tugha hard; old, ripe (of fruit); invulnerable (of the skin), immune
Palauan
dúʔ state of ripeness or maturity (of a fruit)
dəʔá-l its ripeness, its maturity
CMP Bimanese
tua old (of people and things)
Manggarai
toʔa mother’s brother; wife’s father or mother (West Manggarai); brother’s son, brother’s daughter (in relation to the father’s sister); sister’s son, sister’s daughter (in relation to the mother’s brother); wife’s brother’s son or daughter (in relation to the father’s sister’s husband); husband’s sister’s son or daughter (in relation to the mother’s brother’s wife)
tuʔa old; age; adult, grown up; finished; dark, of colors; taller; leader; parents-in-law (WF, WM, HF, HM, but in some dialects WF, WM only)
ata tuʔa parents
tuʔa ata rona mother’s brother
Rembong
tuʔa parent-in-law; old; hard (as kernels of corn, or seeds of Job’s tears)
tuʔa rana husband’s parents
tuʔa wina wife’s parents
Ngadha
tua parents-in-law; affinal kin
tua ana xaki son-in-law
tua ana fai daughter-in-law
Palu'e
tuʔa old
Lamaholot
tua old
Adonara
tuʔu <A old (people)
Kambera
tua old, older
ana tua older child, older brother or sister
Rotinese
ka-tu-tua the spoiling of children (lit. ‘making big’)
tua-inak adult, of persons, male as well as female
Tetun
aman tuak grandfather, grand uncle (aman = ‘father’)
uaʔi tuak late or slow growth, of children
Asilulu
tua eldest, among one’s parents’ siblings
Larike
ntua old
SHWNG Gimán
tua old
OC Molima
tua- older same sex sibling
Maxbaxo
marua uncle
Fijian
tua a word used by children to their grandfathers
WMP Malay
ke-tua elder; headman
Karo Batak
ke-tua old age
Wolio
ka-tuʔa hardness, ripeness
CMP Tetun
katuas a venerable old man (a respectful title); advanced in years, ancient (refers to animals and men only)
Formosan Amis (Central)
ma-toʔas old, of people
WMP Sambal (Botolan)
ma-tuʔa old, of people
Kapampangan
ma-tua old, of people (Bergaño)
Samal (Balangingi )
ma-toʔa parent-in-law (WF, WM, HF, HM)
Bisaya (Limbang)
mən-tuo old (of people and animals)
Melanau (Mukah)
mətua parent-in-law (WF, WM, HF, HM)
Melanau Dalat
məntua parent-in-law (WF, WM, HF, HM)
Ba'amang
man-tuhaʔ parent-in-law (WF, WM, HF, HM)
Paku
ma-tuʔeh old
Dusun Deyah
ma-tuo MeB, FeB, MeZH, FeZH
Ma'anyan
matueh old
Malagasy
matoa the eldest son or daughter; it is used in the provinces to express the ripeness of fruit, etc.
andria-matoa the eldest son, a title of respect
Iban
mentua ~ entua parent-in-law
Maloh
matoa parent-in-law
Malay
mentua ~ mertua parent-in-law
Simalur
ma-tuʔa old, grown up, mature
Karo Batak
me-tua old; hard; ripe, of rice in the field; already deceased (said of children); mother-in-law (woman speaking?)
per-tua the elders of a village
Toba Batak
matua (be) old; sometimes used euphemistically for ‘dead’; always; very
mantua always; very
si matua parents-in-law and their siblings (WF, WM, HF, HM)
Nias
matua parent-in-law (man speaking), wife’s father, wife’s mother
Balinese
memen matua mother-in-law (WM, HM)
nana matua father-in-law (WF, HF)
Sasak
məntoaʔ parent-in-law
Balantak
mo-tuʔa old
Uma
mo-tuʔa old
Tae'
ma-tua old
ma-tua induk old as the sugar palm, which has a hard core; very old
to ma-tua old as the sugar palm, which has a hard core; very old
Proto-Bungku-Tolaki
*mo-tuʔa old
Mori Bawah
mo-taʔu <M old
Tolaki
mo-tuʔo old
Moronene
mo-tuʔa old
Mandar
ma-toa old
Buginese
ma-toa parents-in-law
Makassarese
ma-toa village head in Buginese and Makasarese lands
Wolio
ma-tuʔa hard, ripe, dark (of color)
Palauan
mədúʔ strong, durable (of wood, metal); half-ripe (i.e., ready to pick)
Chamorro
matua noble, magnanimous, lofty, highborn, person possessing high qualities; archaic form referring to higher class in pre-Spanish Chamorro society
CMP Kambera
ma-tua old; grown up, adult; what follows the rule or is the norm; venerable, holy or sacred
Rotinese
ma-tua big, grown up
ai ma-tua a heavy, thick piece of wood; a thick post
hala ma-tua a deep sound
hala (li) ma-tua a loud voice
hedi ma-tua a heavy, serious sickness
tatao ma-tua an important work
Watubela
m-tuka old
Alune
matua-ne old man
mtua old
Asilulu
matua very old, of huge trees, animals, etc.; too old, of tubers and fruits allowed to ripen too long; past one’s prime, of spinsters and old bachelors
Wakasihu
in-tua old
Sula
ma-tua old (of people)
SHWNG Moor
maʔú old
OC Tanga
ma:tuk fully developed adult male who has reached years of discretion, not an old man, not a youth; husband
ma:tuk suksuk very old man or woman
Pala
matua mother’s brother (Milke 1958)
Tolai
matua(-na) the relationship between a woman’s brothers and sisters and her children; nephew or niece; mother’s brother
Vitu
matuha strong; ripe; ready
Lakalai
matuha full-grown
Bunama
matuha mature, ripe; hard, strong
Kilivila
-matuva ripe
Tubetube
matua ready to eat, ripe (as bananas)
Lau
maua full grown; ripe, of ngali [Canarium] nut
moua full grown
'Āre'āre
maua unripe, of food
Sa'a
mæua ripe, of yams
Arosi
maua full grown
Toga
meru-k mother’s brother
Mota
matua full-grown, ripe
ta-matua a full-grown person
matua-late ripe before the time
Nonona
tua mother’s brother
Rano
metuo- mother’s brother
Burmbar
metua- mother’s brother
Sesivi
ne-mætu old
Filakara
na-marua old
Vowa
motua- mother’s brother
Rotuman
mafua full-grown, of adult age; old, as opposed to young; to die (euphemistic); man appointed to act as spokesman for a district chief, to announce the kava, act as master of ceremonies, etc.
mamfua plural of mafua
Wayan
matua be mature, fully developed; thus 1. (of fruit, tubers, etc.) be ripe, mature, fit for eating or harvesting, 2. (of people, animals, plants) be full grown, grown up, mature, adult, 3. honest, honorable, upright
tata mātua (of a young child) be precocious in speech, advanced for his or her years
vaka-mātua-ni let something mature or ripen; to mature something; what matures
Fijian
matua mature, ripe, fit for gathering or digging; of people who are getting on in years it is more usual to say qase; as adverb, strongly, vigorously
Tongan
motuʔa old or elderly person, or elder; male person of any age (even a baby) when one is speaking in a derogatory way; parent, especially father; husband (derogatory for mali); (of things or animals) old; or mature, fully developed; being old; preposed adjective: original, former, first
mā-tu-tuʔa (of persons) old; or mature, fully developed
motuʔa nima thumb (lit. ‘parent finger’)
Niue
matua parent; relative of the same generation as one’s parents
ma-matua parents
matua tupuna grandparent
motua old age; an old person
mo-motua old folk, elders
vao motua the original dense forest, virgin bush
Futunan
matuʔa be old (singular); age; an old person (from about 40); king (in cards); ripe, mature; an elder person of importance
mātuʔa parents
Samoan
matua (of fruit, etc.), be mature, but not fully ripe; (of people), (be) adult, grown up; (be) older, elder; (be) old; (of bush, forest) be dense, thick; age; parent
mātua parents
matuā very, extremely, absolutely, quite, fully, completely; great, considerable
mātua-oti orphan
faʔa-mātua-taŋata (be) elderly
tuaʔā parent
Tuvaluan
matua old (of person, animal); mature, of fruit
mātua old (of person, animal); mature, of fruit (plural referent)
Kapingamarangi
madua old, mature, ripe (of breadfruit)
Nukuoro
madua old (persons), mature, full-grown; parent, elder (senior relative)
Rennellese
matuʔa husband, family head, landholder, worshipper, especially the priest-chief; to be or grow old; to be or become mature, as fruit fully formed but not ripe
matuʔa-ʔaki to act as head of household or a group of travellers
Anuta
matua husband; important, major, primary; adult, mature; ripe
ŋa maatuaa parents
Rarotongan
matua ~ metua parent, elder; an expert, one who is skilled in any art or science; a master, as the navigator of a ship, etc.
Maori
matua parent, and more especially father; division of an army, company; placenta; adult, grown up; main, chief, important
mātua parents; first; important, large, abundant; main body of an army
whaka-matua rest, pause, after an effort; keep steady, control
Hawaiian
makua parent, any relative of the parents’ generation, as uncle, aunt, cousin; Catholic father; main stalk of a plant; adult; full-grown, mature, older, senior; fig., benefactor, provider, anyone who cares for one; the Lord
hoʔo-makua to grow into maturity; to mature; to act the part of a parent; to foster, adopt, as a child; to call or treat as a parent; to address as parent, aunt, or uncle, one related by affection rather than by blood or adoption; to become established or permanent
mākua parents, etc. (plural of makua)
WMP Kapampangan
ka-tua-n characteristics of old age and of adulthood
Karo Batak
ke-tuā-n decrepit from old age; become old (?)
Old Javanese
ka-tuha-n old age, relatively older age, being the elder
WMP Old Javanese
t<um>uha-tuhe to be the leader (in command) of
Buginese
t<om>oa parents
Formosan Thao
tuqa-tuqash older people
WMP Karo Batak
tua-tua adults, married people; elders
Old Javanese
tuha-tuha ancestor, elder
Formosan Thao
ma-tuqa-tuqash old, elder
WMP Old Javanese
a-tuha-tuha old, elder, senior
28553
|
32311
|
28554
Note: Dempwolff (1934-38) assigned Tagalog tuód to *(t)uquD ‘stand firm’, but his reconstruction confuses several distinct cognate sets. Tsuchida (1976:156) reconstructs "PHes" *[tT]uqəD and Zorc (1981) "Proto-Hesperonesian-Formosan" *tŭqəD ‘stump of a tree’ on the basis of cognate forms in Formosa and the Philippines. I include the present cognate set only to demonstrate that reflexes of *tuqed extend well into eastern Indonesia. |
30545
|
*tuqelaŋ condylar bone, bone of fauna exclusive of fish
Note: Also Ifugaw toŋʔál (<M) ‘bone’, Ida'an Begak tullaŋ ‘bone’, Rungus Dusun ulaŋ ‘bone’. |
32242
|
*tuq(e)lid straight
Note: This comparison has been substantially improved through contributions by R. David Zorc. |
32481
|
*tuq(e)maw suddenly appear, come into view suddenly or partially
|
28555
|
*tuqtuq to hammer, pound, crush
Note: Also Old Javanese tuluŋ tutu ‘to pound, as rice in a pestle’, Madurese toto ‘knock, pound, beat’. Dempwolff (1934-38) reconstructed *tutu ‘stamp, pound, crush’, but included reflexes only in WMP languages. |
30548
|
31609
|
*tuqu₂ true, real; truly, really
Note: Also Ngaju Dayak toto ‘true, candid, sincere’. The Sa'a form, first cited by Dempwolff (1938) appears to show contamination with the reflex of *puqun ‘base of a tree, beginning, origin, source’ (also cfr, Sa'a huu ‘real, permanent’, which regulalrly reflects *puqun). |
32203
Note: Diagnostic reflexes such as Tigak tuk point to POc *tuqu rather than the expected *tuqur. |
32413
|
*tuqun₁ to put on or over something
Note: Also Proto-Sangiric *tuən ‘place a pot on the fire’. |
30298
| (Formosan only)
*tuquN an evergreen tree, probably Acacia confusa
Note: The gloss for Pazeh tul ~ tun is clearly underspecified. However, since PAn *saleŋ meant ‘pine tree’, the best alternative gloss for *tuquN must be the acacia, which as an evergreen, might easily be mislabeled as a pine. |
28556
|
*tuquR evaporate, dry up
Note: Dempwolff (1934-38) assigned Malay tohor to *(t)uquD ‘stand firm’, but his reconstruction confuses three distinct cognate sets: (1) PAn *tuqeD ‘tree stump; stubble’ (Blust 1980, no. 433), (2) PMP *tuquR ‘evaporate, dry up’, and (3) PMP *tuqud ‘stand’. |
32474
Note: This comparison was first proposed by Clark (2009:205-206). |
32475
|
30059
|
*turaŋa to lead, guide; leader?
|
28558
|
*turik mark with a line or spot
Note: With root *-rik ‘spot, freckle’. |
28560
|
*turiŋ fish sp.
|
32412
|
*turiq circumcision
Note: Also Agutaynen tori ‘circumcised’, Tboli tuliɁ ‘circumcision; to circumcise’. |
32364
|
*turis line, stripe; scratch a line
Note: Also Amis toris ~ tosir ‘a line; a line on paper, or a line of planted rice plants’. With root *-ris₂ ‘scratch a line’. |
30706
|
*tu(rR)a friend
Note: Apparently distinct from POc *tuRaŋ ‘kinsman’ (cf. Roviana turaŋa-na ‘kinsman, relative’ |
28528
|
*turu₁ knee
Note: Also Tongan tui, Samoan tuli, Rennellese tugi, Hawaiian kuli ‘knee’, which appear to reflect *turi. |
32204
Note: Apparently distinct from POc *turu ‘knee’. |
32157
|
*turus stake, free-standing post
Note: Also Ilokano tulós ‘pole, stake’. This term appears to have contrasted with PMP *hadiRi ‘housepost’, in referring to a free-standing post or stake used for a variety of purposes other than house construction. |
28557
|
*tuRa to string, put on a string
Note: Also Nggela tura ‘to thread, as a needle; to string, as beads’. |
32365
Note: Also Gedaged tiza- ‘companion, one who goes along; a business friend or partner’ . This comparison was proposed by Geraghty (1990:76). However, it is in competition with POc *tuaka ‘elder same sex sibling’, and since *k was lost intervocalically in at least some forms in each of the above languages and in most of the languages used to support *tuaka, it is possible that the two sets should be united under a single reconstruction *tuRaka, a proposal that would have the added advantage of explaining the length of the final vowel in Tolai turā-. However, unambiguous evidence of *tuRaka remains elusive. |
32158
|
*tuRaŋ kinsman, relative (undefined)
Note: Also WBM e-nuǥaŋ ‘specifically parent-in-law; also by extension the relatives of one’s spouse of the same generation as one’s parents-in-law’, Binukid ugaŋ ‘parent of one’s spouse’. The distinction between *tuRaŋ and *ma-nuRaŋ on the level of PPh remains unclear. |
32505
Note: Also Bikol tuk-turáɁok ‘to crow, of a rooster’. |
32385
|
*tuRi the candlenut tree: Aleurites moluccana
Note: As observed by Ross (2008:180), reflexes of this form in the meaning ‘Aleurites moluccana’ are confined to Central Pacific languages, and the comparison presented here may therefore be invalid. |
32439
|
*tuRsúk skewer something so as to pick it up without touching it
Note: With root *-suk ‘insert, penetrate, enter’. |
28561
Note: Compare the onomatopoetic parallel in |
30362
Note: This comparison was first proposed by Geraghty (1990:76). Bender et al. (2003) propose Proto-Western Micronesian ? *Tuuru ‘wade’, but given the external witnesses for this form it clearly must have been present in Proto-Micronesian. It is not entirely clear whether the POc medial consonant was *R or *r, and it is possible that the word ended in *-p. |
32386
|
*tuRu₂ housepost
|
29998
| (Formosan only)
*tuRukuk chicken
Note: Also Tsou troʔua, Kanakanabu tarukúuka, Saaroa tarukuuka, Proto-Rukai *tarokoko, Kavalan traquq ‘chicken’. This word undoubtedly is onomatopoetic, and so could have arisen independently through sound-imitation. However, convergent results of onomatopoeia in related languages rarely exhibit regular sound correspondences as in the present case, and a reconstruction therefore appears justified. It is possible that PAn *tuRukuk referred only to roosters. |
30696
|
*tuRun₁ to descend, go down; to lower
Note: The basic sense of this term seems to have been the idea of gradual physical descent from a higher to a lower elevation. Over much of western Indonesia it also includes a metaphorical extension to genealogical descent, and in Proto-Philippines the form *tuRun-an evidently meant ‘waterfall’. Dempwolff (1938) also compared Sa'a ulu ‘to wade’, but the occurrence of the Arosi homophones uru ‘to wade’ and uru ‘to go down; the west’ and the distinct Nggela forms ndulu ‘to go down; to set, of the sun’ and tulu ‘to wade’ shows that this inference probably was mistaken. |
30697
|
*tuRun₂ send off with a message
|
30957
|
*tuRut to follow instructions, follow an example; carry along, give in, allow something to happen
|
30959
Note: Also Malay patut ‘fit; proper; suitable’ (< Javanese). Rotuman fū ‘be suitable for, to be fit, adapted, or suited to’ may also be related, although this is unclear, and is not supported by any other known CEMP reflex. Philippine reflexes of this form refer to a controller giving permission to the one controlled, while western Indonesian reflexes usually refer instead to one who is controlled obeying someone’s order or will. In either case the idea of following tends to be the more abstract one of following orders, instructions, or an example rather than the literal sense of walking behind, although the latter meaning appears in some glosses. |
30075
|
*tusi draw, make marks or designs
Note: Also Bimanese tunti, , Anuta tuti ‘write’. |
30952
Note: Possibly identical to POc *tusuq-i, although the contraction of *u-i to i is otherwise unknown in any of these languages. |
32186
|
*tustús to hang down, to lower
|
32187
|
*tustus roll up a leaf, as a tobacco leaf
|
30994
|
*tusuk pierce, skewer or string together
Note: Also Tausug tugsuk ‘a fork (as in eating), (hair)pin, any pointed instrument’, mag-tugsuk ‘to stick, prick something with a fork or pointed instrument’. With root *-suk ‘insert, penetrate, enter’. |
32366
|
*tutu beat time on a drum or slitgong
Note: Possibly identical to PAn *tutuh ‘beat, pound, bump, thump’ |
28562
|
28563
|
31070
|
*tutuh beat, pound, bump, thump
Note: It is initially difficult to distinguish the senses of *tuktuk and *tutu, both of which evidently were onomatopoetic, and referred to pounding. However, reflexes of *tuktuk most consistently refer to knocking, or to vertical pounding, as with a wooden pestle in a wooden mortar, used to loosen the husk of grains. By contrast, although *tutu also has this sense in some of the languages of western Indonesia, it refers distinctively to the use of wooden mallets to pound bark and so separate the fibers preparatory to making bark cloth in several of the languages of northern Luzon. |
28564
Note: With root *-tuk₁ ‘bend, curve’. |
33639
Note: Possibly a Tagalog loan distribution. |
32131
Note: The meaning of this word cannot easily be pinned down. In some languages the general sense of ‘to burn’ is dominant, but this is usually a secondary sense. Rather, the primary meaning appears to be to set fire to something. As shown in the Tongan gloss, this is different from kindling a fire (starting a fire from scratch), as it presupposes that a fire already exists that is then applied to something else so that the fires spreads, either in a highly contained way, as in lighting a lamp, or in a more general way, as in burning fields in swidden agriculture. |
32132
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32387
|
32312
|
*tútuq interjection used to call a dog
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32313
Note: Also Proto-South Sulawesi *toto ‘trim, prune branches’. |
32246
|
*tutur₁ to speak clearly and deliberately
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32482
Note: Also Kambera kuru ‘cooing of a dove’. This word is onomatopoetic, and may be a product of convergence. |
32483
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*tutut sparrow or similar bird
Note: This word is onomatopoetic, and may be a product of convergence. |
32484
|
32451
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*tuyuq point at, aim for; intend to do something; do something intentionally
Note: Also Bikol túyo ‘aim, goal, intention, object, purpose, reason’, mag-túyo ‘to do something deliberately’, Agutaynen ka-toyo-an ‘purpose; intention; mission’. |
32452
Note: With root *-zak ‘step on’. |
32314
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*tuzaq thrust downward with sharp implement
Note: This comparison was first noted by van der Veen (1940). |
32281
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*tuzu direction, goal, destination
Note: Possibly a Malay loan distribution. Denmpwolff (1938) included Sa'a i-ito ‘to fix the course of a canoe’, but this shows multiple irregularities. |
30953
Note: Also Bunun (Takituduh) tanuduk ‘digit; finger or toe’, Palauan tutk ‘pointer; pole (for picking fruit)’. |
30955
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*tuzuq₁ to point at, point out; give directions
Note: Also Kadazan Dusun tuduk ‘to teach, show, consult, advise, indicate’, Kelabit tidhuʔ, Tring ticuʔ ‘hand’, Kenyah (Long Jeeh) ujuʔ ‘hand’, Kayan tujoʔ ‘pointing at; to point at; to indicate by pointing out’, Kayan (Uma Bawang) usuʔ ‘hand’, Melanau (Mukah) tijun ‘point out, indicate’, Iban tudoh ‘point out, suggest, instruct, arrange’, Singhi tiju ‘to point’, Bukar-Sadong Bidayuh tijuʔ ‘pointing the finger at a person or thing; indicate; pointout with a forefinger or with a stick’, Iban tuju ‘point at, aim; towards’, Malay tudoh ‘accusation, especially slanderous accusation; pointing out a person guilty of some heinous act’, tuju ‘pointing at; making straight for; aiming at’, Acehnese tunjoʔ, tuñoʔ ‘point out, indicate, show, demonstrate’, Gayō tujuh ‘seven’ (< Malay), Sundanese tuju ‘direction’, nuju ‘direct oneself toward, point in the direction of’, Old Javanese tuju ‘to go straight to, head for, aim directly at, hit, charge, deliver a direct blow; magic, charm (i.e. that which is aimed at a person)’, ka-tuju ‘agree with, be in accord with, be pleased with’, Balinese tuduh ‘command, set a task, give instructions’, tuju ‘point to, aim at, point at, point out’, Sasak tuju ‘tendency, direction’, Tae' dullu ‘to point out, show, indicate’, tudu ‘direction, course; intention, tendency’, Makassarese joʔjoʔ ‘makea gesture to point something out’, Komodo toso ‘to show, indicate’, komoso toso ‘index finger’, Manggarai toso ‘point to, point out’, limé toso ‘index finger’, Leti tutu ‘to point out, show, instruct’, Manam tunuri ‘to point at’, Lau susu ‘to point; the first finger; to accuse’, Rotuman ju-ju ‘to point to or at with finger’. The relationship of these forms to Paiwan ts As Wilkinson (1959:1242) has noted for Malay, the association of the innovative word for ‘seven’ with the index finger derives from a system of finger-counting in which the thumb moves from little finger to index finger and then reverses direction, encountering the index finger for the second time after the thumb has served for both ‘five’ and ‘six’. Reflexes of *tuzuq in the indisputably innovative meaning ‘seven’ are of some interest for the internal subgrouping of WMP languages, as they include the languages of Sabah and Sarawak (but not of southeastern Borneo), Malay and its closest relatives, the Chamic languages and Sundanese (but not Javanese). However, many of the languages of Sabah also share an indisputably innovative word for ‘nine’ (reflecting *siam) with most of the languages of the Philippines. Since at least one of these lexical innovations must have acquired its attested distribution in part by diffusion the potential subgrouping value of *tuzuq in the meaning ‘seven’ is somewhat compromised. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
a b c C d e g h i j k l m n N ñ ŋ o p q r R s S t u w y z
Austronesian Comparative Dictionary, web edition
Robert Blust and Stephen Trussel
www.trussel2.com/ACD
2010: revision 6/21/2020
email: Blust (content) –
Trussel (production)
CognateSets-Index-t