O

ob    oc    od    of    og    oh    oi    o.    ol    om    on    oo    op    or    os    ot    ou    ov    ow    ox    oy    

oar

leaf; blade of paddle or oar; ‘table’ for eating - PMP *dahun

oar; to row a boat - PPH *gáqud

oath

oath, pledge; curse - PWMP *sapaq₂

oath, pledge; curse - PWMP *sumpaq

oath; curse - PWMP *kutuk₁

obesity

corpulence, obesity - PWMP *ka-tabeq-an

obey

follow, obey, agree with - PPH *súrut

to hear, listen; obey; hear about; news; fame, famous; to feel, perceive through any sense other than sight - PMP *deŋeR

to obey - PPH *s<um>unúd

to obey, follow orders - PWMP *ma-nuRut

object

3sg. object - PMP *-a₂

after, behind; the outside of an object; stern of a canoe - POC *muri

container for solid objects; package - POC *busa₃

disposal of objects, banishment of people - PWMP *paŋ-buaŋ-an

foreign object in the eye - PWMP *puliŋ₂

fruit; areca palm and nut; grain; berry; seed; nut; endosperm of a sprouting coconut; kidney; heart; finger; calf of the leg; testicle; various insects; scar tissue; roe; bud; flower; blossom; bear fruit; words, speech, or songs; meaning, contents of discussion; numeral classifier for roundish objects; buttock; Adam's apple; nipple of the breast; button; marble; tattooing - PMP *buaq

fruit; seed; blossom; egg; nut; testicle; numeral classifier for roundish objects; to fruit, bear fruit; show first signs of pregnancy; to swell, of the sea - POC *puaq

lay long objects side by side; raft - PMP *Rakit

leaf; head hair; classifier used in counting certain types of objects - PEMP *raun

leaf; head hair; classifier used in counting certain types of objects - PCEMP *daun

long, of objects - PWMP *a(n)duq

object of respect; distinguished or respected person - PWMP *empu-an

prefix marking possession of some object - PAN *mi-

prick or poke with a pointed object - PWMP *tulesuk

pull or drag a heavy object along, as on a sled - PWMP *guyud₃

round object; young coconut - POC *poku

sharp-pointed object, possibly sea urchin - PEMP *sala

sheet; flat, wide object - PPh *qelad₁

space within a concave object - *(noise)

specklike object - PWMP *pa(n)dek

strike two hard objects together to produce a spark - PPH *piŋkíq

ten, in counting certain objects - *(noise)

thick, of objects; dense, of crowds - PMP *tebel₂

thick, of solid objects - PWMP *ma-kapal

thick, of solid objects - PAN *kaS(e)pal

thin, of material objects - PWMP *ma-iŋ(e)pis

things that have been made, created objects - PWMP *paR-buhat-en

throw at, hit, strike with a sharp object; kill; extinguish (a fire) - PMP *bunuq₂

tie together, of floating objects - PWMP *lantiŋ

to hit, strike, or hard objects colliding - PPh *beRták

vessel for fetching water from a well, objects from a pit, etc - PMP *timba

what is honored, object of honor or respect - PWMP *paŋ-empu-an

obligation

obligation, duty, commitment - *(loan)

to forfeit, lose by failure to meet an obligation - PWMP *leleb

oblique

1pl ex oblique - PWMP *ameq

1pl ex oblique - PAN *amen

1pl in oblique - PWMP *ateq

1pl.ex oblique - PAN *i-amen

1sg oblique - PAN *aken₁

1sg oblique: to me, for me - PAN *k-aku

approach or strike from the side or at an oblique angle - PPH *sarijsij

oblique case marker for personal nouns - PAN *ki₂

oblique case marker for plural personal names - PAN *ka₃

oblique case marker for singular personal nouns - PMP *ki₂ₐ

oblique of common nouns (cf. *ki, *ka) - PAN *ku

obovata

a tree: Planchonella obovata - PPH *banisah

obovatifolia

a tree: Ganua obovatifolia.(Merr.), Sapotaceae - PPH *piaŋa

obscure

dark, obscure - PPH *kanap₂

dark, obscure - PWMP *medem

dark, obscure, cloudy - PPH *ma-diklém

dark, obscure, cloudy - PPH *dik(e)lém

dark, obscure; black - PMP *tidem

dark, overcast, visually obscure - PAN *kelem

dark; obscure - *-lem₁ (root)

dim, dark, obscure - PWMP *ma-qilem

dim, dark, obscure - PMP *qilem

obscure, dusky - PWMP *sidem

obscuring

darkening, obscuring of light - PPH *dulem

observe

notice, observe - PPh *himatún

observe closely or critically - PPH *mata-en

obsidian

obsidian spear point (?) - POC *koto

obsolete

past one’s prime, outdated, obsolete - PPH *laqús

obstacle

ambush, block the way; obstacle, hindrance - PMP *qambat

ambush, block the way; obstacle, hindrance - PMP *abaŋ₁

barrier, obstacle - PWMP *sabeD

hindrance, obstacle - PWMP *habed

hindrance, obstacle - PWMP *aped

obstacle - *(loan)

obstacle; block, obstruct the flow - PWMP *tubeŋ

obstinate

unyielding, obstinate, inflexible, stubborn - PMP *teger

unyielding, obstinate, inflexible, stubborn - PMP *tegel

obstruct

block, hinder, obstruct - PWMP *ayum

block, obstruct - PWMP *ta(m)beŋ

block, obstruct - POC *opoŋ

block, obstruct - PWMP *benben₁

block, obstruct, dam a stream - PMP *empeŋ

block, obstruct; something which separates one area from another - PWMP *ataŋ₁

impede, obstruct, restrain - PMP *qempeŋ

obstacle; block, obstruct the flow - PWMP *tubeŋ

obstruct, block the way - PWMP *qambeŋ

obstruct, block the way - PWMP *hambeŋ

obstruct, lie across or athwart - PWMP *qalaŋ

obstruct, stretch across - *(noise)

plug, obstruct - PMP *umpaŋ

to block, obstruct a path; ambush - PWMP *qadaŋ

to pile up earth or rocks, heap up so as to obstruct - PWMP *t<um>ambak

obstructed

obstructed, of the flow of water - PMP *sepet₂

obstruction

dam, obstruction of flow - PWMP *tambeŋ

heaped up, as an obstruction - PWMP *ma-tambak

obstruction, barrier - PMP *qeteŋ

obstruction, barrier - PAN *qeCeŋ

open space, empty of obstruction - PWMP *tawaŋ

obtain

able to obtain - PWMP *maka-uliq₁

get, obtain - PWMP *uliq₂

prefixed to a noun means ‘to get, obtain, collect, gather’ (noun) - PAN *ki-

take, get, fetch, obtain; marry - PAN *ala

to get, obtain - PPH *ma-dawat

obtained

a tree, probably Dipterocarpus spp.; resinous substance obtained from this tree - PWMP *balaw₂

plant from which a dyestuff is obtained - PWMP *gamat

vine from which poison is obtained - PWMP *ziteq

obtusa

the Japanese cypress: Chamaecyparis obtusa - PAN-F *baŋun₁

ocean

sea, ocean - PAN-F *tenem

Ochrosia

a tree: Ochrosia oppositifolia - POC *paoq (ʔ)

a tree: Ochrosia oppositifolia - PMP *pauq

Ocimum

a strongly-scented plant: Ocimum sanctum L. - PWMP *kamaŋi

Octomeles

a tree with very light wood: Octomeles sp. - PWMP *binuaŋ

a tree: Octomeles sp. - PWMP *benuaŋ

a tree: Octomeles spp. - PWMP *banuaŋ

a tree: probably Octomeles spp. - POC *iRimo

octopus

finger, toe; tentacles of octopus - PPH *gulamay

finger, toe; tentacles of octopus - PPH *galamáy

gall, gall bladder, octopus sepia - POC *qasu₂

octopus - PMP *kuRita

octopus - PAN *guRiCa

tentacles of octopus, squid, jellyfish, etc. - PMP *gaway₁

tentacles of octopus, squid, jellyfish, etc. - PMP *kaway₂

tentacles of octopus, squid, jellyfish, etc.; rays of the sun - POC *kawe₁

tentacles of octopus, squid, jellyfish, etc.; rays of the sun - POC *kawe₂

ocular

ocular cataract - PWMP *putik₁

odor

a tall forest tree which emits an unpleasant odor: Sterculia foetida - PMP *bubuR₃

acrid, pungent, of odor - PMP *seŋ(e)hit

acrid, pungent, of odor - PMP *seŋ(e)hij

acrid, pungent, of odor - PMP *seŋet₁

aromatic odor - PWMP *aŋi₁

fragrance, pleasant odor - PPH *baŋ(e)lúh

fragrance, pleasant odor or smell - PMP *beŋi

give off an odor (?) - PWMP *bahu-an

odor - *(noise)

odor of burnt food - PMP *haŋus₂

odor, stench - PMP *bahu

odor; stench - PMP *bahuq

pungent odor, strong disagreeable smell - PWMP *saŋ(e)hid

smell, odor - POC *boi₂

smell, odor - POC *bou

smell, odor - PAN *haŋut

smell, odor, scent - POC *bona₁

stench, bad odor - PPh *buŋ(e)tút

stench, musky odor of an animal - PAN *qaŋeSit

stench, odor, as of fish - PWMP *laŋ(e)qes

stench, strong unpleasant odor - PMP *imbu

unpleasant odor - PMP *mapu₂

unpleasant odor - PAN *laŋ(e)si

odorata

a tree with fragrant flowers: Cananga odorata - PMP *kanaŋa

large mango: Mangifera odorata - PWMP *qambawaŋ

tree sp., Cananga odorata - *(loan)

odoratissimus

a pandanus, Pandanus odoratissimus; a mat made from the leaves of this plant - POC *kiRe

a tree and its fruit: Artocarpus odoratissimus - PWMP *madaŋ

odor of urine

odor of urine - *(loan)

off

bark of a tree; peel off bark - PWMP *pakpak₂

bark, rind, sheath; to peel off bark - PWMP *upak₁

be carried off, as loot or a captive in war; what is carried off - PWMP *t<in>aban

be pinched off - PPH *ketel-én

be rasped or cut off (?) - PWMP *sapsap-en

be washed off - PWMP *huRas-en

bite off the surface of something - PAN *ŋabŋab

bite, bitten off, of food - PPH *suŋit₂

blow the nose by pinching off one nostril - PMP *eseŋ

blown off course - PWMP *babas

break off - PMP *pukaq

break off - PWMP *upik

break off - PMP *pu(ŋ)kaq

break off a component piece of something, as twigs or branches from a tree, a banana from a bunch, a section from a fruit, etc. - PPH *sipíq

break off fruit or branches - PAN *sepiq

break off with the hand - POC *baki₁

break off, chip off - *(noise)

break off, snap off - POC *pati

break or split off - PMP *ibak

break, crack off - PMP *lepak₁

break, cut off, sever - POC *kutu₂

break, snap off at a joint - PWMP *sepak₁

break, split off - PWMP *lu(m)pak

broken off, cut off - PEMP *mutu₂

broken off; islet; detached reef - POC *motus

brush or shake off dust or dirt - PPH *pagpág

chip off, cut off bit by bit - PWMP *sapsap

chop, hack off - PWMP *pated

chop, hack, cut off - PMP *qetes

chop, hack, cut off - PMP *etes₁

close, shut off - PMP *si(m)pet

cockscomb; cut off a cock’s comb - PPH *páluŋ

cooled off, as cooked food that has been left to sit too long - PAN *ma-baSaw

cut chips or bits from something, scrape off - PPH *dapdáp

cut off - POC *koRot

cut off - PMP *hiras

cut off - *(noise)

cut off with a knife - POC *tapa

cut off, prune - PWMP *eteb

cut off, sever; ring a tree - PWMP *geleŋ

cut or lop off branches - POC *paRi₃

cut or tear off - PWMP *ri(n)tas

cut up, cut off - *(noise)

deflected off course - PWMP *bias

drive away, chase off - PWMP *ka-buRaw

drive off, chase away, expel - PPh *maR-buRaw

drive off, chase away, expel - PWMP *maŋ-buRaw

drive off, chase away, expel - PPh *buRaw-en

drive off, chase away, expel - PAN *buRaw

driven away, chased off - PAN *ma-buRaw

drop off to sleep, fall asleep when one should stay awake - PWMP *ka-tuduR-en

far, far away, far off, distant - PPH *ma-adayuq

fly off, of solid bits or water droplets - PAN *lecik

fragment, piece broken off - *(noise)

frighten off birds or animals from the fields; place used to frighten off birds or animals from the fields - PWMP *buRaw-an

front teeth, incisors; gnaw, to bite or tear off with the incisors - PMP *gutgut₁

give off an odor (?) - PWMP *bahu-an

give off smoke continuously, pour out smoke - PMP *qasu qasu

giving off smoke or steam; to steam cook rice - PWMP *kukus

glide off, slide off - *(noise)

gnaw meat off bones - PWMP *kilkil

hernia; to slip down, slip off, pull back the foreskin of the penis - PMP *luslus

interjection used to chase off animal - PMP *isu₂

lift off a cover, be lifted off - PMP *tikas

lop off, cut off - PWMP *ta(m)pas

marry off, cause to get married - PMP *pa-qasawa

nibble off, gnaw off - PAN *qiCqiC

paid off, of a debt - PMP *qimpas

part split off - PWMP *bilaq₁

peel off bark - POC *babak₂

peel off, of skin; remove the bark of a tree - PMP *bakbak₁

peel off, remove bark - PWMP *bakbak-an

peel off, separate - *(noise)

pick, pluck, break off - PMP *ketuq

piece broken off, husk - PWMP *upek

pinch off - PAN *ketil

pinch, squeeze, press between two surfaces; pluck, pick off - PAN *pitpit₂

pluck (as fruit), strip off (as leaves) - POC *puput

plugged, stopped, closed off - *-pet (root)

prune, cut off the tip - PMP *puŋgul

prune, cut off the tip - PWMP *puŋgel

prune, cut off the tip - PWMP *puŋgal

pull off, remove covering - PPH *ukap

push something away, shove, repel; push off, as a boat leaving shore or being poled in shallow water - PWMP *maR-tulak

push something away, shove, repel; push off, as a boat leaving shore or being poled through shallow water - PMP *tulak

put off, delay, postpone, break one’s promise - PPH *liwag

rinse wash off - *(noise)

rinse, rinse off - PPh *bal(e)ñáw

rub something off - PPH *gidgíd

scrape off - PAN *kutkut₂

scrape off - PAN *kiSkiS

scrape or rub off - PPh *hírud

scrape something off a surface so as to uncover it - PPH *kuykúy₂

send off with a message - PWMP *tuRun₂

shake off, flick off - PPh *waksí

shaved off, made smooth - PWMP *paras₁

show off - PWMP *asi₂

shut off - POC *boboŋ₁

slip down or off - PWMP *rusrus₂

slip off - POC *lulus

slip off - PAN *pelus

slip off - *-lus (root)

slip off - *(noise)

slip off, slip away - PWMP *burus₁

slip or slide off - PAN *perus

slip or slide off - *-rus₂ (root)

snap off, snapping or clicking sound - PMP *li(n)tik

snap, break off (twigs, etc.) - PMP *lepik

split apart; piece split off - PWMP *buŋkaq

split off, separate - *-bak₃ (root)

split or slice off - PWMP *siqat

split, break off - PMP *tempak

split, break off - PWMP *hepak

split, break off - PMP *baqak₁

split, divide, break off - POC *topiq

split, divide, break off - PAN *Cebiq

split, divide, break off; section of a betel nut - PMP *tebiq

split, peel off - PWMP *hupak

sunrise, rising sun; to show off, be ostentatious, parade one’s talents, possessions, etc. - PPH *sikát

take off, remove (+ noun) - PAN *Su-

tear off, break off - PWMP *gisgis₂

tear or rip off - *-pas (root)

to bite something off, to chew something up; to mince - PMP *gatgat

to break off, cut off - PMP *putul

to break off, cut off, as a limb - PAN *putun₂

to break, chip off - POC *babak

to break, chip off - PMP *papak

to brush or shake off dust or dirt - PPH *i-pagpág

to carry off, kidnap, loot a place - PWMP *maR-taban

to carry off, kidnap, loot a place - PWMP *ma-naban

to chase away or shoo off small animals - PMP *sika

to chew off - PWMP *ŋatŋat

to chew or bite off - POC *kakat-i

to chew, chew off - POC *ŋau₁

to chirp, to crow, to sound off (birds) - PMP *h<um>uni

to chirp, to crow, to sound off (birds) - PAN *S<um>uni

to chop, hack, cut off - PAN *t<um>əktək

to cut across, cut off - PWMP *pi(n)tas

to cut off a piece - PCMP *lolan

to cut off small pieces; to chip off bit by bit - PWMP *ma-ñapsap

to cut off with one stroke - PPH *tiq(e)pas

to cut, cut off - POC *koti

to distance oneself, move far off - PPH *d<um>ayuq

to drive away, shoo off - PPH *tabuR₂

to flay, peel back or off, as bark or skin - PCEMP *sisi₃

to hack, chop off, trim with a bolo; pound, beat, knock on - PWMP *tabtab₁

to let food or hot water cool off - PPH *pa-bahaw-en

to open, peel off - PWMP *ruŋkab

to peel off - PWMP *lekup

to peel off skin, bark or leaves; excoriated, decorticated, defoliated - PWMP *laklak

to peel, skin off - PMP *kelas

to peel, strip off - PCEMP *isi₂

to pinch off - PPH *ketél

to pluck, as fruit; strip off leaves - PWMP *pulpul₁

to remove, take off - PPH *taŋtáŋ₂

to remove, take off or out - PPH *ekal

to scrape off - PWMP *kiskis-en

to scrape off - PWMP *kiskis-an

to scrape off, peel off - POC *karasi

to scratch, scrape off - PPH *kudkud-én

to seize property and run off with it; to elope with a single woman - PPH *taŋaR

to sever, cut off - PAN *keret

to shake off water droplets - PWMP *piRpiR₂

to shave, scrape off - PAN *kiskis

to show off - PPH *pa-sikat

to singe, burn off - PWMP *sadab

to skin peel off - *-NiC (root)

to slice off, cut a slice off - PPH *hírap

to snap, break off - PPH *putud

to snap, break off - PPH *lipuk

to snap, break off - PWMP *putut₁

to snap, break off - PWMP *putus₂

to snap, break off, as a twig - POC *kotos

to snap, break off, as a twig - PMP *getes

to sound off, cry out - PPH *tekuk₂

to spring back, bounce off - PWMP *latiŋ

to sprinkle, shake off water - PWMP *pispis₃

to wipe away, wipe off - PPH *nisnis-an

to wipe off or brush off; broom - PMP *sapu

to wipe, wipe off - PWMP *ma-maʔid

trim, cut off excess - PWMP *Ri(ŋ)kas

trim, cut the tips off - PWMP *tiptip

wall of a house; partition off - PMP *diŋdiŋ₁

wall; wall in, screen off - PCMP *dindiŋ₁

wash, rinse off - PWMP *mam-bañaw

wipe off - PWMP *pahid

wipe off, wipe out - PMP *punas

wiping off - PWMP *paqid

off-balance

lopsided, off-balance - PAN *biqiR

offended

(lit. 'sick/hurt liver') resentful, offended - PMP *X₄ + qatay

offense

error, mistake; fault, offense - PWMP *ka-salaq-an

offensive

offensive to decency, immodest - PPH *law(e)qay

offer

a toast (in drinking); to offer a toast - PPH *tágay

offer - *(noise)

proffer, offer - PWMP *e(n)zuk

to offer a drink, drink - PPH *i-tágay

offering

food offering - POC *qaso

make offering to spirits (?) - PMP *maŋ-qanitu

official

religious official - *(loan)

officinarum

sugarcane: Saccharum officinarum - PMP *tebuh₁

sugarcane: Saccharum officinarum - PAN *tebuS

sugarcane: Saccharum officinarum - PMP *tebuh₂

sugarcane: Saccharum officinarum - PAN *CebuS

offshoot

offshoot shoot of a plant - *(loan)

offspring

child, offspring - PEMP *natu

child, offspring; son, daughter; brother's child (man speaking), sister's child (woman speaking); young animal or plant; young; small (for its kind); dependent or component part of something larger; native, resident, inhabitant; interest on a loan - PMP *anak

child, offspring; son, daughter; interest on a loan - PAN *aNak

offspring child - *(noise)

of rice

badly cooked, of rice - *(loan)

of sleep

interrupted of sleep - *(near)

often

quick, fast, of speech or actions; often, frequently - PPH *darás

of time

pass slowly, of time - *(loan)

ogre

ogre - *(loan)

oh

exclamation: ah!, oh!, alas! - PWMP *abá

oil

apply oil or paint to the body - POC *pani₂

fat, oil; oily, tasty - PCMP *bura₁

grease, oil, fat - PMP *himaR

grease, oil, fat - PAN *SimaR

oil - *(noise)

oil, grease - POC *lumu₁

solid residue left after squeezing to remove coconut oil, etc. - PPH *lunek₂

the castor oil plant: Ricinis communis - PWMP *taŋan-taŋan

to stir-fry, cook in a frying pan without oil - PMP *saŋelaR

vegetable oil - PMP *laña

what is stir-fried or roasted in a pan without oil - PWMP *saŋelaR-en

oily

fat, oil; oily, tasty - PCMP *bura₁

oily, as the hair or skin - PWMP *lumek

oily, as the hair or skin - PMP *lumuk

ointment

fat, grease; ointment - PMP *miñak

fat, grease; ointment - PMP *meñak

salve, ointment - *(loan)

O.K.!

go ahead!, O.K.! - *(loan)

old

adulthood, maturity; old age - PWMP *ka-tuqah-an

be stretched out, of time; old (of past crops that are still not consumed) - PWMP *laun

old - PPH *baqak₂

old (of things), ancient times - POC *tuaRi

old woman; female, of animals - PPH *bakes₂

old, ancient - PAN *daqaN

old, ancient; formerly - PMP *daqan₂

old, elder, senior - PAN *ma-tuqaS tuqaS

old, former - PAN *lama₂

old, kept for a long time (as rice) - PWMP *ma-laun

old, of people - PAN *ma-tuqaS

old, of people - PWMP *laki₂

old, of people - PAN *Rudaŋ

old, of people; mature, as fruit - PMP *tuqah

old, of people; primary forest, old forest - PAN *tuqaS

old, of people; very, extremely; to die, dead (euphemism) - PMP *ma-tuqah

old, of things - PWMP *dana

old, of things; ancient times - PMP *dadan

old, of things; ancient times - PAN *dadaN

old, older person, elder; old stand forest - POC *matuqa

old, worn out - PPH *lúmaq

older

aunt, older woman - *(noise)

old, older person, elder; old stand forest - POC *matuqa

older people, elders - PMP *tuqah tuqah

older people, elders - PAN *tuqaS tuqaS

polite term of address to an older woman (?) - PPH *úyaŋ

term of address for older female relative - PPH *nana₂

term of reference for older female relative - PPH *dada₂

oleifera

the horseradish tree: Moringa oleifera - PPH *maruŋgay

oleraceus

a plant: Lactuca indica Linn., and Sonchus oleraceus Linn. - PAN-F *Samaq

omen

omen bird: Alcippe spp. - PAN-F *SiSiN

omen dove - PMP *muken

omen dove - PWMP *buken₂

owl sp., bird of bad omen - PWMP *bukaw

omission

absence, omission - PPH *laŋan

omit

step, stride; to omit or skip over - PMP *laŋkaq₁

on

at, on, in, to - POC *pa₂

on, onto, in, into - POC *o₁

preposition: at, on, in, to - PMP *ba₃

once

once - PPh *maka-esa

simultaneous, at once - PMP *lepes

straightaway, immediately; get done at once; continue on, lasting - PMP *tulus

to fall, of many things at once; to dislodge the contents of a container by knocking it against something - PAN *taktak₁

to gulp, swallow all at once - PMP *teguk

Oncosperma

a palm, probably Oncosperma sp. - PMP *qanibuŋ

one

able to satiate, able to satisfy one's appetite - PWMP *maka-besuR

at one time - PPH *minsan

balanced, as a person in walking, or two weights opposite one another - PWMP *timbaŋ

be bought from or for someone; what one has bought - PWMP *beli-an

be killed; one that is killed - PWMP *bunuq-en

blind in one eye - PWMP *picek

blind in one eye - PPh *bul(e)díŋ

block, obstruct; something which separates one area from another - PWMP *ataŋ₁

blow the nose by pinching off one nostril - PMP *eseŋ

captive, one taken alive in war; to spare, allow to live - PWMP *bihaR

carry in front of one; hold in the lap - PWMP *paŋku

catch one's breath - PWMP *ciŋap

companion, close relative, other one - PWMP *ka-ibah-an

companion, close relative, other one - PMP *ibah-an

companion, close relative, other one - PMP *ibah

companion, close relative, other one - PAN *ibaS

consider as one's child - PWMP *maka-anak

defend, protect one’s interests - PPH *agum-an

distributive; one-by-one, one at a time - PAN *isa isa

do one's utmost - *(loan)

dress up, be decked out in one’s finest clothing - PWMP *kena

drop off to sleep, fall asleep when one should stay awake - PWMP *ka-tuduR-en

finished, used up; all, every one - PWMP *qabis

finished, used up; all, every one - PWMP *qabiq

flat (of things that are expected to rounded), flat on one side - PWMP *sapaD

follow; drive animals before one - PWMP *maŋ-iriŋ

friend, partner; one of a pair; trading partner? - POC *soRa

go or do something slowly, take one’s time - PPH *ananay₂

gulp down food, gorge on one food to the exclusion of others - PWMP *lunlun

hang one's head - PMP *su(ŋ)kuk

harden one's feelings, become inured - PWMP *kalis

hop on one leg - PWMP *kiŋkiŋ₂

hop on one leg, limp - POC *tige

impose one’s will, force or compel someone to do something - PWMP *teRel

in layers, adjacent to one another - PMP *taq(e)pil

in one’s maidenhood - PWMP *d<um>aRa

in succession, one after the other - PWMP *suqud suqud

incline one's head to the side - PAN *qipiŋ

killer, one who kills - PMP *pa-bunuq

lie in stacks, one on top of the other - PWMP *apid₂

lie on one's side - PWMP *tumbiriŋ

line up one behind the other - PWMP *maR-aRak

location, place where one stays - PWMP *paR-ian-an

mother animal; leader; large one of a class - PWMP *indu-q

mother animal; leader; large one of a class - PWMP *indu-ŋ

mother animal; leader; large one of a class - PWMP *indu

new, fresh; recent(ly); youth, bachelor; beautiful, in one's prime - PMP *baqeRu

one - PWMP *isa-q

one - PAN *isa₁

one - PAN *esa

one - PAN *asa₁

one - *(noise)

one (clitic form of *esa) - PAN *sa₃

one (in counting) - POC *tasa

one (of humans) - PCEMP *asa₂

one (of humans) - PAN *a-esa

one (unit) - PMP *sa-buaq

one after the other, successive - PPH *sunúd-sunúd

one by one - PMP *esa esa

one hundred - PMP *sa-ŋa-Ratus

one hundred - PWMP *ma-Ratus

one joint or node (as of bamboo or sugarcane) - PWMP *sa-ŋa-buku

one month (in duration) - PWMP *sa-ŋa-bulan

one of the four principal rafters - PPh *paR(e)bu

one quarter; designation for a division of society, probably a lineage - PMP *suku

one side, one half - PWMP *pihak

one stem, one stalk - PMP *sa buliR

one to whom tribute is paid - PPh *buhis-an

one who gathers firewood (?) - PWMP *pa-ŋahiw

one who has died, dead person - POC *m<in>ate

one who is banished or cast out - PWMP *buaŋ-an

one who is led, one who is conducted - PWMP *in-aRak

one who lies next to another - PWMP *ka-hulij

overlapping, one on top of another - PPH *sak(e)níb

own, one’s own; self - PPH *kaniá

passageway, place where one has walked - PAN *zalan-an

past one’s prime, outdated, obsolete - PPH *laqús

place where one eats - PAN *ka-kaen-an

place where one eats; food - PAN *kaen-an

place where one rests the head: wooden headrest - PMP *qulun-an

place where one spends the night - PWMP *paR-beRŋi-an

place where one washes - PMP *hiñaw-an

place where one washes - PAN *Siñaw-an

pour from one vessel into another; translate, interpret - PWMP *salin

put off, delay, postpone, break one’s promise - PPH *liwag

round about, around, in one’s surroundings; go around - PMP *kuliliŋ

spy, scout, one who looks for possible danger ahead - PMP *mata-mata

stamp, put one's foot down - PWMP *qantak

step on, place one's foot on - PMP *re(n)zak

sticky, adhesive; stuck in one’s memory - PWMP *leket

strike one another (as fighting cocks) - PWMP *bazaw

sunrise, rising sun; to show off, be ostentatious, parade one’s talents, possessions, etc. - PPH *sikát

take one's time - PWMP *lantaŋ

tear apart something that one has made; undo - PPh *waswás₂

that with which one binds something - PPh *i-bejbej

the one who is behind (?) - PWMP *udehi-an

the remaining one - PAN *isa-ŋa

thwart, crosspiece, as one used to restrain person; lie athwart or across - PWMP *balagbag

to bind, tie tightly, probably of tying one thing which is moveable to another which is fixed - PPH *kedked

to catch, receive something thrown or sent one’s way - PWMP *sambut₂

to confront one another, as in a dispute - PPH *saŋsáŋ

to crave, as food one wants to eat - PPH *sab(e)lék

to cut off with one stroke - PPH *tiq(e)pas

to have one thing on top of another - PWMP *tumpaŋ₁

to keep on doing something, continue in one’s ways - PPH *útas

to meet or greet someone who is arriving, or who one encounters by surprise - PPH *sabat-en

to pass one another in coming from opposite directions - PWMP *sulaŋ

to pass one another while going in different directions - PPH *sub(e)líq

to pick at one’s food, show little interest in eating - PPH *kimkím

to place in contact with one another, come in contact, space closely - PPH *dápat₁

to place in contact with one another, come in contact, space closely - PMP *dapet

to squat, sit on one’s heels - POC *tiko

to take in one’s hand; handful - PMP *kaut

to take in one’s hand; handful - PAN *kahut

to take one piece of fruit from a bunch - PPH *siŋiq

to unite, combine in one - PAN *paR-isa-an

turn one’s head to the side to look back - PPH *liŋiq

walk single-file; be positioned one behind the other - PWMP *aRak-aRak

walk single-file; be positioned one behind the other - PWMP *maŋ-aRak

walk single-file; be positioned one behind the other - PMP *aRak

was chosen; what was chosen, one’s preference - PWMP *na-piliq

was killed; the one that was killed - PWMP *b<in>unuq

well-equipped, having what one needs to do live or do a job - PPH *saŋkap

one-by-one

distributive; one-by-one, one at a time - PAN *isa isa

one-fourth

one-fourth - PWMP *paR-epat

oneself

broil; warm oneself or something near a fire - PAN *daŋdaŋ₁

clean oneself by scrubbing - PEMP *isug

clean oneself by scrubbing - PMP *hisuq

cover something to protect it or oneself - PPH *salúkub

defend oneself, parry a blow - PWMP *taŋgul

dive; immerse oneself - PWMP *salem

draw toward oneself; annex, make subject - PWMP *kabiR

hide oneself - PWMP *tapuk₃

hold tightly, clutch to oneself - PPH *sak(e)lut-en

hold tightly, clutch to oneself - PPH *sak(e)lút

keep something to oneself; silent, secret - PWMP *hidem

keep to oneself - PPh *enep

keep to oneself; be different; alone - PCEMP *kese

pull inward or towards oneself - PWMP *paqud

refresh oneself, go out for some fresh air - POC *paka-aŋin-aŋin

repeat oneself monotonously - PWMP *quman-quman

repeat oneself monotonously - PAN *quman

self, oneself - *(loan)

sink, immerse oneself in water, dive into the water; to set, of the sun - PAN *selem₁

to appropriate for oneself - PPH *águm

to appropriate to oneself illegally - PPH *kamkam-en

to distance oneself, move far off - PPH *d<um>ayuq

to pull something toward oneself - PPH *enat-en

to pull something toward oneself - PPH *enat

to wave the hand, as in beckoning someone or in fanning oneself - PPH *paypáy

to wave the hand, to fan oneself - PWMP *kiap

warm oneself or something near a fire; heat or dry near a fire - PMP *daŋdaŋ₁

onion

onion - *(loan)

Oniscus

sowbug, woodlouse: terrestrial isopod of the genus Oniscus - PWMP *babuy babuy

only

just, merely, only, usual - PPH *sená

only - POC *pua₁

only child; alone, by onself; go it alone - PPH *buR(e)túŋ

only, alone - PMP *ma-isa

only, just - PCEMP *bua₂

only, just, but - PPH *lámaŋ

only, just, merely - PPH *laŋ

onom

onom. for dull sound - PWMP *desuR

onomatopoetic

onomatopoetic for dull sound - PWMP *bek

onomatopoetic for sound of fluttering, flying - PMP *ber

onself

only child; alone, by onself; go it alone - PPH *buR(e)túŋ

onto

hold onto, cling to - PPH *kapét

on, onto, in, into - POC *o₁

step onto - *(noise)

to hook, catch onto something - PWMP *s<um>abit

onward

away, outward, forward, onward; towards the hearer - PMP *wa-tu

away, outward, forward, onward; towards the hearer - PMP *a-tu

ooze

drip, ooze - PMP *titis

drip, ooze through - PMP *tiRis

to suppurate, ooze pus - PWMP *maR-nanaq

oozing

body fluid from a corpse; fluid oozing from a wound - PWMP *saRu₂

fluid oozing from a wound, infected sore, or corpse - PWMP *sagu₂

open

be open, as the mouth - PMP *kaŋa

be pried open - PPH *tiŋkab-én

be propped open - PWMP *tukaŋ-an

break open - PWMP *beta₁

break open, force open - PWMP *tu(ŋ)kab

burst open, as an overfilled sack - PMP *betus

burst open, split open - POC *poŋkaR

burst, split open - PMP *betaq₂

crack, split open - PWMP *reŋat

crack, split open (as dry ground) - PAN *betak

crack, split open (as the stomach of a fish) - PMP *belak

cut or tear open stitches - PWMP *t<um>astas

for force something open or out of its position - PPH *tu(ŋ)kab-án

force open - PMP *re(ŋ)kaq

force open - PWMP *pilak₁

gap, open space - POC *jiwaŋ

gap, open space, breach - PPH *giwaŋ

gap, open space; groove - PMP *siwaŋ

gape, be open - POC *paŋa₃

gape, open the mouth - PMP *ciŋaŋ

gape, open the mouth wide - POC *paŋaŋap

gape, open the mouth wide - PMP *qaŋap

gape, open the mouth wide - PMP *qaŋab

gape, open the mouth wide - *-ŋa (root)

gape, open the mouth wide - *-ŋa(q) (root)

gape, open the mouth wide - *-ŋaq (root)

gape, open the mouth wide; be dazzled, amazed - PMP *beŋaŋ₂

gape, open wide - PMP *laŋaq₁

gape, open, of the mouth - *-ŋab (root)

gasp, open the mouth to breathe - PWMP *egap

in pieces, break open - *-ceq (root)

loosen, open - PMP *qukaq

loosen, open - PAN *hukaq

open - POC *rokaq

open - PMP *u(ŋ)kaq

open - PWMP *tukas

open - PMP *rakaq

open - *(noise)

open forcibly - *-kaq₁ (root)

open forcibly, force apart (as the eyelids with the fingers) - PMP *bikaq₁

open space - PWMP *liwaŋ

open space - PWMP *banawaŋ

open space, empty of obstruction - PWMP *tawaŋ

open space, expanse of land or water - PWMP *bawaŋ₁

open the eyes - PMP *kulat₁

open the eyes wide - PMP *kilat₂

open the eyes wide - POC *pilat₁

open the eyes wide - PMP *bilat₁

open the eyes wide - *-lat₁ (root)

open the eyes wide, stare with round eyes - PWMP *maŋ-bulat

open the eyes wide, stare with round eyes - POC *bulat₂

open the eyes wide, stare with round eyes - PMP *bulat₁

open the legs wide - PWMP *siŋkat

open the mouth - PAN *ŋaŋa₂

open the mouth - PMP *beŋa₁

open the mouth - PMP *beŋaq

open the mouth - PWMP *baŋaq₁

open the mouth wide - PMP *uŋap

open the mouth wide - PMP *Raŋa₁

open the mouth wide - PPh *buŋáŋaq

open the mouth wide - PMP *aŋaq

open the mouth wide, gape - PWMP *taŋaŋaq

open the mouth wide, gape; gaping; opening of a bubu fish trap, basket, etc. - PMP *ŋaŋa₂

open the mouth, gape - PWMP *ŋaqŋaq₁

open wide - PWMP *tiŋaqŋaq

open wide - *(noise)

open, of the eyes - PMP *bidak

open, of the mouth; gaping - *-ŋap (root)

open, spacious - PMP *beŋaŋ₃

open, spacious - PPH *antad

open, uncover - PMP *siŋkab

open, uncover - PAN *lekab

open, uncover - PWMP *hu(ŋ)kab

open, uncover - PWMP *e(ŋ)kab

open, uncover - *-kab (root)

open, undress, remove, release - PMP *lekas₁

open, untie - PWMP *bukaq

outside, wide open spaces; loose - PMP *luqaR

pry open - PMP *qu(ŋ)kaq

rip or tear open - PMP *tetas

slap, hit with open hand - PMP *tampek

slit open - PPh *wíqwiq

split open - PWMP *sibak

split open - PPh *busiqsiq

split open, burst under pressure - PMP *besiq

split, crack open - PMP *beka

split, crack open - PMP *bekaq

split, rip open - PPh *busiq

split, tear open - PWMP *berit₂

split, tear open - PAN *beriq

spread open, as the legs - PWMP *u(ŋ)kaŋ

spread out, unroll (mats, etc.), open out, unfold (as the hand); wide - PMP *bekelaj

spread wide open - PPH *tákaŋ

stand open - *(noise)

stretch open or apart - PMP *pekaŋ

stretch open, dilate - PPh *biŋát

take apart, dismantle; break open - PMP *buŋkaR

tear, rip open (as cloth or stitches), snap (as string) - PMP *be(R)tas

tear, rip open, cut open - POC *potas

to open - PAN *taŋa₂

to open - PWMP *maŋ-hukab

to open - PWMP *buŋkal

to open - PWMP *maŋ-buka

to open the mouth - PPH *gaŋa

to open, as a fist; to blossom, of flowers; break up, dismantle, demolish - PWMP *bekaj

to open, as a fist; to blossom, of flowers; split open, break up, dismantle, demolish - PMP *be(ŋ)kaR

to open, as a flower - PPh *bes(e)káj

to open, as a flower - PPh *bes(e)kág

to open, break open - PMP *su(ŋ)kab

to open, peel off - PWMP *ruŋkab

to open, uncover - PWMP *likab

to open, uncover - PWMP *iŋkab

to open, uncover - PMP *bu(ŋ)kas

to open, uncover - PWMP *maŋ-bukaʔ

to open, uncover - PWMP *bukaʔ

to open, uncover - POC *puke

to open, uncover, expose - PMP *buka

to pant, as a dog with open mouth - PPH *halhál

to pry open - PPH *tiŋkáb

to pry open slightly - POC *makaka

to split open - PPH *buqak

to split open - PMP *siraq₁

to split open - PMP *le(ŋ)kaq

uncultivated field, open grassland; field covered with sword grass (Imperata cylindrica) - PWMP *padaŋ

unfold, open up, blossom - PPh *buk(e)lad

wide open - PMP *labak

wide open - PWMP *daŋaq

wide open - POC *paŋa₂

wide open - PMP *baŋa₂

wide open - *(near)

wide open (mouth) - PWMP *eŋaq

wide open space - PPH *luaŋ₂

wide open space - PPh *waŋáwaŋ

wide open spaces - PWMP *sawaŋ₂

wide open, of the eyes - PMP *hilat

wide, broad, open (of land) - PWMP *layaŋ₂

will open? - PAN *ma-taŋa

open-air

open-air; outdoors - PAN *CaSaw

opened

be opened - PWMP *hukab-en

be opened - PWMP *buka-en

opened, having a gap or opening - PPh *ma-siwáŋ

open-eyed

open-eyed (?) - PMP *m<in>ata

open-eyed (?) - PAN *m<in>aCa

opening

circular opening - PWMP *lauR

crammed, forced into an opening, stuff full - PWMP *pelpel

door opening - *(noise)

flow through a small opening, of rushing water - PPh *bug(e)ris

gate, opening - PWMP *gawaŋ

hole, opening, vagina - POC *buta

mouth, opening; speak, say - PMP *baqbaq

narrow opening or passage between two things - PWMP *selat

open the mouth wide, gape; gaping; opening of a bubu fish trap, basket, etc. - PMP *ŋaŋa₂

opened, having a gap or opening - PPh *ma-siwáŋ

opening - *(noise)

opening, gap - PPH *tiwaŋwáŋ

put something into or through an opening - PPH *súbuq

split, torn; opening or water passage between two capes of land - PMP *beŋat₁

open wide

dilate, open wide - *(near)

openwork

kind of large openwork basket - PPH *kaqiŋ

large open-work basket - PPh *balúlaŋ

operculum

eye, face, focal point, center or most prominent part; hole, aperture; doorway, window; budding part of plant; ‘eye’ of coconut; knot in wood; sun; core of a boil; blade of a knife; to awaken; operculum of a snail; mesh of a net; eye of a needle; noose of a trap; hearth; direction of the wind; head of a river; spring, source; lid, cover - PMP *mata

opinion

thinking, thoughts; opinion - PPh *ísip

thought, opinions - PPh *ka-ísip-an

visual assessment of something, as in taking aim, making a straight line, or forming an opinion - PWMP *sipat

opium

opium - *(loan)

opponents

pit two opponents against each other; cockfight - PWMP *sabuŋ₁

opportunity

take advantage of a situation or opportunity, exploit an advantage - PPH *sambut₁

to waste an opportunity - PPH *sayáŋ-en

oppose

answer, oppose, opposite side or part; partner, friend, enemy - POC *bali₇

argue with, oppose someone - PWMP *bantaq

dual division, moiety == cluster (a) answer, oppose, opposite side or part; partner, friend, enemy - PMP *baliw₁

go against the current, oppose, go in the opposite direction - PPH *sudsud₃

oppose, attack - PWMP *suleŋ

oppose, contradict - *(near)

oppose, dispute with - PWMP *cakaq

oppose, go against someone - PMP *laban-an

oppose, go against someone - PMP *laban₂

to block passage, oppose movement; come to a temporary stop - PPH *saR(e)ked

to oppose, go against - PPH *sudsud-en

opposed

path, made by a human as opposed to an animal; way or means to do something - PAN *zalan

path, made by a human as opposed to an animal; way or means to do something; wake of a boat; the Milky Way - PMP *zalan

opposite

answer, oppose, opposite side or part; partner, friend, enemy - POC *bali₇

balanced, as a person in walking, or two weights opposite one another - PWMP *timbaŋ

dual division, moiety == cluster (a) answer, oppose, opposite side or part; partner, friend, enemy - PMP *baliw₁

free side of canoe, opposite the outrigger - POC *katae

go against the current, oppose, go in the opposite direction - PPH *sudsud₃

on the opposite side - PPH *di-baliw

on the opposite side (esp. of a river) - PWMP *di hipaR

opposite side (esp. of a river) - PMP *hipaR₂

opposite side (esp. of a river) - PAN *SipaR

side of canoe opposite the outrigger - POC *qatai

to pass one another in coming from opposite directions - PWMP *sulaŋ

oppositifolia

a tree: Ochrosia oppositifolia - POC *paoq (ʔ)

a tree: Ochrosia oppositifolia - PMP *pauq

oppress

to force upon, oppress - PPH *luges

oppressed

feel oppressed - PWMP *siqir

oppression

injustice, oppression - *(loan)

or

marker of indefiniteness: if, perhaps, hopefully; or; any - POC *baraŋ₂

marker of indefiniteness: if, perhaps, hopefully; or; any - PMP *baraŋ₁

oral

a fungal disease of the oral tract: thrush - PMP *guham

a fungal disease of the oral tract: thrush - PAN *guSam

orange

Bitter orange Seville orange: Citrus aurantium - *(loan)

kind of citrus fruit, Philippine orange - PPH *kutay

orangutan: Simia satyrus

orangutan: Simia satyrus - *(loan)

orchard

garden, orchard - PWMP *parelak

orchid sp.

orchid sp. - *(loan)

order

arrange, put in order - *(loan)

fifth in order - PWMP *kuma-lima

flatten; press down in order to squeeze in - PWMP *petpet₁

for the purpose of; in order to - POC *puat₃

hit, beat with hand or club in order to kill - PPH *palpál₁

insect of the order Isoptera: termite, white ant - POC *ane

insect of the order Isoptera: termite, white ant - PAN *aNay

mate, companion, fellow; together with; alike, the same as; aligned or in good order - PWMP *sama

mend, repair, set in order - POC *tupak

order, request - PPh *hi-bilín

order, request, command; message; something left for another - PWMP *bilin

pave with stones; pile or stack up, arrange, order, put in sequence - PMP *qatuR₁

set in order - *(noise)

stack up; in a row, lined up; to order, arrange - PCEMP *qatuR₂

surrround in order to confine or protect - PWMP *kuŋkuŋ₄

to obey, follow orders - PWMP *ma-nuRut

to order; leave a message - PPh *maR-bilín

orderly

orderly rule-governed - *(noise)

pave with stones; pile up, arrange, put in an orderly fashion - PWMP *qatuR-an

pile up, arrange, put in an orderly fashion - PWMP *maŋ-qatuR

ordinal

prefix for ordinal numbers - PAN *Sika-

prefix for ordinal numerals - POC *ka-

prefix for ordinal numerals - PMP *ika-

ore

gold ore - PPH *balitúk

orellana

a plant: Bixa orellana - PWMP *galugaʔ

organ

an internal organ, probably spleen or pancreas - PAN *paliq₁

internal organ, pancreas (?) - PPH *dilas

organic

stench of spoiled or souring organic matter - PAN *qaŋeRu

orgy

sexual indulgence, orgy - PPH *urag

Oriental

kind of water bird, the Oriental darter: Anhinga melanogaster - PPH *kasíli

orientalis

a tree: Trema orientalis - PMP *deRuŋ₂

origin

base of a tree; beginning; origin - POC *puna₁

base of a tree; cause; source, origin; beginning; foot of a hill or mountain; first wife; model or example (to be copied); expression for the mother’s brother - PMP *puqun

origin, cause, provided that - *(loan)

originate; related by common origin; be born - POC *pusa₁

prefix indicating place of origin (for ethnic groups) - PPH *taga-

source, origin - PMP *puna₂

source, origin - PMP *punaŋ

source, origin - *(loan)

originate

originate from, come from - PMP *hi-

originate from, come from - PAN *Si-₂

originate; related by common origin; be born - POC *pusa₁

Orion

spring back suddenly; spring-set spear trap; the constellation Orion - PWMP *bala(n)tik

ornament

ear ornament - PWMP *sumpiŋ₂

ornamental

ornamental shrub used for hedges Graptophyllum pictum - PWMP *qatay qatay₂

orphan

orphan - PWMP *ulila

orphan; orphaned - PWMP *ilu

orphaned

orphan; orphaned - PWMP *ilu

orthopterus

orthopterus insect: cicada or grasshopper - POC *sisi(rR)

Orthotomus

a bird and its call, probably the tailor bird: Orthotomus atrogularis - PPH *tiwtiw

oscillate

swing, oscillate - PWMP *tayug

to swing, oscillate - PWMP *ayun

ostentatious

sunrise, rising sun; to show off, be ostentatious, parade one’s talents, possessions, etc. - PPH *sikát

other

another, other; different, distinct - PPH *iba

be affected by itching, be infected with scabies or other itchy skin disorders - PWMP *gatel-en

boiled foods other than rice - PMP *t<in>anek

boiled foods other than rice? - PAN *t<in>aNek

companion, close relative, other one - PWMP *ka-ibah-an

companion, close relative, other one - PMP *ibah-an

companion, close relative, other one - PMP *ibah

companion, close relative, other one - PAN *ibaS

contend with others, compete for something - PPH *sikil

do something together with others - PAN *sabay₁

do something together with others - PWMP *sa(m)bay

except, other than; another, different - PPH *sabáliq

fire saw; tie a tool around the hand or some other fixture - PPH *kulili

for fish to prey on other fish - PPH *hárab₁

ford a river, cross to the other side (of a river, street, etc.) - PPH *dákit

gulp down food, gorge on one food to the exclusion of others - PWMP *lunlun

in succession, one after the other - PWMP *suqud suqud

lie in stacks, one on top of the other - PWMP *apid₂

line up one behind the other - PWMP *maR-aRak

murky, as water or other liquid - PPH *parek

negator of nominals; other, different - PWMP *beken

one after the other, successive - PPH *sunúd-sunúd

other, to change - *(noise)

pit two opponents against each other; cockfight - PWMP *sabuŋ₁

someone; other people; be different - PAN *duma

sticks or other markers used as aids in calculation - PWMP *bilaŋ-bilaŋ

summon others to join an activity - PWMP *azak

to eat together, join others in eating - PPH *maki-kaen

to hear, listen; obey; hear about; news; fame, famous; to feel, perceive through any sense other than sight - PMP *deŋeR

to hear; what is heard, news; to perceive by any sense other than sight - POC *roŋoR

to hurt or injure others - PWMP *ma-ñakit

to pass, cross over to the other side; to be past, of time for an action - PWMP *lapas

to rest, take a break from work or other activity - PAN-F *Ceked

veining pattern on wood or other material - PWMP *kuray

walk single-file; be positioned one behind the other - PWMP *aRak-aRak

walk single-file; be positioned one behind the other - PWMP *maŋ-aRak

walk single-file; be positioned one behind the other - PMP *aRak

otter

otter - *(near)

river otter - PAN-F *Sanaq

ouch

exclamation of pain; ouch! - PPH *ananay₁

ought

should, ought to - PPH *dapat₄

our

1p plural absolute possessive pronoun: ours (incl.) - PMP *aten

1p plural absolute possessive pronoun: ours (incl.) - PAN *iten

1pl. excl. genitive, our - PAN *n-ami

1pl. excl. genitive, our - PMP *m-ami

1pl. incl. possessive pronoun: our - PAN *ata

1pl. incl. subject prefix and possessive suffix; we (incl.); our (incl.) - POC *da₂

1st pers. incl. genitive; our - PAN *n-ita

ours - PPH *n-aten

out

avoid someone out of fear - PWMP *ketiR

bail out a canoe - PMP *limas

bail out water - PWMP *maŋa-limas

bail out water - POC *qasu

be pointed at, be pointed out - PAN *tuzuq-en

be pulled out, be plucked; what is pulled or plucked out - PPh *butbut-en

be spread out; what is spread out - PWMP *bekelaj-en

be stretched out, of time; old (of past crops that are still not consumed) - PWMP *laun

be stretched, be straightened out - PPh *uñat-en

bear down, press out, as in defecation or childbirth - PMP *maŋ-qezen

bearing down, pressing out, as in defecation or childbirth - PMP *qezen

beat out, thresh - PAN *paspas₁

blow out, force out - PMP *leput

break out in boils - PPh *apúy

burst out - *(noise)

casting net; spread out, as a casting net - PWMP *Rambaŋ

close the eyes; go out, of a light - PWMP *qezep

come out, take out - PCMP *lesu₂

crooked, out of alignment - PWMP *biqaŋ₂

crush between weights; press out - PPH *gimpis

crushed or squeezed out of shape - PWMP *lu(q)luq

cry out, as in pain or fear - PMP *beŋit

cry out, bellow, moan - PPH *ŋalŋál

cry out, clamor - PWMP *Riaw

cry out, shout - PMP *iak

cry out, shout - PMP *iag

decant, pour liquid out for drinking - PPH *tíqiŋ

dig a hole, hollow something out - PPH *kabkáb

distribute, deal out - PPh *wáras

dress up, be decked out in one’s finest clothing - PWMP *kena

dried out - POC *(bp)ala₁

drip or drain out - PMP *huhuq

drip or drain out - PAN *SuSuq

drip or drain out - PMP *huqhuq

drip or drain out - PAN *SuqSuq

drip or pour out - POC *pupus-a

dry out, become dry - PMP *asat

dug out, excavated - *(noise)

empty out - PWMP *Ruaq

expression of warning: watch out! - PWMP *hatay

fall out - *(noise)

fly out, splash, spatter - *-cik (root)

food laid out for a feast - PPH *das(e)qaR

for force something open or out of its position - PPH *tu(ŋ)kab-án

germinate, burst out - *(noise)

give off smoke continuously, pour out smoke - PMP *qasu qasu

go out for some fresh air - PMP *pa(ka)-haŋin-haŋin

howl, cry out in pain - PWMP *qeraŋ

last burning bit; to snuff out a spark - PMP *latu

leak out, of air - PWMP *hius

leak, pour out; loose or crumbling; crumble and fall - POC *pupus

leak, spill through, stream out from a hole in a container - PMP *busbus

lower or let down, as on a rope; pay out fishline; launch a boat - PMP *huluR

lower something, pay out rope - PWMP *maŋ-huluR

manner in which an action is carried out - PWMP *ka-₆

mercy killing; put someone out of their misery - PWMP *hunus

old, worn out - PPH *lúmaq

one who is banished or cast out - PWMP *buaŋ-an

out of breath - PMP *heŋak

out of breath, gasping - POC *aŋak

out of breath, gasping - PWMP *haŋak

pant, be out of breath - *(noise)

pay out a rope - PWMP *lu(m)baR

pick out with the fingers - PCMP *kisi

picking of fruit; falling out of teeth - PPH *tipuq

pluck out - PWMP *Ranebut

pluck out - PWMP *ranebut

pluck, pull out - PMP *gutgut₂

pluck, pull out - PMP *ubut

pluck, pull out - PWMP *zutzut

pluck, pull out - POC *rurut

pluck, pull out - PAN *ubuC

pluck, pull out - PMP *Radut

pluck, pull out - PAN *guCguC₁

pluck, pull out - PMP *dutdut

point at, point out - PMP *tuzuk

point out directions - *(noise)

pour out, of liquids - PWMP *buhus

pour, pour out, as water or grain from a container - PMP *buqbuq

pull out something rooted in soft matter, as flesh - PWMP *raq(e)but

pull out with force - PMP *cabut

pull out, extract - PWMP *Rebut

pull out, extract - PMP *benut₂

pull out, extract - PAN *beNuC

pull out, uproot - POC *iput₂

pull out, uproot - PMP *ibut₁

pull out, uproot (as plants); pluck (as hair or feathers) - POC *puput-i

pull out, uproot, pluck - PMP *butbut-i

pull up, as out of a pit or out of water - PMP *bantun

pull up, pull out, as grass or a tooth - PPH *ganút-en

pull up, pull out, as grass or a tooth - PPH *gánut

pulling out, uprooting - PPH *búnut

punctured, perforated so that the contents spill out - PWMP *busbus-en

put out to sea, embark on a voyage - POC *toka₃

refresh oneself, go out for some fresh air - POC *paka-aŋin-aŋin

run out, come to an end, of supplies; be poor - PMP *kabus₁

scrape out, as meat from a coconut - PWMP *suqsuq

send out new growth, of vegetation - POC *tupul

set fire to, smoke out - PMP *sunuR

sever, cut through, rip out stitches - PAN *tastas

shake out - *(noise)

slip out or away - PWMP *pulesit

smoke out bees - PWMP *puhaR

spatter, fly out in all directions - PMP *becik

spill out - *(noise)

spit out (food, substances alien to the body), to spew - PMP *luaq

spit something out, vomit something - POC *lua-ki

spit, spit out - PAN *lupaS

spread out - *(noise)

spread out in the sun to dry - PMP *bilaj

spread out on ground - PPH *latag

spread out to dry in the sun - PWMP *belaj

spread out, as a net or clothes on the ground to dry - PPH *ladlád

spread out, unfurl - PPh *bik(e)laj

spread out, unfurl - PMP *barbar

spread out, unroll (mats, etc.), open out, unfold (as the hand); wide - PMP *bekelaj

spread out, unroll (mats, etc.); wide - PEMP *bolaj

spurt or gush out - PMP *puRcit

spurt out - PMP *pucut₁

squeeze or squirt out - PWMP *lucut

squeeze out - POC *popos

squeeze out - PMP *picit

squeeze out juice, extract liquid by squeezing - POC *poRos

squeeze out juice, extract liquid by squeezing - PAN *peRes

squeeze out juice, wring out water - PPH *piRaq₁

squeeze out juice, wring out water - PAN *peReq

squeeze out juice; squirt out - PAN-F *peSiq

squeeze out, slip out - PWMP *lecut

squeeze out, squirt out - PWMP *lesit

squeeze out, squirt out - PMP *lecit

squeeze out; massage - PMP *pespes

squeeze, squirt out - POC *posit₂

squeeze, squirt out - PMP *pe(R)cit

squeeze, squirt out - POC *posit₁

squeeze, squirt out - PMP *becit

squirt out - *-cit (root)

squirt, squeeze or slip out - *-cut (root)

sticking out or turned forward, of ears - PWMP *kupiŋ

straighten out, of a limb, etc. - PMP *keteŋ

stretch out - POC *sau₁

stretch out - *(noise)

swollen, filled out - PMP *kembuŋ

take out - *(noise)

thing pointed out, shown, or taught - PWMP *ka-tuzuq-an

throw out (of a container or enclosure) - PWMP *la(m)bug₁

thrust out, extend forward - PMP *qunzur

thrust out; extend - *-zur (root)

to bail out completely - PWMP *limas-an

to be bailed out, of water - PWMP *limas-en

to be laid out after death, prepared for interment - PPH *burul

to burn or set a fire under to smoke out - PPH *sunúg-en

to choose, select, pick out - PAN *p<um>iliq

to choose, select, pick out - PWMP *maR-piliq

to choose, select, pick out - PWMP *ma-miliq

to choose, to select; to pick out - PAN *piliq

to complete, make full, round out - PWMP *pa-genep

to cut out, as a pattern - PWMP *tabas₂

to distribute, pass out shares (as of food) - PPH *bunuŋ

to distribute, pass out shares of food - PPH *tagtág

to distribute, spead out evenly - PPH *wadwad

to divide into shares, give out portions - PPH *hátaR

to divide, share out - POC *tupa₃

to divide, share out (as an inheritance?) - POC *pari₂

to draw out; to pickpocket someone - PPH *dúkut

to flow, stream, move out rapidly - POC *rere₂

to gouge or pry out - PWMP *lugit

to leaf out, sprout leaves - PWMP *maR-dahun

to pant, be out of breath - PAN *ŋesŋes

to pay out a rope - PWMP *lumbaR

to pluck, pull out - PAN *putput₁

to pluck, pull out, uproot - PWMP *maŋ-butbut

to point at, point out, lecture or instruct, give advice - PAN *t<um>uzuq

to point at, point out, show by pointing - PWMP *ma-nuzuq

to point at, point out; give directions - POC *tusuq

to point at, point out; give directions - PAN *tuzuq₁

to point out - PAN *tudiŋ

to point out, give directions (?) - PAN *pa-tuzuq

to point out, instruct - PMP *tuzuq₂

to point out, show, teach - POC *akot

to point, indicate; to point out, instruct - PPh *tulduq

to pour out (possibly only solids) - PPH *bukbuk₄

to pour out contents (of solids?) - PPH *i-bukbuk

to pour out, tilt to pour - PWMP *tuaŋ₁

to pull by the hair; to pull out hair - PPH *sabunut

to pull on or out with the fingers - PPH *húRut

to pull out - PPH *bag(e)qut-en

to pull out - PPH *bag(e)qut

to pull out or up - PPH *gábut

to pull out, as hair - PPH *bagut-en

to pull out, as hair - PPH *bagut

to pull out, uproot - PPH *bunút-en

to pull out, uproot - POC *saput

to remove, take off or out - PPH *ekal

to rip out stitches - PWMP *ma-nastas

to run out of supplies, lack something needed - PPH *kapus

to scrape or scrub out, remove by scraping - PPh *kuskus-an₂

to scrape out - PWMP *kuskus₂

to set out a lavish meal - PPH *lámak

to sip or suck in or out - PWMP *ma-ñepsep

to slip through or out, get away - PPH *pus(e)lít

to sound off, cry out - PPH *tekuk₂

to spill out, pour out - PWMP *tumpaq

to spill, pour out - PPH *tik(e)buq

to spit out chewed betel quid - PPH *sapaq-en

to spread out - PWMP *maŋ-bekelaj

to squeal, cry out, as a pig - POC *ŋek₂

to squeeze out juice, wring out water - PWMP *ma-meRes

to squeeze out juice, wring out water - PWMP *ma-meReq

to stand; straighten out - PMP *kezeŋ

to stand; stretch out, as the body - PMP *kedeŋ

to start out, begin - PPH *lapu₃

to stick out the tongue - PPH *dilam

to stick out the tongue - PWMP *zilat

to stretch, straighten out - PPh *uñat

to stretch, straighten out - PPh *huñat

to suck up, suck out - PMP *mismis₂

to tear out - PMP *rebut

to undo stitches, pull out tying material - PPH *tastas-en

to wail, cry out in grief - PWMP *ŋulŋul₂

to weed, pluck, pull out - *-buC (root)

to wring out, as water from wet clothes - PAN-F *pedel

to wring, squeeze out by twisting or wringing - PMP *lesles₂

twist together rope out of three strands - PWMP *ma-nelu

twitter, call out (bird) - PWMP *ciak

unfold, spread out - PWMP *bitaD

unroll a mat, spread out a mat - PMP *hampaR

unroll a mat, spread out a mat - PAN *SapaR

unroll, spread out a mat - PAN *S<um>apaR

uproot, pluck, pull out - *-dut (root)

uproot, pull out by the roots - POC *Raput

uproot, pull out by the roots - PMP *Rabut

uproot, pull out by the roots - PAN *RabuC

wake up, get out of bed - PAN *baŋuN

was pointed out (?) - PWMP *t<in>uzuq

was spread out - PWMP *b<in>ekelaj

wear out through overuse, as fabric or a rope - PPH *rúnut

wipe off, wipe out - PMP *punas

withdraw, pull out, extract - POC *unus-i

withdraw, pull out, extract - POC *unus

withdraw, pull out, extract - PMP *hunus

withdraw, pull out, extract - PAN *SuNus

worn out - *(noise)

worn out by overuse; broken; blunt - PPH *pudpud

worn out, decaying - POC *Rapuk

worn out, worn down, as by overuse - PPH *ma-pudpud

wring, squeeze out (trans.) - POC *lolos-i

outdated

past one’s prime, outdated, obsolete - PPH *laqús

outdoors

open-air; outdoors - PAN *CaSaw

outdoors, outside - PMP *tahaw

outer

outer corner of the eye - PMP *ikuR ni mata

outer layer of abaca plant - PPH *lupis₂

the hard outer wood of a palm trunk, used in making bows - PPH *báhiq

outpouring

outpouring of light - PMP *sila₁

outpouring of light - PMP *sirak₁

outpouring of light - PMP *silaq

outrigger

(small) outrigger canoe or canoe hull - POC *katiR

canoe hull, small outrigger canoe - PMP *katiR

cross-stick for outrigger - *(loan)

free side of canoe, opposite the outrigger - POC *katae

outrigger boom - POC *kayajo

outrigger boom - POC *kiajo

outrigger canoe with dugout hull - PEMP *waŋka

outrigger canoe with dugout hull; passengers in a canoe - POC *waga

outrigger float - POC *saman

outrigger float - PMP *saRman

side of canoe opposite the outrigger - POC *qatai

sticks that connect the float to the booms of an outrigger canoe - PEMP *patoto

type of boat, possibly dugout with outrigger - PWMP *bilug

outside

above; outside - POC *papo₁

after, behind; the outside of an object; stern of a canoe - POC *muri

last, come after or behind; late, later; future; stern of a boat; youngest child; west; young; outside - PCEMP *m-udi

outdoors, outside - PMP *tahaw

outside - PPH *líwan

outside - PWMP *luqaq

outside - PMP *luqar

outside - PAN *NataD

outside, wide open spaces; loose - PMP *luqaR

outside; outside area; spacious, roomy - PMP *luas₁

space outside the village - POC *natar

outsiders

outsiders, alien people - PMP *qulun₁

outsiders, alien people - PMP *qaRta

outskirts

outskirts, edge of settlement - PPh *hilít

outstretched

to span with outstretched arms, measure in fathoms - PWMP *d<um>epa

outward

away, outward, forward, onward; towards the hearer - PMP *wa-tu

away, outward, forward, onward; towards the hearer - PMP *a-tu

swollen, expanding outward - PWMP *kembaŋ

ovary

ovary of an an oviparous animal - PMP *natuq

ovata

tree sp.: Schoutenia ovata - PMP *kukun

oven

bake or roast in an earth oven - POC *qumun-a

cook in an earth oven - POC *qumun-i

cook in an earth oven - POC *papi

cook in earth oven - POC *taqo

earth oven - PMP *qumun

oven - *(loan)

over

bend over - POC *rokuk

bend over, stoop - POC *rukuq

bend over, stoop - PMP *dukuq

bend over, stoop - PMP *zuŋkuk

bend, stoop over - POC *oŋkol

bent over, hunched - PWMP *ukuq

carry by a strap over the shoulder - POC *sape

carry slung over the shoulder - PPh *qambijay

carry slung over the shoulder - PPh *qambiday

cook over a fire - PMP *baŋi₂

cover over, cover up - PMP *Ruŋkeb

cover with a hollow container; shelter over a grave - PWMP *suŋkub

cover with a hollow container; shelter over a grave - PWMP *cuŋkub

cover; fold over - *-kep₁ (root)

crush, roll over - PWMP *li(ŋ)gis

crush, roll over - PWMP *li(n)dis

drape over the shoulder or from a line, as a cloth - PAN *sapay

drape over the shoulder or from a line, as a cloth - PMP *sampay₁

fish wrapped in banana leaf and cooked over hot coals - PWMP *p<in>aqis

fold over - POC *pinu

fold over, fold up - POC *binu

fold the arms over the chest; fold the wings, of a bird - PWMP *kumkum

go beyond, go over, go past - PWMP *la(m)baŋ

go over and beyond - PPH *l<um>ápus

go over and beyond - PPH *lápus

hand over - *(noise)

hang of drape over the shoulder - PWMP *salampay

hunch over, curl up (body) - POC *pokut

hunched over - PMP *duŋkuk

hunched over - PMP *bikut

hunched over, bent - *-kut (root)

hunched over, bowed (as with age) - PMP *quŋkut

hunched over, bowed (as with age) - PAN *qukut

hunched over, stoop-shouldered - PMP *hekut

hunched over, stoop-shouldered - PAN *SekuC

hunched, bent over - PWMP *hukuq

jump over or across - PPH *lik(e)taw

jump over or across - PPH *lak(e)táw

look over a wide area, search for something with the eyes while standing in place - PPH *nanaw

over there, yonder - PAN-F *dua

put in or over a fire - PWMP *alub

raised flesh over a wound - POC *pupula

reddish; discolored, as the skin over a bruise - PWMP *baŋbaŋ₈

reverse, turn over or around - PPh *balikid

roast food over a fire - POC *tunu tunu

roast food over a fire - PMP *tunu

roast food over a fire - PAN *CuNuh

roast over a fire, toast - PWMP *paŋgaŋ

slant, lean over (as a tree) - POC *(bp)alalan

sling over the shoulder - PPh *abijay

smear, paint over - POC *bubuni

spread all over - PMP *qeneb₂

spread all over - PAN *qeNeb₂

step, stride; to omit or skip over - PMP *laŋkaq₁

stoop, bow, bend over - POC *roko

swell up, as boiling rice; boil over - PMP *luab

take a long step, step over something - PWMP *akaŋ

think about, think over - PWMP *iŋat-iŋat

to bargain, haggle over the price - PWMP *tawaD

to bend over - PMP *dekuŋ

to bend over, as a person - PMP *pikut

to bend over, bend down (of a person); hunchbacked - PMP *bekut

to bend over, bend down (of a person); hunchbacked - PAN *bekuC

to cross over, wind around, embrace - PPH *lambid

to cry for, cry over, mourn, bewail, weep for the dead - PMP *taŋis-i

to cry over something or someone - PMP *taŋis-an

to cry over something or someone - PAN *Caŋis-an

to cry over something or someone (?) - PWMP *taŋis-en

to fold over - PPH *lapi

to fold over, double - PMP *ta(ŋ)kep₁

to fold, fold over - PAN *lipet

to grind, as by rolling over - PMP *giliŋ

to hang, drape over something - PPH *sab(e)láy

to hold an umbrella or parasol over someone - PWMP *payuŋ-an

to lay down a walkway over muddy ground - PPH *latay

to pass, cross over to the other side; to be past, of time for an action - PWMP *lapas

to plaster over something - PWMP *pulpul₂

to put on or over something - PPH *tuqun₁

to roll down or over something - PPH *pulin

to roll over and over - PWMP *ligid

to roll, roll over - POC *puri

to skim over the surface - PMP *tapis₂

to turn over, to dig by turning over, as rocks - POC *kili

to turn, roll over; grind up - PWMP *g<um>iliŋ

turn around, turn over - POC *liliu

turn over, rock back and forth, swing - POC *pui pui

turn over, rock back and forth, swing - POC *pui₂

turn over, roll over; transform; upside down - POC *buliŋ

turn the soil over, as in removing stones prior to planting - PWMP *suŋkal

upper surface, top; highlands; on, upon, over, above - PAN *babaw₃

walk over a plank or log bridge - PWMP *ma-naytay

overabundant

in excess, overabundant; surplus - PPH *saway

overcast

dark, of weather; overcast - PAN *lemlem

dark, overcast, cloudy - PWMP *gelem

dark, overcast, gloomy - PAN *ma-demdem

dark, overcast, visually obscure - PAN *kelem

dark; overcast - *-dem₁ (root)

darkened by clouds, overcast - PAN *kudem

dim, overcast - PWMP *ludem

foggy, misty, overcast, gloomy, of weather preceding rain - PAN-F *ma-lebleb

foggy, misty, overcast, gloomy, of weather preceding rain - PAN-F *lebleb₁

gloom, darkness; dark, overcast, gloomy - PAN *demdem₂

overcast - PWMP *agem₃

overcast, darkened - PMP *gu(n)dem

overcast, darkened, as the sun - POC *kurom

overcast, twilight - PAN *beNelem

overcast; dull lustre - PWMP *ma-edem

overcast; dull lustre - PWMP *edem₁

overcome

be overcome by darkness, be benighted - PPH *ma-Rabi-an

be overcome by night, benighted - POC *boŋi-a

defeat, overcome - PWMP *maŋ-alaq₂

overcome by darkness, benighted - PWMP *ka-beRŋi-an

overcooked

overcooked until mushy, as rice or vegetables - PPH *lusa₂

overcrowd

overcrowd - POC *boboŋ₂

overcrowd - PMP *beŋbeŋ₃

overdo

surpass, exceed, overdo - PPH *lepaw₃

overfilled

burst open, as an overfilled sack - PMP *betus

overflow

a flood; to overflow, be in flood - PMP *bahaq₂

a flood; to overflow, be in flood - PAN *baSaq

overflow, be inundated - POC *lolop

sink, submerge; overflow - PMP *lebleb₂

to overflow - PPH *lapu₂

to overflow its banks, of a river; to flood field (for planting) - PPH *layas₂

to overflow, flood, of a river - PPH *laq(e)nab

overflowing

soaked, saturated, full of liquid; crowded or filled to overflowing - PMP *teReb

overfull

to eat too much, be cloyed, overfull, tired of something through excess; bored - PWMP *saweqaq

overgrown

be overgrown with grass or weeds - PWMP *dukut-en

overgrown, clumsy, sluggish - PMP *bagal

overland

go overland, hike - PPH *t<um>aneq

overlapping

cover, overlapping part - PWMP *ta(ŋ)keb

overlapping, one on top of another - PPH *sak(e)níb

overlook

pass by, overlook something when searching; to pass by (of time) - PPH *labas

to pass by, overlook - PPH *labas-an

overnight

stay overnight, spend the night - PWMP *pa-beRŋi

over-ripe

over-ripe, beginning to rot - PPH *tupúk

ripe, overripe - PCEMP *madar

to become soft or overripe, as fruits that are kept too long - PPH *lúnus

overtake

to pass someone by, overtake in walking, go past - PWMP *libas₂

to reach, overtake, catch up with - PPH *qábut

overuse

wear out through overuse, as fabric or a rope - PPH *rúnut

worn out by overuse; broken; blunt - PPH *pudpud

worn out, worn down, as by overuse - PPH *ma-pudpud

overwhelmed

be caught in a mosquito swarm, be overwhelmed by mosquitos - PPH *ñamuk-en

overwhem

overwhem in numbers? - PMP *penuq sakay

oviparous

ovary of an an oviparous animal - PMP *natuq

owe

be in debt, owe - PMP *ma-qutaŋ

owl

ghost, ancestral spirit; nature spirit; corpse; owl; various plants - PMP *qanitu

ghost, spirit of the dead; owl - PAN *qaNiCu

hoot, as an owl - POC *ŋoŋoŋ

owl - PWMP *puek

owl - POC *druru

owl - PAN *qekuŋ

owl - *(near)

owl sp. - POC *kururu₂

owl sp. - PWMP *butbut₁

owl sp. - *(noise)

owl sp., bird of bad omen - PWMP *bukaw

own

own, one’s own; self - PPH *kaniá

owner

grandparent, ancestor, lord, master, owner (voc.) - PPh *apu-q

grandparent/grandchild (recipr.); ancestor; lord, master, owner - PMP *empu

owner, possessor - PWMP *empu-ni-a

ox

wild ox - *(loan)

oyster

kind of shellfish, probably oyster - PPH *talabá

oyster - POC *tiRom

oyster - PMP *tiRem