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Updated: 6/21/2020

Austronesian Comparative Dictionary

Roots

b c C d g h k l m n N ñ ŋ p r R s t w z

*-k

-ka -kab -kad -kak₁ -kaŋ₁ -kaŋ₂ -kaŋ₃ -kap -kaq₁ -kaq₂ -kas₁ -kas₂ -kas₃ -kaw -keb₁ -keb₂ -keC -ked -kek -kel -kem₁ -kem₂ -keŋ₁ -keŋ₂ -keŋ₃ -keŋ₄ -kep₁ -kep₂ -kes -ket -kik -kiŋ -kiq -kis₁ -kis₂ -kit₁ -kit₂ -kub₁ -kub₂ -kud -kug₁ -kug₂ -kuk₁ -kuk₂ -kul₁ -kul₂ -kum -kuŋ (or *-kuquŋ?) -kuŋ₂ -kup -ku(q) -kur -kus -kut

29900

*-ka split

PMP	*beka	split, crack open
PWMP	*bika	potsherd
Karo Batak	taka	split, cleave
Paiwan	velaka	a split in wood

29901

*-kab open, uncover

PWMP	*e(ŋ)kab	open, uncover
PWMP	*hu(ŋ)kab	open, uncover
PWMP	*iŋkab	to open, uncover
PWMP	*lekab	open, uncover
PWMP	*lukab	turn up at the edge
PWMP	*ruŋkáb	to force open
PMP	*siŋkab	open, uncover
PMP	*su(ŋ)kab	to open, break open
PWMP	*tu(ŋ)kab	break open, force open
Bare'e	boka	open by loosening the binding
Kadazan Dusun	haŋkab	come off, come loose (as skin, something pasted on)
Javanese	liŋkab	to open (mat, clothes)
Tagalog	tiŋkáb	violently opened or dislodged; forced open (Also Hiligaynon tikafb 'open one's mouth')

Also Kadazan Dusun hiŋkib 'open slightly', Aklanon tukifb 'open up a little (as a window)'. Tagalog hikafb next to higafb 'yawn' may show contamination from *-kab.

29902

*-kad prop, support

PMP	*tu(ŋ)kad	prop, support; staff
Kambera	hiŋga	prop, support
Hawu	njuka	prop, support
Rotinese	saka	prop up with something
Ilokano	saroŋkád	to prop, too plant the feet firmly against the ground
Malagasy	sefhatra	the rest or support for a gun in being fired
Ilokano	sekkád	prop; plant the feet firmly against the ground

29903

*-kak₁ cackle, laugh loudly

PMP	*akak	cackling laughter
PWMP	*dekak	shriek, as of laughter
PMP	*kak	sound of a cackle, loud laughter, etc.
PAN	*kakak	cackle
PWMP	*pekak	cackle
PWMP	*tekak	cackle
PPh	*tukák	kind of loud frog
Bikol	agakák	clucking sound; to cluck
Javanese	bekak-beki:k	shriek repeatedly
Karo Batak	cekak	choke, as when swallowing
Javanese	eŋkak	variety of small crow (Also Sasak eŋkak 'gasp for breath')
Rotinese	hika	laugh loudly
Sawai	hika	morning bird, named from its cry
Malay	iŋkak	chuckle, guffaw
Kelabit	kak kak	sound of cackling
Yami (Iranomilek)	lekak	cackling with laughter
Manggarai	ŋkehak	gag of one about to vomit
Manggarai	ŋkéhak	cough repeatedly
Kankanaey	pakák	cackle
Mongondow	pékak	frog
Balinese	sukak	cough, clear the throat, cough up something stuck in the throat
Amis	ʔanikak	crow

29905

*-kaŋ₁ spread apart, as the legs

PWMP	*akaŋ	step over
PAN	*bakaŋ	bowlegged
PMP	*be(ŋ)kaŋ	unbent (as a fishhook)
PMP	*eŋkaŋ	walk with legs wide apart
PWMP	*iŋkaŋ	walk with legs wide apart
PWMP	*kaŋkaŋ₁	spread the legs wide
PWMP	*la(ŋ)k(e)qaŋ	spread the legs
PMP	*pekaŋ	stretch open or apart
PWMP	*pukaŋ	crotch
PWMP	*rekaŋ	wide apart (as the legs)
PMP	*sakaŋ	bowlegged
PMP	*sekaŋ	crossbar, strut, something to hold things apart
PWMP	*sikaŋ	wide apart, of the legs
PPh	*tákaŋ	spread wide open
PWMP	*ti(ŋ)kaŋ	spread the legs
PWMP	*u(ŋ)kaŋ	spread open, as the legs
Ifugaw	akdáŋ	(<M) make a big step over something that lies across the way
Hanunóo	balakáŋ	space between one's legs
Cebuano	bikaŋkáŋ	spread one's legs apart
Toba Batak	biŋkaŋ	split, crack open, of a fruit
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)	bivikaŋ	squat with knees wide apart
Malay	boŋkaŋ	prone; astretch (in contrast to lying huddled up)
Malay	boŋkaŋ-baŋkiŋ	lying about in all sorts of attitudes (of bodies after a battle)
Tagalog	bukaŋkáŋ	open (forced) at one end
Sasak	cakaŋ	with fingers spread open
Balinese	ceŋkaŋ	span (tip of the first finger to thumb)
Malay	cukaŋ	to split bamboos against a wedge
Madurese	dharakkaŋ	sit with legs wide apart
Balinese	duŋkaŋ	step, stride, step over, take a big step
Malay	jaŋkaŋ	generic for a number of trees with stilt roots
Malay	jéŋkaŋ	extension of a leg; as when a mother draws out a child's leg to clean it
Iban	lekaŋ	wide open, gaping (door, legs)
Kelabit	pekakaŋ	spread apart, stretched (of forceps that have been forced apart)
Iban	perekaŋ	wide apart, wide open; sit sprawling
Sika	pikaŋ	fork, pitchfork
Javanese	pleŋkaŋ	inadvertently do a split
Javanese	raŋkaŋ	(of people) moving on all fours; creep, crawl
Yami (Iranomilek)	rekaŋ	wide apart, wide open (as legs)
Iban	rikaŋ	rolling, swaggering; walk with feet apart
Tiruray	sebekaŋ	v-shaped
Balinese	selaŋkaŋ	stand astride of
Bare'e	seŋka	spread wide, of the legs
Kayan	sepakaŋ	place a child or hold something between one's legs
Kenyah	tapikaŋ	a v-shaped piece of wood used in the construction of the platform on which a corpse is laid out
Madurese	tekkaŋ	straddling wide
Malay	ter-jaŋkaŋ	wide astretch, of the limbs
Balinese	tuŋkaŋ	stride, straddle
Bontok	wákaŋ	stride, walk with large steps

29906

*-kaŋ₂ bark, croak

PMP	*kaŋ	animal sound
PAN	*kaŋkaŋ₂	resounding sound
Malay	deŋkaŋ	croaking sound such as the note of the bullfrog
Malay	doŋkaŋ	a frog, sp. unident.
Kankanaey	kúkaŋ	cry out, scream, screech

29907

*-kaŋ₃ stiff, rigid; cramps

PMP	*kaŋkaŋ₃	cramps, stiffening of the limbs
Toba Batak	baŋkaŋ dagiŋ	stiff, rigid
Malay	cekaŋ	taut, astretch
Malay	jeŋkaŋ	stark or stiff in death
Kambera	kalikaŋu	numb, stiff (as limbs)
Malagasy	róhana	syphilitic rheumatism
Dairi-Pakpak Batak	terkaŋ	stiff, inflexible

Malay cekaŋ, jeŋkaŋ may contain a reflex of *-keŋ 'cramps, stiffening of the limbs'. Jakartanese (Betawi) jeŋkaŋ 'prostrate; dead', however, unambiguously indicates *-kaŋ.

29908

*-kap feel, grope

PAN	*kapkap	feel in the dark; grope
Ilokano	aríkap	feel with hand or finger; touch; fondle
Amis	hakap	touch lightly, intending to find out the identity of an object
Hiligaynon	híkap	touch with the hand, feel
Aklanon	hulíkap	to pet, feel around (the body)
Bontok	kapúkap	to feel one’s way, as a blind person
Mongondow	kekap	grope with hands and feet (in the dark, as in seeking the way)
Mongondow	kokap	grope, feel (as in the dark) (Also Gorontalo oʔapa)
Mongondow	lekap, likap	grope with hands or feet, as a blind person, or someone in the dark
Ngadha	ŋoka	feel in the water for fish
Puyuma	paLukap	sensitive with the touch; to feel, finger something
Kavalan	pRapkap	to grope
Buruese	raka-h	grope for, feel for
Tae'	salaŋkaʔ	to grope for something, as a blind person
Maranao	sikap	search, find, examine, grope for
Kavalan	sukap	grope for fish, shrimp or crabs under a stone in the water
Kelabit	tekap	search

29909

*-kaq₁ open forcibly

PWMP	*bukaq	open, undo
PMP	*rakaq	open
Aklanon	bæaŋkaʔ	take apart, dismantle
Rotinese	huka	to open
Singhi Land Dayak	kuka	undo, unfasten
Maranao	lekaʔ	open
Tboli	lemkaʔ	take off, open forcibly
Rembong	léŋkaʔ	to open (a door); opened
Tiruray	luŋkaʔ	loosen slightly, as a bandage
Ilokano	pekká	break, shatter; open forcibly (someone's fist)
Arosi	raga	open with unfolding motion
Sa'a	roka	to open, set open wide
Rotinese	sika	open something wide, hold something open
Sasak	toŋkaʔ	to open (door)
Tiruray	ʔuŋkaʔ	open something

29910

*-kaq₂ split

PMP	*bakaq	split
PMP	*bekaq	split
PMP	*bikaq₂	split
PWMP	*buŋkaq	split apart; piece split off
PMP	*kakaq	split
PMP	*laŋkaq	stride
PSS	*po(ŋ)ka	split, break apart
Bikol	bikaʔkáʔ	having the legs spread apart
Javanese	caŋkah	forked branch
Malay	cekah	rift, split; split open by pressure
Dairi-Pakpak Batak	daŋkah	fork, branch
Buruese	geka-h	to split, as by heat
Bare'e	jeka	split open by itself, as a ripe fruit
Malay	lekah	splitting; to crack
Tae'	luka	to split, cleave
Kenyah	pekaʔ	split open
Javanese	plekah	crack, split
Malay	rekah	split, show a crack
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)	wakaʔ	rip or pull off the jaw; pull two halves of bamboo apart

Also Dairi-Pakpak Batak beka 'split in two', Karo Batak, Dairi-Pakpak Batak taka 'split, cleave' (both < *-ka).

29911

*-kas₁ begin

Balinese	aŋkas	be always just about to do something; be always prevented from doing what one intends
Maranao	bekas	introduction, preface; begin activity
Maranao	gekas	begin; opening remark, preface
Balinese	lekas	begin, be going to do; beginning
Bare'e	poŋka	beginning, introduction
Madurese	poŋkas	beginning

29912

*-kas₂ loosen, undo, untie

PMP	*bakas	come apart, come untied
PMP	*beŋkas	untie, undo
PMP	*biŋkas	undo, untie, unspring a trap
PAN	*bukas	release, undo
PWMP	*hukas	take off, loosen, undo
PMP	*kaskas	loosen, untie
PMP	*lekas₁	open, undress, remove, release
PMP	*lu(ŋ)kas	remove, loosen, untie
PWMP	*pukas₂	release, loosen, untie
PMP	*taŋkas	loosen, untie
Manggarai	babas	come apart, come undone (Also Kambera wáŋga 'make an opening, take apart', Paulohi haka 'to open (intr.)'
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)	belukas	set free
Maranao	bokakas	loosen, uncoil
Fijian	ceka	untie a bundle
Hawu	deka	peel off husk of areca nut
Wolio	doŋka	get loose, slip, break away, coming off (e.g. a button)
Tontemboan	eŋkas	unfold, undo, loosen, untie
Tagalog	himúkas	removal of small fish stuck in net
Tagalog	igkás	being set off or freed or let go, as a spring suddenly let loose or a trigger discharged
Iban	iŋkas	remove, undo, unpick (stitches)
Sangir	kokaseʔ	remove the bandages and wrappings of something
Manggarai	léŋkas	to open, undo
Cebuano	libkás	for a trap to spring, for something held back to be released suddenly
Maranao	mokas	trigger, spring
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)	pekas	slip something off, as a loop off a peg, a button out of a button-hole; force off someone's grip on something
Wolio	piŋka	become dislodged, become detached, get out of position
Dairi-Pakpak Batak	pulkas	open; broken, of a dam
Ilokano	rekkás	loosen, undo, untie, unfasten
Malay	roŋkas	taking to pieces; dismantling; pulling down
Wolio	soka	unfasten, undo, untie, break off
Dairi-Pakpak Batak	talkas	free, of a person who was previously detained; loosened, of clothes that are removed
Cebuano	tikás	raise something which covers something else into the air (as a storm lifts off a roof) (Also Mongondow sikat 'lift up, as a mat')
Pazeh	tilikat	trap, snare in general
Maranao	toŋkas	separate, put apart
Manggarai	waŋkas	break open; dig up with the roots
Ngadha	xaka	loosen, remove, detach, peel off
Bontok	ʔabkas	to spring, release or set off, of a spring release bird or animal trap

29913

*-kas₃ swift, agile, strong, energetic

PMP	*bakas	strong, energetic
PWMP	*bekas₂	swift, fast
PWMP	*lekas₂	quick, quickly
PMP	*rikas	quick, fast
PMP	*ta(ŋ)kas	quick, agile
PMP	*ti(ŋ)kas	quick, agile
Malay	akas	dexterous; neat or quick in action (Also Old Javanese aŋkas 'hasty, hurried, tempestuous; do one's utmost')
Iban	be-teleŋkas	moving quickly (travelling light)
Ilokano	bíkas	strong, vigorous, robust (persons and animals)
Iban	caŋkas	fit, proper, strong, young
Lauje	iŋkas	quick, fast
Bikol	káskás	quick, speedy, rapid, fast
Sangir	liŋkaseʔ	energetic; a quick and strong man (Also Mongondow likat 'quick, fast')
Ngaju Dayak	mantekas	quick, speedy, vehement
Madurese	rekas	quick

29914

*-kaw high, tall

PMP	*laŋkaw	high, tall
Kayan (Uma Juman)	boŋko	upper part, upper surface
Ilokano	daŋkáw	long-legged (Also Tagalog daŋkáw 'long-necked')
Ilokano	kawákaw	very tall, much taller than the generality of his companions
Miri	kew	tall
Tiruray	saŋkaw	jump up to grasp
Cebuano	tukáw	tower over
Tiruray	ʔakawakaw	a pair of stilts; to walk on stilts

29915

*-keb₁ cover

PWMP	*aŋkeb	covering, lid
PMP	*e(ŋ)keb	a cover, to cover
PMP	*kebkeb	to enclose, shut in
PWMP	*lekeb	patch, cover
PWMP	*lu(ŋ)keb	cover, shelter
PMP	*Ruŋkeb	cover over
PWMP	*se(ŋ)keb	cover
PWMP	*si(ŋ)keb	cover
PWMP	*ta(ŋ)keb	cover, overlapping part
Javanese	dekeb	catch by covering with the hands (as a bird)
Maranao	gikeb	walled tightly
Kadazan Dusun	hikob	to fold
Tiruray	laŋkeb	cage trap
Sundanese	riŋkeb	closed
Karo Batak	saŋkem	earthenware lid of a copper cooking pot
Tboli	tikeb	gate, door
Paiwan	tsukev	cover

29916

*-keb₂ face downward

PWMP	*la(ŋ)keb	lie face down
Maranao	galekeb	face side down, tails in coin
Balinese	kakeb	lie forward, slope forward, fall forward
Tiruray	leŋkeb	laid face down
Ngaju Dayak	mahiŋkep	lie on the stomach
Kavalan	qebqeb	fall on one's face
Javanese	ruŋkeb	fall face down
Casiguran Dumagat	sakəb	lie face down
Hanunóo	súkub	facing down, pronation
Maranao	talekeb	lie face down
Tagalog	taŋkáb	fall, hurting one's lip or chin
Pangasinan	tikléb	(<M) be upside-down, lie on one's stomach
Balinese	tiŋkeb	spill; fall face downwards (Also Iban tiŋkap 'prostrate, prone; fall face down')
Gorontalo	toŋgobu	overturned
Kayan	tukem	facing downwards
Javanese	uŋkeb	lie face down

29917

*-keC adhesive, sticky

PMP	*ca(ŋ)ket	sticky, stick to
PMP	*da(ŋ)ket	stick, adhere
PAN	*dekeC	adhere, stick to
PMP	*diket	sticky, adhesive
PWMP	*laket	sticky, viscous
PWMP	*leket	stick, adhere
PMP	*liket	sticky, adhesive
PMP	*n-aŋket	sticky, adhesive
PMP	*peket	viscous
PWMP	*piket	bird lime
PMP	*raket	sticky, adhesive
PWMP	*reket	stick, adhere
PMP	*riket	sticky
PMP	*si(ŋ)ket	stick, adhere to
Manggarai	aket	tie tightly between two objects, pinch between
Dairi-Pakpak Batak	alket	viscous
Pangasinan	ansakkét	sticky rice
Sundanese	b+ŋk+t	what is bound together; bundle
Javanese	buket	thick (of liquids)
Kankanaey	busíket	clay; the thick, gluey black earth of rice fields
Maranao	daliket	close relationship or kinship
Dairi-Pakpak Batak	darket	be parasitic on
Ifugaw	dayakót	general term used for any variety of sticky rice
Balinese	eŋket	bird-lime, sticky stuff, the sap of trees
Cebuano	hagkút	sticky
Ngaju Dayak	hiket	close together
Ngaju Dayak	jiŋket	fit snugly (clothes)
Tiruray	kaket	(of rust) to adhere to a rusted object
Tagalog	lagkít	stickiness
Javanese	luket	close, intimate
Sasak	maket	stick fast
Palauan	merekeréked	sticky
Teluti	miket	sticky
Kankanaey	níket	resin
Palauan	omeréked	paste, glue
Kankanaey	paŋkét	sticking, adhering, cleaving
Ilokano	pigkét	the glutinous substance exuded by several trees; gluey, glutinous, sticky
Bontok	pukə́t	stick, adhere to
Ifugaw	punikót	stickiness
Palauan	rekeréked	sucker fish
Li'o	riké	tie together
Javanese	ruket	stay close to
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)	rumiket	sticky (as honey, mud)
Tiruray	sareket	glue, to glue
Amis	siket	attached to, joined to
Kadazan Dusun	sokot	pasting, gumming, sticking
Sasak	taŋket	companion
Rejang	tik+t	tree with milky sap used for bird lime
Pangasinan	yakét	sap
Sika	ʔaket	to stick, remain somewhere

29918

*-ked prop, support; staff

PMP	*teked	support, prop
PAN	*tu(ŋ)ked	walking stick; prop up
Madurese	duŋket	staff, walking stick
Tiruray	faker	brace, support
Ilokano	sarikedkéd	foundation, basis, fortification, prop, support
Isneg	síkād	stand up; put one's foot against some support (for exertion)
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)	sugked	walking stick; use a walking stick for support
Ilokano	talkéd	lean, rest for support

29919

*-kek shriek, creak, cluck, chuckle

PCEMP	*gekek	snort, gasp
PMP	*kek	shriek, screech
PWMP	*tekek	clucking or gasping sound
Ilokano	ekkék	to laugh with subdued laughter
Ilokano	kekkék	sound of a hen when calling her chicks
Ifugaw	pakók	cackling sound
Kadazan Dusun	sikok	sob
Ilokano	tikék	kind of house lizard

29920

*-kel bend, curl

PWMP	*bukel	curve, wave, billow
PMP	*ikel	curled, coiled
PCEMP	*pikel	bend, curve
PAN	*tikel	bend
Banggai	bokol	wave, billow
Amis	ckel	bow the head
Balinese	diŋkel	crooked, bent over (Also Old Javanese riŋkel 'curled up (falling, lying)')
Fijian	oqo	to walk stooping; crouch
Fijian	roko	be in a bowing or stooping position, a sign of reverence
Bare'e	seŋko	bent, bowed
Balinese	takel	doubled, folded
Bare'e	teŋko	bent, twisted
Javanese	ukel	(in the shape of) a coil

29921

*-kem₁ enclose, cover; grasp

PWMP	*ca(ŋ)kem	grasp, hold
PWMP	*takem	tightly closed
Chamorro	akihom	clench, grip
Tontemboan	aŋkem	take in the hand
Javanese	bekem	clutch in the hand (Also Sundanese bekem 'cover someone's mouth')
Balinese	buŋkem	firmly closed (lips) (Also Sundanese buŋkem 'blindfold, bind the mouth')
Balinese	dekem	hold firmly, hold fast to
Manggarai	eŋkem	embrace, seize, grasp
Kadazan Dusun	gakom	catch, capture, seize, arrest
Ifugaw	gokóm	fist, clenched hand
Hiligaynon	hugakúm	clasp in the fist
Javanese	iŋkem	close one's mouth
Kadazan Dusun	kakom	grasp
Maranao	kekem	handful, gather in the hand
Malay	lekam	grasp in the hollow between the forefinger and thumb
Pazeh	mohakem	embrace
Manggarai	reŋkem	embrace, wrestle with
Maranao	sikem	snatching with the hand
Javanese	tekem	handful
Sundanese	tiŋkem	bamboo or rattan basket that can be fastened shut with four overlapping straps

29922

*-kem₂ lie face downward

Manggarai	eŋkem	overturn
Manggarai	mekem	prone, face-downwards
Old Javanese	suŋkem	bend forward, lie face-down
Manggarai	toŋkem	fall forward prone; overturned

Perhaps also Karo Batak laŋkem 'lie on the stomach', Kayan tukem 'facing downwards', both of which are presently assigned to *-keb₂.

29923

*-keŋ₁ cramps, stiffening of limbs

PMP	*keŋ	stiff, as a corpse
PMP	*keŋkeŋ	cramps, stiffening of limbs
PWMP	*pekeŋkeŋ	stiff, of the body
Javanese	bekeŋkeŋ	unyielding
Javanese	beŋkeŋ	(of muscles) stiff and sore
Javanese	cekeŋkeŋ	stiffening, becoming rigid, e.g. during a paralytic stroke
Malay	chekaŋ	taut, stretch
Javanese	dandan bekeŋkeŋ	to dress in stiffly ironed clothes
Malay	jeŋkaŋ	stark or stiff in death
LgS	kukeŋ	muscle cramp
Toba Batak	oŋkoŋ	stiff, rheumatic; arthritic
Javanese	reŋkeŋ	(to get up) with difficulty, e.g. because of a debilitating illness, or sore muscles
Fijian	suluwagoclo	cramp from cold, pain or fear
Malagasy	vónkina	contracted, drawn up (as the limbs)

29924

*-keŋ₂ curl, curve

Mongondow

buloŋkoŋ

curly, of head hair

29925

*-keŋ₃ hollow, resounding sound

PMP	*eŋkeŋ	moan, hum, howl
PMP	*keŋ	hollow, resounding sound
PAN	*keŋkeŋ	hollow, resounding sound
Malay	belaŋkaŋ	to ring (of metal falling on stone)
Ifugaw	bíkoŋ	lover's harp; flat, thin metal plaque, the inner, loose part of which can vibrate and produce harplike sounds if someone holds it to the lips and, so to say, speaks through it ... During the evening hours, boys coming to a girls' dormitory use it to express their love of one or another girl. The girl who is addressed answers through her own bíkoŋ
Dairi-Pakpak Batak	dekeŋ	sound made by the rusa deer (Cervus equinus)

29926

*-keŋ₄ shrink, shrivel

PMP	*keŋkeŋ	shrink
Sangir	heŋkiŋ	wrinkle, shrink
Malagasy	onkina	shrink, be shrivelled
Fijian	saqoqo	shrivelled, as a leaf; shrunk, as a cloth
Malagasy	vonkina	contract, shrivel, shrink

29927

*-kep₁ cover; fold over

PWMP	*sa(ŋ)kep	close, shut
PWMP	*takep	fold over
PWMP	*tekep	cover, covering
Balinese	aŋkep	double, fold double
Balinese	cakep	enclose, shut in tightly
Malay	chekap	to cover
Manggarai	ekep	brood, sit on eggs (< *-keb?)
Kadazan Dusun	hokop	to cover
Maranao	kakep	surround, encircle, close
Maranao	laŋkep	patch, thin metal strip
Sasak	luŋkep	to cover, cover up
Singhi Land Dayak	ŋ-ukop	to sit (of a hen)
Iban	reŋkap	cover, put over (< *-keb?)
Ilokano	rikép	shutter, window sash, door
Balinese	sekep	keep secret, hide, cover up
Samoan	siʔo	fenced, enclosed; surround, encircle (< *-keb?)

29928

*-kep₂ seize, grasp, embrace

PMP	*cikep	catch with the hands
PMP	*dakep	seize, arrest
PAN	*dekep	embrace
PWMP	*ha(ŋ)kep	grasp, embrace
PWMP	*kepkep	grasp, hold
PWMP	*rakep	seize, grasp, catch
PWMP	*sikep	hawk sp.; seize, grasp
PWMP	*ta(ŋ)kep	catch, trap
Old Javanese	dikep	catch with the flat of the hand
Motu	dogo-a	seize, take hold of; restrain
Sasak	dukep	catch, grasp with fingers or claws
Tboli	le-m-kef	hug, embrace
Fijian	moko	embrace, clasp in the arms
Dairi-Pakpak Batak	rakep	wrestle with someone
Puyuma	rekep	falcon, hawk
Kayan	sakep	a trap (e.g. a mouse trap)
Kenyah	sekep	scoop net
Balinese	sidakep	folding the arms on the chest
Javanese	tikep	to grip, grasp
Amis	tkep	kind of trap
Sasak	tukep	seize, grasp, catch (as people catch insects)
Tiruray	ʔekef	embrace, cling

29929

*-kes encircle, wrap firmly around

PAN	*ba(R)kes	belt
PMP	*beRkes	bundle
PMP	*i(ŋ)kes	bound firmly
PWMP	*keskes	wrap tightly around
PMP	*lekes	roll, curl up
PMP	*likes	wind around
PWMP	*tekes	bind firmly
PWMP	*ti(ŋ)kes	wind around, encircle
Maranao	akes	entangle by boa constrictor; embrace, hug (Also Bikol hagkós 'belt', Hanunóo hákus 'to hug, embrace')
Kankanaey	balíkes	kind of woven belt
Tiruray	baŋkes	tie things into a bundle
Maranao	beke-bekes	bind well and strongly; band-like
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)	bekes-an	python
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)	berakes	encircle a number of objects by the arm and hand or by the thumb and fingers
Karo Batak	biŋkes	a package of salt
Maranao	gakes	embrace, hug
Singhi Land Dayak	mokus	to tie
Puyuma	rekes	tie together (sheaves, bundles, packages)
Balinese	riŋkes	wrap up, tie together, roll up (in cloth)
Kadazan Dusun	taagkos	band, girdle
Amis	takec	embrace
Hiligaynon	wágkus	belt, sash, waist band (<*-kus?)

29930

*-ket bite

Kadazan Dusun

kokot

to bite

29931

*-kik shrill throaty sound

PWMP	*ce(ŋ)kik	choke
PMP	*kik	peep, squeak, giggle
PMP	*kikik	giggle
PWMP	*re(ŋ)kik	have a squeaky voice
PWMP	*tekik	high-pitched sound
Old Javanese	aŋkik	panting, gasping
Javanese	bekak-beki:k	shriek repeatedly
Malay	belekék	snipe
Karo Batak	beŋkik	fruit bat, flying fox
Ilokano	bukík	asthma
Balinese	eŋkik	sound sad
Balinese	eŋkik eŋkir	sp. of bird which has a mournful cry
Javanese	lékék	to laugh in high-pitched tones
Iban	lekik	giggle
Old Javanese	ŋikik	shouting with jeering laughter (demons.)
Ilokano	okík	cry of the fruit bat, or flying fox
Malay	pekék	shrill cry, shriek of pain
Kankanaey	pikík	to chirp, as some birds do
Sundanese	rakék	cry of yound and small animals (as puppies)
Kambera	rékiku	cough, clear one's throat
Malay	riŋkék	neigh of a horse
Maranao	tarkik	laugh heartily or vigorously
Malay	toʔkék	gecko

29932

*-kiŋ clear ringing sound

PMP	*kiŋ	ringing sound
PAN	*kiŋkiŋ	ringing sound
Malay	ceŋkiŋ	yelp (of dog); scream (of deer)
Malay	deŋkiŋ	sharp high-pitched bark (of dog or barking deer); yelp
Maranao	gariŋkiŋ	ring, tinkle
Manggarai	ŋkiŋ	ring, sound of a bell
Ngaju Dayak	sakiŋkiŋ	continuous barking
Karo Batak	selkiŋ	shout loudly in the ear of a deaf person
Nggela	tiŋgi	ring a bell

29933

*-kiq high-pitched vocal sound

PWMP	*leŋkiq	scream
PAN	*tekiq	sharp sound
Balinese	biŋkih	gasp, pant, sigh
Maranao	seŋkiʔ	sob, cry
Bahasa Indonesia	ter-kikih	giggle

29934

*-kis₁ scratch, grate, scrape

PAN	*kiskis	scratch, grate
Ngaju Dayak	ikis	scrape, grate
Rembong	rakis	scratch with the nails
Kankanaey	uákis	to line, mark, groove

29935

*-kis₂ tie, bind, wrap around

PWMP	*balíkis	bind, wrap around firmly
PWMP	*beRkis	bind up; bundle
PWMP	*bi(ŋ)kis	bind, tie together
Tiruray	berikis	tie all over so that the one tied cannot move
Aklanon	bígkis	sash (piece of cloth wrapped around the waist)
Manggarai	ikis	tether, tie, bind
PGor	*liŋkiso	bracelet
Balinese	lukis	lump of rice-porridge wrapped in a leaf (for a journey)

29936

*-kit₁ to bite

PMP	*a(ŋ)kit	to bite
PWMP	*kitkit	to bite
Ngaju Dayak	paŋkit	to bite
Malay	saŋkit	chatter, of the teeth
Kelabit	uʔit	upper incisors
Kambera	wiŋgitu	to bite

Manobo (Western Bukidnon) ki?it 'bite off something with the front teeth' suggests a root *-kigit.

29937

*-kit₂ join along the length

PMP	*dakit	join along the length
PMP	*de(ŋ)kit	touching or joined along the length
PWMP	*diŋkit	touching or joined along the length
PWMP	*liŋkit	joined along the length
PMP	*pi(ŋ)kit	tied or attached to
PMP	*Ra(ŋ)kit	tie together; raft
PWMP	*ri(ŋ)kit	touching or joined along the length
PSS	*saŋki(C)	to tie
PWMP	*ziŋkit	touching or joined along the length
Maranao	beléŋkét	adhering to one another, esp. of the eyelids
Tiruray	biŋkit	fence made of tied rails (Also Maranao bikit 'tie up, bind')
Fijian	buki	tie, fasten
Javanese	cukit	chopsticks; bamboo sticks used (in pairs) for mixing tobacco and opium for smoking
Ilokano	dalákit	raft
Cebuano	ifkit	close together, usually people
Cebuano	iŋkít	fingers which are joined congenitally together
Sundanese	jéŋkét	stick together
Javanese	kékeft	stick tight, hold together firmly
Cebuano	laŋgifkit	tie or attach things together or side by side
Bare'e	raŋki	what one puts next to, or takes together with something else
Tiruray	sarikit	a double-thumb deformity
Cebuano	siŋkít	tie two coconuts together by their husks partly stripped off

29938

*-kub₁ cover

PMP	*aŋkub	cover
PWMP	*cu(ŋ)kub	cover with a hollow container
PWMP	*kubkub₂	cover
PWMP	*Raŋkub	cover
PMP	*ru(ŋ)kub	protection
PWMP	*salukub	a cover; to cover
PWMP	*su(ŋ)kub	cover with a hollow container
PMP	*ta(ŋ)kub	cover over with, cover, lid
PWMP	*tekub	cover, shut
PWMP	*tu(ŋ)kub	cover
Maranao	lokob	lid, cover
Ifugaw	lokufb	patch used to cover a hole
Kavalan	nukub	to cover
Pangasinan	sakób	lid, cover (Also Kankanaey sakkúb 'to cover with one's blanket, so as to have one blanket for two persons')
Banggai	soku	to cover
Ilokano	talákub	reglets used to cover joints between boards
SB	uhub	cover with a blanket
Bare'e	uŋkub-i	lid of a pot or pan

29939

*-kub₂ surround, encircle

PPh	*kubkub₁	to surround, lay siege to
PWMP	*lakub	encircle, surround, enclose
PWMP	*li(ŋ)kub	surround, encircle
Ilokano	íkub	enclosure for freshly reaped palay (rice)
Kankanaey	salikubkúb	surround, encircle, inclose
Kankanaey	sókub	to sit, etc. in a ring
Kankanaey	tikúb	hedge in, fence in, encircle, inclose
Kadazan Dusun	tuŋkakub	trap for birds

29940

*-kud cane, staff, walking stick

PRuk	*okoDo	stick, pole
PAN	*su(ŋ)kud	cane, staff, walking stick
PWMP	*tukud	cane; prop, support
Ilokano	sarukód	walking stick, staff, cane
Kenyah	sekot	walking stick, staff (Also Kayan hekun 'walking stick')
Kankanaey	sokúd	lean upon (a staff, cane or support)
Bontok	sul-sulkud	stick or reed used as a walking stick, or to help support a heavy shoulder load
Bontok	tulkud	house post

29941

*-kug₁ curl, curve

PMP	*bekug	curved, bent
PWMP	*biŋkug	curved, bent
PWMP	*buŋkug	bent over, hunchbacked
PWMP	*li(ŋ)kug	curl, curve
PWMP	*tikug	bend
Bare'e	aŋku	bent forward, as someone carrying a heavy load
Kankanaey	bakúg	hunchbacked
Cebuano	baliskúg	become curled up, rolled
Kankanaey	batikúg	curved; bent; bowed; inclined
Cebuano	kugkúg	curl up stiff and hard
Ilokano	pilkóg	doubled, bent, curved, crooked, turned (nails, edges of knives, etc.)
Cebuano	siŋkug	lame, cripple
Maranao	tekog	curve, bend
Kankanaey	yákug	hunchbacked

29942

*-kug₂ hit, beat on

Mongondow

boŋkug

hit, beat, play on (musical instrument)

29943

*-kuk₁ bent, crooked

PMP	*bekuk	curved, bent
PMP	*biŋkuk	bent, crooked
PMP	*buŋkuk	bent, crooked
PMP	*ci(ŋ)kuk	have a stiff or bent arm
PMP	*dekuk	bow, bend downward
PMP	*duŋkuk	hunched over
PWMP	*leŋkuk	bend, curve
PWMP	*si(ŋ)kuk	bent
PMP	*su(ŋ)kuk	hang one's head
PMP	*tukuk	bent
PMP	*zuŋkuk	bent, crooked
Tae'	bakkuk	bent, curved
Malay	beléŋkok	crooked; bent
Old Javanese	huŋkuk	hunchbacked; crooked
Iban	iŋkok	crooked
Kayan	jelukuk	walk with bent-over posture
Toba Batak	laŋkuk	crooked, bent (< *-kug?)
Iban	lelukok	(of old people) bent, stooped (< *-kug?)
Malay	léŋkok	a bend, curve or twist (< *-kug?)
Bisaya	liŋkuk	bent
Wolio	luku	bow, submit, give in, be meek (< *-kug?)
Manggarai	nikuk	corner, bend of a road; crooked (< *-kug?)
Manggarai	ŋgukuk	bent, bowed, humpbacked (< *-kug?)
Malay	pekok	twisted or malformed (of a limb) (< *-kug?)
Sangir	piŋkuʔ	bend, curve (as in a road)
Rotinese	puku	hunched, bent, of the back (< *-kug?)
Javanese	réŋkok	zigzagging, twisting and turning
Iban	rukok	bent and shambling (as an elderly person)
Buruese	seku-k	bend into an angle (arm or knee)
Balinese	tekuk	bent, crumpled
Manggarai	tiŋkuk	concavity (< *-kug?)
Dairi-Pakpak Batak	tuŋkuk	bent down, of the head
Amis	ʔotkok	to huddle, as when cold

29944

*-kuk₂ sound of a sob, cackle, etc.

PMP	*dekuk	sound of a sob, grunt, etc.
PMP	*kuk	sound of a sob, croak, etc.
PWMP	*kukuk	cackle, cluck
Sika	bekuk	rustling; squeaking of mice
Malay	belekok	a bird, variously a pond heron (Ardeola speciosa) or a gallinule (Porphyrio polyocephalus)
Malay	cekok-cekék	gasping, as a choking or drowning man
Manggarai	heŋkuk	incessantly coughing
Javanese	klukuk	of an empty stomach, to rumble
Pangasinan	okók	cough; to cough
Manggarai	raŋkok	sound made by a hen; sound made by newly hatched chicks
Iban	rikok	creak, squeal
Iban	sekok	sob
Iban	sikok	sob, choking sobs (Also Singhi Land Dayak n-.ikuk 'hiccup')
Maranao	tekok	emit a sound
Kavalan	telaquq	chicken
Puyuma	teRukuk	chicken
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)	tuŋkuk	tap on something lightly

29945

*-kul₁ curl, bend

PSan	*beŋkol	bent, crooked
PWMP	*deŋkul	bend a limb
PWMP	*diŋkul	bend a limb
PWMP	*duŋkul	bend a limb
PWMP	*iŋkul	bent into a curve
PWMP	*kulkul	curled up, doubled up
PWMP	*pikul	bend, turn
PMP	*siŋkul	bent, of the arm
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)	bakul	bend
Malay	boŋkol	bump; hump; globular end of a drumstick; of rounded prominences on a horse's neck, spavins or splints
Amis	fitokol	dried and bent over, though still alive (trees)
Old Javanese	pekul	embrace, hug, throw the arms around
Javanese	réŋkol	full of twistings and turnings
Bikol	sukól	bow the head
Balinese	tékol	bent; broken, but not separated (of living wood)
Pazeh	tibukul	crooked, curved (*/l/ > /l/ regular?)
Balinese	tuŋkul	bow the head, be subject to
Rembong	wikul	(of women) sit with legs folded to the side

29946

*-kul₂ snail

Bintulu	bəkul	snail
Wolio	biku	snail
Pangasinan	bisokof1	snail

29947

*-kum close by folding

PMP	*kumkum	fold the arms; fold the wings (of a bird)
Tagalog	ikóm	closed (said of flowers and buds)
Iban	siŋkum	(of mouth, seed pods, etc.) closed, shut, tight
Manggarai	teŋkum	embrace
Hiligaynon	tíkom	close the lips, mouth

29948

*-kuŋ (or *-kuquŋ?) bend, curve

PWMP	*baŋkuŋ	curved, crooked, bent
PMP	*be(ŋ)kuŋ	curved
PWMP	*bi(ŋ)kuŋ	adze
PMP	*ceŋkuŋ	deeply curved
PMP	*de(ŋ)kuŋ	bent, bowed
PAN	*dukuŋ	bend, curve
PMP	*le(ŋ)kuŋ	concave
PWMP	*li(ŋ)kuŋ	concave
PWMP	*lukuŋ	curve
PMP	*siŋkuquŋ	curved, crooked
PWMP	*su(ŋ)kuŋ	stooped, bent (as the back)
PMP	*tikuŋ	curl, bend, curve
PMP	*zeŋkuŋ	curved
Amis	akuŋ	crooked
Maranao	boyokoŋ	hunchback
Sasak	eŋkoŋ	curved, wavy (of a kris)
Kayan	ikuŋ	bent, flexed (of the arm or leg)
Manggarai	joŋkuŋ	sit hunched over, crouch
Kankanaey	kiŋíkoŋ	tortuous, winding
Ilokano	lókoŋ	the lower, or concave part of the instep
Old Javanese	pelekuŋ	an arch
Kayan	pikuŋ	bent at an angle
Toba Batak	puhuŋ	clenched (hand); bent, curved
Old Javanese	raŋkuŋ	hunched?
Cebuano	sakúŋ	bent downwards more than it should be
Isneg	tambilákoŋ	bent
Kenyah	tekikoŋ	corner, angle
Sika	tekuŋ	let the head hang
Kankanaey	tibkúŋ	cause anything to bulge out; swell out (in the center)

29949

*-kuŋ₂ deep resounding sound

PAN	*ku(ŋ)kuŋ	deep resounding sound
PMP	*kuŋ	animal sound
PAN	*qekuŋ	owl
PWMP	*sakuŋ	resounding sound
Javanese	baŋkoŋ	large old frog
Ifugaw (Batad)	biʔuŋ	a Jew's harp made either of bamboo or from a flattened piece of brass wire
Malay	ceŋkoŋ	growl; yell or deep bay (of dog)
Malay	deŋkoŋ	sound of heavy hammering; deep bay of dog (Also Karo Batak dekuŋ 'make the sound of the domestic quail')
Tiruray	keluŋkuŋ	owl
Malay	leŋkoŋ	to boom out, as a gong
Iban	paŋkoŋ	strike, beat, hammer, usually with ringing sound
Iban	reŋkoŋ	noisily, loud sounding (as of someone beating on the buttress of a tree)
Malagasy	róhona	a sound, as of thunder
Malay	taŋkoŋ	a musical instrument of bamboo
Amis	tkoŋ	to bang
Javanese	ukuŋ	cooing of a turtledove (OJ uŋkuŋ 'sound of bells')

29950

*-kup enclose, cover

PMP	*a(ŋ)kup	cup in the hands
PWMP	*ca(ŋ)kup	close, enclose
PWMP	*cukup	close, cover
PWMP	*kupkup	cover with a thin layer (possibly identical to Dempwolff's *kupkup 'grasp, hold')
PWMP	*li(ŋ)kup	encircle
PMP	*ra(ŋ)kup	gather in the cupped hands
PWMP	*takup	enclose, cover up
PWMP	*tikup	shut, close
PWMP	*tu(ŋ)kup	to cover
Ilokano	arákup	embrace
Malay	cekup	making a scoop of the hand and putting it down on anything; e.g. to catch a fly without killing it
Balinese	cikup	enclose, hold together
Javanese	eŋkup	to close up (umbrellas, etc.)
Hiligaynon	hákup	handful, fistful
Javanese	iŋkup	closed up, folded
Pazeh	kaukup	to brood eggs; to cover chicks with its wings (of a hen)
Paiwan	lakup	covering (as new bark which grows over scar on tree)
Iban	luŋkup	(of boats, bowls, etc.) turn upside down
Maranao	okop	airtight; protect from evaporation, as perfume
Iban	paŋkup	squeeze trap for squirrels and rats
Iban	ruŋkup	invert, turn upside down on, cover completely
Balinese	saŋkop	scoop up water with a hand
Balinese	selaŋkup	snare for catching jungle-fowl
Tiruray	talikuf	encircle
Javanese	tlakup	covering leaf of a flower or bud
Samoan	ʔaʔuf-ia	included, embraced, covered

29951

*-ku(q) bend, curve

PMP	*bakuq	curved, bent
PMP	*beŋkuq	bend, curve
PMP	*bu(ŋ)kuq	bend, bent
PMP	*deku	crooked
PMP	*lekuʔ	bend, fold; folding part of the body; curl up
PMP	*li(ŋ)ku(q)	bend, curve
PMP	*pekuq	bend, curve
PAN	*pi(ŋ)ku(q)	bent, crooked
PMin	*rekoʔ	bent, curved; to bend
PWMP	*ru(ŋ)kuq	bowed, hunched over, as from age
PCEMP	*seku(q)	bent at an angle
PMP	*siku	elbow
PMP	*teku(q)	bent, crooked
PWMP	*tiku(q)	bent, crooked
Maranao	balikoʔ	zigzag, crooked
Kapampangan	balikúku	curved
Malay	beliku	sharp twist or bend in river
Tagalog	bikóʔ	bent; to bend (as a pipe)
Malay	biku	scallop or vandyke border
Kadazan Dusun	biŋku	coil up
Maranao	boreŋkoʔ	bent, crooked; bend
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)	bulegkuʔ	to bend something; to bend, as a trail bends
Bare'e	buruku	bent, not upright in walking
Rotinese	diku	fold
Makassarese	dukku	bend over, duck down (<*-ku)
Bikol	dukóʔ	bend over, stoop
Buruese	fiku-h	elbow; hide in the crook of the arm
Cebuano	gukúʔ	bent, bowed, crouched
Balinese	jeŋku	knee, kneel (<*-ku)
Malay	kiku	turn of the road (<*-ku)
Maranao	latkoʔ	bend
Tiruray	lukuʔ	bend into shape of hook
Cebuano	maŋku	someone with an arm deformity characterized by being twisted at the elbow
Fijian	noku	bend two ends together; bend sharply, of the body (<-kuk or -kut?)
Bare'e	pæ me-buruku	rice which bends over before the ear is full
Hiligaynon	púŋkuʔ	sit down
Yami (Iranomilek)	ruŋkup	bent, bowed; curled up
Maranao	talipko	bend, curve, crooked (<*-ku)
Kelabit	tekekuʔ	to squat
Kayan (Uma Juman)	teŋku	bent (<*-ku)
Tagalog	ukóʔ	with head bowed low in decrepitude

29952

*-kur coo; turtledove

PWMP	*bekur	turtledove; coo
Javanese	bekur	to coo
Mandar	bukkur	turtledove
Malay	deŋkur	snore
Manggarai	dukur	turtledove
Kelabit	kukur	kind of pigeon or dove
Malay	tekukur	turtledove
Manggarai	tekur	turtledove (< tekukur by haplology?)
Dampelas	uŋkur	to grunt

29953

*-kus wind around; bundle

PWMP	*buŋkus	bundle
PWMP	*tuŋkus	bundle
Maranao	bakokos	to wrap
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)	bakus	bind or tie up a person or animal
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)	burukus	coil up something, as a rope or a length of rattan
Maranao	kokos	cover, wrap
Kankanaey	kusíkus	roll up
Maranao	likos	band; around; bind
Ilokano	rákus	bind, make fast; tie or confine with a band, etc.
Sasak	riŋkus	bind, tie
Balinese	uŋkus	wrap in a cloth

29954

*-kut hunched over, bent

PWMP	*balikutkút	bend, stoop, curl
PMP	*bikut	hunched over
PWMP	*bukut	bent, stooped
PMP	*lekut	bent, as a limb
POc	*ruku	stoop, bow
PMP	*sikut	bent, of the arm
Tiruray	bekut	hunchbacked (Also TAGA bekut 'a bend or fold')
Ifugaw	bikutkút	hump in the back of old people
Mansaka	boyokot	double up the body
Manggarai	dekut	bow the head
Amis	fickot	to cramp, double up with pain; have a spasm, convulse
Teluti	heŋkut	roll up loosely
Tagalog	hukót	bent-backed
Ngaju Dayak	jukot	bent, hunched over (people, animals)
Kenyah	lakut	bent over
Yamdena	likut	bent, of arms and legs
Fordata	lukut	bending of arms, legs, pen-knife; folding of folding chair, etc.
Manggarai	pekut	curved, of the penis
Manggarai	pikut	curled up (as someone sleeping in a confined place)
Malay	rekut	curled and twisted, as a man in convulsions
Tagalog	súkot	to cower, go away with head bowed in shame or humiliation
Amis	ʔokot	huddle, as when cold

b c C d g h k l m n N ñ ŋ p r R s t w z

Austronesian Comparative Dictionary, web edition
Robert Blust and Stephen Trussel
www.trussel2.com/ACD
2010: revision 6/21/2020
email: Blust (content) – Trussel (production)
Roots-Index-k