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saccharifera

the sugar palm Arenga saccharifera, Arenga pinnata - PWMP *izuk

Saccharum

kind of reed or cane, including Saccharum spontaneum - POC *pijo

sugarcane: Saccharum officinarum - PMP *tebuh₁

sugarcane: Saccharum officinarum - PAN *tebuS

sugarcane: Saccharum officinarum - PMP *tebuh₂

sugarcane: Saccharum officinarum - PAN *CebuS

sack

bag, sack - PAN *lubuk₃

bag, sack - *(loan)

burst open, as an overfilled sack - PMP *betus

netbag, sack, pocket - POC *taŋa₂

sack - *(loan)

to make holes in sacks of rice, etc., as chickens or rats do - PPH *butbut₃

sacred

holy sacred - *(loan)

sacred place - PWMP *tampuk₂

sacrifice

animal sacrifice - PPh *palis₃

sacrifice - *(loan)

sacrifice to the spirits - PPh *átaŋ₄

sacrificed

ritually sacrificed monkey? - PAN-F *uŋay

sad

feel sad about, deplore - PWMP *iruq

saddle

saddle - *(loan)

safekeeping

save, in safekeeping - *(loan)

something given to another for safekeeping (?) - PMP *pa-taRuq

to store, put away for safekeeping, hide valuables; to place a bet in gambling; lay an egg - PMP *taRuq

safflower: Carthamus tinctorius

safflower, Carthamus tinctorius - *(loan)

sag

sag, bend under weight - PWMP *luyut

sag, droop - PWMP *luyu

sago

dry sago branch - PMP *kumbal

extract the pith from the sago palm - PMP *saku₁

processed sago, prepared starch from the sago palm - PMP *sagu₁

rice or sago cake (used as an offering?) - PWMP *tumpiq

sago flour - PMP *palu₁

sago grub - PMP *qabatiR

sago grub - POC *qapatoR

sago grub - PMP *qabateR

sago grub - POC *qapator

sago grub - PMP *qabated

sago palm - PMP *Rumbia

sago palm - POC *Rabia

sago palm - PMP *Rambia

sago palm - *(noise)

tubular basket used to carry and store rice or sago - PWMP *basuŋ

said

it is said, people say..... - PWMP *kenu

it is said, people say..... - PWMP *ken

it is said, people say..... - PPH *kunuq

it is said, people say..... - PMP *kunu₂

what has been said/done (to cause someone to react)? - PAN *k<in>uja

sail

prop, support, as the boom of a sail - PWMP *sukuŋ

sail - PAN *layaR

sail along the coast (?) - PWMP *susuR

sail along the coast, follow the coast in voyaging - PMP *siDsiD

to sail - PCEMP *pa-layaR

to sail, set sail - PWMP *maR-layaR

to string a bow, set a sail, bend in a curve - POC *ropeq-a

to string a bow, set a sail, bend in a curve - POC *ropeq

to wind, curve, turn to the side; to tack, sail into the wind - PMP *biluk

unit of measure for cloth, sails, etc. - PWMP *bidaŋ

yardarm, sheet of a sail, sticks used to turn the sail - POC *jila

sailboat

kind of sailboat - PWMP *padaw

sailfin

sailfin tang: Zebrasoma veliferum - POC *piRa₂

sailfish

sailfish, swordfish - PMP *saku-layaR

sailfish: Istiophoridae - POC *piRu-piRu

sailing

kind of sailing boat - PMP *baluk₁

salary

wages, salary - PWMP *tendan

saliva

saliva - PAN *ludaq

saliva - PPH *láway

saliva in the mouth; drool; desire, crave, lust for - POC *ipoR

saliva in the mouth; drool; desire, crave, lust for - PMP *ibeR

saliva, drivel - PAN *ŋajay

saliva, spittle - PWMP *qizuR

saliva; to spit - PWMP *zulaq

saliva; to spit - PWMP *luzaq

saliva; to spit - PMP *ludaq

saliva; to spit - PMP *dulaq

spittle, saliva - PMP *suba

spittle, saliva - PMP *iluR₁

spray water from the mouth; spray a mixture of saliva and masticated medicinal herbs on an ailing body part in curing - POC *puRa

spray water from the mouth; spray a mixture of saliva and masticated medicinal herbs on an ailing body part in curing - PMP *buRah

salt

closed bamboo internode used as a container for salt, valuables, etc. - PWMP *tubuŋ

place where salt is found; salt beds - PPh *paŋ-qasin-an

preserve meat in salt or brine - PAN *baleŋ₂

put salt on - PWMP *qasin-i

salt - PAN-F *timu

salt - PAN *timus

salt - PAN *qasiRa

salt - *(loan)

salt something, put salt on - PWMP *qasiRa-i

to salt meat or fish for storing - PPH *lamuq

to salt, put salt on something - PWMP *maŋ-qasin

what has been salted; food preserved in salt - PWMP *q<in>asin

salted

anything which has been salted - PAN *qasiRa-en

be salted - PWMP *qasin-en

place salted - PWMP *qasin-an

what has been salted; food preserved in salt - PWMP *q<in>asin

saltiness

saltiness, salty taste - PAN *qasiN

salting

anything used for salting, salting instrument - PWMP *paŋ-qasin

saltwater

sea, saltwater - PMP *tasik

salty

saltiness, salty taste - PAN *qasiN

salty - PMP *ma-qasin

salty, brackish - PCEMP *maqasin

salve

salve, ointment - *(loan)

sambar

deer of the genus Cervus, either the sika deer or sambar deer - PAN-F *benan

Sambucus

a plant: Sambucus formosana - PAN *Nayad

same

elder same sex sibling - POC *tuaka

elder sibling of the same sex - PMP *kaka₂

elder sibling of the same sex - POC *toka

elder sibling of the same sex - PMP *teka₂

mate, companion, fellow; together with; alike, the same as; aligned or in good order - PWMP *sama

namesake, have the same name as someone else - PWMP *saŋay

same kind or type; fitting; well-matched; suitable - PWMP *bagay

same, equal, like - PWMP *pada

sibling-in-law of the same sex - POC *ipaR-

twins of the same sex - PMP *habij

twins of the same sex - POC *apic

twins of the same sex - PAN *Sabij

younger sibling of the same sex (vocative); younger parallel cousin of the same sex (vocative) - PMP *huaji-q

younger sibling of the same sex (vocative); younger parallel cousin of the same sex (vocative) - PWMP *huaji-ŋ

younger sibling of the same sex; younger parallel cousin of the same sex - POC *taci

younger sibling of the same sex; younger parallel cousin of the same sex - PMP *ta-huaji

younger sibling of the same sex; younger parallel cousin of the same sex - PWMP *paR-huaji

younger sibling of the same sex; younger parallel cousin of the same sex - PCEMP *waji

younger sibling of the same sex; younger parallel cousin of the same sex - PMP *huaji

same-sex

same-sex sibling (?) - POC *tuRa-

sanctum

a strongly-scented plant: Ocimum sanctum L. - PWMP *kamaŋi

sand

coarse sand, gravel - PPH *pantaR

feel with the feet, as in finding clams under the sand - PPH *sedsed₃

gather sand, use sand - PWMP *maŋ-qenay

grit, coarse sand, gravel - PMP *badas

kind of bird that buries its eggs deep in the sand - PPH *tabun₁

sand - PAN *bunaj

sand - POC *qone

sand - PAN *qenay

sand - *(loan)

sand - *(noise)

sand crab - PMP *kaRuki

sand, sandbank - POC *pika

sandbank, sand spit, shoal - PWMP *buhaŋin

to cover with earth, sand, etc. - PMP *tabun₂

sandal

sandal - *(loan)

sandbank

ebb tide; coral reefs and sandbanks exposed at low tide; evaporate, dry up, of water in cooking, in a river, etc. - PMP *qeti₁

sand, sandbank - POC *pika

sandbank, sand spit, shoal - PWMP *buhaŋin

sandbank, sandbar; shore, beach - PWMP *pantad

sandbank, shoal in river or sea - PWMP *pasiR

sandbar

sandbank, sandbar; shore, beach - PWMP *pantad

sandbar, shoal in river or sea - PWMP *pasiR-an

sandfly

gnat, sandfly - POC *nonok

gnat, sandfly, fruit fly - PMP *neknek

sandfly - PMP *niniq₂

sandfly - PPH *taRenek

sandfly - *(loan)

tiny biting insect: gnat, sandfly - PMP *ñikñik

Sandoricum indicum

tree with edible fruit Sandoricum indicum or Sandoricum koetjape - *(loan)

sandpaper

scale, balance for weighing things - *(loan)

to sandpaper - PWMP *q<um>a(m)pelas

to sandpaper, smooth by abrasion - PWMP *maŋ-qa(m)pelas

tree with leaves like sandpaper: Ficus spp. - PMP *qa(m)pelas

sandpapered

be sandpapered, smoothed by abrasion - PWMP *qa(m)pelas-en

sandpiper

a bird: the sandpiper (?) - PAN *suiq

long-legged shore-bird, the sandpiper or snipe - PPh *balalaŋ₂

shore bird: sandpiper, Pacific Golden Plover - POC *kiwiwi

sandpiper sp.

sandpiper sp., plover sp. - *(near)

sandy

creeping vine that grows on sandy beaches, the beach morning glory: Ipomoea pes-caprae - PPH *balinu

sandy - POC *qone qone

sandy soil (?) - POC *bia

sandy(?) - PMP *qenay qenay

sap

a tree: Antiaris toxicaria; poison for blowpipe darts made from the sap of this tree - PWMP *qipuq

birdlime, sticky sap of breadfruit, etc. - PMP *pulut

juice; sap; gravy; soup - PMP *zuRuq

sap of a tree - PPH *tagek

sap of a tree or plant - PAN *Niteq

sap of a tree or plant - PMP *liteq

sap used as birdlime - PWMP *pikat

sap, gummy secretion - PWMP *geteq

sap, gummy secretion - *-teq (root)

sap, resin, sticky secretion - PWMP *gateq

sticky sap - PPH *tegék

tree sp. with poisonous sap - PPH *dayaŋdáŋ

tree with poisonous sap - PWMP *iŋas

tree with poisonous sap - PMP *butaq₂

tree with poisonous sap, (probably Antiaris toxicaria) - PMP *laji₁

sapientum

banana: Musa sapientum L. - PAN-F *beNbeN

cooking banana: Musa sapientum Linn. var compressa. Blanco - PWMP *sabeqa

Sapindus

soapberry: Sapindus mukrossi, S. saponaria - PAN-F *daqu₂

saponaria

soapberry: Sapindus mukrossi, S. saponaria - PAN-F *daqu₂

Sapotaceae

a tree: Ganua obovatifolia.(Merr.), Sapotaceae - PPH *piaŋa

sappan

a tree: Caesalpinia sappan - PWMP *sapaŋ

the sappan tree: Caesalpinia sappan L. - PPH *sibukaw

sardine

a fish: sardine spp. - PWMP *tamban

kind of small fish, probably sardine or anchovy - PMP *paya

sardine, anchovy - POC *tañipa

small marine fish: sardine or anchovy - PWMP *bilis

sarong

sarong, wrap-around waist cloth - *(near)

step into clothing, put on a sarong - PMP *saRuk

sated

glutted, sated; swollen (of the belly) - PMP *be(n)tur

glutted, sated; swollen (of the belly) - PMP *be(n)tuR

sated with - PWMP *ka-besuR-an

satiate

able to satiate, able to satisfy one's appetite - PWMP *maka-besuR

to cloy, satiate, do something to excess and so lose interest - PPh *s<um>aweqaq

satiated

be satiated, given a full belly - PWMP *besuR-en

satiated - *(noise)

satiated, full (of the stomach) - PPh *bútil

satiated, full after eating - PPh *biaR₂

satiated, full from eating - PPh *maR-besuR

satiated, full from eating - PAN *ma-besuR

satisfied from having eaten enough, satiated - PAN *bisuR

satisfied from having eaten enough, satiated - POC *bosuR

satisfied from having eaten enough, satiated - PAN *besuR

satisfied from having eaten enough; satiated - PWMP *busuR₃

satiatiated

satiatiated, full (of the stomach after eating); fertile, bring forth plentifully, abundance of food - POC *masuR

satiation

satisfaction, satiation - PMP *ka-besuR

satisfaction

satisfaction, satiation - PMP *ka-besuR

satisfied

content, satisfied - *(loan)

satisfied from having eaten enough, satiated - PAN *bisuR

satisfied from having eaten enough, satiated - POC *bosuR

satisfied from having eaten enough, satiated - PAN *besuR

satisfied from having eaten enough; satiated - PWMP *busuR₃

satisfy

able to satiate, able to satisfy one's appetite - PWMP *maka-besuR

sativa

cucumber: Cucumis sativa L. - PMP *qatimun

sativus

cucumber: Cucumis sativus - PAN-F *baRat₂

saturated

soaked, saturated, full of liquid - POC *toRop

soaked, saturated, full of liquid; crowded or filled to overflowing - PMP *teReb

sauce

to cook fish in a rich, spicy sauce - PWMP *paŋat

to dip food in sauce - PPH *teltel

sauté

sauté, fry in fat - *(loan)

save

save, in safekeeping - *(loan)

save, not use - *(noise)

save, rescue - POC *saRop

save, rescue - PMP *saRep

save, spare the life of - PMP *paka-qudip

to save, rescue - PPH *lig(e)tas

savor

to taste, savor something - PPH *mag-námit

savory

savory, tasty - *-ñam (root)

tasty, savory - PPH *ma-ñañam

saw

fire saw; tie a tool around the hand or some other fixture - PPH *kulili

saw, tool for sawing - *(loan)

sawdust

dust, sawdust - PMP *qabuk

sawdust, wood shavings - *(loan)

sawing

to cut with sawing motion - PPH *gelgél

say

it is said, people say..... - PWMP *kenu

it is said, people say..... - PWMP *ken

it is said, people say..... - PPH *kunuq

it is said, people say..... - PMP *kunu₂

mouth, opening; speak, say - PMP *baqbaq

say, tell - *(noise)

say, tell; speak - POC *kaRu₂

say, want to - *(noise)

speak, say something, tell - PPH *suysuy

to say - PCMP *bei

to say, tell - PCMP *beŋa₂

to speak, talk, say - PWMP *kuan₂

scab

scab - PWMP *kuRan

scab on a wound - PAN *keRan₁

scab, crust - PMP *baku

scab, crust on a wound - PAN *keRaŋ₂

sore, scab - *(noise)

scabies

be affected by itching, be infected with scabies or other itchy skin disorders - PWMP *gatel-en

scabies, mange - *(near)

scurfy skin disease; scabies - PAN *kuris₁

scurfy skin disease; scabies - PAN *kudis

scad

a fish: the big-eyed scad Trachurops crumenophthalmus - PMP *qatulay

scaffolding

scaffolding, support - PWMP *pala pala₁

scald

to roast, broil; scald, sear, burn - PPH *pásuq

to scald food in hot water - PPH *lapu₁

scalded

be scorched, scalded - PPH *ma-pásuq

scale

balance scales - PWMP *timbaŋ-an

fish scale - PAN *quSeNap

fish scales (collective?) - PMP *qunap qunap

scale for weighing, balance - *(loan)

scale of a fish - PMP *enap

scale of fish - PMP *quhenap

scale of fish, lizard or snake; shell of turtle or tortoise - PMP *siksik₂

scale of fish, shell of turtle - POC *qunap₂

scale of fish, turtle shell - PCEMP *qunap₁

scale, balance for weighing things - *(loan)

scales of fish or snake - PCEMP *qunep

to scale a fish - POC *qunap-ia

to scale a fish - POC *qunap-i

scaled

to be scaled, as fish - PWMP *siksik-an

scalp

sores on the scalp; 'cradle cap' - PWMP *buduk

scaly

disease which produces scaly skin: ichthyosis - PWMP *bugis

pangolin, scaly anteater - PAN *qaRem

scaly anteater

scaly anteater - *(loan)

scandens

a vine: Entada scandens - PWMP *baluRu

scapula

scapula - PWMP *qali-peqip

scapula, shoulder blade - PWMP *balikat

scar

fruit; areca palm and nut; grain; berry; seed; nut; endosperm of a sprouting coconut; kidney; heart; finger; calf of the leg; testicle; various insects; scar tissue; roe; bud; flower; blossom; bear fruit; words, speech, or songs; meaning, contents of discussion; numeral classifier for roundish objects; buttock; Adam's apple; nipple of the breast; button; marble; tattooing - PMP *buaq

scar - PWMP *pilat

scar - PWMP *ulat

scar - PMP *pilaɁ

scar - PWMP *kulad

scar - PMP *kiras

scar - PMP *birat

scar - POC *piras

scar - PMP *biras₁

scar - POC *pilat₂

scar - PMP *bilat₂

scar - PPh *bik(e)lát

scar - PMP *balaŋ₁

scar - *-lat₂ (root)

scar - *(near)

scarecrow

scarecrow device in paddy field - *(near)

Scarus

parrot fish: Scarus spp. - PPH *mulmúl

scatter

break up, fall into pieces, scatter, disperse - PWMP *baRbaR

scatter - *(noise)

scatter to and fro - PWMP *liwed

scatter, disperse - PPh *wat(e)nág

scatter, disperse - PWMP *ampuk

scatter, strew - PPh *warák

scatter, strew - PWMP *imbuR

scatter, strew about - PPh *wákat

scatter, strew about - PWMP *buras

sow, scatter, broadcast seed - PWMP *sa(m)beR

sow, strew, scatter - PWMP *sabuD

sow, strew, scatter - PMP *ebuR

sprinkle, scatter (seed, etc.) - PMP *kambuR

strew, scatter - PWMP *tabuD

strew, scatter, sprinkle - PWMP *qambuR

strew, scatter, sprinkle - PWMP *qabud

to scatter things about - PPH *waság

to scatter wildly - PPH *sabuag

to sow, scatter; scattered about; splash water on something - PMP *sabuR

to strew, scatter, as seed - POC *tabuR₁

to strew, scatter, as seed - PMP *tabuR₁

to strew, scatter, sprinkle - POC *sapuR

scattered

scattered about - PPH *watak-watak

scattered, strewn about - PWMP *sirak₂

to sow, scatter; scattered about; splash water on something - PMP *sabuR

scavenger

scavenger fish: Lethrinus spp. - POC *oka oka

scent

smell, odor, scent - POC *bona₁

to scent, as an animal following prey - PPH *sáŋu

scheme

intelligence, craft, scheme - *(loan)

trick, ruse, scheme, wits - *(loan)

Schizostachyum

type of slender bamboo; Schizostachyum spp. - PAN *buluq₂

Schleichera

a tree: Schleichera trijuga - PMP *kasambiʔ

scholaris

a tree: Alstonia scholaris - POC *sabakap

a tree: Alstonia scholaris - PMP *ditaq

school

group, crowd, flock, school, bunch, cluster - POC *putu, butu

group, crowd, flock, school, bunch, cluster - PCEMP *butu₂

Schoutenia

tree sp.: Schoutenia ovata - PMP *kukun

scissors

scissors - *(loan)

Scomberoides

a fish: Scomberoides sp. - PMP *daRi

Scomberomorini

Spanish mackerel, kingfish: Scomberomorini spp. - PMP *taŋiRi

Scomberomorus

Spanish mackerel, kingfish: Scomberomorus spp. - PWMP *taŋgiRi

scoop

coconut shell bowl or water scoop - PPH *húŋut

dip net, scoop net - PMP *lawaq₁

dipper, scoop; to scoop, ladle up - PAN *taku₂

fetch water, scoop up water - PMP *qasu₁

fetch water, scoop up water - PMP *asu₂

ladle, dipper, scoop, cup - POC *kapuq

ladle, dipper, scoop, cup - PMP *kabuq

scoop net - PAN *RauS

scoop up - PAN-F *k<um>ahuS

scoop up - PAN-F *kahuS

scoop up - *(noise)

scoop up in a net; fetch water by scooping up - PMP *saruk

scoop up water - POC *tapuq

scoop up water; water scoop or dipper - PMP *tabuq

scoop up with a net; catch with snare - PPH *ma-ñiluʔ

scoop up with both hands - PMP *saRup₁

scoop up with both hands; a double handful - PMP *aŋkup₁

scoop up, as with a fish net - PAN *kauS

scoop up, skim from the surface - PPH *saRap

scoop, scooping tool - PPH *likup₂

spoon, ladle, scoop - PMP *sudu

to catch with a net, scoop up - PPH *siluʔ-en

to scoop up, as with a fish net - PAN *k<um>auS

to scoop up, skim from the surface - PPH *s<um>aRap

scooping

scoop up in a net; fetch water by scooping up - PMP *saruk

scoop, scooping tool - PPH *likup₂

scoop (water)

dipper, scoop (water) - *(loan)

scorch

to singe, scorch - PPH *sirub

scorched

be scorched, scalded - PPH *ma-pásuq

dried up, scorched, shrivelled - POC *koRaŋ₁

score

drawn, tied, even in score - *(loan)

scorpion

scorpion - *(loan)

scour

rub, scour - *(noise)

rub, scour, scrub - PMP *isut₂

scrape, scour - *(noise)

to grate, scour, rub hard on something - PPH *ŋusŋús

to rub vigorously, scour - PPH *RasRas

scout

spy, scout, one who looks for possible danger ahead - PMP *mata-mata

scrape

cut chips or bits from something, scrape off - PPH *dapdáp

rub against, scrape, scratch - PMP *garut

rub, scrape against - PAN *gisgis₁

scrape - PMP *kuhkuh

scrape - PAN *kuSkuS₂

scrape - PWMP *kurud

scrape - PAN *kiRus

scrape - PWMP *kaus

scrape - PAN *kaRus

scrape - PWMP *gut

scrape - PWMP *baRus

scrape - *(noise)

scrape off - PAN *kutkut₂

scrape off - PAN *kiSkiS

scrape or rub off - PPh *hírud

scrape or scratch with the hand - *(noise)

scrape out, as meat from a coconut - PWMP *suqsuq

scrape something off a surface so as to uncover it - PPH *kuykúy₂

scrape, grate - PPH *kagúd

scrape, grate - PWMP *kerud

scrape, grate - POC *pari₁

scrape, grate - PWMP *kerus₁

scrape, grate, as coconut preparatory to cooking - POC *korit

scrape, grate, rasp - PMP *kaRud

scrape, rasp - PAN *karut₁

scrape, rub - PWMP *rudrud

scrape, rub against - PWMP *saRud

scrape, scour - *(noise)

scrape, scratch - PPH *kaRiskis

scrape, scratch - POC *kakas

scrape, scratch - PMP *kaskas₂

scrape, scratch - *(near)

scrape, scratch something from a surface - PWMP *k<ar>uhkuh

scrape, scratch something from a surface - PAN *k<ar>uSkuS

scrape, shave - POC *kori

scrape, shave (as rattan) - PWMP *aRud

scratch up, scrape up - PMP *gaRuk

scratch, grate, scrape - *-kis₁ (root)

scratch, scrape - POC *kokos

scratch, scrape - POC *palus

scratch, scrape - PAN *keskes₁

scratch, scrape - PMP *karis₁

scratch, scrape - PCEMP *erit

scratch, scrape - *-rud (root)

scratch, scrape, peel - POC *orit

to brush past, rub or scrape against; draw a line - PMP *garis

to rub against, scrape, scratch - PMP *g<um>arut

to scrape - PAN *k<um>uSkuS

to scrape - POC *paro

to scrape off - PWMP *kiskis-en

to scrape off - PWMP *kiskis-an

to scrape off, peel off - POC *karasi

to scrape or scrub out, remove by scraping - PPh *kuskus-an₂

to scrape out - PWMP *kuskus₂

to scrape smooth, to plane a surface - PAN-F *RuSRuS

to scrape, abrade - POC *kakas-i

to scrape, as coconut meat from a shell; to grate, as coconut meat - POC *isi₄

to scrape, rasp, grate, as in grating coconuts - PMP *kuDkuD

to scrape, scratch, rub - PAN *gusgus

to scrape, with motion away from body - POC *ori

to scrape; scraper or grater made from circular bivalve shell: Asaphis spp. - POC *kasi

to scratch, scrape - POC *kari

to scratch, scrape - PAN *karus

to scratch, scrape - POC *karis₂

to scratch, scrape off - PPH *kudkud-én

to shave, scrape off - PAN *kiskis

scraped

scraped or filed down - PPh *iqit

scraper

bivalve species used as a scraper - POC *kaRi₂

mussel sp. or spp. used as food grater or scraper - POC *kukur

to scrape; scraper or grater made from circular bivalve shell: Asaphis spp. - POC *kasi

scraping

sound of scraping or scratching - PMP *gerit

to scrape or scrub out, remove by scraping - PPh *kuskus-an₂

scratch

line, scratch, furrow - PPH *gúlis

line; scratch a line - PAN *guris

rub against, scrape, scratch - PMP *garut

scrape or scratch with the hand - *(noise)

scrape, scratch - PPH *kaRiskis

scrape, scratch - POC *kakas

scrape, scratch - PMP *kaskas₂

scrape, scratch - *(near)

scrape, scratch something from a surface - PWMP *k<ar>uhkuh

scrape, scratch something from a surface - PAN *k<ar>uSkuS

scratch - PMP *garus

scratch - PMP *kamit

scratch - PWMP *kamas

scratch a line - PMP *taris

scratch a line - PMP *turis₂

scratch a line - PAN *Curis

scratch a line - PWMP *berit₁

scratch a line - *-ris₂ (root)

scratch a line - *-rit (or *-reclit?) (root)

scratch a line, make a long shallow cut - PAN *turis

scratch mark, line - PMP *kur(e)qit

scratch or wale on the skin - PMP *balar

scratch or wale on the skin - PMP *balan

scratch the ground, as a chicken does - PWMP *kahir

scratch the ground, as a chicken does - PWMP *kahiR

scratch up the earth, as a fowl - PAN *karkar

scratch up the ground, as chickens - PWMP *kaqis

scratch up the soil - PMP *kahkah

scratch up the soil, as a chicken looking for food - PAN *kaSkaS

scratch up, scrape up - PMP *gaRuk

scratch up, sweep or rake up - PPH *kaykáy

scratch, grate - PMP *kerit

scratch, grate, scrape - *-kis₁ (root)

scratch, mark with a line - PWMP *kuris₂

scratch, mark with a line - PWMP *kuRis

scratch, scrape - POC *kokos

scratch, scrape - POC *palus

scratch, scrape - PAN *keskes₁

scratch, scrape - PMP *karis₁

scratch, scrape - PCEMP *erit

scratch, scrape - *-rud (root)

scratch, scrape, peel - POC *orit

stroke scratch - *(noise)

to rub against, scrape, scratch - PMP *g<um>arut

to scrape, scratch, rub - PAN *gusgus

to scratch - POC *kaRo

to scratch - PWMP *ma-garut

to scratch - PWMP *gaut

to scratch an itch - POC *kadrut

to scratch an itch - PAN *k<um>aRaw

to scratch an itch - PAN *kaRaw₁

to scratch up the earth, as a fowl - POC *kakar-i

to scratch up the ground, as chickens - PWMP *kais-an

to scratch, as an itch - PMP *gutgut

to scratch, as an itch - PAN *guCguC₂

to scratch, scrape - POC *kari

to scratch, scrape - PAN *karus

to scratch, scrape - POC *karis₂

to scratch, scrape off - PPH *kudkud-én

to scratch; sound of scratching - PMP *gurit

scratching

dig a hole, as by scratching - PPH *kawkaw₂

have a painful feeling in the teeth, as when eating something very sour or cold, or hearing a screeching or scratching sound - PWMP *ŋilu-an

sound of scraping or scratching - PMP *gerit

sound of scratching - PMP *kaRiqit

to scratch; sound of scratching - PMP *gurit

scream

howl, shout, scream - *-ŋar (root)

scream - PMP *leŋkiq

scream of a monkey - PMP *kusik

to scream, of an animal - PWMP *ŋiqik

screech

screech, as a hawk - PWMP *kuriqik

screech, as a hawk - PWMP *kuliqik

screech, howl - *-ŋak (root)

squeal, screech, shriek, etc. - PMP *ŋikŋik

squeal, screech, shriek, etc. - PMP *ŋik

screeching

have a painful feeling in the teeth, as when eating something very sour or cold, or hearing a screeching or scratching sound - PWMP *ŋilu-an

screen

fish-corral, screen trap for fish - PWMP *banelat

to screen, conceal, cover - PWMP *tabeŋ

wall; wall in, screen off - PCMP *dindiŋ₁

scrotum

scrotum - *(noise)

scrotum and testicles - PMP *laseR

scrotum; testicles - PPh *buŋaw₂

testicles; scrotum - POC *putuq

scrub

Bismarck scrub fowl: Megapodius eremita - POC *kipau

Bismarck scrub fowl: Megapodius eremita - POC *kikau

cut down, clear away scrub - PWMP *tebas₂

kind of brush made from coconut husk, used to scrub or polish a surface or to treat threads before weaving - PWMP *sikat

remove coconut husk; scrub with coconut husk - PPh *maŋ-bunut

remove coconut husk; scrub with coconut husk - PPh *bunut-an

rub, scour, scrub - PMP *isut₂

rub, scrub - *(noise)

scrub hard to remove dirt - PPH *ludlud₁

to scrape or scrub out, remove by scraping - PPh *kuskus-an₂

to wipe, rub, scrub - PPH *nisnís

scrubbing

clean oneself by scrubbing - PEMP *isug

clean oneself by scrubbing - PMP *hisuq

scrub-land

scrub-land, bush - PAN *quCaN

small, wild herbaceous plants; scrub-land, bush - PMP *qutan

scruffiness

scruffiness of the skin; dirt, dregs - POC *kani-kani

scrutinize

scrutinize consider closely - *(loan)

scudding

wind-driven fragments of cloud, light scudding clouds - PMP *taqi nu haŋin

sculpture

carving, sculpture - PMP *ukir

scum

driftwood and scum (?); lit. 'refuse of the current' - PWMP *taqi qaRus

foam, bubbles, lather, scum, froth - PAN *bujeq₁

foam, bubbles, lather, scum, froth - PMP *budaq₁

foam, bubbles, lather, scum, froth; bubble up - PCEMP *budaq₄

foam, bubbles, lather, scum, froth; to foam, to bubble; foam at the mouth; fond of talking; type of white bead - PMP *bujeq₂

lard, fat, greasy scum on the surface of liquids - PPH *lanéb

scurfy

scurfy skin disease; scabies - PAN *kuris₁

scurfy skin disease; scabies - PAN *kudis

Scyphiphora

a moderate-sized shrub: Scyphiphora hydrophyllacea - PWMP *sabasaq

sea

a fish, the sea perch, giant rock cod - PWMP *kurapu

a fish, the sea perch, giant rock cod, giant grouper: Epinephelus spp. - PWMP *kuRapuq

a fish, the sea perch, giant rock cod, giant grouper: Epinephelus spp. - PMP *kuRapu

a long slender point, as of land jutting into the sea - PPH *ráwis

a sea fish, the rudderfish: Kyphosus cinerascens - PPH *hilek

a sea fish: the mullet - PWMP *balanak

body hair; fur; feather; down; antenna of insect or crustacean; spikes of sea urchin; floss on plant skins, color; type, kind - PCEMP *bulu₁

deep, of the sea; deep sea - PCEMP *laman

deep, of the sea; deep sea beyond the reef - POC *laman

downriver, toward the sea - POC *laur

downstream, toward the sea - PAN *lahud

edible marine invertebrate - probably sea cucumber - PPh *balát

edible sea animal or plant - PWMP *gamet

edible sea worm: Sipunculus spp. - POC *ibo

flood, of sea - POC *loma

fruit; seed; blossom; egg; nut; testicle; numeral classifier for roundish objects; to fruit, bear fruit; show first signs of pregnancy; to swell, of the sea - POC *puaq

full of waves, as a stormy sea - PWMP *ma-humbak

go to sea, make a sea voyage - POC *pa-laur

high sea or tide - *(noise)

kind of white sea bird, probably gull sp. - POC *kanawe

littoral sea, sea near the shore - PMP *daRat

marine fish: sea perch - PWMP *kaReteŋ

pig bristles; type of sea urchin with thin black spines - PMP *bulu ni babuy

put out to sea, embark on a voyage - POC *toka₃

rise and fall like the swells at sea - PWMP *humbak-humbak

rough, of a turbulent sea - POC *ñoro

sandbank, shoal in river or sea - PWMP *pasiR

sandbar, shoal in river or sea - PWMP *pasiR-an

sea coast (?) - POC *raRat

sea cucumber, sea slug - POC *pula₃

sea eagle - POC *manuka

sea fish sp. - PWMP *maŋali

sea perch: Lutjanus sp. - POC *tasiwa

sea turtle - PPH *pawíkan

sea turtle - PAN *peñu

sea urchin with long black spines - PPH *tayeŋ

sea urchin with short spines - POC *saRawaki

sea worm that attacks wood - PWMP *tambiluk

sea, ocean - PAN-F *tenem

sea, saltwater - PMP *tasik

sharp-pointed object, possibly sea urchin - PEMP *sala

spiny sea urchin - POC *salaŋ

teredo, sea worm that attacks wood - PWMP *tamiluk

the high seas, far from land - PWMP *lahud-an

tiny sea fish that ascends rivers in huge numbers to spawn - PEMP *ipun₁

tiny sea fish that ascends rivers in huge numbers to spawn - PMP *hipun₁

toward the sea - PCEMP *laur

wave at sea, sea swell - PPH *paluŋ₂

wave, billow, swell at sea - PWMP *humbak

waves, heavy weather at sea - PWMP *bakat

wind from the sea (?) - PAN *Si-lahud

sea-bream

a fish, the sea-bream: Sparus hasta - PWMP *bakukuŋ

seagrass

seaweed, seagrass - POC *karagwam

seahorse

crocodile; seahorse - PCEMP *buqaya

seam

edge, seam, hem - PPH *tebir

sear

to roast, broil; scald, sear, burn - PPH *pásuq

search

look over a wide area, search for something with the eyes while standing in place - PPH *nanaw

seek, search, look for - PAN-F *kiRim

to hunt, search for something - PPH *lawag

to seek, search, look for - PAN-F *k<um>iRim

searching

pass by, overlook something when searching; to pass by (of time) - PPH *labas

to part the hair, as when searching for lice - PPH *sukáy

seaside

a seaside plant: Wedelia biflora - PWMP *sarunay

season

north; rainy season - PPh *qamihan-an

season, time, weather - *(loan)

wet season - PWMP *rendeŋ

year, season - PMP *taqun

year, season; sky, heaven - PAN-F *kawaS₁

seat

belly; mind; seat of affections - POC *topwa

liver; seat of the emotions, inner self: core, mind, will, desire, feeling, intelligence, understanding; to want or wish; hollow of the palm of the hand or sole of the foot; pith, as of bamboo - PMP *qatay

seated

to sit, be seated - PWMP *dukduk₃

seaward

go downriver, go seaward - PMP *pa-lahud

seaweed

edible seaweed sp. - PMP *latuq

kind of seaweed - PPH *gayuŋ-gayuŋ

kind of seaweed used to paint canoes - POC *boma

moss, algae, seaweed - PMP *lumut

seaweed jelly - *(loan)

seaweed sp. - PMP *lamut

seaweed sp. - PMP *lamu₁

seaweed, seagrass - POC *karagwam

second

second - POC *ka-rua

second - PCEMP *ka-dua

second - PMP *ika-duha

second - PAN *Sika-duSa

second pounding of rice - PPH *deR(e)qas

second time (?) - PPH *ipi-duhá

secondary

fallow land; secondary forest - PMP *talun₁

fallow land; secondary forest - PAN *CaluN

second-hand

weak, worn-out, second-hand - PWMP *luya₂

secret

concealed, secret; to deny, hide something - PPH *liméd

divulge secrets; recant - PPH *buybúy

hide, conceal, do in secret - PWMP *lihim

hide, conceal, do in secret - PWMP *lihem

keep secret, cover up - PMP *sekep

keep something to oneself; silent, secret - PWMP *hidem

secret place - PWMP *sulib

secret, hidden - PWMP *silib

secret; hidden - PWMP *b<in>uni

that which is hidden or kept secret - PWMP *paŋ-buni

to fall silent; keep quiet about something; keep a secret - PPH *hipes

secretion

gummy secretion - PAN *puteq

gummy secretion of the eyes - PWMP *muteq

sap, gummy secretion - PWMP *geteq

sap, gummy secretion - *-teq (root)

sap, resin, sticky secretion - PWMP *gateq

secretive

be secretive - POC *puni-puni

be secretive - PMP *buni-buni

secretly

do secretly - PWMP *suleb

section

break off a component piece of something, as twigs or branches from a tree, a banana from a bunch, a section from a fruit, etc. - PPH *sipíq

internode of bamboo; section of something - PAN *lawas₃

split, divide, break off; section of a betel nut - PMP *tebiq

to split, separate sections - PWMP *piqak

secure

fastener, thing used for fastening or making secure - *(loan)

fixed secure - *(loan)

sedan chair

sedan chair - *(loan)

sediment

limestone sediment (?) - POC *bia-bia

murky, full of sediment - PPH *ma-parek

see

able to see - PWMP *maka-kita

complete an activity, see through to completion - PPH *perper₁

look, see - PAN *Neŋ

look; sight; to look, see - PPH *tiŋén

pay a visit, drop by to see someone - PPH *dálaw

see (abstract things), foresee, know - PWMP *ila₂

see in the distance - PMP *tindaw

see, examine, look at closely - PWMP *iliŋ₂

see, examine, look at closely - PWMP *hiliŋ

see, look at, behold - POC *qiro

to see - PAN *k<um>ita

to see - PAN *kita₂

to see at a distance (?) - PWMP *tampay

to see or look at something far away - PPH *tanɁaw-én

to see or look at something far away - PPH *taq(e)náw

seed

a cereal grass with edible seeds that are also used as beads, Job’s tears: Coix lachryma-jobi L. - PMP *zelay

a vine and the seeds of its fruit: Abrus precatorius - PWMP *saga

coriander seed - *(loan)

dibble, plant seeds with a dibble stick - PMP *hasek₁

fruit; areca palm and nut; grain; berry; seed; nut; endosperm of a sprouting coconut; kidney; heart; finger; calf of the leg; testicle; various insects; scar tissue; roe; bud; flower; blossom; bear fruit; words, speech, or songs; meaning, contents of discussion; numeral classifier for roundish objects; buttock; Adam's apple; nipple of the breast; button; marble; tattooing - PMP *buaq

fruit; seed; blossom; egg; nut; testicle; numeral classifier for roundish objects; to fruit, bear fruit; show first signs of pregnancy; to swell, of the sea - POC *puaq

hard seed; burl, knot in wood - PMP *butequl

lump, swelling; seed - PWMP *bukel

plant fiber; coconut husk, fibers of areca nuts, fibers covering mango seeds, etc. - PWMP *sabut

plant seed by sprinkling in dibble holes - PWMP *maŋ-bubud

pulpy, fleshy, as a fruit; soft flesh around the seeds of a fruit - PWMP *lunek₁

seed - *(loan)

seed - *(noise)

seed bud in a coconut - PWMP *tumbuŋ₂

seed rice - PWMP *benehiq

seed set aside for the next planting - PAN *bineSiq

seed set aside for the next planting (esp. rice) - PMP *binehiq

seeds for sowing - PAN-F *Rahap

sow, scatter, broadcast seed - PWMP *sa(m)beR

sprinkle seed, sow seed in dibble holes - PMP *budbud₁

sprinkle seed, sow seed in dibble holes - PWMP *bubud

to dibble, plant seeds with a dibble stick - PWMP *maŋ-hasek₁

to plant seeds by dibbling - PPH *hesek₁

to sow seeds - PAN-F *R<um>ahap

to strew, scatter, as seed - POC *tabuR₁

to strew, scatter, as seed - PMP *tabuR₁

to strew, sow seeds - PWMP *ma-nabuR

seed-bed

seed-bed for rice - PWMP *paR-binehiq-an

seeded

breadfruit (seeded) - *(noise)

the seeded breadfruit tree: Artocarpus camansi - PPH *kamansi

the seeded breadfruit tree: Artocarpus camansi - PPH *kamansiq

seedling

rice seedling - PMP *bunubun

rice seedling - PAN *bunabun

seedling - *(loan)

to plant cuttings or transplant seedlings - PPH *rubaŋ

seek

seek, search, look for - PAN-F *kiRim

to look for, seek - POC *tapu

to seek, search, look for - PAN-F *k<um>iRim

seen

able to be seen, visible - PWMP *ma-kita

be seen by someone (?) - PAN *kita-en

seesaw

seesaw motion - *(loan)

seize

bird of prey; to swoop down and seize prey (of raptorial birds) - PPH *daRit

catch, seize - PWMP *tikep

catch, seize - PMP *sakep

catch, seize; embrace - PAN *dakep

grab, grasp, seize - PAN *za(ŋ)kuC

seize - *(loan)

seize in the mouth or beak - PCEMP *seŋap

seize in the mouth or beak - PMP *sa(m)bar

seize in the mouth or beak - PMP *ceŋap

seize with the hands - PMP *ambit

seize, catch - PMP *ta(ŋ)kep₂

seize, grasp - POC *sokop

seize, grasp - PMP *cekep

seize, grasp, embrace - *-kep₂ (root)

seize, grasp, wrap around - PWMP *Rakep

seize, grip - *(loan)

snatch, seize, rob - POC *paqaRok

snatch, seize, rob - POC *paRo₂

to seize prey in the water, as a crocodile - PPH *sa(ŋ)kab

to seize property and run off with it; to elope with a single woman - PPH *taŋaR

to seize with the teeth, hold by biting - PMP *taŋaR

to seize, hug, embrace - PMP *kepkep

to seize, take by force - PWMP *kamkam

to seize, take by force - PPH *ma-ñamsám

to seize, take by force, snatch from another’s hands; pillage - PPH *samsám

wrestle, seize and throw a person to the ground - PPH *ludeg

seized

be snatched, be seized suddenly - PPH *sakmal-én

seizing

snatch with the mouth, as a dog seizing something in its mouth and running away with it - PPH *sak(e)mál

seldom

having wide intervals; seldom - PWMP *zaRaŋ

select

to choose, select, pick out - PAN *p<um>iliq

to choose, select, pick out - PWMP *maR-piliq

to choose, select, pick out - PWMP *ma-miliq

to choose, to select; to pick out - PAN *piliq

selected

be chosen, selected; what is chosen, choice - PWMP *piliq-en

self

inner self, feelings, mind - POC *loto₁

liver; seat of the emotions, inner self: core, mind, will, desire, feeling, intelligence, understanding; to want or wish; hollow of the palm of the hand or sole of the foot; pith, as of bamboo - PMP *qatay

own, one’s own; self - PPH *kaniá

self - PWMP *iba₁

self, oneself - *(loan)

tree trunk, fallen tree, log; stem of a plant; body; corpse; self; bridge of the nose; most important or preeminent thing; main course of a river; mushroom or bracket fungus that grows on tree trunks or decaying logs - PMP *bataŋ

self-important

important (of people); self-important - PWMP *raŋaq

selfish

selfish, stingy, niggardly - PPH *ikut₂

selfish, unkind - PWMP *dámut

stingy, selfish - PPh *ímut

sell

buy, sell - PAN-F *baliw

buy, sell - PAN *saliw

sell - *(loan)

sell, give in exchange - PMP *pa-beli

to sell - PMP *baluk₂

sell in small quantities

sell in small quantities - *(loan)

sell well

merchandise for sale; to sell well - *(loan)

semen

semen, smegma - PMP *biRas₁

semen, smegma - PMP *biRaq₂

semen, smegma, grease - POC *biRas₂

semen, smegma, grease - POC *biRaq₃

semialata

a plant: Rhus semialata - PAN-F *beRuS

semicircular

wood ear, semicircular edible fungus which grows on tree trunks - PMP *taliŋa nu kahiw

wood ear, semicircular edible fungus which grows on tree trunks - PAN *Caliŋa nu kaSiw

send

accompany, escort, conduct, convey; send; return; escort the bride to her husband; gift of food at a wedding; send bridewealth payments - PEMP *ated

accompany, escort, conduct, convey; send; return; escort the bride to her husband; gift of food at a wedding; send bridewealth payments - PMP *hateD

accompany, escort; send, return - PAN *SateD

deep resounding sound; slit-gong, hollowed tree trunk used to send messages - PAN *kuŋkuŋ₁

return, send back - PMP *pa-uliq

send - PMP *katu

send - *(loan)

send - *(noise)

send (?) - PAN *pa-SateD

send for, allow to go - PPH *tubuy

send off with a message - PWMP *tuRun₂

send on a mission, command someone to do something - PWMP *utus₂

send out new growth, of vegetation - POC *tupul

send, accompany - PWMP *maŋ-hateD

to deliver, send something to someone - PPH *tugen

to send - PAN *pa-kaCu

to send away - PAN-F *pa-uSa

to send someone on an errand - PPH *tubul

senile

silly, senile, doting - PWMP *aŋu aŋu

senior

old, elder, senior - PAN *ma-tuqaS tuqaS

sensation

intense sensation in teeth when eating sour fruit; for teeth to be on edge - PMP *nilu

painful sensation in teeth, as from eating something sour - PAN *ŋilu

painful sensation in teeth, as from eating something sour - PMP *ñilu

painful sensation, teeth or joints - PMP *ma-ñilu

ticklish sensation - PWMP *gilek

sense

to hear, listen; obey; hear about; news; fame, famous; to feel, perceive through any sense other than sight - PMP *deŋeR

to hear; what is heard, news; to perceive by any sense other than sight - POC *roŋoR

sensitive

prefix for words with a sensitive reference to the spirit world (cf. *kali-) - PAN *qali-

prefix for words with a sensitive reference to the spirit world (cf. *qali-) - PAN *kali-

sent

be sent; messenger - PWMP *suRuq-en

to catch, receive something thrown or sent one’s way - PWMP *sambut₂

sentinel

guard, sentinel; to stand guard - PPH *tánud

separate

block, obstruct; something which separates one area from another - PWMP *ataŋ₁

depart, separate from - PPh *ayáw

divide, separate things that are joined - POC *pokaq

loosen, untie, undress; to separate - PWMP *hukas

part, separate, divide - PWMP *ceray

peel off, separate - *(noise)

separate - *(loan)

separate the chaff from the grain - PMP *siji

separate two things - PMP *elak

separate, disconnect - PMP *peka

separate, disunite - PMP *le(ŋ)kaŋ

separate, remove - PWMP *re(n)tes

sift, separate by sifting - PWMP *qayag

sift, separate by sifting - PWMP *ayak₂

split off, separate - *-bak₃ (root)

to separate - *(noise)

to separate gently, as in weaning - PWMP *Retas

to separate grain from chaff - PPH *tiktik₄

to separate people who are fighting - PPH *awat₂

to separate people, disperse a gathering - PWMP *butas₁

to separate, as two people - PAN *waray

to separate, untie - PWMP *maR-hukas

to split, separate sections - PWMP *piqak

separated

apart, separated - PWMP *kawaŋ

be separated, untied - PWMP *hukas-en

separated, left behind - PPh *ma-bílin

separation

parting, separation, as in divorce - PWMP *sarak

separation - *(noise)

sepia

gall, gall bladder, octopus sepia - POC *qasu₂

sequence

pave with stones; pile or stack up, arrange, order, put in sequence - PMP *qatuR₁

series

prefix of the *qali, *kali- series - PAN *buli-

serious

difficult, taxing (of work); serious (of illness) - PWMP *payaq

seriously

seriously ill - *(loan)

sermon

lecture, sermon, harangue - PPH *hulit

serow

Formosan serow, mountain goat - PAN-F *Sidi

servant

maid, female servant - *(loan)

serve

to serve food, dish up food - PPH *dúlut

services

payment for services - PPH *taŋ(e)dan

serving tray

serving tray - *(loan)

sesame

a plant, sesame: Sesamum indicum - PAN-F *Samud

sesame - PMP *leŋa

Sesamum

a plant, sesame: Sesamum indicum - PAN-F *Samud

Sesbania

a plant: Sesbania grandiflora - PPH *katúday

tree sp.: Sesbania grandiflora - PMP *tudiq

set

a set or group of five - PWMP *lima-an

closely spaced, set close together - PAN *ma-pizpiz

coiled base on which cooking pots are set or on which loads are placed for carrying on the head - PWMP *riken

coiled base on which cooking pots are set, or on which loads are placed for carrying on the head - PWMP *Riken

coiled base on which hot cooking pots are set - PAN *reken

coiled base on which hot cooking pots are set - PAN *Reken

enter, penetrate; to set, of the sun - PMP *surup₁

ignite, set aflame - PWMP *deket₂

ignite; kindle; set fire to - PPH *súlsul

kindle, light a fire, set ablaze - POC *bula₁

lie in wait, set an ambush in hunting game - PPH *apat

loosen, untie, set free - POC *takas

mend, repair, set in order - POC *tupak

mother, mother's sister; female animal; largest member of a set - PCEMP *ina

pair, matching set - PMP *pasaŋ₁

prefix variant of the *qali/kali- set - PAN *qaCi-

push with the feet; press feet against, set feet firmly to prevent being moved - PPH *síkad

seed set aside for the next planting - PAN *bineSiq

seed set aside for the next planting (esp. rice) - PMP *binehiq

set a snare - POC *taqon

set a snare - PMP *taqen

set adrift - PAN *pa-añud

set alight, apply fire to - PWMP *culcul

set close together, dense, luxuriant - PMP *lebet

set fire to - *(noise)

set fire to, smoke out - PMP *sunuR

set free - PMP *lumbar

set in order - *(noise)

set on fire - PWMP *maŋ-hapuy

set on fire, burn - PWMP *tutuD

set, of the sun - PWMP *si(n)dep

sink, immerse oneself in water, dive into the water; to set, of the sun - PAN *selem₁

sink, set (sun) - PMP *teñej

snare trap; set a snare trap - PAN *taqan₁

to bait a trap, set the bait for - PPH *paen-an

to burn or set a fire under to smoke out - PPH *sunúg-en

to ignite, set fire to - PMP *tutuŋ

to massage, set bones - PPh *hílut-en

to sail, set sail - PWMP *maR-layaR

to set (of the sun) - PMP *sedep₁

to set free, let loose, liberated; passed by, come to an end - PWMP *lepas

to set out a lavish meal - PPH *lámak

to set, of the sun - POC *sorop

to string a bow, set a sail, bend in a curve - POC *ropeq-a

to string a bow, set a sail, bend in a curve - POC *ropeq

Setaria

millet sp., probably foxtail millet: Setaria italica - PMP *betem

millet sp., probably foxtail millet: Setaria italica - PMP *beteŋ₁

millet sp., probably foxtail millet: Setaria italica - PAN *beCeŋ

millet sp.: Setaria italica (?) - PAN *zawa₂

setting

massaging, setting of bones - PPh *hílut

settle

come to rest in a definite place, settle down, as birds on a tree - PMP *tekas

come to shore, settle down in a place; sit, squat - POC *toka₂

sit, squat; come to rest; stay in a place; settle down, as birds on a tree - POC *toka₃

to land, settle down - POC *toko

settlement

outskirts, edge of settlement - PPh *hilít

Seven

a constellation: the Seven Sisters, Pleiades - PWMP *pariama

seven

be divided into seven parts - PWMP *pitu-en

divide into seven parts (?) - PWMP *maR-pitu

seven - PAN *pitu₁

seven (of humans) - PAN *pa-pitu

seven by seven, seven at a time - PAN *pitu pitu

seven each - PAN *pi-pitu

seven hundred (700) - PMP *pitu ŋa Ratus

seven times - PMP *paka-pitu

seven times - PMP *ka-pitu

seventh

seventh - PMP *ika-pitu

seventh - PAN *Sika-pitu

seventh month (?) - PAN *ka-pitu-an

seventy

seventy - PMP *pitu ŋa puluq

sever

break, cut off, sever - POC *kutu₂

cut off, sever; ring a tree - PWMP *geleŋ

cut through, sever - PWMP *butas₂

cut through, sever, divide by cutting - PWMP *qutas

cut, sever - POC *otok

cut, sever - PAN-F *ketun

cut, sever, chop - PMP *hetek

cut, sever, chop - PAN *Setek

sever, cut through, rip out stitches - PAN *tastas

sever, rip, cut through; short cut - *-tas (root)

sever, tear - PMP *rutas

sever, tear - PMP *Ratas₁

to cut, sever - PWMP *ketas

to sever, cut off - PAN *keret

several

a few, several (?) - POC *pica pica

break into several large pieces - PAN *peceq₁

break into several large pieces; hatch - PMP *pesak

break into several large pieces; to hatch, of an egg - POC *posaq

break into several large pieces; to hatch, of an egg - PMP *peceq₂

interrogative of quantity: how much?, how many?; adjective of indefinite quantity: some, several, a few - PAN *pijax

some, several - PAN *pija pija

Seville

Bitter orange Seville orange: Citrus aurantium - *(loan)

sew

to sew - PPH *daqit-en

to sew - PCMP *sora

to sew - POC *saqit

to sew - PMP *zaqit

to sew - PAN *C<um>aqiS

to sew - PMP *tahiq

to sew - PAN *CaqiS

sewing

fasten together by sewing or tying - PAN *kapit

place of sewing - PMP *taqih-an

place of sewing - PAN *CaqiS-an

thread used for sewing (?) - PAN *Ca-CaqiS

work produced by sewing or stitching - PAN *C<in>aqiS

sex

elder same sex sibling - POC *tuaka

elder sibling of the same sex - PMP *kaka₂

elder sibling of the same sex - POC *toka

elder sibling of the same sex - PMP *teka₂

sibling-in-law of the same sex - POC *ipaR-

twins of the same sex - PMP *habij

twins of the same sex - POC *apic

twins of the same sex - PAN *Sabij

younger sibling of the same sex (vocative); younger parallel cousin of the same sex (vocative) - PMP *huaji-q

younger sibling of the same sex (vocative); younger parallel cousin of the same sex (vocative) - PWMP *huaji-ŋ

younger sibling of the same sex; younger parallel cousin of the same sex - POC *taci

younger sibling of the same sex; younger parallel cousin of the same sex - PMP *ta-huaji

younger sibling of the same sex; younger parallel cousin of the same sex - PWMP *paR-huaji

younger sibling of the same sex; younger parallel cousin of the same sex - PCEMP *waji

younger sibling of the same sex; younger parallel cousin of the same sex - PMP *huaji

sexes

relationship between the sexes - *(noise)

sexual

copulate, have sexual intercourse - PAN *qiut

copulate, have sexual intercourse - PWMP *ayut

copulate, have sexual intercourse - PWMP *ayud

copulate; copulation, sexual intercourse - POC *qait

link in a chain; joined together, as links in a chain, people in sexual intercourse or marriage; hands joined in crossing pattern in circle dance - PWMP *kawiŋ

movement in coitus; sexual intercourse - PPH *iut₂

movement in coitus; sexual intercourse - POC *kiuq

movement in coitus; sexual intercourse - PMP *kiuq

movement in coitus; sexual intercourse - PWMP *kiut

movement in coitus; sexual intercourse - PMP *kiud

sexual arousal, sexual excitement - PAN *qeCuR

sexual heat, sexual excitement - POC *tolaq

sexual heat, sexual excitement - PMP *telaq₂

sexual indulgence, orgy - PPH *urag

sexual jealousy, suspicion - PPh *qímun

wild taro, elephant's ear or itching taro, Alocasia spp.; sexual itch - PMP *biRaq₁

sexually

itch, feel itchy; sexually stimulated - PMP *gatel

sexually impotent - PWMP *basiR

sexually impotent - PWMP *baciR

shabby

shabby looking, in disarray, of the feathers of fowls - PWMP *kuyu

shabby looking, in disarray, of the feathers of fowls - PWMP *kuyut

shack

hut, shack - *(loan)

shackle

neck shackle to prevent an animal from passing through fences - PMP *pagal

shackles - *(loan)

shad

kind of marine fish, probably gizzard shad: Anodontostoma spp. - PWMP *kabasi

shade

shade - PEMP *maluRu

shade, darkness - PMP *elem₁

shade, darkness, gloom - PWMP *qiem₂

shade, shadow - PMP *aluŋ

shade, shelter - PWMP *heluŋ

shelter, cover, protection; shade - PAN *liduŋ

shelter, protect; shade, shadow - *-duŋ (root)

sun hat, used to provide shade - PPH *taduŋ

to shelter, shade - *-luŋ₂ (root)

shaded

shaded, shadowy - PPH *ledem

shady, shaded, sheltered (?) - POC *maluRu maluRu

shadow

shade, shadow - PMP *aluŋ

shadow - PMP *qanunu

shadow - PWMP *qaninuŋ

shadow - PAN *liŋaw₁

shadow - PPh *alinaw

shadow, indistinct image - PPh *qaninaw

shadow, reflection - PMP *qaninu

'shadow, reflection - PAN *qaNiŋu

shadow; reflection; soul - POC *qanunu

shelter, protect; shade, shadow - *-duŋ (root)

silhouette, shadow; glimpse of something - PMP *ilap₂

time of lengthening shadows; afternoon - PWMP *liŋay₁

shadowy

shaded, shadowy - PPH *ledem

shady

shady, shaded, sheltered (?) - POC *maluRu maluRu

shake

brush or shake off dust or dirt - PPH *pagpág

loosely embedded, wobbly; to shake - PWMP *ugaq

shake - *(noise)

shake grains on winnowing tray - *(loan)

shake off, flick off - PPh *waksí

shake or move from side to side - PWMP *hiwal

shake out - *(noise)

shake something in the water - POC *luluk

shake something in the water; shake something with water in it - PMP *luglug

shake something to determine its unseen contents - PWMP *kutug

shake something vigorously (as a sack to remove the contents) - PPh *wagwág₂

shake something, rinse clothes by shaking in clear water - PPh *waswás₁

shake the head in negation, shake the head from side-to-side - PWMP *iliŋ₃

shake, shake something - PPh *wigwíg

shake, shiver, tremble - PAN *gerger₁

shake, shiver, tremble - *-ger (root)

shake, sway - PWMP *guyuŋ

shake, sway - PWMP *iuŋ

shake, sway - PWMP *guyeŋ

shake, sway - PWMP *guyaq

shake, sway, as the ground in an earthquake - PMP *huyuŋ

shake, sway, rock - PWMP *huyaŋ

shake, sway, stagger - PMP *uyuR

shake, sway, stagger - PWMP *uyug

shake, sway, stagger - PWMP *uyeg

shake, sway, stagger - PWMP *Ruyuŋ

shake, sway, stagger - PWMP *kuyuŋ

shake, sway, stagger - PWMP *huyug

shake, sway, swing - PWMP *hayun

shake, tremble - PAN *keRkeR

shake, tremble, rock - PCEMP *nini

shake, tremble, rock - PMP *ninih

shake, vibrate, tremble - PMP *eter

shake, wave (hand, something in the hand) - PPh *witwít₂

shake, wobble - PWMP *Ruyag

shiver, shake, tremble - PAN *birbir₂

sway, shake, wiggle - PWMP *giwaq

to brush or shake off dust or dirt - PPH *i-pagpág

to shake - PWMP *gurgur₂

to shake a stick at something - PPH *tiwatiw

to shake off water droplets - PWMP *piRpiR₂

to shake repeatedly - POC *kañul-kañul

to shake something, as an egg or coconut - PPH *kalug

to shake, as a house in an earthquake - POC *kañu-kañu

to shake, as a tree to bring down fruit - PPH *yegyeg

to shake, as a tree to bring down fruit fruit - PPH *yugyúg

to shake, as the earth in an earthquake - POC *kañul

to shake, as the ground in an earthquake - PPH *Riduq

to shake, get shaken - PPH *ma-yegyeg

to shake, shiver, quiver, tremble - PWMP *tiRtiR₂

to sprinkle, shake off water - PWMP *pispis₃

wag, shake back and forth - PWMP *kilay

wag, shake, move repeatedly from side to side - PAN *wiŋawiŋ

shake hands

shake hands - *(loan)

shaken

to be shaken (as from having a rough ride in transport) - PPH *ma-tagtág

to shake, get shaken - PPH *ma-yegyeg

shaking

shake something, rinse clothes by shaking in clear water - PPh *waswás₁

shallow

bamboo punting pole; to pole a boat in shallow water - POC *tokon

be poled forward, of a boat in shallow water - PWMP *teken-en

place covered by shallow water - PWMP *limbuŋ

push something away, shove, repel; push off, as a boat leaving shore or being poled in shallow water - PWMP *maR-tulak

push something away, shove, repel; push off, as a boat leaving shore or being poled through shallow water - PMP *tulak

scratch a line, make a long shallow cut - PAN *turis

shallow - PWMP *babaw₂

shallow - *-baw₂ (root)

shallow earthenware cooking pot or pan - PAN *balaŋa

small shallow body of water - PWMP *baqeluŋ

shallow (of dishes)

shallow (of dishes) - *(near)

shaman

shaman (probably a transvestite or hermaphrodite), shamaness; shamanistic ceremony - PWMP *balian

shaman in ritual transvestite attire - PWMP *asug

shamaness

shaman (probably a transvestite or hermaphrodite), shamaness; shamanistic ceremony - PWMP *balian

shamanistic

shaman (probably a transvestite or hermaphrodite), shamaness; shamanistic ceremony - PWMP *balian

shame

shame - *(noise)

shame, shyness - PWMP *ka-heyaq

shyness, embarrassment; shame - PMP *heyaq

shyness, embarrassment; shame - PAN *Seyaq

too bad! it’s a pity! what a shame! - PWMP *sayaŋ

shameful

cowardly; shameful - PWMP *putiq mata

shampoo

a tree from which a sort of shampoo is derived: Albizia spp. - PWMP *laŋiR

a tree with bark that can be used as a shampoo: Ganphyllum falcatum Bl. - PPH *gúguq

shape

a plant with flowers the shape of a dog's tail, used to treat abscesses - PMP *ikuR ikuR ni asu

body shape - PWMP *paR-hawak-an

crushed or squeezed out of shape - PWMP *lu(q)luq

to adze, shape wood with an adze - PWMP *bala₁

shaped

broad, flat rock shaped like a plank - PWMP *batu papan

hook shaped - *-wit (root)

kind of tree with leaves shaped like butterflies - PWMP *qali-baŋbaŋ

share

a division, share - POC *wa(n)se-ŋa

a tithe, share given for help in harvesting the crops - PPH *húnus

divide, share; portion (as of food) - POC *boi₁

share the possession of something with someone else; co-wife (?) - PWMP *duha-i

share, portion, inheritance; to allot, divide property - PMP *baqagi

to distribute, pass out shares (as of food) - PPH *bunuŋ

to distribute, pass out shares of food - PPH *tagtág

to divide into shares, give out portions - PPH *hátaR

to divide, share out - POC *tupa₃

to divide, share out (as an inheritance?) - POC *pari₂

to share food with another - PPH *subu₂

shark

implement with curved blade: adze; hammerhead shark - PMP *biŋkuŋ

shark - POC *bakewak

shark - PAN *qiSu

shark - *(near)

shark - *(noise)

shark sp. - POC *kwarara

sharp

barbed; sharp - PWMP *ruit

plant with sharp leaves - PWMP *aqedas

sharp - POC *matan V

sharp - POC *aŋi₂

sharp - PMP *tasim

sharp - PAN-F *maNaŋ

sharp (of blade or point) - PWMP *ma-tazem

sharp (of point or blade) - PAN *Cazem

sharp point; to whet, - PMP *tazim

sharp pointed stick used in planting crops and in husking coconuts; digging stick, coconut husking stick - POC *kojom

throw at, hit, strike with a sharp object; kill; extinguish (a fire) - PMP *bunuq₂

thrust downward with sharp implement - PWMP *tuzaq

sharpen

person or instrument that grinds or sharpens - PWMP *paŋ-hasaq

sharpen - PAN *t<um>azem

sharpen - *(near)

sharpen (transitive) - POC *asaq-i

sharpen to a point - *(noise)

sharpen, rub, grate - PEMP *asaq

to sharpen - PMP *tasim-i

to whet, grate, sharpen - PAN-F *s<um>upay

to whet, sharpen - POC *tasim

whet, sharpen - PWMP *maŋ-hasaq

whet, sharpen - PMP *hasaq

whet, sharpen - PAN *Sasaq

sharpened

be sharpened; thing sharpened - PWMP *hasaq-en

pitfall or trail spikes made of sharpened bamboo - POC *suca

pitfall or trail spikes made of sharpened bamboo - PMP *suja

sharpened - PWMP *t<in>azem

sharpened blade or point - PMP *tazem

spear; sharpened pitfall stake - POC *ona₂

sharpening

whetting, sharpening - PAN-F *supay

whetting, sharpening - PWMP *paŋ-hasaq-an

sharply

speak sharply or in anger - POC *boŋa

sharpness

sharpness - PWMP *ka-tazem

sharp-pointed

sharp-pointed object, possibly sea urchin - PEMP *sala

shatter

shatter - POC *poro poro

shatter, break - PMP *peta

shattered

broken, shattered - PPh *búquŋ

shave

scrape, shave - POC *kori

scrape, shave (as rattan) - PWMP *aRud

to shave, scrape off - PAN *kiskis

whittle, shave wood with knife - PPH *káyas

shaved

shaved off, made smooth - PWMP *paras₁

shavings

sawdust, wood shavings - *(loan)

shawls

cloth used for shawl - *(loan)

she

3sg. personal pronoun: he, she, it - PAN *si ia₁

3sg. personal pronoun: he, she; him, her, it - PAN *ia₁

sheaf

a bundle or sheaf, as of rice - PPH *betek₄

a sheaf or bundle of rice stalks - PPH *taq(e)nay

sheaf to which rice grains are attached - PPh *quhut

to bind together in a sheaf - PCMP *peu

shearing off

pinching off, shearing off - *(loan)

sheath

bark, rind, sheath; to peel off bark - PWMP *upak₁

carrying vessel made from folded palm leaf sheath - PWMP *timbalaŋ

sheath for bolo or knife - PPH *kaluban

sheath of a coconut? - POC *kamu₁

sheath, covering - PWMP *sambuŋ

sheath, sheath-like container; to sheathe a weapon - PWMP *saruŋ

sheathe

sheath, sheath-like container; to sheathe a weapon - PWMP *saruŋ

sheath-like

sheath, sheath-like container; to sheathe a weapon - PWMP *saruŋ

sheaves

to bind into bundles or sheaves - PPH *betek-en

shed

canoe shed, storehouse - POC *pale

cooking shed - PWMP *baŋsal

temporary shed - PPh *pala pala₂

to molt, shed the skin - POC *uñus

to molt, shed the skin - PMP *huñus

to shed tears, weep - PPH *l<um>uheq

to shed tears, weep - PMP *maR-luheq

to shed tears, weep - PAN *maR-luSeq

to slough, shed the skin, as a snake - POC *nunu₂

shed light on

clarify, shed light on - *(loan)

sheep

sheep - *(loan)

sheet

sheet; flat, wide object - PPh *qelad₁

yardarm, sheet of a sail, sticks used to turn the sail - POC *jila

shelf

bamboo platform, shelf - PPH *papag

crosswise beam or shelf - POC *barat₁

crosswise beam or shelf - POC *baRat, paRat

shelf - PMP *pataR₁

shelf; bed frame of wooden or bamboo laths - PMP *pa(n)tar₂

storage shelf above the hearth - POC *paRa, baRa

storage shelf; attic, loft - PMP *paRa paRa

storage shelf; attic, loft - PAN *paRa₁

to line, as a shelf or box, provide a lining for - PPH *hapin-an

shell

cateye shell - PMP *qaliliŋ

coconut shell - POC *koi

coconut shell bowl or water scoop - PPH *húŋut

coconut shell drinking cup - POC *lasa₂

coconut shell drinking cup or dipper - PPH *úŋut

coconut shell receptacle for food or water - PPH *duyuR

conch shell trumpet - POC *tapuRi

conch shell trumpet - PMP *tabuRi

conch shell trumpet - POC *tapuRiq

conch shell trumpet - PMP *tabuRiq

conch shell trumpet - POC *buu₅

conch shell trumpet - PCEMP *buu₂

cowrie shell: Cypraea mauritiana - POC *buliq₁

cowrie shell: Cypraea mauritiana - PMP *buliq₁

cowrie shell: Cypraea spp. - PWMP *sigay

kind of shell - PWMP *kapis

kind of shellfish; eye of cateye shell - PMP *bulan₁

kind of volute shell - PWMP *biŋaR

kind of volute shell - PMP *biŋaq

make lime by burning shells - PWMP *maŋ-qapuR

moon, month; menstruation; shell disk collar piece - PMP *bulan₃

plastron, turtle shell - PPH *karáy

scale of fish, lizard or snake; shell of turtle or tortoise - PMP *siksik₂

scale of fish, shell of turtle - POC *qunap₂

scale of fish, turtle shell - PCEMP *qunap₁

shell - *(noise)

shell - *(noise)

shell disk used as ear-ring - POC *sabi-sabi

shell, peeling, skin - POC *bwara

shell, peeling, skin - POC *bwala

skin, bark, peel, shell - POC *kulit

the auricle or shell of the ear - POC *raun ni taliŋa

the auricle or shell of the ear - PMP *dahun nu taliŋa

to scrape, as coconut meat from a shell; to grate, as coconut meat - POC *isi₄

to scrape; scraper or grater made from circular bivalve shell: Asaphis spp. - POC *kasi

tortoise shell (?) - PPH *kara

trochus shell - PMP *lalak

type of shell, possibly nautilus - POC *bio

shellfish

edible shellfish - PMP *qibaw₁

hunt for shellfish on the reef - POC *paŋoda

kind of shellfish - POC *pulan₁

kind of shellfish - POC *biŋa

kind of shellfish, probably oyster - PPH *talabá

kind of shellfish; eye of cateye shell - PMP *bulan₁

shellfish sp. - POC *pina

shellfish sp. - PCEMP *bina

shellfish sp. - *(noise)

shell (useful)

shell (useful) - *(loan)

shelter

a shelter - POC *uruŋ

cover with a hollow container; shelter over a grave - PWMP *suŋkub

cover with a hollow container; shelter over a grave - PWMP *cuŋkub

field hut; temporary shelter used when working for extended periods in fields far from the village - PAN-F *taRuqan

hut, temporary shelter - PMP *uduŋ

rock shelter, cave under a rock - PAN-F *Nihib

shade, shelter - PWMP *heluŋ

shelter - PMP *suluŋ₁

shelter - PMP *ru(n)duŋ

shelter - PWMP *ci(n)duŋ

shelter, conceal - *(noise)

shelter, cover, protection; shade - PAN *liduŋ

shelter, protect; shade, shadow - *-duŋ (root)

shelter, space under something - PPH *siluŋ

shelter, temporary hut - PPH *luŋáluŋ

take shelter, cover the head - PMP *teduŋ₁

temporary hut, shelter - PPH *hábuŋ

to cover, shelter, protect - PWMP *tiduŋ

to give shelter to - PPH *pa-siduŋ-en

to shelter, give shelter to - POC *paka-maluRu

to shelter, shade - *-luŋ₂ (root)

sheltered

shady, shaded, sheltered (?) - POC *maluRu maluRu

sheltered place - PWMP *siduŋ

sheltered place (?) - PWMP *linduŋ-an

sheltered water: deep place in a river; cove, harbor, lagoon - PMP *namaw

sheltered, as from the weather - POC *ruruŋ

sheltered, as from wind, rain, or sun - PMP *duŋduŋ

sheltering

sheltering cover - PWMP *tabiŋ

shield

^shield - PPH *keluŋ₂

shield - *(noise)

type of shield - PMP *tamiŋ

type of shield - PWMP *kalasag

shift

budge, shift, move - PMP *isud

budge, shift, move aside - PMP *isu₁

budge, shift, move aside - PMP *isuR

budge, shift, move aside - PMP *iseR

budge, shift, move aside - PMP *ised

budge, shift, move aside - PMP *icud

shift, alternate - PWMP *seli₁

shim

wedge, shim, piece inserted to prevent movement - PPH *baŋil

shin

shin - PAN *luluj

shine

brightness; to shine - PPH *sel(e)daŋ

dazzle, shine - *-daŋ₁ (root)

flash, shine - PMP *ke(R)lap

flash, sparkle, shine - PMP *dilep

light, radiance; shine - PWMP *edaŋ

ray of light; to shine - PMP *siŋaR

reflect, shine - POC *iro iro

shine - *-lak (root)

shine, bright - *(noise)

shine, flash repeatedly - PMP *kila-kilat

shine, flickering or flashing light - *-laC (root)

shine, gleam - *(near)

shine, glitter - PMP *gilak

shine, glitter - PMP *bilak₁

shine, polish - PWMP *sinaw

shine, sparkle - *-naŋ (root)

shine, sparkle, twinkle - PMP *kerap

shine, sparkle, twinkle - PMP *kelap₂

shine; radiance - PWMP *sinaŋ

sparkle, shine - PMP *dilap₁

to shine - POC *silak

to shine, of heavenly bodies - PMP *cilak

to shine, of the sun - PMP *sanaR

to shine, of the sun - PAN *saheNaR

to shine, of the sun - PPH *siŋgít

to shine, of the sun - PAN *q<um>ajaw

to shine, radiate light - PAN *s<um>uNaR

to shine, radiate light - PMP *s<um>unaR

to shine; shining, bright - POC *ma-ramaR

shining

to shine; shining, bright - POC *ma-ramaR

shiny

bright, shiny - PWMP *ma-silaw

deep black, shiny black - PWMP *li(n)tem

healed, of a wound with shiny skin - PPH *luq(e)nit

shiny (of a smooth and polished surface) - PMP *licaw

shiny, dazzling - POC *liso

shiny, dazzling - *(near)

small bird with shiny black plumage: drongo - PWMP *cawi

shirt

shirt, jacket - *(loan)

shiver

shake, shiver, tremble - PAN *gerger₁

shake, shiver, tremble - *-ger (root)

shiver - PMP *ge(s)ges

shiver, shake, tremble - PAN *birbir₂

shiver, tremble - PMP *gigil

shiver, tremble - PAN *tirtir₁

shiver, tremble - PAN *terter

shiver, tremble - PWMP *girgir

shiver, tremble - PMP *berber₂

shiver, tremble - *-ter (root)

to shake, shiver, quiver, tremble - PWMP *tiRtiR₂

to shiver, quiver - PWMP *keter

to tremble, shiver - PAN *teRteR

shivering

cold, shivering - PAN *giŋgiŋ

shoal

sandbank, sand spit, shoal - PWMP *buhaŋin

sandbank, shoal in river or sea - PWMP *pasiR

sandbar, shoal in river or sea - PWMP *pasiR-an

shoo

cry to drive away fowls: shoo! - PWMP *siuq

shoo! - *(loan)

sound used to shoo away domestic animals - PWMP *cik

to chase away or shoo off small animals - PMP *sika

to drive away, shoo off - PPH *tabuR₂

shoot

bamboo shoot - PPH *taŋ(e)buq₂

bamboo shoot - PPH *dabuŋ

bamboo shoots - PPH *rabuŋ

new shoot of vines or creepers - PPH *Raŋaw₁

new shoots of cogon grass (Imperata cylindrica) - PMP *mimis₁

plant shoot - POC *robuŋ

plant shoot - PAN *Supiq

plant shoot, sprout - PWMP *taruk

plant shoot, sprout, cutting - PMP *suli₁

plant shoot. esp. bamboo shoot - PMP *rebuŋ

shoot - *(loan)

shoot an arrow - PWMP *ma-manaq

shoot at, throw a spear at - POC *lusa

shoot up - *(noise)

shoot with a blowpipe - PWMP *ma-numpit

shoot with a blowpipe - PWMP *ma-ñeput

shoot with a bow - PAN *p<um>anaq

shoot with a bow - PAN *p<in>anaq

shoot, sound of shooting - PAN *paleCuk

sprout, plant shoot - PWMP *tunas

sprout, plant, shoot - *(noise)

throw something at a target; shoot with bow and arrow - PAN *panaq

tip or shoot of growing plant - PPH *ugbús

young plant shoot - PMP *taluk

young shoot - PWMP *seli₂

shooting

shoot, sound of shooting - PAN *paleCuk

shooting star - PWMP *taqi nu bituqen

shooting star, meteor - PPH *dúlit

shooting star, meteor - PPH *dúlis

shooting star, meteor; spirit of the shooting star - PPh *bulalákaw₂

shoot of a plant

offshoot shoot of a plant - *(loan)

shore

a shore tree with edible nuts: Terminalia catappa - POC *talise₁

a shore tree with edible nuts: Terminalia catappa - PMP *talisay

a shore tree: Barringtonia spp. - PWMP *butuŋ

a shore tree: Barringtonia spp. - POC *putun₁

a shore tree: Barringtonia spp. - PMP *butun

a shore tree: Calophyllum inophyllum - POC *pitaquR

a shore tree: Calophyllum inophyllum - PMP *bitaquR

a shore tree: Calophyllum inophyllum - PWMP *bintaŋuR

a shore tree: Casuarina equisetifolia - PMP *qaRuhu

a shore tree: Casuarina equisetifolia - POC *aRu

a shore tree: Casuarina equisetifolia - PMP *aRuhu

a shore tree: Heritiera littoralis - PWMP *duŋun

a small shore tree: Hibiscus tiliaceus - PMP *baRu

beach, shore - PPh *baybáy

brink, edge, shore - *(near)

come to shore, settle down in a place; sit, squat - POC *toka₂

edge, bank, shore - PWMP *taŋepi

estuary, shore near the mouth of a river - PMP *sabaŋ₁

kind of shore bird, possibly snipe - POC *pwipipi

littoral sea, sea near the shore - PMP *daRat

push something away, shove, repel; push off, as a boat leaving shore or being poled in shallow water - PWMP *maR-tulak

push something away, shove, repel; push off, as a boat leaving shore or being poled through shallow water - PMP *tulak

sandbank, sandbar; shore, beach - PWMP *pantad

shore bird: sandpiper, Pacific Golden Plover - POC *kiwiwi

slippery, as wet rocks by the shore - POC *madrali

Shorea

a tree, the Chinese or Philippine mahogany: Shorea albus Foxw. - PMP *bulah

a tree, the Chinese or Philippine mahogany: Shorea albus Foxw. - PAN *buleS

a tree: Shorea polysperma - PPH *taŋíliq

the Philippine mahogony: Shorea or Hopea sp. - PPH *yakál

shore-bird

long-legged shore-bird, the sandpiper or snipe - PPh *balalaŋ₂

shoreline

curved, as a shoreline - PWMP *teluk

short

cut short, as a bird’s tail - PWMP *puŋgu

cut short, bobbed; short in stature - PWMP *putut₂

lower surface, bottom; short, low; below, beneath, under - PMP *babaq₁

quick, do quickly; do in a short time - PPH *dalíq

sea urchin with short spines - POC *saRawaki

sever, rip, cut through; short cut - *-tas (root)

short - POC *tuku₂

short - POC *boto

short - *(loan)

short and stocky - PWMP *beŋkek

short in height, squat and compact in build, of a person - PMP *pandak

short snouted unicornfish: Naso spp. - POC *taRa

short, high-pitched sound - PWMP *qepik

to cut the hair short - PPH *kiskis-an

to shorten, cut short or abbreviate - PWMP *putuŋ₂

trimmed short, as grass; bare (of a field) - PWMP *palpal₁

shortcut

go directly, take a shortcut - PWMP *la(n)t(e)qas

shorten

to shorten, cut short or abbreviate - PWMP *putuŋ₂

short-haired

short-haired - PPH *pugus

short-necked

short-necked - *(near)

short-tailed

short-tailed; cropped, of the tail - PPH *kibul

short-tempered

short-tempered - PPH *tubág

short-tempered, hot-headed, quick to fight - PMP *buteŋ

should

drop off to sleep, fall asleep when one should stay awake - PWMP *ka-tuduR-en

should, ought to - PPH *dapat₄

shoulder

carry by a strap over the shoulder - POC *sape

carry in a shoulder cloth - PWMP *qawis

carry on a shoulder pole - PWMP *taŋguŋ

carry on a shoulder pole between two people - PWMP *ataŋ₂

carry on the shoulders - PMP *pasaqan

carry slung over the shoulder - PPh *qambijay

carry slung over the shoulder - PPh *qambiday

drape over the shoulder or from a line, as a cloth - PAN *sapay

drape over the shoulder or from a line, as a cloth - PMP *sampay₁

hang of drape over the shoulder - PWMP *salampay

scapula, shoulder blade - PWMP *balikat

shoulder - PAN *qabaRa₁

shoulder (?) - PAN *qabaRa-an

shoulder pole; carry with a shoulder pole - PAN *pasaqaN

shoulder; carry on the shoulder - POC *qapaRa₁

shoulder; carry on the shoulder - PMP *qabaRa₁

sling over the shoulder - PPh *abijay

to carry on a shoulder pole - PCMP *lemba

to carry on the shoulder - POC *pua₂

to carry something by shoulder strap - PPH *sakeláy

wear across the shoulder - PWMP *sandaŋ

shoulder pole

shoulder pole - *(loan)

shout

cry out, shout - PMP *iak

cry out, shout - PMP *iag

cry, shout - PWMP *kuriak

howl, shout, scream - *-ŋar (root)

ritual shout(?) - PWMP *pekaw

roar, shout - POC *oRoŋ

shout - *(loan)

shout at - PWMP *talu₁

shout in anger - PMP *palak

shout, exclaim - POC *pela pela

shout, shouting - PWMP *Riak

shout, yell at someone - PWMP *siŋgit

shouting; to shout - PPH *giaw

to shout, talk loudly - PWMP *R<um>iak

to shout, to argue with - POC *ŋeŋe

shouting

shout, shouting - PWMP *Riak

shouting; to shout - PPH *giaw

to bark, as a hunting dog; shouting - PWMP *giak

shove

push shove - *(noise)

push something away, shove, repel; push off, as a boat leaving shore or being poled in shallow water - PWMP *maR-tulak

push something away, shove, repel; push off, as a boat leaving shore or being poled through shallow water - PMP *tulak

push, shove - POC *qusur

shove, thrust forward - PWMP *unzur

shovel

shovel - *(loan)

spoon, ladle, spade, shovel - PMP *suduk

show

fruit; seed; blossom; egg; nut; testicle; numeral classifier for roundish objects; to fruit, bear fruit; show first signs of pregnancy; to swell, of the sea - POC *puaq

grin, show the teeth - POC *sisir₂

grin, show the teeth - POC *sisiq₂

grin, show the teeth - PMP *zizir

grin, show the teeth - POC *ŋiŋis

grin, show the teeth - PWMP *ŋiŋi

grin, show the teeth - PMP *ŋisŋis₁

grin, show the teeth - PMP *ziziq

middle of the road, most trodden part of a path or road; guide who shows the way - PMP *mata nu zalan

show annoyance or irritation - PAN *ŋiCŋiC

show off - PWMP *asi₂

show the teeth - *(noise)

show the teeth, as in grinning - POC *sisi₂

sunrise, rising sun; to show off, be ostentatious, parade one’s talents, possessions, etc. - PPH *sikát

to grin, show the teeth - PMP *ŋisi

to pick at one’s food, show little interest in eating - PPH *kimkím

to point at, point out, show by pointing - PWMP *ma-nuzuq

to point out, show, teach - POC *akot

to show - PAN *pa-kita

to show off - PPH *pa-sikat

to show respect for someone - PPH *galaŋ-en

to show respect to - PPH *i-gálaŋ

to show, display - PPH *i-pa-kita

to teach, show someone how to do something - PPH *nau

showing

grin widely, showing the teeth - PMP *beŋis₂

shown

thing pointed out, shown, or taught - PWMP *ka-tuzuq-an

shred

to grate or shred foodstuffs - PPH *yadyád

to rip, tear, shred - PWMP *testes

shriek

shriek, as of laughter - PWMP *dekak

shriek, creak, cluck, chuckle - *-kek (root)

squeak, shriek - PMP *ekit

squeak, shriek, shrill cry - PWMP *qikqik

squeal, screech, shriek, etc. - PMP *ŋikŋik

squeal, screech, shriek, etc. - PMP *ŋik

shrill

shrill buzz or hum; ring - *-ŋiŋ (root)

shrill cry - PWMP *kicek

shrill cry - PMP *e(ŋ)kik

shrill sound - PCEMP *serik

shrill sound - PMP *keriqik

shrill sound - PPh *iŋqiiŋ

shrill sound of an insect, probably cricket or cicada - PWMP *pispis₂

shrill throaty sound - *-gik (or *-giqik?) (root)

shrill throaty sound - *-kik (root)

shrill throaty sound - *-ŋik (root)

shrill whistle or chirrup - PPh *wiwí

shrill whistle or chirrup - *(noise)

shrill, of the voice - PMP *cerik

squeak, shriek, shrill cry - PWMP *qikqik

shrimp

antennae of shrimp (?) - PWMP *suŋu₁

catch fish or shrimp with the hands - PWMP *gamaʔ

shrimp, crayfish, lobster - POC *quraŋ

shrimp, crayfish, lobster - PAN *qudaŋ

shrimp, lobster - PAN-F *kabus₂

small shrimp - PPh *hípun₂

small shrimp sp. - PPh *balaw₁

shrimps (small)

shrimps (small) - *(loan)

shrink

deflate, shrink - PMP *ki(m)pes

deflate, shrink - PMP *kampis

shrink - PMP *kuŋkuŋ₃

shrink - PMP *kunkun

shrink - PMP *keŋkeŋ₃

shrink (of living things) - PMP *eRes

shrink, contract - POC *Rokoŋ

shrink, contract - PMP *Re(ŋ)keŋ

shrink, decrease - PWMP *kekes

shrink, shrivel - PWMP *ke(m)pis

shrink, shrivel - *-keŋ₄ (root)

to subside, shrink, reduce in size - PPH *keles

shrivel

shrink, shrivel - PWMP *ke(m)pis

shrink, shrivel - *-keŋ₄ (root)

shriveled

shriveled, wrinkled - PWMP *kerut

shrivelled

dried up, scorched, shrivelled - POC *koRaŋ₁

shroud

bind, bundle, wrap in cloth; death shroud; cloth(ing) - PMP *balun₅

bind, bundle; wrap in cloth; death shroud; cloth(ing) - PCEMP *balun₃

burial shroud; to enshroud a corpse - PMP *saput₁

shrub

a leguminous shrub: Leucaena glauca - PPh *ipil ipil

a moderate-sized shrub: Scyphiphora hydrophyllacea - PWMP *sabasaq

a shrub or tree: Gnetum gnemon - PWMP *baguh

a shrub or tree: Melanolepis multiglandulosa - PPH *álem

a shrub with edible figs: Ficus tinctoria - POC *taŋa₃

a shrub, the Jew’s mallow: Corchorus spp., fam. Malvaceae - PPH *salúyut

a shrub: Acalypha sp. - POC *kalaqabusi

a shrub: Cordyline spp. - PWMP *sabaqaŋ

a shrub: Cordyline, Dracaena - PMP *siRi

a shrub: Euphorbia neriifolia L. - PWMP *sudu-sudu

kind of shrub - PPH *dalúpaŋ

ornamental shrub used for hedges Graptophyllum pictum - PWMP *qatay qatay₂

shrub or small tree: Abroma augusta L. - PWMP *anabu

shrub sp. - *(noise)

shrub sp., kind of shrub - POC *bele

shrunken

deflated, shrunken - PPh *qepés

empty, deflated, shrunken - PMP *i(m)pes

shudder

shudder - PWMP *kirig

shudder - PWMP *kilig

shut

close, shut - PWMP *cakep

close, shut - PWMP *sa(ŋ)kep

close, shut - PMP *qentep

close, shut off - PMP *si(m)pet

close, shut; enclose - PWMP *tikup

cover, shut - *(noise)

cover, shut in - PWMP *lekeb

cover, shut in - PWMP *lekep₁

shut off - POC *boboŋ₁

to close up, shut, as a door - PPH *liŋkep

to close, shut - PWMP *maŋ-iŋkem

to close, shut - PWMP *iŋkem

to close, shut; door - PMP *qeneb₁

to close, to shut - POC *qonop

to close, to shut; door - PAN *qeNeb₁

to cover, shut - PMP *tekub

to enclose, shut in - PMP *kebkeb₁

to enclose, shut in’ - POC *kokop

to shut, close - PPH *liqekep

to shut, close - PPH *keleb

shuttle

spool, shuttle; thread holder (in weaving or making nets) - PWMP *sikuqan

shy

ashamed; shy - PAN-F *Sikad

ashamed; shy; modest - PAN-F *ma-Sikad

shy - *(noise)

shy, ashamed - PWMP *ilah-an

shy, embarrassed, ashamed - PCEMP *ma-mayaq

shy, embarrassed; ashamed - PMP *ma-heyaq

shy, embarrassed; ashamed - PAN *ma-Seyaq

to shy away, of animals - PWMP *dura

wild, shy, skittish - PWMP *ma-ilah₂

wild, shy, skittish - PWMP *ma-ilah₁

wild, timorous, shy - POC *ila₁

wild, timorous, shy - PMP *ilah

shyness

shame, shyness - PWMP *ka-heyaq

shyness, embarrassment; shame - PMP *heyaq

shyness, embarrassment; shame - PAN *Seyaq

Siamese

conjoined fruits; Siamese twins - PPH *síŋin

sibling

be in a sibling relationship - PWMP *maR-huaji

called or regarded as siblings (?) - PAN *Suaji-an

elder same sex sibling - POC *tuaka

elder sibling - PAN *kaka₂

elder sibling - PWMP *aka

elder sibling (vocative) - PWMP *aka-q

elder sibling (vocative) - PWMP *aka-ŋ

elder sibling of the same sex - PMP *kaka₂

elder sibling of the same sex - POC *toka

elder sibling of the same sex - PMP *teka₂

father, uncle, elder sibling - *(noise)

parent’s younger sibling, junior uncle; a young child’s term of address for his father, vocative of *ama - PMP *mama

parents' elder sibling - PMP *uaʔ

parents’ elder sibling: FeB, FeZ, MeB, Me - PMP *ua₂

parents’ elder sibling: FeB, FeZ, MeB, MeZ - PMP *uaq

relationship between spouses of siblings - PPH *bilas

same-sex sibling (?) - POC *tuRa-

younger sibling - PAN *Suaji

younger sibling of the same sex (vocative); younger parallel cousin of the same sex (vocative) - PMP *huaji-q

younger sibling of the same sex (vocative); younger parallel cousin of the same sex (vocative) - PWMP *huaji-ŋ

younger sibling of the same sex; younger parallel cousin of the same sex - POC *taci

younger sibling of the same sex; younger parallel cousin of the same sex - PMP *ta-huaji

younger sibling of the same sex; younger parallel cousin of the same sex - PWMP *paR-huaji

younger sibling of the same sex; younger parallel cousin of the same sex - PCEMP *waji

younger sibling of the same sex; younger parallel cousin of the same sex - PMP *huaji

sibling-in-law

sibling-in-law (probably of the same sex only) - PMP *hipaR₁

sibling-in-law of the same sex - POC *ipaR-

siceraria

the bottle gourd: Lagenaria siceraria - PWMP *labuq₂

sick

die; dead; sick; tired (of); faint, lose consciousness; eclipse; new moon; extinguished; blocked (path); paralyzed; numb, asleep (limbs); die down (wind); waterless (springs, rivers); dry up (plants); beaten (in a game); fixed (price); terminate a matter, reach an agreement; disaster; intensive, superlative; desire intensely, be deeply in love - PMP *m-atay

fall ill, become sick - POC *masakit-ia

hurt someone; make someone sick - PMP *pa-sakit

hurting; sick with something, suffering from an illness - PWMP *sakit-en

sick, painful - POC *masakit

sick, painful - PMP *ma-sakit

sick, painful - PMP *sakit

sick; illness - PSHWNG *bisik₂

to be sick - PWMP *maR-sakit

to fall ill, become very sick - PMP *ma-saki-sakit

was hurt or sick - PPH *na-sakit

sickle

sickle - *(loan)

sickle for harvesting grain - PAN-F *kawkaw₁

sickle; to harvest rice with a sickle - PPH *gápas

sickly

sickly - *(noise)

sickness

sickness, illness - PWMP *pa-ñakit

spirit that causes sickness - PPh *abat₂

side

answer, oppose, opposite side or part; partner, friend, enemy - POC *bali₇

approach or strike from the side or at an oblique angle - PPH *sarijsij

board, plank, side of canoe - POC *baban

border, side, edge - PWMP *p<al>idpid

corner; side, edge - PWMP *zuRu

dual division, moiety == cluster (a) answer, oppose, opposite side or part; partner, friend, enemy - PMP *baliw₁

flat (of things that are expected to rounded), flat on one side - PWMP *sapaD

ford a river, cross to the other side (of a river, street, etc.) - PPH *dákit

free side of canoe, opposite the outrigger - POC *katae

front side; belly (of an animal?) - POC *qarop

gunwale, side plank on canoe - *(loan)

inclination, leaning to the side - PWMP *keleŋ₂

incline one's head to the side - PAN *qipiŋ

lay long objects side by side; raft - PMP *Rakit

left side - POC *kauRi

left side or direction - PEMP *mauRi

left side or direction - POC *mawiRi

left side or direction - PAN *ka-wiRi

left side or direction - PAN *wiRi

lie on one's side - PWMP *tumbiriŋ

look from side to side, turn the head in this way - PWMP *liŋaR

on the opposite side - PPH *di-baliw

on the opposite side (esp. of a river) - PWMP *di hipaR

one side, one half - PWMP *pihak

opposite side (esp. of a river) - PMP *hipaR₂

opposite side (esp. of a river) - PAN *SipaR

right hand, right side - PMP *ka-taqu₂

right side - PMP *ma-wanan

right side - PMP *tuqu₁

right side - PMP *ma-taqu₂

right side - PMP *taqu₁

shake or move from side to side - PWMP *hiwal

side by side - PPH *abay

side of canoe opposite the outrigger - POC *qatai

side of the face, cheek; side planks of a canoe - POC *babaR

side of the head - POC *tabal

side path, branch or fork in path or stream; take a side path or way; crossroads - PMP *simpaŋ

side, edge - PPH *gílij

side, edge - POC *piriŋ₂

side, edge - PMP *biriŋ₁

side, edge - POC *piriŋ₁

side, edge - PMP *bidiŋ

side, edge, border - PWMP *piRpiR₁

side, edge, border - POC *taba₂

side, flank - PWMP *sampiŋ

side, flank - *(loan)

side, flank - *(noise)

side, go to the side - PWMP *sisiq₁

side, half - PCEMP *pali₁

side, part - POC *balaŋ₄

side, part - PCEMP *balaŋ₂

slope, mountain side - *(noise)

spicy condiment side dish with rice - *(loan)

take a side path - POC *siba₁

temple, side of the head - PWMP *pilis

tipped on the side (?) - PPH *ta-gílij

to carry at the side or on the hip, pressed under the arm - PPH *kilít

to join, unite with in taking sides - PPH *k<um>ampi

to pass, cross over to the other side; to be past, of time for an action - PWMP *lapas

to wind, curve, turn to the side; to tack, sail into the wind - PMP *biluk

turn one’s head to the side to look back - PPH *liŋiq

turn to the side - PMP *liŋak

turn up at the edge, expose the bottom side - PWMP *lukab

wag, shake, move repeatedly from side to side - PAN *wiŋawiŋ

wag, swing from side to side - PAN *witiwit

work (object, instrument) from side to side - PPH *walwáR

work (object, instrument) from side to side - PPh *walwál

side-dish

protein side-dish eaten with rice (typically fish) - PPh *sidáq

side-dish (fish, meat or vegetables eaten with rice) - PWMP *qulam

side-to-side

shake the head in negation, shake the head from side-to-side - PWMP *iliŋ₃

sideways

extend both arms sideways - PPH *maR-depa

extend the arms sideways - PPH *i-depa

leaning sideways, listing (as a boat) - PMP *kiliŋ

to move sideways - PPH *iwad

siege

to surround, lay siege to - PPH *kubkub₁

sieve

a sieve; to sift - PWMP *agag

sieve, strainer - PWMP *ayak-an

sift

a sieve; to sift - PWMP *agag

sift, separate by sifting - PWMP *qayag

sift, separate by sifting - PWMP *ayak₂

to sift - PWMP *maŋ-agag

to sift - PWMP *maŋ-ayak

sifting

sift, separate by sifting - PWMP *qayag

sift, separate by sifting - PWMP *ayak₂

Siganus

marine fish sp. with venomous dorsal spines, Rabbitfish: Siganus punctatus - PWMP *kiteŋ

Rabbitfish: Siganus punctatus (family siganidae) - POC *kitoŋ

rabbitfish: Siganus sp. - POC *palaja

sigh

sigh - *(loan)

sight

fade from sight - PWMP *silem

in the line of sight, clearly visible - PPH *aŋ(ə)tad

look; sight; to look, see - PPH *tiŋén

sink, vanish from sight - PMP *teleb

to hear, listen; obey; hear about; news; fame, famous; to feel, perceive through any sense other than sight - PMP *deŋeR

to hear; what is heard, news; to perceive by any sense other than sight - POC *roŋoR

sign

fruit; seed; blossom; egg; nut; testicle; numeral classifier for roundish objects; to fruit, bear fruit; show first signs of pregnancy; to swell, of the sea - POC *puaq

sign - *(loan)

sign, signal, mark - *(loan)

signal

raise the eyebrows as a signal to another person; to furrow the brows (?) - PWMP *kindat

sign, signal, mark - *(loan)

sucking noise made as a signal to another person - PMP *misik

sika

deer of the genus Cervus, either the sika deer or sambar deer - PAN-F *benan

silence

deep silence - PWMP *leplep

suffer in silence, conceal an illness - PWMP *pelaqam

silent

brood, think, be silent - PMP *sendem

keep something to oneself; silent, secret - PWMP *hidem

silent, taciturn - PWMP *Renek

to fall silent; keep quiet about something; keep a secret - PPH *hipes

silhouette

silhouette, shadow; glimpse of something - PMP *ilap₂

silk

silk cotton tree: Ceiba pentandra Linn. - PPh *buybuy

silk cotton, kapok - PAN-F *kapua

silk-cotton

kapok; silk-cotton tree - PWMP *kapuk

silly

silly, senile, doting - PWMP *aŋu aŋu

stupid, silly, ignorant - PPH *taŋah

silver

a marine fish, probably the silver bream - PWMP *kapas kapas

inlay of gold or silver - PWMP *tataq

silver - *(loan)

similar

adze or similar tool - PWMP *sa(ŋ)kal

chigger or similar insect - PPH *kuykúy₁

civet cat and similar small predatory mammals of the family Viverridae - PMP *musaŋ

exude or escape, of air, gases or similar substances (?) - PMP *heŋaw

like, similar to, resemble - PMP *buat₂

mate, companion; like, similar to - POC *jama

similar; imitate - PPh *iriŋ₂

sparrow or similar bird - PAN *tutut

tree with fruit similar to breadfruit - PWMP *si teRep

tree with fruit similar to breadfruit - PWMP *teRep

wild palm tree with fruit similar to areca nut: Heterospathe elata - PPH *sagisí

simple-minded

simple-minded - PWMP *laŋaq₂

simultaneous

simultaneous, at once - PMP *lepes

simultaneously

do something simultaneously - PWMP *maR-deŋan

unite, do simultaneously - PMP *raŋkep₂

unite, do simultaneously - PWMP *raŋkeb

sincere

real, genuine, true, sincere - PWMP *tunay₂

sinensis

the Formosan hare: Lepus sinensis formosus - PAN-F *lutuk₁

sinew

artery, blood vessel, blood vein; muscle; nerve; sinew; tendon - PAN *huRaC

artery, blood vessel, blood vein; muscle; nerve; sinew; tendon; fiber; vein of a leaf; grain of wood; strand (of thread, rope); fishing line; root - PMP *uRat

artery, blood vessel, blood vein; muscle; sinew; tendon; ligament; fiber; tough, sinewy - POC *uRat

veins, sinews (collective) - PMP *uRat uRat

sinewy

artery, blood vessel, blood vein; muscle; sinew; tendon; ligament; fiber; tough, sinewy - POC *uRat

sing

sing - *(loan)

sing in unison - PMP *saRup₂

sing, song - *(noise)

sing; song - POC *kanam

sing; song - PCEMP *wari

sing; song - POC *bubu₈

sing; song - PCEMP *bubu₉

to sing in unison, as in traditional festivals - PWMP *ñañuy

to sing; song, tune, melody - PAN-F *quyaS

singe

to burn, singe - PPH *seReb

to roast; singe, cauterize - PPH *pasúq-en

to singe, blacken the surface with fire - PPH *sárab

to singe, burn off - PWMP *sadab

to singe, burn slightly - PPH *sajab

to singe, scorch - PPH *sirub

singing

choral singing; to blend voices in song - POC *jaRu

single

alone, single - PPh *bug(e)túŋ

single - *(loan)

single log bridge (?) - PMP *taytay

single log bridge; stairs, ladder - POC *tete

to seize property and run off with it; to elope with a single woman - PPH *taŋaR

single-file

walk single-file; be positioned one behind the other - PWMP *aRak-aRak

walk single-file; be positioned one behind the other - PWMP *maŋ-aRak

walk single-file; be positioned one behind the other - PMP *aRak

singular

genitive case marker for singular personal names and pronouns; marker of possession, part-to-whole relationships, and agency of a non-actor voice verb - PAN *ni

nominative case marker for singular common nouns - PAN *ya

nominative case marker for singular personal names or kin terms used as personal names - PAN *si₁

oblique case marker for singular personal nouns - PMP *ki₂ₐ

sink

to sink something; to destroy - PWMP *ma-ŋaRem

capsize, of a boat; sink - PWMP *kaRem

dive; sink, disappear under water - *-Neb₁ (root)

dive; sink, disappear under water - *-ñep (root)

sink - PWMP *qeled

sink - PWMP *taR-benem

sink - *-lej (root)

sink - *-lem (root)

sink - *(near)

sink down, subside; landslide - POC *solo₃

sink, disappear - *-leb (root)

sink, disappear under water - PWMP *leñej

sink, disappear under water - PWMP *teleŋ

sink, disappear under water - PMP *telem

sink, drown - PMP *keñej

sink, immerse oneself in water, dive into the water; to set, of the sun - PAN *selem₁

sink, set (sun) - PMP *teñej

sink, submerge - PCEMP *seleb

sink, submerge - PMP *celeb

sink, submerge - *-lep (root)

sink, submerge; overflow - PMP *lebleb₂

sink, vanish from sight - PMP *teleb

sink; drown - PWMP *benem₂

submerge, sink - PMP *le(p)lep

submerge, sink - PMP *delep

submerge, sink, drown - *-ñej (root)

to sink - PPH *lúnud

to sink, soak into - PPH *reneb

to sink, submerge, capsize - PPH *ma-lúnud

sinuous

sinuous, winding - PPH *kiwal

sip

sip, as soup - POC *iRup

sip, as soup or rice wine from a bowl - PMP *hiRup

sip, as soup or rice wine from a bowl - PAN *SiRup

sip, suck - POC *susup

sip, suck - PAN *sepsep

sip, suck - PAN *supsup

sip, suck - PAN *sipsip

sip, suck - PWMP *sedut

sip, suck - PAN *qesep

sip, suck - PMP *cupcup

sip, suck - *-sep (root)

sip, taste slightly - PPH *timtim

to sip or suck in or out - PWMP *ma-ñepsep

to sip, as hot soup - PPH *ilep

to sip, as through a straw - PAN *siRup

to sip, suck on - PCEMP *ñopñop

to sip, to drink - PWMP *maŋ-hiRup

to sip, to suck - POC *sosop-i

to sip, to suck - PMP *sepsep-i

to suck, sip - PAN *s<um>epsep

to suck, sip, soak up - PWMP *maŋ-qisep

sipped

was sipped by - PWMP *hiRup-en

Sipunculus

edible sea worm: Sipunculus spp. - POC *ibo

Sister

a constellation: the Seven Sisters, Pleiades - PWMP *pariama

sister

brother's child (man speaking), sister's child (woman speaking) - PWMP *anak-en

child, offspring; son, daughter; brother's child (man speaking), sister's child (woman speaking); young animal or plant; young; small (for its kind); dependent or component part of something larger; native, resident, inhabitant; interest on a loan - PMP *anak

father’s sister, father’s sister’s husband - PMP *aya₂

father's sister, possibly address term - PMP *ema-q

father's sister, possibly address term - PMP *ema₁

mother, mother's sister - PAN *ina

mother, mother's sister (address, vocative) - PAN *iná-q

mother, mother's sister (address, vocative) - PMP *iná-ŋ

mother, mother's sister (address, vocative) - PMP *iná-i

mother, mother's sister; female animal - PMP *ina

mother, mother's sister; female animal; largest member of a set - PCEMP *ina

mother's sister, father's sister - PWMP *kam-ina-en

sister (man speaking) - PMP *betaw

wife's sister's husband - PWMP *biras₂

woman; female; sister (male speaker) - POC *papine

sister-in-law

brother-in-law, sister-in-law - *(noise)

sit

brood, sit on eggs - PWMP *qerem

brood, sit on eggs - POC *opi

brood, sit on eggs - PMP *ekep

brood, sit on eggs; cover completely - PMP *ukup

come to shore, settle down in a place; sit, squat - POC *toka₂

cooled off, as cooked food that has been left to sit too long - PAN *ma-baSaw

sit cross-legged - *(loan)

sit deferentially - *(loan)

sit on the ground - PWMP *timpuhuq

sit, squat - *(near)

sit, squat; come to rest; stay in a place; settle down, as birds on a tree - POC *toka₃

sit; stay or stop moving; reside - POC *nofo

to brood, sit on eggs - PWMP *eden

to sit - PMP *iŋkud

to sit - PAN *ikud

to sit - PWMP *tujaw

to sit - PMP *tu(n)daŋ

to sit on eggs, of a hen - PPH *qebqeb

to sit, be seated - PWMP *dukduk₃

to squat, sit on one’s heels - POC *tiko

site

clear the ground for a garden site - POC *poki

situation

take advantage of a situation or opportunity, exploit an advantage - PPH *sambut₁

six

divide into six (?) - PMP *pa-enem

do six times - PAN *paR-enem-en

do six times - PWMP *ka-enem

group of six - PPh *enem-an

six - POC *onom

six - PEMP *onəm

six - PAN *enem

six (of humans) - PAN *a-enem

six by six, six at a time - POC *onom onom

six by six, six at a time - PMP *enem enem

six times - POC *paka-onom

six times - PMP *paka-enem

six times - PWMP *iŋg-enem

six times (frequentative multiplicative) - PAN *maka-enem

sixth

sixth - POC *ika-onom

sixth (ordinal) - PMP *ika-enem

sixty

sixty - POC *onom ŋa puluq

sixty - PMP *enem ŋa puluq

size

little, small in size or amount - POC *liki

small in size or amount - PAN *kedi

small in size or amount - PWMP *kedit

small in size or amount - PWMP *kedik

swell, increase in size - PMP *beŋkak

to subside, shrink, reduce in size - PPH *keles

sizzle

hiss, sizzle - PAN *qesir

to hiss, sizzle - PPH *sagitsit

sizzling

sound of sputtering, sizzling, etc. - PMP *sit

skate

skate, stingray (generic); a constellation - PMP *paRih

skewer

pierce, skewer - *(noise)

pierce, skewer or string together - PAN *tusuk

skewer - PMP *cukcuk

skewer something so as to pick it up without touching it - PPH *tuRsúk

skewer, pointed stick - PWMP *sulah

skewer, spit for roasting - PMP *tuduk

skewer; to skewer (as meat) - PWMP *te(n)duk

to pierce, penetrate, skewer - PWMP *ma-nusuk

to string (beads, fish, etc.); to skewer (candlenuts, etc.) - POC *tuRi₁

skewered

be strung, be skewered - PAN *CuSuR-en

skewering

stringing of beads, skewering of fish, etc. - PMP *tuhuR

skidding

skidding, stumbling, losing balance - PPH *ma-dapílus

skidding, stumbling, losing balance - PPH *dapílus

skill

ability, skill, knowledge how to do something - PWMP *ka-taqu₁

forget a skill, make a mistake - PWMP *beluy

knowledge, skill, intelligence - PPH *dunuŋ

skilled

accustomed to, skilled at, used to - PPH *anad

skilled, adept - *(loan)

skilled, knowing how (to do something) - PWMP *ka-taqu-an

to know how, be able to, be skilled at - PMP *taqu₂

to know how, be able to, be skilled at - PAN *Caqu

skillful

dextrous, agile, skillful - PWMP *sikap₂

skim

scoop up, skim from the surface - PPH *saRap

to scoop up, skim from the surface - PPH *s<um>aRap

to skim over the surface - PMP *tapis₂

skin

a skin disease: framboesia, yaws - PMP *puRu₁

a skin disease: ringworm - POC *lapa₂

abrasion of the skin - PWMP *laslas

animal skin, hide, leather - PMP *qanit

animal skin, hide, leather - PAN *qaNiC

any natural mark on human skin: birthmark, freckle, mole - PMP *qila

be affected by itching, be infected with scabies or other itchy skin disorders - PWMP *gatel-en

body hair; fur; feather; down; antenna of insect or crustacean; spikes of sea urchin; floss on plant skins, color; type, kind - PCEMP *bulu₁

cracked, peeling, of skin - PWMP *kur(i)siŋ

dirt on skin; dandruff - PAN *daki

dirt on skin; dandruff; tartar on teeth - PMP *daki

disease which produces scaly skin: ichthyosis - PWMP *bugis

flaky skin disease - POC *kaka₁

flower, blossom; to flower, bear flowers; yield a benefit (as interest on a loan); first-born child; cotton; vulva (refined or evasive), skin rash, prickly heat; speckled (of fish); kidneys - PMP *buŋa

fungus infection which produces light patches on the skin: Tinea flava or Pityriasis - PMP *panaw₁

get a splinter in the skin - PPH *ma-salugsug-án

get a splinter or sliver under the skin or nail - PPH *salugsúg

have dark blotches on the skin - PMP *qila-qila

healed, of a wound with shiny skin - PPH *luq(e)nit

inflammation of the skin - POC *tubu₁

marine fish with thorny skin - PMP *utik

node, joint; knuckle; swelling under the skin - POC *buku-buku

oily, as the hair or skin - PWMP *lumek

oily, as the hair or skin - PMP *lumuk

peel off, of skin; remove the bark of a tree - PMP *bakbak₁

peeling skin - *-bak₁ (root)

reddish; discolored, as the skin over a bruise - PWMP *baŋbaŋ₈

scratch or wale on the skin - PMP *balar

scratch or wale on the skin - PMP *balan

scruffiness of the skin; dirt, dregs - POC *kani-kani

scurfy skin disease; scabies - PAN *kuris₁

scurfy skin disease; scabies - PAN *kudis

shell, peeling, skin - POC *bwara

shell, peeling, skin - POC *bwala

skin - PAN-F *baŋeS

skin disease - POC *kuli-kulit

skin disease - *(loan)

skin disease - *(noise)

skin, bark - POC *pinut

skin, bark, peel, shell - POC *kulit

skin; hide; rind; bark - PMP *kulit

sore on skin - POC *pwasa

spotted, speckled, as the skin of an animal - PAN *paCak

swelling; lump or bump under the skin - PWMP *buŋkug

swelling; lump or bump under the skin; wad of something - PMP *buŋkul

thick or hard skin, buffalo hide, leather; callus - PWMP *balulaŋ

to be skinned, have the skin removed - PWMP *kulit-an

to flay, peel back or off, as bark or skin - PCEMP *sisi₃

to husk rice; be afflicted with pimples on the skin resembling rice grains - PWMP *beRas-en

to molt, shed the skin - POC *uñus

to molt, shed the skin - PMP *huñus

to peel off skin, bark or leaves; excoriated, decorticated, defoliated - PWMP *laklak

to peel, skin off - PMP *kelas

to skin an animal - PWMP *qanit-an

to skin an animal - PMP *q<um>anit

to skin an animal - PAN *q<um>aNiC

to skin or peel, remove the skin or peeling - PWMP *ma-ŋulit

to skin peel off - *-NiC (root)

to skin, flay - PWMP *panit

to skin, flay - PAN *baNiC

to skin, remove the skin - PWMP *kulit-en

to slough, shed the skin, as a snake - POC *nunu₂

to wrinkle, be wrinkled, as the skin - PPH *kuretret

wart; cyst; non-purulent skin eruption - POC *putiR

wart; cyst; non-purulent skin eruption - PCEMP *butiR

wart; cyst; non-purulent skin eruption - PMP *buteliR

wrinkled, as the skin - PWMP *kure(n)dut

wrinkled, of the skin, as from age - PPH *kubet-kubet

skinned

peeled, skinned - PWMP *bebak₁

to be skinned, have the skin removed - PWMP *kulit-an

skinny

protruding, of the bones of a skinny (bony) person - PWMP *ka-tuqela-tuqelaŋ

skinny, thin, underweight - PAN *ma-kuliC

thin, skinny (?) - PWMP *ma-Rusuk

thin, slender, skinny - *(loan)

skip

step, stride; to omit or skip over - PMP *laŋkaq₁

skipjack

a fish, the skipjack tuna or bonito - POC *qatun

skirt

apron, skirt - PWMP *tapiq₂

skirt - *(loan)

woman’s grass skirt - POC *nai

woman’s skirt; cloth used for clothing - PWMP *kain

skittish

wild, shy, skittish - PWMP *ma-ilah₂

wild, shy, skittish - PWMP *ma-ilah₁

wild; skittish (as animals) - POC *kila

wild; skittish; insane - PMP *gila

skull

skull - PPH *buŋuq

skull - PMP *batuk₃

skull, cranium - *(noise)

sky

atmosphere, space between earth and sky - PWMP *hawan hawan

atmosphere, space between earth and sky - PWMP *hawan

atmosphere, space between earth and sky - PMP *awaŋ

sky - PMP *laŋit

sky - PAN *laŋiC

space between earth and sky - *(noise)

year, season; sky, heaven - PAN-F *kawaS₁

slab

stone slab, thin layer - PMP *lapis

slack

loose, slack - PWMP *kenduR

soft, weak, slack - PWMP *lemaq

slam

slam down with force - PWMP *dakdak

slam down, ram down - PMP *qetak

slam something down - PMP *la(m)bak

smack, slap, slam - PWMP *lapak

slander

gossip, slander - PWMP *buat buat

slant

slant - *(near)

slant, incline - PWMP *qiriŋ₂

slant, lean over (as a tree) - POC *(bp)alalan

slanted

slanted, of the eyes - PPH *siŋkít

slanting

askew, in a slanting direction - PMP *liliŋ₁

slanting, awry - PMP *hiwid

slanting, awry - PAN *Siwid

slanting, inclined - PWMP *sunduŋ

slanting, sloping - POC *siba₂

slanting, sloping - PMP *simpa

slap

clap, flap, slap - PWMP *epap

clap, slap, pound - PWMP *upuk

hit, slap - PWMP *lipak

loud slap - PWMP *dagepak

pat, light slap - PAN *tepik

pat, light slap - *-pik (or *-piqik?) (root)

pat, slap lightly - POC *tapik

pat, slap lightly - PMP *tapik

slap, beat on - PMP *bebak₂

slap, clap - *-pak₁ (or *-paqak?) (root)

slap, clap - *(noise)

slap, clap on the ear - PWMP *tampar₂

slap, hit with open hand - PMP *tampek

slap, hit, beat - PWMP *upak₂

slap, pat - *-bik (root)

slap, smack - PPh *hampak

slap, sound of collision - PWMP *ragepak

slap, sound of collision - PWMP *lagepak

slap, sound of slapping or clapping - PWMP *tipak

slap, strike with the hand - PWMP *ta(m)pak

smack, slap, slam - PWMP *lapak

to slap - POC *papak-i

to slap - PMP *tepak₁

to slap - PWMP *repag

to slap hard - POC *sabak

to slap something hard - PWMP *pagpag