Formosan
Kavalan	ya	nominative marker
WMP
Isneg	ya	the definite article
Itawis	ya	common singular and plural nominative and genitive particle
Sambal (Botolan)	ya	topic indicating particle (also used as relative pronoun)
Kalagan	ya	marker of definite predicate

Note: Many thanks to David Zorc (p.c.) for pointing out a somewhat longer version of the Philippine portion of this comparison to me. Because it is so far the only PAn reconstruction that begins with *y, the question must be raised whether phonemically this might have been *ia The function of this case marker in relation to PPh *su ‘nominative case marker for singular common nouns’ (Blust 2015:449-451) remains unclear.

33917

*yabyáb to winnow by fanning

12748

PPh *yabyáb to winnow by fanning [doublet: *yapyap]

WMP
Ifugaw	yabyáb	a fan; the act of fanning; draft, breeze, winnow
Mansaka	yabyáb	to winnow

33918

*yadyád to grate or shred foodstuffs

12749

PPh *yadyád to grate or shred foodstuffs

WMP
Sambal (Botolan)	yadyád	to shred coconut
Bikol	mag-yadyád	to grate (sweet potato, squash)

12750

PPh *yadyad-án coconut grater

WMP
Sambal (Botolan)	yadyad-án	a shredder
Bikol	yadyad-án	a grater

33919

*yagyág to trot, of a horse, to jog, of a person

12751

PPh *yagyág to trot, of a horse, to jog, of a person

WMP
Casiguran Dumagat	yagyág	to trot (of a horse or person)
Tagalog	pag-yagyág	to trot; trotting; the motion of a trotting horse

Note: Possibly a Tagalog loan distribution.

33920

*yahuŋ a bowl or wide cup

12752

PPh *yahuŋ a bowl or wide cup

WMP
Ilokano	yáoŋ	kind of wide, glazed china cup
Waray-Waray	yahóŋ	bowl
Binukid	yahuŋ	bowl

Note: Possibly a Chinese loan, although the source remains unknown.

33921

*yakál the Philippine mahogony: Shorea or Hopea sp.

12753

PPh *yakál the Philippine mahogony: Shorea or Hopea sp.

WMP
Ilokano	yakál	species of durable hardwood: Hopea sp.
Bontok	yakál	a tall softwood tree, the mahogany: Hopea sp.
Tagalog	yakál	a tree producing lumber of the first group: Hopea flagata
Aklanon	yakál	a hardwood tree: Shorea gisok or Shorea balangeran
Waray-Waray	yakál	a species of hardwood, the yacal tree: Hopea sp.
Tausug	yakal	a tree: Shorea gisok

Note: This comparison, one of perhaps two dozen secure instances of PPh *y-, was first identified by David Zorc (p.c.), who drew my attention to my previous neglect of this section of the PPh lexicon.

33922

*yamyám to talk excessively, or in a rapid, meaningless stream

12754

PPh *yamyám to talk excessively, or in a rapid, meaningless stream

WMP
Ifugaw (Batad)	yamyám	for excessive talking to tire the mouth
Bikol	yamyám	blah-blah, incessant talk or chatter
	mag-yamyám	to talk incessantly, esp. when annoyed or angry
Cebuano	yamyám	to utter, articulate words rapidly and not for the purpose of communicating; mumble, mutter
Binukid	yamyam	to mumble words (not for the purpose of communicating)
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)	yamyam	to say “I told you so”

33923

*yapyáp to winnow by fanning

12755

PPh *yapyáp to winnow by fanning [doublet: *yabyab]

WMP
Kankanaey	yapyáp	to fan; to winnow; the first fanning
Bikol	mag-yapyáp	to fan someone with a hand fan
	paŋ-yapyáp	a hand fan
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)	yapyap	the final process in winnowing to remove the last of the chaff

12756

PPh *yapyap-an to winnow by fanning

WMP
Kankanaey	yapyáp-an	to fan; to winnow; the first fanning
Bikol	yapyap-án	to fan someone with a hand fan

33934

*yátab small hand knife for harvesting rice

12770

PPh *yátab small hand knife for harvesting rice

WMP
Sambal (Botolan)	yátab	to harvest sticky rice by cutting the stalks long, not just the heads\
Kapampangan	yátab	small hand knife for harvesting rice
Tagalog	yátab	small, short hand sickle for cutting rice stalks
Hanunóo	yátab	crescent-shaped hand knife for harvesting rice
Romblomanon	yātab	a harvest knife (used in times past; presently a harvest sickle, kārit, is almost exclusively used for harvesting)

Note: Possibly a Tagalog loan distribution. As in Java and the Malay world, traditionally such small blades, concealed in the palm of the hand, but inefficient in relation to time and labor, almost certainly were used to avoid frigtening the soul of the rice, and so spoiling future harvests.

33924

*yawyaw move the mouth in eating

12757

PPh *yawyaw move the mouth in eating

WMP
Ilokano	yawyáw	colloquial term for eating
Bontok	yawyáw	to eat
Ibaloy	yawyaw	expression used to call someone to come and eat, i.e. Let’s eat!; Come and eat!
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)	yewyew	to move the jaw back and forth as a sign of anger
Mansaka	yawyaw	to murmer, to grumble

TOP ya ye yu

yegyeg

yekyek₁

yekyek₂

33925

*yegyeg to shake, as a tree to bring down fruit

12758

PPh *yegyeg to shake, as a tree to bring down fruit [disjunct: *yugyug]

WMP
Ilokano	ag-yegyég	to tremble, shake, shiver, quake, shudder
	yegyeg-én	to grind, pulverize, triturate; shake something
Isneg	yagyág	earthquake
	maŋ-yagyág	to quake, said of the earth
Pangasinan	yegyég	tremor, earthquake
Ayta Abellan	yegyeg	to shake up and down (especially branches of trees) for a short time; shaky
Bikol	mag-yugyóg	to shake (as a tree to bring down the fruits); to jog, to agitate
Aklanon	yúgyug	to shake (usually by the shoulders)
Cebuano	yugyúg	to shake back and forth or up and down in short, quick movements (as in rocking a hammock so a baby will soon sleep)

12759

PPh *ma-yegyeg to shake, get shaken

WMP
Isneg	ma-yagyág	to shake, to tremble
Bikol	ma-yugyóg	to get shaken, agitated

Note: Also Ibaloy jegjeg, Samal jogjog tanaɁ ‘earthquake’, which cannot reflect this reconstruction, since *y unconditionally became /y/ in both languages, and there is no known PPh source for /j/ in either one. A variant of this comparison was first brought to my attention by David Zorc.

33926

*yekyek₁ armpit

12760

PPh *yekyek₁ armpit

WMP
Bontok	yəkyək	armpit
Bikol	yukyók	armpit

Note: Also Ifugaw yoyók ‘armpit’.

33927

*yekyek₂ coughing fit

12761

PPh *yekyek₂ coughing fit

WMP
Ilokano	yekyek-én	to choke, suffocate, smother, stifle (through coughing or sickness); to constantly cough
Binukid	yekyek	heavy and prolonged cough
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)	yekyek	a choking cough

Note: Also Binukid ayekɁek ‘heavy and prolonged cough’.

TOP ya ye yu

33928

*yugyúg to shake, as a tree to bring down fruit fruit

12762

PPh *yugyúg to shake, as a tree to bring down fruit fruit [doublet: *yegyeg]

WMP
Ilokano	yugyug-en	to beat eggs; to shake, sway (of a tree)
Pangasinan	i-yogyóg	to shake
Tagalog	y<um>ugyóg	to shake up and down (esp. branches of trees)

Note: A variant of this comparison was first brought to my attention by David Zorc.

33929

*yukúq to stoop, bend down

12763

PPh *yukúq to stoop, bend down [doublet: *yukús]

WMP
Sambal (Botolan)	yokóʔ	to stoop down
Tagalog	yokóʔ	a bending of the head or body; inclination; bending; bowing
Cebuano	yukúʔ	bent way over; to be, become bent; to bend over

33930

*yukús to bend down

12764

PPh *yukús to bend down [doublet: *yukúq]

WMP
Ilokano	yúkos	stooping
Ifugaw	yúku(h)	to bend something as deeply as possible
Tagalog	yukós	bent (as a branch of a tree laden with fruit)

Note: Also Ilokano ayyúkos ‘stooping’.

33931

*yukyuk to stab

12765

PPh *yukyuk to stab

WMP
Ilokano	yukyuk-an	to stab
Sambal (Botolan)	yokyok	to stab
Cebuano	yukyuk	to stab and jiggle around (as in killing a pig as quickly as possibe)

33932

*yuŋyúŋ to hang the head, look downward

12766

PPh *yuŋyúŋ to hang the head, look downward

WMP
Bontok	yuŋyúŋ	to bend over in order to look at something on the ground, or to put something on the ground
	yuŋúyuŋ	to hang down, as a branche which is laden with fruit; to walk with bowed head, as when one is sad
Ifugaw (Batad)	yuŋyuŋ	for a person to bow down the head
Tagalog	yuŋyóŋ	to hang the head, look downward
Romblomanon	yuŋyuŋ	someone or something droops the head

a b c C d e g h i j k l m n N ñ ŋ o p q r R s S t u w y z

Austronesian Comparative Dictionary, web edition
Robert Blust and Stephen Trussel
www.trussel2.com/ACD
2010: revision 6/21/2020
email: Blust (content) – Trussel (production)
CognateSets-Index-y