*r   

*ra(m)bek strike, break

Note:   With root *-bek ‘sound of breaking, etc.’.

*rab(e)nút to grab and pull

Note:   Also Binukid labni ‘to snatch, grab something with a jerk’.

*ra(m)bit hook together

Note:   With root *-bit₁ ‘hook; grasp with fingers’.

*ra(m)buk knock, pound, beat

Note:   With root *-buk₂ ‘pound, thud, splash’.

*rabuŋ bamboo shoots

*rabut struggle in rage

*radam poor, of vision

*ragecik splash, spatter

Note:   With root *-cik ‘fly out, splash, spatter’.

*ragepak slap, sound of collision

Note:   With root *-pak₁ ‘slap, clap’.

*rajup stitch, join

*rakaq open

Note:   With root *-kaq₁ ‘open forcibly’.

*rakat walk

Note:   Possibly *dakat. Dempwolff (1934-38) assigned Tongan laka to *laŋkaq ‘step, stride’.

*raket sticky, adhesive

Note:   With root PAn *-keC, PMP *-ket ‘adhesive, sticky’.

*raki wind from the northeast (?)

*rakrák to smash, demolish, destroy

*rakrak to lap up water, like a dog; to guzzle, drink insatiably

*ra(ŋ)kup gather in the cupped hands

Note:   Dempwolff (1934-38) assigned Sa'a raʔu to *raqup ‘gather with the hand’, but was thereby forced to admit a phonological irregularity which is avoided in the present comparison.

*ramas hand-to-hand combat

*rámas to mix, stir together

*rambayuŋ plant sp.

*rambu fringe of a cloth

*rambuk knock, pound, beat

Note:   With root *-buk₂ ‘pound, thud, heavy splash’.

*rambut thread or fibers used in weaving

*ramig cold (of weather)

*ranebut pluck out

Note:   Also Tagalog lábot ‘drawing out of something rooted in soft matter’. With root *-buC ‘to weed, pluck, pull out’.

*raŋ harsh resonant sound

*raŋaq important (of people); self-important

*raŋ(e)pas to plunder, rob

Note:   Nothofer (1975:51) associates the Malay, Sundanese, Madurese, and Javanese forms with Tagalog gapás ‘cut or mow (grass, rice stalk, etc.) with a scythe’ (Dempwolff's (1934-38) *Ra(m)pas ‘tear off, separate’), but this etymology is doubtful on semantic grounds.

*raŋgut snatch at, pull with a jerk

Note:   With root *-gut₂ ‘pull with a jerk’.

*raŋkaŋ forked, as a branch

Note:   With root *-kaŋ₁ ‘spread apart, as the legs’.

*raŋkeb unite, do simultaneously

Note:   Cf. Zorc (n.d.) PPh *raNkeB ‘join; unite’.

*raŋkep₂ unite, do simultaneously

Note:   Also Itbayaten raŋkap-en ‘to do many things at a time’. Cf. Zorc (n.d.) PPh *raNkeB ‘join; unite’.

*rapat to attack

Note:   Possibly a chance resemblance.

*rapet join together, attach tightly

*raq(e)but pull out something rooted in soft matter, as flesh

Note:   With root *-buC ‘to weed, pluck, pull out’.

*rara red

Note:   Also Maloh (Ray 1913) da-dara, (King 1976) da-daraʔ ‘red’, Karo Batak gara ‘flaming up of the fire’, me-gara ‘red, reddish, brown’.

*ra(ŋ)suk insert, put or drive in

Note:   With root *-suk ‘insert, penetrate, enter’.

*ra(n)tas cut through, tear

Note:   With root *-tas ‘cut through, sever, tear’. Zorc (n.d.) gives PPh *raNtas ‘cut, sever’.

*rato small whale sp.

Note:   Osmond and Pawley (2011) posit POc(?) *rato ‘whale’, with no further qualification, and note that reflexes of this term are well-represented in Micronesian languages, but are otherwise attested only in Nyindrou and Wuvulu in the Admiralties. However, this word is attested in a number of other languages of the Admiralty Islands, including Likum on the southwest coast, Mondropolon on the north-central coast, Leipon on a separate island off the northeast coast, and Nauna, located some distance from Manus in the southeastern Admiralties. The gloss given for the Nauna form, together with cover terms for ‘whale, dolphin’ in Mokilese and Puluwat indicate that *rato probably referred to one of the smaller common whales, perhaps the pilot whale.

In collecting data from these languages during linguistic fieldwork in 1975 I distinguished whales from dolphins, but did not distinguish types of whales unless this information was spontaneously volunteered. The most commonly elicited form for ‘whale’ was a reflex of Proto-Eastern Admiralty *moluam, but this term designates the largest (and hence psychologically most salient) cetacean, and if a concerted effort had been made to elicit terms for different types of whales I have no doubt that reflexes of POc *rato designating the smaller whale found in the Admiralties would have been much more frequent.

*rauC peel rattan, bamboo

Note:   Dempwolff (1934-38) reconstructed *raut ‘split off’, but cited no Formosan cognates. See also Zorc (n.d.) PPh *raud ‘slice, pare’.

*rauŋ howl, wail

Note:   Also Malay lauŋ ‘loud voice, loud sound’.

*rawan strong emotion

*rawaŋ submarine cave (?)

Note:   With root *-waŋ ‘wide open space’.

*rawaq swamp, morass

*ráwis a long slender point, as of land jutting into the sea

*rawraw to rinse

*rebaq collapse, fall down, as a house

*rebas collapse, fall into ruin

*rebreb to put under water, soak

*rebuk dry rot in wood

Note:   Also Malay serbok ‘fine particles; powder; e.g., of sawdust’. With root *-buk₁ ‘decay, crumble; powder’.

*rebuŋ plant shoot. esp. bamboo shoot

*re(m)but confusion

*rebut to tear out

Note:   With root *-buC ‘to weed, pluck, pull out’.

*recik speckled, stained

*regaw wander, stray

Note:   Also Iban segau ‘wandering’. Hendon (1964) assigned Tagalog ligáw together with Old Javanese legö ‘careless, neglectful, lax’, Hiligaynon lígaw ‘transfer or remove to another site, set up somewhere else, especially applied to small native houses’ to *legaw. The Hiligaynon form cannot regularly reflect either reconstruction.

*re(ŋ)geŋ dull resonance

Note:   With root *-geŋ ‘hum, buzz’.

*regrég crumbs dropped while eating

Note:   Also Tagalog laglág ‘fallen; fallen off; fallen down; dropped off (as fruit from a tree)’.

*re(ŋ)guk deep throaty sound

Note:   With root *-guk ‘deep throaty sound’.

*rekaŋ wide apart (as the legs)

Note:   With root *-kaŋ₁ ‘spread apart, as the legs’.

*re(ŋ)kaq force open

Note:   With root *-kaq₁ ‘open forcibly’.

*reken coiled base on which hot cooking pots are set

Note:   Also Tagalog dikín ‘circular mat made of braided strips of rattan, bamboo, or other material, and placed under cooking pots and drinking glasses’, Ngaju Dayak rakar ‘rattan frame to support a pot’, Malay lekar ‘basket-stand for round-bottomed cooking-pots when taken off the fire’, Javanese leker ‘coiled, winding (as a snake, rope)’. Mills (1981) attributes the latter, a few other WMP cognates and Fijian lokoloko ‘a pillow of something soft’ to PAn *le(ŋ)ke[Dr] ‘to roll up (?)’.

Given its differing meaning, it is possible that the Fijian form is not cognate with the others. Kapampangan lakál ‘woven rattan ring for supporting round-bottomed pots on flat surfaces’ disambiguates the doublet as PWMP *leker (dbl. *li(ŋ)ke(r) ‘wind, coil’). Pangasinan dekén ‘woven bamboo ring for placing at base of pots, jars’, Tagalog dikín ‘pot support of braided rattan or bamboo formed into a ring’ raise the possibility that Cebuano lúkun derives from still another variant, *deken.

*reket to stick, adhere to; sticky, adhesive

Note:   With root *-keC ‘adhesive, sticky’.

*re(ŋ)kik have a squeaky voice

Note:   With root *-kik ‘high-pitched sound in the throat’.

*rekut curled or crumpled up

*remay crumble, break into small pieces

*rembur mix together

Note:   With possible root *-bur ‘mix’, seen also in e.g. Isneg tambúr ‘mix shredded coconut meat with bási (rum)’, Maranao kambor ‘stir, mix’, Maranao sambor ‘mix’, Maranao sembor ‘mix, mixture’.

*remek crush, pulverize; crumble

Note:   With root *-mek ‘crush, pulverize; powder’. Also Ilokano remʔek ‘break, smash, break in pieces’, Manobo (Western Bukidnon) guremek ‘crush or wad something up in the hand or hands’.

*rempun gather together

Note:   With root *-pun ‘assemble, collect, gather’.

*remuk crumble, fall to bits

*rendeŋ wet season

*reneb to sink, soak into

Note:   With root *-neb ‘dive; sink, disappear under water’.

*reŋat crack, split open

*reŋeC angry, annoyed

Note:   Also Paiwan seŋats ‘one who characteristically dislikes things’, Bontok liget, Isneg kéxut ‘anger’, Kankanaey báŋit ‘tease, plague, trouble, vex, annoy, pester’, gáŋit ‘provoke, challenge, defy’, Tagalog iŋgít ‘envy, spite, grudge’, Bikol aŋgót ‘piqued, angry, mad, furious’, Aklanon iŋít, súŋit ‘crabby, out of sorts, in a bad mood’, Cebuano aliŋit ‘short-tempered, irritable’, piŋut ‘irritated, slightly angry’, puŋut ‘irritating, maddening’, Maranao raŋit, Mansaka iŋet iŋet ‘anger’, Manobo (Western Bukidnon) raŋit ‘wrath, intense anger’, Tiruray aŋet ‘short-tempered, easily angered’, Kayan (Busang) siŋat ‘speak in irritation’, Iban riŋat, Mongondow iŋot ‘angry’, Malay roŋot, ruŋut ‘mumble angrily’, Toba Batak siŋit ‘indignation, wrath’. Tsuchida (1976:179) gives Proto-South Formosan *rəŋəC ‘jealous’. The last syllable of *reŋeC, *ReŋeC evidently belongs to a root series *-ŋaC, *-ŋeC, *-ŋiC, *-ŋuC, found next to *gaC, *geC, *giC, *guC in many words relating to anger, irritation, and gnashing of the teeth.

*reŋiC grimace at pain

*reŋit gnat, midge

*reŋkeg keep quiet

Note:   Also Maranao renek ‘keep silent’, Manobo (Western Bukidnon) eŋked, Mongondow toŋkod ‘stop; be silent’, Balinese reŋked ‘keep quiet because one feels cold’, reŋkek ‘keep quiet because of sickness’.

*reŋut wrinkled; frown

Note:   Also Puyuma (Tamalakaw) mu-ku-ra-reŋeT ‘wrinkled (of skin, because of age)’, Paiwan (Western) vi-reŋits ‘to grimace (at pain)’, Cebuano ugut ‘frown in distaste’, Balinese jeŋat ‘put on a sour face’, jeŋis ‘put on a stern expression’. Manggarai reŋus ‘knit the brows, have a gloomy, sour expression’

*repag to slap

Note:   With root *-pag ‘strike, beat’.

*re(m)pak brittle, crumbly, friable

*repek brittle, friable; to crumble

*repeŋ equal in dimentions

*repuk fragile, brittle, easily broken, of wood

Note:   With root *-puk₁ ‘throb, thud, clap, break’.

*reput rotten to brittleness, of

*rere₁ be afraid of something

Note:   Possibly a chance resemblance. If not, it is unclear how the meaning of this term differed from that of POc *ma-takut ‘fear, be afraid’.

*rere₂ to flow, stream, move out rapidly

Note:   Also Tongan lele ‘to run or sail or travel along (of boats, vehicles, bicycles, etc, or of those in or on them); (of fish) to swim or move through the water’. It seems clear that POc *rere referred to the (perhaps rapid) flow of water, and in some Polynesian languages this primary sense was expanded to encompass flying, leaping, hopping, rushing and the like, or even more abstract senses of movement, as in regaining consciousness or parturition.

*re(n)tes separate, remove

*retiq popped rice

Note:   Also Cebuano bitíʔ ‘snapping, popping sound; popcorn’. Based on the comparison Toba Batak bo-r-ti, Malay be-r-tih, Dempwolff (1934-38) reconstructed *be[tT]iq ‘popped rice’. There is a high probability that the Toba Batak form is a loan from Malay, but Dempwolff's reconstruction appears to be additionally supported by Proto-Minahasan *bətiʔ ‘burst (of roasting corn)’.

*retuk hit, pound, chop

Note:   With root *-tuk₂ ‘knock, pound, beat’.

*re(n)zak step on, place one's foot on

Note:   With root *-zak ‘step, tread’.

*riak noisy

*riba lap

Note:   Also Minangkabau (ha)-riba-n ‘lap’. Sneddon (1984) first drew attention to the WMP members of this comparison.

*ribuk noise, tumult, turmoil, confusion

*ribut storm

*ricik sound of splashing, etc.

Note:   Probably with root *-cik ‘splash, spatter, fly out’.

*rikas quick, fast

Note:   Also Buruese rike-n ‘fast, speedy, swift’. With root *-kas₃ ‘swift, agile; energetic’.

*riken coiled base on which cooking pots are set, or on which loads are placed for carrying on the head

*ri(ŋ)kep cover

Note:   With root *-kep₁ ‘cover, fold over’.

*ri(ŋ)kit touching or joined along the length

Note:   With root *-kit₂ ‘join along the length’.

*rikut grass

Note:   Also Kapampangan dikút ‘grass’.

*rimbit encumbered

*rimpuk strike together

Note:   With root *-puk₁ ‘throb, thud, clap, break’.

*rimpuŋ tie the feet together

Note:   Also Toba Batak rimpoŋ ‘dislocated, sprained; out of joint’, Old Javanese rimpus ‘tie, bind (hands, feet)’.

*rinis drizzle, drizzling rain

Note:   Also Malay hujan gerimis ‘fine drizzling rain’.

*rintik steady dripping, as of sweat or drizzling rain

Note:   Also Mongondow m-insi-insik ‘drizzling rain’. With root *-Cik ‘mottled, spotted’.

*riŋis₁ bare the teeth in smiling or laughing

*riŋis₂ cruel

Note:   Possibly connected with *riŋis₁.

*ripak split, crack

Note:   With root *-pak₂ ‘break, crack, split’.

*ripur extinction

Note:   Possibly a chance resemblance. Dempwolff (1938) also included Malagasy difutra ‘submerged, overwhelmed, deluged’, Malay lipur ‘soothing; to console’, and Javanese lipur ‘good spirits’, using these together with the Tagalog and Toba Batak forms to reconstruct ‘Uraustronesisch’ *lipur ‘extinction’, but the two sets of data are semantically too far apart to take his reconstruction seriously.

*riqas split

Note:   Disambiguates the initial and medial consonants, and raises the level of assignment of *[rR]i[qSØ] as ‘split or tear lengthwise’ (Blust 1973).

*risris light rustling sound

Note:   With root *-ris₁ ‘rustling sound’.

*ri(n)tas cut or tear off

Note:   With root *-tas ‘cut through, sever; rip’.

*roko stoop, bow, bend over